CELEX: 31995M0549
Language: en
Date: 1995-02-20 00:00:00
Title: COMMISSION DECISION of 20/02/1995 declaring a concentration to be compatible with the common market (Case No IV/M.549 - Svenska Cellulosa / PWA Papierwerke) according to Council Regulation (EEC) No 4064/89 (Only the English text is authentic)

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31995M0549

COMMISSION DECISION of 20/02/1995 declaring a concentration to be compatible with the common market (Case No IV/M.549 - Svenska Cellulosa / PWA Papierwerke) according to Council Regulation (EEC) No 4064/89 (Only the English text is authentic)  

Official Journal C 057 , 07/03/1995 P. 0006

 COMMISSION DECISION of 20/02/1995 declaring a concentration to be compatible with the  common market (Case No IV/M.549 - Svenska Cellulosa/PWA Papierwerke) according to Council  Regulation (EEC) No 4064/89  (Only the English text is authentic).  The paper version of the decision is available through the sales offices of the Office of Official  Publications of the European Communities. MERGER PROCEDURE ARTICLE 6(1)b DECISION PUBLIC VERSION To the notifying party Dear Sirs, Subject:<tab> Case N* IV/M.549 - Svenska Cellulosa/PWA <tab> <ind> Notification  of 17.01.1994  pursuant to Article 4 of Council Regulation N* 4064/89 1.<ind> On 17 January 1995, the Swedish company Svenska Cellulosa Aktiebolaget (SCA) notified  the proposed concentration by which SCA will acquire from the German Viag/Bayernwerk group  and two German banks a 60,02% shareholding in the German company PWA Papierwerke Waldhof- Aschaffenburg AG (PWA). 2.<ind> After examination of the notification, the Commission has concluded that the operation falls  within the scope of application of Council Regulation (EEC) No. 4064/89 and does not raise serious  doubts as to its compatibility with the common market. I.<ind> THE PARTIES 3.<ind> SCA is a forest industry company that specialises in the manufacture of hygiene products,  transport packaging (corrugated case materials and corrugated cases), tissue products and graphic  papers. SCA's activities in the area of hygiene products and tissue products are carried out within its  subsidiary SCA Moelnlycke.  SCA is one of the largest private forest owners in Europe. 4.<ind> PWA is a manufacturer of a range of paper and packaging products, in particular coated  and uncoated fine paper, tissue products, corrugated case materials, corrugated cases, container  board and speciality papers. II.<ind> THE OPERATION 5.<ind> SCA will acquire from Bayernwerke AG 43.42%, from Bayerische Hypotheken und  Wechselbank AG 13.23% and from Westdeutsche Landesbank Girozentrale 3,37% of the issued  shares of PWA. III.<ind> CONCENTRATION OF COMMUNITY DIMENSION 6.<ind> The notified operation constitutes a concentration within the meaning of Article 3(1)b of the  Regulation as through the share purchase SCA will acquire sole control of PWA. 7.<ind> The undertakings concerned have a combined aggregate worldwide turnover in excess of  5,000 million ECU (3,700 million ECU for SCA, and 2,000 million ECU for PWA).  The aggregate  Community-wide turnover of each exceeds 250 million ECU and the parties do not achieve more  than two-thirds of their aggregate Community-wide turnover within one and the same Member  State.  Therefore the notified operation has a Community dimension. IV.<ind> COMPATIBILITY WITH THE COMMON MARKET <tab>(a)<ind> Relevant product markets 8.<ind> SCA and PWA are both active in several product markets involving the production and  supply of tissue products, packaging (corrugated case materials and corrugated cases) and uncoated  wood-free fine paper.  PWA is not active in a number of the principal areas in which SCA is  involved:  in particular PWA does not have any feminine hygiene, baby care, adult incontinence care  or clinical products. 9.<ind> As regards upstream markets, pulp and tissue parent reels, the activities of both SCA and  PWA are minor, [Deleted business secret]. SCA has a high degree of self-sufficiency in virgin wood  fibre from its own forests. Some [Deleted business secret]% of the total pulp supply for SCA's own  tissue paper production and [Deleted business secret]% of its requirements of kraftliner for the  production of corrugated case materials is sourced internally. By contrast PWA's tissue paper and  corrugated board production is less vertically integrated [Deleted business secret]. <ind> In 1993, the total market for pulp in the EEA amounted to approximately 13 million tonnes.  SCA's pulp sales to customers outside the SCA group in 1993 were [Deleted business secret] tonnes,  and  PWA's pulp sales amounted to [Deleted business secret] tonnes. The sales of both parties  represented around [0-5% - Deleted business secret, range as indicated] of the EEA total market pulp  in 1993. <ind> As regards tissue parent reels, the volume traded within the EEA in 1993 was about 400,000  tonnes. The sales of  tissue parent reels made by SCA to third parties were [Deleted business secret]  tonnes and by PWA [Deleted business secret] tonnes. The aggregated  sales of  the parties amounted  to around [5-10% - Deleted business secret, range as indicated] of the EEA total tissue parents reels  market. Consequently, these products do not constitute affected markets. <tab> Tissue products 10.<ind> "Tissue products" is the term commonly used to describe various thin, soft, absorbent  papers used for wiping and drying. Such products comprise toilet paper, handkerchiefs, facial tissues  and napkins, which are mainly purchased by private consumers.  By contrast, the main customers for  towels, hand wipes and industrial wipers made from tissue paper  are industrial and institutional  purchasers who buy these tissue products in large quantities for use in factories, offices, workshops  and hospitals. Tissue products are supplied to private customers directly or through wholesalers to  retailers including the major multiple retailers. Tissue products such as towels, hand wipes and  industrial wipers, which are mainly purchased by institutional customers, are distributed either  directly by the manufacturers or through specialist distributors to the institutional customers. 11.<ind> The total consumption of tissue products in the EEA amounts to 3,380 thousand tonnes  with a value of 4.7 billion ECU.  Toilet paper accounts for about 56% of total consumption in EEA  countries, whereas kitchen paper accounts for 13%, napkins for 8%, towels/hand wipes for 8%,  handkerchiefs for 7%, industrial wipers for 5% and facials for 2%. 12.<ind> Tissue paper is produced on tissue machines from pulp which is made from primary fibres  or recycled fibres, or from a mixture of primary and recycled fibres, depending on the end use.  The  special characteristics of the different tissue products with regard to absorption ability, softness, wet  strength, non-scratch and non-linting features rely mainly on the mixture of the fibres in the pulp.   All types of tissue paper can be produced on one and the same tissue machine.  Subsequently this  base paper from the tissue machine is converted into the various product types by softening and  cutting by special converting machines and packed by packing machines in order to meet the  particular requirements of the end-users. 13.<ind> From the demand-side point of view, it is possible to use different types of tissue products  for the same purpose, for instance, handkerchiefs and facial tissues.  However, it appears that  consumers tend to use tissue products regularly and that they normally use the specially developed  tissue products for specific purposes. 14.<ind> From the supply-side point of view, it seems that manufacturers can easily switch from the  production of one type of tissue product paper to another on the same tissue machine.  However,  each tissue product needs base paper with a specific mixture of fibres, which in turn is converted into  the specific tissue product by softening and cutting and must be packed in a special way to facilitate  the user-friendliness of the product, as explained above.  Also the prices for the different tissue  products differ appreciably.  In 1993 PWA achieved the following average prices per tonne: toilet paper <tab> ± [Deleted business secret] ECU kitchen paper <tab> ± [Deleted business secret] ECU handkerchiefs <tab> ± [Deleted business secret] ECU napkins <tab> ± [Deleted business secret] ECU facial tissues <tab> ± [Deleted business secret] ECU towels/hand wipes <tab> ± [Deleted business secret] ECU industrial wipers <tab> ± [Deleted business secret] ECU.  15.<ind> In view of the differences in the base paper, price and use, it seems that the breakdown into  the above-mentioned different tissue product markets is more appropriate than to assume that there  is a single tissue product market. This view is confirmed by four of the five main competitors who  answered the Commission's request for information.  Three stated that every type of product  mentioned above constitutes a separate relevant product market;  one considered that there is a  single market with strong sub-markets such as toilet paper, handkerchiefs and kitchen paper.  The  last argued that there exists "considerable supply-side and demand-side substitutability".  However,  this competitor admitted that, "on the demand side there is less interchangeability between paper  handkerchiefs and kitchen towels, on the one hand, and toilet paper on the other hand". Some of the  retailers contacted by the Commission took the view that there is only one tissue product market,  whereas others stated that each product is a separate market.  16.<ind> The parties argue that the relevant product markets in which tissue products compete  include not only tissue products but also other products (e.g. textile products and electrical dryers)  that are interchangeable with tissue products for the same use (e.g. hand wiping).  It appears  doubtful that these different products are fully substitutable.  Consumers use the tissue products as  throw-away products for the sake of convenience, whereas textile products are not as convenient as  tissue products because textile products for multiple use have to be laundered.  Moreover, many  consumers apparently are convinced that paper products are more hygienic than cloth.  17.<ind> However, it is unnecessary to decide whether all tissue products belong to one relevant  product market, whether each type of tissue product belongs to a separate product market, or whether  such markets also comprise other products such as textiles, since even on a narrow market definition  (a separate market for each type of tissue product without including other products), the operation  does not give rise to a dominant position.  <tab> Transport packaging  18.<ind> In transport packaging both parties are active in the production of corrugated case  materials and corrugated cases.  19.<ind> Corrugated case materials (CCM) are paper products used to create corrugated board  (sheets of paper linerboard enclosing a layer of fluted undulating paper) which is itself converted  into corrugated cases.  CCM are commodity products produced either from virgin wood fibre or  recycled fibre.  In its decision in Jefferson Smurfit/St. Gobain (Case N* IV/M.499 of 19 September  1994), the Commission concluded that there was a high degree of cross-substitutability between  virgin fibre and recycled fibre material due to a high degree of cross-substitutability of both supply  and demand.  The Commission stated that prices for both types of fibre tended to follow similar  patterns.  However in the present case, as in the above-mentioned case, it is unnecessary to decide  whether different product markets exist for CCM on the basis of wood fibre and recycled fibre, as the  proposed operation will not create or strengthen a dominant position, even on a narrow market  definition.  20.<ind> Corrugated cases are finished packaging products manufactured from sheets of corrugated  board mainly for one-way use.  Such cases are used to transport a wide range of products, from  agricultural products (fruit and vegetables) to manufactured products.  In transport packaging, cases  made from CCM are the most widely used packaging.  Other important types of packaging are cases  made from solid board and crates which are made from wood and plastic materials.  There is a  competitive relationship between corrugated cases and other types of transport packaging.  However,  the precise market definition can be left open, as even on a narrow market definition the proposed  operation will not lead to the creation or strengthening of a dominant position.  21.<ind> Graphic paper is the common name for different kinds of coated and uncoated general  printing and writing paper.  In its Torras/Sarrio decision(IV/M.166 of 24 February 1992) and  Jefferson Smurfit/St. Gobain (IV/M.499 of 19 September 1994) decisions the Commission identified  four sub-markets within the fine paper market (which is itself distinct from the markets for self- adhesive paper and self-copying paper).  These were uncoated wood-containing, uncoated wood-free,  coated wood-containing and coated wood-free paper.  There is an overlap between SCA and PWA  only in uncoated wood-free paper.  <tab> (b)<ind> Relevant geographic  markets  <ind> Tissue products  22.<ind> The parties argue that the geographic market for tissue products is EEA-wide, as the  products are manufactured and marketed across national boundaries and most major suppliers are  well established in the majority of the EEA countries.  Moreover, they refer to the increasing  importance of European brand names.  Three of the five main competitors questioned by the  Commission also consider the geographic market to be Europe-wide.  However, there are indications  that the relevant geographic markets are still national.  23.<ind> Consumers in different Member States have substantially different consumption patterns  for each tissue product.  For instance, the yearly consumption per person of kitchen paper in Sweden,  Denmark and Finland is more than double that of Germany and the UK.  The consumption of facial  wipes per person amounts to 0.7 kg in the UK and to only 0.1 kg in Austria, Belgium and the  Netherlands.  In the UK and Denmark the consumption of tissue-made handkerchiefs is below  0.3 kg per person, whereas in Germany and Austria it is 1.6 kg.  24.<ind> Apart from the above-mentioned factors, the market shares and market positions of the  parties and their main competitors differ to a great extent by Member State. For instance, in the  market for kitchen paper, Scott holds market shares of between  [30-40% - Deleted business secret,  range as indicated] in Belgium, Italy and the Netherlands, [20-25% - Deleted business secret, range  as indicated] in Spain, [10-15% - Deleted business secret, range as indicated] in the UK, and below  [0-10% - Deleted business secret, range as indicated] in France and Germany. In this same product  market the shares of James River/Jamont range from [50-60% - Deleted business secret, range as  indicated] in Finland to [0-5% - Deleted business secret, range as indicated] in Sweden, whilst the  shares of Kimberly-Clark amount to [15-20% - Deleted business secret, range as indicated] in the  UK and [0-5% - Deleted business secret, range as indicated] in both Belgium and Denmark.  In  other tissue product markets the suppliers have similar market share variations in the different  Member States. 25.<ind> Moreover, retailers who belong to transnational buying groups have declared that the  buying groups do not negotiate a single price for all countries.  Groups negotiate different prices and  conditions in the different Member States according to where their members are active. 26.<ind> With respect to SCA's argument that European brand names are becoming increasingly  important, it appears that at present neither the parties nor most European competitors use the same  brand in all Member States.  According to the data submitted by SCA, none of the suppliers of toilet  paper, kitchen paper or handkerchiefs uses the same brand name across Western Europe.  A number  of suppliers use two or three different brands in several Member States.  On the other hand Scott, in  particular, has introduced the same brand name in most Member States.  Procter & Gamble has  stated that it sells toilet paper under two brands in four Western European countries and  handkerchiefs under two brands in eight Western European countries. 27.<ind> However, in this case it is not necessary to decide whether the geographic market for tissue  products is national or EEA-wide.  Even on the basis of national markets, the proposed operation  will not lead to the creation or strengthening of a dominant position. <tab> Corrugated case materials 28.<ind> In its recent decision in Jefferson Smurfit/St. Gobain (Case No. IV/M.499 of 19 September  1994) the Commission stated that the relevant geographic market for CCM is at least the EEA. <ind> Corrugated cases 29.<ind> The density of corrugated cases is relatively low.  This means that transport costs are  relatively high.  Consequently, this product is not delivered EEA-wide.  The parties state that the  region of delivery is approximately 300 km around the plant.  However, as the proposed  concentration, even on a narrow geographic market definition, does not result in the creation or  strengthening of a dominant position, it is not necessary to establish the precise geographic market  definition. <tab> Uncoated wood-free paper 30.<ind> The Commission has already stated in the Jefferson Smurfit/St. Gobain case that, with  regard to printing and writing paper, the relevant geographic market is the EEA.  As the uncoated  wood-free paper is a particular type of printing and writing paper, the geographic reference market is  also the EEA. <tab> (c)<ind> Competitive assessment <tab> Tissue products 31.<ind> Whether examined at EEA or Member State level, the tissue products industry as a whole  is characterised by several strong multinational producers and is generally not highly concentrated,  although on a narrow product market basis at Member State level there can be relatively high  degrees of concentration. <ind> A. EEA Level 32.<ind> If all tissue products were considered as belonging to one market, then after the proposed  operation the combined market shares of SCA and PWA on an EEA-wide basis would be [15-20% -  Deleted business secret, range as indicated] (by volume) and [15-20% - Deleted business secret,  range as indicated] (by value).  According to the available figures, SCA will be the second or third  largest supplier of tissue products in the EEA behind Scott, which has a market share of  approximately [15-20% - Deleted business secret, range as indicated] (by volume) and [15-20% -  Deleted business secret, range as indicated] (by value), with James River/Jamont holding the same  market share as SCA ([15-20% - Deleted business secret, range as indicated] by volume).  33.<ind> With regard to individual tissue products, after the merger SCA and PWA have the  following combined market shares on a 1993 EEA-wide basis. <tab> in volume <tab> in value toilet paper <tab> [10-15% - Deleted business secret, range as indicated] <tab> [10-15% - Deleted  business secret, range as indicated] kitchen paper <tab> [15-20% - Deleted business secret, range as indicated] <tab> [20-25% - Deleted  business secret, range as indicated] handkerchiefs <tab> [20-25% - Deleted business secret, range as indicated] <tab> [20-25% - Deleted  business secret, range as indicated] <tab> (no overlap) facials <tab> [0-5% - Deleted business secret, range as indicated] <tab> [0-5% - Deleted business  secret, range as indicated] <tab> (no overlap) napkins <tab> [5-10% - Deleted business secret, range as indicated] <tab> [5-10% - Deleted  business secret, range as indicated] towels/hand wipes <tab> [25-30% - Deleted business secret, range as indicated] <tab> [30-35% -  Deleted business secret, range as indicated] industrial wipers <tab> [15-20% - Deleted business secret, range as indicated] <tab> [20-25% -  Deleted business secret, range as indicated]. <ind> The comparative market position of SCA in terms of volume will be as follows.  In the toilet  paper market, SCA  [10-15% - Deleted business secret, range as indicated] will be in second position  behind Scott (15-20%)[In the interests of business secrecy the market shares of competitors have  been indicated as a range].  In the market for industrial wipers Scott will also remain in the leading  position [20-25% - Deleted business secret, range as indicated] before SCA ([15-20%]Deleted  business secret, range as indicated).  Only in the markets for kitchen paper and towels/hand wipes  will SCA obtain market leadership following the proposed operation, as shown below: EEA-wide market shares by volume 1993 <tab> kitchen paper <tab> towels/hand wipes SCA + PWA <tab> 15-20% [Deleted business secret, range as indicated] <tab> 25-30% [Deleted  business secret, range as indicated] James River/Jamont <tab> 10-15%[Deleted business secret, range as indicated] <tab> 10-15%  [Deleted business secret, range as indicated] Scott <tab> 10-15% [Deleted business secret, range as indicated] <tab> 10-15% [Deleted business  secret, range as indicated]  <ind> B. Member States level 34.<ind> The assessment at Member State level focuses on those markets where the operation will  lead to an overlap between the parties and in particular where, after the acquisition of PWA, SCA  will become market leader.  This is the case for the markets for towels/hand wipes in Austria,  Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands and for industrial wipers in Belgium and the Netherlands:  <tab> Towels/hand wipes (market share by volume 1993) Austria <tab>  SCA + PWA <tab>  25-30% [Deleted business secret, range as indicated] <tab>   CWS <tab>  15-20% <tab>  Hakle <tab>  5-10% Belgium <tab>  SCA + PWA <tab>  30-40% [Deleted business secret, range as indicated] <tab>   Scott <tab>  15-20% <tab>  J. River/ Jamont <tab>  5-10% Germany <tab>  SCA + PWA <tab>  30-40% [Deleted business secret, range as indicated] <tab>   Scott <tab>  20-25% <tab>  J. River/ Jamont <tab>  5-10% Netherlands <tab>  SCA + PWA <tab>  40-50% [Deleted business secret, range as indicated] <tab>   Kimberly-Clark <tab>  10-15% <tab>  J. River/ Jamont <tab>  10-15% <tab> Industrial wipers (market share by volume 1993) Belgium <tab>  SCA + PWA <tab>  40-50% [Deleted business secret, range as indicated] <tab>   Scott <tab>  20-25% <tab>  J. River/ Jamont <tab>  10-15% Netherlands <tab>  SCA + PWA <tab>  50-60% [Deleted business secret, range as indicated] <tab>   Kimberly-Clark <tab>  15-20% <tab>  Scott 15-20% 35.<ind> Following the merger, SCA will have substantial market shares as shown above. In several  of the markets concerned, the nearest competitors of SCA will have around half of its market share.   However, in the EEA-wide market, and the Belgian and Dutch markets for towels/hand wipes and in  the Dutch market for industrial wipers, the next largest competitor will have a market share of one- half or less of that of the post-merger company. 36.<ind> Nevertheless, the competition analysis of SCA's future market position has to take into  account the fact that the main actual and potential competitors in the above markets are very strong  multinational suppliers with substantial financial resources as described below. <ind> The US producer, Scott Paper Company, is the largest supplier of tissue products both in the  world and in the EEA, with total sales of about ECU 4,600 million in 1994 (of which personal  care/cleaning products amount to about ECU 3,500 million).  Scott expanded its European activities  in 1990 by acquiring from Stora a majority share in its German-based Feldmuehle tissue product  business. <ind> The James River Corporation is one of the largest suppliers of tissue products in North  America, with total world sales of about ECU 4,500 million (of which consumer products amount to  about ECU 2,300 million).  It penetrated the European market in 1987 through the acquisition of  Beghin-Say/Kaysersberg, a French-based producer.  In 1990, James River entered into a joint  venture with Nokia and Montedison, called Jamont, which is now solely owned by James River. <ind> Another important player in the EEA-market is Kimberly-Clark, which is a major US-based  multinational.  Kimberly-Clark, which entered the European market in 1981, is the fourth largest  producer of tissue products in the EEA. The company is present in most Member States and is  particularly strong in the sale of branded products (e.g. under the "Kleenex" label). <ind> A very recent entrant into the EEA tissue market is Procter & Gamble through its acquisition  in 1994 of VP-Schickedanz, a German-based manufacturer of paper-based products, including tissue  products (handkerchiefs and toilet paper).  Procter & Gamble is the fourth largest supplier of tissue  products in North America and is well established in Europe as a supplier of consumer goods. 37.<ind> Furthermore, the market for tissue in Western Europe would appear to be an attractive one  for producers. The current average annual tissue consumption in Western Europe at 9.6 kg per  person is only half that of the United States (about 20 kg per person). Over the period  1987-1992,  the rate of growth of tissue products consumption in Western Europe was twice that of the United  States and, given the relatively low level of current consumption, further growth is to be expected. <ind> In this light, SCA has pointed out that since 1987, two major US tissue producers have  entered the EEA market by the acquisition of existing manufacturers and considers that there will be  further, significant market developments in the future. 38.<ind> Reputational characteristics can constitute very important entry barriers for certain hygiene  products, as seen in the Procter and Gamble case (Decision No.IV/M.430 - Procter & Gamble/VP  Schickedanz (II), 21 June 1994). However, in the specific tissue product markets affected by the  proposed operation (i.e. non-feminine protection products), it must be observed that not only are the  products less sophisticated than  those concerned in the Procter & Gamble decision but also the  reputational entry barriers are comparatively weak for the following reasons: <ind> -<ind> relatively high price sensitivity (customers appear willing to switch easily to lower  price, private label products), <ind> -<ind> relatively high penetration of private label products across the various tissue product  markets concerned and correspondingly low advertising expenditure. 39.<ind> Based on the Commission findings ( see also points 12 and 14 above) there exists a  relatively high supply-side substitutability  from the point of view of the basic production machinery   required to manufacture tissue products as well as with  regard to the nature of the products  themselves. Consequently major competitors such as  Scott, James River/Jamont, Procter & Gamble  and Kimberly-Clark will be able to exert strong competitive pressure on the combined entity in a  particular tissue product/national market combination should SCA/PWA seek to behave in a manner  independent of its competitors. 40.<ind> In this regard the Commission also observes  that : first, spare capacity exists (the EEA- wide average is around 90%, with SCA operating at [Deleted business secret] and PWA at  approximately [Deleted business secret]);  secondly, and more importantly, given the expected  market growth,  producers are continuing to invest in new capacity. For example  in 1992 and 1993  European capacity increased by 3.6% and 4.5% respectively. Therefore,  it is to be expected that in  the future, the major competitors will be able to increase their presence in specific  product/geographic markets should opportunities present themselves. 41.<ind> In addition, with regard to towels/hand wipes and industrial wipers (i.e. those specific  tissue products where the combined entity has the highest market shares at Member State level), it is  to be noted that additional competitive pressure is placed on the suppliers of these products by the  fact that  they are purchased exclusively by industrial and institutional customers.  As mentioned  above, these customers have the choice of satisfying their requirements not only by tissue paper  products but also by textile towels and textile wipers. It is not uncommon for all these competing  products to be supplied by a single distributor ( for example, Elis in Belgium and CWS in Germany).  The existence of direct competition is further illustrated in some tissue products producers' brochures   which deal with the relative merits of these different products (i.e. textiles, tissue, rags). There is,  therefore,  some competition between tissue products and alternative products and these alternatives  would be able to exert some additional pressure on the pricing behaviour of the suppliers of tissue  towels and tissue wipes. 42.<ind> In summary, therefore, the Commission  has  taken particular account of the following  factors : the existence of strong competitors with substantial market shares; the relatively high  supply-side substitutability combined with the current availability of spare capacity; the expected  market growth and past and continuing investment of the major players in new capacity to satisfy the  increasing market demand; the dynamic nature of the overall market as well as the fact that in those  particular product market/national market combinations where the parties have the highest market  shares, their  customers are mainly institutional and industrial organisations who can, if needed,  displace demand to alternative solutions to their requirements. Consequently, the  Commission   considers that  the proposed concentration will not create or strengthen a dominant position even on  narrow product and geographic market definitions. 43.<ind> In light of the factors discussed above, it appears that the market share aggregations in the  tissue product markets resulting from the proposed operation are not likely to create or strengthen a  dominant position in the common market. <tab> Corrugated case materials 44.<ind> The combined market shares of the parties on the EEA market for CCM is [10-15% -  Deleted business secret, range as indicated] by volume and [10-15% - Deleted business secret, range  as indicated] by value.  SCA will be subject to effective competition from a number of other  competitors such as Smurfit, International Paper, Leydier and Metsae-Serla.  Smurfit is an integrated  manufacturer and converter of paper and paperboard whose main operations are located in Europe,  the United States of America and Latin America.  International Paper is active in the production of  printing paper, CCM and corrugated cases.  Its turnover is about ECU 10,000 million, of which  approximately ECU 3,000 million is in packaging (of which about 75% is in Europe).  Therefore,  the combined market share of the parties will not create a dominant position. <tab> Corrugated cases 45.<ind> The parties' share in the EEA market for corrugated cases will be [5-10% - Deleted  business secret, range as indicated] (by volume) after the merger.  If national areas are considered,  the parties' activities will only overlap to a small extent and this in Belgium, the Netherlands,  Germany and Denmark. 46.<ind> In Belgium SCA already has a market share of [20-30% - Deleted business secret, range as  indicated]and PWA of [0-5% - Deleted business secret, range as indicated]. After the merger SCA  will be confirmed as the leading supplier with [20-30% - Deleted business secret, range as  indicated]. The share of the next largest competitors, VPK and Cartomill, will be [10-20% - Deleted  business secret, range as indicated] and [10-20% - Deleted business secret, range as indicated]  respectively.  VPK is a family-owned company with a turnover of about ECU 75 million, whereas   Cartomills is a subsidiary of Stone Container Corporation, a major multinational paper company  with a turnover of approximately ECU 4,000 million. 47.<ind> In the Netherlands the leading suppliers are Corrugated Europe (40-45%), Smurfit (15- 20%) and Empee (15-20%).  Corrugated Europe is a subsidiary of  KNP BT with a turnover of about  ECU 300 million.  Following the merger, SCA will be the second largest supplier with [15-20% -  Deleted business secret, range as indicated]. 48.<ind> In Germany and Denmark the combined market shares of SCA and PWA will amount to  only [5-10% - Deleted business secret, range as indicated] and [0-5% - Deleted business secret,  range as indicated] respectively. 49.<ind> The merger will not give rise to competition concerns in corrugated cases because the  market is characterised by low costs of entry;  thus, it could be easily entered by any of the major  European competitors of SCA, as already stated in the Commission decision of 19 September 1994  (IV/M.499 - Jefferson Smurfit/St. Gobain). <tab> Uncoated wood-free paper 50.<ind> The combined share of the parties in the EEA market for uncoated wood-free paper will be  about [0-5% - Deleted business secret, range as indicated].  SCA will be subject to effective  competition from International Paper, Stora, Kymmene, Modo and Neuseiller.  Stora is a Swedish- based company with operations which include the production of pulp, fine paper, publication paper  and packaging board.  Its turnover amounts to about ECU 5,300 million.  Kymmene is Europe's  largest producer of uncoated wood-free paper, representing approximately 16% of European  production capacity.  Its turnover is about ECU 1,400 million. V.<tab> CONCLUSION 51.<ind> Based on the above findings, the proposed transaction does not raise serious doubts as to  its compatibility with the common market. 52.<ind> For the above reasons, the Commission has decided not to oppose the notified operation  and to declare it compatible with the common market and with the functioning of the EEA  agreement.  This decision is adopted in application of Article 6(1)b of Council Regulation No  4064/89 and Article 57 of the EEA Agreement. For the Commission