CELEX: 62008TJ0394
Language: en
Date: 2011-09-20 00:00:00
Title: Judgment of the General Court (Fourth Chamber) of 20 September 2011. # Regione autonoma della Sardegna (T-394/08), SF Turistico Immobiliare Srl (T-408/08), Timsas Srl (T-453/08) and Grand Hotel Abi d’Oru SpA (T-454/08) v European Commission. # State aids - Aid in favour of the hotel industry in the Region of Sardinia - Decision declaring the aid partly compatible and partly incompatible with the common market and ordering its recovery - New aid - Obligation to state reasons - Protection of legitimate expectations - Incentive effect - De minimis rule. # Cases T-394/08, T-408/08, T-453/08 and T-454/08.

JUDGMENT OF THE GENERAL COURT (Fourth Chamber)
      20 September 2011 (*)
      
      (State aid – Aid in favour of the hotel industry in the Region of Sardinia – Decision declaring the aid partly compatible and partly incompatible with the common market and ordering its recovery – New aid – Duty to state reasons – Protection of legitimate expectations – Incentive effect – De minimis rule)
      In Cases T‑394/08, T‑408/08, T‑453/08 and T‑454/08,
      Regione autonoma della Sardegna (Italy), represented by A. Fantozzi, P. Carrozza and G. Mameli, lawyers,
      
      applicant in Case T‑394/08,
      supported by
      Selene di Alessandra Cannas Sas, established in Cagliari (Italy),
      
      HGA Srl, established in Golfo Aranci (Italy),
      
      Gimar Srl, established in Sassari (Italy),
      
      Coghene Costruzioni Srl, established in Alghero (Italy),
      
      Camping Pini e Mare di Cogoni Franco & C. Sas, established in Quartu Sant’Elena (Italy),
      
      Immobiliare 92 Srl, established in Arzachena (Italy),
      
      Gardena Srl, established in Santa Teresa di Gallura (Italy),
      
      Hotel Stella 2000 Srl, established in Olbia (Italy),
      
      Vadis Srl, established in Valledoria (Italy),
      
      Macpep Srl, established in Sorso (Italy),
      
      San Marco Srl, established in Alghero,
      
      Due Lune SpA, established in Milan (Italy),
      
      Nicos Residence Srl, established in Santa Teresa di Gallura,
      
      Rosa Murgese, residing in Iglesias (Italy),
      
      Mavi Srl, established in Arzachena,
      
      Hotel Mistral di Bruno Madeddu & C. Sas, established in Alghero,
      
      L’Esagono di Mario Azara & C. Snc, established in San Teodoro (Italy),
      
      Le Buganville di Cogoni Giuseppe & C. Snc, established in Villasimius (Italy),
      
      Le Dune di Stefanelli Vincenzo & C. Snc, established in Arbus (Italy),
      
      represented by G. Dore, F. Ciulli and A. Vinci, lawyers,
      interveners in Case T‑394/08,
      SF Turistico Immobiliare Srl, established in Orosei (Italy), represented by L. Marcialis, lawyer,
      
      applicant in Case T‑408/08,
      Timsas Srl, established in Arezzo (Italy), represented by D. Dodaro, S. Pinna and S. Cianciullo, lawyers,
      
      applicant in Case T‑453/08,
      Grand Hotel Abi d’Oru SpA, established in Olbia, represented by D. Dodaro, S. Cianciullo and R. Masuri, lawyers,
      
      applicant in Case T‑454/08,
      v
      European Commission, represented, in Cases T‑394/08 and T‑454/08, by E. Righini, D. Grespan and C. Urraca Caviedes, in Case T‑408/08, by E. Righini
         and D. Grespan, and in Case T‑453/08, by D. Grespan and C. Urraca Caviedes, acting as Agents,
      
      defendant in Cases T‑394/08, T‑408/08, T‑453/08 and T‑454/08,
      APPLICATION for annulment of Commission Decision 2008/854/EC of 2 July 2008 on a State aid scheme (C 1/04 (ex NN 158/03 and
         CP 15/2003)): Misuse of aid measure N 272/98, Regional Act No 9 of 1998 (OJ 2008 L 302, p. 9), by which the Regione autonoma
         della Sardegna awarded grants in favour of initial investments in the hotel industry in Sardinia,
      
      THE GENERAL COURT (Fourth Chamber),
      composed of I. Pelikánová (Rapporteur), President, K. Jürimäe and M. van der Woude, Judges,
      Registrar: J. Palacio González, Principal Administrator,
      having regard to the written procedure and further to the hearing on 16 February 2011,
      gives the following
      Judgment
       Background to the dispute
      1        On 11 March 1998, the Regione autonoma della Sardegna (‘Region of Sardinia’) adopted legge regionale nº 9, incentivi per la
         riqualificazione e l’adeguamento delle strutture alberghiere e norme modificative e integrative della legge regionale 14 settembre
         1993, n. 40 (interventi creditizi a favore dell’industria alberghiera) (Regional Act No 9 on measures to encourage the renovation
         and adaptation of the hotel structures and provisions amending and supplementing Regional Law No 40 of 14 September 1993,
         Bollettino ufficiale della Regione Autonoma della Sardegna No 9 of 21 March 1998, ‘Act No 9/1998’), which came into force on 5 April 1998.
      
      2        Article 2 of that law introduced, for the benefit of undertakings in the hotel sector, initial investment aid in the form
         of grants and subsidised loans, as well as operating aid under the de minimis rule (the ‘initial aid scheme’ or the ‘initial scheme’).
      
      3        By letter of 6 May 1998, the Italian authorities notified Act No 9/1998 to the Commission and undertook not to apply the initial
         aid scheme until its approval by the Commission.
      
      4        By letter of 22 June 1998, in response to a request for additional information made by the Commission, the Italian authorities
         informed the Commission that the implementing provisions for the initial aid scheme would be adopted only once the Commission’s
         approval of that scheme had been obtained.
      
      5        By letter of 28 September 1998, the Italian authorities also informed the Commission that the aid provided for in Act No 9/1998
         could be granted only to projects to be conducted ‘subsequently’ and that that condition would be confirmed in the implementing
         provisions for that law.
      
      6        By decision SG(98) D/9547 of 12 November 1998, the Commission approved the aid scheme ‘N 272/98 – Italy – aid in favour of
         the hotel industry’ introduced by Act No 9/1998 (the ‘approval decision’). In that decision, the Commission found the initial
         aid scheme to be compatible with the common market in accordance with Article 92(3)(a) EC [now Article 87(3)(a) EC].
      
      7        On 29 April 1999, the Assessore del Turismo, Artigianato e Commercio (Advisor on Tourism, the Craft Industry and Trade) of
         the Region of Sardinia adopted decreto nº 285, esecutività della deliberazione della giunta regionale n. 58/60 del 22.12.1998
         come modificata dalla deliberazione nº 16/20 del 16.03.1999 che approva la direttiva di attuazione prevista dall’art. 2 della
         LR 11 marzo 1998 n. 9 disciplinante: incentivi per la riqualificazione delle strutture alberghiere e norme modificativi della
         LR 14.9.1993 n. 40 (Decree No 285 implementing Act No 9/1998, Bollettino ufficiale della Regione Autonoma della Sardegna No 15 of 8 May 1999, ‘Decree No 285/1999’).
      
      8        Pursuant to Article 2 of Decree No 285/1999, the initial aid scheme was to be applied in the context of an invitation to submit
         applications. Articles 4 and 5 of that same decree provided, respectively, that the aid granted was to relate to projects
         to be conducted after the submission of applications for aid and that the eligible expenditure had to postdate those applications.
         However, Article 17 of Decree No 285/1999, entitled ‘Transitional provision’, provided that, when the decree was first applied,
         expenditure and interventions made or incurred after 5 April 1998, the date on which Act No 9/1998 came into force, were eligible.
      
      9        On 27 July 2000, the Region of Sardinia adopted deliberazione n° 33/3 (Resolution No 33/3), which repealed Decree No 285/1999
         by reason of the errors of form vitiating it, and deliberazione n° 33/4 (Resolution No 33/4), which established new implementing
         provisions for the initial aid scheme.
      
      10      On the same day, the Region of Sardinia also adopted deliberazione n° 33/6 (Resolution No 33/6), which provided that, since
         the publication of Decree No 285/1999, which contained provisions incompatible with Community rules, could have given rise
         to the expectation amongst potential beneficiaries of aid that all the work carried out after 5 April 1998 was deemed to be
         eligible, account had to be taken – when Act No 9/1998 was first applied – of the work carried out after that date, provided
         that that work formed the subject-matter of an application for aid in the context of the first annual invitation to submit
         applications.
      
      11      By letter of 2 November 2000, in response to a request made by the Commission concerning the appropriate measures laid down
         in order to ensure from 1 January 2000 onwards the compatibility of the existing aid schemes with the Guidelines on national
         regional aid of 10 March 1998 (OJ 1998 C 74, p. 9, the ‘1998 Guidelines’), the Italian authorities informed the Commission
         of the implementing provisions for Act No 9/1998 by sending to it a copy of Resolution No 33/4, without however mentioning
         Resolution No 33/6.
      
      12      On 29 December 2000, the Region of Sardinia published the first invitation to submit applications implementing the initial
         aid scheme.
      
      13      By letter of 28 February 2001, the Commission asked the Italian authorities for additional information on the application
         of Act No 9/1998, as well as on the mechanism for the invitations and as to how, in the context of that mechanism, compliance
         with the provision requiring that the application be submitted before work started on the project had been ensured.
      
      14      By letter of 25 April 2001, to which Resolution No 33/4 was again attached, the Italian authorities confirmed that the aid
         scheme, as it was applied, was consistent with the 1998 Guidelines.
      
      15      On 21 February 2003, the Commission received a complaint alleging a misuse of the initial aid scheme. Following that complaint,
         on 26 February 2003 the Commission requested additional information from the Italian authorities.
      
      16      By letter of 22 April 2003, the Italian authorities replied to the Commission’s request for additional information and mentioned
         Resolution No 33/6 for the first time.
      
      17      By decision of 3 February 2004, the Commission initiated the procedure under Article 88(2) EC in relation to the misuse [of
         the initial aid scheme] (OJ 2004 C 79, p. 4, the ‘decision to initiate the procedure’). In that decision, the Commission stated
         that, by awarding aid to investment projects started before the date of application for the aid, the Italian authorities had
         not complied with the obligation contained in the approval decision, nor with the requisites set out in the 1998 Guidelines.
         As a result, the Commission concluded that the initial aid scheme could have been misused within the meaning of Article 16
         of Council Regulation (EC) No 659/1999 of 22 March 1999 laying down detailed rules for the application of Article [88] EC
         (OJ 1999 L 83, p. 1) and expressed doubts as to the compatibility of the aid awarded to investment projects started before
         the date of application for the aid.
      
      18      On 19 April 2004, the Italian authorities submitted their observations to the Commission. On 30 April 2004, the Commission
         received the observations of the applicant in Case T‑454/08, Grand Hotel Abi d’Oru SpA. It received supplementary information from the Italian authorities on 25 June 2005.
      
      19      On 22 November 2006, the Commission adopted a decision to correct and extend the scope of the pending procedure C 1/2004 pursuant
         to Article 88(2) EC (OJ 2007 C 32, p. 2, the ‘correction decision’). In that decision, under the heading ‘Reasons for correcting
         and extending the procedure’, the Commission stated inter alia that Resolution No 33/6 was not mentioned in the decision to
         initiate the procedure, even though it was on the basis of that instrument that, in 28 cases, aid was awarded to investment
         projects started before the date of application for the aid, and not on the basis of Resolution No 33/4, as erroneously indicated
         in the decision to initiate the procedure. In addition, the Commission pointed out that the concept of the misuse of aid within
         the meaning of Article 16 of Regulation No 659/1999, to which the decision to initiate the procedure makes reference, covered
         situations where the beneficiary of approved aid applies the aid contrary to the conditions laid down in the award decision
         and not situations where a Member State, by altering an existing aid scheme, introduces new unlawful aid [Article 1(c) and
         (f) of Regulation No 659/1999].
      
       Contested decision
      20      On 2 July 2008, the Commission adopted Decision 2008/854/EC on a State aid scheme (C 1/04 (ex NN 158/03 and CP 15/2003)):
         Misuse of aid measure N 272/98, Regional Act No 9 of 1998 (OJ 2008 L 302, p. 9, the ‘contested decision’).
      
      21      In that decision, the Commission observed inter alia that Resolution No 33/6 made amendments to the notified measure which
         were not compatible with the terms of the approval decision. Resolution No 33/6 was not notified to the Commission, in breach
         of Article 88(3) EC and of the Italian Republic’s duty of cooperation under Article 10 EC. Consequently, in the view of the
         Commission, the aid scheme as it was in fact applied is in contravention of the approval decision and the aid projects on
         which work started before any application for aid was made must therefore be considered unlawful.
      
      22      With regard to the compatibility of the aid in question with the common market, the Commission, having pointed to the assessment
         it made in the decision to initiate the procedure and in the correction decision, regards as incompatible the individual amounts
         of aid granted to projects whose eligible costs were incurred before the submission of an application for aid, on the basis
         of the implementing measures in force at the time the application was submitted, which exceed the amount of de minimis aid for which the recipient may have been eligible at the relevant time, calculated in accordance with Commission Regulation
         (EC) No 69/2001 of 12 January 2001 on the application of Articles 87 [EC] and 88 [EC] to de minimis aid (OJ 2001 L 10, p. 30).
      
      23      The operative part of the contested decision reads as follows:
      
      ‘Article 1
      The State aid granted in accordance with Regional Act No 9 of 1998, unlawfully put into effect by [the Italian Republic] in
         Resolution (deliberazione) No 33/6 and in the first call for applications, is incompatible with the common market unless the recipient of the aid submitted
         an application for aid under the scheme before starting work on an initial investment project.
      
      Article 2
      1.      The Italian Republic shall recover the incompatible aid granted under the scheme referred to in Article 1 from the recipients.
      2.      The sums to be recovered shall bear interest from the date on which they were put at the disposal of the recipients until
         their actual recovery.
      
      3.      …
      4.      The Italian Republic shall cancel all outstanding payments of aid under the scheme referred to in Article 1 with effect from
         the date of adoption of this Decision.
      
      Article 3
      1.      Recovery of the aid granted under the scheme referred to in Article 1 shall be immediate and effective.
      2.      The Italian Republic shall ensure that this Decision is implemented within four months following the date of notification
         of this Decision.
      
      Article 5
      This Decision is addressed to the Italian Republic.’
       Procedure
      24      By application lodged at the Registry of the Court on 16 September 2008, the Region of Sardinia brought the action in Case
         T‑394/08.
      
      25      By application lodged at the Registry of the Court on 25 September 2008, SF Turistico Immobiliare Srl brought the action in
         Case T‑408/08.
      
      26      By application lodged at the Registry of the Court on 3 October 2008, Timsas Srl brought the action in Case T‑453/08.
      
      27      By application lodged at the Registry of the Court on 6 October 2008, Grand Hotel Abi d’Oru SpA brought the action in Case
         T‑454/08.
      
      28      By document lodged at the Registry of the Court on 19 December 2008, Selene di Alessandra Cannas Sas, HGA Srl, Gimar Srl,
         Coghene Costruzioni Srl, Camping Pini e Mare di Cogoni Franco & C. Sas, Immobiliare 92 Srl, Gardena Srl, Hotel Stella 2000
         Srl, Vadis Srl, Macpep Srl, San Marco Srl, Due Lune SpA, Nicos Residence Srl, Rosa Murgese, Mavi Srl, Hotel Mistral di Bruno
         Madeddu & C. Sas, L’Esagono di Mario Azara & C. Snc, Le Buganville di Cogoni Giuseppe & C. Snc and Le Dune di Stefanelli Vincenzo
         & C. Snc (‘the interveners’) sought leave to intervene in the proceedings relating to Case T‑394/08 in support of the forms
         of order sought by the Region of Sardinia. By order of 15 June 2009, the President of the Second Chamber of the Court granted
         that request.
      
      29      By order of 25 June 2009, after hearing the parties, the President of the Second Chamber of the Court joined Cases T‑394/08,
         T‑408/08, T‑453/08 and T‑454/08 for the purposes of the oral procedure, in accordance with Article 50 of the Rules of Procedure
         of the General Court.
      
      30      On 27 July 2009, the interveners submitted their statement in intervention in Case T‑394/08. On 21 September 2009, the Commission
         submitted its observations on that statement. The Region of Sardinia did not submit any observations within the time-limit
         specified by the Registry of the Court.
      
      31      As the composition of the Chambers of the Court had been altered, the Judge-Rapporteur was assigned to the Fourth Chamber,
         to which the present cases were therefore assigned.
      
      32      On 7 December 2010, in the context of a measure of organisation of procedure, the Court put written questions to the Commission
         and to Grand Hotel Abi d’Oru, the applicant in Case T‑454/08, to which they replied within the time-limit set.
      
       Forms of order sought by the parties
      33      In Case T‑394/08, the Region of Sardinia, supported by the interveners, claims that the Court should:
      
      –        annul the contested decision;
      –        order the Commission to pay the costs.
      34      In Case T‑408/08, SF Turistico Immobiliare claims that the Court should:
      
      –        primarily,
      –        annul the contested decision;
      –        order the Commission to pay the costs;
      –        in the alternative, annul the contested decision in part, in so far as it declares the aid scheme in its entirety to be incompatible
         with the common market and orders the recovery of the amounts falling within the limits provided for in the provisions relating
         to de minimis aid;
      
      –        in the further alternative, 
      –        first, annul point 4.2 of the 1998 Guidelines in so far as it precludes the eligibility of all the aid granted to the recipients,
         without excluding the part of the aid which relates to the investments made after the application was submitted and is functionally
         or structurally independent and,
      
      –        second, annul the contested decision in part in so far as it orders the recovery, by the Italian Republic, of the sums paid,
         without excluding the aid which relates to the costs borne by the recipient after the application was submitted and concerns
         functionally or structurally independent parts of the project undertaken.
      
      35      In Case T‑453/08, Timsas claims that the Court should:
      
      –        annul the contested decision;
      –        order the Commission to pay the costs.
      36      In Case T‑454/08, Grand Hotel Abi d’Oru claims that the Court should:
      
      –        annul the contested decision;
      –        order the Commission to pay the costs.
      37      The Commission contends that the Court should:
      
      –        dismiss the applications;
      –        order the applicants to pay the costs;
      –        order the interveners to bear their own costs as well as those which their intervention caused it to incur.
       Law
      38      After hearing the parties on this point, the Court considers it appropriate to join the present cases for the purposes of
         the judgment, in accordance with Article 50 of its Rules of Procedure.
      
      1.     Admissibility of certain pleas in law put forward by the interveners in Case T‑394/08
      39      The Commission states that the interveners have put forward certain pleas in law which were not put forward by the Region
         of Sardinia, the applicant in Case T‑394/08, and which therefore fall outside the scope of the dispute in that case, as defined
         by the pleas in law advanced by the Region of Sardinia in the application.
      
      40      In the view of the Commission, the following pleas in law are affected:
      
      –        the plea in law alleging that the Commission initiated the formal investigation procedure on the basis of the incorrect assumption
         that an earlier conditional decision had been infringed;
      
      –        the plea in law alleging infringement of Article 9 of Regulation No 659/1999 because the Commission should have revoked the
         approval decision before adopting the contested decision;
      
      –        the plea in law alleging infringement of Article 16 of Regulation No 659/1999, which does not provide for the correction or
         extension of a procedure which has already been initiated;
      
      –        the plea in law alleging infringement of Article 87(3)(a) and (c) EC because the Commission wrongly held the aid in question
         to be incompatible with the common market, and a failure to state reasons in the contested decision in that regard on account
         of a contradiction in comparison with earlier decisions;
      
      –        the plea in law alleging infringement of certain provisions of Regulation No 659/1999 on procedural time-limits, and of the
         principle of the reasonable duration of the procedure;
      
      –        the plea in law alleging infringement of the principles of impartiality and of the protection of competition;
      –        the plea in law alleging infringement of the de minimis rule because the Commission failed to deduct the amount of EUR 100 000 or EUR 200 000 from the aid which it ordered to be
         recovered.
      
      41      The fourth paragraph of Article 40 of the Statute of the Court of Justice provides that an application to intervene is to
         be limited to supporting the form of order sought by one of the parties. Article 116(4) of the Rules of Procedure provides
         that the statement in intervention is to contain, in particular, a statement of the form of order sought by the intervener
         in support of or opposing, in whole or in part, the form of order sought by one of the parties, as well as the pleas in law
         and arguments relied on by the intervener.
      
      42      Those provisions give the intervener the right to set out arguments as well as pleas independently, in so far as they support
         the form of order sought by one of the main parties and are not entirely unconnected with the issues underlying the dispute,
         as established by the applicant and defendant, which would result in a change in the subject-matter of the dispute (see Case
         T‑171/02 Regione autonoma della Sardegna v Commission [2005] ECR II‑2123, paragraph 152, and the case-law cited).
      
      43      It is thus for the Court, when determining the admissibility of the pleas put forward by an intervener, to determine whether
         they are connected with the subject-matter of the dispute, as defined by the main parties.
      
      44      However, where it appears that an action, the admissibility of which is in question, must in any event be dismissed on the
         merits, it is open to the Court to rule on the merits at the outset for the purposes of procedural economy (see, to that effect,
         Case C‑23/00 P Council v Boehringer [2002] ECR I‑1873, paragraph 52, and Case C‑233/02 France v Commission [2004] ECR I‑2759, paragraph 26). Similarly, where it appears that a plea of dubious connection to the subject-matter of
         the dispute is in any event to be dismissed as inadmissible for another reason or because it is unfounded, it is open to the
         Court to dismiss that plea without ruling on the issue whether the intervener went beyond the parameters of its role in support
         of the form of order sought by one of the main parties (Case C‑118/99 France v Commission [2002] ECR I‑747, paragraphs 64 and 65, and Regione autonoma della Sardegna v Commission, cited in paragraph 42 above, paragraph 155).
      
      45      In the present case, it must be pointed out, first, that the majority of the pleas in law put forward by the interveners which
         were not also advanced by the Region of Sardinia were put forward by one or other of the applicants in Cases T‑408/08, T‑453/08
         and T‑454/08. Second, those pleas in law are in any event unfounded for the reasons which will be set out below.
      
      46      In view of these circumstances, and for the purpose of procedural economy, it is not necessary to examine the plea of inadmissibility
         raised by the Commission.
      
      2.     Admissibility of certain complaints raised at the reply stage
      47      The Commission claims that the applicants introduced new pleas in law for the first time at the reply stage and that those
         pleas in law should therefore be rejected as inadmissible.
      
       Case T‑394/08
      48      In Case T‑394/08, the Commission regards as new, first, the plea in law alleging a manifest error in the assessment of the
         incentive effect of the aid, second, the plea in law alleging infringement of the Commission’s obligation to conduct an investigation
         and, third, the plea in law alleging that the infringement of the principle of the necessity of the aid by the scheme in question
         is merely apparent.
      
      49      With regard to the first and third pleas in law contested by the Commission, it appears that the developments which the Commission
         regards as new pleas in law are in fact intended simply to develop complaints already introduced as part of the first plea
         in law in the application.
      
      50      It is true that that first plea in law put forward by the Region of Sardinia is entitled ‘Infringement of essential formal
         requirements by virtue of a contradiction in the reasons stated: alleged lack of relevance of the expectation on the part
         of the recipients in the assessment of the “incentive effect” and therefore in the assessment of the condition of the “necessity
         of the aid”’. This heading seems to restrict the scope of the plea in law to an infringement of the obligation to state reasons.
         However, the text which follows that title also contains passages which are clearly concerned with an error in the assessment
         of the incentive effect of the aid, for example the fourth indent of paragraph 17, and paragraphs 18, 20 and 23 of the application.
         In addition, the criterion of the incentive effect of aid is used by the Region of Sardinia as a synonym for the criterion
         of necessity, under which the grant of the aid must be the reason for the recipient’s implementation of a particular project
         that would otherwise not be carried out. Accordingly, the first plea in law put forward by the Region of Sardinia in fact
         contains two pleas in law: the first alleging an error in the assessment of the incentive effect of the aid and the second
         alleging a failure to state reasons in that regard.
      
      51      With regard to the second plea in law that it contests, the Commission alleges that, in the reply, on the pretext of lending
         support to its line of argument concerning the alleged infringement of the obligation to state reasons in relation to the
         assessment of the incentive effect, the Region of Sardinia complains that the Commission did not conduct an adequate investigation
         for the purposes of the contested decision.
      
      52      It appears from the passages in question in the reply that the Region of Sardinia, which by no means intended to introduce
         a new plea in law alleging a failure to conduct an investigation, simply sought to substantiate its first plea in law alleging
         – as pointed out in paragraph 50 above – both an error in the assessment of the incentive effect of the aid and a failure
         to state reasons in that regard.
      
      53      The Region of Sardinia did not therefore put forward new pleas in law at the reply stage, with the result that the plea of
         inadmissibility raised by the Commission must be rejected.
      
       Case T‑408/08
      54      In Case T‑408/08, the Commission regards as new the plea in law alleging a failure to state reasons with regard to the impact
         of the scheme in question on trade between Member States.
      
      55      This plea of inadmissibility raised by the Commission stems from a misunderstanding of the written submissions of SF Turistico
         Immobiliare, which are indeed confusing. The applicant had in fact already referred in the application to the ‘alteration
         of trading conditions to a degree which is contrary to the common interest’ in the context of its ninth plea in law, alleging
         infringement of Article 87(3)(c) EC and of the 1998 Guidelines. Nevertheless, in so doing, it intended merely to substantiate
         that plea in law alleging infringement of the provisions governing the compatibility of aid, and not to put forward a separate
         plea in law alleging infringement of Article 87(1) EC by virtue of the fact that the Commission wrongly found that State aid
         existed.
      
      56      Accordingly, the reference made by SF Turistico Immobiliare, in the reply, to the effect that it ‘also pointed out [in the
         application] the substantive lack of a sufficient statement of grounds regarding the impact of the aid on trade between Member
         States’ must be understood in the same vein, namely that it was meant to substantiate the plea in law alleging infringement
         of the provisions governing the compatibility of aid.
      
      57      It follows that SF Turistico Immobiliare did not put forward a new plea in law at the reply stage, and therefore the plea
         of inadmissibility raised by the Commission must be rejected.
      
       Case T‑453/08
      58      In this case, the Commission regards as new the plea in law alleging infringement of Article 253 EC in relation to the application
         of the de minimis rule.
      
      59      It claims in this connection that the plea in law put forward in the application concerns the proper application of the de minimis threshold and not the provision of an adequate statement of reasons for its application.
      
      60      That claim is incorrect in the light of the wording of the paragraphs of the application in question, in which reference is
         made to the ‘failure to state reasons with regard to the existence of the incentive element of the aid in relation to the
         fact that the part of the grant connected to the expenditure made prior to the application is an amount falling below the
         de minimis threshold’ and a ‘contradiction’ between the contested decision and the statements made by the Commission regarding the de minimis ceiling in its other contacts with the Region of Sardinia.
      
      61      The view must therefore be taken that the plea in law alleging a failure to state reasons with regard to the application of
         the de minimis rule had already been put forward by Timsas in the application, so that the plea of inadmissibility raised by the Commission
         must be rejected.
      
       Case T‑454/08
      62      In this case, the Commission regards as new the plea in law alleging infringement of the rights of the defence, allegedly
         put forward by Grand Hotel Abi d’Oru at the reply stage.
      
      63      It submits in that regard that, in the application, and in connection with the fact that the Commission did not notify it
         of certain documents, Grand Hotel Abi d’Oru was clearly claiming merely the infringement of Article 254 EC and of Article
         20(1) of Regulation No 659/1999.
      
      64      In response to a written question put by the Court, Grand Hotel Abi d’Oru stated that it had not intended, by the passage
         in the reply referred to by the Commission, to put forward a new plea in law alleging infringement of the rights of the defence,
         that passage being intended merely to substantiate the plea in law advanced in the application alleging infringement of Article
         254 EC and of Article 20(1) of Regulation No 659/1999. Consequently, there is no need to reject as inadmissible a plea in
         law raised by Grand Hotel Abi d’Oru.
      
      3.     Admissibility of the pleas in law alleging that the correction decision was unlawful
      65      The interveners and SF Turistico Immobiliare have pleaded the unlawful nature of the correction decision in order to claim
         that the contested decision is unlawful.
      
      66      Despite not formally raising an objection of inadmissibility in this regard, the Commission takes the view that the pleas
         in law in question are inadmissible because the correction decision has become final. Indeed, it was published in the Official Journal of the European Union on 14 February 2007 and was not challenged within the time-limits under the fifth paragraph of Article 230 EC.
      
      67      SF Turistico Immobiliare argues that the correction decision did not adversely affect it since the only specific harm to its
         interests stemmed from the contested decision. It is therefore solely in connection with that decision that it has an interest
         in bringing proceedings.
      
      68      In this regard, it is necessary first of all to establish the legal nature of the correction decision, in order subsequently
         to determine, where appropriate, whether the applicants are prevented from claiming the illegality of that decision in the
         context of an action for annulment brought against the contested decision because they failed to bring legal proceedings to
         challenge the correction decision within the time-limit laid down in the fifth paragraph of Article 230 EC.
      
       The legal nature of the correction decision
      69      The texts governing the procedure applicable to State aid make no express provision for a decision to correct and extend a
         pending procedure.
      
      70      In this regard, it follows from recital 8 in the preamble to Regulation No 659/1999 and from Article 6(1) of the same regulation
         that the decision to initiate the formal investigation procedure must summarise the relevant issues of fact and law, include
         a preliminary assessment as to the aid character of the proposed measure and set out the doubts as to its compatibility with
         the common market, so as to allow the Member State concerned and other interested parties to submit their observations properly
         and, in doing so, to provide the Commission with all the information it needs to assess the compatibility of the aid with
         the common market. The formal investigation procedure permits a more in-depth examination and clarification of the questions
         raised in the decision to initiate the procedure. It follows from Article 7 of Regulation No 659/1999 that, at the end of
         that procedure, the Commission’s analysis may have changed, as it may ultimately decide that the measure does not constitute
         aid or that the doubts as to the compatibility of the measure have been removed. Consequently, the final decision may differ
         somewhat from the decision to initiate the procedure, without, however, those differences affecting the legality of the final
         decision (judgment of 4 March 2009 in Case T‑424/05 Italy v Commission, not published in the ECR, paragraph 69). Viewed from this perspective, there would therefore be no need for the Commission
         to correct a decision to initiate the formal investigation procedure.
      
      71      Nevertheless, it is logical and, moreover, it is in the interest of the potential recipients under an aid scheme that, if
         the Commission realises, once a decision to initiate the formal investigation procedure has been adopted, that that decision
         is based either on incomplete facts or on an incorrect legal classification of those facts, it must be able to alter its position
         by adopting a correction decision. Indeed, such a correction decision, together with a new invitation to the interested parties
         to submit their observations, allows those parties to respond to the change in the Commission’s provisional assessment of
         the measure at issue and to put forward their point of view in that regard.
      
      72      It must further be pointed out that the Commission could also have chosen to adopt, first of all, a decision concluding the
         procedure and, thereafter, a new decision to initiate the formal investigation procedure based on its revised legal assessment,
         the content of which would have been essentially the same as the content of the correction decision. In such circumstances,
         considerations relating to procedural economy and the principle of sound administration point to it being preferable to adopt
         a correction decision rather than to conclude the procedure and initiate a new procedure. It should be borne in mind in this
         context that correcting the subject-matter of the procedure enabled the Commission to take into account, for the purposes
         of the contested decision, the observations submitted by Grand Hotel Abi d’Oru following the decision to initiate the procedure,
         which it would not have been able to do if it had concluded the formal investigation procedure in order to initiate a new
         procedure.
      
      73      With regard to the legal classification of such a correction decision, since – when it is combined with the decision to initiate
         the procedure – the two decisions together form an amended decision to initiate the procedure, the correction decision must
         be deemed to share the same legal status as that amended decision. In this regard, it must be borne in mind that the sole
         aim of the communication regarding the initiation of the formal investigation procedure is to obtain from persons concerned
         all information required for the guidance of the Commission with regard to its future action (Case 70/72 Commission v Germany [1973] ECR 813, paragraph 19, and Case T‑266/94 Skibsværftsforeningen and Others v Commission [1996] ECR II‑1399, paragraph 256).
      
      74      In the present case, the Commission set out, in the correction decision, the reasons why it took the view that the legal assessment
         of the aid scheme in question, contained in the decision to initiate the procedure, had to be corrected. It explained in particular
         that, in its view, this was a case of an unlawful scheme and not one of the abusive application of a scheme it had approved.
         The Commission included with those explanations a new invitation to the parties concerned to submit their observations. It
         follows that the correction decision had the same subject-matter and the same objective as a decision to initiate the procedure,
         and should therefore be regarded as such.
      
       The consequences, in the present case, for the admissibility of the pleas in law alleging the illegality of the correction
            decision
      75      First, it must be observed that the Court has consistently held that measures or decisions against which proceedings for annulment,
         as provided for in Article 230 EC, may be brought are measures producing legal effects which are binding on and capable of
         affecting the interests of the applicant by having a significant effect on his legal position (Case 60/81 IBM v Commission [1981] ECR 2639, paragraph 9, and Joined Cases T‑10/92 to T‑12/92 and T‑15/92 Cimenteries CBR and Others v Commission [1992] ECR II‑2667, paragraph 28).
      
      76      In the case of acts or decisions drawn up in several stages, in particular following an internal procedure, in principle only
         measures definitively laying down the position of the institution upon the conclusion of that procedure may be contested,
         and not provisional measures intended to pave the way for the final decision (IBM v Commission, cited in paragraph 75 above, paragraph 10, and Cimenteries CBR v Commission, cited in paragraph 75 above, paragraph 28).
      
      77      In accordance with that case-law, the final decision adopted by the Commission in order to conclude the formal investigation
         procedure provided for in Article 88(2) EC constitutes a measure which may be contested on the basis of Article 230 EC. Such
         a decision produces effects which are binding on and capable of affecting the interests of the parties concerned, since it
         concludes the procedure in question and definitively decides whether the measure under review is compatible with the rules
         applying to State aid. Accordingly, interested parties are always able to contest the final decision which concludes the formal
         investigation procedure and must, in that context, be able to challenge the various elements which form the basis for the
         position definitively adopted by the Commission (Case T‑190/00 Regione Siciliana v Commission [2003] ECR II‑5015, paragraph 45). That right is independent of whether the decision to initiate the formal investigation
         procedure gives rise to legal effects which may be the subject-matter of an action for annulment. It is true that in the case-law
         of the Court of Justice and the General Court it is accepted that an action may be brought against the initiation decision
         when it gives rise to definitive legal effects which cannot subsequently be regularised by the final decision. Such is the
         case when, as in the present case, the Commission initiates the formal investigation procedure in respect of a measure which
         it provisionally classifies as new aid, since that decision to initiate the procedure entails legal effects independent of
         the final decision. Suspension of the implementation of the measure concerned, which under Article 88(3) EC results from the
         provisional classification of that measure as new aid, is independent of the final decision, limited in time until the conclusion
         of the formal procedure (Case C‑312/90 Spain v Commission [1992] ECR I‑4117, paragraphs 12 to 24; Case C‑47/91 Italy v Commission [1994] ECR I‑4635, paragraphs 29 and 30; Case C‑400/99 Italy v Commission [2001] ECR I‑7303, paragraphs 56 to 62 and 69; and Joined Cases T‑195/01 and T‑207/01 Government of Gibraltar v Commission [2002] ECR II‑2309, paragraphs 80 to 86).
      
      78      Nevertheless, the right to challenge a decision to initiate the procedure may not diminish the procedural rights of interested
         parties by preventing them from challenging the final decision and relying in support of their action on defects at any stage
         of the procedure leading to that decision (Regione Siciliana v Commission, cited in paragraph 77 above, paragraph 47).
      
      79      It follows from the foregoing that the fact that the applicants and the interveners did not bring an action against the correction
         decision within the specified time-limit does not prevent them from putting forward pleas in law alleging the illegality of
         that decision in order to oppose the contested decision, with the result that the plea of inadmissibility raised by the Commission
         must be rejected.
      
      4.     The pleas in law alleging procedural errors
      80      The applicants and the interveners put forward three pleas in law relating to procedural errors alleging, first, infringement
         of Article 88(2) EC and of Regulation No 659/1999, second, infringement of Article 254(3) EC and of Article 20(1) of Regulation
         No 659/1999 and, third, the inadequacy of the reasons stated in the contested decision.
      
       The plea alleging infringement of Article 88(2) EC and of Regulation No 659/1999
      81      This plea in law can be subdivided into three complaints, alleging, respectively, infringement of Article 9 of Regulation
         No 659/1999, a failure to conduct a proper investigation and non-compliance with the time-limits laid down in Regulation No 659/1999.
      
       The complaint alleging infringement of Article 9 of Regulation No 659/1999
      82      The interveners submit that, since the aid declared incompatible by the contested decision had previously been approved by
         the Commission, the Commission should have revoked the approval decision as it was required to do under Article 9 of Regulation
         No 659/1999.
      
      83      The Commission has not made any specific comments about the substance of this complaint.
      
      84      Pursuant to Article 9 of Regulation No 659/1999, the Commission may inter alia revoke a decision by which it authorised aid
         after having given the Member State concerned the opportunity to submit its comments, where the decision was based on incorrect
         information provided during the procedure which was a determining factor for the decision.
      
      85      However, it must be observed that the approval decision is not based on incorrect information. In this connection, it is clear
         from recitals 51, 54, 59, 61 and 72 in the preamble to the contested decision that the Commission does not criticise the Italian
         authorities for communicating to it incorrect or incomplete information in the course of the procedure leading up to the approval
         decision. Indeed, it attributes the incompatibility with the common market of the aid in question in the present case to the
         fact that Resolution No 33/6 introduced changes to the measure initially notified which were incompatible with the terms of
         the approval decision to the extent that, in the course of the initial invitation to submit applications under the scheme
         in question, projects on which work had started prior to the submission of the application for aid (‘the disputed aid scheme’
         or ‘the disputed scheme’) could be eligible. In addition, Resolution No 33/6 is dated 27 July 2000 and was therefore adopted
         after the approval decision of 12 November 1998.
      
      86      It follows that Article 9 of Regulation No 659/1999 did not apply to the present case.
      
      87      In this connection, it should be added that there was no reason for the Commission to revoke the approval decision, since
         its assessment regarding the compatibility of the aid scheme approved by that decision had not changed. Indeed, the Commission
         observed in Article 1 of the contested decision that ‘the State aid granted in accordance with … Act No 9/1998, unlawfully
         put into effect by Italy in Resolution (deliberazione) No 33/6 …, is incompatible with the common market unless the recipient of the aid submitted an application for aid under
         the scheme before starting work …’. It therefore follows that the contested decision does not affect the compatibility of
         the State aid granted in accordance with Act No 9/1998 where an application for aid was made before work was started. It was
         subject to that very condition that the Commission declared in the approval decision that it had no objections to the aid
         scheme notified by Italy.
      
      88      Accordingly, the complaint raised by the interveners alleging infringement of Article 9 of Regulation No 659/1999 must be
         rejected.
      
       The complaint alleging a failure to conduct a proper investigation
      89      Timsas and Grand Hotel Abi d’Oru allege that the Commission failed to conduct a proper investigation because it did not take
         account of their specific situation. In particular, the Commission failed to examine their position as private parties as
         compared with the Region of Sardinia and the differences existing between the various undertakings concerned by the implementation
         of the aid scheme at issue. In addition, the Commission failed to give consideration to the legitimate expectation raised
         on their part by both the Region of Sardinia and the Commission.
      
      90      The Commission disputes the arguments advanced by Timsas and Grand Hotel Abi d’Oru.
      
      91      It is settled case-law that, in the case of an aid scheme, the Commission is, in principle, not required to conduct an analysis
         of the aid granted in individual cases but may confine itself to examining the characteristics of the scheme in question (see,
         to that effect, Case 248/84 Germany v Commission [1987] ECR 4013, paragraph 18; Case C‑310/99 Italy v Commission [2002] ECR I‑2289, paragraph 89; and Case C‑278/00 Greece v Commission [2004] ECR I‑3997, paragraph 24). Furthermore, the specific circumstances of the individual recipients of an aid scheme can
         be assessed only at the stage of recovery of the aid by the Member State concerned (Italy v Commission, cited above, paragraph 91, and Case T‑354/99 Kuwait Petroleum (Nederland) v Commission [2006] ECR II‑1475, paragraph 67). Indeed, if the situation were otherwise, the burden of proof on the Commission would be
         greater in the case of a scheme put into effect unlawfully, in breach of Article 88(3) EC, than in a case where the Member
         State in question had complied with the notification requirement laid down in that provision, since in the latter case the
         specific circumstances of the potential recipients are by definition unknown at the examination stage.
      
      92      Accordingly, in the present case, the Commission was entitled to confine itself to examining the aid scheme as such and was
         not required to take into account the relationships between the applicants and the Region of Sardinia, the differences existing
         between the various undertakings concerned, or any legitimate expectations which might be claimed by some of those undertakings
         and which were raised on their part either by the Commission or by the Region of Sardinia. Account can be taken of such circumstances
         only at the stage of the recovery of the individual grants of aid.
      
      93      It follows that the complaint alleging a failure to conduct a proper investigation must be rejected.
      
       The complaint alleging non-compliance with the time-limits laid down in Regulation No 659/1999
      94      The interveners allege that the Commission failed to comply with the following time-limits laid down in Regulation No 659/1999:
      
      –        the two-month time-limit from the day following the complete notification, within which the Commission must make a decision
         following completion of the preliminary examination stage, in accordance with Article 4(5) of Regulation No 659/1999;
      
      –        the two-month time-limit within which the Commission should make a decision following completion of the preliminary examination
         stage where it has in its possession information regarding alleged unlawful aid, in accordance with Article 10(1) of Regulation
         No 659/1999, as interpreted by case-law;
      
      –        the 18-month time-limit from the initiation of the formal investigation procedure within which the Commission must adopt a
         decision to conclude that procedure, in accordance with Article 7(6) of Regulation No 659/1999.
      
      95      The Commission has not made any specific comments about the substance of this complaint.
      
      96      In this connection, it must be pointed out, first, that the two-month time-limit for the conclusion of the preliminary examination
         stage, laid down in Article 4(5) of Regulation No 659/1999, begins on the day following the receipt of a complete notification.
         In the present case, the preliminary examination of the disputed scheme was initiated not by a notification of that scheme
         by the Italian Republic but by a complaint relating to the abusive application of the initial scheme which was received by
         the Commission on 21 February 2003. Accordingly, the Commission was not bound by the two-month time-limit laid down by Article
         4(5) of Regulation No 659/1999 (see, to that effect, even before the entry into force of Regulation No 659/1999, Case T‑95/96
         Gestevisión Telecinco v Commission [1998] ECR II‑3407, paragraph 79, and Case T‑46/97 SIC v Commission [2000] ECR II‑2125, paragraph 103).
      
      97      Second, with regard to the two-month time-limit allegedly imposed by case-law in the light of Article 10(1) of Regulation
         No 659/1999, it must be pointed out first of all that, in accordance with that provision, where the Commission has in its
         possession information from whatever source regarding alleged unlawful aid, it is to examine that information without delay.
         That provision must not be understood as referring to the conclusion of the preliminary examination stage, but rather as relating
         to the beginning of the preliminary examination; this argument is supported by the fact, highlighted in the previous paragraph,
         that the Commission is not bound by the ordinary time-limit in the case of a preliminary examination initiated by a complaint.
      
      98      The case-law relied upon by the interveners does not provide an interpretation of those provisions which differs from that
         set out above. Indeed, although it is true that that case-law points to the fact that the Commission must conclude the preliminary
         examination stage within a period of two months, that time-limit nevertheless applies exclusively in the case of aid notified
         by the Member States, as is clear from the context of the paragraphs cited by the interveners, and not in cases where, as
         here, the preliminary examination stage was initiated by a complaint.
      
      99      It is true that the above cannot mean that the Commission is entitled to prolong the preliminary examination stage at its
         discretion. For example, it has been held that, since it has exclusive jurisdiction to assess the compatibility of State aid
         with the common market, the Commission must, in the interests of sound administration and the fundamental rules of the Treaty
         relating to State aid, conduct a diligent and impartial examination of a complaint alleging aid to be incompatible with the
         common market (see, to that effect, Case C‑367/95 P Commission v Sytraval and Brink’s France [1998] ECR I‑1719, paragraph 62, and Gestevisión Telecinco v Commission, cited in paragraph 96 above, paragraph 72), and that it cannot therefore prolong indefinitely its preliminary investigation
         into State measures in relation to which there has been a complaint concerning State aid (Gestevisión Telecinco v Commission, cited in paragraph 96 above, paragraph 74). In accordance with settled case-law, whether or not the duration of an administrative
         procedure is reasonable must be determined in relation to the particular circumstances of each case and, especially, its context,
         the various procedural stages to be followed by the Commission, the complexity of the case and its importance for the various
         parties involved (Case T‑73/95 Oliveira v Commission [1997] ECR II‑381, paragraph 45; Joined Cases T‑213/95 and T‑18/96 SCK and FNK v Commission [1997] ECR II‑1739, paragraph 57; and Gestevisión Telecinco v Commission, cited in paragraph 96 above, paragraph 75).
      
      100    In the present case, a period of just over 11 months elapsed between the receipt of the complaint by the Commission on 21
         February 2003 and the adoption of the decision to initiate the procedure on 3 February 2004. In view inter alia of the fact
         that the Commission had to request addition information from the Region of Sardinia, through the intermediary of the Italian
         Republic, such a period of time cannot be regarded as excessive.
      
      101    Third, in accordance with Article 13(2) and Article 16 of Regulation No 659/1999, in cases where aid is presumed to be unlawful
         and in cases where aid is presumed to have been misused, the Commission is not bound inter alia by the time-limit laid down
         in Article 7(6) of Regulation No 659/1999. Furthermore, in the present case, the formal investigation procedure initiated
         by the Commission was at first concerned with aid presumed to have been misused and then, following the correction decision,
         with aid presumed to be unlawful.
      
      102    It follows that the complaint alleging non-compliance with the time-limits laid down in Regulation No 659/1999 must be rejected.
      
       The plea in law alleging infringement of Article 254(3) EC and of Article 20(1) of Regulation No 659/1999
      103    Grand Hotel Abi d’Oru claims that the Commission infringed the notification requirement laid down in Article 254(3) EC and
         in Article 20(1) of Regulation No 659/1999 by failing to communicate to it both the request for additional information, addressed
         by the Commission to the Italian Republic on 26 February 2003 (see paragraph 15 above), and the correction decision, even
         though it had submitted observations concerning the disputed aid scheme in response to the invitation contained in the decision
         to initiate the procedure.
      
      104    The Commission contests the arguments advanced by Grand Hotel Abi d’Oru.
      
      105    In the first place, pursuant to Article 254(3) EC, decisions are to be notified to those to whom they are addressed and are
         to take effect upon such notification.
      
      106    With regard, first, to the correction decision, the Court has consistently held that decisions adopted by the Commission in
         relation to State aid are always addressed to the Member States concerned (Commission v Sytraval and Brink’s France, cited in paragraph 99 above, paragraph 45; Case T‑82/96 ARAP and Others v Commission [1999] ECR II‑1889, paragraph 28; and SIC v Commission, cited in paragraph 96 above, paragraph 45). This case-law, which pre-dates Regulation No 659/1999, was expressly confirmed
         by Article 25 of that regulation, which provides that decisions taken pursuant to Chapters II, III, IV, V and VII of the regulation
         are to be addressed to the Member State concerned, and notified to them by the Commission without delay. It must be borne
         in mind in this connection that, as held in paragraphs 69 to 74 above, the correction decision must be assigned the legal
         status of a decision to initiate the formal investigation procedure.
      
      107    It follows that the correction decision was addressed exclusively to the Italian Republic and not to the recipients under
         the disputed scheme. Consequently, Article 254(3) EC did not require the Commission to notify the correction decision to Grand
         Hotel Abi d’Oru.
      
      108    With regard, secondly, to the request for additional information, such a request is not a decision within the meaning of the
         fourth paragraph of Article 249 EC, such that Article 254(3) EC does not apply to it.
      
      109    The complaint alleging infringement of that provision must therefore be rejected.
      
      110    In the second place, in accordance with Article 20(1) of Regulation No 659/1999, any interested party which has submitted
         comments following a Commission decision to initiate the formal investigation procedure is to be sent a copy of the decision
         taken by the Commission pursuant to Article 7 of the Regulation.
      
      111    Neither the correction decision nor the request for additional information may be regarded as a ‘decision taken pursuant to
         Article 7’ of Regulation No 659/1999. As is clear both from the title of the provision and from its content, that article
         in fact covers only the Commission decisions concluding the formal investigation procedure. In addition, first, as explained
         in paragraphs 73 and 74 above, the correction decision must be classified not as a decision concluding the formal investigation
         procedure but, on the contrary, as a decision to initiate that procedure. Second, with regard to the request for additional
         information, as pointed out in paragraph 108 above, such a request is not an act capable of being classified as a decision,
         with the result that it is likewise not covered by Article 20(1) of Regulation No 659/1999.
      
      112    The complaint alleging infringement of that provision must therefore be rejected.
      
      113    It follows that the complaint alleging infringement of Article 254(3) EC and of Article 20(1) of Regulation No 659/1999 must
         be rejected.
      
       The plea in law alleging failures to state reasons in the contested decision
      114    The applicants and the interveners raise six complaints regarding the failure to state reasons in the contested decision and
         in the correction decision.
      
       The complaint alleging a failure to state reasons as regards the infringement of the principle that the duration of the procedure
         should be reasonable
      
      115    SF Turistico Immobiliare claims that both the correction decision and the contested decision lack any statement of reasons
         in relation to the alleged infringement of the principle that the duration of the procedure should be reasonable.
      
      116    The correction decision fails to explain the reasons which led the Commission to wait for two and a half years to correct
         and extend the scope of the decision to initiate the procedure, even though it had been fully aware of all the relevant factors
         since April 2003.
      
      117    With regard to the contested decision, SF Turistico Immobiliare concedes that, in accordance with Article 13(2) of Regulation
         No 659/1999, the Commission is not to be bound, in cases of possible unlawful aid, to the time-limits set out in Articles
         4(5), 7(6) and 7(7) of Regulation No 659/1999. This does not mean, however, that the principle of the reasonable duration
         of the procedure does not apply in such cases. Since the contested decision provides no justification for the abnormally lengthy
         duration of the investigation procedure of more than four years and five months, it is vitiated by an error relating to the
         statement of reasons.
      
      118    The Commission disputes the arguments advanced by SF Turistico Immobiliare.
      
      119    It must be recalled as a preliminary point that, in the context of the examination of the present complaint, the aim is not
         to examine whether the duration of the procedure was in fact excessive in the present case, but simply to answer the question
         whether the Commission’s duty to state reasons applies to the duration of the procedure and, if so, whether it fulfilled that
         duty.
      
      120    The first of those two questions must, however, be answered in the negative – in other words, the Commission’s duty to state
         reasons does not apply to the duration of the procedure but simply to the actual content of the decision.
      
      121    Indeed, it has been consistently held that the statement of reasons required by Article 253 EC must be appropriate to the
         measure at issue and must disclose in a clear and unequivocal fashion the reasoning followed by the institution which adopted
         the measure in question in such a way as to enable the persons concerned to ascertain the reasons for the measure adopted
         and to enable the competent court to exercise its power of review. The requirements to be satisfied by the statement of reasons
         depend on the circumstances of each case, in particular the content of the measure, the nature of the reasons given and the
         interest which the addressees of the measure, or other parties to whom the measure is of direct and individual concern, may
         have in obtaining explanations (see Commission v Sytraval and Brink’s France, cited in paragraph 99 above, paragraph 63 and the case-law cited, and Case C‑413/06 P Bertelsmann and Sony Corporation of America v Impala [2008] ECR I‑4951, paragraph 166, and the case-law cited).
      
      122    The duration of a procedure is not determined by the reasoning followed by the institution in question, which may justify
         that duration, but is rather a purely factual circumstance which depends exclusively on the time needed by the institution
         to bring the procedure to its conclusion. It does not therefore form part of the content of the decision, in respect of which
         reasons may be stated, within the meaning of the case-law cited in the previous paragraph. As the Commission rightly points
         out, it requires merely – and purely as a matter of fact – that the different stages of the procedure leading up to the adoption
         of the decision in question be listed.
      
      123    Consequently, the complaint alleging a failure to state reasons as regards the infringement of the principle of the reasonable
         duration of the procedure must be rejected.
      
       The complaint alleging a failure to state reasons as regards the classification of the aid as new unlawful aid
      124    The Region of Sardinia claims that the contested decision does not state the reasons for the classification of the aid to
         the projects on which work had already started before the application was made as unlawful rather than misused.
      
      125    The Commission contests the arguments advanced by the Region of Sardinia.
      
      126    In this connection, it is sufficient to point out that the Commission essentially set out, in recitals 48 to 55 in the preamble
         to the contested decision, that the aid scheme which was implemented by the adoption inter alia of Resolution No 33/6 did
         not comply with the terms of the approval decision, in so far as it did not guarantee the incentive effect of the aid in question,
         and that, therefore, the aid awarded to projects on which work started before the application for aid was submitted was to
         be regarded as unlawful.
      
      127    Such a statement of reasons discloses in a clear and unequivocal fashion the reasoning followed by the institution which adopted
         the measure in such a way as to enable the persons concerned to ascertain the reasons for the measure and to enable the Court
         to exercise its power of review within the meaning of the case-law cited in paragraph 121 above.
      
      128    This complaint must therefore be rejected as unfounded.
      
       The complaint alleging a failure to state reasons as regards the incompatibility of the aid as regional development aid
      129    The interveners and SF Turistico Immobiliare claim that the contested decision does not contain a statement of reasons relating
         to the compatibility of the aid granted under the disputed scheme (‘the disputed aid’), in particular from the perspective
         of its contribution to regional development for the purposes of Article 87(3)(c) EC. In particular, the Commission has failed
         to specify the reasons why, unlike in other cases characterised by similar circumstances, it did not consider the derogations
         provided for in Article 87(3)(a) and (c) EC to be applicable.
      
      130    The Commission contests the arguments advanced by the interveners and SF Turistico Immobiliare.
      
      131    With regard, in the first place, to the admissibility of the complaint raised by SF Turistico Immobiliare, since the plea
         in law alleging a failure to provide a statement of reasons is a matter of public policy, it cannot be rejected as inadmissible
         because it must be examined by the Court of its own motion (see Case T‑349/03 Corsica Ferries France v Commission [2005] ECR II‑2197, paragraph 52 and the case-law cited).
      
      132    In the second place, the Commission’s argument in which it claims that it is not required to demonstrate the incompatibility
         of the aid since it is for the Member State concerned to demonstrate its compatibility must be rejected. It is indeed true
         that, where the decision to initiate the procedure provided for in Article 88(2) EC contains an adequate preliminary analysis
         by the Commission setting out the reasons for its doubts regarding the compatibility of the aid in question with the common
         market, it is for the Member State concerned and the potential recipient to adduce evidence to show that the aid is compatible
         with the common market (Case T‑109/01 Fleuren Compost v Commission [2004] ECR II‑127, paragraph 45; see also, to that effect, Case T‑176/01 Ferriere Nord v Commission [2004] ECR II‑3931, paragraphs 93 and 94; see also, by analogy, Joined Cases C‑74/00 P and C‑75/00 P Falck and Acciaierie di Bolzano v Commission [2002] ECR I‑7869, paragraph 170). However, this is simply a rule relating to the burden of proof and not to the duty to
         state reasons, meaning that it is for the Commission, where appropriate, to set out in its decision the reasons which led
         it to take the view that, despite the evidence adduced by the Member State or the recipients, the aid in question is not compatible
         with the common market.
      
      133    In the third place, in the present case, the Commission has complied with its duty to state reasons in that regard.
      
      134    Indeed, it essentially stated, in recitals 56 to 73 in the preamble to the contested decision, that the reason why the disputed
         aid was not compatible with the common market was the absence of any incentive effect of that aid on account of the fact that
         it had been granted to projects which had already been started before the application for aid was submitted. It pointed out
         in particular in this connection that the principle of the necessity of aid is a general principle, a fact confirmed by case-law,
         which was moreover restated both in the approval decision and in the 1998 Guidelines (see recitals 58 to 61 in the preamble
         to the contested decision). That finding alone constituted a sufficient statement of the reasons for the incompatibility of
         the aid, since it was capable of precluding the compatibility of any aid under the heading of regional development aid. It
         must be borne in mind in this context that the Court has previously found that, by recalling the criteria laid down in the
         Guidelines and holding that those criteria were not satisfied in a particular case, the Commission gave sufficient reasons
         for its decision to refuse to grant a derogation under Article 87(3) EC (Case T‑214/95 Vlaams Gewest v Commission [1998] ECR II‑717, paragraph 102). Accordingly, although in recitals 62 to 69 in the preamble to the contested decision the
         Commission rejected various arguments advanced by the Italian authorities, and in recital 71 in the preamble to that decision
         it stated that the disputed aid also could not be approved on the basis of other legal provisions, such explanations are merely
         superfluous in nature.
      
      135    The complaint alleging a failure to state reasons as regards the incompatibility of the aid as regional development aid must
         therefore be rejected.
      
       The complaint alleging a failure to state reasons as regards the assessment of the incentive effect of the disputed aid
      136    In the context of this complaint, the Region of Sardinia, the interveners, SF Turistico Immobiliare, Timsas and Grand Hotel
         Abi d’Oru put forward three arguments alleging a failure to state reasons in relation to the assessment by the Commission
         of the incentive effect of the disputed aid.
      
      137    First, the interveners claim that the Commission should have explained the reasons why, in the present case, the presumption
         referred to in point 4.2 of the 1998 Guidelines, namely that the incentive effect is absent where work is started before the
         application for aid is made, could not be rebutted by the arguments advanced by the Region of Sardinia. At the very least
         the Commission should have carried out a specific comparison of the alleged imbalance that the payment of the aid in question
         caused on the reference market. There is, however, no trace of any such justification in the contested decision.
      
      138    Second, the Region of Sardinia claims that the contested decision is devoid of any statement of reasons and contradictory
         as regards the reason why the Commission failed to take into account, as part of the assessment of the incentive effect of
         the disputed aid scheme, the confidence of the recipients under that scheme in the applicable national and Community legislation
         at the time that they took the decision to invest.
      
      139    Third, SF Turistico Immobiliare, Timsas and Grand Hotel Abi d’Oru claim that the contested decision is devoid of any statement
         of reasons as regards the reason why the Commission failed to take into account, as part of the assessment of the incentive
         effect of the disputed aid scheme, the specific situation of the recipients under that scheme.
      
      140    The Commission contests those arguments.
      
      141    With regard, in the first place, to the arguments advanced by the Region of Sardinia and by the interveners, it is necessary
         to reject from the outset the argument that the Commission should have carried out a specific comparison of the alleged imbalance
         that the payment of the aid in question caused on the market. Indeed, the issue of whether the aid in question caused an imbalance
         on the market, which is in principle a matter relating to the concept of aid, is wholly irrelevant for the purposes of the
         assessment of its incentive effect, which relates to the examination of the compatibility of the aid in question with the
         common market.
      
      142    Furthermore, it is likewise necessary to reject the argument that the Commission should have explained the reasons why the
         presumption referred to in point 4.2 of the 1998 Guidelines could not be rebutted by the arguments advanced by the Region
         of Sardinia and, in particular, by considerations relating to the legitimate expectations of the recipients under the disputed
         scheme, without it being necessary at that stage to rule on the claim by the interveners that the requirement to submit an
         application for aid before work is started stemmed from a rebuttable presumption. Indeed, it must be held that, in recitals
         62 to 67 in the preamble to the contested decision, the Commission began by providing a summary of the arguments which were
         put forward by the Italian authorities as part of the formal investigation procedure and which are set out in greater detail
         in recitals 36 to 43 in the preamble to that decision. It went on to state in relation to each of those arguments the reason
         why it took the view that it should be rejected. In any event, there can be no question of a failure to state reasons in this
         regard, and therefore the arguments advanced by the Region of Sardinia and by the interveners must be rejected.
      
      143    In the second place, the argument presented in paragraph 139 above must be rejected without it being necessary, in accordance
         with the considerations set out in paragraph 44 above, to rule on its admissibility in so far as that argument is advanced
         by SF Turistico Immobiliare.
      
      144    Indeed, as set out in paragraphs 91 and 92 above, in the context of the examination of an aid scheme, the Commission is entitled
         to confine its examination to the general and abstract characteristics of that scheme, without being required to examine the
         particular situation of the different recipients under that scheme. Since the Commission was not required to examine the particular
         situation of the recipients, the duty to state reasons likewise did not apply to that situation, meaning that the argument
         advanced by SF Turistico Immobiliare, Timsas and Grand Hotel Abi d’Oru must be rejected.
      
      145    Consequently, the complaint alleging a failure to state reasons as regards the assessment of the incentive effect of the aid
         must be rejected.
      
       The complaint alleging a failure to state reasons as regards the refusal to apply the de minimis rule
      
      146    SF Turistico Immobiliare and Timsas claim that the Commission failed to explain in the contested decision the reason why it
         ruled out applying the de minimis rule to the part of the aid corresponding to the costs borne before the date on which the application for aid was made.
      
      147    The Commission contests those arguments.
      
      148    It is sufficient in this regard to point out that, in recital 68 in the preamble to the contested decision, the Commission
         stated the reasons why it took the view that the de minimis rule could not be applied in the present case to circumvent the obligation to submit the application for aid before work
         is started on the project. It thus made clear that the sum to be considered should relate to the project in its entirety,
         with the result that it was not possible to consider the initial work eligible under the de minimis rule. It further stated that the Italian authorities apparently did not take into account the fact that a recipient might
         have received de minimis aid under other schemes.
      
      149    The complaint alleging a failure to state reasons as regards the refusal to apply the de minimis rule must therefore be rejected, without it being necessary, in accordance with the case-law cited in paragraph 44, to examine
         the complaint’s admissibility.
      
       The complaint alleging a failure to state reasons for the order for recovery
      150    The Region of Sardinia claims that the contested decision fails to state reasons for the order to recover the aid from the
         recipients. It states in this connection that, in the grounds of that decision, the Commission should have taken into account
         the fact that, in accordance with case-law, a recipient of unlawful aid is permitted to rely on exceptional circumstances
         capable of forming a legitimate basis for its belief in the lawful nature of that aid.
      
      151    The Commission contests that argument.
      
      152    The Court has consistently held that, in the matter of State aid, where, contrary to the provisions of Article 88(3) EC, the
         aid has already been granted, the Commission, which has the power to require the national authorities to order repayment,
         is not obliged to provide specific reasons in order to justify the exercise of that power (Case C‑75/97 Belgium v Commission [1999] ECR I‑3671, paragraph 82; Italy v Commission, cited in paragraph 91 above, paragraph 106; and Case C‑148/04 Unicredito Italiano [2005] ECR I‑11137, paragraph 99). That case-law, which pre-dates the entry into force of Regulation No 659/1999, continues
         to apply within the framework of Article 14(1) of that regulation. That provision states that ‘where negative decisions are
         taken in cases of unlawful aid, the Commission shall decide that the Member State concerned shall take all necessary measures
         to recover the aid from the beneficiary’. The decision to recover the aid is therefore the more or less automatic consequence
         where that aid is held to be unlawful and incompatible, subject to the sole condition – which stems from the second sentence
         of that provision – that an order for recovery is not contrary to a general principle of Community law. The Commission therefore
         has no discretion in this regard. In addition, in such circumstances, once it has set out the reasons why it takes the view
         that the aid in question is unlawful and incompatible with the common market, it cannot be required to state reasons for the
         decision ordering the recovery.
      
      153    Accordingly, the complaint alleging a failure to state reasons for the decision to recover the disputed aid must be rejected,
         as must, consequently, the plea in law alleging a failure to state reasons in general.
      
      5.     The substantive pleas in law
      154    The applicants and the interveners put forward 10 substantive pleas in law alleging, first, the absence of any legal basis
         for the correction decision, second, a misuse of powers when that decision was adopted, third, that the approval decision
         did not mention the condition of a prior application, fourth, the misclassification of the aid in question as unlawful, fifth,
         that the 1998 Guidelines do not apply, sixth, a manifest error of assessment as regards the existence of an incentive effect,
         seventh, infringement of Article 87(3) EC, eighth, infringement of the principle of impartiality and of the principle of the
         protection of competition, ninth, infringement of the principle of the protection of legitimate expectations and, tenth, infringement
         of the provisions relating to de minimis aid.
      
       The plea in law alleging the absence of any legal basis for the correction decision
      155    SF Turistico Immobiliare and the interveners claim that no provision is made in the EC Treaty or in Regulation No 659/1999
         for the possibility of reopening, extending or correcting the formal investigation procedure. In addition, SF Turistico Immobiliare
         submits that, in accordance with Article 7 of Regulation No 659/1999, that procedure must be concluded by an express decision
         and not by the initiation of a new investigation. The correction decision is thus unlawful, thereby also vitiating the measures
         subsequently adopted.
      
      156    The Commission disputes those arguments.
      
      157    The findings made in paragraphs 69 to 72 above make clear that, although it is true that the texts governing the procedure
         for State aid do not provide expressly for a decision to correct a pending procedure, such a decision may be adopted where
         the Commission realises, after the adoption of a decision to initiate a formal investigation procedure, that the latter decision
         is based either on incomplete facts or on an incorrect legal classification of those facts. As held in paragraphs 73 and 74
         above, since – when such a decision is combined with the decision to initiate the procedure – the two decisions together form
         an amended decision to initiate the procedure, the correction decision must be deemed to share the same legal status as that
         amended decision.
      
      158    Accordingly, in the present case, it was possible to base the correction decision on the first subparagraph of Article 88(2) EC
         and on Article 4(4) of Regulation No 659/1999, as is the case with any decision to initiate the formal investigation procedure,
         in addition to the principles of procedural economy and sound administration, as stated in the considerations set out in paragraph
         72 above.
      
      159    The plea in law alleging that there is no legal basis for the correction decision must therefore be rejected.
      
       The plea in law alleging a misuse of powers when the correction decision was adopted
      160    SF Turistico Immobiliare claims that the Commission’s adoption of the correction decision constitutes the use of a ‘ploy not
         provided for in legislation’, with a view to prolonging excessively the formal investigation procedure opened in 2004 in order
         to mitigate its own failings. In its view, the Commission reclassified as unlawful the aid which it had initially classified
         as misused in order that the aid granted might be recovered.
      
      161    The Commission disputes those arguments.
      
      162    In the first place, in so far as SF Turistico Immobiliare claims that the formal investigation was prolonged excessively,
         it must be pointed out that, as is made clear in paragraph 101 above, although the duration of the formal investigation procedure
         may appear to have been lengthy in the present case, the Commission was not in any event bound by the time-limit laid down
         in Article 7(6) of Regulation No 659/1999. 
      
      163    In the second place, as found in paragraphs 157 to 159 above, the correction decision was based on the first subparagraph
         of Article 88(2) EC and on Article 4(4) of Regulation No 659/1999, with the result that – contrary to the claims of SF Turistico
         Immobiliare – there is no question whatsoever of a ‘ploy not provided for in legislation’.
      
      164    In the third place, the correction decision cannot have been adopted in pursuit of the aim of enabling the recovery of the
         aid granted, as SF Turistico Immobiliare claims. Indeed, since the second sentence of Article 16 of Regulation No 659/1999
         refers, inter alia, to Article 14 of that same regulation, aid which has been misused must be recovered on the same basis
         as unlawful aid, assuming that the Commission finds that the aid is not compatible with the common market. The change to the
         legal assessment made in the correction decision was therefore by no means necessary in order for a recovery decision to be
         made.
      
      165    Consequently, the plea in law alleging a misuse of powers must be rejected.
      
       The plea in law alleging that the approval decision did not mention the condition of a prior application
      166    The interveners submit that the approval decision does not mention the condition that the application for aid had to be submitted
         before the work started. The Commission therefore approved, by that decision, an aid scheme which did not prevent the economic
         operators who had started work before submitting an application for aid from benefiting from the aid provided for under that
         scheme. In so doing, the Commission acknowledged the incentive effect and the necessity of that aid. Accordingly, the contested
         decision was based on the incorrect finding of an infringement of a condition which, in reality, did not exist.
      
      167    The Commission disputes that argument.
      
      168    This plea in law must be rejected. Indeed, in the part of the approval decision given over to the description of the scheme
         approved, the Commission stated unambiguously that ‘the undertakings must have submitted an application for financing before
         work is started on the investment projects’.
      
      169    It is true that the copy of the approval decision contained in Annex A.2 to the application in Case T‑394/08 is reproduced
         in such a way that it does not clearly convey the statement in question, which appears at the top of the second page of that
         document. However, the copy produced by the Commission in the annex to the defence in Case T‑408/08 makes clear that the statement
         at issue is indeed contained therein. Furthermore, it is clear both from the pre-litigation procedure between the Commission
         and the Region of Sardinia and from the conduct of the latter before the Court that the party concerned was aware of the condition
         regarding the submission of the application for aid before work is started. Indeed, as the Commission rightly points out,
         the Region of Sardinia has never denied, either in its correspondence with the Commission or before the Court, that it undertook
         to grant aid only to projects on which work started after an application for aid had been made.
      
      170    It follows that the contested decision is by no means founded – as the interveners claim – on the finding of the infringement
         of a condition which, in reality, did not exist. The plea in law advanced by the interveners must therefore be rejected.
      
       The plea in law alleging that the classification of the aid as unlawful, rather than as misused, is incorrect
      171    The Region of Sardinia, the interveners and SF Turistico Immobiliare claim that, in the correction decision and the contested
         decision, the Commission incorrectly classified the aid in question as unlawful, rather than as misused, taking as a basis
         the view that that aid constituted alterations to existing aid within the meaning of Article 1(c) and (f) of Regulation No 659/1999.
         In reality, the aid in question should be classified as existing aid which, however, was put into effect in breach of the
         detailed rules laid down in the provisions authorising that aid.
      
      172    The interveners add that, in the present case, the aid was not altered, since the condition that the application for aid had
         to be made before work was started was not stipulated either in Act No 9/1998 or in the approval decision. In any event, alterations
         are made to existing aid only in cases where the alteration affects the actual substance of the initial scheme. In the present
         case, the alteration may be regarded as no more than minor.
      
      173    The Commission disputes those arguments.
      
      174    It is necessary, first of all, in order to classify the disputed aid, to recall the following definitions contained in Article
         1 of Regulation No 659/1999:
      
      ‘For the purposes of this Regulation:
      …
      b)      “existing aid” shall mean:
      …
      ii)       authorised aid, that is to say, aid schemes and individual aid which have been authorised by the Commission or by the Council;
      …
      c)      “new aid” shall mean all aid, that is to say, aid schemes and individual aid, which is not existing aid, including alterations
         to existing aid;
      
      …
      f)      “unlawful aid” shall mean new aid put into effect in contravention of Article [88(3) EC];
      g)      “‘misuse of aid” shall mean aid used by the beneficiary in contravention of [the approval] decision;
      …’.
      175    First, it is clear from those provisions that, if the aid granted under the initial scheme, as approved by the approval decision,
         is to be regarded as existing aid within the meaning of Article 1(b) of Regulation No 659/1999, the aid granted on a legal
         basis which is substantially different from the aid scheme approved by the approval decision must be regarded as new aid within
         the meaning of Article 1(c) of the same regulation.
      
      176    This definition of aid is consistent with the case-law established prior to the adoption of Regulation No 659/1999 to the
         effect that measures to grant or alter aid must be regarded as new aid (Joined Cases 91/83 and 127/83 Heineken Brouwerijen [1984] ECR 3435, paragraphs 17 and 18; Case C‑44/93 Namur-Les assurances du crédit [1994] ECR I‑3829, paragraph 13; and Joined Cases T‑254/00, T‑270/00 and T‑277/00 Hotel Cipriani v Commission [2008] ECR II‑3269, paragraph 358). In particular, where the alteration affects the actual substance of the original scheme,
         the latter is transformed into a new aid scheme. On the other hand, if the alteration is not substantive, only the alteration
         as such is liable to be classified as new aid (Government of Gibraltar v Commission, cited in paragraph 77 above, paragraphs 109 and 111, and Hotel Cipriani v Commission, cited above, paragraph 358).
      
      177    In the present case, as stated in paragraph 168 above, the approval decision expressly refers to the condition that the application
         for aid had to be submitted before work was started on the investment projects. In addition, it is not in dispute between
         the parties that, in the context of the initial invitation to submit bids, under the scheme introduced by Act No 9/1998, the
         Region of Sardinia was permitted to grant, on the basis of Resolution No 33/6, aid for projects on which work had started
         before the submission of the applications for aid. With regard to the disputed aid, the scheme as it was applied was therefore
         altered as compared with the scheme approved in the approval decision.
      
      178    It must be pointed out in this regard that that alteration cannot be regarded as minor or insignificant. Indeed, since – as
         is clear from point 4.2 of the 1998 Guidelines – the Commission regularly makes its approval of regional aid schemes subject
         to the condition that the application for aid must be made before work is started on the projects, it is clear that the removal
         of that condition was likely to influence the assessment of the compatibility of the aid measure with the common market.
      
      179    It follows that the disputed aid had to be classified as new aid, within the meaning of Article 1(c) of Regulation No 659/1999,
         and not as existing aid.
      
      180    Second, that new aid must be classified as unlawful within the meaning of Article 1(f) of Regulation No 659/1999, since the
         alteration of the approved scheme which the Region of Sardinia made by adopting Resolution No 33/6 was not notified to the
         Commission prior to the introduction of the aid in question, in breach of Article 88(3) EC.
      
      181    Third, in order to provide an exhaustive analysis, it follows from Article 1(g) of Regulation No 659/1999 that the classification
         of a measure as a misuse of aid requires that the beneficiary use the aid in contravention of the decision by which it was
         approved. In the present case, the infringement of the approval decision is attributable not to the beneficiaries but to the
         Region of Sardinia. Accordingly, the disputed aid cannot be classified as misused aid.
      
      182    The plea in law alleging that the Commission’s classification of the disputed aid as illegal rather than misused was incorrect
         must therefore be rejected.
      
       The plea in law alleging that the 1998 Guidelines do not apply
      183    The Region of Sardinia and SF Turistico Immobiliare raise several complaints alleging, in essence, that the 1998 Guidelines,
         or at least point 4.2 thereof, do not apply.
      
       The applicability ratione temporis of the 1998 Guidelines
      
      184    The Region of Sardinia and SF Turistico Immobiliare claim that Act No 9/1998 could not in fact have taken account of the 1998
         Guidelines because it was adopted the day after their publication and, in any event, the Guidelines themselves provided that
         they fully entered into force only with effect from 1 January 2000.
      
      185    The Commission has not expressly taken a view on these arguments.
      
      186    It must be pointed out, first, that the provision which renders the disputed scheme unlawful and incompatible with the common
         market is contained not in Act No 9/1998, which remains silent as to the timeline between the submission of the application
         for aid and the start of work, but in Resolution No 33/6, which permits account to be taken of certain projects started before
         the application was submitted (see paragraph 10 above). Resolution No 33/6 is dated 27 July 2000 and was therefore clearly
         adopted after the date on which the 1998 Guidelines entered into force ‘fully’, i.e. 1 January 2000.
      
      187    Secondly, point 6.1 of the 1998 Guidelines provides as follows:
      
      ‘… the Commission will assess the compatibility of regional aid with the common market on the basis of these Guidelines as
         soon as they are applicable. However, aid proposals which are notified before these Guidelines are communicated to the Member
         States and on which the Commission has not yet adopted a final decision will be assessed on the basis of criteria in force
         at the time of notification.’
      
      188    As observed in paragraphs 177 to 180 above, the disputed scheme was not covered by the approval decision and, therefore, had
         not in fact been notified but had been implemented unlawfully by the Italian authorities. Consequently, its compatibility
         with the common market was to be assessed on the basis of the 1998 Guidelines, in accordance with the provision cited in the
         previous paragraph.
      
       The argument based on provisions applicable to the previous scheme
      189    The Region of Sardinia and SF Turistico Immobiliare submit that Act No 9/1998 represented – in conceptual terms – the continuation
         of an earlier aid scheme approved by the Commission, under which aid was granted irrespective of whether the investment had
         already been made. It is on account of the unexpected change in the Community provisions, manifested in the publication of
         the 1998 Guidelines, that Resolution No 33/6 provided for the retention, within the context of the initial invitation to submit
         applications, of the possibility also to support projects started in the period between the date on which Act No 9/1998 entered
         into force and the date of the submission of applications.
      
      190    It must be pointed out in this regard that the compatibility of an aid scheme with the common market must be assessed exclusively
         according to the characteristics of that specific scheme, in the light of the policy pursued by the Commission at the time
         of that assessment. However, the assessment of the compatibility of an aid scheme with the common market cannot be influenced
         by the fact that it may have been preceded by other schemes in relation to which the Commission accepted certain arrangements.
         Indeed, if that were not the case, it would be impossible for the Commission to amend the criteria on the basis of which it
         assesses the compatibility of State aid, a power which it must have in order to be able to react both to the evolution of
         the practices of the Member States in relation to the grant of State aid and to the development of the common market.
      
      191    This argument must therefore be rejected.
      
       The argument based on the national legislative context
      192    The Region of Sardinia claims that Act No 9/1998 was initially implemented by Decree No 285/1999, which provided for an ‘over-the-counter’
         system. It is only as a result of its ‘excessive diligence’ that it subsequently decided to introduce a tendering procedure,
         by means of Resolutions Nos 33/4 and 33/6, in order to comply with the 1998 Guidelines, which had been adopted in the intervening
         period. In the view of the Region of Sardinia, it was to implement that change, which it was not required to do, that it felt
         bound to lay down a provision to the effect that the applications made before the publication of the initial invitation to
         tender could nevertheless be accepted, specifically to protect the legitimate expectations of the interested parties who had
         submitted their application for aid in accordance with the procedure laid down in Decree No 285/1999. The Region of Sardinia
         therefore takes the view that this was a case merely of the ‘recovery’ of the earlier applications made prior to the launch
         of the tendering procedure.
      
      193    The Commission disputes that argument.
      
      194    It must be observed that the allegations made by the Region of Sardinia are inaccurate in several respects.
      
      195    For example, first, the fifth subparagraph of Article 2 of Decree No 285/1999, which is entitled ‘Benefici della legge’ (Benefits
         of the Act [Act No 9/1998]), provides:
      
      ‘The financing aid referred to in the present article shall be granted applying the method of a six-monthly invitation to
         submit applications, to be made within 60 days of the publication of the relevant notice, and the corresponding classification
         of the eligible initiatives in accordance with Article 9 below’.
      
      196    It follows from that provision that, contrary to the Region of Sardinia’s claim, Decree No 285/1999 did not establish an ‘over-the-counter’
         system, but on the contrary provided that the aid was to be ‘granted applying the method of a six-monthly invitation to submit
         applications’.
      
      197    Secondly, it is clear from paragraph 3.3 of the letter from the Region of Sardinia sent to the Commission on 22 April 2003
         that 10 undertakings had submitted applications for aid in accordance with the procedure under Decree No 285/1999. Even though,
         following the repeal of that decree and its replacement by Resolution No 33/4, those undertakings should have resubmitted
         a new application in accordance with the formal requirements laid down in Resolution No 33/4, the Region of Sardinia took
         the view, in that letter, that the aid granted to those 10 undertakings complied with the criterion that an application must
         be submitted before work is started.
      
      198    It is apparent from the contested decision that the Commission concurred with that view. Indeed, Article 1 of the contested
         decision declares aid granted in accordance with Act No 9/1998 to be incompatible with the common market unless the recipient
         submitted an application for aid under that scheme before work was started on an initial investment project. Since that article
         makes no reference to the formal requirements which the applications for aid were required to satisfy, the view must be taken
         that the contested decision does not concern the aid granted to the investment projects carried out by the 10 undertakings
         in question, but exclusively concerns the aid granted for projects on which work was started before the submission of any
         application for aid under the scheme provided for in Act No 9/1998.
      
      199    Contrary to the claim made by the Region of Sardinia, the provisions contained in Resolution No 33/6 were therefore by no
         means necessary for the purposes of protecting the expectations of the undertakings which had submitted an application under
         the procedure provided for in Decree No 285/1999.
      
      200    Thirdly, even though Articles 4 and 5 of Decree No 285/1999 provided, respectively, that financing aid could be granted in
         respect of interventions and works ‘to be carried out after the submission of the application for aid’ and that ‘the expenditure
         referred to above was eligible provided that it had been made after the application’, Article 17 of that decree, entitled
         ‘Transitional provision’, provided, in its second subparagraph, that ‘on the occasion of the initial application of the present
         provisions [implementing Act No 9/1998], … the interventions and expenditure made or incurred after 5 April 1998 (date of
         the entry into force of Act No 9/1998) shall be eligible’.
      
      201    It follows from the above that the provision to the effect that aid could be granted to projects on which work had already
         started prior to the submission of the application for aid was not – as the Region of Sardinia claims – introduced by Resolutions
         Nos 33/4 and 33/6 in the context of the replacement of Decree No 285/1999, but already formed part of that decree, which laid
         down for the first time provisions implementing Act No 9/1998. Contrary to the claim made by the Region of Sardinia, the reason
         for introducing that provision was not therefore to make changes to the procedures following the replacement of Decree No 285/1999
         by Resolution No 33/4.
      
      202    The argument raised by the Region of Sardinia must therefore be rejected as factually inaccurate.
      
       The plea of illegality in relation to point 4.2 of the 1998 Guidelines
      203    SF Turistico Immobiliare claims, on the basis of Article 241 EC, that point 4.2 of the 1998 Guidelines is illegal in so far
         as it does not allow, or is interpreted to the effect that it does not allow, the assessment of the compatibility with the
         common market of aid granted to finance projects on which work was started before the application for aid was made. Indeed,
         in such circumstances, point 4.2 of those Guidelines is contrary to the ratio legis of Community policies on aid.
      
      204    SF Turistico Immobiliare points out, in this regard, that the projects forming the subject-matter of State aid often provide
         for structural and infrastructural interventions encouraged by the same aid scheme and forming a coordinated series of works
         which, although interlinked, retain a degree of independent functionality. Accordingly, in its own particular case, projects
         involving finishing, extension, modernisation or new construction work on different installations and properties which, although
         included in one and the same application for finance, could be carried out separately, formed the subject-matter of a joint
         application under the disputed scheme. Nevertheless, on a strict application of point 4.2 of the 1998 Guidelines, the carrying-out
         of a small part of the planned works, corresponding to around 5% of the total works, could result in the aid being held to
         be inadmissible in its entirety, even though the other parts of the planned works were duly started after the application
         for aid.
      
      205    The Commission disputes those arguments.
      
      –       Admissibility of the plea of illegality
      206    As a preliminary point, it should be borne in mind that, in accordance with settled case-law, Article 241 EC expresses a general
         principle conferring upon any party to proceedings the right to challenge, for the purpose of obtaining the annulment of a
         decision of direct and individual concern to that party, the validity of previous acts of the institutions which, although
         they are not in the form of a regulation, form the legal basis of the decision under challenge, if that party was not entitled
         under Article 230 EC to bring a direct action challenging those acts, by which it was thus affected without having been in
         a position to ask that they be declared void (Case 92/78 Simmenthal v Commission [1979] ECR 777, paragraphs 39 and 40, and Case T‑23/99 LR AF 1998 v Commission [2002] ECR II‑1705, paragraph 272).
      
      207    Since Article 241 EC is not intended to enable a party to contest the applicability of any measure of general application
         in support of any action whatsoever, the general measure claimed to be illegal must be applicable, directly or indirectly,
         to the issue with which the action is concerned and there must be a direct legal connection between the contested individual
         decision and the general measure in question (Case 21/64 Macchiorlati Dalmas e Figli v High Authority [1965] ECR 175, at 187 and 188; Case 32/65 Italy v Council and Commission [1966] ECR 389, at 409; Joined Cases T‑6/92 and T‑52/92 Reinarz v Commission [1993] ECR II‑1047, paragraph 57; LR AF 1998 v Commission, cited in paragraph 206 above, paragraph 273; and Case T‑64/02 Heubach v Commission [2005] ECR II‑5137, paragraph 35).
      
      208    With regard to the 1998 Guidelines, it must be pointed out that it is clear from their introductory section that they lay
         down, in a general and abstract manner, the criteria which the Commission is to apply for the purposes of the assessment of
         the compatibility with the common market of regional aid, in accordance with Article 87(3)(a) and (c) EC, and thereby guarantee
         legal certainty for the Member States granting such aid. In particular, the condition laid down in point 4.2 of the 1998 Guidelines
         applies to all the aid covered by those Guidelines, irrespective of its subject-matter, form or amount.
      
      209    Moreover, in the contested decision, the Commission relied explicitly on point 4.2 of the Guidelines as part of its assessment
         of the compatibility with the common market of the disputed aid. It follows that, although point 4.2 of the 1998 Guidelines
         is not the legal basis of the contested decision, which is in fact based on Article 88(2) EC and Article 62(1)(a) of the Agreement
         on the European Economic Area (EEA), that condition determined – in general and abstract terms – the way in which the Commission
         assessed the compatibility of the aid in question with the common market.
      
      210    In the present case, therefore, there is a direct legal connection between the contested decision and the general measure
         represented by the 1998 Guidelines. Since SF Turistico Immobiliare was not in a position to seek the annulment of the Guidelines,
         as a general measure, those Guidelines may form the subject-matter of a plea of illegality (see, to that effect and by analogy,
         LR AF 1998 v Commission, cited in paragraph 206 above, paragraphs 272 to 276).
      
      211    It follows that the plea of illegality in relation to the 1998 Guidelines is admissible.
      
      –       Substance
      212    Point 4.2 of the 1998 Guidelines provides that ‘aid schemes must lay down that an application for aid must be submitted before
         work is started on the projects’. The arguments advanced by the applicant in support of the plea of illegality essentially
         consist in the claim that the Commission’s interpretation of that provision, to the effect that the aid scheme in question
         in the present case is devoid of any incentive effect in so far as it allows aid to be granted to finance work started before
         the submission of the application for aid, fails to take sufficient account of the circumstances of the present case and is
         contrary to the logic underlying the Community policies on aid.
      
      213    It should be observed in this connection that the General Court has already held that point 4.2 of the 1998 Guidelines refers
         to a circumstance of a chronological nature and therefore points to an examination ratione temporis, which is perfectly suitable for determining whether an incentive effect exists. That examination must be made by reference
         to the decision to invest taken by the undertaking concerned, which marks the beginning of the dynamic process that an operating
         investment necessarily constitutes (Case T‑162/06 Kronoply v Commission [2009] ECR II‑1, paragraph 80). Similarly, the Court of Justice has ruled that the finding that an aid measure is not necessary
         can arise in particular from the fact that the aid project has already been started, or even completed, by the undertaking
         concerned prior to the application for aid being submitted to the competent authorities, which precludes the aid concerned
         from operating as an incentive (Case C‑390/06 Nuova Agricast [2008] ECR I‑2577, paragraph 69).
      
      214    Regardless of those precedents, it must be held that the criterion of the submission of an application prior to the start
         of work on the project is relevant and suitable.
      
      215    Indeed, the purpose of the criterion laid down in point 4.2 of the 1998 Guidelines is to establish whether an aid measure
         has an incentive effect in a situation in which it is not possible to conduct a full examination of all the economic aspects
         of the investment decision of the future beneficiaries of the aid. In this connection, the second and fourth subparagraphs
         of point 2 of the 1998 Guidelines make clear that the Commission, in principle, approves regional aid only in the form of
         aid schemes, since it considers that individual ad hoc aid does not satisfy the requirement that an equilibrium is to be guaranteed between the resulting distortions of competition
         and the advantages of the aid in terms of the development of a less-favoured region. In addition, in the course of its examination
         of the compatibility of a notified aid scheme with the common market, the particular circumstances specific to the various
         potential beneficiaries of the scheme and to the particular projects in respect of which those beneficiaries will be able
         to apply for grants are – by definition – unknown to the Commission. Accordingly, the Commission must take as a basis, when
         assessing the compatibility of an aid scheme with the common market, criteria which are either independent of the particular
         circumstances specific to the future beneficiaries or uniform in respect of all future beneficiaries. Moreover, the requirement
         that the application for aid be submitted before work is started on the subsidised project makes it possible to guarantee
         that the undertaking concerned has clearly demonstrated its intention to benefit from the aid scheme in question before starting
         work on that project. This therefore means that it is possible to prevent applications for projects on which work has started
         irrespective of the existence of an aid scheme from being submitted ex post. In the light of the foregoing considerations, the mere finding that the application for aid was made prior to the start
         of work on the investment project is a simple, relevant and suitable criterion which allows the Commission to assume that
         an incentive effect exists.
      
      216    Furthermore, in so far as SF Turistico Immobiliare relies on the specific circumstances of its investment project to demonstrate
         that the end results of the application of point 4.2 of the 1998 Guidelines are unacceptable, it is necessary to point out
         again the findings made and case-law cited in paragraphs 91 and 92 above, in accordance with which – in the context of the
         examination of an aid scheme – the Commission is entitled to confine its examination to the general and abstract characteristics
         of the scheme, without it being required to examine the specific situation of the various beneficiaries under that scheme.
      
      217    The plea of illegality in relation to the 1998 Guidelines must therefore be rejected.
      
       The plea in law alleging a manifest error of assessment as regards the existence of an incentive effect
      218    The Region of Sardinia, the interveners, SF Turistico Immobiliare, Timsas and Grand Hotel Abi d’Oru claim that the Commission
         did not correctly assess the incentive effect of the disputed scheme, having regard to the characteristics of the local market
         and in the light of the subjective understanding acquired by the economic operators as regards the functioning of the support
         mechanisms.
      
      219    In this regard, they put forward several arguments alleging that the 1998 Guidelines do not apply and relying on provisions
         relating to a previous aid scheme, on the national legislative context, on the certainty on the part of the undertakings that,
         from the adoption of Act No 9/1998 onwards, they would be able to benefit from the aid provided for therein and on the particular
         situation or conduct of the beneficiaries of the disputed aid.
      
       The arguments based on the particular situation or conduct of the beneficiaries of the disputed aid
      220    The Region of Sardinia, supported by the interveners, claims that it is clear from the circumstances which surrounded the
         investments made by the beneficiaries that Act No 9/1998 fully operated as an incentive, even though the aid scheme it created
         had not yet taken its final form. The infringement of the condition of necessity is therefore merely apparent, since all the
         beneficiaries submitted applications for aid following the entry into force of Act No 9/1998, which was notified to and approved
         by the Commission. Furthermore, many beneficiaries opted for the disputed aid scheme rather than apply for alternative measures
         from which they could definitely have benefited, and almost all of them had to take out bank loans on terms which, in the
         absence of the anticipated aid, were incompatible with the prudent management of an undertaking.
      
      221    The Region of Sardinia is therefore of the opinion that the Commission was not able to infer merely from the failure to submit
         an application for aid before work was started that the beneficiaries went ahead with the investment irrespective of the aid,
         or to rule out the incentive effect by means of an assessment conducted a posteriori on the basis of an altered legislative context.
      
      222    The interveners add that, in any event, the lack of necessity or of an incentive effective, in a situation in which work has
         started before the application for aid is made, is merely a presumption which may be rebutted once the beneficiaries or the
         national authorities provide the Commission with evidence confirming that the criteria of an incentive effect and the necessity
         of the aid are satisfied. In the present case, the Commission should therefore have evaluated whether that was the case, rather
         than hiding behind the formal criterion that the application be submitted before work is started.
      
      223    SF Turistico Immobiliare criticises the Commission for having ruled out the incentive effect not only with regard to the works
         on which work had started before the application for aid was submitted, but also in connection with the – much more significant
         and functionally independent – works in respect of which the application for aid was submitted before work was started, since
         the declaration of illegality should have been restricted to only the works carried out before the aid applications were made.
         Indeed, if the Commission had wanted to be certain that the incentive effect was fully protected, it could very well have
         confined itself to adopting a conditional decision, stating that the aid was compatible with the common market provided that
         the expenditure made prior to the submission of the application was borne by the undertakings. This would have enabled it
         to ‘cleanse’ the aid of the application – deemed improper – of Act No 9/1998 by the Region of Sardinia by means of Resolution
         No 33/6.
      
      224    Timsas and Grand Hotel Abi d’Oru claim that, from the perspective of the incentive effect of the aid, the Commission simply
         stated that the incentive effect could not be transferred from one scheme to another. They point out that they submitted applications
         under the disputed aid scheme simply with a view to exhausting the financial resources available in the context of the earlier
         aid schemes, comparable to the disputed scheme, under which they had submitted applications in respect of the same projects.
         Accordingly, it is not true that work was started before the application for aid was submitted and, therefore, there can be
         no doubts as to the existence and continuation of the incentive effect.
      
      225    The Commission disputes the arguments advanced by the applicants.
      
      226    In the first place, it is necessary to recall the findings made in paragraphs 213 to 215 above to the effect that the criterion
         that the application for aid is submitted before work is started on the projects is relevant and suitable for the purposes
         of the assessment of the incentive effect of an aid scheme. Accordingly, in the context of this plea in law, there is no longer
         a need to call that criterion into question; rather it is necessary to consider only whether the applicants have demonstrated
         that, in the present case, circumstances exist which are capable of ensuring the incentive effect of the disputed aid, even
         where the application was not made prior to the start of work on the projects in question.
      
      227    In the second place, it must be borne in mind, once again, that the subject-matter of the contested decision was the aid scheme
         introduced by Resolution No 33/6 and not the individual aid received by the applicants under that scheme, and that the Commission
         was therefore not required to assess the particular circumstances specific to the individual beneficiaries, a task which falls
         to the Italian authorities at the stage of the recovery of the aid from each of the beneficiaries (see paragraphs 91 and 92
         above). Accordingly, the arguments related to the particular situation or conduct of the beneficiaries must be rejected as
         irrelevant in the context of this plea in law.
      
      228    Consequently, the arguments set out in paragraphs 220 to 224 above must be rejected and it is necessary to examine only those
         arguments relating, in general terms, to the disputed scheme.
      
       The argument that the mere entry into force of Act No 9/1998 afforded the undertakings the certainty that they would be able
         to benefit from the aid
      
      229    The interveners claim that, when it came into force on 5 April 1998, Act No 9/1998 already contained detailed provisions regarding
         the objective criteria to be satisfied by the beneficiaries, the projects in respect of which aid would be granted and the
         amounts assigned to the scheme in question. Indeed, Resolutions Nos 33/4 and 33/6 merely restated Article 3 of Act No 9/1998,
         without modifying or clarifying the criteria which aid had to satisfy in order to be eligible. It is therefore clear that
         an undertaking which satisfied those criteria could legitimately expect to be awarded that aid and, therefore, feel encouraged
         to start work on the projects.
      
      230    The Commission disputes the arguments advanced by the interveners.
      
      231    It must be pointed out first of all that a distinction must be drawn between the legal scope of the present argument and that
         of the arguments based on the protection of the beneficiaries’ legitimate expectations, which is dealt with in paragraph 268
         et seq. below, even though the facts to be taken into account for the purposes of examining all those arguments are essentially
         identical. The question of the incentive effect of the disputed aid forms part of the examination of the compatibility of
         that aid with the common market, whereas the question of the existence of any legitimate expectation on the part of the beneficiaries
         comes under the examination of the legality of the recovery order contained in the contested decision. Nevertheless, in both
         cases, it is necessary to assess to what extent the adoption of Act No 9/1998 was itself likely to give rise – from the perspective
         of the undertakings concerned by the scheme in question – to the certainty that they were going to be able to benefit from
         the aid provided for in that law.
      
      232    It must be recalled in this regard that the assessment of the compatibility of aid measures or of an aid scheme with the common
         market falls within the exclusive competence of the Commission, subject to review by the Courts of the European Union (Case
         78/76 Steinike & Weinlig [1977] ECR 595, paragraph 9; Case C‑354/90 Fédération nationale du commerce extérieur des produits alimentaires and Syndicat national des négociants et transformateurs
            de saumon [1991] ECR I‑5505, paragraph 14; and Case C‑119/05 Lucchini [2007] ECR I‑6199, paragraph 52). Accordingly, where there is no decision by the Commission ruling on the compatibility of
         notified aid, the mere fact that the national authorities have adopted legal rules providing for the introduction of an aid
         scheme is not capable of affording the potential beneficiaries under that scheme the certainty that they will be able to benefit
         from the aid provided therein (see, to that effect, Case C‑5/89 Commission v Germany [1990] ECR I‑3437, paragraph 14, and Case C‑169/95 Spain v Commission [1997] ECR I‑135, paragraph 51).
      
      233    Consequently, in the present case, the adoption by the Region of Sardinia of Act No 9/1998 could not on its own give rise
         – on the part of undertakings satisfying the criteria laid down in that law – to the certainty that they would, in the future,
         be awarded aid under the scheme provided for therein. It was possible inter alia that, in the context of the examination procedure,
         the Commission would classify the scheme in question as incompatible with the common market or would require changes to be
         made to the eligibility criteria for the undertakings or the projects subsidised.
      
      234    In addition, the Commission’s adoption of the approval decision on 12 November 1998 in any event put an end to any hopes that
         could have been entertained by the potential beneficiaries as regards the eligibility of projects started before the submission
         of the applications for aid, since that decision expressly ruled out – as stated in paragraph 168 above – the grant of aid
         to such projects under the aid scheme introduced by Act No 9/1998.
      
      235    It must further be pointed out that the interveners’ claim that Act No 9/1998 already contained detailed provisions governing,
         inter alia, the objective criteria to be satisfied by the projects for which aid could be granted is untrue. Indeed, whereas
         Act No 9/1998 did not contain any provisions concerning the timeline between the submission of the application for aid and
         the start of work, Decree No 285/1998 explicitly and exceptionally introduced – as set out in paragraphs 200 and 201 above
         – the clause providing that, on the occasion of the initial application of the scheme, projects started before the entry into
         force of Act No 9/1998, and therefore before the submission of the application for aid, were eligible. It follows that the
         eligibility of those projects in no way stems from the scheme laid down in that law.
      
      236    The argument advanced by the interveners must therefore be rejected.
      
      237    Accordingly, taking into account the factors already set out in paragraphs 184 to 216 above with regard to the arguments alleging
         that the 1998 Guidelines did not apply and relying on the existence of an earlier aid scheme and the national legislative
         context, the plea in law alleging a manifest error of assessment as regards the incentive effect of the disputed scheme must
         be rejected in its entirety.
      
       The plea in law alleging infringement of Article 87(3) EC
      238    The interveners and SF Turistico Immobiliare claim that the contested decision infringes Article 87(3) EC in so far as the
         disputed scheme is found to be incompatible with the common market.
      
      239    The interveners state in that connection that Act No 9/1998 extended to the tourism and hotel sector the benefits provided
         under an earlier scheme which – together with its implementing rules – had been approved by the Commission under the derogation
         provided for in Article 87(3)(a) EC. Accordingly, by declaring that same aid scheme to be incompatible with the common market
         in relation to the tourism and hotel sector, the Commission infringed that Treaty provision.
      
      240    SF Turistico Immobiliare claims that the Commission reversed the burden of proof by taking the view, in recital 70 in the
         preamble to the contested decision, that the Italian authorities failed to advance any argument to the effect that the aid
         in question could be compatible under provisions other than that laid down in Article 87(3)(a) EC, whereas it was for the
         Commission to assess what amount was compatible with the common market. The Commission failed, inter alia, to calculate the
         amounts actually relating to the period prior to the application in order to evaluate their effect on the ‘extent’ to which
         that expenditure could affect trade between Member States. In its own application for aid, it was possible to distinguish
         between, on the one hand, an application relating to work started before the submission of the application and, on the other
         hand, a wholly separate application relating to work started after the submission of the application.
      
      241    The Commission disputes those arguments.
      
      242    In the first place, the interveners’ claim that Act No 9/1998 was simply the extension of an earlier scheme approved by the
         Commission to the tourism and hotel sector, and thus the scheme provided for in that law could not be declared to be incompatible
         with the common market, must be rejected.
      
      243    First, the declaration of incompatibility contained in the contested decision did not relate to the aid scheme introduced
         by Act No 9/1998, as notified by the Italian Republic and approved in the approval decision. Indeed, as stated in paragraph
         87 above, the Commission still takes the view that that scheme is compatible with the common market. It is in fact the extension
         of the benefit of that scheme to projects on which work was started before the application for aid was submitted, on the basis
         of Resolution No 33/6, which has been found to be incompatible with the common market.
      
      244    Second, even assuming that the disputed scheme were the extension or continuation of an earlier scheme approved by the Commission,
         it must be pointed out that, as set out in paragraph 190 above, the assessment of the compatibility of an aid scheme cannot
         be influenced by the fact that it may have been preceded by other aid schemes in respect of which the Commission accepted
         certain arrangements.
      
      245    In the second place, the complaint raised by SF Turistico Immobiliare claiming, in essence, that it is for the Commission
         to demonstrate that the disputed aid was incompatible with the common market and not for the Italian authorities to demonstrate
         the contrary must likewise be rejected.
      
      246    In that regard, it should be borne in mind, first, that, when the Commission decides to initiate the formal investigation
         procedure, it is for the Member State concerned and the beneficiaries of the measure under consideration to put forward the
         arguments whereby they seek to show that the measure at issue either does not constitute aid or is aid compatible with the
         common market, since the object of the formal procedure is specifically to ensure that the Commission is fully informed of
         all the facts of the case. Indeed, although the Commission is required to express its doubts clearly as to the compatibility
         of the aid with the common market when it opens a formal procedure, in order to enable the Member State and the other parties
         concerned to respond as fully as possible, the fact remains that it is for the latter to dispel those doubts and to establish
         that the measure in question satisfies the conditions for a derogation (see, to that effect, Ferriere Nord v Commission, cited in paragraph 132 above, paragraphs 93 and 94 and the case-law cited). In particular, in order to obtain approval of
         aid by way of derogation from the Treaty rules, the Member State concerned must, in order to fulfil its duty to cooperate
         with the Commission, provide all the information necessary to enable that institution to verify that the conditions for the
         derogation sought are satisfied (see, to that effect, Case C‑364/90 Italy v Commission [1993] ECR I‑2097, paragraph 20; Regione autonoma della Sardegna v Commission, cited in paragraph 42 above, paragraph 129; and Case T‑17/03 Schmitz‑Gotha Fahrzeugwerke v Commission [2006] ECR II‑1139, paragraph 48).
      
      247    In the present case, it was therefore for the Italian Republic and, in the alternative, the beneficiaries of the disputed
         aid to establish that the projects which benefited from that aid were compatible with the common market.
      
      248    Furthermore, as set out in paragraph 91 above, in the case of an aid scheme, the Commission is not, in principle, required
         to conduct an analysis of the aid granted in individual cases but may confine itself to examining the general characteristics
         of the scheme in question, without being obliged to consider each individual grant of aid.
      
      249    The argument advanced by SF Turistico Immobiliare and set out in paragraph 240 above must therefore be rejected.
      
      250    Accordingly, the plea in law alleging infringement of Article 87(3) EC must be rejected.
      
       The plea in law alleging infringement of the principle of impartiality and the principle of the protection of competition
      251    The interveners claim that the aid provided for in Act No 9/1998 was also granted to 10 tourism undertakings which started
         work on projects before the publication of the law and of Resolutions Nos 33/4 and 33/6 implementing that law but after the
         submission of their applications for aid. In view of the criteria set out by the Commission to define the incentive effect,
         those undertakings find themselves in the same situation as the interveners. The Commission has not requested the recovery
         of the aid paid to those 10 undertakings, which constitutes an infringement of the principle of impartiality.
      
      252    In addition, in the view of the interveners, the 10 undertakings in question obtained an unjustified advantage in comparison
         to themselves, since the interveners are required to pay back the aid already received. This gives rise to a breach of the
         competition between the undertakings in the tourism and hotel sector.
      
      253    The Commission has not made any specific comments about the substance of this plea in law.
      
      254    It must be pointed out, first of all, that the interveners refer, in paragraph 54 of their statement in intervention, to the
         10 undertakings mentioned in paragraph 3.3 of the letter from the Region of Sardinia to the Commission of 14 April 2003 which
         had submitted an application for aid under the procedure provided for in Decree No 285/1999, which was later repealed. As
         set out in paragraph 198 above, it is clear from the contested decision that the Commission concurred with the view of the
         Region of Sardinia expressed in that letter to the effect that account had to be taken of the date of the initial application
         with regard to the investment projects of those 10 undertakings. Accordingly, it took the view that the aid granted to those
         10 undertakings complied with the criterion that an application must be submitted before work is started and that it was therefore
         neither unlawful nor incompatible with the common market.
      
      255    It follows that those 10 undertakings were not in a situation comparable to that of the applicants or the interveners. Indeed,
         whereas the latter had not made any application for aid prior to the start of work on their investment projects, the 10 undertakings
         at issue had in fact submitted applications on the basis of an implementing decree which was later repealed. In addition,
         from the point of view of Community law on the monitoring of State aid, the question of whether an application for aid is
         consistent with the formal requirements laid down in the national implementing provisions is secondary. As set out in paragraph
         215 above, the requirement that the undertaking concerned has clearly expressed its intention to benefit from the aid scheme
         in question before starting work on the subsidised project means that it is possible to prevent applications for projects
         on which work has started irrespective of the existence of an aid scheme from being submitted ex post.
      
      256    Since that requirement is satisfied in the case of the 10 undertakings mentioned by the interveners but not in the case of
         the interveners or the applicants, comparable situations were not treated unequally in the present case, and nor was the duty
         of impartiality infringed. It likewise follows that the 10 undertakings in question did not benefit from an unjustified competitive
         advantage as compared with the interveners.
      
      257    The plea in law alleging infringement of the principle of impartiality and the principle of the protection of competition
         must therefore be rejected.
      
       The plea in law alleging infringement of the principle of the protection of legitimate expectations
       The legitimate expectations of the Region of Sardinia concerning the absence of any guidelines when Act No 9/1998 was adopted
      258    The Region of Sardinia submits that the Commission failed to take account of its legitimate expectations when examining the
         compatibility of the aid scheme in question with the common market. In addition, the existence of such an expectation should
         have been examined by the Commission of its own motion in accordance with Article 14 of Regulation No 659/1999, which prohibits
         it from ordering the recovery of aid where to do so appears to be contrary to a general principle of Community law.
      
      259    It points out, first, in this regard that the obligation to provide that the application for aid is submitted before work
         is started on the projects stems directly from the 1998 Guidelines and was not provided for in the earlier regional aid scheme.
         Second, those Guidelines were published in the Official Journal the day before the adoption of Act No 9/1998. Accordingly,
         it takes the view that it was not objectively in a position to ensure, from the outset, the conformity of Act No 9/1998 with
         the 1998 Guidelines.
      
      260    The Commission disputes the arguments advanced by the Region of Sardinia.
      
      261    In accordance with settled case-law, any person on whose part an institution has given rise to justified hopes has the right
         to rely on the protection of legitimate expectations. However, the principle of the protection of legitimate expectations
         may not be relied upon by a person who has committed a manifest infringement of the rules in force (Case C‑96/89 Commission v Netherlands [1991] ECR I‑2461, paragraph 30; Joined Cases C‑65/02 P and C‑73/02 P ThyssenKrupp v Commission [2005] ECR I‑6773, paragraph 41; and Case T‑217/01 Forum des migrants v Commission [2003] ECR II‑1563, paragraph 76).
      
      262    In the present case, as held in paragraphs 177 to 180 above, since the provisions laid down in Resolution No 33/6 did not
         comply with the condition that the application for aid has to be made before work is started, the Region of Sardinia introduced
         an unlawful aid scheme because it was not notified to the Commission. The Region of Sardinia therefore infringed the rules
         in force by failing to comply with Article 88(3) EC, which provides that Member States may not put into effect new aid before
         the Commission has adopted a final decision on its compatibility with the common market.
      
      263    This infringement was manifest, since both the 1998 Guidelines and the approval decision made explicit reference to the condition
         that the application must be submitted before work is started.
      
      264    In addition, in a letter of 28 September 1998, the Region of Sardinia assured the Commission that ‘the grant of aid provided
         for in the law [Act No 9/1998] will be for the benefit only of undertakings’ initiatives to be carried out subsequently’.
         It must be pointed out in this regard that the wording of Act No 9/1998 did not itself provide for the grant of aid to investment
         projects started before the application for aid was submitted. It is therefore of no significance that, during the legislative
         procedure relating to that law, the Region of Sardinia was in fact unable to take account of the 1998 Guidelines, which were
         published on the eve of the law’s adoption. By contrast, the legislation introducing the possibility to submit applications
         for aid with retrospective effect in relation to projects on which work had already started, namely Decree No 285/1999 and
         Resolution No 33/6, was adopted – respectively – on 29 April 1999 and 27 July 2000, and therefore dates from a good time after
         the publication both of the 1998 Guidelines and of the approval decision.
      
      265    Finally, it is clear from the actual wording of Resolution No 33/6 that the Region of Sardinia was perfectly aware that allowing
         applications for aid in respect of projects on which work had already started was contrary to Community law, since Resolution
         No 33/6 refers to the responsibility of the regional authority ‘which stems from the official publication of directives containing
         provisions which, as in the present case, are not consistent with the requirements of EU law’.
      
      266    Accordingly, applying the case-law cited in paragraph 261 above, the Region of Sardinia cannot rely on the principle of the
         protection of legitimate expectations.
      
      267    The plea in law alleging infringement of that principle must therefore be rejected in so far as it is based on the alleged
         expectations of the Region of Sardinia.
      
       The legitimate expectations of the beneficiaries based on the existence of an earlier approval decision and the circumstances
         of the case
      
      268    The Region of Sardinia, the interveners, SF Turistico Immobiliare, Timsas and Grand Hotel Abi d’Oru submit that the beneficiaries
         of the aid in question could rely on a legitimate expectation as regards the compatibility of the aid received. That expectation
         was in particular protected by Article 14 of Regulation No 659/1999.
      
      269    In the view of those parties, the expectations on the part of the recipients of the disputed aid were based on the existence
         of the approval decision, the fact that Act No 9/1998 itself already specified all the necessary criteria for the grant of
         individual amounts of aid, the assurances given by the Italian authorities and the Commission’s decision of 12 July 2000 not
         to raise any objections to an aid scheme to promote investment in the less favoured regions of Italy until 31 December 2006
         (State aid N 715/99 – Italy), a succinct notice of which was published in the Official Journal (OJ 2000 C 278, p. 26) and
         which related to the aid scheme provided for in legge nº 488/92, conversione in legge, con modificazioni, del decreto‑legge
         22 ottobre 1992, nº 415, concernente rifinanziamento della legge 1 marzo 1986, nº 64, recante disciplina organica dell’intervento
         straordinario nel Mezzogiorno (Law No 488/92 converting into a law, with amendments, Decree Law No 415 of 22 October 1992
         on the refinancing of Law No 64 of 1 March 1986 laying down a comprehensive set of rules governing the extraordinary intervention
         in Southern Italy) of 19 December 1992 (GURI No 299 of 21 December 1992, p. 3, and correction, GURI No 301 of 23 December
         1992, p. 40), which defined eligible expenses as those which had been incurred after the closing date of the notice preceding
         that under which the application for aid was submitted.
      
      270    Their expectation was reinforced by Decree No 285/1999 and Resolution No 33/6, by the clarifications obtained from the administrative
         services of the Region of Sardinia regarding the conformity of the aid with the common market, by the fact that the Region
         regularly granted applications for reimbursement and by the slow pace at which the Commission conducted its investigations
         without adopting any measures to suspend the payment of aid.
      
      271    SF Turistico Immobiliare points out that this expectation cannot be called into question by the fact that neither Decree No 285/1999
         nor Resolution No 33/6 was notified to the Commission. In the view of SF Turistico Immobiliare, it is in fact excessive to
         require the beneficiaries to ask the Region of Sardinia for formal proof of the communication to the Commission of any measure
         having an effect on the procedure, or to ask the Commission, after the grant of the aid, if any later and potentially significant
         measure has been notified to it.
      
      272    The Commission disputes the arguments advanced by the applicants and the interveners.
      
      273    It is clear from case-law that three conditions must be satisfied in order for a claim to entitlement to the protection of
         legitimate expectations to be well founded. First, precise, unconditional and consistent assurances originating from authorised
         and reliable sources must have been given to the person concerned by the Community authorities. Second, those assurances must
         be such as to give rise to a legitimate expectation on the part of the person to whom they are addressed. Third, the assurances
         given must comply with the applicable rules (see Case T‑347/03 Branco v Commission [2005] ECR II‑2555, paragraph 102; Case T‑282/02 Cementbouw Handel & Industrie v Commission [2006] ECR II‑319, paragraph 77; and Case T‑444/07 CPEM v Commission [2009] ECR II‑2121, paragraph 126).
      
      274    However, a legitimate expectation in the lawfulness of State aid can, in principle, save in exceptional circumstances, be
         relied upon only where that aid was granted in a manner compatible with the procedure laid down in Article 88 EC. Indeed,
         a diligent operator should normally be able to determine whether that procedure has been followed (Commission v Germany, cited in paragraph 232 above, paragraph 14; Spain v Commission, cited in paragraph 232 above, paragraph 51; and Case C‑24/95 Alcan Deutschland [1997] ECR I‑1591, paragraph 25).
      
      275    In the present case, as pointed out in paragraphs 168 and 180 above, the approval decision clearly stated that the Commission’s
         approval related only to aid for projects started after the submission of the application for aid and that the disputed aid,
         which did not comply with that condition, was therefore not granted in a manner compatible with the procedure laid down in
         Article 88 EC. It follows, in accordance with the case-law cited in the previous paragraph, that the beneficiaries of the
         disputed aid cannot, in principle, be allowed to rely on a legitimate expectation in the lawfulness of that aid.
      
      276    Admittedly, the case-law does not preclude the possibility that, in order to challenge its repayment, the recipients of unlawful
         aid may, in the procedure for the recovery of the aid, plead exceptional circumstances which could legitimately have given
         rise to a legitimate expectation that the aid was lawful (Commission v Germany, cited in paragraph 232 above, paragraph 16; Joined Cases T‑126/96 and T‑127/96 [1998] BFM and EFIM v Commission [1998] ECR II‑3437, paragraph 69; and Fleuren Compost v Commission, cited in paragraph 132 above, paragraph 136).
      
      277    However, it is implicit in the case-law of the Court of Justice (Commission v Germany, cited in paragraph 232 above, paragraphs 13 to 16, and Alcan Deutschland, cited in paragraph 274 above, paragraphs 24 and 25) and has expressly been held on several occasions by the General Court
         (Case T‑459/93 Siemens v Commission [1995] ECR II‑1675, paragraphs 104 and 105; Case T‑67/94 Ladbroke Racing v Commission [1998] ECR II‑1, paragraph 83; and Fleuren Compost v Commission, cited in paragraph 132 above, paragraph 137), that those recipients can rely on such exceptional circumstances, on the basis
         of the relevant provisions of national law, only in the framework of the recovery procedure before the national courts, the
         only courts competent to assess the circumstances of the case, if necessary after obtaining a preliminary ruling on interpretation
         from the Court of Justice.
      
      278    In any event, none of the circumstances put forward in the present case by the applicants or the interveners can be regarded
         as capable of justifying the annulment of the contested decision.
      
      279    First, in so far as it has been claimed that the alleged legitimate expectations of the beneficiaries were based on the existence
         of the approval decision and on the fact that Act No 9/1998 itself already specified all the necessary criteria for the grant
         of individual amounts of aid, such that the potential beneficiaries satisfying those criteria expected to be granted that
         aid, it follows from the findings made in paragraphs 232 to 234 and in paragraph 168 above that neither the adoption of Act
         No 9/1998 nor the approval decision was capable of forming the basis of the certainty of being able to benefit lawfully from
         the disputed aid. Consequently, those acts were also incapable of forming the basis of a legitimate expectation on the part
         of the beneficiaries of the disputed aid.
      
      280    No different conclusion may be reached on the basis of paragraph 189 of the judgment in Case T‑6/99 ESF Elbe‑Stahlwerke Feralpi v Commission [2001] ECR II‑1523, relied upon by the Region of Sardinia. Indeed, as the Commission rightly pointed out, in the case which
         gave rise to that judgment and unlike in the circumstances of the present case, it had expressly authorised the aid in question
         by a decision adopted following a notification submitted in due and proper form by the Member State concerned. It is on precisely
         that ground that the Court took the view that the principle of protection of legitimate expectations prevented a recovery
         of the aid in question from the beneficiaries, despite the fact that the Commission had subsequently, on the basis of new
         information, found the aid to be incompatible with the common market (ESF Elbe‑Stahlwerke Feralpi v Commission, cited above, paragraphs 188 and 189).
      
      281    Secondly, with regard to the assurances given by the Italian authorities, Decree No 285/1999, Resolution No 33/6, the clarifications
         obtained from the administrative services of the Region of Sardinia regarding the conformity of the aid with the common market
         and the fact that the Region of Sardinia was regularly granting applications for reimbursement, it must be held that all those
         factors are actions on the part of the national authorities. They do not therefore satisfy the first condition laid down in
         the case-law cited in paragraph 273 above, namely that it is the Community authorities which must have given the assurances
         to the parties concerned, the expectations of those parties having their basis in those assurances.
      
      282    Thirdly, with regard to the alleged slow pace of the Commission procedure, leaving aside the fact – referred to in paragraph
         100 above – that the duration of the preliminary examination procedure cannot be regarded as excessive in the present case,
         the Commission rightly submits that any apparent failure to act on its part is irrelevant when an aid scheme has not been
         notified to it (Joined Cases C‑183/02 P and C‑187/02 P Demesa and Territorio Histórico de Álava v Commission [2004] ECR I‑10609, paragraph 52).
      
      283    Fourthly, the Commission decision of 12 July 2000 on the aid scheme laid down in legge nº 488/92, which provided, subject
         to certain conditions, that expenditure incurred before the submission of the application for aid was eligible, was also incapable
         of forming the basis for a legitimate expectation on the part of the beneficiaries of the disputed aid. Indeed, it should
         be borne in mind that the general principle under Article 87(1) EC is that State aid is not permitted. In accordance with
         case-law, exceptions to that principle are to be interpreted strictly (Fleuren Compost v Commission, cited in paragraph 132 above, paragraph 75). It follows that a decision not to raise objections to an aid scheme is concerned
         only with the actual grant of the aid falling under that scheme and cannot, therefore, form the basis for a legitimate expectation
         on the part of the potential beneficiaries of similar future aid projects in the compatibility with the common market of the
         aid at issue (see, to that effect, the judgment of 2 December 2008 in Joined Cases T‑362/05 and T‑363/05 Nuova Agricast and Cofra v Commission, not published in the ECR, paragraph 80).
      
      284    The plea in law based on infringement of the principle of the protection of legitimate expectations must therefore be rejected.
      
       The plea in law alleging infringement of the provisions relating to de minimis aid
      285    The interveners and SF Turistico Immobiliare claim that the Commission has infringed the applicable provisions relating to
         de minimis aid.
      
      286    In this regard, the interveners are of the opinion that the Commission should have confined itself to requiring the Region
         of Sardinia to recover the part of the amounts of aid paid above the ceiling of EUR 200 000 laid down in Article 2 of Commission
         Regulation (EC) No 1998/2006 of 15 December 2006 on the application of Articles 87 [EC] and 88 [EC] to de minimis aid (OJ 2006 L 379, p. 5), or, in any event, that part above the ceiling of EUR 100 000 laid down in Article 2 of Regulation
         No 69/2001.
      
      287    SF Turistico Immobiliare adds that, by preventing the expenditure incurred before the submission of the application for aid
         from being regarded as expenditure made in the context of de minimis aid, the Commission failed to take into account the exceptional situation in the territory of the Region of Sardinia, the
         result of overlapping and contradictory provisions from different sources all seeking to govern aid in the tourism sector.
      
      288    In its view, de minimis aid is exempt from the notification requirement, covers ‘any public aid’ and is without prejudice to the possibility of receiving
         other aid in respect of the same project. The words ‘project in its entirety’ are interpreted in an overly formalistic manner
         by the Commission on the basis of the first expenditure stated in the calculation attached to the application.
      
      289    The Commission disputes those arguments.
      
      290    It is necessary, first of all, to determine which of the various successive instruments relating to de minimis aid is applicable ratione temporis to the facts of the present case. This very issue has successively formed the subject-matter of the Commission communication
         on de minimis aid (OJ 1996 C 68, p. 9), Regulation No 69/2001 and Regulation No 1998/2006.
      
      291    In accordance with the third sentence of recital 5 in the preamble to Regulation No 69/2001 and recital 10 in the preamble
         to Regulation No 1998/2006, de minimis aid should be considered to be granted at the moment the legal right to receive the aid is conferred to the beneficiary under
         the applicable national law. It must be pointed out in this regard that it is clear from the various tables contained in the
         letter from the Region of Sardinia of 14 April 2003 that the applications for aid relating to the disputed aid were made between
         20 January and 31 March 2001. It follows that the date on which that aid was granted cannot have been before April 2001. In
         addition, pursuant to Article 4(1) of Regulation No 69/2001, that regulation entered into force on 2 February 2001, the 20th
         day following that of its publication in the Official Journal on 13 January 2001. Accordingly, in the present case, the provisions
         on de minimis aid contained in Regulation No 69/2001 should be applied.
      
      292    Next, with regard to the content of the provisions in question, Article 2 of Regulation No 69/2001, which is entitled ‘De minimis aid’, provides:
      
      ‘1. Aid measures shall be deemed not to meet all the criteria of Article 87(1) of the Treaty and shall therefore not fall
         under the notification requirement of Article 88(3) of the Treaty, if they fulfil the conditions laid down in paragraphs 2
         and 3.
      
      2. The total de minimis aid granted to any one enterprise shall not exceed EUR 100 000 over any period of three years. This ceiling shall apply irrespective
         of the form of the aid or the objective pursued.
      
      …’
      293    Furthermore, pursuant to the fourth sentence of recital 5 in the preamble to Regulation No 69/2001, ‘[t]he de minimis rule is without prejudice to the possibility that enterprises receive, also for the same project, State aid authorised by
         the Commission or covered by a group exemption Regulation.’
      
      294    Finally, in the present case, the contested decision contains the following passages relating to the application of the de minimis rule:
      
      295    Pursuant to recital 68 in the preamble to the contested decision:
      
      ‘… the Commission cannot accept the Italian authorities’ arguments with regard to the de minimis rule, because the de minimis rule cannot be invoked to circumvent the obligation contained in the [1998] Guidelines that in order to comply with the principle
         of incentive effect the application must be submitted before work is started on the project. The sum to be considered must
         relate to the project in its entirety, and not just the section granted before the application for aid. The Commission cannot
         accept the suggestion that it ought to consider the initial work eligible under the de minimis rule, thus taking it outside the scope of the [1998] Guidelines’.
      
      296    In recital 73 in the preamble to the contested decision, the Commission explains:
      
      ‘[The] finding of incompatibility [relating to the aid granted on the basis of Resolution No 33/6] applies to the entirety
         of the aid granted towards projects whose eligible costs were incurred before the submission of an application for aid, on
         the basis of the implementing measures in force at the time the application was submitted, which exceeds the amount of de minimis aid for which the recipient may have been eligible at the relevant time, calculated in accordance with Article 2 of Regulation
         No 69/2001’.
      
      297    It follows from those two recitals, when read in conjunction, that the Commission did not intend to exclude, in absolute terms,
         the application of the de minimis rule to the disputed aid. It must be pointed out in this regard that the Commission’s ruling in the contested decision related
         only to the aid scheme as amended by Resolution No 33/6. The contested decision therefore in no way precludes the application
         of the de minimis rule in respect of certain individual aid granted on the basis of that scheme.
      
      298    By contrast, the Commission took the view that the application of the rule presupposed that the total amount of the aid received
         for a particular project is below the de minimis ceiling available to the undertaking in question, and that it was therefore not possible simply to deduct the amount corresponding
         to that ceiling from the amount of aid to be recovered or to take account of the amount corresponding to the work in fact
         completed before the submission of the application for aid.
      
      299    The parties are therefore in dispute solely on the question whether it is possible, for the purposes of the application of
         the de minimis rule, to divide up the aid relating to a specific project in order that it may benefit from that rule in respect of the amount
         falling below the applicable ceiling, or whether – on the contrary – the aid relating to a specific project must be regarded
         as indivisible and the application of the de minimis rule must be ruled out in respect of aid exceeding the ceiling.
      
      300    In the absence of explicit provisions in this regard in Regulation No 69/2001, this question must be examined having regard
         to the purpose of the de minimis rule.
      
      301    In this connection, it must be pointed out that, in paragraph 3.2 of its communication regarding Community guidelines on State
         aid for small and medium-sized enterprises (OJ 1992 C 213, p. 2), the Commission gave as the reason for the initial introduction
         of the de minimis rule the fact that ‘not all aid has a perceptible impact on trade and competition between Member States’, which is so ‘especially
         of aid provided in very small amounts’, and the concern to act ‘in the interests of administrative simplification for the
         benefit of SMEs’. Thus, it is ‘desirable that aid up to a certain absolute amount, below which Article [87](1) [EC] can be
         said not to apply, should no longer be subject to prior notification to the Commission’.
      
      302    Similarly, in the second subparagraph of its 1996 communication on de minimis aid (see paragraph 290 above), the Commission again made reference to ‘an effort to reduce the administrative burden on the
         Member States and on the Commission itself – which ought to be left to concentrate its resources on cases of real importance
         to the Community’.
      
      303    As far as Regulation No 69/2001 is concerned, it contains no recitals explicitly devoted to the ratio legis of the de minimis rule and simply states the following:
      
      ‘In the light of the Commission’s experience, it can be established that aid not exceeding a ceiling of EUR 100 000 over any
         period of three years does not affect trade between Member States and/or does not distort or threaten to distort competition
         and therefore does not fall under Article 87(1) [EC]’ (first sentence of recital 5 in the preamble to Regulation No 69/2001).
      
      304    It follows from the foregoing considerations that the objective of the de minimis rule is to simplify administrative procedures, both in the interest of the beneficiaries of aid of relatively small amounts
         which are therefore incapable of distorting competition and in that of the Commission, which ought to be left to concentrate
         its resources on cases of genuine interest to the Community.
      
      305    In that connection, it must be noted that allowing aid to be divided up in order to enable a part of that aid to benefit from
         the de minimis rule would not contribute to the pursuit of the abovementioned objective. Indeed, the mere act of deducting from the amount
         of aid to be granted to an undertaking the amount corresponding to the de minimis ceiling spares neither the Commission the task of having to examine the compatibility with the common market of the aid in
         question in respect of the amount which exceeds that ceiling, nor the undertaking in question the requirement to await the
         outcome of that examination before being able to benefit from or, in the case of unlawful aid, having – where appropriate
         – to pay back that amount.
      
      306    Furthermore, as the Commission rightly pointed out in its answer to a written question put by the Court, allowing aid to be
         divided up could result, in the circumstances of the present case, in the waiving of the principle that the compatibility
         of the aid presupposes the existence of an incentive effect, specifically in respect of the total amount of the aid granted.
         Indeed, if the amounts corresponding to the work carried out before the submission of the application for aid were to fall
         below the ceiling of EUR 100 000 and therefore should not be regarded as State aid within the meaning of Article 87(1) EC,
         it would have to be concluded that no aid was granted before the application for aid. Consequently, the project would have
         to be regarded as having started after the submission of the application for aid, whereas – in reality – the project has failed
         to comply with that criterion.
      
      307    Such an outcome would risk compromising the objectives pursued by the supervision of State aid in general, since it would
         be likely to undermine the willingness of Member States and of undertakings to comply with the obligation not to grant State
         aid before the Commission has been able to rule on its compatibility with the common market. Indeed, even if the amounts corresponding
         to the work carried out prior to the submission of the application for aid were above the ceiling of EUR 100 000, the beneficiaries
         could then be assured that at least some of the aid unlawfully paid would not be recovered. In addition, as the Commission
         rightly pointed out, the purpose of the de minimis rule is not to guarantee that any undertaking which has been granted unlawful aid can benefit from an exemption from repayment
         fixed at the de minimis ceiling.
      
      308    That last finding is supported by an analysis of the very concept of ‘de minimis aid’. That concept makes clear that the aid must be of a small amount. Allowing – on an ex post basis – aid exceeding the applicable ceiling to be divided up in this regard would involve permitting part of the aid, which
         was not of a small amount when it was granted, to benefit from the de minimis rule.
      
      309    It is true that, following the recovery of the total amount of the aid granted unlawfully, the Member State in question may,
         in principle, immediately grant to the undertaking new de minimis aid fixed at the ceiling of EUR 100 000. However, as the Commission made clear in its answer to the written question put by
         the Court, this requires a new decision to grant public funds by the Member State, which is not bound by its decision, such
         that the prohibition on dividing up aid thus cannot be regarded as a purely formal rule.
      
      310    It is therefore necessary to interpret Article 2(1) and (2) of Regulation No 69/2001 as meaning that the exemption from the
         notification requirement provided for in Article 88(3) EC cannot be applied to amounts which make up aid, the total amount
         of which exceeds the ceiling of EUR 100 000 over a period of three years.
      
      311    In any event, the explicit inclusion of that restrictive interpretation in the second subparagraph of Article 2(2) of Regulation
         No 1998/2006 must therefore be understood as introducing a clarification and not as adding a new condition to the application
         of the de minimis rule.
      
      312    Consequently, the argument advanced by the interveners to the effect that the Commission should have confined itself to requiring
         the Region of Sardinia to recover the part of the amount of aid paid which exceeded the ceiling of EUR 200 000 or, at the
         very least, the ceiling of EUR 100 000, must be rejected. The argument put forward by SF Turistico Immobiliare to the effect
         that the Commission should have taken into account only the part of the expenditure incurred before the submission of the
         application for aid for the purposes of the application of the de minimis rule must likewise be rejected.
      
      313    This does not preclude the possibility that, in the context of the assessment of each individual case which the Italian authorities
         will have to conduct when recovering the disputed aid, it may be established that certain projects – which were started before
         the submission of the application for aid and therefore cannot benefit from aid under the scheme introduced by Act No 9/1998
         – are functionally independent of other projects which were started only after the date of submission of the application for
         aid and, therefore, could benefit from aid under that same scheme. However, this is a not question for the Court to settle
         in the context of the present cases.
      
      314    The plea in law alleging infringement of the provisions relating to de minimis aid must therefore be rejected.
      
      315    Consequently, the actions must be dismissed in their entirety.
      
       Costs
      316    Under Article 87(2) of the Rules of Procedure, the unsuccessful party is to be ordered to pay the costs if they have been
         applied for in the successful party’s pleadings. As the applicants and the interveners have been unsuccessful, they must be
         ordered to pay the costs, in accordance with the form of order sought by the Commission.
      
      On those grounds,
      THE GENERAL COURT (Fourth Chamber)
      hereby:
      1.      Joins Cases T‑394/08, T‑408/08, T‑453/08 and T‑454/08 for the purposes of the judgment;
      2.      Dismisses the actions;
      3.      Orders the applicants to pay the Commission’s costs, excluding those incurred by it as a result of the intervention, and their
            own costs;
      4.      Orders the interveners in Case T‑394/08 to bear the Commission’s costs relating to the intervention and their own costs.
      
               Pelikánová 
            
            
                Jürimäe 
            
            
                Van der Woude
            
         Delivered in open court in Luxembourg on 20 September 2011.
      [Signatures]
      Table of contents
      
      Background to the dispute
      Contested decision
      Procedure
      Forms of order sought by the parties
      Law
      1.  Admissibility of certain pleas in law put forward by the interveners in Case T‑394/08
      2.  Admissibility of certain complaints raised at the reply stage
      Case T‑394/08
      Case T‑408/08
      Case T‑453/08
      Case T‑454/08
      3.  Admissibility of the pleas in law alleging that the correction decision was unlawful
      The legal nature of the correction decision
      The consequences, in the present case, for the admissibility of the pleas in law alleging the illegality of the correction
         decision
      
      4.  The pleas in law alleging procedural errors
      The plea alleging infringement of Article 88(2) EC and of Regulation No 659/1999
      The complaint alleging infringement of Article 9 of Regulation No 659/1999
      The complaint alleging a failure to conduct a proper investigation
      The complaint alleging non-compliance with the time-limits laid down in Regulation No 659/1999
      The plea in law alleging infringement of Article 254(3) EC and of Article 20(1) of Regulation No 659/1999
      The plea in law alleging failures to state reasons in the contested decision
      The complaint alleging a failure to state reasons as regards the infringement of the principle that the duration of the procedure
         should be reasonable
      
      The complaint alleging a failure to state reasons as regards the classification of the aid as new unlawful aid
      The complaint alleging a failure to state reasons as regards the incompatibility of the aid as regional development aid
      The complaint alleging a failure to state reasons as regards the assessment of the incentive effect of the disputed aid
      The complaint alleging a failure to state reasons as regards the refusal to apply the de minimis rule
      The complaint alleging a failure to state reasons for the order for recovery
      5.  The substantive pleas in law
      The plea in law alleging the absence of any legal basis for the correction decision
      The plea in law alleging a misuse of powers when the correction decision was adopted
      The plea in law alleging that the approval decision did not mention the condition of a prior application
      The plea in law alleging that the classification of the aid as unlawful, rather than as misused, is incorrect
      The plea in law alleging that the 1998 Guidelines do not apply
      The applicability ratione temporis of the 1998 Guidelines
      The argument based on provisions applicable to the previous scheme
      The argument based on the national legislative context
      The plea of illegality in relation to point 4.2 of the 1998 Guidelines
      –  Admissibility of the plea of illegality
      –  Substance
      The plea in law alleging a manifest error of assessment as regards the existence of an incentive effect
      The arguments based on the particular situation or conduct of the beneficiaries of the disputed aid
      The argument that the mere entry into force of Act No 9/1998 afforded the undertakings the certainty that they would be able
         to benefit from the aid
      
      The plea in law alleging infringement of Article 87(3) EC
      The plea in law alleging infringement of the principle of impartiality and the principle of the protection of competition
      The plea in law alleging infringement of the principle of the protection of legitimate expectations
      The legitimate expectations of the Region of Sardinia concerning the absence of any guidelines when Act No 9/1998 was adopted
      The legitimate expectations of the beneficiaries based on the existence of an earlier approval decision and the circumstances
         of the case
      
      The plea in law alleging infringement of the provisions relating to de minimis aid
      Costs
      * Language of the case: Italian.