CELEX: 62009CJ0218
Language: en
Date: 2010-03-18
Title: Judgment of the Court (Fourth Chamber) of 18 March 2010.#SGS Belgium NV v Belgisch Interventie- en Restitutiebureau, Firme Derwa NV, Centraal Beheer Achmea NV and Firme Derwa NV, Centraal Beheer Achmea NV v SGS Belgium NV and Belgisch Interventie- en Restitutiebureau.#Reference for a preliminary ruling: Hof van beroep te Brussel - Belgium.#Reference for a preliminary ruling - Regulation (EEC) No 3665/87- Export refunds - Article 5(3) - Conditions for granting - Exception - Force majeure - Products which perished in transit.#Case C-218/09.

Case C-218/09
      SGS Belgium NV and Others
      v
      Belgisch Interventie- en Restitutiebureau and Others
      (Reference for a preliminary ruling from the hof van beroep te Brussel)
      (Reference for a preliminary ruling – Regulation (EEC) No 3665/87 – Export refunds – Article 5(3) – Conditions for granting – Exception – Force majeure – Products that perished in transit)
      Summary of the Judgment
      Agriculture – Common organisation of the markets – Export refunds – Variable refund
      (Commission Regulation No 3665/87, Art. 5(3))
      Article 5(3) of Regulation No 3665/87 laying down common detailed rules for the application of the system of export refunds
         on agricultural products, as amended by Regulation No 1384/95, must be interpreted as meaning that damage to a consignment
         of beef in transit does not constitute force majeure within the meaning of that provision.
      
      Article 5(3) of Regulation No 3665/87 in fact constitutes an exception to the normal export refund procedure and must, consequently,
         be interpreted strictly. The existence of force majeure being an essential condition in order to be able to to claim payment of refunds for exported goods that have not been released
         for consumption in the non‑member country of import, it follows that that term must be interpreted in such a way that the
         number of cases capable of benefiting from such payment remains limited. The risk of damage is particularly likely to be present
         when beef is exported, notably as a result of loading and unloading operations between the various means of transport employed,
         and as a result of long‑distance transportation. Consequently, when such damage occurs, it may be considered to be one of
         the business risks inherent in such operations, that is to say, as a circumstance that cannot be termed unusual or even improbable
         in the context of those business operations for a prudent businessman exercising all due care.
      
      (see paras 46, 48, 50, 52, operative part)
JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (Fourth Chamber)
      18 March 2010 (*)
      
      (Reference for a preliminary ruling – Regulation (EEC) No 3665/87– Export refunds – Article 5(3) – Conditions for granting – Exception – Force majeure – Products which perished in transit)
      In Case C‑218/09,
      REFERENCE for a preliminary ruling under Article 234 EC from the Hof van beroep te Brussel (Belgium), made by decision of
         4 June 2009, received at the Court on 15 June 2009, in the proceedings
      
      SGS Belgium NV
      v
      Belgisch Interventie- en Restitutiebureau,
      Firme Derwa NV,
      Centraal Beheer Achmea NV
      and
      Firme Derwa NV,
      Centraal Beheer Achmea NV
      v
      SGS Belgium NV,
      Belgisch Interventie- en Restitutiebureau,
      THE COURT (Fourth Chamber),
      composed of J.‑C. Bonichot, President of the Chamber, C. Toader (Rapporteur), K. Schiemann, P. Kūris and L. Bay Larsen, Judges,
      Advocate General: V. Trstenjak,
      Registrar: R. Grass,
      having regard to the written procedure,
      after considering the observations submitted on behalf of:
      –        SGS Belgium NV, by M. Storme, avocat,
      –        Firme Derwa NV, by L. Misson and L. Wysen, avocats,
      –        the Belgian Government, by J.‑C. Halleux, acting as Agent,
      –        the Commission of the European Communities, by B. Burggraaf, Z. Malůšková and E. Tserepa‑Lacombe, acting as Agents,
      having decided, after hearing the Advocate General, to proceed to judgment without an Opinion,
      gives the following
      Judgment
      1        This reference for a preliminary ruling concerns the interpretation of Article 5(3) of Commission Regulation (EEC) No 3665/87
         of 27 November 1987 laying down common detailed rules for the application of the system of export refunds on agricultural
         products (OJ 1987 L 351, p. 1), as amended by Commission Regulation (EC) No 1384/95 of 19 June 1995 (OJ 1995 L 134, p. 14).
      
      2        The reference has been made in the context of proceedings concerning an export refund paid for meat discovered damaged on
         arrival, first, between SGS Belgium NV (‘SGS Belgium’), a company specialising in control and supervision, on the one hand,
         and Belgisch Interventie- en Restitutiebureau (the Belgian Office for Intervention and Export Refunds, ‘BIRB’), Firme Derwa
         NV (‘Firme Derwa’), an export firm, and Centraal Beheer Achmea NB (‘Centraal Beheer Achmea’), an insurance company, on the
         other hand, and, second, between Firme Derwa and Centraal Beheer Achmea, on the one hand, and SGS Belgium and BIRB, on the
         other hand.
      
       Legal context
      3        Regulation No 3665/87 provides for the possibility for operators exporting beef outside the territory of the European Community
         to benefit from export refunds.
      
      4        Under Article 4(1) of Regulation No 3665/87, ‘... the refund shall be paid only upon proof being furnished that the products
         for which the export declaration was accepted have, within 60 days from the date of such acceptance of the export declaration,
         left the customs territory of the Community in the unaltered state’.
      
      5        Article 5 of Regulation No 3665/87 provides:
      
      ‘1.      Payment of the differentiated or non‑differentiated refund shall be conditional not only on the product having left the customs
         territory of the Community but also – save where it has perished in transit as a result of force majeure – on its having been imported into a non‑member country and, where appropriate, into a specific non‑member country within
         12 months following the date of acceptance of the export declaration:
      
      …
      However that period may be extended under the conditions laid down in Article 47.
      …
      In addition, the competent authorities of the Member States may require that additional evidence be provided such as to satisfy
         them that the product has actually been placed on the market in the non‑member country of import in the unaltered state.
      
      …
      3.      If the product, after leaving the customs territory of the Community, has perished in transit as a result of force majeure, the amount paid shall be:
      
      –        in the case of a refund which varies according to destination, the part thereof specified in Article 20,
      –        in the case of a refund which does not so vary, the total amount thereof.’
      6        Article 13 of Regulation No 3665/87 provides that ‘[n]o refund shall be granted on products which are not of sound and fair
         marketable quality, or on products intended for human consumption whose characteristics or condition exclude or substantially
         impair their use for that purpose’.
      
      7        Under Article 17(3) of that regulation, a product is to be considered to have been imported when it has been cleared through
         customs for release for consumption in the non‑member country concerned.
      
      8        Article 18 of Regulation No 3665/87 provides:
      
      ‘1.      Proof that the product has been cleared through customs for release for consumption shall, at the exporter's choice, be furnished
         by production of one of the following documents:
      
      (a)      the customs document or a copy or photocopy thereof; …
      (b)      a certificate of unloading and release for consumption drawn up by an international control and supervisory agency approved
         by a Member State. ...
      
      2.      If the exporter cannot obtain the document chosen in accordance with paragraph 1(a) or (b) even after taking the appropriate
         steps or if there are doubts as to the authenticity of the document furnished, proof that the product has been cleared through
         customs for release for consumption may be deemed to have been furnished by the production of one or more of the following
         documents:
      
      …
      (c)      a certificate of unloading drawn up by an international control and supervisory agency approved by a Member State, certifying
         also that the product has left the port zone or at least that, to its knowledge, the product has not subsequently been loaded
         for re-export;
      
      …’
      9        Article 20 of Regulation No 3665/87 provides:
      
      ‘1.      By way of derogation from Article 16 and without prejudice to Article 5, a part of the refund shall be paid upon proof being
         furnished that the product has left the customs territory of the Community.
      
      …
      2.      The part of the refund referred to in paragraph 1 shall be equal to the amount of the refund which the exporter would receive
         if his product reached a destination for which the lowest rate of refund had been fixed, the non-fixing of a rate being regarded
         as the lowest rate.
      
      …’
       The dispute in the main proceedings and the question referred for a preliminary ruling
      10      During 1996, Firme Derwa exported a consignment of beef to Lebanon. On 24 June 1996, the corresponding export declaration
         was accepted by the customs authorities. On 19 July 1996, BIRB paid in advance to Firme Derwa an export refund of BEF 1 301 696
         (EUR 32 268.20).
      
      11      On 9 July 1996, that consignment of meat arrived in Beirut where, in accordance with customs regulations, the veterinary services
         took samples for the purpose of carrying out checks. In those samples, they discovered a bacterium. The entire consignment
         was accordingly declared unfit for human consumption, rejected by its consignee, and subsequently destroyed.
      
      12      For it to be definitively entitled to the refund received, Firme Derwa had to furnish, in the 12 months following the date
         of acceptance of the export declaration, proof of import of the consignment into Lebanon in an unaltered state. On 3 June 1997,
         Firme Derwa asked BIRB for an extension of time in which to submit the supporting documentation.
      
      13      As Firme Derwa did not have the required document, Centraal Beheer Achmea, as the insurer of the goods, asked, on 14 April
         1997, SGS Belgium to approach its correspondents in Beirut to draw up a certificate pursuant to Article 18(1)(b) of Regulation
         No 3665/87. On 17 June 1997, SGS Lebanon replied by fax to SGS Belgium that those goods had not been declared as released
         for consumption.
      
      14      However, on 19 July 1997, SGS Belgium nevertheless confirmed that the goods had been released for consumption by the customs
         authorities in Lebanon.
      
      15      Consequently, on 8 October 1997, BIRB released the security provided by Firme Derwa. However, since it had been late in providing
         proof of import of those goods for consumption in Lebanon, it had to refund a portion of the export refund received.
      
      16      In the course of an investigation conducted during 1998 and 1999, the Economic Inspection Board of the Belgian Ministry of
         Economic Affairs, discovered, on SGS Belgium’s premises, the fax which had been sent by SGS Lebanon on 17 June 1997 contradicting
         the confirmation of the release for consumption of the exported meat.
      
      17      On 21 April 1999, BIRB informed SGS Belgium of the results of that investigation.
      
      18      On 1 February 2001, BIRB informed SGS Belgium that in those circumstances, pursuant to Article 13 of Regulation No 3665/87,
         the right to a refund had lapsed, the amount paid in error was to be increased by 15% because the refund had been paid in
         advance, a penalty of 200% was to be imposed because incorrect facts had been provided intentionally and interest would be
         calculated from the time of the release of the bank guarantee on 8 October 1997. The amount claimed by BIRB amounted to BEF 3 829 628
         (EUR 94 934).
      
      19      On 11 April 2001, BIRB brought an action against SGS Belgium for payment of the amount of BEF 3 829 628 (EUR 94 934), plus
         default interest and judicial interest.
      
      20      On 21 September 2001, SGS Belgium joined as third parties and guarantors Firme Derwa and Centraal Beheer Achmea.
      
      21      On 8 August 2002, Firme Derwa and Centraal Beheer Achmea brought proceedings against BIRB.
      
      22      On 11 April 2003, the Rechtbank van eerste aanleg te Antwerpen (Court of First Instance, Antwerp) held that it had been proved
         incontrovertibly that the customs formalities governing release for consumption of the meat at issue in the main proceedings
         had not been complied with, which meant that the conditions for the payment of a differentiated refund had also not been met.
         The Rechtbank van eerste aanleg te Antwerpen therefore ordered SGS Belgium to pay BIRB the sum of BEF 3 829 628, plus default
         interest and judicial interest.
      
      23      By the same judgment, Firme Derwa and Centraal Beheer Achmea were ordered jointly and severally to indemnify SGS Belgium fully.
         The actions brought by Firme Derwa and Centraal Beheer Achmea were declared to be unfounded.
      
      24      On appeal, the Hof van beroep te Antwerpen (Court of Appeal, Antwerp) held, by judgment of 21 December 2004, that SGS Belgium
         could not be held responsible for any wrongdoing, since the declaration of 19 July 1997, made pursuant to Article 18(1)(b)
         of Regulation No 3665/87, in fact contained a material error and that that declaration could count as a certificate of unloading
         within the meaning of Article 18(2)(c) of Regulation No 3665/87, entitling Firme Derwa to an export refund.
      
      25      According to the Hof van beroep te Antwerpen, it followed that the export refund had not been wrongly paid to Firme Derwa
         and therefore SGS Belgium had not committed any irregularity or participated in the commission of an irregularity which adversely
         affected the general budget of the Communities or the budgets controlled by the Communities.
      
      26      BIRB appealed in cassation against that judgment.
      
      27      On 16 March 2007, the Hof van Cassatie (Court of Cassation) ruled that a certificate of unloading, as referred to in Article 18(2)(c)
         of Regulation No 3665/87, manifestly constituted rebuttable evidence of the fact that the goods had actually reached the market
         of the country of destination and had been placed on the market there. The Hof van Cassatie held that the Hof van Beroep,
         Antwerp, had erred in ruling that, once the certificate of unloading was issued, the conditions for a differentiated refund
         had to be deemed to be met, as though that certificate were an irrebuttable presumption. The Hof van Cassatie therefore set
         aside the judgment of the Hof van beroep te Antwerpen of 21 December 2004 and referred the case to the Hof van beroep te Brussel
         (Court of Appeal, Brussels).
      
      28      Before the Hof van beroep te Brussel, SGS Belgium then claimed that, when the export operations took place, the goods at issue
         in the main proceedings were of sound and fair marketable quality and fit for human consumption and that they therefore had
         to be regarded as having perished in transit as a result of force majeure within the meaning of Article 5(3) of Regulation No 3665/87.
      
      29      The BIRB criticised that change of position by SGS Belgium, which had maintained, since the beginning of the proceedings,
         that the goods had actually been imported into Lebanon and released for consumption. In any event, BIRB contends that the
         verb ‘to perish’ used in that provision cannot mean ‘to damage’. For the exporter to be entitled to benefit from the provisions
         of Article 5(3) of Regulation No 3665/87, the goods themselves would have to have perished, that is, the exporter must have
         lost possession of them, with the result that they were no longer able to reach their destination.
      
      30      The Hof van beroep te Brussel concedes that there is a contradiction in SGS Belgium’s change of position. However, according
         to that court, that does not preclude the right of that exporter to rely on force majeure.
      
      31      In the light of a Lloyds report, which Centraal Beheer Achmea produced in evidence, that court found that the meat at issue
         in the main proceedings had been transported in a refrigerated container and in suitable packaging, and that such refrigerated
         containers are used precisely to prevent meat from being damaged. During transportation, the temperature of the goods was
         also correctly maintained at 0°C. Lastly, it also follows from the report that, at the time of export, the goods were of sound
         and fair marketable quality and fit for human consumption but that they were already damaged on their arrival in Beirut.
      
      32      In those circumstances the Hof van Cassatie decided to stay the proceedings and to refer the following question to the Court
         for a preliminary ruling:
      
      ‘Must the term “force majeure” in Article 5(3) of [Regulation No 3665/87] be interpreted as meaning that damage to beef while being transported in the
         correct packaging and in a refrigerated container continuously maintained at the prescribed temperature, in principle constitutes
         force majeure?’
      
       Consideration of the question referred 
       Observations submitted to the Court
      33      SGS Belgium and Firme Derwa are of the opinion that the question referred must be answered in the affirmative. Although the
         Dutch version of Article 5(3) of Regulation No 3665/87 uses the term ‘verloren’ (in English ‘lost’), the concept of ‘loss’
         in that provision also covers ‘damage’, as is apparent from other language versions of that provision. Thus, the English and
         French versions use ‘perished’ and ‘péri’ respectively, rather than ‘lost’ or ‘perdue’. In addition, Article 114 of Appendix I
         to the Convention on a common transit procedure of 20 May 1987 between the Republic of Austria, the Republic of Finland, the
         Republic of Iceland, the Kingdom of Norway, the Kingdom of Sweden and the Swiss Confederation and the European Economic Community
         (OJ 1987 L 226, p. 2), as amended by Decision No 1/2000 of the EC‑EFTA Joint Committee on common transit of 20 December 2000
         (OJ 2001 L 9, p. 1), explains in that regard that ‘[g]oods are deemed to be irretrievably lost when they are rendered unusable’.
      
      34      SGS Belgium maintains that precautions going beyond the legislative requirements were taken for the transport of the goods
         at issue in the main proceedings, in particular with regard to the refrigeration of the meat at a constant temperature. If
         a bacterium appears, it is, therefore, an unforeseeable event and, in that regard, the fact that it is possible to take out
         an insurance policy covering that type of damage is not capable of calling that assertion into question.
      
      35      The Belgian Government and the European Commission submit that the question should be answered to the effect that such damage
         to goods does not, in principle, constitute force majeure, within the meaning of Article 5(3) of Regulation No 3665/87. Only where the cause and the circumstances of the damage are
         known and it appears that such damage constitutes an abnormal and unforeseeable circumstance extraneous to the exporter, the
         consequences of which, in spite of the exercise of all due care, could not have been avoided by him, is there a case of force majeure.
      
      36      The Commission adds that the risk of bacterial infection is, in some ways, one of the business risks inherent in the export
         of perishable commodities. Therefore, a bacterial infection cannot generally be considered to constitute an abnormal and unforeseeable
         circumstance for the exporter. Only where there are additional and exceptional circumstances is it possible for a different
         conclusion to be reached. In that regard, the Commission has only scant factual information to enable it to give a view in
         the present case. In particular, it points, first, to the lack of evidence regarding the adequacy and general state of the
         container used for the transport. The Commission also notes that 16 days elapsed between the date of acceptance of the export
         declaration and the discovery of the bacterium, and no one knows what really happened during that period. Lastly, according
         to that institution, whether or not there was insurance or a contractual term relating to the risk of damage to the meat could
         prove useful for the purposes of the analysis.
      
      37      With regard to the measures taken by the exporter in the case in the main proceedings, the Belgian Government states that
         it follows from the report drawn up in Beirut by Lloyds that the bacterial infection found could have been caused by a break
         in the chain of refrigeration during the storage of the meat. Lastly, since the actual cause of damage to the goods has not
         really been established, the exporter cannot be considered to have taken all due care to prevent that damage. According to
         the Belgian Government, it is probable that an interruption in the refrigeration of the beef at issue in the main proceedings
         occurred during transport or after its unloading in the port of Beirut. Such an event is normal and foreseeable and the exporter
         can insure against it or try to prevent it: it does not, therefore, constitute force majeure.
      
       The Court’s answer
      38      The Court has consistently held that the system of differentiated export refunds is intended to gain and maintain access for
         Community exports to the markets of the non‑member countries concerned and the differentiation in the refund is based on the
         desire to take account of the particular characteristics of each import market in which the Community wishes to play a part
         (see C‑347/93 Boterlux [1994] ECR I‑3933, paragraph 18 and the case‑law cited).
      
      39      It is clear from that case-law that, if it sufficed, in order to qualify for payment of the refund, for the goods exported
         in the unaltered state simply to be unloaded in the non-member country, the raison d'être of the differentiated system would be disregarded (see, to that effect, Boterlux, paragraph 19).
      
      40      That is why the first paragraph of Article 5(1) of Regulation No 3665/87 provides that payment of the refund is to be conditional
         not only on the product having left the customs territory of the European Union but also on its having been imported into
         an non‑member country. In that regard, Article 17(3) of that regulation states that a product is to be considered to have
         been imported when it has been cleared through customs for release for consumption in the non‑member country concerned.
      
      41      Moreover, under Article 13 of Regulation No 3665/87, no refund is to be granted on products which are not of sound and fair
         marketable quality or on products intended for human consumption whose characteristics or condition exclude or substantially
         impair their use for that purpose.
      
      42      Thus, as regards a differentiated refund, Article 20(1) and (2) of Regulation No 3665/87 provides for payment of the basic
         refund, calculated according to the lowest rate of the refund applicable on the day of export, as soon as the exporter has
         provided proof that the product has left the customs territory of the Community. Payment of the differentiated part of the
         refund is itself subject to the additional conditions set out in Articles 17 and 18 of that regulation. The exporter must
         prove, within 12 months following the date of acceptance of the export declaration, that the product has been imported into
         the non‑member country or one of the non‑member countries for which the refund is prescribed by providing proof that the product
         has been cleared through customs for release for consumption in that country (see Case C-77/08 Dachsberger & Söhne [2009] ECR I‑0000, paragraph 28).
      
      43      However, by way of derogation, Article 5(3) of Regulation No 3665/87 provides that the payment of a refund is none the less
         assured if the product, after leaving the customs territory of the Community, has perished in transit as a result of force majeure, so that it was not able to be released for consumption in the non‑member country of import.
      
      44      It follows from settled case-law that the concept of force majeure must be understood, in general, in the sense of abnormal and unforeseeable circumstances, outside the control of the party
         relying thereupon, the consequences of which, in spite of the exercise of all due care, could not have been avoided (see,
         inter alia, Case 145/85 Denkavit België [1987] ECR 565, paragraph 11, and Case C‑377/03 Commission v Belgium [2006] ECR I‑9733, paragraph 95).
      
      45      As to the provisions of Regulation No 3665/87 concerning force majeure, it is also settled case-law that, since that concept does not have the same scope in the various spheres of application
         of European Union law, its meaning must be determined by reference to the legal context in which it is to operate (see, in
         particular, Case C‑12/92 Huygen and Others [1993] ECR I‑6381, paragraph 30, and Case C‑263/97 First City Trading and Others [1998] ECR I‑5537, paragraph 41).
      
      46      In that regard, it must be pointed out that Article 5(3) of Regulation No 3665/87 constitutes an exception to the normal export
         refund procedure and, consequently, that provision must be interpreted strictly. Since the existence of force majeure is an essential condition of being able to claim payment of refunds for exported goods which have not been released for consumption
         in the non‑member country of import, it follows that that term must be interpreted in such a way that the number of cases
         capable of benefiting from such payment remains limited (see, by analogy, Case C‑38/07 P Heuschen & Schrouff Oriëntal Foods Trading v Commission [2008] ECR I‑8599, paragraph 60).
      
      47      In general, it is not uncommon for bacteria to appear in consignments of beef. Despite strict health requirements, such as
         the preventative medical treatment of bovine animals, refrigeration of meat, its traceability and the implementation of control
         and supervision by health authorities, consignments of meat marketed in the territory of the Union are subject to recall by
         retail outlets when bacteria are detected.
      
      48      Such a risk of bacterial infection is particularly likely to be present in the export of beef since, before reaching their
         destination, consignments of meat may be subject to numerous cargo‑handling operations for the purposes of loading and unloading
         between the various means of transport employed. Moreover, long‑distance transportation, particularly by sea, may involve
         significant variations in outside temperature and thus place additional technical demands on the refrigeration equipment necessary
         for such transportation.
      
      49      As regards the question whether the operator took adequate steps to avoid contamination, it is for the national court to establish
         the exact conditions of transportation, storage and unloading of the goods at issue in the main proceedings and to verify
         whether, despite the examination which the heath authorities carried out in the exporting Member State, the bacterium could
         already have been present when the goods were loaded. Nevertheless, it must be observed that if transportation of the meat
         in the correct packaging and in a refrigerated container continuously maintained at the required temperature was unable to
         prevent the appearance and/or proliferation of the bacterium, it is probable that it was in fact already there in the consignment
         of meat when it left the territory of the Union – that is, before its transportation to the non‑member country – at a level
         which had not been detected by the heath authorities of the exporting Member State or was not susceptible of detection.
      
      50      Consequently, where such damage occurs, it can be considered to be one of the business risks inherent in such operations,
         that is, as a circumstance that cannot be termed ‘unusual’ or even ‘improbable’ in the context of those business operations
         for a prudent businessman exercising all due care (see, to that effect, Case 4/68 Schwarzwaldmilch [1968] ECR 377, 386).
      
      51      Moreover, as the Belgian Government and the Commission have rightly pointed out, the fact that bacterial infection affecting
         the exported consignments may be the subject, as in the case in the main proceedings, of a specific insurance policy goes
         to demonstrate that such a circumstance cannot be considered to be unforeseeable in the context of export operations.
      
      52      The answer to the question referred is therefore that Article 5(3) of Regulation No 3665/87 must be interpreted as meaning
         that damage to a consignment of beef in the conditions described by the national court does not constitute force majeure within the meaning of that provision.
      
       Costs
      53      Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action pending before the national court,
         the decision on costs is a matter for that court. Costs incurred in submitting observations to the Court, other than the costs
         of those parties, are not recoverable.
      
      On those grounds, the Court (Fourth Chamber) hereby rules:
      Article 5(3) of Commission Regulation (EEC) No 3665/87 of 27 November 1987 laying down common detailed rules for the application
            of the system of export refunds on agricultural products, as amended by Commission Regulation (EC) No 1384/95 of 19 June 1995,
            must be interpreted as meaning that damage to a consignment of beef in the conditions described by the national court does
            not constitute force majeure within the meaning of that provision.
      [Signatures]
      * Language of the case: Dutch.