CELEX: 62009CJ0235
Language: en
Date: 2011-04-12 00:00:00
Title: Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 12 April 2011.#DHL Express France SAS v Chronopost SA.#Reference for a preliminary ruling: Cour de cassation - France.#Intellectual property - Community trade mark - Regulation (EC) No 40/94 - Article 98(1) - Prohibition against infringement, issued by a Community trade mark court - Territorial scope - Coercive measures attached to such a prohibition - Effect in the territory of Member States other than the Member State of the court seised.#Case C-235/09.

Case C-235/09
      DHL Express France SAS, formerly DHL International SA 
      v
      Chronopost SA
      (Reference for a preliminary ruling from the Cour de cassation (France))
      (Intellectual property – Community trade mark – Regulation (EC) No 40/94 – Article 98(1) – Prohibition against infringement, issued by a Community trade mark court – Territorial scope – Coercive measures attached to such a prohibition – Effect in the territory of Member States other than the Member State of the court seised)
      Summary of the Judgment
      1.        Community trade mark – Disputes relating to infringement and validity of Community trade marks – Penalties in case of infringement
            or threatened infringement – Prohibition against further infringement or threatened infringement – Extension of the prohibition
            to the entire territory of the European Union – Restriction of the territorial scope of the prohibition
      (Council Regulation No 40/94 as amended by Regulation No 3288/94, Arts 93(1) to (4), 94(1), and 98(1))
      2.        Community trade mark – Disputes relating to infringement and validity of Community trade marks – Penalties in case of infringement
            or threatened infringement – Prohibition against further infringement or threatened infringement – Coercive measures attached
            to a prohibition – Effect in Member States other than the Member State of the court seised
      (Council Regulation No 40/94, as amended by Regulation No 3288/94, Art. 98(1), and Regulation No 44/2001)
      1.        Article 98(1) of Regulation No 40/94 on the Community trade mark, as amended by Regulation No 3288/94, must be interpreted
         as meaning that the scope of the prohibition against further infringement or threatened infringement of a Community trade
         mark, issued by a Community trade mark court whose jurisdiction is based on Articles 93(1) to (4) and 94(1) of that regulation,
         extends, as a rule, to the entire territory of the European Union.
      
      A Community trade mark court has jurisdiction in respect of acts of infringement committed or threatened within the territory
         of one or more Member States, or even all the Member States. Thus, its jurisdiction may extend to the entire territory of
         the Union.
      
      In addition, the exclusive right of a Community trade mark proprietor, conferred under Regulation No 40/94, extends, as a
         rule, to the entire territory of the Union, throughout which Community trade marks enjoy uniform protection and have effect.
      
      Furthermore, the objective of Article 98(1) of Regulation No 40/94 is the uniform protection, throughout the entire territory
         of the Union, of the right conferred by the Community trade mark against the risk of infringement.
      
      In order to ensure that uniform protection, a prohibition against further infringement or threatened infringement issued by
         a competent Community trade mark court must therefore, as a rule, extend to the entire territory of the Union.
      
      The territorial scope of the prohibition may, in certain circumstances, be restricted. The exclusive right of a Community
         trade mark proprietor, as provided for under Article 9(1) of Regulation No 40/94, is conferred in order to enable that proprietor
         to protect his specific interests as such, that is, to ensure that the trade mark is able to fulfil its functions. The exercise
         of that right must therefore be reserved to cases in which a third party’s use of the sign affects or is liable to affect
         the functions of the trade mark. It follows that the exclusive right of a Community trade mark proprietor and, hence, the
         territorial scope of that right, may not extend beyond what that right allows its proprietor to do in order to protect his
         trade mark, that is, to prohibit only uses which are liable to affect the functions of the trade mark. The acts or future
         acts of a defendant (namely the person whose use of the Community trade mark is complained of) which do not affect the functions
         of the Community trade mark, cannot therefore be prohibited.
      
      Accordingly, if a Community trade mark court finds that the acts of infringement or threatened infringement of a Community
         trade mark are limited to a single Member State or to part of the territory of the Union, in particular because the applicant
         for a prohibition order has restricted the territorial scope of its action in exercising its freedom to determine the extent
         of that action or because the defendant proves that the use of the sign at issue does not affect or is not liable to affect
         the functions of the trade mark, for example on linguistic grounds, that court must limit the territorial scope of the prohibition
         which it issues.
      
      (see paras 38-39, 43-44, 46-48, 50, operative part 1)
      2.        Article 98(1), second sentence, of Regulation No 40/94 on the Community trade mark, as amended by Regulation No 3288/94, must
         be interpreted as meaning that a coercive measure, such as a periodic penalty payment, ordered by a Community trade mark court
         by application of its national law, in order to ensure compliance with a prohibition against further infringement or threatened
         infringement which it has issued, has effect in Member States to which the territorial scope of such a prohibition extends
         other than the Member State of that court, under the conditions laid down, in Chapter III of Regulation No 44/2001 on jurisdiction
         and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters, with regard to the recognition and enforcement
         of judgments. Where the national law of one of those other Member States does not contain a coercive measure similar to that
         ordered by the Community trade mark court, the objective pursued by that measure must be attained by the competent court of
         that other Member State by having recourse to the relevant provisions of its national law which are such as to ensure that
         the prohibition is complied with in an equivalent manner.
      
      That obligation to attain the objective pursued by the coercive measure constitutes an extension of the obligation on the
         Community trade mark courts to take coercive measures when they issue an order prohibiting further infringement or threatened
         infringement. Without those related obligations, a prohibition of that kind might not be coupled with measures aimed at ensuring
         that it is complied with, so that it would, to a large extent, have no dissuasive effect.
      
      (see paras 57, 59, operative part 2)
JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (Grand Chamber)
      12 April 2011 (*)
      
      (Intellectual property – Community trade mark – Regulation (EC) No 40/94 – Article 98(1) – Prohibition against infringement, issued by a Community trade mark court – Territorial scope – Coercive measures attached to such a prohibition – Effect in the territory of Member States other than the Member State of the court seised)
      In Case C‑235/09,
      REFERENCE for a preliminary ruling under Article 234 EC, from the Cour de cassation (France), made by decision of 23 June
         2009, received at the Court on 29 June 2009, in the proceedings
      
      DHL Express France SAS, formerly DHL International SA,
      
      v
      Chronopost SA,
      THE COURT (Grand Chamber),
      composed of V. Skouris, President, A. Tizzano, J.N. Cunha Rodrigues, K. Lenaerts, J.-C. Bonichot, K. Schiemann, J.-J. Kasel
         and D. Šváby, Presidents of Chambers, R. Silva de Lapuerta, E. Juhász, U. Lõhmus (Rapporteur), C. Toader and M. Safjan, Judges,
      
      Advocate General: P. Cruz Villalón,
      Registrar: N. Nanchev, Administrator,
      having regard to the written procedure and further to the hearing on 30 June 2010,
      after considering the observations submitted on behalf of:
      –        Chronopost SA, by A. Cléry, avocat,
      –        the French Government, by G. de Bergues, B. Cabouat and B. Beaupère‑Manokha, acting as Agents,
      –        the German Government, by J. Möller and J. Kemper, acting as Agents,
      –        the Netherlands Government, by C. Wissels, acting as Agent,
      –        the United Kingdom Government, by S. Hathaway, acting as Agent,
      –        the European Commission, by H. Krämer, acting as Agent,
      after hearing the Opinion of the Advocate General at the sitting on 7 October 2010,
      gives the following
      Judgment
      1        This reference for a preliminary ruling concerns the interpretation of Article 98 of Council Regulation (EC) No 40/94 of 20
         December 1993 on the Community trade mark (OJ 1994 L 11, p. 1), as amended by Council Regulation (EC) No 3288/94 of 22 December
         1994 (OJ 1994 L 349, p. 83; ‘Regulation No 40/94’).
      
      2        The reference has been made in proceedings between DHL Express France SAS (‘DHL Express France’), successor to DHL International
         SA (‘DHL International’), and Chronopost SA (‘Chronopost’) concerning the use by DHL International of Chronopost’s French
         and Community trade marks WEBSHIPPING, the prohibition of that use and the coercive measures attached to that prohibition.
      
       Legal context
       Regulation No 40/94
      3        The second, fifteenth and sixteenth recitals in the preamble to Regulation No 40/94 state:
      
      ‘Whereas action by the Community would appear to be necessary for the purpose of attaining the Community’s said objectives;
         whereas such action involves the creation of Community arrangements for trade marks whereby undertakings can by means of one
         procedural system obtain Community trade marks to which uniform protection is given and which produce their effects throughout
         the entire area of the Community; whereas the principle of the unitary character of the Community trade mark thus stated will
         apply unless otherwise provided for in this Regulation;
      
      …
      Whereas decisions regarding the validity and infringement of Community trade marks must have effect and cover the entire area
         of the Community, as this is the only way of preventing inconsistent decisions on the part of the courts and the Office [for
         Harmonisation in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs) (OHIM)] and of ensuring that the unitary character of Community
         trade marks is not undermined; whereas the rules contained in the Brussels Convention [on] Jurisdiction and the Enforcement
         of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters [signed in Brussels on 27 September 1968 (OJ 1978 L 304, p. 36), “as amended
         by the Conventions on the Accession to that Convention of the States acceding to the European Communities” (“the Brussels
         Convention”)] will apply to all actions at law relating to Community trade marks, save where this Regulation derogates from
         those rules;
      
      Whereas contradictory judgments should be avoided in actions which involve the same acts and the same parties and which are
         brought on the basis of a Community trade mark and parallel national trade marks; whereas for this purpose, when the actions
         are brought in the same Member State, the way in which this is to be achieved is a matter for national procedural rules, which
         are not prejudiced by this Regulation, whilst when the actions are brought in different Member States, provisions modelled
         on the rules on lis pendens and related actions of the abovementioned Brussels Convention appear appropriate’.
      
      4        Article 1(2) of Regulation No 40/94 provides:
      
      ‘A Community trade mark shall have a unitary character. It shall have equal effect throughout the Community: it shall not
         be registered, transferred or surrendered or be the subject of a decision revoking the rights of the proprietor or declaring
         it invalid, nor shall its use be prohibited, save in respect of the whole Community. This principle shall apply unless otherwise
         provided in this Regulation.’
      
      5        Article 9 of the regulation, headed ‘Rights conferred by a Community trade mark’, provides at paragraph 1 thereof: 
      
      ‘A Community trade mark shall confer on the proprietor exclusive rights therein. The proprietor shall be entitled to prevent
         all third parties not having his consent from using in the course of trade:
      
      (a)      any sign which is identical with the Community trade mark in relation to goods or services which are identical with those
         for which the Community trade mark is registered;
      
      (b)      any sign where, because of its identity with or similarity to the Community trade mark and the identity or similarity of the
         goods or services covered by the Community trade mark and the sign, there exists a likelihood of confusion on the part of
         the public; the likelihood of confusion includes the likelihood of association between the sign and the trade mark;
      
      (c)      any sign which is identical with or similar to the Community trade mark in relation to goods or services which are not similar
         to those for which the Community trade mark is registered, where the latter has a reputation in the Community and where use
         of that sign without due cause takes unfair advantage of, or is detrimental to, the distinctive character or the repute of
         the Community trade mark.’
      
      6        Article 14 of that regulation reads as follows:
      
      ‘1.      The effects of Community trade marks shall be governed solely by the provisions of this Regulation. In other respects, infringement
         of a Community trade mark shall be governed by the national law relating to infringement of a national trade mark in accordance
         with the provisions of Title X. 
      
      ...
      3.      The rules of procedure to be applied shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of Title X.’
      7        Title X of Regulation No 40/94, headed ‘Jurisdiction and procedure in legal actions relating to Community trade marks’, comprises
         Articles 90 to 104.
      
      8        As provided in Article 90 of that regulation, concerning the application of the Brussels Convention:
      
      ‘1.      Unless otherwise specified in this Regulation, the [Brussels Convention] shall apply to proceedings relating to Community
         trade marks and applications for Community trade marks, as well as to proceedings relating to simultaneous and successive
         actions on the basis of Community trade marks and national trade marks.
      
      2.      In the case of proceedings in respect of the actions and claims referred to in Article 92:
      (a)      Articles 2, 4, 5(1), (3), (4) and (5) and Article 24 of the [Brussels Convention] shall not apply;
      (b)      Articles 17 and 18 of that Convention shall apply subject to the limitations in Article 93(4) of this Regulation;
      (c)      the provisions of Title II of that Convention which are applicable to persons domiciled in a Member State shall also be applicable
         to persons who do not have a domicile in any Member State but have an establishment therein.’
      
      9        Article 91 of that regulation, headed ‘Community trade mark courts’, states at paragraph 1 thereof:
      
      ‘The Member States shall designate in their territories as limited a number as possible of national courts and tribunals of
         first and second instance, hereinafter referred to as “Community trade mark courts”, which shall perform the functions assigned
         to them by this Regulation.’
      
      10      In accordance with Article 92 of that regulation, headed ‘Jurisdiction over infringement and validity’:
      
      ‘The Community trade mark courts shall have exclusive jurisdiction:
      (a)      for all infringement actions and – if they are permitted under national law – actions in respect of threatened infringement
         relating to Community trade marks;
      
      (b)      for actions for declaration of non-infringement, if they are permitted under national law;
      ...’
      11      Article 93 of Regulation No 40/94, headed ‘International jurisdiction’, provides:
      
      ‘1.      Subject to the provisions of this Regulation as well as to any provisions of the [Brussels Convention] applicable by virtue
         of Article 90, proceedings in respect of the actions and claims referred to in Article 92 shall be brought in the courts of
         the Member State in which the defendant is domiciled or, if he is not domiciled in any of the Member States, in which he has
         an establishment.
      
      2.      If the defendant is neither domiciled nor has an establishment in any of the Member States, such proceedings shall be brought
         in the courts of the Member State in which the plaintiff is domiciled or, if he is not domiciled in any of the Member States,
         in which he has an establishment.
      
      3.      If neither the defendant nor the plaintiff is so domiciled or has such an establishment, such proceedings shall be brought
         in the courts of the Member State where [OHIM] has its seat.
      
      4.      Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraphs 1, 2 and 3:
      (a)      Article 17 of the [Brussels Convention] shall apply if the parties agree that a different Community trade mark court shall
         have jurisdiction;
      
      (b)      Article 18 of that Convention shall apply if the defendant enters an appearance before a different Community trade mark court.
      5.      Proceedings in respect of the actions and claims referred to in Article 92, with the exception of actions for a declaration
         of non‑infringement of a Community trade mark, may also be brought in the courts of the Member State in which the act of infringement
         has been committed or threatened …’
      
      12      Article 94 of that regulation, headed ‘Extent of jurisdiction’, provides:
      
      ‘1.      A Community trade mark court whose jurisdiction is based on Article 93(1) to (4) shall have jurisdiction in respect of:
      –        acts of infringement committed or threatened within the territory of any of the Member States,
      –        acts within the meaning of Article 9(3), second sentence, committed within the territory of any of the Member States.
      2.      A Community trade mark court whose jurisdiction is based on Article 93(5) shall have jurisdiction only in respect of acts
         committed or threatened within the territory of the Member State in which that court is situated.’
      
      13      Article 97 of that regulation, headed ‘Applicable law’, reads as follows:
      
      ‘1.      The Community trade mark courts shall apply the provisions of this Regulation.
      2.      On all matters not covered by this Regulation a Community trade mark court shall apply its national law, including its private
         international law.
      
      3.      Unless otherwise provided in this Regulation, a Community trade mark court shall apply the rules of procedure governing the
         same type of action relating to a national trade mark in the Member State where it has its seat.’
      
      14      Article 98 of Regulation No 40/94, headed ‘Sanctions’, states:
      
      ‘1.      Where a Community trade mark court finds that the defendant has infringed or threatened to infringe a Community trade mark,
         it shall, unless there are special reasons for not doing so, issue an order prohibiting the defendant from proceeding with
         the acts which infringed or would infringe the Community trade mark. It shall also take such measures in accordance with its
         national law as are aimed at ensuring that this prohibition is complied with.
      
      2.      In all other respects the Community trade mark court shall apply the law of the Member State [in] which the acts of infringement
         or threatened infringement were committed, including the private international law.’
      
       Regulation (EC) No 44/2001
      15      As provided by Article 68(1) thereof, Council Regulation (EC) No 44/2001 of 22 December 2000 on jurisdiction and the recognition
         and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters (OJ 2001 L 12, p. 1), superseded the Brussels Convention as between
         the Member States. Chapter III of that regulation sets out the provisions relating to the recognition and enforcement of those
         judgments.
      
      16      Article 33(1) of that regulation, setting out the principle of the recognition of judgments, provides that ‘[a] judgment given
         in a Member State shall be recognised in the other Member States without any special procedure being required’.
      
      17      Article 38(1) of that regulation states:
      
      ‘A judgment given in a Member State and enforceable in that State shall be enforced in another Member State when, on the application
         of any interested party, it has been declared enforceable there’.
      
      18      Article 49 of that regulation provides:
      
      ‘A foreign judgment which orders a periodic payment by way of a penalty shall be enforceable in the Member State in which
         enforcement is sought only if the amount of the payment has been finally determined by the courts of the Member State of origin.’
      
       Directive 2004/48/EC
      19      Article 3 of Directive 2004/48/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the enforcement of intellectual
         property rights (OJ 2004 L 157, p. 45 and corrigendum OJ 2004 L 195, p. 16), headed ‘General obligation’, provides:
      
      ‘1.      Member States shall provide for the measures, procedures and remedies necessary to ensure the enforcement of the intellectual
         property rights covered by this Directive. Those measures, procedures and remedies shall be fair and equitable and shall not
         be unnecessarily complicated or costly, or entail unreasonable time-limits or unwarranted delays.
      
      2.      Those measures, procedures and remedies shall also be effective, proportionate and dissuasive and shall be applied in such
         a manner as to avoid the creation of barriers to legitimate trade and to provide for safeguards against their abuse.’
      
       The dispute in the main proceedings and the questions referred for a preliminary ruling
      20      Chronopost is the proprietor of the French and Community trade marks for the sign ‘WEBSHIPPING’. The Community trade mark,
         applied for in October 2000, was registered on 7 May 2003 in respect of, inter alia, services relating to: logistics and data
         transmission; telecommunications; transport by road; collecting mail, newspaper and parcels; and express mail management.
      
      21      It is apparent from the documents before the Court that, having noted that one of its principal competitors, DHL International,
         had used the signs ‘WEB SHIPPING’, ‘Web Shipping’ and/or ‘Webshipping’ in order to designate an express mail management service
         accessible via the Internet, on 8 September 2004 Chronopost brought an action against that company before the Tribunal de
         grande instance de Paris (Regional Court, Paris, France) – which heard the case as a Community trade mark court within the
         meaning of Article 91(1) of Regulation No 40/94 – alleging, in particular, infringement of the Community trade mark WEBSHIPPING.
         By its judgment of 15 March 2006, that court found, inter alia, that DHL Express France, successor to DHL International, had
         infringed Chronopost’s French trade mark WEBSHIPPING, although it did not adjudicate upon the infringement of the Community
         trade mark. 
      
      22      The order for reference states that, by a judgment of 9 November 2007, the Cour d’appel de Paris (Court of Appeal, Paris)
         – acting as a second‑instance Community trade mark court on the appeal brought against the judgment of 15 March 2006 by Chronopost
         – prohibited DHL Express France, subject to a periodic penalty payment in the event of infringement of the prohibition, from
         continuing to use the signs ‘WEBSHIPPING’ and ‘WEB SHIPPING’ in order to designate an express mail management service accessible,
         inter alia, via the Internet. The Cour d’appel de Paris regarded such use as infringing the French and Community trade mark
         WEBSHIPPING. 
      
      23      The appeal in cassation which DHL Express France had brought against that judgment was dismissed by the order for reference.
         
      
      24      However, in the course of the same proceedings before the Cour de cassation (Court of Cassation), Chronopost has brought a
         cross-appeal in which it submits that the judgment of 9 November 2007 infringes Articles 1 and 98 of Regulation No 40/94 in
         so far as the prohibition against further infringement of the Community trade mark WEBSHIPPING, subject to a periodic penalty
         payment, issued by the Cour d’appel de Paris does not extend to the entire area of the European Union.
      
      25      According to the Cour de cassation, it follows expressly from the grounds of the judgment of the Cour d’appel de Paris that,
         although the judgment does not contain any operative words expressly relating to the application to extend the prohibition
         issued by that court – which is subject to a periodic penalty payment – to the entire area of the European Union, that prohibition
         subject to a periodic penalty payment must be construed as applying only to French territory.
      
      26      Since it had doubts as to the interpretation, in that context, of Article 98 of Regulation No 40/94, the Cour de cassation
         decided to stay proceedings and to refer the following questions to the Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling:
      
      ‘1.      Must Article 98 of … Regulation [No 40/94] be interpreted as meaning that the prohibition issued by a Community trade mark
         court has effect as a matter of law throughout the entire area of the [European Union]?
      
      2.      If not, is that court entitled to apply specifically that prohibition to the territories of other States in which the acts
         of infringement are committed or threatened?
      
      3.      In either case, are the coercive measures which the court, by application of its national law, has attached to the prohibition
         issued by it applicable within the territories of the Member States in which that prohibition would have effect? 
      
      4.      In the contrary case, may that court order such a coercive measure, similar to or different from that which it adopts pursuant
         to its national law, by application of the national laws of the States in which that prohibition would have effect?’
      
       Consideration of the questions referred
       Preliminary observations
      27      As is apparent from its heading, Article 98 of Regulation No 40/94 is concerned with sanctions for Community trade‑mark infringement.
      
      28      The first sentence of Article 98(1) provides that where a Community trade mark court hearing a case finds that there have
         been acts of infringement or threatened infringement of a Community trade mark, it is to issue an order prohibiting the defendant
         from proceeding with such acts. The second sentence of Article 98(1) provides that that court is required to take such measures
         in accordance with its national law as are aimed at ensuring that that prohibition is complied with.
      
      29      Article 98(2) provides that the Community trade mark court is to apply ‘[i]n all other respects … the law of the Member State
         [in] which the acts of infringement or threatened infringement were committed, including the private international law’. 
      
      30      It follows from the opening words of Article 98(2), read in the light of the heading of Article 98, and from the various language
         versions of that provision, in particular the German‑language (‘in Bezug auf alle anderen Fragen’), French-language (‘par
         ailleurs’), Spanish‑language (‘por otra parte’) and Italian‑language (‘negli altri casi’) versions, that Article 98(2) does
         not relate to the coercive measures referred to in Article 98(1), which are measures to ensure compliance with a prohibition
         against further infringement. 
      
      31      Since the questions referred by the national court for a preliminary ruling concern only the prohibition against further infringement
         or threatened infringement and the coercive measures to ensure compliance with that prohibition, those questions must therefore
         be considered to relate to the interpretation of Article 98(1) of Regulation No 40/94.
      
       The first question
      32      By its first question the national court asks, in essence, whether Article 98(1) of Regulation No 40/94 must be interpreted
         as meaning that the prohibition against further infringement or threatened infringement issued by a Community trade mark court
         has effect as a matter of law throughout the entire area of the European Union.
      
      33      It must be observed that the territorial scope of a prohibition against further infringement or threatened infringement of
         a Community trade mark, as provided for in Article 98(1) of Regulation No 40/94, is to be determined both by the territorial
         jurisdiction of the Community trade mark court issuing that prohibition and by the territorial extent of the Community trade
         mark proprietor’s exclusive right which is adversely affected by the infringement or threatened infringement, as that extent
         results from Regulation No 40/94.
      
      34      As regards, first, the territorial jurisdiction of a Community trade mark court, it must be noted at the outset that under
         Article 14(1) and (3) of Regulation No 40/94, infringement of a Community trade mark is to be governed by the national law
         relating to infringement of a national trade mark in accordance with the provisions of Title X of that regulation. The rules
         of procedure to be applied are to be determined in accordance with the provisions of Title X, headed ‘Jurisdiction and procedure
         in legal actions relating to Community trade marks’ and comprising Articles 90 to 104 of that regulation.
      
      35      Article 92(a) of Regulation No 40/94 provides that the Community trade mark courts are to have exclusive jurisdiction to adjudicate
         upon all infringement actions and – if they are permitted under national law – actions in respect of threatened infringement
         relating to Community trade marks.
      
      36      In the present case, it is apparent from the written observations submitted to the Court by Chronopost that the action was
         brought before the Community trade mark court pursuant to Article 93(1) to (4) of Regulation No 40/94. According to those
         observations, the application to bring the infringement or threatened infringement to an end is not based on Article 93(5).
      
      37      Under Article 93(1) to (4) of Regulation No 40/94, read in conjunction with Article 94(1) of that regulation, a Community
         trade mark court, which is established in accordance with Article 91 of that regulation in order to protect the rights conferred
         by a Community trade mark, is to have jurisdiction, in particular, in respect of acts of infringement committed or threatened
         within the territory of any of the Member States.
      
      38      Therefore, a Community trade mark court, such as that hearing the case in the main proceedings, has jurisdiction in respect
         of acts of infringement committed or threatened within the territory of one or more Member States, or even all the Member
         States. Thus, its jurisdiction may extend to the entire area of the European Union. 
      
      39      Second, the exclusive right of a Community trade mark proprietor, conferred under Regulation No 40/94, extends, as a rule,
         to the entire area of the European Union, throughout which Community trade marks enjoy uniform protection and have effect.
         
      
      40      In accordance with Article 1(2) of that regulation, a Community trade mark is to have a unitary character. Having equal effect
         throughout the European Union, it may not, in accordance with that provision, be registered, transferred or surrendered or
         be the subject of a decision revoking the rights of the proprietor or declaring it invalid, nor may its use be prohibited,
         save in respect of the whole of the European Union. This principle is to apply unless otherwise provided in that regulation.
         
      
      41      In addition, it follows from the second recital in the preamble to Regulation No 40/94 that the objective pursued by that
         regulation involves the creation of Community arrangements for trade marks to which uniform protection is given and which
         produce their effects throughout the entire area of the European Union.
      
      42      The unitary character of the Community trade mark is also apparent from the fifteenth and sixteenth recitals in the preamble
         to Regulation No 40/94. These state, first, that the effects of decisions regarding the validity and infringement of Community
         trade marks must cover the entire area of the European Union, in order to prevent inconsistent decisions on the part of the
         courts and OHIM and to ensure that the unitary character of Community trade marks is not undermined, and, second, that contradictory
         judgments should be avoided in actions which involve the same acts and the same parties and which are brought on the basis
         of a Community trade mark and parallel national trade marks. 
      
      43      In addition, the Court has already held, at paragraph 60 of the judgment in Case C-316/05 Nokia [2006] ECR I‑12083, that the objective of Article 98(1) of Regulation No 40/94 is the uniform protection, throughout the entire
         area of the European Union, of the right conferred by the Community trade mark against the risk of infringement.
      
      44      In order to ensure that uniform protection, a prohibition against further infringement or threatened infringement issued by
         a competent Community trade mark court must therefore, as a rule, extend to the entire area of the European Union.
      
      45      If the territorial scope of that prohibition were, on the contrary, limited to the territory of the Member State in respect
         of which that court had found there to be an act of infringement or threatened infringement or to the territory of only the
         Member States which gave rise to such a finding, there would be a risk that the defendant would begin to exploit the sign
         at issue afresh in a Member State for which the prohibition had not been issued. In addition, the new judicial proceedings
         which the Community trade mark proprietor would be compelled to bring would increase, in a manner proportional to those proceedings,
         the risk of inconsistent decisions relating to the Community trade mark concerned, in particular because of the factual assessment
         of the likelihood of confusion. Such a consequence runs counter to the objective of the uniform protection of the Community
         trade mark pursued by Regulation No 40/94 as well as to the unitary character of that mark, both of which are recalled in
         paragraphs 40 to 42 above.
      
      46      However, the territorial scope of the prohibition may, in certain circumstances, be restricted. The exclusive right of a Community
         trade mark proprietor, as provided for under Article 9(1) of Regulation No 40/94, is conferred in order to enable that proprietor
         to protect his specific interests as such, that is, to ensure that the trade mark is able to fulfil its functions. The exercise
         of that right must therefore be reserved to cases in which a third party’s use of the sign affects or is liable to affect
         the functions of the trade mark (see, to that effect, Joined Cases C-236/08 to C‑238/08 Google France and Google [2010] ECR I-0000, paragraph 75 and the case-law cited). 
      
      47      It follows, as the European Commission has pointed out, that the exclusive right of a Community trade mark proprietor and,
         hence, the territorial scope of that right, may not extend beyond what that right allows its proprietor to do in order to
         protect his trade mark, that is, to prohibit only uses which are liable to affect the functions of the trade mark. The acts
         or future acts of a defendant (namely the person whose use of the Community trade mark is complained of) which do not affect
         the functions of the Community trade mark, cannot therefore be prohibited.
      
      48      Accordingly, if a Community trade mark court hearing a case in circumstances such as those of the main proceedings finds that
         the acts of infringement or threatened infringement of a Community trade mark are limited to a single Member State or to part
         of the territory of the European Union, in particular because the applicant for a prohibition order has restricted the territorial
         scope of its action in exercising its freedom to determine the extent of that action or because the defendant proves that
         the use of the sign at issue does not affect or is not liable to affect the functions of the trade mark, for example on linguistic
         grounds, that court must limit the territorial scope of the prohibition which it issues. 
      
      49      Lastly, it must be stated that the territorial scope of a prohibition against further infringement or threatened infringement
         of a Community trade mark can extend to the entire area of the European Union. That said, in accordance with Article 90 of
         Regulation No 40/94, which is concerned with the application of the Brussels Convention, read in conjunction with Article
         33(1) of Regulation No 44/2001, the other Member States are, as a rule, required to recognise and enforce the judgment, thereby
         conferring on it a cross‑border effect. 
      
      50      Consequently, the answer to the first question is that Article 98(1) of Regulation No 40/94 must be interpreted as meaning
         that the scope of the prohibition against further infringement or threatened infringement of a Community trade mark, issued
         by a Community trade mark court whose jurisdiction is based on Articles 93(1) to (4) and 94(1) of that regulation, extends,
         as a rule, to the entire area of the European Union.
      
       The second question
      51      In view of the answer to the first question, there is no need to reply to the second question referred by the national court.
      
       The third and fourth questions
      52      By its third and fourth questions, which should be examined together, the national court asks, in essence, whether Article
         98(1), second sentence, of Regulation No 40/94 must be interpreted as meaning that a coercive measure, such as a periodic
         penalty payment, ordered by a Community trade mark court by application of its national law, in order to ensure compliance
         with a prohibition against further infringement or threatened infringement which it has issued, may have effect in Member
         States to which the territorial scope of such a prohibition extends other than the Member State of that court. If that is
         not the case, the national court asks whether the Community trade mark court may order such a coercive measure, similar to
         or different from that which it adopts pursuant to its national law, by application of the national law of the Member State
         to whose territory the scope of that prohibition extends. 
      
      53      In that connection, it must first be recalled that, as regards the law applicable to coercive measures, the Court has already
         held that the Community trade mark court seised is required to select, from among the measures provided for under the legislation
         of its own Member State, such measures as are aimed at ensuring that the prohibition that it has issued is complied with (Nokia, paragraph 49). 
      
      54      Second, coercive measures ordered by a Community trade mark court pursuant to its Member State’s national law can achieve
         the objective for which they were issued – namely, ensuring that a prohibition is complied with so that the right conferred
         by a Community trade mark against the risk of infringement is actually protected throughout the area of the European Union
         (see, to that effect, Nokia, paragraph 60) – only if the measures have effect in the same territory as that in which the prohibition order itself has
         effect.
      
      55      In the main proceedings, the prohibition order issued by the Community trade mark court was coupled with a periodic penalty
         payment by that court pursuant to its national law. In order that such a coercive measure may have effect in the territory
         of a Member State other than that of the court which ordered the measure, a court of that other Member State seised in that
         regard must, under the provisions of Chapter III of Regulation No 44/2001, recognise and enforce that measure in accordance
         with the rules and procedures laid down by the national law of that Member State.
      
      56      Where the national law of the Member State in which recognition and enforcement of the decision of a Community trade mark
         court is sought does not provide for a coercive measure similar to that ordered by the Community trade mark court which issued
         the prohibition against further infringement or threatened infringement (and coupled that prohibition with such a measure
         in order to ensure compliance with the prohibition), the court seised of the case in that Member State must, as the Advocate
         General has observed at point 67 of his Opinion, attain the objective pursued by the measure by having recourse to the relevant
         provisions of its national law which are such as to ensure that the prohibition originally issued is complied with in an equivalent
         manner.
      
      57      That obligation to attain the objective pursued by the coercive measure constitutes an extension of the obligation on the
         Community trade mark courts to take coercive measures when they issue an order prohibiting further infringement or threatened
         infringement. Without those related obligations, a prohibition of that kind might not be coupled with measures aimed at ensuring
         that it is complied with, so that it would, to a large extent, have no dissuasive effect (see, to that effect, Nokia, paragraphs 58 and 60).
      
      58      In that connection, it should be recalled that under the principle of sincere cooperation laid down in Article 4(3), second
         subparagraph, TEU, it is for the Member States’ courts to ensure judicial protection of an individual’s rights under European
         Union law (see, to that effect, Case C-432/05 Unibet [2007] ECR I‑2271, paragraph 38 and the case‑law cited). By virtue of that same provision, the Member States are to take
         any appropriate measure, general or particular, to ensure fulfilment of the obligations arising out of the Treaties or resulting
         from the acts of the institutions of the Union. In particular, under Article 3 of Directive 2004/48, Member States are to
         provide for the measures, procedures and remedies necessary to ensure the enforcement of the intellectual property rights
         covered by that Directive, including, inter alia, the rights of trade mark proprietors. In accordance with Article 3(2), those
         measures, procedures and remedies are to be effective, proportionate and dissuasive and are to be applied in such a manner
         as to avoid the creation of barriers to legitimate trade and to provide for safeguards against their abuse.
      
      59      In the light of the foregoing, the answer to the third and fourth questions is that Article 98(1), second sentence, of Regulation
         No 40/94 must be interpreted as meaning that a coercive measure, such as a periodic penalty payment, ordered by a Community
         trade mark court by application of its national law, in order to ensure compliance with a prohibition against further infringement
         or threatened infringement which it has issued, has effect in Member States to which the territorial scope of such a prohibition
         extends other than the Member State of that court, under the conditions laid down in Chapter III of Regulation No 44/2001
         with regard to the recognition and enforcement of judgments. Where the national law of one of those other Member States does
         not contain a coercive measure similar to that ordered by the Community trade mark court, the objective pursued by that measure
         must be attained by the competent court of that other Member State by having recourse to the relevant provisions of its national
         law which are such as to ensure that the prohibition is complied with in an equivalent manner.
      
       Costs
      60      Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action pending before the national court,
         the decision on costs is a matter for that court. Costs incurred in submitting observations to the Court, other than the costs
         of those parties, are not recoverable.
      
      On those grounds, the Court (Grand Chamber) hereby rules:
      1.      Article 98(1) of Council Regulation (EC) No 40/94 of 20 December 1993 on the Community trade mark, as amended by Council Regulation
            (EC) No 3288/94 of 22 December 1994, must be interpreted as meaning that the scope of the prohibition against further infringement
            or threatened infringement of a Community trade mark, issued by a Community trade mark court whose jurisdiction is based on
            Articles 93(1) to (4) and 94(1) of that regulation, extends, as a rule, to the entire area of the European Union. 
      2.      Article 98(1), second sentence, of Regulation No 40/94, as amended by Regulation No 3288/94, must be interpreted as meaning
            that a coercive measure, such as a periodic penalty payment, ordered by a Community trade mark court by application of its
            national law, in order to ensure compliance with a prohibition against further infringement or threatened infringement which
            it has issued, has effect in Member States to which the territorial scope of such a prohibition extends other than the Member
            State of that court, under the conditions laid down, in Chapter III of Council Regulation (EC) No 44/2001 of 22 December 2000
            on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters, with regard to the recognition
            and enforcement of judgments. Where the national law of one of those other Member States does not contain a coercive measure
            similar to that ordered by the Community trade mark court, the objective pursued by that measure must be attained by the competent
            court of that other Member State by having recourse to the relevant provisions of its national law which are such as to ensure
            that the prohibition is complied with in an equivalent manner.
      [Signatures]
      * Language of the case: French.