CELEX: 62005TO0194
Language: en
Date: 2006-05-11 00:00:00
Title: Order of the Court of First Instance (Second Chamber) of 11 May 2006. # TeleTech Holdings, Inc. v Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs) (OHIM). # Community trade mark - Opposition proceedings - Extent of the examination required - Conversion of a Community trade mark application to a national trade mark application - Article 58 of Regulation (EC) No 40/94. # Case T-194/05.

Case T-194/05
      TeleTech Holdings, Inc.
      v
      Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs) (OHIM)
      (Community trade mark – Opposition proceedings – Extent of the examination required – Conversion of a Community trade mark application to a national trade mark application – Article 58 of Regulation (EC) No 40/94)
      Summary of the Order
      Community trade mark – Appeals procedure 
      (Council Regulation No 40/94, Arts 58 and 108 to 110)
      A decision of the Opposition Division of the Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs) which
         allows, in respect of all the services concerned, opposition brought against the registration of a Community trade mark and
         based on an earlier national mark and an earlier Community mark, does not in any way adversely affect a party to proceedings
         which led to a decision, for the purpose of Article 58 of Regulation No 40/94 on the Community trade mark, where the opposition
         was not allowed on the basis of both marks put forward as grounds of opposition, but only on the basis of the earlier national
         mark, the applicant for a Community trade mark thus still being able to apply for the conversion, in accordance with Article
         108(1)(a) of Regulation No 40/94, of its application to an application for a national mark in the Member States with the exception
         of the Member State where, under the Opposition Division’s decision, grounds for refusal of registration apply to the trade
         mark application.
      
      The aim of opposition proceedings is to give undertakings an opportunity to challenge, by means of one procedural system,
         applications for Community trade marks which might give rise to a likelihood of confusion with their earlier marks or rights,
         and not to settle pre-emptively potential conflicts at national or even Community level.
      
      Furthermore, the conversion procedure provided for in Articles 108 to 110 of Regulation No 40/94 is merely optional for an
         applicant for a Community trade mark and the fact that an application for conversion may be transmitted to the national authorities
         concerned, in accordance with Article 109(3) of the regulation, does not mean that the trade mark application will automatically
         lead to registration. It is the task of the national authorities to examine any possible grounds for refusal of registration,
         the opponent being able, in principle, to assert his rights before those authorities. 
      
      Finally, although Article 108(2)(b) of Regulation No 40/94 provides, on grounds of consistency of decisions and procedural
         economy, that conversion is not to take place for the purpose of protection in a Member State in which, in accordance with
         the decision of the Office, grounds for refusal of registration apply to the Community trade mark application, that provision
         only requires the Office to comply with such a decision where one has already been made. However, there are no grounds for
         assuming that that provision also seeks to require the body adjudicating on an opposition to adjust its decision in order
         to prevent as far as possible the applicant for a Community trade mark from applying for its conversion.
      
      (see paras 27-30, 37)
ORDER OF THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE (Second Chamber)
      11 May 2006 (*)
      
      (Community trade mark – Opposition proceedings – Extent of the examination required – Conversion of a Community trade mark application to a national trade mark application – Article 58 of Regulation (EC) No 40/94)
      In Case T‑194/05,
      TeleTech Holdings, Inc., established in Denver, Colorado (United States), represented by A. Gould and by M. Blair, Solicitors,
      
      applicant,
      v
      Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs) (OHIM), represented by D. Botis, acting as Agent,
      
      defendant,
      the other party to the proceedings before the Board of Appeal of OHIM, intervener before the Court of First Instance, being
         
      
      Teletech International SA, established in Paris (France), represented by J.‑F. Adelle and F. Zimeray, lawyers,
      
      intervener,
      ACTION brought against the decision of the First Board of Appeal of OHIM of 3 March 2005 (R 497/2004-1), relating to opposition
         proceedings between TeleTech Holdings, Inc. and Teletech International SA,
      
      THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES (Second Chamber),
      
      composed of J. Pirrung, President, A.W.H. Meij and I. Pelikánová, Judges,
      Registrar: E. Coulon,
      having regard to the application lodged at the Court Registry on 9 May 2005,
      having regard to the response of OHIM lodged at the Court Registry on 10 October 2005,
      having regard to the response of the intervener lodged at the Court Registry on 7 October 2005,
      makes the following
      Order
       Background to the dispute
      1        On 14 May 2001 the intervener applied to the Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs) (OHIM)
         for registration of the word sign TELETECH INTERNATIONAL as a Community trade mark in respect of services falling within Classes
         35, 38 and 42 of the Nice Agreement concerning the International Classification of Goods and Services for the Purposes of
         the Registration of Marks of 15 June 1957, as revised and amended.
      
      2        On 24 June 2002 the applicant filed a notice of opposition, in accordance with Article 42 of Council Regulation (EC) No 40/94
         of 20 December 1993 on the Community trade mark (OJ 1994 L 11, p. 1), as amended, against the registration of that Community
         trade mark. The opposition concerned all the services referred to in the preceding paragraph and was founded, inter alia,
         on the existence of a likelihood of confusion within the meaning of Article 8(1)(b) of Regulation No 40/94, between the trade
         mark sought and the following earlier trade marks:
      
      –        the Community word mark TELETECH GLOBAL VENTURES;
      –        the United Kingdom national word mark TELETECH.
      3        By decision of 23 April 2004, the Opposition Division upheld the opposition, considering that there was a likelihood of confusion
         between the trade mark sought and the earlier United Kingdom trade mark. It did not consider it necessary to examine the other
         grounds for refusal of registration at issue, stating that the existence of a likelihood of confusion with the earlier United
         Kingdom trade mark was enough to prevent the registration sought. 
      
      4        On 23 June 2004 the applicant brought an appeal before OHIM, pursuant to Articles 57 to 59 of Regulation No 40/94, against
         the decision of the Opposition Division. The applicant stated that the appeal was not directed against the rejection of the
         application for a Community trade mark as such, but against the refusal to examine the other grounds cited for refusal of
         registration. 
      
      5        By decision of 3 March 2005, R 497/2004-1 (the ‘contested decision’), the First Board of Appeal of OHIM dismissed the appeal
         as inadmissible. It held that, as the registration of the Community trade mark sought had been refused in its entirety, the
         applicant had not in any way been adversely affected by the Opposition Division’s decision.
      
       Forms of order sought 
      6        The applicant claims that the Court of First Instance should: 
      
      –        annul the contested decision;
      –        remit the matter to the Opposition Division, so that it also rules on the ground for refusal of registration founded on the
         earlier Community trade mark; 
      
      –        order OHIM to pay the costs incurred in the proceedings before the Court of First Instance and the Board of Appeal. 
      7        OHIM claims that the Court of First Instance should:
      
      –        dismiss the action;
      –        order the applicant to pay the costs.
      8        The intervener claims that the Court of First Instance should dismiss the action. 
      
       Law
      9        As set out in Article 111 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of First Instance, where the action is manifestly lacking
         any foundation in law, the Court of First Instance may, without taking further steps in the proceedings, give a decision on
         the action by reasoned order. 
      
      10      In this instance, the Court of First Instance considers that it has sufficient information from the documents in the file
         and has decided, pursuant to that article, to give judgment without taking further steps in the proceedings. 
      
       Arguments of the parties
      11      In support of its action, the applicant essentially puts forward a single plea, alleging an infringement of Article 58 of
         Regulation No 40/94. There are two branches to that plea. By the first branch, the applicant challenges the reasoning followed
         by the Court of First Instance in Case T‑342/02 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Lion v OHIM – Moser Grupo Media (Moser Grupo Media) [2004] ECR II‑0000. By the second branch, it submits that the facts of this dispute can be distinguished from those which
         gave rise to that case. 
      
      12      In the first branch of the plea, the applicant points out that the Court of First Instance relied, in paragraph 44 of Moser Grupo Media, on the reasoning set out in paragraph 33 of the judgment in Case T‑138/89 NBV and NVB v Commission [1992] ECR II‑2181. The applicant is of the opinion that the legal position of the applicants in NBV and NVB v Commission can be distinguished from its own in the present case inasmuch as its own legal position has been changed by the statement
         of reasons given in the Opposition Division’s decision. 
      
      13      It claims that a Community trade mark applicant whose application is refused following opposition from the proprietor of a
         Community trade mark is prevented from applying for the application’s conversion to a national trade mark application, under
         Article 108(1)(a) of Regulation No 40/94. According to TeleTech Holdings, Inc., in such a case, grounds for refusal of registration
         apply to the Community trade mark sought throughout the whole Community, with the result that its conversion to a national
         trade mark would not take place by reason of Article 108(2)(b) of Regulation No 40/94.
      
      14      Furthermore, whilst the rejection of a trade mark application on the basis of an earlier Community trade mark prevents the
         trade mark applicant from claiming the priority of the Community trade mark application in all the Member States, the rejection
         of a Community trade mark application on the sole basis of an earlier national trade mark allows the trade mark applicant
         to claim, through an application for conversion, a more advantageous priority date than where national trade mark applications
         are submitted after that rejection.
      
      15      The applicant adds that the objective of Regulation No 40/94 is to persuade economic operators to move from a national system
         of registered trade mark protection to a Community system for the unitary protection of a trade mark in all the Member States.
         It refers, in that regard, to the first recital in the preamble to the regulation and to Article 34 thereof. 
      
      16      In the second branch of its single plea, the applicant puts forward three factual differences between this case and the case
         which culminated in the judgment in Moser Grupo Media. 
      
      17      First, in the case which gave rise to that judgment, the rejection of the Community trade mark application by the Opposition
         Division on the basis of only some of the earlier national trade marks put forward in support of the opposition can be explained
         by the fact that it was difficult to prove that the other national trade marks put forward existed. No such difficulty exists
         regarding the earlier Community trade mark TELETECH GLOBAL VENTURES put forward in support of the applicant’s opposition.
         Similarly, in the case which gave rise to Moser Grupo Media, the opponent relied on an application for a Community trade mark, whereas, in this instance, the Community trade mark relied
         on has already been registered. 
      
      18      Second, in the case which gave rise to Moser Grupo Media, the applicant complained that the Opposition Division had not founded the rejection of the trade mark application on all
         the national trade marks put forward in support of the opposition whereas, in this instance, the Opposition Division is alleged
         to have disregarded an earlier Community trade mark. 
      
      19      Third, the applicant points out that the earlier Community trade mark TELETECH GLOBAL VENTURES has been the subject of a decision
         declaring its invalidity in part in relation to most of the services for which it was registered (decision of the Cancellation
         Division of OHIM of 22 February 2001, confirmed by the decision of the First Board of Appeal of OHIM of 28 May 2003 which
         was challenged before the Court of First Instance; see, also, Case T‑288/03 TeleTech Holdings v OHIM – Teletech International (TELETECH GLOBAL VENTURES) [2005] ECR II-0000, under appeal, dismissing the action brought by the applicant against the decision of the First Board
         of Appeal). The applicant contends that, should that decision on invalidity become final, it will no longer be able to rely
         on the earlier Community trade mark TELETECH GLOBAL VENTURES in a conversion procedure or in national trade mark registration
         procedures. By contrast, had the Opposition Division founded the rejection of the trade mark application on the earlier Community
         trade mark, the conversion of the intervener’s Community trade mark application to applications for national trade marks would
         have been precluded in accordance with Article 108(2)(b) of Regulation No 40/94.
      
      20      OHIM and the intervener dispute the applicant’s arguments. 
      
       Findings of the Court of First Instance
      21      As provided in the first sentence of Article 58 of Regulation No 40/94, ‘[a]ny party to proceedings adversely affected by
         a decision may appeal’. 
      
      22      It follows that, in so far as the decision covered by Article 58 of Regulation No 40/94 allows the claims of the party concerned,
         that party does not have locus standi to bring an appeal before the Board of Appeal, and such an appeal is therefore inadmissible.
         
      
      23      In the present case, it is necessary to determine whether the Board of Appeal was fully entitled to hold that the decision
         of the Opposition Division had not adversely affected the applicant in any way. 
      
      24      By its single plea, the applicant in essence complains that the Board of Appeal failed to have regard to the fact that the
         intervener could apply for the conversion of its Community trade mark application to a national trade mark application under
         Article 108(1)(a) of Regulation No 40/94, that conversion being excluded only in respect of the United Kingdom where, under
         the Opposition Division’s decision, grounds for refusal of registration apply to the trade mark application pursuant to Article
         108(2)(b) of the same regulation. By contrast, if the Opposition Division had upheld the opposition on the basis of a likelihood
         of confusion between the earlier Community trade mark and the sign applied for, conversion of the trade mark application would,
         according to the applicant, have been precluded in all the Member States of the Community. Furthermore, it submits that the
         earlier Community trade mark may well be declared invalid, so that, in future, it would no longer be able to rely on that
         trade mark to challenge the registration of the TELETECH INTERNATIONAL national trade marks.
      
      25      In that regard, a preliminary point to note is that, as provided in the second recital in the preamble to Regulation No 40/94,
         Community arrangements for trade marks allow undertakings, by means of one procedural system, to obtain Community trade marks
         to which uniform protection is given and which produce their effects throughout the entire area of the Community and the unitary
         character of the Community trade mark thus stated will apply unless otherwise provided for in that regulation. 
      
      26      Against that background, the aim of opposition proceedings is to prevent Community trade marks being registered which are
         in conflict with earlier marks or rights (Moser Grupo Media, paragraph 34). That interpretation, which is the only one wholly apt to achieve the objectives of Regulation No 40/94 (Moser Grupo Media, paragraph 34), is reflected in the first sentence of Article 43(5) of Regulation No 40/94, which provides that, ‘[i]f examination
         of the opposition reveals that the trade mark may not be registered in respect of some or all of the goods or services for
         which the Community trade mark application has been made, the application shall be refused in respect of those goods or services’.
         It follows from that provision that, in fact, examination of the opposition is intended to establish whether there is, in
         relation to all or part of the relevant goods or services in respect of which the trade mark application is disputed, any
         ground for refusal of registration which warrants the rejection of the trade mark application.
      
      27      However, it does not follow from that provision that OHIM is required to found the rejection of the trade mark application
         on all the grounds for refusal of registration put forward in support of the opposition, on the basis of which a trade mark
         application could be rejected. The aim of opposition proceedings is to give undertakings an opportunity to challenge, by means
         of one procedural system, applications for Community trade marks which might give rise to a likelihood of confusion with their
         earlier marks or rights, and not to settle pre-emptively potential conflicts at national or even Community level (see, concerning
         conflicts at national level, Moser Grupo Media, paragraph 35).
      
      28      In this instance, given that the Opposition Division rejected the trade mark application for all the goods or services for
         which registration was sought, it upheld the applicant’s opposition in its entirety, in accordance with the first sentence
         of Article 43(5) of Regulation No 40/94.
      
      29      As regards the applicant’s argument that a close link should be acknowledged between opposition proceedings and the possibility,
         for the applicant for a Community trade mark, to request conversion of its application to a national trade mark application,
         it should first be noted that the conversion procedure provided for in Articles 108 to 110 of Regulation No 40/94 is merely
         optional for an applicant for a Community trade mark (Moser Grupo Media, paragraph 41). Also, the fact that an application for conversion may be transmitted to the national authorities concerned,
         in accordance with Article 109(3) of Regulation No 40/94, does not mean that the trade mark application will automatically
         lead to registration. It is the task of the national authorities to examine any possible grounds for refusal of registration,
         and the applicant is able, in principle, to assert his rights before those authorities. As a result, the Court finds that
         the interest which the applicant relies on to show locus standi for the purpose of appealing against the Opposition Division’s
         decision concerns a future and uncertain legal situation (Moser Grupo Media, paragraph 43; see, also, to that effect, Case T‑185/03 Fusco v OHIM – Fusco International(ENZO FUSCO) [2005] ECR II‑0000, paragraph 70).
      
      30      Although Article 108(2)(b) of Regulation No 40/94 provides, on grounds of consistency of decisions and procedural economy,
         that conversion is not to take place for the purpose of protection in a Member State in which, in accordance with the decision
         of OHIM, grounds for refusal of registration apply to the Community trade mark application, that provision only requires OHIM
         to comply with such a decision where one has already been made. However, there are no grounds for assuming that that provision
         also seeks to require the body adjudicating on an opposition to adjust its decision in order to prevent as far as possible
         the applicant for a Community trade mark from applying for its conversion. Firstly, as OHIM rightly pointed out, had the legislature
         intended to link the opposition and conversion procedures more closely, it would have done so explicitly. Secondly, such an
         interpretation would patently be contrary to the need for procedural economy, since it might oblige OHIM to examine multiple
         grounds for refusal of registration even where it is obvious that just one of them is sufficient for rejection of the Community
         trade mark application concerned.
      
      31      The applicant’s argument is also put in doubt by Rule 21(2) and (3) of Commission Regulation (EC) No 2868/95 of 13 December
         1995 implementing Council Regulation No 40/94 (OJ 1995 L 303, p. 1), concerning the treatment of multiple oppositions. According
         to Rule 21(2) of that regulation, ‘[i]f a preliminary examination of one or more oppositions [entered in respect of the same
         application for a Community trade mark] reveals that the Community trade mark for which an application for registration has
         been filed is possibly not eligible for registration in respect of some or all of the goods or services for which registration
         is sought, [OHIM] may suspend the other opposition proceedings’. Under Rule 21(3) of the same regulation, once a decision
         rejecting the application has become final, the oppositions on which a decision was deferred are deemed to have been disposed
         of. OHIM rightly maintains that, if such a procedure is allowed in the case of multiple oppositions, it should be so a fortiori
         where a number of grounds for refusal of registration are put forward in a single opposition notice. 
      
      32      In addition, the applicant assumes that the automatic effect of the rejection of a trade mark application on the ground of
         a likelihood of confusion between the trade mark claimed and an earlier Community trade mark is that such a likelihood is
         deemed to exist in all the Member States of the Community. Although Article 8 of Regulation No 40/94 does not contain a provision
         similar to Article 7(2) of that regulation, under which it is enough, for the purpose of refusing to register a trade mark,
         that an absolute ground for refusal obtains in only part of the Community, it follows from the unitary character of the Community
         trade mark that registration must also be refused where a relative ground for refusal stemming from an earlier Community trade
         mark obtains in only part of that area (Case T‑355/02 Muelhens v OHIM– Zirh International (ZIRH) [2004] ECR II‑791, paragraph 36, and Joined Cases T‑117/03 to T‑119/03 and T‑171/03 New Look v OHIM – Naulover (NLSPORT, NLJEANS, NLACTIVE and NLCollection) [2004] ECR II‑0000, paragraph 34). It seems, therefore, unreasonable to preclude conversion of the trade mark application
         for the purpose of protecting the mark in a Member State where no ground for refusal of registration exists or, at least,
         in respect of a State in which such a ground has not been recorded in the OHIM decision in question. 
      
      33      In the second place, as regards the argument that the earlier Community trade mark is likely to have been removed once and
         for all from the Community Register by the time any potential application for conversion is transmitted to the national authorities,
         thus preventing the applicant from asserting the rights relating to that trade mark, OHIM rightly pointed out that the applicant’s
         earlier Community trade mark was already subject to an application for invalidity at the time when the Opposition Division
         ruled on the opposition. In such a case, any duty to examine all the grounds for refusal of registration put forward would
         have led it to suspend the opposition proceedings until the end of the invalidity proceedings, in accordance with Rule 20(6)
         of Regulation No 2868/95, in the version then in force. Such a suspension of proceedings would have been all the more necessary
         had the Opposition Division subscribed to the applicant’s argument that there is a close link between the opposition and conversion
         procedures. 
      
      34      Consequently, the alleged factual differences between this case and that which gave rise to Moser Grupo Media must be placed in context. In fact, in the latter case, the earlier Community trade mark put forward in support of the opposition
         had not yet been registered. In such a situation, it was not necessary to prolong the proceeding further by suspending it
         under Rule 20(6) of Regulation No 2868/95, in the version then in force, in order to wait until the Community trade mark had
         been registered (Moser Grupo Media, paragraph 46). That reasoning can be applied to the case of a Community trade mark in respect of which an application for
         invalidity has been made, which has been granted by the Cancellation Division and the Board of Appeal but which has not yet
         taken effect, in accordance with Article 62(3) of Regulation No 40/94.
      
      35      In the third place, where an opposition is founded on a number of earlier national and Community trade marks, OHIM is under
         no obligation to give priority to the Community marks. As is apparent from the fifth recital in the preamble to Regulation
         No 40/94, the Community law relating to trade marks does not replace the laws of the Member States on trade marks and it does
         not appear to be justified to require undertakings to apply for registration of their trade marks as Community trade marks.
         Consequently, the applicant’s argument that the objective of Regulation No 40/94 is to persuade economic operators to move
         from a national system of registered trade mark protection to a Community system for the unitary protection of a trade mark
         in all the Member States is unfounded. In particular, while the effect of Article 34 of Regulation No 40/94, under which the
         proprietor of a Community trade mark can claim the seniority of a national trade mark which it has allowed to lapse or has
         surrendered, is to facilitate, in practice, the replacement of a national trade mark by a Community trade mark, the fact remains
         that that provision, which is merely optional for economic operators, is far from having the scope attributed to it by the
         applicant. As is apparent, inter alia, from Articles 108 to 110 of Regulation No 40/94, the regulation also includes provisions
         which, conversely, enable Community trade marks to be converted to national trade marks. 
      
      36      Lastly, those considerations are not affected by the applicant’s argument that the judgments cited in paragraph 44 of the
         judgment in Moser Grupo Media do not cover situations which are fully comparable to that of this case. 
      
      37      It follows from all of those considerations that the decision of the Opposition Division has not adversely affected the applicant
         in any way, so that the applicant is not entitled to bring an appeal before the Board of Appeal. The contested decision therefore
         is not vitiated by error. Since the applicant’s single plea is manifestly unfounded, the action must be dismissed, and there
         is no need to consider the admissibility of the applicant’s second head of claim.
      
       Costs
      38      Under Article 87(2) of the Rules of Procedure, the unsuccessful party is to be ordered to pay the costs if they have been
         applied for in the successful party’s pleadings. Since the applicant has been unsuccessful, it must be ordered to pay OHIM’s
         costs, in accordance with the form of order sought by OHIM. Since the intervener has not applied for costs against the applicant,
         the intervener shall bear its own costs. 
      
      On those grounds,
      THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE (Second Chamber)
      hereby orders:
      1.      The action is dismissed.
      2.      The applicant is ordered to pay the costs, with the exception of those incurred by the intervener.
      3.      The intervener shall bear its own costs.
      Luxembourg, 11 May 2006.
      
               E. Coulon
            
             
            
                     J. Pirrung
            
         
               Registrar
            
             
            
                     President
            
         * Language of the case: English.