CELEX: 62007CJ0213
Language: en
Date: 2008-12-16
Title: Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 16 December 2008.#Michaniki AE v Ethniko Symvoulio Radiotileorasis and Ypourgos Epikrateias.#Reference for a preliminary ruling: Symvoulio tis Epikrateias - Greece.#Public works contracts - Directive 93/37/EEC - Article 24 - Grounds for excluding participation in a contract - National measures establishing an incompatibility between the public works sector and that of the media.#Case C-213/07.

Case C-213/07
      Michaniki AE
      v
      Ethniko Simvoulio Radiotileorasis
      and
      Ipourgos Epikratias
      (Reference for a preliminary ruling from the Simvoulio tis Epikratias)
      (Public works contracts – Directive 93/37/EEC – Article 24 – Grounds for excluding participation in a contract – National measures establishing an incompatibility between the public works sector and that of the media)
      Summary of the Judgment
      1.        Approximation of laws – Procedures for the award of public works contracts – Directive 93/37 – Scope 
      (Council Directive 93/37)
      2.        Preliminary rulings – Jurisdiction of the Court – Limits – Clearly irrelevant questions and hypothetical questions put in
            a context not permitting a useful answer –  Questions not related to the purpose of the main proceedings 
      (Art. 234 EC)
      3.        Approximation of laws – Procedures for the award of public works contracts – Directive 93/37
      (Council Directive 93/37, Art. 24, first para.)
      4.        Preliminary rulings – Jurisdiction of the Court – Limits – Examination of the compatibility of national law with Community
            law 
      (Art. 234 EC)
      5.        Approximation of laws – Procedures for the award of public works contracts – Directive 93/37
      (Council Directive 93/37)
      1.        Directive 93/37 concerning the coordination of procedures for the award of public works contracts, as amended by Directive
         97/52, does not make the applicability of its provisions to procedures for the award of public works contracts contingent
         on any condition relating to the nationality or the place of establishment of the tenderers. There is nothing in that directive
         to permit the inference that the applicability of its provisions, in particular the common rules on participation laid down,
         inter alia, in Article 24 thereof, depends on the existence of an actual link with free movement between Member States.  
      
      (see para. 29)
      2.        In proceedings under Article 234 EC, it is solely for the national court before which the dispute has been brought, and which
         must assume responsibility for the subsequent judicial decision, to determine in the light of the particular circumstances
         of the case both the need for a preliminary ruling in order to enable it to deliver judgment and the relevance of the questions
         which it submits to the Court. Consequently, where the questions submitted concern the interpretation of Community law, the
         Court is in principle bound to give a ruling.
      
      The Court may refuse to rule on a question referred for a preliminary ruling by a national court only where it is quite obvious
         that the interpretation of Community law that is sought bears no relation to the actual facts of the main action or its purpose,
         where the problem is hypothetical, or where the Court does not have before it the factual or legal material necessary to give
         a useful answer to the questions submitted to it.
      
      (see paras 32-34) 
      3.        The first paragraph of Article 24 of Directive 93/37 concerning the coordination of procedures for the award of public works
         contracts, as amended by Directive 97/52, must be interpreted as listing exhaustively the grounds based on objective considerations
         of professional quality which are capable of justifying the exclusion of a contractor from participation in a public works
         contract. However, that directive does not preclude a Member State from providing for further exclusionary measures designed
         to ensure observance of the principles of equal treatment of tenderers and of transparency, provided that such measures do
         not go beyond what is necessary to achieve that objective. 
      
      (see para. 49, operative part 1)
      4.        It is not the task of the Court, in preliminary ruling proceedings under Article 234 EC, to rule upon the compatibility of
         national law with Community law or to interpret national law. The Court is, however, competent to give the national court
         full guidance on the interpretation of Community law in order to enable it to determine the issue of compatibility for the
         purposes of the case before it. 
      
       (see para. 51)
      5.        Community law must be interpreted as precluding a national provision which, whilst pursuing the legitimate objectives of equal
         treatment of tenderers and of transparency in procedures for the award of public contracts, establishes an irrebuttable presumption
         that the status of owner, partner, main shareholder or management executive of an undertaking active in the media sector is
         incompatible with that of owner, partner, main shareholder or management executive of an undertaking which contracts with
         the State or a legal person in the public sector in the broad sense to perform a works, supply or services contract.
      
      The Community coordination of procedures for the award of public contracts is designed in particular to avoid both the risk
         of preference being given to national tenderers whenever a contract is awarded and the possibility that a contracting authority
         may choose to be guided by considerations which are unrelated to the contract in question. Against that background, it is
         appropriate to grant the Member States a certain discretion for the purpose of adopting measures intended to safeguard the
         principles of equal treatment of tenderers and of transparency, which constitute the basis of the Community directives on
         the award of public contracts. It follows that Community law does not preclude the adoption of national measures designed
         to avoid, in procedures for the award of public works contracts, the risk of occurrence of practices capable of jeopardising
         transparency and distorting competition, a risk which could arise from the presence, amongst the tenderers, of a contractor
         active in the media sector or connected with a person involved in that sector, and thus to prevent or punish fraud and corruption.
      
      A national provision which establishes a system of general incompatibility between the sector of public works and that of
         the media has the consequence of excluding from the award of public contracts public works contractors who are also involved
         in the media sector on account of a connection as owner, main shareholder, partner or management executive, without affording
         them any possibility of showing, with regard to any evidence advanced, for instance, by a competitor, that, in their case,
         there is no real risk of the type referred to above. Thus, by excluding an entire category of public works contractors on
         the basis of that irrebuttable presumption, such a provision goes beyond what is necessary to achieve the claimed objectives
         of transparency and equal treatment.
      
      (see paras 54-55, 60, 62-63, 69, operative part 2)
JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (Grand Chamber)
      16 December 2008 (*)
      
      (Public works contracts – Directive 93/37/EEC – Article 24 – Grounds for excluding participation in a contract – National measures establishing an incompatibility between the public works sector and that of the media)
      In Case C‑213/07,
      REFERENCE for a preliminary ruling under Article 234 EC from the Simvoulio tis Epikratias (Greece), made by decision of 8
         December 2006, received at the Court on 23 April 2007, in the proceedings
      
      Michaniki AE
      v
      Ethniko Simvoulio Radiotileorasis,
      Ipourgos Epikratias,
      interveners:
      Elliniki Technodomiki Techniki Ependitiki Viomichaniki AE, successor in law to Pantechniki AE,
      
      Sindesmos Epikhiriseon Periodikou Tipou,
      THE COURT (Grand Chamber),
      composed of V. Skouris, President, P. Jann, C.W.A. Timmermans, A. Rosas and K. Lenaerts (Rapporteur), Presidents of Chambers,
         A. Tizzano, J.N. Cunha Rodrigues, R. Silva de Lapuerta, K. Schiemann, J. Klučka, A. Arabadjiev, C. Toader and J.-J. Kasel,
         Judges,
      
      Advocate General: M. Poiares Maduro,
      Registrar: L. Hewlett, Principal Administrator,
      having regard to the written procedure and further to the hearing on 4 March 2008,
      after considering the observations submitted on behalf of:
      –        Elliniki Technodomiki Techniki Ependitiki Viomichaniki AE, successor in law to Pantechniki AE, by K. Giannakopoulos, dikigoros,
      –        the Sindesmos Epikhiriseon Periodikou Tipou, by K. Drougas, dikigoros,
      –        the Greek Government, by A. Samoni-Rantou, E.-M. Mamouna, A. Manitakis and I. Dionisopoulos, acting as Agents,
      –        the Council of the European Union, by A. Lo Monaco, M.-M. Joséphidès and A. Vitro, acting as Agents,
      –        the Commission of the European Communities, by M. Patakia, D. Kukovec and X. Lewis, acting as Agents,
      after hearing the Opinion of the Advocate General at the sitting on 8 October 2008,
      gives the following
      Judgment
      1        This reference for a preliminary ruling relates to the interpretation of Council Directive 93/37/EEC of 14 June 1993 concerning
         the coordination of procedures for the award of public works contracts (OJ 1993 L 199, p. 54), as amended by European Parliament
         and Council Directive 97/52/EC of 13 October 1997 (OJ 1997 L 328, p. 1) (‘Directive 93/37’). 
      
      2        The reference was made in proceedings brought by Michaniki AE (‘Michaniki’), a company governed by Greek law, against the
         Ethniko Simvoulio Radiotileorasis (National Radio and Television Council; ‘the ESR’) and the Ipourgos Epikratias (Minister
         of State) concerning the decision by which the ESR issued to Pantechniki AE (‘Pantechniki’), also a company governed by Greek
         law, a certificate of conformity, in the context of a procedure for the award of a public works contract.
      
       Legal context
       Community provisions
      3        Article 6(6) of Directive 93/37, which appears in Title I (‘General provisions’), states:
      
      ‘Contracting authorities shall ensure that there is no discrimination between the various contractors.’
      4        In Chapter 2 (‘Criteria for qualitative selection’) of Title IV (‘Common rules on participation’) of that directive, the first
         paragraph of Article 24 provides:
      
      ‘Any contractor may be excluded from participation in the contract who:
      (a)      is bankrupt or is being wound up, whose affairs are being administered by the court, who has entered into an arrangement with
         creditors, who has suspended business activities or who is in any analogous situation arising from a similar procedure under
         national laws and regulations;
      
      (b)      is the subject of proceedings for a declaration of bankruptcy, for an order for compulsory winding up or administration by
         the court or for an arrangement with creditors or of any other similar proceedings under national laws or regulations;
      
      (c)      has been convicted of an offence concerning his professional conduct by a judgment which has the force of res judicata;
      
      (d)      has been guilty of grave professional misconduct proved by any means which the contracting authorities can justify; 
      (e)      has not fulfilled obligations relating to the payment of social security contributions in accordance with the legal provisions
         of the country in which he is established or with those of the country of the contracting authority; 
      
      (f)      has not fulfilled obligations relating to the payment of taxes in accordance with the legal provisions of the country in which
         he is established or those of the country of the contracting authority;
      
      (g)      is guilty of serious misrepresentation in supplying the information required under this Chapter.’
       National provisions
      5        Article 14(9) of the Greek Constitution, which was added by the vote on 6 April 2001 of the seventh revising assembly of the
         Greek Parliament, provides:
      
      ‘The ownership, financial standing and means of financing of the media must be disclosed, as stipulated by law. 
      The measures and restrictions necessary to ensure full media transparency and pluralism shall be specified by law.
      It is prohibited to concentrate control of several media of the same or different form.
      In particular, it is prohibited to concentrate control of more than one electronic medium of the same form, as specified by
         law. 
      
      The status of owner, partner, main shareholder or management executive of a media undertaking shall be incompatible with the
         status of owner, partner, main shareholder or management executive of an undertaking which undertakes with the State or a
         legal person in the public sector in the broad sense to perform works or provide supplies or services.
      
      The prohibition in the previous subparagraph shall also extend to any form of intermediary, such as spouses, relatives or
         financially dependent persons or companies.
      
      A law shall set out the specific regulations, the sanctions (which may go as far as revocation of a radio or television station’s
         licence and an order prohibiting the signature of, or cancelling, the contract in question), the system of supervision and
         the guarantees to prevent circumvention of the foregoing subparagraphs.’ 
      
      6        Law 3021/2002 relating to the restrictions applicable to the conclusion of public contracts with persons who are active in
         or have interests in media undertakings (FEK A’ 143) governs the aspects referred to in the last subparagraph of Article 14(9)
         of the Constitution.  
      
      7        Undertakings ‘whose operation is subject to the jurisdiction of the Greek State’ fall within the concept of ‘media undertaking’
         within the meaning of Article 1 of that law. Article 1 also sets out the definitions of ‘public sector in the broad sense’,
         ‘public contracts’, ‘main shareholder’, ‘management executives’, ‘financially dependent persons’ and ‘intermediaries’.  
      
      8        In particular, ‘main shareholder’ and ‘intermediaries’ are defined as follows, in Article 1(4) and (7) of Law 3021/2002: 
      
      ‘4.      “Main shareholder”: a shareholder who, on the basis of the number of shares that he owns, calculated independently or by comparison
         with the number of shares owned by the other shareholders of the company, on the basis of the voting rights that he holds
         or other special rights conferred by law or by the statutes of the company or on the basis of general or specific agreements
         that he has concluded with the company, other shareholders or third parties who are financially dependent on him or act on
         his behalf, is able to exert a material influence on the decisions taken by the competent bodies or executives of the company
         as regards the method of management and of general operation of the undertaking concerned.
      
      More specifically, the following shall be deemed to be a main shareholder: 
      A.       A natural or legal person who, regardless of the percentage of the total share capital that he or it owns:
      (a)      owns a larger number of shares than any other shareholder or a number of shares equal to that held by another shareholder
         in that case, or 
      
      (b)      holds, either pursuant to the company statutes or following the transfer of a right of other shareholders in that regard,
         the majority of voting rights at the general meeting of shareholders, or
      
      (c)      has the right, by virtue of law or the statutes of the company or following the transfer of a right of other shareholders
         in that regard, to appoint or dismiss at least two members of the board of directors or one member where the latter performs
         the functions of chairman or vice-chairman, of managing, executive or joint director or of general director with executive
         duties, or
      
      (d)      holds a percentage of the total share capital or voting rights equal to at least half the share capital which was represented
         and voted when the decision of the general meeting of shareholders relating to the election or dismissal of the last board
         of directors of the company or of the majority of the board members was adopted, or
      
      (e)      enters, directly or indirectly, into contracts and into agreements generally with the company which generate revenue or other
         financial benefits for the company equal to at least one fifth of its gross revenue during the previous year.
      
      B.       A natural or legal person who: 
      (a)      owns shares representing at least 5% of the total share capital or
      (b)      holds voting rights corresponding to at least 5% of the voting rights at the company’s general meeting of shareholders.
      For the calculation of the percentage of the share capital or voting rights referred to in points A and B of this paragraph,
         the number of shares or voting rights which belong to or are held by the following shall also be taken into account: 
      
      –        intermediaries,
      –        undertakings controlled by the same shareholder, 
      –        another shareholder with whom he has entered into an agreement for the purpose of achieving, by the coordinated exercise of
         his voting rights, a lasting common company management policy.
      
      Voting rights which are held under a pledge agreement, under an agreement conferring beneficial enjoyment or as a result of
         a protective measure against the holder of the corresponding shares and the number of shares which he does not own but in
         respect of which he has a right to receive dividends shall also be taken into account. The number of shares or voting rights
         which are acquired by inheritance shall be taken into account on expiry of a period of three months from their acquisition.
      
      …
      7.      “Intermediaries”: natural or legal persons who are financially dependent on or who act, under the terms of a general or specific
         agreement, on behalf or on the recommendation or instruction of another natural or legal person.’
      
      9        Article 2 of Law 3021/2002, entitled ‘Prohibition on the award of public contracts to media undertakings’, provides:
      
      ‘1.      It is prohibited to award public contracts to media undertakings or to the partners, main shareholders, members of the administrative
         organs or management executives of such undertakings. It is also prohibited to award public contracts to undertakings whose
         partners, main shareholders, members of the administrative organs or management executives are media undertakings or partners,
         main shareholders, members of the administrative organs or management executives of media undertakings. 
      
      2.      The prohibition on the award of public contracts shall also encompass: 
      (a)      the spouses and relatives in a direct line to an unlimited degree and collaterally up to and including the fourth degree of
         the natural persons falling within paragraph 1, unless they can prove that they are financially independent of such persons;
      
      (b)      any other intermediary;
      (c)      the partners and main shareholders owning the partners and the main shareholders who fall within paragraph 1;  
      (d)      any natural or legal person who, whilst not a shareholder, controls, directly or indirectly, one or more media undertakings
         or exerts, directly or indirectly, a material influence on the adoption of the decisions taken by the administrative organs
         or management executives in relation to the management or general operation of those undertakings.   
      
      …’ 
      10      Article 3 of Law 3021/2002, relating to ‘[i]ncompatibilities’, provides: 
      
      ‘1.      The status of owner, partner, main shareholder, member of an administrative organ or management executive of a media undertaking
         shall be incompatible with the status of owner, partner, main shareholder, member of an administrative organ or management
         executive of an undertaking which enters into public contracts the award of which is prohibited under Article 2, and with
         the status of partner or main shareholder owning the partners or the main shareholders of that undertaking. 
      
      2.      The incompatibility provided for in this article shall also apply where the owner, main shareholder, partner, member of an
         administrative organ or management executive of an undertaking which enters into public contracts is a spouse or relative,
         in a direct line to an unlimited degree and collaterally up to and including the fourth degree, who is unable to show that
         he is financially independent of the owner, partner, main shareholder, member of an administrative organ or management executive
         of a media undertaking; the same shall also apply in any other case in which the abovementioned incompatibilities relate to
         an intermediary.
      
      …’
      11      Article 4 of Law 3021/2002 provides, in essence, that, before issuing acceptance of a tender for or awarding a public contract
         and, in any event, before the public contract is signed, the contracting authority must apply to the ESR for a certificate
         attesting that the conditions of incompatibility laid down in Article 3 of that law are not fulfilled, failing which the public
         contract is void. 
      
       The dispute in the main proceedings and the questions referred for a preliminary ruling 
      12      By Decision No 844 of 13 December 2001, the board of directors of Erga OSE AE (‘Erga OSE’), a company governed by Greek law,
         announced an invitation to tender by open procedure for the construction of embankments and technical infrastructure works
         for the new high-speed, two-track railway line between Corinth and Kiato (Greece), with a budget of EUR 51 700 000. 
      
      13      Michaniki and KI Sarantopoulos AE (‘Sarantopoulos’), which is also a company governed by Greek law, were among the participants
         in that procedure.
      
      14      By Decision No 959 of 22 May 2002, the board of directors of Erga OSE awarded the contract relating to those embankment and
         technical infrastructure works to Sarantopoulos. The latter was subsequently taken over by Pantechniki.  
      
      15      Before entering into the contract, Erga OSE, which at the time fell within the ‘public sector in the broad sense’ within the
         meaning of Article 1(2) of Law 3021/2002, disclosed to the ESR by letter of 9 October 2002 the information on the identity
         of the main shareholders, the members of the board of directors and the members of the executive board of Pantechniki, in
         order to obtain a certificate stating that those persons were not concerned by the incompatibilities laid down in Article
         3 of that law. 
      
      16      On the basis of Article 4 of Law 3021/2002, the ESR drew up certificate No 8117 of 30 October 2002 attesting that there was
         no incompatibility in respect of the persons identified in Erga OSE’s letter of 9 October 2002 (‘the certificate’). 
      
      17      According to the information in the order for reference, the ESR was of the view that Mr K. Sarantopoulos, a main shareholder
         and vice-chairman of the board of directors of Pantechniki, was not, despite his status as parent of Mr G. Sarantopoulos,
         a member of the board of directors of two Greek companies active in the media field, affected by the system of incompatibility
         established by Articles 2 and 3 of Law 3021/2002, finding that Mr K. Sarantopoulos was financially independent of Mr G. Sarantopoulos.
         
      
      18      Michaniki applied to the Simvoulio tis Epikratias (Council of State) to have the certificate annulled on the basis of an infringement
         of Article 14(9) of the Constitution. It submits in particular that Articles 2(2) and 3(2) of Law 3021/2002, on the basis
         of which the certificate was issued, have the effect of reducing the scope of Article 14(9) of the Constitution and that they
         are not therefore consistent with that constitutional provision.
      
      19      Pantechniki, whose successor in law is Elliniki Technodomiki Techniki Ependitiki Viomichaniki AE, and the Sindesmos Epikhiriseon
         Periodikou Tipou (Association of Magazine Undertakings) were granted leave to intervene in the main proceedings in support
         of the ESR.  
      
      20      The referring court takes the view that in so far as Articles 2(2) and 3(2) of Law 3021/2002 allow a public works contractor
         to escape the system of incompatibility by demonstrating his financial independence from a relative who is an owner, major
         shareholder, partner or director of a media undertaking, they infringe Article 14(9) of the Constitution, pursuant to which
         that contractor, even if financially independent of that relative, is nevertheless required to prove that he has acted independently,
         on his own account and in his own interest. 
      
      21      However, the referring court takes the view that, although that analysis may at this stage be sufficient to decide the case
         in the main proceedings, reasons of procedural economy justify that, with a view to the possible annulment of the certificate
         based on the infringement of Article 14(9) of the Constitution by Articles 2 and 3 of Law 3021/2002, it reviews now the compatibility
         with Community law of that constitutional provision, which allows a public works undertaking to be excluded from a public
         contract on the ground that its main shareholder has been unable to rebut the presumption applicable to him, as a relative
         of the owner, partner, main shareholder or director of a media company, that he acted on behalf of that company and not on
         his own account. 
      
      22      In this respect, the referring court states, first, that a majority of its members takes the view that the list of grounds
         for exclusion set out in Article 24 of Directive 93/37 is exhaustive and, therefore, does not allow the addition of grounds
         for exclusion such as those flowing from Article 14(9) of the Constitution. It adds that some of its members take the view,
         by contrast, that, in view of the partial nature of the harmonisation effected by that directive, Article 24 thereof does
         not prohibit Member States from providing for additional grounds for exclusion concerned in particular, as in the present
         case, with objectives of public interest connected with the operation of democracy and ensuring pluralism of the press.
      
      23      Second, if Article 24 of Directive 93/37 is not exhaustive, the referring court takes the view that the Member States’ discretion
         to provide for additional grounds for exclusion is subject, in accordance with Community case-law, to conditions relating,
         first, to there being an objective which is compatible with the general principles of Community law and, second, to observance
         of the principle of proportionality. It states in this respect that one of its members considers that Article 14(9) of the
         Constitution does not infringe that principle in view of the fact that the presumption relating to intermediaries is rebuttable
         and that there is no alternative solution enabling the objectives pursued to be achieved.
      
      24      Third, if Article 24 of Directive 93/37 is exhaustive, or if Article 14(9) of the Constitution cannot be considered to pursue
         an aim which is compatible with Community law or to be consistent with the principle of proportionality, the referring court
         doubts that the prohibition imposed on the Member States by that directive on enacting provisions, such as those at issue
         in the main proceedings, which, for reasons of public interest, establish a system of incompatibility between the field of
         the media and that of public contracts is consistent with the principles linked to the protection of the normal operation
         of democracy in the Member States and to ensuring transparency in public procurement procedures, the principle of free and
         fair competition and the principle of subsidiarity.
      
      25      It states however that a minority of its members has a contrary view, considering that Directive 93/37 contains sufficient
         safeguards to ensure the transparency of public procurement procedures and to protect those procedures from unlawful influences
         or corruption.
      
      26      In these circumstances the Simvoulio tis Epikratias decided to stay the proceedings and to refer the following questions to
         the Court for a preliminary ruling:
      
      ‘(1)      Is the list of grounds for excluding public works contractors contained in Article 24 of … Directive 93/37 … exhaustive? 
      (2)      If that list is not exhaustive, does a provision which lays down (in order to protect transparency in the economic functioning
         of the State) that the status of owner, partner, main shareholder or management executive of a media undertaking is incompatible
         with the status of owner, partner, main shareholder or management executive of an undertaking contracting to perform a works,
         supply or services contract for the State, or for a legal person in the public sector in the broad sense, serve purposes which
         are compatible with the general principles of Community law and is that total prohibition on the award of public contracts
         to such undertakings compatible with the Community principle of proportionality?
      
      (3)      If, within the meaning of Article 24 of Directive 93/37 …, the list of grounds for excluding contractors contained therein
         is an exhaustive list or if the national provision at issue cannot be construed as serving purposes which are compatible with
         the general principles of Community law or if, finally, the prohibition introduced in it is not compatible with the Community
         principle of proportionality, does the above directive, in preventing the inclusion, as grounds for excluding contractors
         from public works procurement procedures, of cases where the contractor, its executives (such as the owner of the undertaking
         or its main shareholder, partner or management executive), or intermediaries acting for the said executives, work in media
         undertakings which are able to exercise an undue influence on the public works procurement procedure, because of the influence
         which they are able to exert in general, infringe the general principles of the protection of competition and transparency
         and the second paragraph of Article 5 [EC] which enacts the principle of subsidiarity?’
      
       The Court’s jurisdiction and the admissibility of the questions referred for a preliminary ruling 
      27      The Greek Government disputes the relevance of the questions submitted by the referring court. 
      
      28      First, it asserts that the dispute in the main proceedings relates to a purely domestic situation, which concerns Greek operators
         exclusively. It is therefore doubtful that that case falls within the scope of Directive 93/37 and, consequently, is covered
         by the Court’s jurisdiction to interpret Community law.
      
      29      In this respect, it must however be observed that there is nothing in Directive 93/37 to permit the inference that the applicability
         of its provisions, in particular the common rules on participation laid down, inter alia, in Article 24 thereof, depends on
         the existence of an actual link with free movement between Member States. As the Advocate General stated at point 16 of his
         Opinion, that directive does not make the applicability of its provisions to procedures for the award of public works contracts
         contingent on any condition relating to the nationality or the place of establishment of the tenderers (see, by analogy, Case
         C‑87/94 Commission v Belgium [1996] ECR I-2043, paragraph 33).
      
      30      Consequently, and in the light of the fact that the amount of the contract at issue in the main proceedings exceeds the threshold
         for the application of Directive 93/37, the Court does have jurisdiction in this case to interpret that directive.
      
      31      Second, the Greek Government submits that the dispute pending before the referring court relates solely to the issue of whether
         provisions of Law 3021/2002 are compatible with Article 14(9) of the Constitution. The interpretation of Community law sought
         by that court does not therefore satisfy an objective need for the resolution of the dispute. 
      
      32      In this respect, it must be recalled that, according to settled case-law, it is solely for the national court before which
         the dispute has been brought, and which must assume responsibility for the subsequent judicial decision, to determine in the
         light of the particular circumstances of the case both the need for a preliminary ruling in order to enable it to deliver
         judgment and the relevance of the questions which it submits to the Court (Case C‑415/93 Bosman [1995] ECR I‑4921, paragraph 59; Case C‑466/04 Acereda Herrera [2006] ECR I‑5341, paragraph 47; and Case C‑380/05 Centro Europa 7 [2008] ECR I-349, paragraph 52).
      
      33      Consequently, where the questions submitted concern the interpretation of Community law, the Court is in principle bound to
         give a ruling (see, inter alia, Case C‑326/00 IKA [2003] ECR I-1703, paragraph 27; Case C‑145/03 Keller [2005] ECR I‑2529, paragraph 33; and Case C‑13/05 Chacón Navas [2006] ECR I‑6467, paragraph 32). 
      
      34      The Court may refuse to rule on a question referred for a preliminary ruling by a national court only where it is quite obvious
         that the interpretation of Community law that is sought bears no relation to the actual facts of the main action or its purpose,
         where the problem is hypothetical, or where the Court does not have before it the factual or legal material necessary to give
         a useful answer to the questions submitted to it (see, inter alia, Case C‑379/98 PreussenElektra [2001] ECR I‑2099, paragraph 39; Case C-35/99 Arduino [2002] ECR I-1529, paragraph 25; and Chacón Navas, paragraph 33). 
      
      35      That is not so here. In this case, an answer from the Court in response to the reference for a preliminary ruling will provide
         the referring court with the interpretation necessary for it to resolve the question, which affects the final outcome of the
         main proceedings, of whether the system of incompatibility between the public works contracts sector and the media sector,
         established by Article 14(9) of the Constitution and implemented by Law 3021/2002, complies with Community law.
      
      36      Consequently, the reference for a preliminary ruling must be held admissible. 
      
       The questions referred 
       The first question 
      37      By its first question, the referring court is essentially asking whether the grounds laid down in the first paragraph of Article
         24 of Directive 93/37 for excluding participation in a public works contract are exhaustive. 
      
      38      The Community directives on public contracts aim to coordinate national procedures in that field (Joined Cases C-226/04 and
         C-228/04 La Cascina and Others [2006] ECR I‑1347, paragraph 20). In the case of public works contracts, the second recital in the preamble to Directive
         93/37 explicitly emphasises that objective.
      
      39      It is apparent from the second and tenth recitals in the preamble to Directive 93/37 that that coordination seeks the simultaneous
         attainment of freedom of establishment and freedom to provide services in respect of public works contracts and the development,
         at the Community level, of effective competition in that field, by promoting the widest possible expression of interest among
         contractors in the Member States (see, to that effect, Case C‑225/98 Commission v France [2000] ECR I‑7445, paragraph 34; Case C‑399/98 Ordine degli Architetti and Others [2001] ECR I‑5409, paragraph 52; Joined Cases C‑285/99 and C‑286/99 Lombardini and Mantovani [2001] ECR I-9233, paragraph 34; and Case C‑470/99 Universale-Bau and Others [2002] ECR I-11617, paragraph 89).  
      
      40      In that context, Article 24 of Directive 93/37, which falls in the title of the directive dealing with the ‘common’ rules
         on participation, forms part of a detailed set of criteria for the selection of contractors permitted to submit a tender and
         for the award of the contract (see, by analogy, Case C‑94/99 ARGE [2000] ECR I-11037, paragraph 27). 
      
      41      In a chapter which deals with the criteria for ‘qualitative’ selection, Article 24 identifies, in its first paragraph, seven
         grounds for excluding contractors from participation, relating to the professional qualities of the person concerned, more
         specifically his professional honesty, his solvency and his economic and financial capacity (see, by analogy, Case 76/81 Transporoute et travaux [1982] ECR 417, paragraph 9, and La Cascina and Others, paragraph 21). 
      
      42      It should be pointed out in this respect, as the Council of the European Union has done, that the approach of the Community
         legislature was to adopt only grounds for exclusion based on the objective finding of facts or conduct specific to the contractor
         concerned, such as to cast discredit on his professional reputation or call into question his economic or financial ability
         to complete the works covered by the public contract for which he is tendering.
      
      43      Accordingly, the first paragraph of Article 24 of Directive 93/37 must be read as listing exhaustively the grounds capable
         of justifying the exclusion of a contractor from participation in a contract for reasons, based on objective factors, that
         relate to his professional qualities. That provision therefore precludes Member States or contracting authorities from adding
         to the list contained in that provision other grounds for exclusion based on criteria relating to professional qualities (see,
         by analogy, La Cascina and Others, paragraph 22). 
      
      44      The exhaustive list set out in the first paragraph of Article 24 of Directive 93/37 does not however preclude the option for
         Member States to maintain or adopt substantive rules designed, in particular, to ensure, in the field of public procurement,
         observance of the principle of equal treatment and of the principle of transparency entailed by the latter, principles which
         are binding on contracting authorities in any procedure for the award of a public contract (see, to that effect, ARGE, paragraph 24, and Case C‑421/01 Traunfellner [2003] ECR I‑11941, paragraph 29). 
      
      45      Those principles, which mean, in particular, that tenderers must be in a position of equality both when they formulate their
         tenders and when those tenders are being assessed by the contracting authority (see, to that effect, Case C‑19/00 SIAC Construction [2001] ECR I-7725, paragraph 34, and Case C-448/01 EVN and Wienstrom [2003] ECR I‑14527, paragraph 47), constitute the basis of the directives on procedures for the award of public contracts
         (see, inter alia, Universale-Bau and Others, paragraph 91, and Case C‑315/01 GAT [2003] ECR I‑6351, paragraph 73), and the duty of contracting authorities to ensure that they are observed lies at the very
         heart of those directives (see, to that effect, Case C‑513/99 Concordia Bus Finland [2002] ECR I‑7213, paragraph 81, and Joined Cases C‑21/03 and C-34/03 Fabricom [2005] ECR I‑1559, paragraph 26). 
      
      46      Article 6(6) of Directive 93/37 states moreover that contracting authorities are to ensure that there is no discrimination
         between the various contractors.
      
      47      It follows that, in addition to the grounds for exclusion based on objective considerations of professional quality, which
         are listed exhaustively in the first paragraph of Article 24 of Directive 93/37, a Member State is entitled to provide for
         exclusionary measures designed to ensure observance, in procedures for the award of public contracts, of the principles of
         equal treatment of all tenderers and of transparency. 
      
      48      However, in accordance with the principle of proportionality, which constitutes a general principle of Community law (see,
         inter alia, Case C-210/03 Swedish Match [2004] ECR I-11893, paragraph 47), such measures must not go beyond what is necessary to achieve that objective (see, to that
         effect, Fabricom, paragraph 34). 
      
      49      In view of the foregoing, the answer to the first question must be that the first paragraph of Article 24 of Directive 93/37
         must be interpreted as listing exhaustively the grounds based on objective considerations of professional quality which are
         capable of justifying the exclusion of a contractor from participation in a public works contract. However, that directive
         does not preclude a Member State from providing for further exclusionary measures designed to ensure observance of the principles
         of equal treatment of tenderers and of transparency, provided that such measures do not go beyond what is necessary to achieve
         that objective. 
      
       The second question 
      50      By its second question, the referring court is essentially asking whether a national provision which establishes an incompatibility
         between the media sector and the public procurement sector is compatible with the principles of Community law. 
      
      51      As a preliminary point, it must be recalled that it is not the task of the Court, in preliminary ruling proceedings, to rule
         upon the compatibility of national law with Community law or to interpret national law. The Court is, however, competent to
         give the national court full guidance on the interpretation of Community law in order to enable it to determine the issue
         of compatibility for the purposes of the case before it (see, inter alia, Case C‑292/92 Hünermund and Others [1993] ECR I‑6787, paragraph 8; Case C-237/04 Enirisorse [2006] ECR I‑2843, paragraph 24; and Centro Europa 7, paragraphs 49 and 50). 
      
      52      It is therefore appropriate for the Court, in the present case, to restrict its analysis by providing an interpretation of
         Community law which will be of use to the referring court, which will have the task of determining the compatibility of the
         provisions of national law concerned with Community law, for the purposes of deciding the dispute before it. 
      
      53      As was noted in paragraph 39 of this judgment, the primary aim of Directive 93/37 is to open up public works contracts to
         Community competition. The purpose of that directive is to avoid the risk of the public authorities indulging in favouritism
         (see, to that effect, Ordine degli Architetti and Others, paragraph 75, and Lombardini and Mantovani, paragraph 35).
      
      54      The Community coordination of procedures for the award of public contracts is designed in particular to avoid both the risk
         of preference being given to national tenderers whenever a contract is awarded and the possibility that a contracting authority
         may choose to be guided by considerations which are unrelated to the contract in question (see, to that effect, Case C‑380/98
         University of Cambridge [2000] ECR I-8035, paragraph 17; Case C‑237/99 Commission v France [2001] ECR I-939, paragraph 42; and Lombardini and Mantovani, paragraph 36). 
      
      55      Against that background, as the Advocate General observed at point 30 of his Opinion, it is appropriate to grant the Member
         States a certain discretion for the purpose of adopting measures intended to safeguard the principles of equal treatment of
         tenderers and of transparency, which, as was noted at paragraph 45 of this judgment, constitute the basis of the Community
         directives on the award of public contracts.
      
      56      Each Member State is best placed to identify, in the light of historical, legal, economic or social considerations specific
         to it (see, to that effect, La Cascina and Others, paragraph 23), situations propitious to conduct liable to bring about breaches of those principles.  
      
      57      Consequently, Community law does not seek to call into question the assessment of a Member State, in the light of the specific
         context of that Member State, as to the particular risk that such conduct will arise if, amongst the tenderers for a public
         works contract, there is an undertaking active in the media sector or connected with persons involved in that sector, and
         as to the need to take measures to reduce that risk.
      
      58      In this case, the Member State concerned took the view that it could not be ruled out that, in the context of their participation
         in a procedure for the award of a public contract, media undertakings or public works contractors connected with such an undertaking
         or with persons owning or running it might seek to use in relation to the contracting authority the influence afforded by
         their position or their connections in the media sector in order to seek to unlawfully influence the decision awarding that
         contract, by holding out the prospect of a supportive mass information campaign or, on the contrary, a mass information campaign
         of a critical nature, depending on whether the decision was favourable or unfavourable to the undertaking.
      
      59      A Member State’s desire to prevent the risks of interference of the power of the media in procedures for the award of public
         contracts is consistent with the public interest objective of maintaining the pluralism and the independence of the media
         (see, in this respect, Case C-368/95 Familiapress [1997] ECR I-3689, paragraph 18, and Case C-250/06 United Pan-Europe Communications Belgiumand Others [2007] ECR I-11135, paragraphs 41 and 42). Moreover, it serves specifically another such objective, namely that of fighting
         against fraud and corruption (see, in this respect, Case C-275/92 Schindler [1994] ECR I‑1039, paragraphs 57 to 60, and Joined Cases C-338/04, C‑359/04 and C-360/04 Placanica and Others [2007] ECR I-1891, paragraph 46).
      
      60      It follows that Community law does not preclude the adoption of national measures designed to avoid, in procedures for the
         award of public works contracts, the risk of occurrence of practices capable of jeopardising transparency and distorting competition,
         a risk which could arise from the presence, amongst the tenderers, of a contractor active in the media sector or connected
         with a person involved in that sector, and thus to prevent or punish fraud and corruption. 
      
      61      As was made clear in paragraph 48 of this judgment, it is also necessary for such measures to be compatible with the principle
         of proportionality.
      
      62      A national provision, such as that at issue in the main proceedings, which establishes a system of general incompatibility
         between the sector of public works and that of the media, has the consequence of excluding from the award of public contracts
         public works contractors who are also involved in the media sector on account of a connection as owner, main shareholder,
         partner or management executive, without affording them any possibility of showing, with regard to any evidence advanced,
         for instance, by a competitor, that, in their case, there is no real risk of the type referred to in paragraph 60 of this
         judgment (see, by analogy, Fabricom, paragraphs 33 and 35). 
      
      63      As the Commission of the European Communities and the Council have asserted, as did Elliniki Technodomiki Techniki Ependitiki
         Viomichaniki AE at the hearing, such a provision goes beyond what is necessary to achieve the claimed objectives of transparency
         and equal treatment, by excluding an entire category of public works contractors on the basis of an irrebuttable presumption
         that the presence amongst the tenderers of a contractor who is also involved in the media sector is necessarily such as to
         impair competition to the detriment of the other tenderers.  
      
      64      The Greek Government drew attention to the possibility stemming from the constitutional provision at issue in the main proceedings
         of not applying the exclusionary measure to an intermediary – in the form of a spouse, a relative or a financially dependent
         person or company – of a media undertaking or of a person responsible for such an undertaking if it is demonstrated that the
         participation of that intermediary in a procedure for the award of a public contract is the result of an autonomous decision
         which is dictated by the intermediary’s own interest alone. 
      
      65      However, that possibility is not capable of reconciling the national provision at issue in the main proceedings with the principle
         of proportionality.
      
      66      Such a possibility does not alter the automatic and absolute nature of the prohibition affecting any public works contractor
         who is also active in the media sector or connected with natural or legal persons involved in that sector; such a contractor
         is not concerned by that qualification to the general exclusionary measure provided for in favour of intermediaries.  
      
      67      Moreover, a public works contractor who acts as an intermediary of a media undertaking or of a person owning or running such
         an undertaking will be excluded from the award of a contract without being afforded the possibility of showing, in the event
         that it is established that he is acting on behalf of that undertaking or that person, that that action is not liable to influence
         competition between the tenderers. 
      
      68      Lastly, the very broad meaning, in the context of the national provision at issue in the main proceedings, of the concepts
         of main shareholder and intermediaries, as is clear from paragraph 8 of this judgment, serves to reinforce the disproportionate
         nature of such a provision. 
      
      69      In the light of the above, the answer to the second question must be that Community law must be interpreted as precluding
         a national provision which, whilst pursuing the legitimate objectives of equal treatment of tenderers and of transparency
         in procedures for the award of public contracts, establishes an irrebuttable presumption that the status of owner, partner,
         main shareholder or management executive of an undertaking active in the media sector is incompatible with that of owner,
         partner, main shareholder or management executive of an undertaking which contracts with the State or a legal person in the
         public sector in the broad sense to perform a works, supply or services contract. 
      
       The third question 
      70      In the light of the answers to the first two questions, there is no need to reply to the third question. 
      
       Costs
      71      Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action pending before the national court,
         the decision on costs is a matter for that court. Costs incurred in submitting observations to the Court, other than the costs
         of those parties, are not recoverable.
      
      On those grounds, the Court (Grand Chamber) hereby rules:
      1.      The first paragraph of Article 24 of Council Directive 93/37/EEC of 14 June 1993 concerning the coordination of procedures
            for the award of public works contracts, as amended by European Parliament and Council Directive 97/52/EC of 13 October 1997,
            must be interpreted as listing exhaustively the grounds based on objective considerations of professional quality which are
            capable of justifying the exclusion of a contractor from participation in a public works contract. However, that directive
            does not preclude a Member State from providing for further exclusionary measures designed to ensure observance of the principles
            of equal treatment of tenderers and of transparency, provided that such measures do not go beyond what is necessary to achieve
            that objective. 
      2.      Community law must be interpreted as precluding a national provision which, whilst pursuing the legitimate objectives of equal
            treatment of tenderers and of transparency in procedures for the award of public contracts, establishes an irrebuttable presumption
            that the status of owner, partner, main shareholder or management executive of an undertaking active in the media sector is
            incompatible with that of owner, partner, main shareholder or management executive of an undertaking which contracts with
            the State or a legal person in the public sector in the broad sense to perform a works, supply or services contract. 
      [Signatures]
      * Language of the case: Greek.