CELEX: 62007TJ0264
Language: en
Date: 2010-09-09 00:00:00
Title: Judgment of the General Court (Fifth Chamber) of 9 September 2010.#CSL Behring GmbH v European Commission and European Medicines Agency (EMA).#Medicinal products for human use - Procedure for designation of orphan medicinal products - Application for designation of human fibrinogen as an orphan medicinal product - Obligation to submit the application for designation before the application for marketing authorisation is made - Decision of EMA on the validity of the application.#Case T-264/07.

Case T-264/07
      CSL Behring GmbH
      v
      European Commission and
      European Medicines Agency (EMA)
      (Medicinal products for human use – Procedure for designation of orphan medicinal products – Application for designation of human fibrinogen as an orphan medicinal product – Obligation to submit the application for designation before the application for marketing authorisation is made – Decision of EMA on the validity of the application)
      Summary of the Judgment
      1.      Approximation of laws – Uniform legislation – Medicinal product for human use – Orphan medicinal products
      (European Parliament and Council Regulations No 141/2000, Art. 5(1), and No 726/2004)
      2.      Approximation of laws – Uniform legislation – Medicinal product for human use – Orphan medicinal products
      (European Parliament and Council Regulation No 141/2000, Art. 3(1)(b))
      3.      Approximation of laws – Uniform legislation – Medicinal product for human use – Orphan medicinal products
      (European Parliament and Council Regulations No 141/2000, Arts 3(1)(b), 5(1) and 8(1) and No 726/2004, Art. 3(2)(b))
      1.      Article 5(1) of Regulation No 141/2000 on orphan medicinal products states clearly and unequivocally that applications for
         designation of a medicinal product as an orphan medicinal product can be submitted at any stage of the development of the
         medicinal product before the submission of the application for marketing authorisation. That provision does not make a distinction
         according to whether the application for marketing authorisation is made using the mutual recognition procedure at Member
         State level or using the centralised European Union procedure, nor has it been amended following the entry into force of Regulation
         No 726/2004 laying down Community procedures for the authorisation and supervision of medicinal products for human and veterinary
         use and establishing a European Medicines Agency in order to indicate that the only possible authorisation procedure for orphan
         medicinal products is the centralised procedure.
      
      Regulation No 726/2004 in no way amended Article 5(1) of Regulation No 141/2000. That confirms that the essential question
         for the legislature is whether the medicinal product concerned represents a development in comparison with the treatment for
         which an application for marketing authorisation has already been made or which has already been authorised. It matters little,
         therefore, whether the application for marketing authorisation of the medicinal product concerned was made, or a fortiori
         obtained, at Member State level or at European Union level. 
      
      (see paras 44, 60)
      2.      Article 3(1)(b) of Regulation No 141/2000 on orphan medicinal products provides that a medicinal product is to be designated
         as an orphan medicinal product if its sponsor can establish that no other satisfactory method of diagnosis, prevention or
         treatment of the condition in question has been authorised in the European Union or that, if such a method exists, the medicinal
         product for which designation is sought ‘will be’ of significant benefit to those suffering from that condition. In that regard,
         as EMA rightly points out, the fact that the verb ‘will be’ is in the simple future tense shows that that provision indisputably
         refers to a future benefit. 
      
      That provision thus tends to confirm that the application of the incentives laid down by that regulation is not justified
         for a medicinal product which has already been authorised in the European Union. The same is true for any other medicinal
         product intended to treat the same condition, unless that medicinal product will have a significant benefit by comparison
         with the medicinal product already authorised. 
      
      (see para. 46)
      3.      Article 5(1) of Regulation No 141/2000 on orphan medicinal products does not infringe property rights or impair the freedom
         to pursue professional activities.
      
      Where an undertaking already holds a number of national marketing authorisations for a medicinal product, without, however,
         holding a designation as an orphan medicinal product for that medicinal product, and where a competing undertaking which wishes
         to obtain the designation as orphan medicinal product of a competing medicinal product to treat the same condition as that
         treated by human fibrinogen must demonstrate, in accordance with Article 3(1)(b) of Regulation No 141/2000, that that medicinal
         product will be of significant benefit to patients suffering from the condition in question. In that regard, the criteria
         for a finding of a significant benefit are strict and the development of a medicinal product which is of significant benefit
         in comparison with the medicinal product already authorised to treat the same condition involves, for the undertaking working
         on it, investment in research and development of this potentially improved medicinal product. A competing undertaking cannot
         thus merely develop a similar medicinal product in order to obtain its designation as an orphan medicinal product. 
      
      In addition, so long as competing undertakings have not developed a medicinal product which will be of significant benefit
         in comparison with the medicinal product already authorised and obtained its designation as an orphan medicinal product and
         marketing authorisation, the holder of the authorised medicinal product retains its right to use the procedure for mutual
         recognition for that medicinal product for which it can be the holder of a number of marketing authorisations. It is entitled
         to submit an application for mutual recognition of one of those authorisations in one or more other Member States of the European
         Union, in accordance with the procedure laid down in Chapter 4 of Directive 2001/83 on the Community code relating to medicinal
         products for human use.
      
      Furthermore, should a competing undertaking obtain designation as an orphan medicinal product for a medicinal product similar
         to the medicinal product for which there is a marketing authorisation, but having a significant benefit, it still has to obtain
         marketing authorisation for that medicinal product. The medicinal product must be evaluated by the Committee for Medicinal
         Products for Human Use, which is independent of the Committee on Orphan Medicinal Products. Only if, following that committee’s
         opinion, the Commission issues the marketing authorisation can the competing undertaking benefit from market exclusivity pursuant
         to Article 8(1) of Regulation No 141/2000.  Nevertheless, even if the competing undertaking were to obtain market exclusivity
         for its medicinal product, that does not cause the loss of existing marketing authorisations for medicinal products to treat
         the same condition. 
      
      Moreover, obtaining designation as an orphan medicinal product in no way constitutes the only possibility of access to the
         marketing authorisation procedure at European Union level. Article 3(2)(b) of Regulation No 726/2004 laying down Community
         procedures for the authorisation and supervision of medicinal products for human and veterinary use and establishing a European
         Medicines Agency provides that any medicinal product not appearing in the annex thereto may be granted a marketing authorisation
         by the European Union in accordance with the provisions of that regulation, if the applicant shows that the medicinal product
         constitutes a significant therapeutic, scientific or technical innovation or that the granting of authorisation in accordance
         with that regulation is in the interests of patients at European Union level. 
      
      (see paras 91, 93-96, 98, 102, 104)
JUDGMENT OF THE GENERAL COURT (Fifth Chamber)
      9 September 2010 (*)
      
      (Medicinal products for human use – Procedure for designation of orphan medicinal products – Application for designation of human fibrinogen as an orphan medicinal product – Obligation to submit the application for designation before the application for marketing authorisation is made – Decision of EMA on the validity of the application)
      In Case T‑264/07,
      CSL Behring GmbH, established in Marburg (Germany), represented by C. Koenig, Professor, and F. Leinen, lawyer,
      
      applicant,
      v
      European Commission, represented by B. Stromsky and B. Schima, acting as Agents,
      
      and
      European Medicines Agency (EMA), represented by V. Salvatore, acting as Agent, and T. Eicke, Barrister, and C. Sherliker, Solicitor,
      
      defendants,
      the Commission being supported by
      European Parliament, represented by E. Waldherr and I. Anagnostopoulou, acting as Agents,
      
      intervener,
      ACTION for annulment of the decision of 24 May 2007 of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) declaring invalid the applicant’s
         application for designation of human fibrinogen as an orphan medicinal product within the meaning of Regulation (EC) No 141/2000
         of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 1999 on orphan medicinal products (OJ 2000 L 18, p. 1), 
      
      THE GENERAL COURT (Fifth Chamber),
      composed of M. Vilaras, President, M. Prek (Rapporteur) and V.M. Ciucă, Judges,
      Registrar: K. Andová, Administrator,
      having regard to the written procedure and further to the hearing on 16 September 2009,
      gives the following
      Judgment
       Legal context
      1        In order to make effective treatment possible for patients suffering from rare diseases in the European Union, the European
         Parliament and the Council adopted Regulation (EC) No 141/2000 of 16 December 1999 on orphan medicinal products (OJ 2000 L
         18, p. 1). That regulation, which entered into force on 22 January 2000, institutes a system of incentives to encourage pharmaceutical
         undertakings to invest in the research, development and marketing of medicinal products to diagnose, prevent or treat rare
         diseases.
      
      2        Regulation No 141/2000 provides, in Article 3(1), as follows:
      
      ‘A medicinal product shall be designated as an orphan medicinal product if its sponsor can establish:
      (a)      that it is intended for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of a life‑threatening or chronically debilitating condition
         affecting not more than 5 in 10 000 persons in the Community when the application is made, or 
      
      that it is intended for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of a life‑threatening, seriously debilitating or serious and
         chronic condition in the Community and that without incentives it is unlikely that the marketing of the medicinal product
         in the Community would generate sufficient return to justify the necessary investment; 
      
      and
      (b)      that there exists no satisfactory method of diagnosis, prevention or treatment of the condition in question that has been
         authorised in the Community or, if such method exists, that the medicinal product will be of significant benefit to those
         affected by that condition.’
      
      3        The procedure for designation, as laid down in Article 5 of Regulation No 141/2000, is as follows:
      
      ‘1.      In order to obtain the designation of a medicinal product as an orphan medicinal product, the sponsor shall submit an application
         to the Agency at any stage of the development of the medicinal product before the application for marketing authorisation
         is made.
      
      2.      The application shall be accompanied by the following particulars and documents: 
      (a)      name or corporate name and permanent address of the sponsor;
      (b)      active ingredients of the medicinal product;
      (c)      proposed therapeutic indication;
      (d)      justification that the criteria laid down in Article 3(1) are met and a description of the stage of development, including
         the indications expected. 
      
      3.      The Commission shall, in consultation with the Member States, the Agency and interested parties, draw up detailed guidelines
         on the required format and content of applications for designation. 
      
      4.      The Agency shall verify the validity of the application and prepare a summary report to the Committee. Where appropriate,
         it may request the sponsor to supplement the particulars and documents accompanying the application.
      
      5.      The Agency shall ensure that an opinion is given by the Committee within 90 days of the receipt of a valid application. 
      6.      When preparing its opinion, the Committee shall use its best endeavours to reach a consensus. If such a consensus cannot be
         reached, the opinion shall be adopted by a majority of two thirds of the members of the Committee. The opinion may be obtained
         by written procedure. 
      
      7.      Where the opinion of the Committee is that the application does not satisfy the criteria set out in Article 3(1), the Agency
         shall forthwith inform the sponsor. Within 90 days of receipt of the opinion, the sponsor may submit detailed grounds for
         appeal, which the Agency shall refer to the Committee. The Committee shall consider whether its opinion should be revised
         at the following meeting. 
      
      8.      The Agency shall forthwith forward the final opinion of the Committee to the Commission, which shall adopt a decision within
         30 days of receipt of the opinion. Where, in exceptional circumstances, the draft decision is not in accordance with the opinion
         of the Committee, the decision shall be adopted in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 73 of [Council] Regulation
         [(EEC)] No 2309/93 [of 22 July 1993 laying down Community procedures for the authorisation and supervision of medicinal products
         for human and veterinary use and establishing a European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products (OJ 1993 L 214, p.
         1)]. The decision shall be notified to the sponsor and communicated to the Agency and to the competent authorities of the
         Member States.
      
      9.      The designated medicinal product shall be entered in the Community Register of Orphan Medicinal Products.
      …’
      4        Article 8 of Regulation No 141/2000 provides that orphan medicinal products for which a marketing authorisation has been granted
         are to benefit from market exclusivity: 
      
      ‘1.      Where a marketing authorisation in respect of an orphan medicinal product is granted pursuant to Regulation … No 2309/93 or
         where all the Member States have granted marketing authorisations in accordance with the procedures for mutual recognition
         laid down in Articles 7 and 7a of Directive 65/65/EEC or Article 9(4) of Council Directive 75/319/EEC of 20 May 1975 on the
         approximation of provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action relating to medicinal products [OJ 1975
         L 147, p. 13], and without prejudice to intellectual property law or any other provision of Community law, the Community and
         the Member States shall not, for a period of 10 years, accept another application for a marketing authorisation, or grant
         a marketing authorisation or accept an application to extend an existing marketing authorisation, for the same therapeutic
         indication, in respect of a similar medicinal product. 
      
      …
      3.      By way of derogation from paragraph 1, and without prejudice to intellectual property law or any other provision of Community
         law, a marketing authorisation may be granted, for the same therapeutic indication, to a similar medicinal product if: 
      
      (a)      the holder of the marketing authorisation for the original orphan medicinal product has given his consent to the second applicant,
         or 
      
      (b)      the holder of the marketing authorisation for the original orphan medicinal product is unable to supply sufficient quantities
         of the medicinal product, or 
      
      (c)      the second applicant can establish in the application that the second medicinal product, although similar to the orphan medicinal
         product already authorised, is safer, more effective or otherwise clinically superior. 
      
      4.      The Commission shall adopt definitions of “similar medicinal product” and “clinical superiority” in the form of an implementing
         regulation in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 72 of Regulation … No 2309/93. 
      
      …’
      5        Article 2(4)(a) of Commission Regulation (EC) No 847/2000 of 27 April 2000 laying down the provisions for implementation of
         the criteria for designation of a medicinal product as an orphan medicinal product and definitions of the concepts’similar
         medicinal product’ and ‘clinical superiority’ (OJ 2000 L 103, p. 5; ‘the implementing regulation’) provides: 
      
      ‘A sponsor applying for designation of a medicinal product as an orphan medicinal product shall apply for designation at any
         stage of the development of the medicinal product before the application for marketing authorisation is made. An application
         for designation may however be submitted for a new therapeutic indication for an already authorised medicinal product. In
         this case, the marketing authorisation holder shall apply for a separate marketing authorisation which will cover only the
         orphan indication(s).’ 
      
      6        In addition, Article 88 of Regulation (EC) No 726/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 March 2004 laying
         down Community procedures for the authorisation and supervision of medicinal products for human and veterinary use and establishing
         a European Medicines Agency (OJ 2004 L 136, p. 1) provides as follows:
      
      ‘Regulation (EEC) No 2309/93/EC is hereby repealed.
      References to the repealed Regulation shall be construed as references to this Regulation.’ 
      7        Article 90 of Regulation No 726/2004 states as follows:
      
      ‘This Regulation shall enter into force on the 20th day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. 
      
      By way of derogation from the first paragraph, Titles I, II, III and V shall apply from 20 November 2005 and point 3, fifth
         and sixth indents of the Annex shall apply from 20 May 2008.’ 
      
      8        Furthermore, Article 3 of Regulation No 726/2004 provides:
      
      ‘1.      No medicinal product appearing in the Annex may be placed on the market within the Community unless a marketing authorisation
         has been granted by the Community in accordance with the provisions of this Regulation. 
      
      2.      Any medicinal product not appearing in the Annex may be granted a marketing authorisation by the Community in accordance with
         the provisions of this Regulation, if: 
      
      (a)      the medicinal product contains a new active substance which, on the date of entry into force of this Regulation, was not authorised
         in the Community; or 
      
      (b)      the applicant shows that the medicinal product constitutes a significant therapeutic, scientific or technical innovation or
         that the granting of authorisation in accordance with this Regulation is in the interests of patients or animal health at
         Community level. 
      
      …’
      9        Finally, point 4 of the annex to Regulation No 726/2004 refers to the following medicinal products: ‘Medicinal products that
         are designated as orphan medicinal products pursuant to Regulation … No 141/2000’. 
      
       Background to the dispute
      10      The applicant, CSL Behring GmbH, produces a medicinal product (‘human fibrinogen’), the active ingredient of which is human
         fibrinogen. It obtained authorisation to market the medicinal product in various European countries, that is to say, Germany
         in 1966, Portugal in 1978, the Czech Republic and Austria in 1994, the Netherlands in 1997, Hungary in 1998 and Romania in
         1999. 
      
      11      On 13 March 2007, the applicant submitted an application for designation of human fibrinogen as an orphan medicinal product
         to the European Medicines Agency (EMA). The application for designation, which related to human fibrinogen in a concentrated
         and pasteurised form, gave the following therapeutic indication: ‘Treatment of serious haemorrhages in patients suffering
         from a congenital deficit in fibrinogen’.
      
      12      By letter of 20 March 2007, EMA informed the applicant that its application was invalid for a number of reasons, particularly
         because the applicant already held a marketing authorisation for human fibrinogen. It pointed out that it was in the applicant’s
         interest to organise a video-conference or a meeting to discuss those reasons.
      
      13      By e-mail of 21 March 2007, the applicant confirmed that it would be happy to accept the offer of organising a meeting. On
         the same day, EMA replied to it by e‑mail reminding it that, pursuant to Article 5(1) of Regulation No 141/2000, it could
         not accept the application for designation of human fibrinogen as an orphan medicinal product as valid on the ground that
         the applicant was the holder of an authorisation for human fibrinogen in a number of Member States. EMA also agreed to arrange
         a meeting to explain the problem in more depth.
      
      14      A meeting between EMA and the applicant was held on 23 April 2007 in London (United Kingdom).
      
      15      On 11 May 2007, the applicant sent EMA a letter in which it answered EMA’s letter of 20 March 2007 and followed up the meeting
         of 23 April 2007. It enclosed a new application for designation of human fibrinogen as an orphan medicinal product.
      
      16      By letter of 24 May 2007, EMA took the view that the second application for designation was invalid mainly because the applicant
         was already the holder of a marketing authorisation for the product in question (‘the contested decision’).
      
       Procedure and forms of order sought by the parties
      17      By application lodged at the Registry of the Court on 18 July 2007, the applicant brought the present action.
      
      18      Since the composition of the Chambers of the Court had been changed, the Judge‑Rapporteur was assigned to the Fifth Chamber,
         to which the present case was, accordingly, allocated.
      
      19      By order of the President of the Fifth Chamber of 1 April 2008, the Parliament was granted leave to intervene in support of
         the form of order sought by the European Commission.
      
      20      The applicant claims that the Court should:
      
      –        annul the contested decision;
      –        order EMA and the Commission to pay the costs.
      21      EMA contends that the Court should:
      
      –        dismiss the action as inadmissible or, in the alternative, as unfounded;
      –        order the applicant to pay the costs.
      22      The Commission, supported by the Parliament, contends that the Court should:
      
      –        dismiss the action as inadmissible in so far as it is directed against the Commission or, in the alternative, as unfounded;
      –        order the applicant to pay the costs.
       Law
      23      First, it must be borne in mind that the Commission raises a plea of inadmissibility in so far as the action for annulment
         is directed against it. Moreover, EMA raises a plea of inadmissibility alleging that the action was brought out of time. It
         is for the General Court to assess whether in the circumstances of the case the proper administration of justice justifies
         a ruling on the substance of the action without ruling on the pleas of inadmissibility raised by the Commission and by EMA
         (see, to that effect, Case C‑23/00 P Council v Boehringer [2002] ECR I‑1873, paragraph 52). In the present case, the Court considers that it is able to rule on the substance without
         ruling on the pleas of inadmissibility of the Commission and of EMA.
      
      24      It is also appropriate to point out that it is agreed between the parties that the applicant is the holder of marketing authorisations
         for human fibrinogen in a number of Member States of the European Union.
      
      25      In addition, it should be noted that the applicant has not claimed nor, a fortiori, shown that the medicinal product which
         is the object of the application for designation as an orphan medicinal product would be of significant benefit, within the
         meaning of Article 3(1)(b) of Regulation No 141/2000, to persons deficient in fibrinogen, in comparison with the human fibrinogen
         for which marketing authorisation already exists in a number of Member States.
      
      26      Finally, during the administrative procedure, the applicant did not dispute that the medicinal product for which an application
         for designation was submitted did not relate to a new therapeutic indication within the meaning of Article 2(4)(a) of the
         implementing regulation. In that regard, the applicant confirmed at the hearing that the therapeutic indication included in
         the application for designation dated 11 May 2007 was wider than that covered by the application of 13 March 2007, but that
         both indications were already covered by the existing national marketing authorisations. The applicant did indeed subsequently
         qualify its position by claiming that the therapeutic indication ‘Treatment of congenital deficit in fibrinogen’ referred
         to, in accordance with the request of EMA, in the application for designation of 11 May 2007 was different from that of ‘Treatment
         of specific haemorrhaging’ referred to in the German marketing authorisation, and that, accordingly, it was a variation on
         the latter indication. Nevertheless, those considerations, which were formulated by the applicant for the first time at the
         hearing and are not supported by any evidence, can in no way suffice to show that the therapeutic indication covered by the
         medicinal product which is the object of the application for designation is different from that covered by the medicinal product
         that already has marketing authorisation in a number of Member States. Accordingly, the view must be taken that the therapeutic
         indication set out in the application for designation which gave rise to the contested decision is identical to that covered
         by the national marketing authorisations.
      
      27      It is in the light of those considerations that the pleas raised by the applicant must be examined.
      
      28      In order to establish that the contested decision is unlawful, the applicant puts forward two pleas in law. The first alleges
         an incorrect interpretation of Article 5(1) of Regulation No 141/2000. The second alleges that that provision, on which the
         contested decision is based, is unlawful, and that Article 2(4)(a) of the implementing regulation is unlawful.
      
       The plea alleging incorrect interpretation of Article 5(1) of Regulation No 141/2000
       Arguments of the parties
      29      In the first place, the applicant notes that the contested decision is based on the understanding that Article 5(1) of Regulation
         No 141/2000 categorically excludes the designation of a medicinal product as an orphan medicinal product when it is already
         the subject of a marketing authorisation. Such an understanding is incorrect since, first of all, it in no way follows from
         the text of that provision or its context; next, it does not follow from the legislative history of the provision and, finally,
         it constitutes an obstacle to the effectiveness thereof.
      
      30      Firstly, such an understanding runs contrary to Article 2(4)(a) of the implementing regulation. The fact of highlighting the
         ‘therapeutic indication’ shows that the authorisation of a medicinal product suitable for supporting measures must be preceded
         by its targeted research and development with a view to combating rare conditions.
      
      31      Secondly, the applicant takes the view that the legislative history of Article 5(1) of Regulation No 141/2000 should lead
         to a less restrictive interpretation thereof. The insertion of the phrase ‘designation before authorisation’ was not intended
         to restrict the scope of the procedure for designation.
      
      32      Thirdly, the interpretation preferred by EMA is incompatible with the objectives of the regulation and contrary to the principle
         of effectiveness.
      
      33      In the applicant’s view, it is apparent from a number of the recitals in the preamble to Regulation No 141/2000 and from a
         teleological interpretation of a number of its articles that it is the health of patients and their interest in access to
         orphan medicinal products which constitute the objective of that regulation.
      
      34      It therefore submits that Regulation No 141/2000 does not have the aim of preventing the holders of authorisations covering
         earlier medicinal products for rare diseases from benefiting from the procedure for designating them as an orphan medicinal
         product. It submits that, having invested in research into orphan medicinal products, developed effective treatment methods
         and regularly updated their preparations in line with medico-pharmaceutical scientific progress, the producers of earlier
         medicinal products for rare diseases have pursued an objective which corresponds precisely to the meaning and purpose of Regulation
         No 141/2000.
      
      35      The applicant submits, in that regard, that the integration of earlier orphan medicinal products into the procedure for designation
         would increase even further the effectiveness of the treatment of patients suffering from rare conditions, since those medicinal
         products have ‘proved their worth’ over a number of years. It thus takes the view that the exclusion of earlier medicinal
         products from the procedure for designation would lead to impairment of the service provided by the holder of an authorisation
         for earlier medicinal products to treat rare conditions. It adds that the loss of revenue resulting therefrom would cause
         difficulties with regard to covering costs and the availability of funds to continue research.
      
      36      Furthermore, the applicant takes the view that the Commission is wrong to rely on the fact that the national authorisations
         granted to the manufacturers of medicinal products to treat rare conditions can still be extended to all the Member States
         such that the medicinal products authorised before 22 January 2000 could one day be made available to all patients. It believes
         that the possibility of such recognition cannot satisfy the objective of protection of patient health. In the applicant’s
         view, that tends to confirm that the interpretation of Article 5(1) of Regulation No 141/2000 preferred by the Commission
         is not in conformity with the purpose of that regulation.
      
      37      In addition, it argues that, by asserting that an incentive is not necessary for a medicinal product already authorised, EMA
         and the Commission have disregarded the fact that the markets in orphan medicinal products in general produce low turnover.
         It points out that the limited nature of a market, implying a low turnover, exists not only for orphan medicinal products
         authorised after 2000, but also for earlier orphan medicinal products. The applicant submits that it is from precisely that
         perspective that the legislature chose not to base its criterion for designation on subjective conditions such as ‘the lack
         of available investment’ of pharmaceutical undertakings, but that it simply supposed that a producer of pharmaceuticals would
         not be inclined, under normal market conditions, to market an orphan medicinal product before its authorisation. In that regard,
         it cites recitals 1, 2, 7 and 9 in the preamble to Regulation No 141/2000.
      
      38      Finally, the applicant submits that the Commission is wrong to assert that the European Union legislature chose, as the sole
         criterion of applicability for the incentive system, the lack of satisfactory authorised medicinal products to treat a given
         illness. On the contrary, where a satisfactory method already existed, Article 3(1) of Regulation No 141/2000 requires an
         additional condition for designation, that is to say, a ‘significant benefit’. The applicant thus takes the view that even
         improvements which bring about a significant benefit (in accordance with Regulation No 141/2000 and the implementing regulation)
         can lead to the designation of a medicinal product as an orphan medicinal product so that the provision of a totally new active
         product or the description of new therapeutic indications is not imperative. Such an interpretation is also confirmed by the
         purpose of Regulation No 141/2000.
      
      39      In the second place, the applicant relied, at the hearing, on the fact that, since the entry into force of Regulation No 726/2004,
         Article 5(1) of Regulation No 141/2000 should be interpreted as meaning that any application for designation of a medicinal
         product as an orphan medicinal product must be submitted to EMA before submission of an application for European Union marketing
         authorisation. The applicant submitted that it was henceforth no longer possible to obtain a national marketing authorisation
         for medicinal products designated as orphan medicinal products and that only the centralised authorisation procedure at European
         Union level laid down by Regulation No 726/2004 could be used for that purpose. It deduced therefrom that the ‘application
         for marketing authorisation’ referred to in Article 5(1) of Regulation No 141/2000 should be understood as the application
         for authorisation at European Union level laid down in Regulation No 726/2004. The applicant concludes therefrom that it complied
         with the time frame under Article 5(1) of the abovementioned regulation by submitting the application for designation of human
         fibrinogen as an orphan medicinal product before the application for marketing authorisation at European Union level.
      
      40      The applicant submits that its interpretation of Article 5(1) of Regulation No 141/2000 is confirmed by the fact that, in
         a decision of 8 July 2009, a sponsor obtained designation of the medicinal product which it is developing as an orphan medicinal
         product despite the fact that it already held a national marketing authorisation for the medicinal product covered by the
         application for designation. In the view of the applicant, Article 5(1) of Regulation No 141/2000 should be understood in
         the light of its interpretation by the administration.
      
      41      The Commission, EMA and the Parliament argue, first of all, that the arguments relating to the effect of the entry into force
         of Regulation No 726/2004 on the interpretation of Article 5(1) of Regulation No 141/2000 were submitted out of time and are
         therefore inadmissible. Next, they take the view that those arguments have no basis in fact. Finally, they refute the applicant’s
         other arguments and claim that the present plea is unfounded.
      
       Findings of the Court
      42      In the first place, it is appropriate to consider the arguments in the applicant’s written submissions that Regulation No
         141/2000 and, in particular, Article 5(1) thereof must be interpreted as meaning that an application for designation of a
         medicinal product as an orphan medicinal product may also be submitted after the marketing authorisation of that medicinal
         product for the same therapeutic indication.
      
      43      In that regard, it must be noted that such an interpretation does not follow from the wording of Article 5(1) of Regulation
         No 141/2000, from the context in which that provision is set, from the legislative history of Regulation No 141/2000 or from
         its purpose. 
      
      44      Firstly, the wording of Article 5(1) of Regulation No 141/2000 states clearly and unequivocally that applications for designation
         of a medicinal product as an orphan medicinal product can be submitted ‘at any stage of the development of the medicinal product’
         ‘before’ the submission of the application for marketing authorisation. It should be noted that that provision does not make
         a distinction according to whether the application for marketing authorisation is made using the mutual recognition procedure
         at Member State level or using the centralised European Union procedure, nor has it been amended following the entry into
         force of Regulation No 726/2004 in order to indicate that the only possible authorisation procedure for orphan medicinal products
         is the centralised procedure.
      
      45      Secondly, with regard to the context of Article 5(1) of Regulation No 141/2000, it must be noted that Article 3(1)(b) of that
         regulation confirms that an application for designation of a medicinal product as an orphan medicinal product must be submitted
         before the marketing application is made.
      
      46      Article 3(1)(b) of Regulation No 141/2000 provides that a medicinal product is to be designated as an orphan medicinal product
         if its sponsor can establish that no other satisfactory method of diagnosis, prevention or treatment of the condition in question
         has been authorised in the European Union or that, if such a method exists, the medicinal product for which designation is
         sought ‘will be’ of significant benefit to those suffering from that condition. In that regard, as EMA rightly points out,
         the fact that the verb ‘will be’ is in the simple future tense shows that that provision indisputably refers to a future benefit.
         That provision thus tends to confirm that the application of the incentives laid down by Regulation No 141/2000 is not justified
         for a medicinal product which has already been authorised in the European Union. The same is true for any other medicinal
         product intended to treat the same condition, unless that medicinal product ‘will have’ a significant benefit by comparison
         with the medicinal product already authorised.
      
      47      The applicant’s argument that Article 2(4)(a) of the implementing regulation contradicts the Commission’s interpretation of
         Article 5(1) of Regulation No 141/2000 must be rejected. It would be contrary to the very principle of the hierarchy of norms
         if a provision of Regulation No 141/2000 adopted by the Parliament and the Council were to be interpreted in the light of
         the implementing regulation adopted by the Commission (see, to that effect, the order of the President in Joined Cases C‑512/07 P(R)
         and C‑15/08 P(R) Occhetto and Parliament v Donnici [2009] ECR I‑1, paragraph 45). The implementing regulation is subject to Regulation No 141/2000 and can in no way determine
         the meaning of its provisions, even if there were a doubt as to their interpretation. In any event, contrary to the applicant’s
         submissions, Article 2(4)(a) of the implementing regulation, which provides that an application for designation may be made
         for a new therapeutic indication for a medicinal product ‘already authorised’, is consistent with the principle laid down
         in Article 5 of Regulation No 141/2000, requiring a prior application for designation since that application for designation
         will have to be made ‘before’ filing the application for marketing authorisation of the medicinal product in respect of the
         new therapeutic indication.
      
      48      Thirdly, the legislative history of Regulation No 141/2000 does not alter in any way the conclusions drawn from the literal
         interpretation of the abovementioned provisions. Indeed, as the applicant points out, Article 5(1) of the proposal for a European
         Parliament and Council Regulation (EC) on orphan medicinal products (OJ 1998 C 276, p. 7) nowhere stated that the application
         for designation as an orphan medicinal product had to be submitted before an application for marketing authorisation was made.
         Nevertheless, Article 3(1) of the proposal already envisaged, as a condition for designation of a medicinal product as an
         orphan medicinal product, that no satisfactory method of diagnosis, prevention or treatment of the orphan disease had been
         authorised. That provision provided that, if such a method already existed, designation as an orphan medicinal product was
         conditional on the fact that ‘it [could] reasonably be expected that [that] medicinal product will be safer, more effective
         or otherwise clinically superior’ in certain ways. 
      
      49      Moreover, the Commission accepted the Parliament’s proposal (OJ 1999 C 175, p. 61) to amend Article 5(1) of the proposed regulation
         and stated expressly in it that the application for designation as an orphan medicinal product had to be submitted ‘before’
         an application for registration was submitted. To that effect, in Common Position (EC) No 40/1999, which it adopted on 27
         September 1999 (OJ 1999 C 317, p. 34), the Council stated that it accepted that amendment, which extends the possibility for
         a sponsor to apply for designation at any stage of the ‘development’ of a medicinal product ‘before’ an application for market
         authorisation is submitted. 
      
      50      It is apparent from those considerations that Article 5(1) of Regulation No 141/2000 was the subject of discussion and that
         the authors of Regulation No 141/2000 deliberately stated that the application for designation could be made at any stage
         of the ‘development’ of medicinal products, but in any event that it must be made ‘before’ submission of an application for
         marketing authorisation.
      
      51      Fourthly, it is apparent from recitals 1, 2 and 4 in the preamble to Regulation No 141/2000 that the intention of the legislature
         was to provide for measures to stimulate the research and development of potential orphan medicinal products by the pharmaceutical
         industry.
      
      52      As EMA points out, the intention of the legislature was therefore not generally to promote medicinal products to treat orphan
         diseases, but to stimulate the development and marketing of potential orphan medicinal products by the use of incentives.
         The main objective of the legislature is to enable patients suffering from rare conditions to benefit from the same quality
         of treatment as other patients. The legislature therefore impliedly, but certainly, considered that incentives were not at
         all necessary for medicinal products which had already been developed and authorised. 
      
      53      Thus, the legislature took the view that, if the potential medicinal product for which an application for designation as an
         orphan medicinal product has been submitted does not increase the effectiveness of the medical treatment of patients suffering
         from rare conditions, there is no interest in designating it as an orphan medicinal product.
      
      54      Similarly, the legislature provided that, if the medicinal product covered by the application for designation as an orphan
         medicinal product already has marketing authorisation, it cannot be designated as an orphan medicinal product.
      
      55      Finally, Article 5(1) of Regulation No 141/2000 in no way prevents an application for designation as an orphan medicinal product
         for a medicinal product which already has marketing authorisation being submitted in respect of a new therapeutic indication.
      
      56      In the second place, the argument referred to in paragraphs 39 and 40 above, submitted by the applicant for the first time
         at the hearing, must be rejected, and it is not necessary to consider whether it constitutes an amplification of its first
         plea. 
      
      57      It must be borne in mind that Article 5(1) of Regulation No 141/2000 refers to the ‘application for marketing authorisation’,
         but does not specify that it refers only to applications for authorisation made to the European Union and not to national
         applications for authorisation. It is established that the applicant was already the holder of a number of marketing authorisations
         issued by a number of Member States of the European Union when the application for designation of human fibrinogen as an orphan
         medicinal product was made.
      
      58      It cannot validly be argued that the entry into force of Regulation No 726/2004 had an effect on Article 5(1) of Regulation
         No 141/2000. It is true that, since the entry into force of Regulation No 726/2004, the sponsor of a medicinal product designated
         as an orphan medicinal product can obtain a marketing authorisation for that medicinal product only by way of the centralised
         authorisation procedure laid down in that regulation. It is therefore no longer possible for that sponsor to opt for the decentralised
         procedure under Directive 2001/83/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 November 2001 on the Community code
         relating to medicinal products for human use (OJ 2001 L 311, p. 67), which allows for recognition of the first marketing authorisation
         of a medicinal product granted by a Member State in each Member State of the European Union.
      
      59      However, if the intention of the legislature had indeed been to distinguish between the two types of marketing authorisation
         in Article 5(1) of Regulation No 141/2000, it would expressly have drawn a distinction between them in the same way that it
         drew a distinction in Article 8(1) of that regulation.
      
      60      In addition, clearly, Regulation No 726/2004 in no way amended Article 5(1) of Regulation No 141/2000. That confirms that
         the essential question for the legislature is whether the medicinal product concerned represents a development in comparison
         with the treatment for which an application for marketing authorisation has already been made or which has already been authorised.
         It matters little, therefore, whether the application for marketing authorisation of the medicinal product concerned was made,
         or a fortiori obtained, at Member State level or at European Union level.
      
      61      Accordingly, the applicant’s argument that it complied with the time frame under Article 5(1) of Regulation No 141/2000 by
         making an application for designation of human fibrinogen as an orphan medicinal product before making an application for
         marketing authorisation to the European Union must be rejected as unfounded.
      
      62      Finally, the argument that a sponsor has obtained a designation as an orphan medicinal product for a treatment in respect
         of which it already held a national marketing authorisation is ineffective. Even if it were established, that fact cannot
         properly be put forward by the applicant, because the principle of equal treatment must be reconciled with the principle of
         legality, according to which no one may rely, to his own benefit, on an unlawful act committed in favour of another (see,
         to that effect, Case T‑327/94 SCA Holding v Commission [1998] ECR II‑1373, paragraph 160; Case T‑106/00 Streamserve v OHIM (STREAMSERVE) [2002] ECR II‑723, paragraph 67; and Case T‑23/99 LR AF 1998 v Commission [2002] ECR II‑1705, paragraph 367).
      
      63      It follows from all of those considerations that the first plea, alleging incorrect interpretation of Article 5(1) of Regulation
         No 141/2000, must be rejected.
      
       The plea alleging that Article 5(1) of Regulation No 141/2000 and Article 2(4)(a) of the implementing regulation are unlawful
            
       Arguments of the parties
      64      The applicant submits that, even if it must be interpreted as the Commission and EMA contend, Article 5(1) of Regulation No
         141/2000 infringes a number of fundamental principles of European Union law.
      
      65      The applicant argues that, for reasons identical to those put forward to show the unlawfulness of Article 5(1) of Regulation
         No 141/2000, Article 2(4)(a) of the implementing regulation is also vitiated by unlawfulness.
      
      66      It submits that the fact that Article 5(1) of Regulation No 141/2000 is unlawful and cannot apply obliges EMA to follow the
         procedure for designation of human fibrinogen as an orphan medicinal product.
      
      67      The applicant asks the Court to declare inapplicable Article 5(1) of Regulation No 141/2000, pursuant to which, ‘[i]n order
         to obtain the designation of a medicinal product as an orphan medicinal product, the sponsor shall submit an application to
         the Agency at any stage of the development of the medicinal product before the application for marketing authorisation is
         made’. It submits that it is incompatible with primary legislation. It takes the view that that provision infringes a number
         of fundamental principles of the same rank as the primary legislation of the European Union and, accordingly, the Treaty.
      
      –       The complaint alleging infringement of property rights 
      68      Firstly, Article 5(1) of Regulation No 141/2000 infringes property rights. In the applicant’s view, property rights protect
         the very essence of industrial and commercial activity. The right to use the procedure for mutual recognition laid down in
         Article 6(1) and Article 28(4) of Directive 2001/83 forms part of the essence of that activity. That right to use the procedure
         for mutual recognition enables an undertaking to use the decentralised procedure in order to have the first marketing authorisation
         for a medicinal product granted by a Member State recognised in each Member State of the European Union.
      
      69      The right to use the procedure for mutual recognition is justified by the fact that the period which elapses between the discovery
         of an active substance and the marketing of the resulting medicinal product is very long (approximately eight years) and that
         process is extremely expensive, so that marketing a new medicinal product in a single Member State does not offer sufficient
         prospects of profitability.
      
      70      Article 5(1) of Regulation No 141/2000 infringes substantially the property rights of pharmaceutical undertakings with regard
         to their research, development and marketing activities for earlier orphan medicinal products.
      
      71      The applicant submits that a procedure for mutual recognition was instituted by Article 7(2) of Council Directive 65/65/EEC
         of 26 January 1965 on the approximation of provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action relating to proprietary
         medicinal products (OJ, English Special Edition 1965-1966, p. 24), as amended by Council Directive 93/39/EEC of 14 June 1993
         (OJ 1993 L 214, p. 22), as a variation on the decentralised authorisation procedure. It conferred on producers of earlier
         orphan medicinal products the right to opt for reciprocal recognition by all the Member States of an authorisation granted
         by one of them, as an ‘individual public economic right’. Article 5(1) of Regulation No 141/2000 deprives, in a legally binding
         manner, the producers of earlier orphan medicinal products of their right to opt for reciprocal recognition of their medicinal
         product, since it precludes the continuation of designation procedures in respect of medicinal products to treat rare conditions
         authorised before 22 January 2000. If market exclusivity were granted to another producer for an equivalent product, the producer
         of the orphan medicinal product could no longer obtain fresh authorisations for its medicinal product. The applicant states
         that by ‘equivalent product’ it means a similar competing medicinal product with the same rare therapeutic indication for
         which an earlier orphan medicinal product is indicated and which EMA has accepted as offering a significant benefit.
      
      72      Article 5(1) of Regulation No 141/2000 also precludes the holders of authorisations for orphan medicinal products granted
         before 22 January 2000 from benefiting from market exclusivity under Article 8(1) of that regulation. The competitors of those
         producers, however, may obtain market exclusivity for one of their medicinal products which has the same therapeutic indication.
      
      73      The Commission, EMA and the Parliament contest the complaint alleging infringement of property rights.
      
      –       The complaint alleging impairment of the freedom to pursue a trade or profession
      74      Article 5(1) of Regulation No 141/2000 directly impairs the freedom to pursue a trade or profession. The holders of an authorisation
         granted for an orphan medicinal product before 22 January 2000 are hindered in their activity as pharmaceutical undertakings
         carrying out research, production and marketing. The applicant states that an earlier orphan medicinal product – such as human
         fibrinogen – will never be able to acquire the status of orphan medicinal product or benefit from market exclusivity. In addition,
         where market exclusivity is granted to a competitor on the basis of Article 8(1) of Regulation No 141/2000, later applications
         for marketing authorisation made by producers of earlier orphan medicinal products cannot be accepted by the competent authorities.
         In the applicant’s view, only by incurring considerable investment costs would it be able to carry out research on entirely
         new rare therapeutic indications for its – already authorised – medicinal product in order to obtain, for that medicinal product
         but for a different therapeutic indication, the status of orphan medicinal product giving a prospect of market exclusivity.
         The obligation under Article 5(1) of Regulation No 141/2000 not to include, in the procedure for designation, medicinal products
         already authorised for the treatment of rare conditions directly harms the legal situation of producers of earlier orphan
         medicinal products.
      
      75      Moreover, the applicant states that it does not clearly understand exactly when the ‘market exclusivity’ granted to a competitor
         takes effect and thus believes that it is under a pressure which impairs its freedom to pursue its profession. In that regard,
         Regulation No 141/2000 does not provide for the right of holders of authorised earlier orphan medicinal products to receive
         information, from EMA, with regard to current designation or authorisation procedures or with regard to similar medicinal
         products having the same therapeutic indication. In addition, the applicant invokes the ‘Berinert® P v Rhucin®’ case to show that EMA and the Commission also deprive the holders of authorisations of the right to submit a request for
         removal pursuant to Article 5(12) of Regulation No 141/2000 where there is reasonable doubt as to the possibility of designating
         registered competing products.
      
      76      The Commission, EMA and the Parliament submit that the contested decision does not in any way impair the freedom to pursue
         a trade or profession.
      
      –       The lack of justification of infringement of property rights and impairment of the freedom to pursue a trade or profession
         
      
      77      The applicant accepts that the exercise of property rights and of economic and financial freedom may be restricted on grounds
         of general interest pursued by the European Union. Nevertheless, the measures set out in Article 5(1) of Regulation No 141/2000,
         with the objective of encouraging research into treatments for orphan diseases by instituting an ‘incentive system’, are not
         appropriate, necessary or proportionate.
      
      78      In the applicant’s view, other, more appropriate means than that system would have enabled that objective to be achieved while
         respecting the legitimate expectations of pharmaceutical undertakings. 
      
      79      Firstly, the applicant submits that the medicinal products authorised before 22 January 2000 should also have access to the
         procedure for designation. Holders of those earlier authorisations could thereby obtain mutual recognition of their authorisations
         in other Member States and have the opportunity to obtain a ‘right to market exclusivity’ under Article 8(1) of Regulation
         No 141/2000. Sponsors who invested after 22 January 2000 would suffer competitive pressure from holders of earlier authorisations,
         inducing the former to develop more efficient treatments and to improve the existing treatments.
      
      80      Secondly, there are ‘gentler’ means of achieving the desired objective. In that regard, Article 5(1) of Regulation No 141/2000
         is not appropriate in the light of the objective of encouraging development of more efficient treatment of patients. The applicant
         submits that producers which invested in research and development of orphan medicinal products to treat rare conditions, despite
         the risk related to covering costs, based their business calculations on the prospect, which existed before the adoption of
         that provision, of being able to market their medicinal product in all Member States and of acquiring market shares therein.
         The producers thus relied on the continuation of the principle of a right to authorisation and were misled.
      
      81      The Commission, EMA and the Parliament argue that there is no infringement of the rights invoked by the applicant and that
         there is therefore no need to consider whether such infringement is justified.
      
      –       Infringement of the principle of equal treatment
      82      In the view of the applicant, Article 5(1) of Regulation No 141/2000 infringes the principle of equal treatment in that it
         leads to comparable situations being treated differently.
      
      83      The applicant submits that its situation and that of its competitors are comparable. It recalls that it is seeking, with regard
         to human fibrinogen, access to the end consumer market at European Union level. Such access is also sought by sponsors who
         have developed a medicinal product with the same therapeutic indication after 22 January 2000. The products of those sponsors
         are interchangeable from the point of view of patients and, therefore, comparable.
      
      84      The system introduced by that provision places producers of earlier medicinal products at a disadvantage. Unlike producers
         of orphan medicinal products designated as such, but developed only because of the incentive system, producers of orphan medicinal
         products which are not designated as such do not have the benefit of the following advantages: market exclusivity under Article
         8(1) of Regulation No 141/2000, centralised authorisation at European Union level in accordance with Regulation No 726/2004,
         without having to prove that the medicinal product qualifies under the annex to that regulation (Article 7(1) of Regulation
         No 141/2000), and total or partial exemption from all fees payable under European Union rules adopted pursuant to Regulation
         No 726/2004 (Article 7(2) of Regulation No 141/2000). That unequal treatment is not justified by the existence of public interests.
         What is more, the methods used to achieve the objective are disproportionate.
      
      85      The applicant contests EMA’s assertion that the producers of earlier orphan medicinal products remain free to submit an application
         for designation for a medicinal product which has not yet been granted marketing authorisation. The producers of earlier orphan
         medicinal products such as the applicant can obtain designation of a medicinal product only if that medicinal product is entirely
         new or if it has a new rare therapeutic indication. However, competitors do not necessarily have to develop a new orphan medicinal
         product or establish a new rare therapeutic indication in order to benefit from such designation. Unlike a new producer, a
         producer of earlier orphan medicinal products cannot obtain any designation under Article 5(1) of Regulation No 141/2000 if,
         even though it has improved its orphan medicinal product already authorised by showing that it has a ‘significant benefit’,
         that improvement does not consist of a new orphan therapeutic indication. 
      
      86      Finally, on the basis of the Berinert® P v Rhucin® case, the applicant submits that in practice there are cases in which EMA and the Commission have granted a designation for
         orphan medicinal products developed after 2000 even though no significant benefit was established in comparison with medicinal
         products already authorised with the same therapeutic indications, and therefore also in comparison with an earlier orphan
         medicinal product which is therapeutically satisfactory.
      
      87      The Commission, EMA and the Parliament contest the complaint alleging infringement of the principle of equal treatment. 
      
      –       Infringement of the principle of protection of legitimate expectations
      88      The applicant submits that Directive 2001/83 and, in particular, Article 6(1) and Article 28(4) thereof have created a legitimate
         expectation in producers of medicinal products for rare diseases that other Member States will recognise the authorisation
         already granted in one Member State. The fact that a medicinal product is designated as an orphan medicinal product and benefits
         from market exclusivity constitutes not only an obstacle to obtaining other authorisations for the existing medicinal product
         which ought to be designated orphan, but also has the effect that earlier orphan medicinal products can no longer be authorised
         except where they are clinically superior to the orphan medicinal product which has market exclusivity (Article 8(1) and (3)
         of Regulation No 141/2000).
      
      89      The Commission, EMA and the Parliament dispute the complaint alleging breach of the principle of protection of legitimate
         expectations and, accordingly, claim that the second plea is unfounded.
      
       Findings of the Court
      90      The second plea raised by the applicant alleges that Article 5(1) of Regulation No 141/2000 is unlawful, and, in the alternative,
         that Article 2(4)(a) of the implementing regulation is unlawful. In support of that plea, the applicant puts forward five
         complaints, alleging, respectively, infringement of property rights, impairment of the freedom to pursue a trade or profession,
         lack of justification for that infringement of property rights and impairment of the freedom to pursue a trade or profession,
         infringement of the principle of equal treatment and infringement of the principle of protection of legitimate expectations.
         
      
      –       The alleged infringement of property rights and impairment of the freedom to pursue a trade or profession
      91      The applicant incorrectly argues that Article 5(1) of Regulation No 141/2000 infringes its property rights and impairs its
         freedom to pursue its professional activities. 
      
      92      Firstly, the applicant’s argument rests on the incorrect premiss that a competing undertaking could obtain the designation
         as an orphan medicinal product of a medicinal product similar to human fibrinogen, that that undertaking could thus be authorised
         to market it and to benefit from the concomitant market exclusivity and that, consequently, the applicant could not obtain
         new authorisations for human fibrinogen.
      
      93      A competing undertaking which wished to obtain the designation as orphan medicinal product of a competing medicinal product
         to treat the same condition as that treated by human fibrinogen would have to demonstrate, in accordance with Article 3(1)(b)
         of Regulation No 141/2000, that that medicinal product will be of significant benefit to patients deficient in fibrinogen.
         
      
      94      In that regard, it is apparent from Article 3(2) of the implementing regulation and from the communication from the Commission
         on Regulation (EC) No 141/2000 of the European Parliament and of the Council on orphan medicinal products (OJ 2003 C 178,
         p. 2) that the criteria for a finding of a significant benefit are strict. The development of a medicinal product which is
         of significant benefit in comparison with the medicinal product already authorised to treat the same condition involves, for
         the undertaking working on it, investment in research and development of this potential improved medicinal product. A competing
         undertaking cannot thus merely develop a similar medicinal product in order to obtain its designation as an orphan medicinal
         product, marketing authorisation, and the concomitant market exclusivity.
      
      95      Secondly, consequently, so long as competing undertakings have not developed a medicinal product which will be of significant
         benefit in comparison with human fibrinogen and obtained its designation as an orphan medicinal product and marketing authorisation,
         the applicant retains its right to use the procedure for mutual recognition for human fibrinogen for which it is the holder
         of a number of marketing authorisations. It is entitled to submit an application for mutual recognition of one of those authorisations
         in one or more other Member States of the European Union, in accordance with the procedure laid down in Chapter 4 of Directive
         2001/83. The contested decision therefore has no effect on the right to use the procedure for mutual recognition.
      
      96      Thirdly, should a competing undertaking obtain designation as an orphan medicinal product for a medicinal product similar
         to human fibrinogen, but having a significant benefit, it still has to obtain marketing authorisation for that medicinal product.
         Pursuant to Article 7 of Regulation No 141/2000 and Article 3(1) of Regulation No 726/2004, read in conjunction with point
         4 of the annex to Regulation No 726/2004, a medicinal product designated as orphan must necessarily be subject to the marketing
         authorisation procedure at European Union level laid down by Regulation No 726/2004. The medicinal product must be evaluated
         by the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use, which is independent of the Committee on Orphan Medicinal Products.
         Only if, following that committee’s opinion, the Commission issues the marketing authorisation can the competing undertaking
         benefit from market exclusivity pursuant to Article 8(1) of Regulation No 141/2000.
      
      97      The applicant therefore retains the right to obtain other national authorisations for human fibrinogen so long as a decision
         has not been taken authorising marketing of an improved similar orphan medicinal product by which a sponsor obtains market
         exclusivity. In the latter situation, Article 5(1) of Regulation No 141/2000 does not impair the right to use the procedure
         for mutual recognition of the applicant’s pre-existing national authorisations, since any decision authorising marketing of
         the medicinal product by which its sponsor benefits from market exclusivity will be based on Article 8(1) of Regulation No
         141/2000 and on Regulation No 726/2004.
      
      98      Fourthly, even if the competing undertaking were to obtain market exclusivity for its medicinal product, it must be pointed
         out that the applicant would not be deprived of its existing national marketing authorisations as a result. Article 8(1) of
         Regulation No 141/2000 provides that, in such a situation, Member States are not, for a period of 10 years, to accept another
         application for a marketing authorisation for the same therapeutic indication. The grant of market exclusivity to a competing
         undertaking therefore does not cause the loss of existing marketing authorisations for medicinal products to treat the same
         condition. 
      
      99      Moreover, it must be borne in mind that, although the right to property and freedom to pursue a trade or profession are general
         principles of European Union law, they are not absolute, but must be viewed in relation to their function in society. Consequently,
         the exercise of those rights may be restricted, provided that those restrictions in fact correspond to objectives of public
         interest pursued by the European Union and do not constitute, in relation to the aim pursued, a disproportionate and intolerable
         interference, impairing the very substance of the rights so guaranteed (see, to that effect, Case C‑280/93 Germany v Council [1994] ECR I‑4973, paragraph 78; Case C‑183/95 Affish [1997] ECR I‑4315, paragraph 42; and Case T‑113/96 Dubois et Fils v Council and Commission [1998] ECR II‑125, paragraph 74). The importance of the objectives pursued may justify restrictions which bring about even
         substantial negative consequences for certain economic operators (see, to that effect, Case C‑331/88 Fedesa and Others [1990] ECR I‑4023, paragraph 17, and Affish, paragraph 42). 
      
      100    In the present case, the fact that it may become impossible for the applicant to make use of its right to use the procedure
         for mutual recognition in a situation where a competing undertaking obtains market exclusivity for an improved medicinal product
         is a possible consequence of the implementation of Regulation No 141/2000. Nevertheless, such a consequence can in no way
         be regarded as impairing the very substance of the property right or of the freedom to pursue a trade or profession. The restriction
         on the economic exploitation of human fibrinogen developed more than 40 years ago by the applicant does not represent a disproportionate
         or intolerable sacrifice when compared with the objectives of public interest pursued by the European Union legislature.
      
      101    Fifthly, the Court rejects the applicant’s argument that designation of human fibrinogen as an orphan medicinal product constitutes
         the only solution enabling it to have access to the marketing authorisation procedure at European Union level, as laid down
         in Regulation No 726/2004, and to benefit from exemption measures.
      
      102    With regard to access to the marketing authorisation procedure at European Union level, it must be noted that Article 3(2)(b)
         of Regulation No 726/2004 provides that any medicinal product not appearing in the annex thereto may be granted a marketing
         authorisation by the European Union in accordance with the provisions of that regulation, if the applicant shows that the
         medicinal product constitutes a significant therapeutic, scientific or technical innovation or that the granting of authorisation
         in accordance with that regulation is in the interests of patients at European Union level.
      
      103    By letter of 18 December 2007, EMA confirmed to the applicant that it was entitled to submit an application for marketing
         authorisation for human fibrinogen under Article 3(2)(b) of Regulation No 726/2004.
      
      104    Accordingly, in the present case, obtaining designation as an orphan medicinal product in no way constitutes the only possibility
         of access to the marketing authorisation procedure at European Union level.
      
      105    With regard to the possibility of benefiting from exemption measures, it is true that Article 5(1) of Regulation No 141/2000
         prevents an undertaking holding a marketing authorisation for a medicinal product to treat a rare condition from having its
         medicinal product designated as an orphan medicinal product and, accordingly, from benefiting from the exemption measures
         provided for in Regulation No 141/2000. Nevertheless, it must be held that the European Union legislature has provided for
         other exemption measures from which the applicant could benefit. 
      
      106    Article 9 of Council Regulation (EC) No 297/95 of 10 February 1995 on fees payable to the European Agency for the Evaluation
         of Medicinal Products [now EMA] (OJ 1995 L 35, p. 1), as amended, provides that in exceptional circumstances and for imperative
         reasons of public or animal health, derogations or fee reductions may be granted. In accordance with Article 11(2) of that
         regulation, EMA’s Management Board adopted rules for the implementation of Council Regulation No 297/95, as amended, on fees
         payable to [EMA] and other measures (EMEA/MB/356866/2005), which provide that part of the annual fees is to be allocated to
         special activities, in particular to cover fee exemptions or reductions for medicinal products to treat rare diseases that
         were authorised before entry into force of Regulation No 141/2000. 
      
      107    Sixthly, the Court rejects the applicant’s argument that, even if it improved human fibrinogen, it would be able to obtain
         the status of orphan medicinal product for that improved medicinal product only if the application for designation were made
         for a new therapeutic indication. The applicant reached that conclusion on the basis of its argument that Article 2(4)(a)
         of the implementing regulation provides that the holder of a marketing authorisation can apply for designation of a medicinal
         product already authorised only if the application concerns a new therapeutic indication.
      
      108    First of all, it must be borne in mind that Article 5(1) of Regulation No 141/2000 provides only that the application for
         designation of a medicinal product as an orphan medicinal product must be submitted before the application for marketing authorisation
         is made. It is only Article 2(4)(a) of the implementing regulation which refers expressly to the requirement for a new therapeutic
         indication in order for an application to be submitted for designation as an orphan medicinal product of an already authorised
         medicinal product.
      
      109    The applicant’s argument must be rejected, since, in essence, it claims that Regulation No 141/2000 is to be interpreted in
         the light of the implementing regulation and challenges the lawfulness of Article 5 of Regulation No 141/2000 on the basis
         of the terms of Article 2 of the implementing regulation, as interpreted by the applicant.
      
      110    Next, as regards any unlawfulness which might vitiate Article 2(4)(a) of the implementing regulation, it suffices to note
         that that provision does not constitute the legal basis of the contested decision.
      
      111    Finally, as set out in paragraphs 24 to 26 above, the applicant has neither submitted nor, a fortiori, shown that the medicinal
         product which is the subject of the application for designation as an orphan medicinal product concerned a new therapeutic
         indication or that it would be of significant benefit to patients suffering from a rare condition. It therefore has no grounds
         to rely on the alleged unlawfulness of Article 2(4)(a) of the implementing regulation, since, even if it were proven, that
         unlawfulness would have no effect on the lawfulness of the contested decision.
      
      112    Accordingly, the complaint alleging infringement of property rights and impairment of the freedom to pursue a trade or profession
         must be rejected.
      
      –       The alleged infringement of the principle of equal treatment
      113    In accordance with settled case-law, the principle of equal treatment requires that comparable situations not be treated differently
         and different situations not be treated alike unless such treatment is objectively justified (Case 106/83 Sermide [1984] ECR 4209, paragraph 28, and Case C‑137/00 Milk Marque and National Farmers’ Union [2003] ECR I‑7975, paragraph 126). 
      
      114    There is an objective difference between the situation of an undertaking, such as the applicant, which already holds a marketing
         authorisation for a medicinal product to treat an orphan disease, and that of an undertaking which is still only at the stage
         of developing a medicinal product to treat the same rare disease. Unlike the second undertaking, the first has succeeded in
         developing its medicinal product and in marketing it, a priori, without financial incentive.
      
      115    In any event, the criterion of Article 5(1) of Regulation No 141/2000 pursuant to which the application for designation of
         an orphan medicinal product must be submitted before the application for marketing authorisation of that medicinal product
         is made is objectively justified by the aim of the European Union legislature to give priority to research and development
         of future medicinal products. The fact that no compensation is given to an undertaking which already holds a marketing authorisation
         for a medicinal product to treat a rare condition, but an undertaking which does not do so is encouraged, by incentives, to
         invest in the development of a medicinal product to treat rare conditions, can in no way constitute an infringement of the
         principle of equal treatment. 
      
      116    Consequently, it cannot validly be claimed that the principle of equal treatment has been infringed.
      
      –       The alleged infringement of the principle of protection of legitimate expectations 
      117    The Court observes that any trader with regard to whom an institution has given rise to justified hopes may rely on the principle
         of protection of legitimate expectations (Case T-489/93 Unifruit Hellas v Commission [1994] ECR II-1201, paragraph 51, and Case T‑70/99 Alpharma v Council [2002] ECR II‑3495, paragraph 374; see, to that effect, Case 78/77 Lührs [1978] ECR 169, paragraph 6). However, a person may not plead a breach of that principle unless he has been given precise
         assurances (Case T-290/97 Mehibas Dordtselaan v Commission [2000] ECR II-15, paragraph 59). Likewise, where a prudent and discriminating trader could have foreseen the adoption of
         a measure at European Union level likely to affect his interests, he cannot plead that principle if the measure is adopted
         (Joined Cases T‑481/93 and T‑484/93 Exporteurs in Levende Varkens and Others v Commission [1995] ECR II‑2941, paragraph 148, and Alpharma v Council, paragraph 374; see, to that effect, Lührs, paragraph 6). 
      
      118    The applicant cannot validly plead an infringement of the principle of protection of legitimate expectations.
      
      119    First of all, as is pointed out in paragraph 95 above, the refusal of access to the procedure for designation of which it
         was notified by the contested decision in no way prevents the applicant from exercising its right to use the procedure for
         mutual recognition under Article 6 and Article 28(4), as combined, of Directive 2001/83. 
      
      120    Next, as is apparent from paragraphs 102 to 104 above, it cannot be excluded that, if the applicant shows that the conditions
         in Article 3(2)(b) of Regulation No 726/2004 are met, it can obtain marketing authorisation for human fibrinogen throughout
         the European Union, using the centralised procedure at European Union level laid down by that regulation. Where that authorisation
         is obtained, no competing undertaking can prevent it from marketing its medicinal product throughout the European Union, even
         if a competing undertaking obtains marketing authorisation for the orphan medicinal product which it has developed and the
         concomitant market exclusivity.
      
      121    Finally, even if a competing undertaking were to obtain market exclusivity for an orphan medicinal product and thus there
         was a legal obstacle preventing the applicant from having its medicinal product recognised in other Member States or throughout
         the European Union, such a limitation, based on considerations connected with public health, could not infringe the principle
         of protection of legitimate expectations. The Court considers that a prudent and discriminating trader must be in a position
         to foresee that, in a field such as that of the research and development of effective treatments for patients suffering from
         rare diseases, the European Union legislature may be called upon to encourage research, inter alia, by way of the award of
         market exclusivity to a pharmaceutical undertaking which has developed the treatment with the most significant benefit. The
         argument that there is an infringement of the principle of protection of legitimate expectations has even less basis given
         that the European Union legislature did not provide that marketing authorisations for medicinal products to treat rare diseases
         which were authorised before the entry into force of Regulation No 141/2000 would be lost nor that marketing authorisations
         for orphan medicinal products treating the same condition as that for which the improved medicinal product was authorised
         would be lost. 
      
      122    Accordingly, the plea alleging that Article 5(1) of Regulation No 141/2000 is unlawful must be rejected. 
      
      123    Having regard to the conclusions reached with regard to Article 5(1) of Regulation No 141/2000, the plea alleging that Article
         2(4)(a) of the implementing regulation is unlawful must also be rejected.
      
      124    It follows from all those considerations that the plea alleging that the two abovementioned provisions are unlawful must be
         rejected. 
      
      125    Consequently, the action must be dismissed in its entirety and it is not necessary to consider the pleas of inadmissibility
         raised by the Commission and EMA. 
      
       Costs
      126    Under Article 87(2) of the Rules of Procedure of the Court, the unsuccessful party is to be ordered to pay the costs if they
         have been applied for in the successful party’s pleadings. 
      
      127    Under Article 87(3) of those rules, where the circumstances are exceptional, the General Court may order that each party bear
         its own costs. In the present case, the applicant stated at the hearing that it also sought an order that the Commission and
         EMA bear their own costs even if the action were declared inadmissible against one of them. It justified that application
         on the basis that the question of admissibility of an action against a decision of EMA had not yet been resolved. Nevertheless,
         the Court considers that such a fact cannot constitute, in the present case, an exceptional circumstance within the meaning
         of Article 87(3) of the Rules of Procedure.
      
      128    Accordingly, only Article 87(2) of the Rules of Procedure should be applied. Since the applicant has been unsuccessful, it
         must be ordered to pay the costs, in accordance with the forms of order sought by the Commission and EMA.
      
      129    Under the first subparagraph of Article 87(4) of the Rules of Procedure, institutions which have intervened in the proceedings
         are to bear their own costs. Consequently, the Parliament must bear its own costs.
      
      On those grounds,
      THE GENERAL COURT (Fifth Chamber)
      hereby:
      1.      Dismisses the action;
      2.      Orders CSL Behring GmbH to bear its own costs and to pay those of the European Commission and of the European Medicines Agency
            (EMA);
      3.      Orders the European Parliament to bear its own costs.
      
               Vilaras
            
            
               Prek
            
            
               Ciucă
            
         Delivered in open court in Luxembourg on 9 September 2010.
      [Signatures]
      Table of contents
      
      Legal context
      Background to the dispute
      Procedure and forms of order sought by the parties
      Law
      The plea alleging incorrect interpretation of Article 5(1) of Regulation No 141/2000
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      The plea alleging that Article 5(1) of Regulation No 141/2000 and Article 2(4)(a) of the implementing regulation are unlawful
      Arguments of the parties
      – The complaint alleging infringement of property rights
      – The complaint alleging impairment of the freedom to pursue a trade or profession
      – The lack of justification of infringement of property rights and impairment of the freedom to pursue a trade or profession
      – Infringement of the principle of equal treatment
      – Infringement of the principle of protection of legitimate expectations
      Findings of the Court
      – The alleged infringement of property rights and impairment of the freedom to pursue a trade or profession
      – The alleged infringement of the principle of equal treatment
      – The alleged infringement of the principle of protection of legitimate expectations
      Costs
      * Language of the case: German.