CELEX: 62009CJ0352
Language: en
Date: 2011-03-29
Title: Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 29 March 2011.#ThyssenKrupp Nirosta GmbH v European Commission.#Appeals - Competition - Agreements, decisions and concerted practices - Community market in stainless steel flat products - Decision finding an infringement of Article 65 CS after the expiry of the ECSC Treaty on the basis of Regulation (EC) No 1/2003 - Powers of the Commission - Principles of nulla poena sine lege and res judicata - Rights of the defence - Attributability of the unlawful conduct - Transfer of liability by means of a statement - Limitation period - Cooperation during the administrative procedure.#Case C-352/09 P.

Case C-352/09 P
      ThyssenKrupp Nirosta GmbH, formerly ThyssenKrupp Stainless AG
      v
      European Commission
      (Appeal – Competition – Agreements, decisions and concerted practices – Community market in stainless steel flat products – Decision finding an infringement of Article 65 CS after the expiry of the ECSC Treaty on the basis of Regulation (EC) No
         1/2003 – Powers of the Commission – Principles of nulla poena sine lege and res judicata – Rights of the defence – Attributability of the unlawful conduct – Transfer of liability by means of a statement – Limitation period – Cooperation during the administrative procedure)
      
      Summary of the Judgment
      1.        Competition – Agreements, decisions and concerted practices – Agreements subject ratione materiae and ratione temporis to
            the legal system of the ECSC Treaty – Expiry of the ECSC Treaty – Continuation of supervisory action by the Commission within
            the legal framework of Regulation No 1/2003
      (Art. 65(1) CS; Council Regulation No 1/2003)
      2.        Acts of the institutions – Temporal application – Expiry of the ECSC Treaty – Commission decision adopted against an undertaking
            after the expiry of the ECSC Treaty and relating to acts prior to the expiry of that treaty – Principle of the legality of
            criminal offences and penalties – Principle of the protection of legitimate expectations – Scope – Liability of undertakings
            for their conduct in breach of the rules on competition in the context of the succession of the legal framework of the EC
            Treaty to that of the ECSC Treaty – Substantive rules – Procedural rules
      (Art. 65(1) and (5) CS; Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, Art. 49(1); Council Regulation No 1/2003, Arts
            7(1) and 23(2))
      3.        Actions for annulment – Judgment annulling a measure – Scope – Res judicata – Scope
      4.        Appeals – Grounds of appeal – Grounds of judgment disclosing an infringement of European Union law – Operative part well founded
            for other legal reasons – Dismissal of appeal
      5.        Competition – European Union rules – Infringements – Attribution – Infringement committed by an entity which has not ceased
            to exist and continued by another entity succeeding to the first one in the economic activity in the market in question –
            Attribution of the entire infringement to that other entity
      (Arts 81(1) and 230(4) EC)
      6.        Competition – Administrative procedure – Limitation period with regard to proceedings – Attribution of the infringement to
            a legal person other than the person responsible for operation of the undertaking at the time of the infringement
      (Council Regulation No 1/2003, Art. 25(1) to (6); Decision No 715/98, Art. 1(1) to (3))
      7.        Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Criteria – Reduction of the fine in return for cooperation by the undertaking
            accused of the infringement – Conditions
      (Commission Notice 96/C 207/04)
      8.        Appeals – Grounds – Mistaken assessment of the facts – Inadmissibility – Review by the Court of Justice of the assessment
            of the facts put before the General Court – Possible only where the clear sense of the evidence has been distorted
      (Arts 225(1) and 229 EC; Statute of the Court of Justice, Art. 58(1), Council Regulation No 1/2003, Art. 31)
      1.        In accordance with a principle common to the legal systems of the Member States, the origins of which may be traced back to
         Roman law, when legislation is amended, unless the legislature expresses a contrary intention, continuity of the legal system
         must be ensured. That principle applies to amendments to the primary law of the European Union.
      
      There is no indication that the European Union legislature wished it to be possible for concerted practices prohibited under
         the ECSC Treaty to escape the application of all penalties after that treaty expired. The succession of the ECSC, EC and FEU
         Treaties ensures, in order to guarantee free competition, that any conduct corresponding to the factual elements set out in
         Article 65(1) CS, whether taking place before or after the expiry of the ECSC Treaty on 23 July 2002, could be and still can
         be penalised by the Commission.
      
      In those circumstances, it would be contrary to the objectives and the coherence of the Treaties and irreconcilable with the
         continuity of the legal order of the European Union if the Commission did not have jurisdiction to ensure the uniform application
         of the rules deriving from the ECSC Treaty which continue to produce effects even after the expiry of that treaty. The General
         Court does not therefore err in law by interpreting Regulation No 1/2003 as enabling the Commission to find and penalise,
         after the expiry of the ECSC Treaty, agreements between undertakings arrived at in the sectors falling within the scope of
         the ECSC Treaty ratione materiae and ratione temporis.
      
      (see paras 72-74, 77-78)
      2.        The principle of the legality of criminal offences and penalties, as enshrined in particular in Article 49(1) of the Charter
         of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, requires that European Union rules define offences and penalties clearly. The
         principle of legal certainty requires that such rules enable those concerned to know precisely the extent of the obligations
         which are imposed on them, and that those persons must be able to ascertain unequivocally what their rights and obligations
         are and take steps accordingly. In this respect, in so far as the Treaties define clearly the infringements and the nature
         and extent of the penalties which can be imposed on undertakings for infringements of the rules on competition, the principle
         of the legality of criminal offences and penalties and the principle of legal certainty do not aim to guarantee to undertakings
         that subsequent amendments to the legal bases and procedural rules will enable them to escape all penalties relating to their
         past infringements.
      
      In the case of a Commission decision concerning a legal situation which was definitively established before the expiry of
         the ECSC Treaty, adopted against an undertaking after the expiry of that treaty, the General Court does not err in law by
         holding, first, that compliance with the principles governing the temporal application of the law and the requirements relating
         to the principles of legal certainty and the protection of legitimate expectations require the application of the substantive
         provisions of Article 65(1) and (5) CS to facts which occurred before the expiry of the ECSC Treaty and fall within the scope
         of that treaty ratione materiae and ratione temporis. In this respect, Article 65(1) and (5) CS provided a clear legal basis for imposing a penalty for infringement of the rules
         on competition, so that a diligent undertaking could not at any time be unaware of the consequences of its conduct or count
         on the fact that the succession of the legal framework of the EC Treaty to that of the ECSC Treaty would have the consequence
         of allowing it to escape all penalties for infringements of Article 65 CS committed in the past.
      
      As regards, secondly, the procedural rules applicable, the General Court was right to hold that the Commission has power to
         conduct the procedure pursuant to Articles 7(1) and 23(2) of Regulation No 1/2003. The provision which forms the legal basis
         of an act and empowers the Union institution to adopt the act in question must be in force at the time when the act is adopted,
         and procedural rules are generally held to apply from the time of their entry into force.
      
      (see paras 79-83, 86-88)
      3.        The principle of res judicata is of fundamental importance in both the legal order of the European Union and the national legal systems. Res judicata extends only to the matters of fact and law actually or necessarily settled by the judicial decision in question.
      
      Where the European Union judicature has to confine itself to determining the content of a statement by an undertaking, in
         order to find that the intention of the statement is to effect a transfer of liability for the unlawful conduct from one undertaking
         to another, judging the lawfulness of that transfer is an obiter dictum which goes beyond the bounds of the dispute before the court and does not actually or necessarily decide a point of law.
         It cannot therefore be res judicata.
      
      (see paras 123, 131-132)
      4.        If the reasoning in a judgment of the General Court discloses an infringement of European Union law but its operative part
         is well founded on other legal grounds, the appeal must be dismissed.
      
      (see para. 136)
      5.        It is, in principle, for the natural or legal person who managed an undertaking when the infringement of the competition rules
         was committed to answer for that infringement, even if, at the date of the decision finding the infringement, the operation
         of the undertaking was no longer his responsibility. As to the circumstances in which an entity that has not committed the
         infringement may none the less be penalised for that infringement, this situation arises if the entity that has committed
         the infringement has ceased to exist, either in law or economically, since a penalty imposed on an undertaking which is no
         longer economically active is likely to have no deterrent effect.
      
      Where an undertaking formed by the concentration of the activities of two companies expressly confirms by a statement that
         it wishes, as an undertaking carrying on the economic activities the subject of a cartel, to assume liability for the unlawful
         conduct of an entity belonging to one of those companies, with a view to the fine that the Commission can impose on it in
         the proceedings brought in respect of that cartel, the legal consequence of the transfer of liability which the undertaking
         has assumed by that statement is perfectly precise and foreseeable for it.
      
      The undertaking which has assumed that liability can no longer seek the revocation of its statement at a time when the Commission,
         on the basis of that statement, has actually imposed a fine on it. However, the subsequent irrevocability of the statement
         does not prevent the undertaking from contesting, by an action before the European Union judicature, the interpretation of
         its content or the express or implied acknowledgment of matters of fact or law during the administrative procedure before
         the Commission, since that irrevocability cannot restrict the actual exercise of the right of a natural or legal person to
         bring proceedings before the General Court under the fourth paragraph of Article 230 EC.
      
      (see paras 143-144, 149-150, 153-155)
      6.        Both Article 1(1) of Decision No 715/78 concerning limitation periods in proceedings and the enforcement of sanctions under
         the Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community and Article 25(1) of Regulation No 1/2003 subject the Commission’s
         power to impose fines for infringements of the provisions of competition law to a limitation period of five years. That period
         runs, in accordance with Article 1(2) of Decision No 715/78 and Article 25(2) of Regulation No 1/2003, from the day on which
         the infringement was committed or ceased, and may, under Articles 2 and 3 of Decision No 715/78 and Article 25(3) to (6) of
         Regulation No 1/2003, be interrupted or suspended.
      
      In the case of a Commission decision imposing a fine for an infringement of the competition rules on an undertaking which,
         as the acquirer of an economic entity, has assumed liability for that entity’s unlawful conduct, the limitation period can
         be assessed only in relation to the undertaking assuming liability, where the Commission’s decision imposes a fine on that
         undertaking alone. In particular, while certain actions of the entity transferred may indeed continue to have effects for
         the undertaking assuming liability, and the expiry of a limitation period in respect of that entity cannot be avoided by a
         transfer of liability, it does not follow that the limitation period should be assessed in relation to that entity.
      
      (see paras 166-168)
      7.        A reduction of the fine imposed for an infringement of the competition rules, on the basis of the Commission’s notice on the
         non-imposition or reduction of fines in cartel cases, can be justified only if the information provided and the conduct of
         the undertaking concerned may be regarded as demonstrating genuine cooperation on its part.
      
       (see para. 176)
      8.        Where the General Court holds that the Commission was entitled to consider that an undertaking should not enjoy an additional
         reduction of the fine beyond the 20% already allowed, it is making an assessment of fact in the exercise of its unlimited
         jurisdiction conferred, pursuant to Article 229 EC, by Article 31 of Regulation No 1/2003 which, as such, is not subject to
         review on appeal by the Court of Justice.
      
      It follows from Article 225 EC and the first paragraph of Article 58 of the Statute of the Court of Justice that the General
         Court has exclusive jurisdiction, first, to find the facts, except where the substantive inaccuracy of its findings is apparent
         from the documents submitted to it, and, secondly, to assess those facts. When the General Court has found or assessed the
         facts, the Court of Justice has jurisdiction under Article 225 EC to review the legal characterisation of those facts by the
         General Court and the legal conclusions it has drawn from them. The appraisal of the facts by the General Court does not constitute,
         save where the clear sense of the evidence produced before it is distorted, a question of law which is subject, as such, to
         review by the Court of Justice.
      
      (see paras 179-180)
JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (Grand Chamber)
      29 March 2011 (*)
      
      (Appeals – Competition – Agreements, decisions and concerted practices – Community market in stainless steel flat products – Decision finding an infringement of Article 65 CS after the expiry of the ECSC Treaty on the basis of Regulation (EC) No
         1/2003 – Powers of the Commission – Principles of nulla poena sine lege and res judicata – Rights of the defence – Attributability of the unlawful conduct – Transfer of liability by means of a statement – Limitation period – Cooperation during the administrative procedure)
      
      
      Table of contents
      
      I –  Legal context
      A –  Provisions of the ECSC Treaty
      B –  Provisions of the EC Treaty
      C –  Regulation (EC) No 1/2003
      D –  Provisions relating to the calculation of the fine
      II –  Background to the dispute
      III –  Procedure before the General Court and the judgment under appeal
      IV –  Forms of order sought by the parties
      V –  The application for the oral procedure to be reopened
      VI –  The appeal
      A –  First ground of appeal and first part of the third ground of appeal: breach of the principle nulla poena sine lege and
         the principle ‘of precision’, and lack of power of the Commission
      
      1.  Arguments of the parties
      2.  Findings of the Court
      B –  Second ground of appeal and second part of the third ground of appeal
      1.  First part of the second ground of appeal: error of law vitiating the General Court’s interpretation of paragraph 88 of
         the judgment in ThyssenKrupp v Commission
      
      a)  Arguments of the parties
      b)  Findings of the Court
      2.  First argument in support of the second part of the second ground of appeal: misinterpretation by the General Court of
         the scope of the principle of res judicata and breach of the rights of the defence
      
      a)  Admissibility of this argument
      i)  Arguments of the parties
      ii)  Findings of the Court
      b)  Substance
      i)  Arguments of the parties
      ii)  Findings of the Court
      3.  Second argument in support of the second part of the second ground of appeal, and second part of the third ground of appeal:
         no transfer of liability as a result of the statement of 23 July 1997, and breach of the ‘principle of precision’
      
      a)  Arguments of the parties
      b)  Findings of the Court
      C –  Fourth ground of appeal: infringement of the rules on limitation periods
      1.  Arguments of the parties
      2.  Findings of the Court
      D –  Fifth ground of appeal: breach of the principles governing the calculation of the fine
      1.  Arguments of the parties
      2.  Findings of the Court
      VII –  Costs
      
      In Case C‑352/09 P,
      APPEAL under Article 56 of the Statute of the Court of Justice, brought on 2 September 2009,
      ThyssenKrupp Nirosta GmbH, formerly ThyssenKrupp Stainless AG, established in Duisburg (Germany), represented by M. Klusmann, Rechtsanwalt, and S. Thomas,
         Universitätsprofessor,
      
      appellant,
      the other party to the proceedings being:
      European Commission, represented by F. Castillo de la Torre and R. Sauer, acting as Agents, with an address for service in Luxembourg,
      
      defendant at first instance,
      THE COURT (Grand Chamber),
      composed of V. Skouris, President, A. Tizzano, J.N. Cunha Rodrigues, K. Lenaerts, J.‑C. Bonichot, K. Schiemann, A. Arabadjiev
         (Rapporteur) and J.‑J. Kasel, Presidents of Chambers, E. Juhász, G. Arestis, A. Borg Barthet, T. von Danwitz and C. Toader,
         Judges,
      
      Advocate General: Y. Bot,
      Registrar: B. Fülöp, Administrator,
      having regard to the written procedure and further to the hearing on 29 June 2010,
      after hearing the Opinion of the Advocate General at the sitting on 26 October 2010,
      gives the following
      Judgment
      1        By its appeal ThyssenKrupp Nirosta GmbH, formerly ThyssenKrupp Stainless AG, asks the Court to set aside the judgment of the
         Court of First Instance of the European Communities (now ‘the General Court’) in Case T‑24/07 ThyssenKrupp Stainless v Commission [2009] ECR II‑2309 (‘the judgment under appeal’)  dismissing its application for annulment of the Commission’s decision of
         20 December 2006 relating to a proceeding under Article 65 of the ECSC Treaty (Case No COMP/F/39.234 − Alloy surcharge – readoption)
         (‘the contested decision’) and its application, in the alternative, for reduction of the fine imposed on it by that decision.
      
      2        By that decision, the European Commission found that Thyssen Stahl AG (‘Thyssen Stahl’) had from 16 December 1993 to 31 December
         1994 infringed Article 65(1) CS by modifying and applying, as a concerted practice, the reference values used to calculate
         an alloy surcharge, and on that basis imposed a fine of EUR 3 168 000 on ThyssenKrupp Stainless AG.
      
      I –  Legal context
      A –  Provisions of the ECSC Treaty
      3        Article 65 CS provided:
      
      ‘1.      All agreements between undertakings, decisions by associations of undertakings and concerted practices tending directly or
         indirectly to prevent, restrict or distort normal competition within the common market shall be prohibited, and in particular
         those tending:
      
      (a)      to fix or determine prices;
      (b)      to restrict or control production, technical development or investment;
      (c)      to share markets, products, customers or sources of supply.
      …
      4.      Any agreement or decision prohibited by paragraph 1 of this Article shall be automatically void and may not be relied upon
         before any court or tribunal in the Member States.
      
      The Commission shall have sole jurisdiction, subject to the right to bring actions before the Court, to rule whether any such
         agreement or decision is compatible with this Article.
      
      5.      On any undertaking which has entered into an agreement which is automatically void, or has enforced or attempted to enforce,
         by arbitration, penalty, boycott or by any other means, an agreement or decision which is automatically void or an agreement
         for which authorisation has been refused or revoked, or has obtained an authorisation by means of information which it knew
         to be false or misleading, or has engaged in practices prohibited by paragraph 1 of this Article, the Commission may impose
         fines or periodic penalty payments not exceeding twice the turnover on the products which were the subject of the agreement,
         decision or practice prohibited by this Article; if, however, the purpose of the agreement, decision or practice is to restrict
         production, technical development or investment, this maximum may be raised to 10% of the annual turnover of the undertakings
         in question in the case of fines, and 20% of the daily turnover in the case of periodic penalty payments.’
      
      4        In accordance with Article 97 CS, the ECSC Treaty expired on 23 July 2002.
      
      B –  Provisions of the EC Treaty
      5        Article 305(1) EC provided:
      
      ‘The provisions of this Treaty shall not affect the provisions of the Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community,
         in particular as regards the rights and obligations of Member States, the powers of the institutions of that Community and
         the rules laid down by that Treaty for the functioning of the common market in coal and steel.’
      
      C –  Regulation (EC) No 1/2003
      6        Under Article 4 of Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2003 of 16 December 2002 on the implementation of the rules on competition
         laid down in Articles 81 and 82 of the [EC] Treaty (OJ 2003 L 1, p. 1), ‘[f]or the purpose of applying Articles 81 [EC] and
         82 [EC], the Commission shall have the powers provided for by this Regulation’.
      
      7        Article 7(1) of Regulation No 1/2003, headed ‘Finding and termination of infringement’, provides:
      
      ‘1.      Where the Commission, acting on a complaint or on its own initiative, finds that there is an infringement of Article 81 [EC]
         or of Article 82 [EC], it may by decision require the undertakings and associations of undertakings concerned to bring such
         infringement to an end. … If the Commission has a legitimate interest in doing so, it may also find that an infringement has
         been committed in the past.
      
      …’
      8        Under Article 23(2)(a) of Regulation No 1/2003, the Commission may by decision impose fines on undertakings and associations
         of undertakings where, either intentionally or negligently, they infringe Article 81 EC or Article 82 EC.
      
      D –  Provisions relating to the calculation of the fine
      9        Section D of the Commission Notice on the non-imposition or reduction of fines in cartel cases (OJ 1996 C 207, p. 4; ‘the
         cooperation notice’) states:
      
      ‘1.      Where an enterprise cooperates without having met all the conditions set out in Sections B or C, it will benefit from a reduction
         of 10% to 50% of the fine that would have been imposed if it had not cooperated.
      
      2.      Such cases may include the following:
      –        before a statement of objections is sent, an enterprise provides the Commission with information, documents or other evidence
         which materially contribute to establishing the existence of the infringement;
      
      –        after receiving a statement of objections, an enterprise informs the Commission that it does not substantially contest the
         facts on which the Commission bases its allegations.’
      
      II –  Background to the dispute
      10      The facts of the dispute, as set out in paragraphs 10 to 32 of the judgment under appeal, may be summarised as follows.
      
      11      On 1 January 1995 Krupp Thyssen Nirosta GmbH, a company incorporated under German law, was created following the concentration
         of the stainless steel flat products activities of Thyssen Stahl and Fried. Krupp AG Hoesch-Krupp. Thyssen Stahl continued
         to operate independently in other sectors. As a result of a number of changes of company name, Krupp Thyssen Nirosta GmbH
         became ThyssenKrupp Stainless AG and finally ThyssenKrupp Nirosta GmbH.
      
      12      Stainless steel is a type of special steel which is resistant to corrosion because of the use of various alloying materials
         (chrome, nickel, molybdenum). It is used in the form of flat products (plates or coils; hot or cold rolled) or long products
         (bars, wire rod, sections; hot rolled or finished), most of which were covered by the ECSC Treaty.
      
      13      On 16 March 1995 the Commission asked a number of stainless steel producers to provide it with information on a price supplement
         known as the ‘alloy surcharge’, calculated on the basis of the prices of the alloying materials, which was added to the basic
         price for stainless steel. The cost of the alloying materials forms a large and very variable proportion of total production
         costs. On the basis of the information obtained, the Commission sent a statement of objections to 19 undertakings on 19 December
         1995.
      
      14      In December 1996 and January 1997, a number of undertakings including the appellant and Thyssen Stahl informed the Commission
         of their wish to cooperate. On 24 April 1997 the Commission sent each of the undertakings concerned, including the appellant
         and Thyssen Stahl, a new statement of objections, to which those two undertakings replied individually.
      
      15      By letter of 23 July 1997 addressed to the Commission (‘the statement of 23 July 1997’), the appellant stated as follows:
      
      ‘With regard to the abovementioned proceeding [Case IV/35.814 – ThyssenKrupp Stainless], you made a request to the legal representative
         of [Thyssen Stahl] that [the appellant] should expressly confirm that it assumed responsibility for any acts done by [Thyssen
         Stahl] following the transfer of [Thyssen Stahl’s] stainless steel flat products business, in so far as the stainless steel
         flat products at issue in these proceedings are concerned, and this also applies to the period dating back to 1993. We hereby
         expressly give you that confirmation.’
      
      16      By Decision 98/247/ECSC relating to a proceeding pursuant to Article 65 of the ECSC Treaty (Case IV/35.814 − Alloy surcharge)
         (OJ 1998 L 100, p. 55; ‘the initial decision’), the Commission found that most of the producers of stainless steel flat products,
         including the appellant and Thyssen Stahl, had agreed, at a meeting held in Madrid (Spain) on 16 December 1993, to increase
         their prices on a concerted basis by changing the parameters for calculating the alloy surcharge from 1 February 1994. It
         concluded that the undertakings concerned had infringed Article 65(1) CS.
      
      17      The initial decision was served on the appellant but not on Thyssen Stahl, as the Commission considered, on the basis of the
         statement of 23 July 1997, that the appellant was liable for the acts of Thyssen Stahl. It therefore imposed on it a fine
         relating also to the acts of which Thyssen Stahl had been accused and referring to the period from December 1993 to 1 January
         1995.
      
      18      On 11 March 1998 the appellant brought an action inter alia for the annulment of the initial decision.
      
      19      By judgment of 13 December 2001 in Joined Cases T‑45/98 and T 47/98 Krupp Thyssen Stainless and Acciai speciali Terni v Commission [2001] ECR II‑3757, the General Court annulled the initial decision in so far as it attributed liability to the appellant
         for the infringement of Article 65(1) CS committed by Thyssen Stahl, and consequently reduced the fine. The General Court
         considered that the Commission had not given the appellant an opportunity to submit comments on the acts of which Thyssen
         Stahl was accused, and had thereby infringed its rights of defence.
      
      20      By judgment of 14 July 2005 in Joined Cases C‑65/02 P and C‑73/02 P ThyssenKrupp v Commission [2005] ECR I‑6773, the Court dismissed the appeals brought by the appellant and the Commission against that judgment.
      
      21      Following an exchange of correspondence with the appellant and Thyssen Stahl, the Commission sent the appellant a statement
         of objections on 5 April 2006. The appellant replied to the statement of objections by letter of 17 May 2006, and a public
         hearing took place on 15 September 2006.
      
      22      On 20 December 2006 the Commission adopted the contested decision. According to the preamble to the decision, it was based
         inter alia on the ECSC Treaty, in particular Article 65, on the EC Treaty and on Regulation No 1/2003. The operative part
         of the decision provided inter alia:
      
      ‘Article 1
      [Thyssen Stahl] has infringed Article 65(1) CS in the period from 16 December 1993 to 31 December 1994 by modifying and applying
         the reference values used to calculate the alloy surcharge. This has had both the object and the effect of restricting and
         distorting normal competition within the common market.
      
      Article 2
      1.      A fine of EUR 3 168 000 is hereby imposed in respect of the infringement referred to in Article 1.
      2.      Since [the appellant] has, by the statement of 23 July 1997, assumed liability for the conduct of [Thyssen Stahl], the fine
         is imposed on [the appellant].’
      
      III –  Procedure before the General Court and the judgment under appeal
      23      By application lodged at the Registry of the General Court on 6 February 2007, the appellant brought an action for the annulment
         of the contested decision, pursuant to Articles 225 EC and 230 EC.
      
      24      By its first plea in law, the appellant alleged a breach of the principle nulla poena sine lege by reason of the application of Article 65(1) CS after the expiry of the ECSC Treaty. Its second plea in law claimed that
         the application of Regulation No 1/2003 in conjunction with Article 65 CS was unlawful. Its third plea in law alleged a breach
         of the principle of res judicata, in that the Court of Justice had found, in paragraph 88 of ThyssenKrupp v Commission, that the appellant was not liable for the conduct of Thyssen Stahl.
      
      25      By its fourth plea in law, the appellant argued that the statement of 23 July 1997 could not give rise to liability on its
         part or transfer the burden of paying the fine. By its fifth plea in law, it argued that the contested decision infringed
         the ‘principle of precision’, since neither the legal basis for the imposition of the penalty nor the concept of ‘assumption
         of liability by way of a private declaration’ had been determined with sufficient clarity.
      
      26      The sixth plea in law alleged a breach of the principle non bis in idem by reason of the transfer of liability by way of a private statement. By its seventh plea in law, the appellant claimed that
         the infringement committed by Thyssen Stahl was statute-barred. The eighth and ninth pleas in law alleged infringements of
         the rights of the defence, by reason of, first, an infringement of the right of access to the file and, second, the unlawfulness
         of the statement of objections.
      
      27      The appellant submitted in the alternative, by a tenth plea in law, that the amount of the fine had been calculated incorrectly,
         as the Commission had failed to take account of the fact that the appellant did not dispute the existence of the infringement
         as a whole.
      
      28      In paragraphs 37 and 38 of the judgment under appeal, it was stated that the parties presented oral argument at the hearing
         on 11 December 2008 and that, at that hearing, the appellant stated that it revoked the statement of 23 July 1997, formal
         notice of the revocation being taken in the minutes of the hearing.
      
      29      By the judgment under appeal the General Court dismissed the action and ordered the appellant to pay the costs.
      
      30      The General Court essentially found, first, that the application of Article 65(1) CS after 23 July 2002 to facts before that
         date did not infringe the principle nulla poena sine lege and that, for that application, the Commission could base its powers on Regulation No 1/2003. It considered that the Court
         of Justice had held in ThyssenKrupp v Commission, which had the force of res judicata, that the appellant was liable for the actions of Thyssen Stahl by virtue of the statement of 23 July 1997.
      
      31      Next, according to the General Court, the legal bases for the penalty and the transfer of liability had been determined with
         sufficient clarity in Articles 7(1) and 23(2) of Regulation No 1/2003 and by the statement of 23 July 1997. The allegation
         of breach of the principle non bis in idem was rejected, since the infringement committed by Thyssen Stahl was attributable to the appellant by reason of that statement.
         The infringement was not statute-barred, since the limitation period had to be assessed with reference to the appellant and
         had been suspended during the judicial proceedings contesting the initial decision.
      
      32      Finally, the General Court held that the statement of objections was lawful and that the Commission had not infringed the
         appellant’s right of access to the file or erred by not taking into account the alleged fact that the appellant had not disputed
         the existence of the infringement as a whole
      
      IV –  Forms of order sought by the parties
      33      The appellant claims that the Court should:
      
      –        set aside the judgment under appeal;
      –        in the alternative, refer the case back to the General Court;
      –        in the further alternative, reduce the fine imposed on it by Article 2 of the contested decision; and
      –        order the Commission to pay the costs.
      34      The Commission contends that the Court should:
      
      –        dismiss the appeal and uphold the judgment under appeal; and
      –        order the appellant to pay the costs.
      V –  The application for the oral procedure to be reopened
      35      By document received at the Court Registry on 28 October 2010, the Commission requested the Court to order the oral procedure
         to be reopened pursuant to Article 61 of the Court’s Rules of Procedure, if the Court were to address questions of ‘restriction
         of the res judicata principle by the principle audi alteram partem’, the Commission’s ability to impose a fine on Thyssen Stahl in an administrative phase after the delivery of the present
         judgment and for the conduct at issue, or the consequences of the annulment of the initial decision for the suspension of
         the limitation period. According to the Commission, these points were considered by the Advocate General in points 155, 174
         to 176, and 198 to 212 of his Opinion but are not the subject-matter of the dispute and were not argued by the parties.
      
      36      Pursuant to the above provision, the Advocate General was heard on the application.
      
      37      Under Article 61 of the Rules of Procedure, the Court may of its own motion, or on a proposal from the Advocate General, or
         at the request of the parties, order the reopening of the oral procedure if it considers that it lacks sufficient information
         or that the case must be dealt with on the basis of a point which has not been argued by the parties (see Case C‑42/07 Liga Portuguesa de Futebol Profissional and Bwin International [2009] ECR I‑7633, paragraph 31 and the case-law cited).
      
      38      The Court considers that it has all the material necessary to give judgment in the present case and that the case does not
         have to be examined in the light of a point that has not been argued before it.
      
      39      There is therefore no need to order the oral procedure to be reopened.
      
      VI –  The appeal
      40      The appellant puts forward five grounds of appeal. The first ground of appeal alleges breach of the principle nulla poena sine lege as a result of the application of Article 65(1) CS after 23 July 2002, incorrect application of Article 23 of Regulation
         No 1/2003 to an infringement of Article 65(1) CS, infringement of the sovereignty of the signatory States to the ECSC Treaty,
         and the inapplicability to the facts of the present case of the judgment in Case T‑25/04 González y Díez v Commission [2007] ECR II‑3121.
      
      41      By its second ground of appeal, the appellant submits that the attribution to it of liability for the conduct of Thyssen Stahl
         was not the subject of a finding with the force of res judicata in ThyssenKrupp v Commission, that the General Court misinterpreted the scope of the res judicata principle, that it infringed the rights of the defence, and that it wrongly held that the statement of 23 July 1997 had transferred
         liability from Thyssen Stahl to the appellant.
      
      42      The third ground of appeal alleges lack of precision, both of the legal basis of the contested decision and of the transfer
         of liability, which the General Court wrongly failed to find. By its fourth ground of appeal, the appellant claims that the
         General Court infringed the rules on limitation periods. The fifth ground of appeal alleges breach of the principles relating
         to the calculation of the fine.
      
      A –  First ground of appeal and first part of the third ground of appeal: breach of the principle nulla poena sine lege and the principle ‘of precision’, and lack of power of the Commission
      1.     Arguments of the parties
      43      By its first ground of appeal, the appellant submits, first, that the application of Article 65(1) CS after 23 July 2002 infringes
         the principle nulla poena sine lege, since the ECSC Treaty and the powers it conferred on the Commission expired on that date in accordance with Article 97 CS.
         It argues that the prohibition by Community and international law of interpreting provisions of criminal law and provisions
         on fines by analogy requires that the legal basis of a penalty should follow clearly and unequivocally from written law.
      
      44      In the appellant’s view, the fact that after 23 July 2002 certain practices which previously came under the ECSC Treaty may
         come under the EC Treaty does not permit any deduction to be made as regards the possibility of penalising after that date,
         on the basis of Article 65(1) CS, infringements which ceased before that date.
      
      45      The General Court confused the concepts of the singleness and the continuity of the Community legal order when it deduced
         from those concepts that the ECSC Treaty could apply under the EC Treaty. As the ECSC and EC Treaties are treaties of public
         international law, they are covered by the principles set out in Article 70 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
         of 23 May 1969, under which no contractual obligation or power can derive from a treaty of international law that has expired.
      
      46      Even if the Community treaties are to be interpreted in accordance with uniform principles, that does not mean that the Commission
         has a general power to enforce them, regardless of the existence of the different legal orders deriving from the various treaties.
         It follows from several legal acts of Community law that the institutions only have specific powers of attribution deriving
         from legally autonomous treaties.
      
      47      Consequently, since the Commission no longer has power on the basis of the ECSC Treaty, the question whether the constituent
         elements of the infringements defined in Article 65 CS and Article 81 EC correspond and are interpreted in the same way is
         in the appellant’s view irrelevant. The fact that, in some national laws, constituent elements of agreements are interpreted
         in the same way as those laid down in Articles 81 and 82 EC does not mean that the Commission has power to apply the national
         provisions concerned.
      
      48      The appellant observes that, according to the case-law of the General Court, the nature of the ECSC Treaty as a lex specialis in relation to the EC Treaty cannot give the Commission power under Article 65(5) CS after the expiry of the ECSC Treaty.
         It submits that that observation must be extended to Article 65(1) CS, as that provision forms part of the legal basis of
         the penalty. The principle lex specialis derogat legi generali cannot therefore justify the application of Article 65(1) CS, which is no longer in force, since that principle governs solely
         the relationship between two rules of law that are in force.
      
      49      In the absence of transitional provisions with the status of a rule of law – which is not the case with the Commission’s Communication
         concerning aspects of the treatment of competition cases resulting from the expiry of the ECSC Treaty, adopted on 18 June
         2002 (OJ 2002 C 152, p. 5) – enabling the Commission to penalise infringements of Article 65(1) CS after 23 July 2002, no
         provision of the treaties or of secondary law makes provision for the Commission to be able, after 23 July 2002, to adopt
         a decision such as the contested decision.
      
      50      The appellant submits, secondly, that since the expiry of the ECSC Treaty there is no longer any rule of law laying down penalties
         for breach of Article 65(1) CS, since Article 65(5) CS expired with the ECSC Treaty, a fact that the General Court has previously
         acknowledged in its case-law.
      
      51      By finding that Article 23 of Regulation No 1/2003 was to be interpreted as allowing the Commission to penalise infringements
         of the ECSC Treaty even though that provision makes no reference to Article 65 CS, the General Court, in the appellant’s view,
         breached the principle nulla poena sine lege, which states that provisions of criminal law may not be interpreted beyond their literal meaning. They cannot be the subject
         of an extensive historical, systematic or teleological interpretation, as that would amount to application by analogy, which
         is prohibited where the law on penalties is concerned.
      
      52      The appellant submits that it follows from the case-law that a penalty may not be imposed unless it rests on a clear and unambiguous
         legal basis which expressly provides for the imposition of a penalty for the acts in question. It concludes that the Court
         of Justice has, in the field of the law concerning penalties, rejected any extensive systematic or teleological interpretation
         going beyond the literal meaning of the provisions in question. The General Court adopted a prohibited interpretation by analogy.
      
      53      Thirdly, the appellant submits that the conditions for the application by analogy of Article 23 of Regulation No 1/2003 to
         an infringement of Article 65(1) CS are not satisfied. The facts must be analogous to those falling under Article 23 and there
         must be a legal vacuum contrary to the objective pursued by the legislature.
      
      54      According to the appellant, even on the assumption that Article 65(1) CS is identical to Article 81 EC in all relevant aspects,
         which is not the case, since the factual elements are different in several respects, there is no legal vacuum contrary to
         the objective pursued by the legislature. In accordance with the democratic principle and the principle of separation of powers,
         a court can only fill a legal vacuum that has escaped the notice of the legislature, contrary to the objective pursued. A
         court has no jurisdiction to correct the acts of the legislature by applying provisions which appear to it to be more appropriate
         than those in force.
      
      55      The appellant submits that, in the present case, circumstances that argue against the existence of such a legal vacuum are
         that the legislature did not lay down any transitional provisions, although in several other fields of the ECSC Treaty provisions
         for temporal extension or transitional provisions were adopted, and that, by the Resolution of the Council and of the Representatives
         of the Governments of the Member States, meeting within the Council of 20 July 1998 concerning the expiry of the Treaty establishing
         the European Coal and Steel Community (OJ 1998 C 247, p. 5), the Council of the European Union and those representatives,
         stating that they were ready to adopt all necessary measures to deal with the consequences of the expiry of that treaty, invited
         the Commission to submit proposals in other areas affected by the expiry, but the Commission did not respond to that invitation
         as regards the law on cartels.
      
      56      Fourthly, the appellant submits that the application of Article 23 of Regulation No 1/2003 to an infringement of Article 65(1)
         CS breaches Articles 5 EC, 7(1) EC and 83 EC, since the application of Article 23 cannot go beyond what is permitted by the
         conferment of authority in that regulation. Even if the Council had wished to formulate Article 23 in such a way as to allow
         the imposition of penalties for infringements of Article 65(1) CS, that would not have been possible, as the EC Treaty confers
         powers only for the application of its own provisions.
      
      57      The appellant submits that it follows from Article 5 EC, the second sentence of Article 7(1) EC, and Article 211 EC that,
         in carrying out the tasks entrusted to the Community institutions under the EC Treaty, the powers of the Commission are strictly
         limited to the EC Treaty, by that treaty. As the constituent elements of the infringement and its legal consequences together
         form the legal basis of the penalty, this reasoning applies both to the direct legal consequences of an infringement and to
         its constituent elements.
      
      58      The appellant submits that Article 83 EC only empowers the Council to adopt a regulation for the application of Articles 81
         EC and 82 EC. Consequently, the limitation of the scope of Article 23 of Regulation No 1/2003 to infringements of the EC Treaty
         is not a drafting error which can be corrected by the application by analogy of Article 23 to infringements of Article 65(1)
         CS.
      
      59      By finding that Article 23(2) of Regulation No 1/2003 lays down a procedural rule, the General Court erred in law. According
         to the appellant, Article 23 is a substantive provision which confers a power to impose penalties by authorising the Commission
         to impose fines which are not directly provided for in the EC Treaty for infringements of Articles 81 EC and 82 EC.
      
      60      The appellant argues that, in paragraph 85 of the judgment under appeal, the General Court erred in its reasoning by justifying
         the applicability of Article 65(1) CS by the rule governing the temporal application of the law, according to which the substantive
         rules in force at the material time must apply. The temporal application of a provision that has expired presupposes that
         the Commission has retained – what is not the case here – its power to apply the provisions of the legal order in question.
      
      61      Fifthly, the appellant submits that the judgment under appeal infringes the sovereignty of the States signatory to the ECSC
         Treaty, since, on the expiry of that treaty, the power to impose penalties in the field in question was restored to the Member
         States, as the signatory States had conferred power on the Commission to impose penalties only up to the date of that expiry.
      
      62      Sixthly, the appellant submits that the General Court was wrong to refer to paragraph 57 et seq. of its judgment in González y Díez v Commission. Even on the assumption that that judgment is well founded, it was delivered in the field of State aid. In the field of cartels,
         the principle nulla poena sine lege imposes stricter rules for the imposition of fines.
      
      63      Also, the General Court observed that the distortion of competition resulting from non-compliance with the rules in the field
         of State aid could extend its effects over time beyond the expiry of the ECSC Treaty. The present case, on the other hand,
         in the appellant’s submission, concerns a breach of Article 65 CS which ceased in January 1998 and thus no longer, on the
         date on which the fine was imposed – 20 December 2006 – produced any effect which only the imposition of a fine could remove.
      
      64      By the first part of the third ground of appeal, the appellant submits that, by holding that it followed from the contested
         decision that the Commission intended to combine Article 23(2) of Regulation No 1/2003 with Article 65(1) CS, the General
         Court disregarded the ‘principle of precision of the legal basis’, which requires that a penalty may be imposed only if it
         rests on a clear and unambiguous legal basis laying down a penalty for the particular case. Article 23(2) of Regulation No
         1/2003 lays down penalties not for infringements of Article 65(1) CS but solely for infringements of Articles 81 EC and 82
         EC.
      
      2.     Findings of the Court
      65      As a preliminary point, it must be stated, first, that any agreement corresponding to the factual elements set out in Article
         65(1) CS concluded or performed before the expiry of the ECSC Treaty on 23 July 2002 could, up to and including that date,
         give rise to a Commission decision imposing fines on the undertakings taking part in the agreement or its performance, on
         the basis of Article 65(5) CS.
      
      66      Next, it is clear that any agreement corresponding to the factual elements set out in Article 65(1) CS concluded or performed
         between 24 July 2002 and 30 November 2009 could give rise to such a decision of the Commission on the basis of Article 81
         EC and Article 15(2)(a) of Council Regulation No 17 of 6 February 1962, First Regulation implementing Articles [81] and [82]
         of the [EC] Treaty (OJ, English Special Edition 1959-1962, p. 87) or Article 23(2)(a) of Regulation No 1/2003.
      
      67      Finally, it is also common ground that any agreement corresponding to the factual elements set out in Article 65(1) CS concluded
         or performed from 1 December 2009 can give rise to such a decision of the Commission on the basis of Article 101 TFEU and
         Article 23(2)(a) of Regulation No 1/2003.
      
      68      In the present case the appellant contests essentially the General Court’s finding that the Commission could by the contested
         decision adopted after 23 July 2002 impose a fine on it, on the basis of Article 65(1) and (5) CS in conjunction with Articles
         7(1) and 23(2)(a) of Regulation No 1/2003, for taking part before 23 July 2002 in the conclusion and performance of an agreement
         corresponding to the factual elements set out in Article 65(1) CS.
      
      69      In the first place, as regards the Commission’s powers, the General Court held, in paragraph 74 of the judgment under appeal,
         that the provision constituting the legal basis of an act and empowering a European Union institution to adopt the act in
         question must be in force at the time of adoption of the act, and this was the case with Article 23(2) of Regulation No 1/2003.
      
      70      In paragraphs 76 to 79 of the judgment under appeal, the General Court noted that, by virtue of Article 305(1) EC, the ECSC
         Treaty constituted a lex specialis derogating from the lex generalis of the EC Treaty, and that as a result of the expiry of the ECSC Treaty on 23 July 2002 the scope of the general system established
         by the EC Treaty was extended on 24 July 2002 to cover the sectors which were originally governed by the ECSC Treaty.
      
      71      In paragraphs 80 to 82 of the judgment under appeal, the General Court stated that the succession of the legal framework of
         the EC Treaty to that of the ECSC Treaty was part of the continuity of the European Union legal order and its objectives,
         since the introduction and maintenance of a system of free competition was one of the essential objectives of both the EC
         Treaty and the ECSC Treaty. It emphasised that the concepts of agreements and concerted practices under Article 65(1) CS corresponded
         to those of agreements and concerted practices within the meaning of Article 81 EC and that those two provisions had both
         been interpreted in the same way by the European Union judicature.
      
      72      In paragraphs 83 and 84 of the judgment under appeal, the General Court thus concluded that the continuity of the European
         Union legal order required the Commission to ensure, in respect of situations which came into being under the ECSC Treaty,
         compliance with the rights and obligations which applied eo tempore to both Member States and individuals by virtue of the ECSC Treaty, and that Article 23(2) of Regulation No 1/2003 had therefore
         to be interpreted as enabling the Commission to penalise after 23 July 2002 agreements between undertakings arrived at in
         the sectors falling within the scope of the ECSC Treaty ratione materiae and ratione temporis.
      
      73      Those findings are not vitiated by any error of law. It follows from the case-law that, in accordance with a principle common
         to the legal systems of the Member States whose origins may be traced back to Roman law, when legislation is amended, unless
         the legislature expresses a contrary intention, the continuity of the legal system must be ensured, and that that principle
         applies to amendments to the primary law of the European Union (see, to that effect, Case 23/68 Klomp [1969] ECR 43, paragraph 13).
      
      74      As the Commission rightly observes, there is no indication that the European Union legislature wished it to be possible for
         concerted practices prohibited under the ECSC Treaty to escape the application of all penalties after that treaty expired.
      
      75      First, as appears from paragraph 55 above, the appellant itself pointed out that the Council and the representatives of the
         governments of the Member States had stated that they were ready to adopt all necessary measures to cope with the consequences
         of the expiry of that treaty. Second, the Commission said that it had to put forward proposals for transitional provisions
         only if such a step was thought to be necessary, and that, having regard to the general principles of law applicable, it considered
         that there was no such necessity in the field of the law on cartels.
      
      76      It follows that the appellant cannot derive any valid argument from the lack of transitional provisions in that field.
      
      77      Furthermore, it follows from the observations in paragraphs 65 to 67 above that the succession of the ECSC, EC and FEU Treaties
         ensures, in order to guarantee free competition, that any conduct corresponding to the factual elements set out in Article
         65(1) EC, whether taking place before or after 23 July 2002, could be and still can be penalised by the Commission.
      
      78      In those circumstances, it would be contrary to the objectives and the coherence of the Treaties and irreconcilable with the
         continuity of the legal order of the European Union if the Commission did not have jurisdiction to ensure the uniform application
         of the rules deriving from the ECSC Treaty which continue to produce effects even after the expiry of that treaty (see, to
         that effect, Case C‑119/05 Lucchini [2007] ECR I‑6199, paragraph 41).
      
      79      In the second place, the General Court was right to hold in that respect, in paragraphs 85, 86 and 89 of the judgment under
         appeal, that compliance with the principles governing the temporal application of the law and the requirements relating to
         the principles of legal certainty and the protection of legitimate expectations required the application of the substantive
         provisions of Article 65(1) and (5) CS to the facts of the present case, which fell within their scope ratione materiae and ratione temporis.
      
      80      In particular, in so far as the appellant submits that the contested decision breaches the principle nulla poena sine lege and a supposed ‘principle of precision’, in particular in that neither Regulation No 1/2003 nor Article 83 EC refers to Article
         65 CS, it must be recalled that the principle of the legality of criminal offences and penalties (nullum crimen, nullum poena sine lege), as enshrined in particular in Article 49(1) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, requires that European
         Union rules define offences and penalties clearly (see, to that effect, Case C‑303/05 Advocaten voor de Wereld [2007] ECR I‑3633, paragraphs 49 and 50).
      
      81      Moreover, the principle of legal certainty requires that such rules enable those concerned to know precisely the extent of
         the obligations which are imposed on them, and that those persons must be able to ascertain unequivocally what their rights
         and obligations are and take steps accordingly (Case C‑345/06 Heinrich [2009] ECR I‑1659, paragraph 44 and the case-law cited).
      
      82      It must be emphasised that, at the material time, Article 65(1) and (5) CS provided a clear legal basis for the penalty imposed
         in this case, so that the appellant could not be unaware of the consequences of its conduct. Moreover, it follows from the
         observations in paragraphs 65 to 67 above that the same conduct could also have been penalised subsequently, at any time,
         by such a penalty imposed by the Commission.
      
      83      In so far as the Treaties defined clearly, before the material time, the infringements and the nature and extent of the penalties
         which could be imposed in respect of them, the above principles do not aim to guarantee to undertakings that subsequent amendments
         to the legal bases and procedural rules will enable them to escape all penalties relating to their past infringements.
      
      84      It should be added that the Commission, before the expiry of the ECSC Treaty, stated that there would be no possibility of
         escaping such a penalty, by pointing out, in point 31 of its Communication concerning aspects of the treatment of competition
         cases resulting from the expiry of the ECSC Treaty, adopted on 18 June 2002, that if it identified an infringement in a field
         covered by the ECSC Treaty the substantive law applicable, irrespective of the date of that application, would be the law
         in force at the time when the facts constituting the infringement occurred, and the procedural law applicable after the expiry
         of the ECSC Treaty would be that of the EC Treaty.
      
      85      Moreover, the lex mitior principle does not preclude the application in the present case of Article 65(5) CS, since the fine imposed by the contested
         decision is in any event below the ceiling laid down by Article 23(2) of Regulation No 1/2003 for the imposition of a fine
         following an infringement of the European Union rules on competition.
      
      86      It follows from all the above considerations that a diligent undertaking in the appellant’s position could not at any time
         be unaware of the consequences of its conduct or count on the fact that the succession of the legal framework of the EC Treaty
         to that of the ECSC Treaty would have the consequence of allowing it to escape all penalties for infringements of Article
         65 CS committed in the past.
      
      87      As regards the legal basis and the procedural rules applicable, the General Court was also right to hold, in paragraphs 84
         and 87 of the judgment under appeal, that the Commission’s power to impose the fine in question by the contested decision
         derived from Article 23(2) of Regulation No 1/2003 and that the procedure had to be carried out in accordance with that regulation.
      
      88      It follows from the case-law that the provision which forms the legal basis of an act and empowers the Union institution to
         adopt the act in question must be in force at the time when the act is adopted (see, to that effect, Case C‑269/97 Commission v Council [2000] ECR I‑2257, paragraph 45) and that procedural rules are generally held to apply from the time of their entry into
         force (see, to that effect, Joined Cases 212/80 to 217/80 Meridionale Industria Salumi and Others [1981] ECR 2735, paragraph 9, and Case C‑201/04 Molenbergnatie [2006] ECR I‑2049, paragraph 31).
      
      89      It may be added that the application of Regulation No 1/2003 by the Commission did not restrict but rather tended to extend
         the procedural guarantees provided by the legal framework of the ECSC Treaty for undertakings which are the target of procedures,
         as the appellant indeed does not contest.
      
      90      It follows that the General Court did not err in law in concluding, in paragraphs 87 and 88 of the judgment under appeal,
         first, that the Commission’s power to impose the fine at issue by the contested decision derived from Article 23(2) of Regulation
         No 1/2003 and that the procedure had to be conducted in accordance with that regulation and, secondly, that the substantive
         law laying down the penalty applicable was Article 65(1) and (5) CS.
      
      91      Consequently, the first ground of appeal and the first part of the third ground of appeal must be rejected.
      
      B –  Second ground of appeal and second part of the third ground of appeal
      1.     First part of the second ground of appeal: error of law vitiating the General Court’s interpretation of paragraph 88 of the
         judgment in ThyssenKrupp v Commission
      a)     Arguments of the parties
      92      According to the appellant, the General Court was wrong to hold that the Court of Justice, in paragraph 88 of ThyssenKrupp v Commission, had attributed liability to it for the infringements committed by Thyssen Stahl. On the contrary, in that judgment the Court
         of Justice by supplementary reasoning refused to attribute that liability to it. The procedural context to which the General
         Court referred in support of its interpretation does not allow any other meaning to be given to paragraph 88 of that judgment.
         Therefore, to adopt its interpretation, the General Court should have made an application for interpretation in accordance
         with Article 102 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice.
      
      93      Moreover, since paragraph 88 of ThyssenKrupp v Commission refers to all the statements mentioned in paragraphs 85 and 86 of that judgment and forms part of the same reasoning, the
         appellant finds it incomprehensible that the General Court excluded the statement of 23 July 1997. Similarly, in so far as
         the General Court considered that that statement could not be concerned because it did not relate to the business of Thyssen
         Stahl, the appellant submits that that statement related precisely to Thyssen Stahl’s business.
      
      94      Finally, as regards the reasoning in the judgment under appeal to the effect that, if paragraph 88 of ThyssenKrupp v Commission were to be interpreted in the way proposed by the appellant, the Court of Justice would have had no reason to decide on the
         second and third grounds of the cross-appeal, the appellant submits that the European Union’s courts frequently rule not only
         on a plea that has been successful but also on other pleas.
      
      b)     Findings of the Court
      95      The Court held in paragraph 88 of ThyssenKrupp v Commission that, as regards the alleged exceptional circumstances relied on by the Commission and mentioned in paragraph 79 of that
         judgment, it merely had to be pointed out that the appellant was not the economic successor of Thyssen Stahl, the latter having
         continued to exist as a separate legal person until the date of adoption of the contested decision, and that such unity of
         action as might have characterised the conduct of Thyssen Stahl and the appellant after 1 January 1995 did not suffice to
         justify attributing to the appellant conduct engaged in by Thyssen Stahl before that date, by reason of the principle referred
         to in paragraph 82 of that judgment according to which a legal person may be penalised only for acts alleged against it individually.
         The Court added that, as regards the statements allegedly made by the appellant during the administrative procedure concerning
         Thyssen Stahl’s business, it had already been stated in paragraphs 85 and 86 of the judgment that they did not enable liability
         for Thyssen Krupp’s conduct before that date to be attributed to the appellant.
      
      96      In paragraph 118 of the judgment under appeal, the General Court observed that the appellant’s appeal in ThyssenKrupp v Commission had not related to the General Court’s assessment of the transfer to the appellant of the liability of Thyssen Stahl. That
         finding made by the General Court in the judgment under appeal is not challenged in the present proceedings.
      
      97      In paragraphs 119 to 121 of its judgment, the General Court observed that, in reply to that appeal, the Commission had brought
         a cross-appeal alleging inter alia distortion of certain documentary evidence and error of law in the assessment of the transfer
         of liability. The General Court stated that it was the interpretation of the Court of Justice’s response in paragraph 88 of
         ThyssenKrupp v Commission to that ground of the cross-appeal which was disputed between the parties. It said that that interpretation was connected
         to the scope of that ground of appeal and to the precise terms of the argument expounded by the Commission in support of it.
      
      98      In paragraph 122 of its judgment, the General Court stated that it followed from paragraphs 73 to 79 of ThyssenKrupp v Commission that, by that ground of the cross-appeal, the Commission had not intended to call into question the General Court’s recognition
         of the transfer of liability on the basis of the statement of 23 July 1997 but only the General Court’s subsequent conclusion
         that that statement could not be interpreted as also implying that the appellant had waived its right to be heard regarding
         the acts of which Thyssen Stahl was accused.
      
      99      In paragraphs 126 to 128 of the judgment under appeal, the General Court found that, in paragraphs 81 and 82 of ThyssenKrupp v Commission, the Court of Justice had recalled and confirmed the General Court’s conclusion that the statement of 23 July 1997 did not
         imply a waiver by the appellant of its right to be heard, and that, in paragraphs 83 to 86 of that judgment, it had considered
         and rejected the Commission’s argument as to the General Court’s failure to take account of other evidence relating to that
         statement and the subsequent distortion of that evidence. The General Court considered that, in paragraph 87 of that judgment,
         the Court of Justice had therefore concluded that there had been no distortion by the General Court either of the statement
         of 23 July 1997 or of that other evidence.
      
      100    In paragraph 129 of its judgment, the General Court emphasised that the sole object of paragraph 88 of ThyssenKrupp v Commission had been the examination and rejection by the Court of Justice of ‘another argument of the Commission relating to the existence
         of exceptional circumstances, based on the alleged economic succession of Thyssen [Stahl] by [the appellant], on the manifest
         unity of action between those two operators and on statements made by [the appellant] on behalf of Thyssen [Stahl] during
         the administrative procedure’.
      
      101    In paragraphs 131 to 135 of the judgment under appeal, the General Court found that, in the light of the object of the first
         ground of the Commission’s cross-appeal, it followed from a reading of the third sentence of paragraph 88 of ThyssenKrupp v Commission that that sentence merely referred to the analysis carried out in paragraphs 85 and 86 of that judgment of the statements
         made by the appellant during the administrative procedure on the activities of Thyssen Stahl other than the statement of 23
         July 1997, namely the appellant’s replies to the two statements of objections and its letter of 17 December 1996.
      
      102    The General Court accordingly concluded, in paragraph 136 of the judgment under appeal, that the interpretation of paragraph
         88 of ThyssenKrupp v Commission proposed by the appellant was ‘tantamount to admitting that, without any reasons and by dint of reference alone, the Court
         [of Justice] transformed a finding concerning the infringement of the right to a fair hearing into a finding on the transfer
         of liability; that [could not] be accepted’, and therefore, in paragraph 138 of its judgment, rejected the appellant’s third
         ground of appeal as being based on a misinterpretation of that paragraph 88.
      
      103    Those considerations in the judgment under appeal are not vitiated by any error of law. First, contrary to the appellant’s
         submissions, the General Court did not find in the judgment under appeal that the Court of Justice had accepted, in paragraph
         88 of ThyssenKrupp v Commission, that liability for the infringements committed by Thyssen Stahl should be attributed to the appellant. On the contrary,
         it was stated in paragraphs 118 and 122 of the judgment under appeal that the appellant’s appeal in ThyssenKrupp v Commission did not relate to the General Court’s assessment of the transfer to the appellant of liability for the unlawful conduct of
         which Thyssen Stahl had been accused, and that paragraph 88 of ThyssenKrupp v Commission related to the cross-appeal by the Commission which also did not call into question that transfer of liability.
      
      104    Second, as the General Court rightly observed, in paragraph 88 of ThyssenKrupp v Commission the Court replied specifically to the Commission’s arguments set out in paragraph 79 of that judgment. That paragraph merely
         summarised the arguments in points 84 to 87 of the cross-appeal, which refer to points 60 to 64 of the cross-appeal.
      
      105    In that respect, it is apparent from the case-file that the arguments advanced by the Commission in those points of the cross-appeal
         all referred exclusively to the statements made by the appellant during the administrative procedure other than the statement
         of 23 July 1997.
      
      106    It follows that neither the Commission nor the appellant raised before the Court the possibility of attributing liability
         to the appellant, on the basis of the statement of 23 July 1997, for the conduct of Thyssen Stahl at issue. Furthermore, in
         paragraph 83 of the judgment, the Court found that it was necessary to verify whether there was evidence other than that statement.
         Consequently, the reference in the last sentence of paragraph 88 of the judgment to the statements mentioned in paragraphs
         85 and 86 of the judgment referred exclusively to the appellant’s statements other than the statement of 23 July 1997.
      
      107    The first part of the second ground of appeal must therefore be rejected.
      
      2.     First argument in support of the second part of the second ground of appeal: misinterpretation by the General Court of the
         scope of the principle of res judicata and breach of the rights of the defence
      
      a)     Admissibility of this argument
      i)     Arguments of the parties
      108    The Commission submits that the appellant’s argument contradicts the observations it made at first instance, in which it submitted
         that the judicature of the European Union had already definitively decided the question of the transfer of liability. The
         argument is therefore novel and hence inadmissible at the appeal stage.
      
      ii)  Findings of the Court
      109    According to paragraphs 105 to 109 of the judgment under appeal, the appellant had argued before the General Court, by the
         fourth plea in law put forward in support of its claim for annulment of the contested decision, that the statement of 23 July
         1997 could not bring about a transfer to it of liability in respect of the impugned conduct of Thyssen Stahl.
      
      110    The appellant had clearly put forward that plea in law in case the General Court rejected the interpretation of paragraph
         88 of ThyssenKrupp v Commission it had put forward in its third plea in law, and no force of res judicata was attached in that respect either to that judgment or to the judgment in Krupp Thyssen Stainless and Acciai speciali Terni v Commission.
      
      111    In paragraphs 139 to 147 of the judgment under appeal, the General Court rejected that fourth plea in law, without going into
         its substance, on the basis of the force of res judicata attached to the finding it had made in paragraph 62 of Krupp Thyssen Stainless and Acciai speciali Terni v Commission that, having regard to the statement of 23 July 1997, the Commission was exceptionally entitled to attribute liability to
         the appellant for the conduct in question.
      
      112    The appellant therefore cannot be prevented from calling into question, by its appeal, that finding made by the General Court
         for the first time in the judgment under appeal, which was the basis on which its fourth plea in law put forward in support
         of its claim for annulment was rejected.
      
      113    Consequently, the first argument in support of the second part of the second ground of appeal is admissible.
      
      b)     Substance
      i)     Arguments of the parties
      114    The appellant submits, first, that the General Court misinterpreted the principle of res judicata. Since that principle states that it is not possible to bring fresh judicial proceedings relating to the same subject, its
         scope cannot extend beyond the subject of the dispute in the earlier proceedings. As the subject of the dispute is determined
         by the forms of order sought and the underlying facts, where an administrative decision is being contested the principle relates
         exclusively to the contested decision. In the appellant’s view, it follows that the principle of res judicata cannot preclude the bringing of proceedings against a fresh decision, even if the two decisions in question concern the same
         subject.
      
      115    In the present case, res judicata thus applies, in any event, only to the initial decision. The question whether Thyssen Stahl’s conduct could be attributed
         to the appellant therefore had to be reconsidered in the contested decision. The appellant states that, in the previous judicial
         proceedings, it confined itself to arguing that there had been a breach of its rights of defence. The General Court’s interpretation
         of the res judicata principle therefore deprived it of the opportunity of relying on pleas in law which it had not yet relied on.
      
      116    Moreover, the appellant considers that, because it revoked the statement of 23 July 1997, the facts relating to the alleged
         transfer to it of liability for the conduct of Thyssen Stahl had changed, having regard to the contested decision, since the
         initial decision was adopted. Contrary to what the General Court held in paragraph 147 of the judgment under appeal, a subsequent
         change in the factual or legal circumstances cannot in any case be excluded by the principle of res judicata.
      
      117    Secondly, the appellant submits that the General Court’s interpretation of the principle of res judicata constitutes a breach of the rights of the defence. As the initial decision was annulled because the right to be heard had
         not been complied with as regards the attribution of liability for the conduct of Thyssen Stahl, it argues that that right
         had to be guaranteed by means of the new proceedings. If liability for that conduct could be attributed to it solely on the
         basis of res judicata, there would be no point in bringing fresh proceedings, and the right to be heard would thus be deprived of substance.
      
      118    The Commission submits that, according to settled case-law, res judicata attaches to questions of fact and law which have been actually or necessarily settled by the judgment in question. Both the
         proceedings brought against the initial decision and those in which the judgment under appeal was delivered required an analysis
         of whether the Commission could attribute to the appellant, on the basis of the statement of 23 July 1997, liability for the
         infringement committed by Thyssen Stahl.
      
      119    That statement was thus the subject of the dispute in those proceedings and, in paragraphs 59 and 62 of Krupp Thyssen Stainless and Acciai speciali Terni v Commission, the General Court made the finding that the liability in question could be attributed, a finding which was not challenged
         in the appeal against that judgment and was moreover confirmed by the Court of Justice as regards the substance. Since it
         was bound under Article 233 EC to take the necessary measures to comply with the Court’s decision, the Commission was obliged
         to take account of those findings. Moreover, since the contested decision was adopted in the same administrative proceedings
         as those in which the initial decision was adopted, the appellant cannot put forward different allegations on the same facts.
      
      120    The Commission notes, moreover, that if res judicata could be pleaded only in the case of a fresh action for annulment of the same decision, it would apply only if the decision
         had been upheld in the first proceedings. However, the principle also applies in the case of annulment on the ground of procedural
         error, if certain preliminary questions have been decided in that connection.
      
      121    In the Commission’s view, the revocation of the statement of 23 July 1997, which did not take place until the hearing before
         the General Court, was no longer legally possible, since the contested decision had been adopted in the meantime. Consequently,
         the acceptance of liability could no longer be rejected as the basis of the contested decision. Moreover, the appellant contradicts
         itself in asserting at the same time that res judicata attaches only to the consequences of previous judgments on the initial decision and that the Court of Justice held definitively
         in paragraph 88 of ThyssenKrupp v Commission that it was not liable by virtue of substantive law.
      
      122    Finally, since the initial decision was annulled for procedural defects, a valid assumption of Thyssen Stahl’s liability did
         not require the granting of the right to be heard, as the appellant had itself stated that it assumed that liability in the
         knowledge of the consequences of its statement.
      
      ii)  Findings of the Court
      123    The Court has on various occasions recalled the importance, in both the legal order of the European Union and the national
         legal systems, of the principle of res judicata (Case C‑224/01 Köbler [2003] ECR I‑10239, paragraph 38; Case C‑234/04 Kapferer [2006] ECR I‑2585, paragraph 20; and Case C‑526/08 Commission v Luxembourg [2010] ECR I‑0000, paragraph 26) and the fact that res judicata attaches only to matters of fact and law actually or necessarily settled by the judicial decision in question (Commission v Luxembourg, paragraph 27 and the case-law cited).
      
      124    In the present case, it must be recalled that the General Court held as follows in paragraph 62 of Krupp Thyssen Stainless and Acciai speciali Terni v Commission:
      
      ‘It must be emphasised that it is undisputed that, in view of the statement made by [the appellant] on 23 July 1997, the Commission
         was, by way of exception, entitled to impute to [the appellant] liability for the unlawful conduct of which Thyssen Stahl
         was accused between December 1993 and 1 January 1995. It must be concluded that such a statement, which in particular takes
         account of economic considerations specific to concentrations of undertakings, implies that the legal person within whose
         sphere of responsibility the business of another legal person was brought after the date of the infringement deriving from
         that business should be required to be answerable for it, even though, in principle, it is incumbent upon the natural or legal
         person running the undertaking concerned at the time of the infringement to answer for it.’
      
      125    It follows that the General Court, in paragraph 62 of Krupp Thyssen Stainless and Acciai speciali Terni v Commission, ruled on the lawfulness of the transfer of liability for the infringements at issue by the statement of 23 July 1997.
      
      126    In paragraphs 139 and 140 of the judgment under appeal, the General Court held that, consequently, that point of law was res judicata, since it had actually been decided by the European Union judicature.
      
      127    However, as may be seen from paragraph 115 above, the appellant argues that in Krupp Thyssen Stainless and Acciai speciali Terni v Commission and ThyssenKrupp v Commission it confined itself to arguing that there had been a breach of its rights of defence, and that the General Court’s interpretation
         of the res judicata principle in the judgment under appeal has consequently deprived it of the opportunity of relying on pleas in law which it
         has not yet adduced.
      
      128    It must be recalled that the General Court had itself found, in paragraph 51 of Krupp Thyssen Stainless and Acciai speciali Terni v Commission, that the appellant had confined itself to maintaining that ‘its right to be heard regarding the conduct imputed to Thyssen
         Stahl [had not been] observed’ and that it had ‘agreed, as purchaser, to accept liability for any infringements committed
         by [Thyssen Stahl]’. Furthermore, in paragraph 62 of that judgment, the General Court pointed out that the transfer of Thyssen
         Stahl’s liability to the appellant by means of the statement of 23 July 1997 was not contested.
      
      129    In those circumstances, it is clear that the lawfulness of the transfer of liability by means of the statement of 23 July
         1997 was not the subject of the dispute in which the Krupp Thyssen Stahl and Acciai speciali Terni v Commission judgment was delivered.
      
      130    Having regard to the arguments raised before the General Court in that case, its task was limited to assessing whether or
         not the appellant, by making the statement of 23 July 1997, had waived its right to be heard specifically on the unlawful
         conduct of Thyssen Stahl.
      
      131    While the General Court, in making that assessment, had to determine the content of that statement, and was thus able to find
         that the intention had been to effect that transfer of liability, it was not for it to judge the lawfulness of the transfer,
         and if it did it would be ruling ultra petita.
      
      132    It follows that, since the lawfulness of the transfer of liability by the statement of 23 July 1997 had not been raised before
         the General Court, the finding in paragraph 62 of Krupp Thyssen Stainless and Acciai speciali Terni v Commission was an obiter dictum which went beyond the bounds of the dispute before the General Court and did not thus actually or necessarily decide a point
         of law. It cannot therefore be res judicata.
      
      133    Moreover, it was noted in paragraphs 96 and 102 to 106 above that neither the appellant’s appeal nor the Commission’s cross-appeal
         in ThyssenKrupp v Commission related to the question of the lawfulness of the transfer of liability by the statement of 23 July 1997. The Court has therefore
         not yet decided that point of law.
      
      134    In the light of those considerations, it must be concluded that the General Court erred in law by holding, in paragraphs 139
         to 145 of the judgment under appeal, that its assessment of the lawfulness of that transfer of liability in paragraph 62 of
         Krupp Thyssen Stainless and Acciai speciali Terni v Commission was res judicata.
      
      135    It follows that, without it being necessary to examine the appellant’s other arguments, the first argument in support of the
         second part of the second ground of appeal must be accepted.
      
      136    It must be remembered, however, that if the reasoning in a judgment of the General Court discloses an infringement of European
         Union law but its operative part is well founded on other legal grounds, the appeal must be dismissed (Case C‑210/98 P Salzgitter v Commission [2000] ECR I‑5843, paragraph 58).
      
      137    By holding that its assessment of the lawfulness of the transfer of liability in question in paragraph 62 of Krupp Thyssen Stainless and Acciai speciali Terni v Commission was res judicata, the General Court rejected the fourth plea in law raised before it, which concerned the lawfulness of that transfer of liability
         on the basis of the statement of 23 July 1997.
      
      138    In those circumstances, the Court must examine the second argument put forward in support of the second part of the second
         ground of appeal, which essentially repeats the fourth plea in law raised by the appellant before the General Court.
      
      3.     Second argument in support of the second part of the second ground of appeal, and second part of the third ground of appeal:
         no transfer of liability as a result of the statement of 23 July 1997, and breach of the ‘principle of precision’
      
      a)     Arguments of the parties
      139    By the second argument in support of the second part of the second ground of appeal, the appellant notes that it argued before
         the General Court that, in accordance with the case-law, it could not be held liable as the successor to the rights and obligations
         of Thyssen Stahl, since Thyssen Stahl continued to exist. In so far as the General Court attributed that liability to it on
         the basis of the statement of 23 July 1997, the appellant submits that it did no more than state that it assumed civil liability
         for Thyssen Stahl’s debts and that that statement – if it still applied, which is not the case – would not enable liability
         arising from the law on fines to be attributed to it.
      
      140    The appellant explains that the Commission requested it to make a statement without telling it of its intention to use the
         statement to support the transfer of liability for payment of the fine. That request was understood as relating solely to
         civil liability. In order to put an end to the incorrect interpretation of the statement by the Commission, the appellant
         had it placed on the record of the hearing before the General Court that it was revoking that statement.
      
      141    In any event, such a private statement made by an undertaking is not capable, according to the appellant, of transferring
         liability for an infringement of the law on cartels, since the fine is a penalty imposed by the public authorities under the
         law, including the designation of the person on whom it is imposed. In accordance with the principle ius publicum privatorum pactis mutari non potest, neither the authorities nor undertakings can derogate from the legal obligation to pay the fine by means of a transfer of
         liability.
      
      142    Finally, in the second part of the third ground of appeal, the appellant submits that, by holding that it follows from the
         contested decision that the Commission based the appellant’s liability on the statement of 23 July 1997, the General Court
         infringed the ‘principle of precision’, since there is no indication in the lex lata that a private statement by an undertaking can lead to a transfer of liability to pay a fine, nor are the scope and limits
         of such a transfer defined.
      
      b)     Findings of the Court
      143    It is settled case-law that, in principle, it is for the natural or legal person managing the undertaking in question when
         the infringement was committed to answer for that infringement, even if, at the date of the decision finding the infringement,
         the operation of the undertaking was no longer his responsibility (Case C‑248/98 P KNP BT v Commission [2000] ECR I‑9641, paragraph 71; Case C‑279/98 P Cascades v Commission [2000] ECR I‑9693, paragraph 78; Case C‑286/98 P Stora Kopparbergs Bergslags v Commission [2000] ECR I‑9925, paragraph 37; and Case C‑297/98 P SCA Holding v Commission [2000] ECR I‑10101, paragraph 27).
      
      144    As to the circumstances in which an entity that has not committed the infringement may none the less be penalised for that
         infringement, the Court has stated that this situation arises if the entity that has committed the infringement has ceased
         to exist, either in law or economically, since a penalty imposed on an undertaking which is no longer economically active
         is likely to have no deterrent effect (Case C‑280/06 ETI and Others [2007] ECR I‑10893, paragraph 40).
      
      145    In the present case, it is not disputed that at the material time the entity to which the unlawful conduct at issue was attributed
         formed part of Thyssen Stahl and operated under Thyssen Stahl’s control. It is also not disputed that at the date of adoption
         of the contested decision Thyssen Stahl continued both to exist in law and to carry on economic activities. It follows that,
         in accordance with the case-law referred to in paragraphs 143 and 144 above, the Commission was in principle required to impose
         the fine in question on Thyssen Stahl.
      
      146    According to the case-file, the proceedings brought by the Commission in respect of the unlawful conduct at issue originally
         involved Thyssen Stahl, and even after the transfer of the entity in question to the appellant the Commission continued to
         act against Thyssen Stahl for that conduct.
      
      147    The Commission explains that, after the transfer of that entity to the appellant, both the appellant and Thyssen Stahl urged
         that the proceedings should now be directed only against the appellant. It took the view that terminating the proceedings
         against Thyssen Stahl was possible only if the appellant assumed in writing liability for the infringement.
      
      148    As is apparent from the very wording of the statement of 23 July 1997, mentioned in paragraph 15 above, the appellant made
         that statement in response to a request to assume in writing liability for the unlawful conduct of which Thyssen Stahl was
         accused. That statement, according to its own words, first, was made both with respect to the proceedings brought against
         the cartel in question and at the request of the Commission and, secondly, referred to the appellant’s liability, following
         the transfer of the business in question, for the acts done by Thyssen Stahl.
      
      149    In view of that wording, the appellant’s claims that the Commission had requested it to make a statement without informing
         it of its intention to use the statement in support of the transfer of liability to pay the fine, so that the request was
         understood as referring only to civil liability, must be rejected. It is clear that by that statement the appellant expressly
         confirmed that it wished, as an undertaking carrying on the economic activities the subject of the cartel, to assume liability
         for the unlawful conduct with a view to the fine that the Commission could impose in the proceedings brought in respect of
         that cartel.
      
      150    In those circumstances, the legal consequence of the transfer of liability which the appellant assumed by the statement of
         23 July 1997 was perfectly precise and foreseeable, contrary to what it asserts.
      
      151    Moreover, the case-file shows, first, that the Commission relied on that statement to impose on the appellant the fine for
         which Thyssen Stahl was in principle liable and, secondly, that the appellant did not, in its action against the initial decision,
         contest that legal step taken by the Commission or, in its appeal against the judgment in Krupp Thyssen Stainless and Acciai speciali Terni v Commission, call into question the General Court’s finding in paragraph 62 of that judgment that, having regard to that statement, the
         Commission was exceptionally entitled to attribute liability to it for the unlawful conduct of Thyssen Stahl.
      
      152    As the Commission submits, the appellant first made the submission that it had not, by the statement of 23 July 1997, assumed
         liability for the unlawful conduct of Thyssen Stahl in its reply to the statement of objections in the procedure which led
         to the adoption of the contested decision, in other words at a stage at which the limitation period for proceedings relating
         to the unlawful conduct had already expired with respect to Thyssen Stahl. Moreover, the appellant first stated that it was
         revoking the statement at the hearing before the General Court in the proceedings in which the judgment under appeal was delivered.
      
      153    In the special and particular circumstances of the present case, namely, first, the transfer to the appellant of the entity
         belonging to Thyssen Stahl which operated in the stainless steel flat products market, secondly, the statement of 23 July
         1997 by which the appellant expressly confirmed to the Commission that it wished, as the acquirer of that entity, to assume
         liability for the unlawful conduct with a view to the fine that the Commission could impose, and, thirdly, the fact that the
         appellant, despite having several opportunities to do so, did not challenge the Commission’s interpretation of that statement
         before the limitation period for proceedings relating to the unlawful conduct expired with respect to Thyssen Stahl, it must
         be concluded that the Commission could attribute liability to the appellant for the conduct of which Thyssen Stahl was accused
         and impose the fine at issue on it.
      
      154    It must also be stated, contrary to the appellant’s submissions, that revocation of the statement of 23 July 1997 was no longer
         possible at the stage of the hearing before the General Court. The content of that statement, which was intended to enable
         the Commission to impose the fine on the appellant rather than on Thyssen Stahl, precluded such a possibility at a time when
         the Commission, on the basis of that statement, had actually imposed a fine on the appellant by adopting the contested decision.
      
      155    In this respect, it must be noted that the subsequent irrevocability of the statement of 23 July 1997 does not prevent the
         appellant from contesting, by an action before the European Union judicature, the interpretation of the content of the statement,
         as set out in paragraphs 64 to 66 of Krupp Thyssen Stainless and Acciai speciali Terni v Commission, or the express or implied acknowledgment of matters of fact or law during the administrative procedure before the Commission,
         since that cannot restrict the actual exercise of the right of a natural or legal person to bring proceedings before the General
         Court under the fourth paragraph of Article 230 EC (Case C‑407/08 P Knauf Gips v Commission [2010] ECR I‑0000, paragraph 90).
      
      156    Having regard to all the foregoing, the second argument in support of the second part of the second ground of appeal, which
         essentially repeats the appellant’s fourth plea in law before the General Court, and the second part of the third ground of
         appeal must be rejected.
      
      157    In those circumstances, since the reasoning of the judgment under appeal discloses an infringement of European Union law but
         the operative part of that judgment is well founded on other legal grounds, so that the appeal must be dismissed (see, to
         that effect, Salzgitter v Commission, paragraph 58), the error of law committed by the General Court, found in paragraph 134 above, has no effect on the examination
         of the appeal.
      
      C –  Fourth ground of appeal: infringement of the rules on limitation periods
      1.     Arguments of the parties
      158    The appellant submits that, by rejecting its seventh plea in law in paragraphs 193 to 214 of the judgment under appeal, the
         General Court infringed Article 1(1) of Commission Decision No 715/78/ECSC of 6 April 1978 concerning limitation periods in
         proceedings and the enforcement of sanctions under the Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (OJ 1978
         L 94, p. 22).
      
      159    The appellant submits that, since that provision lays down a limitation period for proceedings of five years from the cessation
         of the infringement and the infringement in question ceased on 31 December 1994 when the business of Thyssen Stahl was transferred
         to the appellant, the limitation period for the infringement expired in 1999. It adds that, if the date of cessation were
         fixed at the date on which the other participants ceased the infringement, during 1998, the limitation period would have expired
         in 2003. The same would be the case if Article 25 of Regulation No 1/2003 or of Regulation (EEC) No 2988/74 of the Council
         of 26 November 1974 concerning limitation periods in proceedings and the enforcement of sanctions under the rules of the European
         Economic Community relating to transport and competition (OJ 1974 L 319, p. 1) applied.
      
      160    The appellant submits that no action interrupting the limitation period under Article 2 of Decision No 715/78 occurred with
         respect to Thyssen Stahl. Nor was the limitation period suspended under Article 3 of that decision, since Thyssen Stahl did
         not bring proceedings against the initial decision and the proceedings brought by the appellant did not entail a suspension
         of the limitation period with respect to Thyssen Stahl, as suspension has effect only inter partes.
      
      161    In so far as the General Court found that the suspension of the limitation period should be assessed with respect to the appellant,
         because the appellant was deemed to have committed the infringement in question itself, having regard to the statement of
         23 July 1997, the appellant observes that in its view the liability which was attributed to it is not a liability of the kind
         incurred by an undertaking which is the successor to another undertaking but at most a liability by substitution. The infringement
         committed by Thyssen Stahl is a separate infringement, liability for which was subsequently transferred to the appellant.
      
      162    The appellant argues that the General Court itself found that the assumption of Thyssen Stahl’s liability by the statement
         of 23 July 1997 did not mean that the two infringements committed by the appellant and Thyssen Stahl could be regarded as
         a single infringement. It concludes that, as regards the limitation period too, the two infringements cannot be regarded as
         a single infringement whose legal effect depends solely on the appellant’s procedural actions.
      
      163    Moreover, the General Court’s reference to Case C‑294/98 P Metsä-Serla and Others v Commission [2000] ECR I‑10065 is, in the appellant’s view, immaterial because, in that case, the Court of Justice had to decide whether
         it was possible to impose a fine jointly and severally on two undertakings by reason of the economic unity between them. Those
         circumstances have no connection with those of the present case, which concerns the attribution of liability solely on the
         ground of the statement of 23 July 1997.
      
      164    Finally, even if the appellant could be deemed to have committed the infringement in question itself, that would have no effect
         on the limitation period. It follows from the case-law that, in the law of cartels, a transfer of liability presupposes that
         a person is attributed liability for the anti-competitive conduct of another person. The appellant concludes that, even if
         the obligation to pay the fine is transferred, the legal consequences of that liability for another person’s conduct continue
         to depend on the procedural actions of the original perpetrator of the infringement.
      
      165    The appellant states that it is for that reason that the actions of the original perpetrator of the infringement that allow
         its liability to be removed or reduced, such as appeals for clemency, bind and have effect on a third party to whom liability
         has been transferred. Similarly, if the infringement committed by the original perpetrator is statute-barred with respect
         to him, that legal consequence cannot be avoided by a transfer of liability to a third party.
      
      2.     Findings of the Court
      166    Both Article 1(1) of Decision No 715/78 and Article 25(1) of Regulation No 1/2003 subject the Commission’s power to impose
         fines for infringements of competition law to a limitation period of five years running, in accordance with Article 1(2) of
         Decision No 715/78 and Article 25(2) of Regulation No 1/2003, from the day on which the infringement was committed or ceased,
         which may, under Articles 2 and 3 of Decision No 715/78 and Article 25(3) to (6) of Regulation No 1/2003, be interrupted or
         suspended.
      
      167    The contested decision imposes a fine on the appellant alone. In those circumstances, the limitation period can be assessed
         only in relation to the appellant.
      
      168    In particular, while the appellant is correct in stating that certain actions of Thyssen Stahl may continue to have effects
         for it, and that the expiry of a limitation period in respect of that undertaking cannot be avoided by a transfer of liability,
         it does not follow that the limitation period should be assessed in relation to that undertaking.
      
      169    It follows that the appellant’s argument that the General Court should have ruled on the limitation period in relation to
         Thyssen Stahl must be rejected.
      
      170    Consequently, since the appellant does not dispute that the Commission adopted the initial decision against it within the
         five-year limitation period and has not adduced any arguments as to errors allegedly committed by the General Court in assessing
         the times during which the limitation period was suspended or interrupted with respect to it, the fourth ground of appeal
         must be rejected.
      
      D –  Fifth ground of appeal: breach of the principles governing the calculation of the fine
      1.     Arguments of the parties
      171    The appellant submits that, by rejecting the tenth plea in law in paragraphs 295 to 315 of the judgment under appeal, the
         General Court infringed the cooperation notice. In its view, its complete cooperation during the proceedings should have led
         to an additional reduction of the fine over and above the 20% deducted on the basis of section D of that notice for its cooperation
         in the procedure in which the initial decision was adopted. It points out that it accepted that the facts were correct and
         that Article 65(1) CS had been infringed.
      
      172    None of the considerations which led the General Court to conclude that the appellant’s conduct did not demonstrate a genuine
         spirit of cooperation can disprove the appellant’s arguments.
      
      173    As regards the argument that the non-contestation of the facts did not refer to the period 1993/94 and was of no assistance,
         since the appellant did not accept that it was liable for the infringement committed by Thyssen Stahl, the appellant observes
         that it submitted before the General Court that its non-contestation referred to that period. It also submits that proof of
         the infringement in question had to be provided in the second procedure and that its non-contestation therefore assisted the
         Commission as regards proving the facts.
      
      174    As regards the consideration that the appellant challenged the Commission’s power after 23 July 2002 to impose a penalty under
         Article 65(1) CS, the appellant submits that that question concerns not the proof of facts but an assessment of a legal nature,
         and hence a point of law. Since the Commission must in any event make a correct legal assessment of the facts that have been
         found, whether or not the persons concerned contest that assessment can be neither a hindrance nor a help.
      
      175    As regards the fact that the appellant denied the validity of the statement of 23 July 1997 for the first time since the opening
         of the initial procedure, the appellant observes, first, that it did not contest the existence of that statement but merely
         defended the legal assessment that the statement did not permit liability to be attributed to it for the infringement committed
         by Thyssen Stahl. It claims, secondly, that it argued before the General Court that from the time of the procedure in which
         the initial decision was adopted it had maintained that the statement could not be interpreted as justification for the transfer
         of liability for payment of the fine.
      
      2.     Findings of the Court
      176    In accordance with the case-law, a reduction of the fine on the basis of the cooperation notice can be justified only if the
         information provided and the conduct of the undertaking concerned may be regarded as demonstrating genuine cooperation on
         its part (Joined Cases C‑189/02 P, C‑202/02 P, C‑205/02 P to C‑208/02 P and C‑213/02 P Dansk Rørindustri and Others v Commission [2005] ECR I‑5425, paragraph 395).
      
      177    Moreover, under Article 229 EC and Article 31 of Regulation No 1/2003, the General Court may cancel, reduce or increase the
         fine or periodic penalty payment imposed, since it has unlimited jurisdiction to review decisions by which the Commission
         has fixed a fine or periodic penalty payment.
      
      178    Consequently, when the General Court held in paragraphs 305 to 314 of the judgment under appeal that the Commission had been
         entitled to consider that the appellant should not enjoy an additional reduction of the fine beyond the 20% already allowed,
         it made an assessment of fact in the exercise of its unlimited jurisdiction. The Commission is therefore right to submit that,
         by this ground of appeal, the appellant is contesting findings of fact and assessments of the evidence by the General Court.
      
      179    It should be recalled that it follows from Article 225 EC and the first paragraph of Article 58 of the Statute of the Court
         of Justice that the General Court has exclusive jurisdiction, first, to find the facts, except where the substantive inaccuracy
         of its findings is apparent from the documents submitted to it, and, second, to assess those facts. When the General Court
         has found or assessed the facts, the Court of Justice has jurisdiction under Article 225 EC to review the legal characterisation
         of those facts by the General Court and the legal conclusions it has drawn from them (Case C‑551/03 P General Motors v Commission [2006] ECR I‑3173, paragraph 51, and order of 29 September 2010 in Joined Cases C‑74/10 P and C‑75/10 P EREF v Commission, paragraph 41).
      
      180    The Court has also stated that the appraisal of the facts by the General Court does not constitute, save where the clear sense
         of the evidence produced before it is distorted, a question of law which is subject, as such, to review by the Court of Justice
         (Case C‑397/03 P Archer Daniels Midland and Archer Daniels Midland Ingredients v Commission [2006] ECR I‑4429, paragraph 85, and order in EREF v Commission, paragraph 42).
      
      181    The appellant has not put forward any argument capable of showing that the General Court distorted the clear sense of the
         evidence.
      
      182    As regards the argument that the General Court was wrong to consider that the non-contestation of the facts did not refer
         to the period 1993/94, it must be observed that it is apparent from paragraph 306 and the first sentence of paragraph 307
         of the judgment under appeal that, in the second sentence of paragraph 307, the General Court considered not that point 75
         of the reply to the statement of objections did not extend to that period but that point 75 was not specific and clear enough
         to be of assistance to the Commission.
      
      183    Moreover, in so far as the appellant submits that it had maintained, from the start of the procedure in which the initial
         decision was adopted, that the statement of 23 July 1997 could not be interpreted as justification for the transfer of liability
         to pay the fine in question, it has already been found in paragraph 152 above that that was not the case.
      
      184    In those circumstances, the fifth ground of appeal must be rejected.
      
      185    It follows that the appeal must be dismissed in its entirety.
      
      VII –  Costs
      186    Under Article 69(2) of the Rules of Procedure, which applies to appeal proceedings by virtue of Article 118 of those rules,
         the unsuccessful party is to be ordered to pay the costs if they have been applied for in the successful party’s pleadings.
         Since the Commission has applied for costs and the appellant has been unsuccessful, it must be ordered to pay the costs of
         the appeal.
      
      On those grounds, the Court (Grand Chamber) hereby
      1.      Dismisses the appeal;
      2.      Orders ThyssenKrupp Nirosta GmbH to pay the costs.
      [Signatures]
      * Language of the case: German.