CELEX: 62007CC0317
Language: en
Date: 2008-09-11
Title: Opinion of Advocate General Kokott delivered on 11 September 2008. # Lahti Energia Oy. # Reference for a preliminary ruling: Korkein hallinto-oikeus - Finland. # Directive 2000/76/EC - Incineration of waste - Purification and combustion - Crude gas produced from waste - Definition of waste - Incineration plant - Co-incineration plant. # Case C-317/07.

OPINION OF ADVOCATE GENERAL
      KOKOTT
      delivered on 11 September 2008 1(1)
      
      Case C‑317/07
      Lahti Energia Oy
      (Reference for a preliminary ruling from the Korkein hallinto-oikeus (Finland))
      (Directive 2000/76 – Waste incineration – Notion of ‘waste’ – Notions of ‘incineration plant’ and ‘co-incineration plant’ – Gasification – Combustion of producer gas)I –  Introduction
      1.        The present case concerns the interpretation of Directive 2000/76/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 December
         2000 on the incineration of waste (2) (‘the waste incineration directive’). It relates to a plant at which waste is processed into a combustible gas which, after
         being subsequently purified, is co‑incinerated at a coal-fired power plant. It is necessary to clarify the extent to which
         the waste incineration directive is applicable to that operation.
      
      II –  Legal framework
      A –    The waste incineration directive
      2.        Article 1 of the waste incineration directive defines its objectives:
      
      ‘The aim of this Directive is to prevent or to limit as far as practicable negative effects on the environment, in particular
         pollution by emissions into air, soil, surface water and groundwater, and the resulting risks to human health, from the incineration
         and co-incineration of waste.
      
      This aim shall be met by means of stringent operational conditions and technical requirements, through setting emission limit
         values for waste incineration and co‑incineration plants within the Community and also through meeting the requirements of
         Directive 75/442/EEC.’ (3)
      
      3.        Under Article 2(1) the directive covers incineration and co-incineration plants.
      
      4.        Waste, incineration plants and co-incineration plants are defined in Article 3(1), (4) and (5):
      
      ‘For the purposes of this Directive:
      1.      “waste” means any solid or liquid waste as defined in Article 1(a) of Directive 75/442/EEC; 
      …
      4.      “incineration plant” means any stationary or mobile technical unit and equipment dedicated to the thermal treatment of wastes
         with or without recovery of the combustion heat generated. This includes the incineration by oxidation of waste as well as
         other thermal treatment processes such as pyrolysis, gasification or plasma processes in so far as the substances resulting
         from the treatment are subsequently incinerated.
      
      This definition covers the site and the entire incineration plant including all incineration lines, waste reception, storage,
         on‑site pretreatment facilities, waste-fuel and air-supply systems, boiler, facilities for the treatment of exhaust gases,
         on-site facilities for treatment or storage of residues and waste water, stack, devices and systems for controlling incineration
         operations, recording and monitoring incineration conditions;
      
      5.      “co-incineration plant” means any stationary or mobile plant whose main purpose is the generation of energy or production
         of material products and
      
      –      which uses wastes as a regular or additional fuel; or
      –      in which waste is thermally treated for the purpose of disposal.
      If co-incineration takes place in such a way that the main purpose of the plant is not the generation of energy or production
         of material products but rather the thermal treatment of waste, the plant shall be regarded as an incineration plant within
         the meaning of point 4. 
      
      This definition covers the site and the entire plant including all co‑incineration lines, waste reception, storage, on‑site
         pretreatment facilities, waste-, fuel- and air-supply systems, boiler, facilities for the treatment of exhaust gases, on-site
         facilities for treatment or storage of residues and waste water, stack, devices and systems for controlling incineration operations,
         recording and monitoring incineration conditions.’ 
      
      5.        Article 7(1) and (2), first subparagraph, governs air emission limit values:
      
      ‘1.      Incineration plants shall be designed, equipped, built and operated in such a way that the emission limit values set out in
         Annex V are not exceeded in the exhaust gas. 
      
      2.      Co-incineration plants shall be designed, equipped, built and operated in such a way that the emission limit values determined
         according to or set out in Annex II are not exceeded in the exhaust gas. 
      
      …’
      6.        The waste incineration directive provides for two kinds of limit values in the case of co-incineration. One limit value refers
         to the proportion of waste in the incineration operation, whilst another refers to the proportion of conventional fuels. Both
         limit values are combined together, using the ‘mixing rule’, into a single limit value for the pollutant in question.
      
      B –    Comparison of requirements for co-incineration plants and for large combustion plants
      7.        Emissions of certain pollutants from coal-fired power plants are governed by Directive 2001/80/EC of the European Parliament
         and of the Council of 23 October 2001 on the limitation of emissions of certain pollutants into the air from large combustion
         plants. (4)
      
      8.        Comparing the limit values applied under the mixing rule for conventional solid fuels, which are used together with waste
         in co-incineration plants, with the requirements for large combustion plants under Article 4 in conjunction with Annexes III,
         VI and VII of Directive 2001/80, the following differences become apparent.
      
      9.        For SO2, existing large combustion plants may emit, depending on their size, between 2 000 mg SO2/Nm3 and 400 mg SO2/Nm3, whilst co-incineration plants may emit only between 850 mg SO2/Nm3 and 200 mg SO2/Nm3, i.e. between 42.5% and 50% of the limit values for large combustion plants. New large combustion plants, on the other hand,
         are subject to equally stringent or more stringent values than co-incineration plants, namely 200 mg SO2/Nm3.
      
      10.      Existing large combustion plants may emit, depending on their size, 600 mg/Nm3 or 500 mg/Nm3 of NOx until 2016, whilst for co-incineration plants that figure is, depending on size, no more than 400 mg/Nm3, 300 mg/Nm3 or 200 mg/Nm3. After 2016 the largest of these large combustion plants must comply with the same value as comparable co-incineration plants,
         whilst smaller plants are treated more strictly. New plants, on the other hand, are subject to the same requirements as co-incineration
         plants, and for plants between 100 and 300 MWth the more stringent limit value for larger plants even applies.
      
      11.      Lastly, co-incineration plants – like new large combustion plants – may, depending on their size, emit between 50 mg/Nm3 and 30 mg/Nm3 of dust. Existing large combustion plants, on the other hand, may emit considerably more dust, at between 50 mg/Nm3 and 100 mg/Nm3. Depending on size, the limit values for co-incineration plants are therefore between 30% and 50% of the values for large
         combustion plants.
      
      12.      However, the limit values applicable to existing plants under Directive 2001/80 can be more generous still if the plant comes
         under an emission reduction plan in accordance with Article 4(6) of that directive.
      
      C –    Provisions of Council Directive 96/61/EC of 24 September 1996 concerning integrated pollution prevention and control (5)
      
      13.      Lastly, some of the provisions of Directive 96/61 are of interest. Article 2(3) defines ‘installation’:
      
      ‘For the purposes of this Directive:
      ... 
      3.       “installation” shall mean a stationary technical unit where one or more activities listed in Annex I are carried out, and
         any other directly associated activities which have a technical connection with the activities carried out on that site and
         which could have an effect on emissions and pollution.’
      
      14.      Article 3 of Directive 96/61 lays down the basic obligations of operators of installations. In the present case particular
         reference should be made to the application of best available techniques:
      
      ‘Member States shall take the necessary measures to provide that the competent authorities ensure that installations are operated
         in such a way that:
      
      (a)      all the appropriate preventive measures are taken against pollution, in particular through application of the best available
         techniques.’
      
      15.      Under Article 5(1) of Directive 96/61, these requirements apply from 30 October 2007 to existing installations. (6)
      
      III –  Facts of the case and questions referred for a preliminary ruling
      16.      The dispute concerns the licensing of a modification to a plant. An existing gas plant is to be expanded to include a plant
         for purifying the gas produced. The applicant is Lahti Energia Oy (‘Lahti Energia’). It is an energy company owned by the
         municipality of Lahti. Its sector of activity includes the operation of electricity, heating and natural gas plants and other
         energy management activities, and the production of and trade in associated products.
      
      17.      Lahti Energia operates Kymijärvi power plant and the gas plant on the same site. The power plant produces heating and electricity
         with more than 70% efficiency. It uses primarily coal as fuel, with around 5% natural gas and 15% gas produced by the gas
         plant.
      
      18.      The gas plant produces gas by means of ‘circulating fluidised bed gasification’. In this process a combustible gas is obtained
         from solid waste through oxidation at around 850 to 900 oC. Around 30% waste wood from the wood-processing industry is used, around 10% felled timber, around 30% reclaimed fuels from
         sorted urban waste and around 30% old tyres and plastic waste.
      
      19.      The producer gas contains in particular particles, heavy metals and chlorine. Lahti Energia therefore plans to expand the
         existing gas plant to include a plant for purifying the gas. To that end the producer gas is cooled to 350 degrees and filtered.
         As a result, 99.9% of the particles are extracted from the gas, i.e. 96% to 99% of the heavy metals and 95% of the chlorine.
         It thus contains fewer impurities than the coal used.
      
      20.      The purified producer gas is composed mainly of the combustible fractions hydrogen, carbon monoxide and methane and the non-combustible
         fractions water, carbon dioxide and nitrogen. 
      
      21.      Following purification the producer gas is conveyed for incineration in the main boiler of the power plant together with coal.
         Less chlorine, heavy metals, dioxins and furans are released compared with incineration of unfiltered producer gas, but also
         with most conventional fuels. 
      
      22.      On 4 December 2002 Lahti Energia applied for a permit for the planned modifications to the gas plant. In connection with the
         permit issued on 19 March 2004, the Environmental Permit Authority (Ympäristölupavirasto) stated that the recycled-fuel gas plant and the power plant burning the gas together constituted a co-incineration plant
         within the meaning of the waste incineration directive. Therefore, in the decision on the permit it laid down limit values
         in accordance with that directive and the Finnish transposing legislation.
      
      23.      Lahti Energia brought an action against that decision. On 11 July 2006 the court of first instance dismissed the action. The
         appeal is now pending before the Korkein hallinto-oikeus (Supreme Administrative Court) (Finland), which has referred the
         following questions to the Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling:
      
      1.      Is Article 3(1) of [the waste incineration directive] to be interpreted as meaning that the directive does not apply to the
         combustion of gaseous waste?
      
      2.      Is a gas plant where gas is generated from waste by means of pyrolysis to be regarded as an incineration plant within the
         meaning of Article 3(4) of [the waste incineration directive] even if it has no incineration line?
      
      3.      Is combustion in the boiler of a power plant of gas which is generated in the gas plant and purified after the gasification
         process to be regarded as an operation within the meaning of Article 3 of [the waste incineration directive]? Does it have
         any bearing that the purified gas replaces the use of fossil fuels and that the emissions per unit of energy generated by
         the power plant would be lower when using purified gas generated from waste than when using other fuels? Is it of any relevance
         to the interpretation of the scope of [the waste incineration directive], first, whether the gas plant and the power plant
         form one plant having regard to the technical production aspects and the distance between them or, second, whether the purified
         gas generated at the gas plant is portable and may be used elsewhere, for example for energy production, as a fuel or for
         another purpose?
      
      4.      Under what conditions may the purified gas generated in the gas plant be regarded as a product, so that the rules on waste
         no longer apply to it?
      
      24.      Lahti Energia, the Häme Regional Environment Centre (Hämeen ympäristökeskus), Salpausselkä Friends of Nature Association (Salpausselän luonnonystävät ry), the Italian Republic, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Republic of Austria, the Republic of Finland and the Commission
         of the European Communities took part in the written procedure. Lahti Energia, Friends of Nature, Finland and the Commission
         also participated at the hearing on 10 July 2008.
      
      IV –  Legal assessment
      25.      The Korkein hallinto-oikeus must decide whether the limit values for a co‑incineration plant under the waste incineration directive apply to the Kymijärvi
         coal-fired power plant or the more generous limit values for existing plants under Directive 2001/80 on large combustion plants.
         
      
      A –    Preliminary remark
      26.      The different limit values follow from the transitional rules of the waste incineration directive and Directive 2001/80 on
         large combustion plants. 
      
      27.       In the case of co-incineration plants, the waste incineration directive provides for two kinds of limit values. One limit
         value refers to the proportion of waste in the incineration operation, whilst another refers to the proportion of conventional
         fuels. Both limit values are combined together, using the ‘mixing rule’, into a single limit value for the pollutant in question.
      
      28.      The purified gas produced from the waste does not really make any significant contribution to polluting emissions. Consequently,
         only the limit values for the incineration of conventional fuels are relevant in the present case. In this respect, the same
         emission limit values apply in principle to new plants under both directives. This is shown in particular by Annex II, point
         II.2.1. of the waste incineration directive, under which its values are to be adapted to the more stringent values under the
         directive on large combustion plants. 
      
      29.      Under Article 20(1) of the waste incineration directive, these requirements for new plants apply as from 28 December 2005
         to all incineration plants and co‑incineration plants, including existing plants. The operational conditions for those plants therefore
         had to be adapted by that date at the latest. 
      
      30.      On the other hand, the directive on large combustion plants provides for different limit values for existing and new plants.
         The limit values for existing large combustion plants are less stringent than the limit values under the waste incineration directive. (7)
      
      31.      If the power plant were treated as an existing large combustion plant, it could, according to the available information, comply
         with the limit values. However, it would find it difficult to respect the limit values for a co-incineration plant. This would
         not be because of the proportion of producer gas in the incineration operation, but the proportion of coal. Co-incineration
         of gas generally reduces polluting emissions, as it contains relatively few impurities which cause polluting emissions. On the other hand, the use
         of coal apparently increases polluting emissions to such an extent that the limit values for a co-incineration plant can no
         longer be guaranteed.
      
      32.      The referring court therefore stresses that if the more stringent limit values were applied the use of producer gas would
         become unattractive, even though emissions would be reduced and other fuels would be replaced. The question therefore essentially
         arises whether the power plant together with the gas plant is to be treated as a co-incineration plant under the waste incineration
         directive or whether they are separate plants, with the result that the power plant at least would no longer be covered by
         the directive. With the different questions referred for a preliminary ruling, the referring court seeks to ascertain appropriate
         criteria for deciding that question.
      
      33.      Hereinafter I will begin by examining the first and fourth questions, which relate to the producer gas obtained through gasification,
         and then the second and third questions, which concern the two plants.
      
      B –    The first question – Incineration of gaseous waste
      34.      With the first question, the referring court seeks to ascertain whether the incineration of gaseous waste falls outside the
         scope of the waste incineration directive. The court appears to take the view that the combustion in the power plant of the
         gas produced in the gas plant is not waste incineration within the meaning of the directive. 
      
      35.      The referring court links this question to Article 3(1) of the waste incineration directive, where the notion of ‘waste’ is
         defined. However, that definition is only indirectly relevant as far as the scope of the directive is concerned. As Friends
         of Nature state, it does not apply to certain waste, but, under Article 2(1), to incineration and co-incineration plants.
      
      36.      The two kinds of plant are defined in Article 3(4) and (5) of the waste incineration directive. The distinctive factor is
         the way waste is handled, namely its thermal treatment or its use as a fuel. In this connection the definition of waste under
         Article 3(1) is relevant. Only where waste is handled in the relevant way within the meaning of that definition can a plant
         exist for the purposes of the directive.
      
      37.      Article 3(1) of the waste incineration defines as waste any solid or liquid waste as defined in Article 1(a) of the waste
         framework directive. (8) As Austria and the Commission in particular argue, the directive does not therefore cover any plants which incinerate or
         thermally treat no solid or liquid waste, but only gaseous waste.
      
      38.      Contrary to the view taken by Lahti Energia, Italy and Finland, however, this does not mean that the waste incineration directive
         does not apply to the incineration of gaseous substances. As the Environment Centre, Friends of Nature, the Netherlands, Austria
         and the Commission argue, the directive is also aimed at the incineration of gaseous substances which are produced from waste.
         
      
      39.      This can be seen in particular from the fact that Article 3(4) of the waste incineration directive cites pyrolysis and gasification
         as examples of thermal treatment, in so far as the substances resulting from the treatment are subsequently incinerated. If
         the products of thermal treatment no longer fell within the scope of the waste incineration directive, the actual incineration
         of the substances would no longer be covered. The bulk of the directive, namely the provisions on incineration, (9) would thus be redundant in the case of gasification with subsequent incineration.
      
      40.      With regard to the present case, it follows that the power plant on its own cannot be a plant within the meaning of the waste
         incineration directive, as no waste within the meaning of that directive is incinerated or thermally treated in the power
         plant. However, it cannot be ruled out that the incineration of the producer gas requires the power plant together with the
         gas plant to be treated as a co‑incineration plant within the meaning of the directive. This will be examined in the context
         of the third question.
      
      41.      The answer to the first question must therefore be that the waste incineration directive does not cover plants which incinerate
         or thermally treat only gaseous waste.
      
      C –    The fourth question – Loss of classification as waste 
      42.      With the fourth question, which is to be examined before the second and third questions, the referring court is seeking to
         ascertain under what conditions the purified gas generated at the gas plant may be regarded as a product, so that the rules
         on waste no longer apply to it.
      
      43.      The referring court cites as an example fuel obtained from biological waste. If that substance were waste, vehicles using
         it would have to be treated as co‑incineration plants within the meaning of the waste incineration directive.
      
      44.      The producer gas in the present case is produced from waste. It does not necessarily cease to be waste as a result of conversion
         into gas. Gaseous substances can also be waste within the meaning of the waste framework directive. Article 2(1)(a) of the
         waste framework directive excludes only gaseous effluents emitted into the atmosphere. If, as is the case here, gaseous substances
         are not emitted into the atmosphere, they may therefore be regarded as waste in principle. 
      
      45.      However, gaseous substances cannot be waste within the meaning of the waste incineration directive. (10) It could be inferred from this that within the scope of that directive gaseous substances cannot in principle be regarded
         as waste. 
      
      46.      The waste framework directive is in principle open to such a limitation of the definition of waste, since Article 2(2) thereof
         provides that specific rules for particular instances, or supplementary rules, on the management of particular categories
         of waste may be laid down by means of individual directives. Such an individual directive may be considered to be lex specialis
         vis-à-vis the waste framework directive, so that its provisions prevail over those of the waste framework directive in situations
         which it specifically seeks to regulate. (11)
      
      47.      However, the definition of waste under the waste incineration directive does not seek to lay down an exception to the general
         notion of waste. It merely defines waste whose incineration or thermal treatment characterises incineration or co-incineration
         plants. Furthermore, the waste incineration directive continues to apply in principle if waste is converted to the gaseous
         phase by means of thermal treatment. (12) The waste incineration directive does not therefore rule out the possibility of gaseous waste within the meaning of the waste
         framework directive being generated in such plants.
      
      48.      However, thermal treatment in conjunction with subsequent purification could have converted the producer gas into a substance
         which has ceased to be waste. 
      
      49.      Neither the waste incineration directive nor the waste framework directive contains express rules or – as Friends of Nature
         and the Environment Centre stress – quality standards governing when a substance ceases to be classified as waste. However,
         the Court has already recognised that after recycling has been concluded within the meaning of European Parliament and Council
         Directive 94/62/EC of 20 December 1994 on packaging and packaging waste (13) waste is no longer to be classified as waste, but as a product. (14)
      
      50.      In the Niselli judgment the Court generalised the findings on Directive 94/62 on packaging waste. Accordingly, steel waste ceases to be
         classified as waste if it has been recycled by being reprocessed into steel products. Those products must be so similar to
         other steel products made from primary raw materials that they can hardly be distinguished. (15)
      
      51.      This legal concept is not restricted to steel waste, but may be applied to other forms of waste. In the present case, however,
         a substance could not cease to be classified as waste if it were necessary in any case for the waste to be recycled into substances
         from which it was originally produced. The waste processed in the present case cannot really be considered to have been produced
         from a substance similar to the producer gas.
      
      52.      The Court required such recycling in particular in Mayer Parry Recycling. For the recycling under Directive 94/62 on packaging waste examined in that case, waste must be transformed into its original
         state and possess characteristics comparable to those of the original material. (16)
      
      53.      However, the question whether a substance ceases to be waste does not depend on the waste having been recycled. Recycling
         is just one possible form of waste recovery. Rather, the relevant factor is whether waste is processed to such an extent that
         it can hardly be distinguished from primary raw materials or other products. 
      
      54.      This is consistent with the case-law on the distinction between by-products and production residues. The Court stresses that
         there is no reason to hold that goods, materials or raw materials which have an economic value as products regardless of any
         form of processing and which, as such, are subject to the legislation applicable to those products are covered by the law
         on waste. (17)
      
      55.      As far as the present case is concerned, it follows that the purified producer gas is the product of the proposed processing.
         It must therefore be examined whether it is sufficiently similar to primary raw materials or other products for it no longer
         to be regarded as waste. 
      
      56.      As with otherwise ascertaining whether a substance is waste, the question whether a substance ceases to be waste must be determined
         in the light of all the circumstances. (18) It is relevant, for example, whether there is a market for the processed product and whether the power plant could obtain
         on the market a fuel possessing comparable characteristics which is not regarded as waste. However, marketability alone is
         not sufficient, because even substances and objects with a commercial value can be waste. (19) Instead, the important factor is whether the processed waste possesses characteristics comparable to the corresponding primary
         raw material or the corresponding product, in particular as regards environmental risks. 
      
      57.      There is good reason to assume that, prior to filtering, the producer gas is not yet sufficiently similar, on account of impurities,
         to other products or primary raw materials, whilst the purified producer gas is possibly comparable to natural gas and similar
         gaseous fuels. Ultimately it is for the referring court to examine this point.
      
      58.      The answer to the fourth question must therefore be that the purified gas generated at the gas plant may be regarded as a
         product, so that the rules on waste no longer apply to it, if it is sufficiently similar to primary raw materials or other
         products.
      
      D –    The second question – No incineration line
      59.      With the second question, the referring court would like to find out whether a gas plant where gas is generated from waste
         by means of pyrolysis is to be regarded as an incineration plant within the meaning of Article 3(4) of the waste incineration
         directive even if it has no incineration line. In the present case, it would be more reasonable, at first sight, to assume
         the existence of a co‑incineration plant which is possibly operated with an incineration line in the form of the power plant.
         However, because it is for the national court to clarify the facts, the Court of Justice should not have any doubts at first
         sight as to the relevance of the question.
      
      60.      Under Article 3(4) of the waste incineration directive, waste is thermally treated in incineration plants. The notion of thermal
         treatment expressly includes processes such as pyrolysis, gasification or plasma processes in so far as the substances resulting
         from the treatment are subsequently incinerated. 
      
      61.      At first sight, these requirements are met in the main proceedings. As is stressed by the Austrian Government, the gas plant
         produces from solid waste a combustible gas which is subsequently incinerated in the power plant. The Netherlands Government
         takes a similar position, arguing that an incineration plant does not have to have all the elements referred to in Article
         3(4)(2) of the waste incineration directive. In particular it does not have to have an incineration line.
      
      62.      However, the other parties take the view that an incineration plant requires an incineration line. In particular, the Commission
         stresses that incineration is in any case a condition for the application of the waste incineration directive and it must
         therefore take place in the plant.
      
      63.      The referring court, the Environment Centre and the Finnish Government rightly point out that many provisions of the waste
         incineration directive can be applied only to an incineration operation. This concerns in particular the rules laid down in
         Article 6 on operating conditions for the plant, the measurement requirements under Article 11 and the rules on heat recovery
         under Article 4(2)(b) and Article 6(6).
      
      64.      Consequently, incineration boilers are in principle the relevant characteristics of an incineration or a co-incineration plant
         on the basis of which several plants can be distinguished from one another. (20)
      
      65.      However, the need for incineration does not mean that this must be carried out within the plant. The present case illustrates
         that waste can be thermally treated with a view to incineration even without a dedicated incineration line.
      
      66.      Furthermore, under Article 1 of the waste incineration directive, the directive is not restricted to preventing or limiting
         pollution by emissions into air. Instead, it also covers other negative effects on the environment, such as pollution into
         soil and water. 
      
      67.      These further aims are served by certain provisions of the waste incineration directive, which are applicable whether or not
         there is an incineration line. These are specifically the rules on the waste used in Article 4(2)(a), (4)(a) and (5), and
         Article 5 on the rules on minimisation and disposal of residues in Article 4(2)(c) and (d) and Article 9, and possibly also
         the rules on water discharges under Article 8, if applicable.
      
      68.      Furthermore, Article 6(4) of the waste incineration directive shows that the Community legislature also covered atypical plants.
         Under that provision, different operating conditions may be laid down, provided the requirements of the directive are still
         met. That provision allows the specific environmental risks of plants without a dedicated incineration line to be countered.
      
      69.      Whilst it cannot be ruled out that the general rules of waste law would produce similar results, the special rules of the
         waste incineration directive have the specific purpose, in accordance with the second paragraph of Article 1, of fleshing
         out the general requirements laid down in the waste framework directive for the situation of one of the plants covered. That
         objective can be attained even if the plants covered do not have an incineration line.
      
      70.      Because the waste incineration directive can therefore be reasonably applied, within certain limits, to plants without a dedicated
         incineration line, such plants should not be excluded from its scope in contravention of the express wording of the definition
         of incineration plant under Article 3(4).
      
      71.      It should also be pointed out that a plant for the thermal treatment of waste can also be a co-incineration plant within the
         meaning of Article 3(5) of the waste incineration directive. This is conditional on its main purpose being the generation
         of energy or production of material products. (21) Unlike the definition of incineration plant in Article 3(4), thermal treatment in Article 3(5) is not expressly linked to
         the requirement that the substances resulting from the treatment be subsequently incinerated. 
      
      72.      Lahti Energia objects that the process used in the gas plant, pyrolysis, is not expressly referred to in Article 3(5) of the
         waste incineration directive as a process of a co-incineration plant. However, thermal treatment is mentioned alongside incineration (22) and in Article 3(4) in the definition of incineration plant pyrolysis is given as an example of thermal treatment. There
         is no reason to construe the notion of thermal treatment in the case of a co-incineration plant any differently from in the
         case of an incineration plant. Consequently, a plant where waste is thermally treated by means of pyrolysis can be a co-incineration
         plant.
      
      73.      In examining the third question it will be considered in greater detail which of the two kinds of plant is relevant in the
         present case and whether it is possible to consider both parts of the plant together.
      
      74.      The answer to the second question must therefore be that a gas plant where gas is generated from waste by means of pyrolysis
         may be regarded as an incineration plant within the meaning of Article 3(4) of the waste incineration directive even if it
         has no incineration line.
      
      E –    The third question – Consideration of the power plant and gas plant together?
      75.      The third question goes to the heart of the matter. It must be clarified whether and under what conditions combustion, in
         the boiler of a power plant, of producer gas which is generated in a gas plant and purified after the gasification process
         is to be regarded as an operation within the meaning of Article 3 of the waste incineration directive. 
      
      76.      As the main purpose of the incineration of the purified producer gas is the generation of energy, it is possible that the
         power plant should be classified as a co-incineration plant under Article 3(5) of the waste incineration directive. A co‑incineration
         plant is a plant whose main purpose is the generation of energy or production of material products and which uses wastes as
         a regular or additional fuel, or in which waste is thermally treated for the purpose of disposal. 
      
      77.      If the power plant is viewed in isolation, waste is neither used as fuel nor thermally treated there. The producer gas, as
         a gaseous substance, is not waste within the meaning of the waste incineration directive. 
      
      78.      However, such waste is treated in the gas plant. The incineration of the producer gas therefore takes place only in a co-incineration
         plant where the power plant and the gas plant are to be regarded as a single plant for the co-incineration of waste.
      
      79.      As the referring court explains, the waste incineration directive does not give a general definition of the notion of plant,
         but there is such a definition in Article 2(3) of Directive 96/61. Accordingly, a plant is a stationary technical unit where
         one or more activities listed in Annex I to Directive 96/61 are carried out, and any other directly associated activities
         which have a technical connection with the activities carried out on that site and which could have an effect on emissions
         and pollution. 
      
      80.      Whilst this definition does not apply expressly for the purposes of the waste incineration directive, it would appear reasonable
         to apply it by analogy in order to ensure that the law governing the licensing of plants is coherent. At present the waste
         incineration directive does not contain any indication to suggest that its definition of plant should be understood any differently
         from the definition of plant under Directive 96/61. Rather, both directives form part of a coherent overall system. In particular,
         recitals 12, 13 and 26 and Article 4(2), (4), (7) and (8), Article 12(1) and (2), Article 14 and Article 15 of the waste incineration
         directive refer to Directive 96/61. It must be assumed that in principle the directives adopt a uniform definition of plant.
      
      81.      Furthermore, the Commission has proposed that in future Directive 96/61 be combined in a single text with the directives on
         waste incineration and large combustion plants and with other directives. (23) If the Community legislature follows that proposal, the uniform definition of plant under Directive 96/61 could undoubtedly
         also apply in future to co-incineration plants.
      
      82.      However, the application of the definition of plant in the waste incineration directive cannot depend on whether activities
         listed in Annex I to Directive 96/61 are carried out, but activities covered by the waste incineration directive must be involved.
      
      83.      It must therefore be examined whether the power plant and the gas plant form a stationary technical unit where waste is incinerated
         or thermally treated, and other directly associated activities are carried out which have a technical connection with the
         activities carried out on that site and which could have an effect on emissions and pollution.
      
      84.      The heart of the plant is thus the gas plant, where waste is thermally treated, whilst the incineration of the producer gas
         in the power plant could be a directly associated activity which has a technical connection with gasification and could have
         an effect on emissions and pollution.
      
      85.      In interpreting the characteristics of the direct association and the technical connection, it must be borne in mind that
         the application of environmental requirements may not be circumvented by connected projects being split into different subprojects
         and considered in isolation. (24) This is stressed in particular by the Environment Centre, Friends of Nature, the Austrian Government and the Commission.
      
      86.      In the present case, the existence of a direct association and a technical connection is suggested by the fact that the gas
         plant was constructed with a view to using the producer gas in the power plant and is intended to continue to be operated
         in that way. This impression is confirmed by the schematic description of both parts of the business submitted by Lahti Energia.
         There is nothing to suggest that the producer gas is supplied for another use.
      
      87.      Furthermore, the waste incineration directive creates an association between the thermal treatment of waste and the incineration
         of the producer gas. Whilst the definition of thermal treatment in an incineration plant includes the requirement of subsequent
         incineration of the product, it is clear from the overall context of the directive that the model of the plants covered incorporates
         an incineration operation. This is shown in particular by the limit values for emissions of pollutants into the air.
      
      88.      The aspects highlighted by the referring court relating to the replacement of fossil fuels and the reduction of emissions
         are of no direct relevance for the application of the waste incineration directive. These effects are to be welcomed, although
         – as Austria observes – the replacement of fossil fuels is a characteristic of a co-incineration plant. (25)
      
      89.      Nor does the relatively small proportion of producer gas in the fuels used in the power plant preclude a direct association
         and a technical connection. The waste incineration directive applies irrespective of the proportion of waste in the co-incineration
         operation. In practice it even appears that waste generally forms only a small proportion of the fuels used. (26)
      
      90.      The Italian Government disputes a direct association between the two parts of the business, however, arguing that the association
         is not based on technical necessity, but solely on the intention to combine the two plants.
      
      91.      The association between the two parts of the business is not technically necessary in particular if the purified producer
         gas is no longer to be regarded as waste, but as a product. In that case it could easily be replaced by a comparable product,
         such as natural gas. At the same time, the producer gas could also be used for another purpose, for example in the event of
         seasonally low energy demand in the power plant.
      
      92.      If the producer gas is not waste, it would no longer be compatible with the principle of equal treatment or non-discrimination
         to make the power plant subject to the requirements for a co-incineration plant. That principle requires that comparable situations
         must not be treated differently and that different situations must not be treated in the same way unless such treatment is
         objectively justified. (27)
      
      93.      Since, where it is necessary to interpret a provision of secondary Community law, preference should as far as possible be
         given to the interpretation which renders the provision consistent with the general principles of Community law, (28) a direct association and a technical connection within the meaning of the definition of plants would have to be rejected
         in the case of the incineration of producer gas where that gas is no longer to be regarded as waste. That is also the conclusion
         reached by the Finnish, Italian and Netherlands Governments.
      
      94.      If, on the other hand, the producer gas is still waste, its co-incineration is sufficiently distinguished from the combustion
         of conventional fuels to justify the application of the waste incineration directive.
      
      95.      At first sight the Community legislature appears to have introduced a discrepancy in so far as it laid down different limit
         values for existing plants for the generation of energy depending on whether or not they (also) use waste. It is irrelevant,
         as far as negative effects on the environment are concerned, whether emissions of pollutants are produced from waste or from
         conventional fuels. This discrepancy could be an obstacle to the substitution of primary raw materials by waste, which is
         desirable in principle, and – in the present case – result in higher total emissions of pollutants.
      
      96.      However, the legislature can enjoy a margin of discretion in laying down differential rules. (29) The scope of that discretion depends in particular on the objective pursued by it in making the distinction. In the case
         of complex political decisions it is generally broad. (30)
      
      97.      The present case concerns complex environmental rules. Therefore, review by the Court must necessarily be limited to the question
         whether the legislature committed a manifest error of appraisal with regard to the implementation of those objectives. (31)
      
      98.      In this regard, at the hearing the Commission pointed out that the limit values under the directive on large combustion plants
         and under the waste incineration directive are only minimum requirements. As is clear from the 13th recital in the preamble
         to the waste incineration directive and the eighth recital in the preamble to the directive on large combustion plants, more
         stringent requirements may follow in particular from Directive 96/61. 
      
      99.      Article 3(a) of Directive 96/61 requires the plants covered to apply the best available techniques and to respect the relevant
         limit values. According to the Commission, the relevant limit values applicable to the plant at issue would be more stringent
         than those under the waste incineration directive. This shows that in laying down the different limit values for old plants
         under the directives on waste incineration and large combustion plants, the legislature did not have to agree to lay down
         definitive requirements for the respective plants.
      
      100. Furthermore, at the hearing the Commission stated, in reply to a question, that the more stringent limit values for older
         plants under the waste incineration directive are intended to ensure that waste is recovered only in plants where the best
         available techniques under Directive 96/61 are applied.
      
      101. In addition, the arguments put forward by Friends of Nature in particular show that the use of waste as fuel is not to be
         welcomed unreservedly. The lower the requirements with regard to waste incineration and waste co-incineration, the less attractive
         the alternatives. This is detrimental above all to waste prevention and recycling. These alternatives may be more advantageous
         to the environment. Therefore, under Article 3 of the waste framework directive and recital 8 in the preamble to the waste
         incineration directive, waste prevention takes priority at least over recovery through incineration. (32)
      
      102. Lastly, Council Directive 1999/31/EC of 26 April 1999 on the landfill of waste (33) requires waste to be treated before it is deposited. (34) Waste incineration is one of the most widespread treatment methods. (35) If it became less attractive for plant operators on account of stringent limit values, the corresponding additional costs
         would ultimately be borne by the producers of the waste. This would be consistent with the polluter-pays principle. (36)
      
      103. Consequently, in laying down limit values for existing plants under the waste incineration directive different factors had
         to be taken into consideration and weighed against one another. In the light of those considerations, the difference in treatment
         between existing co‑incineration plants and existing large combustion plants is not manifestly unjustified.
      
      104.  The answer to the third question must therefore be that combustion, in the boiler of a power plant associated with a gas
         plant, of gas which is generated in the gas plant and purified after the gasification process is to be regarded as an operation
         within the meaning of Article 3 of the waste incineration directive if the gas is waste at the time of combustion.
      
      F –    Summary
      105. The answers to the different questions show that the waste incineration directive is applicable in principle where a combustible
         gas which is intended for incineration is obtained from waste by means of gasification. The directive covers the gas plant
         at least. The combustion of the gas is also covered if the plant in question is directly associated with the gas plant or
         there is a technical connection. Such a direct connection can be taken to exist at least where there is an association, if
         the gas is to be regarded as waste at the time of combustion. However, doubts arise if after purification the gas is sufficiently
         similar to raw materials or other products.
      
      106. Further questions may arise in this connection in future. One example is combustion of producer gas, which is to be regarded
         as waste, in plants which are not associated with the gas plant, for example where the gas is transported in tanks. It is
         also doubtful how gasification would be treated if the gas is not intended for combustion, but for generating other products,
         for example in order to produce plastic. However, there is no need to give a ruling on these questions in the present case.
      
      V –  Conclusion
      107. I therefore propose that the Court answer the questions referred for a preliminary ruling as follows:
      
      (1)      Directive 2000/76/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 December 2000 on the incineration of waste does not
         cover plants which incinerate or thermally treat only gaseous waste.
      
      (2)      A gas plant where gas is generated from waste by means of pyrolysis may be regarded as an incineration plant within the meaning
         of Article 3(4) of Directive 2000/76/EC even if it has no incineration line.
      
      (3)      Combustion, in the boiler of a power plant associated with a gas plant, of gas which is generated in the gas plant and purified
         after the gasification process is to be regarded as an operation within the meaning of Article 3 of Directive 2007/76/EC if
         the gas is waste at the time of combustion.
      
      (4)      The purified gas generated in the gas plant may be regarded as a product, so that the rules on waste no longer apply to it,
         if it is sufficiently similar to primary raw materials or other products.
      
      1 –	Original language: German.
      
      2 –	OJ 2000 L 332, p. 91.
      
      3 –      My addition: Directive 75/442 (‘the waste framework directive’) was consolidated and replaced by Directive 2006/12/EC of the European
         Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2006 on waste (OJ 2006 L 114, p. 9).
      
      4 –	OJ 2001 L 309, p. 1.
      
      5 –	OJ 1996 L 257, p. 26, codified by Directive 2008/1/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 January 2008
         concerning integrated pollution prevention and control (OJ 2008 L 24, p. 8).
      
      6 –	See the Report of the Commission on the implementation of Directive 96/61/EC concerning integrated pollution prevention
         and control of 3 November 2005, COM(2005) 540 final, p. 4.
      
      7 –	For details see above, paragraph 8 et seq.
      
      8 –	According to that definition, waste means any substance or object which the holder discards or intends or is required to
         discard (see, most recently, Case C‑188/07 Commune de Mesquer [2008] ECR I-0000, paragraph 37 et seq.). The situation has not changed as a result of codification in Directive 2006/12.
      
      9 –	See point 63 below.
      
      10 –	See above, point 37.
      
      11 –	Case C-252/05 Thames Water Utilities [2007] ECR I‑3883, paragraph 39.
      
      12 –	See above, point 38.
      
      13 –	OJ 1994 L 365, p. 10.
      
      14 –	Case C‑444/00 Mayer Parry Recycling [2003] ECR I‑6163, paragraph 61 et seq.
      
      15 –	Case C‑457/02 Niselli [2004] ECR I‑10853, paragraph 52.
      
      16 –	Cited in footnote 14, paragraph 67 et seq.
      
      17 –	See the judgments in Case C-9/00 Palin Granit and Vehmassalon Kansanterveystyön Kuntayhtymän hallitus [2002] ECR I-3533, paragraph 35, and Case C‑188/07 Commune de Mesquer (cited in footnote 8, paragraph 43), and the order in Case C‑235/02 Saetti and Frediani [2004] ECR I‑1005, paragraph 35.
      
      18 –	With regard to the distinction between by-products and production residues, see Joined Cases C‑418/97 and C‑419/97 ARCO Chemie Nederland and Others [2000] ECR I‑4475, paragraphs 73 and 88; Case C‑176/05 KVZ retec [2007] ECR I‑1721, paragraph 63; Case C‑194/05 Commission v Italy [2007] ECR I-11661, paragraph 41; Case C-195/05 Commission v Italy [2007] ECR I‑11699, paragraph 42; and Case C-263/05 Commission v Italy [2007] ECR I-11745, paragraph 40.
      
      19 –	Case C-9/00 Palin Granit and Vehmassalon Kansanterveystyön Kuntayhtymän hallitus (cited in footnote 17, paragraph 29) and Case C‑176/05 KVZ retec (cited in footnote 18, paragraph 61).
      
      20 –	See my Opinion in Case C-251/07 Gävle Kraftvärme [2008] ECR I-0000, point 19 et seq.
      
      21 –	See my Opinion in Case C-251/07 Gävle Kraftvärme (cited in footnote 20, point 34).
      
      22 –	Thermal treatment was not part of the definition of co-incineration plant in the original Commission proposal, COM(1998)
         558, OJ 1998 C 372, p. 11, but was added during the legislative process; see the tenth proposal for amendment from the first
         reading by Parliament, OJ 1999 C 219, p. 249, and Common Position (EC) No 7/2000 of 25 November 1999 adopted by the Council,
         OJ 2000 C 25, p. 17.
      
      23 –	See Article 2(3) of the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on industrial emissions
         (integrated pollution prevention and control), COM(2007) 844 final.
      
      24 –	See Case C-392/96 Commission v Ireland [1999] ECR I‑5901, paragraph 76, and Case C‑227/01 Commission v Spain [2004] ECR I‑8253, paragraph 53, on Council Directive 85/337/EEC of 27 June 1985 on the assessment of the effects of certain
         public and private projects on the environment, OJ 1985 L 175, p. 40. 
      
      25 –	See my Opinion in Case C-251/07 Gävle Kraftvärme (cited in footnote 20, point 38).
      
      26 –	See the Reference Document on Best Available Techniques for Large Combustion Plants, July 2006, p. 489 et seq. (http://ec.europa.eu/comm/environment/ippc/brefs/lcp_bref_0706.pdf).
         The Commission produced that document in collaboration with experts from the Member States on the basis of Directive 96/61.
      
      27 –	Case C‑344/04 IATA and ELFAA [2006] ECR I‑403, paragraph 95; Case C‑300/04 Eman and Sevinger [2006] ECR I‑8055, paragraph 57; and Case C‑227/04 P Lindorfer v Council [2007] ECR I‑6767, paragraph 63. 
      
      28 –	Case C‑101/01 Lindqvist [2003] ECR I‑12971, paragraph 87; Case C‑540/03 Parliament v Council [2006] ECR I‑5769, paragraph 105; Case C‑457/05 Schutzverband der Spirituosen-Industrie [2007] ECR I‑8075, paragraph 22; Case C‑275/06 Promusicae [2008] ECR I-0000, paragraph 68; and Case C‑413/06 P Bertelsmann and Sony Corporation of America v Impala [2008] ECR I-0000, paragraph 174. 
      
      29 –	See Case C‑292/97 Karlsson and Others [2000] ECR I‑2737, paragraphs 35 and 49, and Lindorfer (cited in footnote 27, paragraph 78). See also the Opinion of Advocate General Poiares Maduro in Case C-524/06 Huber [2008] ECR I-0000, point 29, and Case C-127/07 Arcelor [2008] ECR I-0000, point 30 et seq.
      
      30 –	See, for example, Case C‑77/02 Steinicke [2003] ECR I‑9027, paragraph 61, and Case C‑144/04 Mangold [2005] ECR I‑9981, paragraph 63, on the objectives pursued in the field of employment.
      
      31 –	With regard to the criteria for the application of Article 174 EC, see Case C‑284/95 Hi-Tech [1998] ECR I‑4301, paragraph 37, and Case C‑86/03 Greece v Commission [2005] ECR I‑10979, paragraph 88, each on the Community legislature.
      
      32 –	Parliament now proposes incorporating a waste hierarchy into the revised version of the waste framework directive being
         discussed at present under which waste prevention, recovery and material recovery are to be favoured over reuse of waste for
         energy purposes (Article 4 of the consolidated draft annexed to the opinion of 17 June 2008, TA/2008/282).
      
      33 –	OJ 1999 L 182, p. 1.
      
      34 –	Case C‑6/03 Deponiezweckverband Eiterköpfe [2005] ECR I‑2753.
      
      35 –	See Report from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on the national strategies for the reduction
         of biodegradable waste going to landfills pursuant to Article 5(1) of Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste of 30
         March 2005, COM(2005) 105 final.
      
      36 –	See my Opinion in Case C‑188/07 Commune de Mesquer [2008] ECR I-0000, point 120 et seq.