CELEX: 62004TJ0256
Language: en
Date: 2007-02-13
Title: Judgment of the Court of First Instance (Second Chamber) of 13 February 2007. # Mundipharma AG v Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs) (OHIM). # Community trade mark - Opposition proceedings - Application for Community word mark RESPICUR - Earlier national word mark RESPICORT - Relative grounds for refusal - Likelihood of confusion - Article 8(1)(b) of Regulation (EC) No 40/94 - Proof of use of the earlier mark - Article 43(2) and (3) of Regulation No 40/94. # Case T-256/04.

Case T-256/04
      Mundipharma AG
      v
      Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs) (OHIM)
      (Community trade mark – Opposition proceedings – Application for Community word mark RESPICUR – Earlier national word mark RESPICORT – Relative grounds for refusal – Likelihood of confusion – Article 8(1)(b) of Regulation (EC) No 40/94 – Proof of use of the earlier mark – Article 43(2) and (3) of Regulation No 40/94)
      Judgment of the Court of First Instance (Second Chamber), 13 February 2007 
      Summary of the Judgment
      1.     Community trade mark – Observations of third parties and opposition – Examination of the opposition – Proof of use of the
            earlier mark 
      (Council Regulation No 40/94, Art. 43(2) and (3))
      2.     Community trade mark – Observations of third parties and opposition – Examination of the opposition – Proof of use of the
            earlier mark 
      (Council Regulation No 40/94, Art. 43(2) and (3))
      3.     Community trade mark – Definition and acquisition of the Community trade mark – Relative grounds for refusal – Opposition
            by the proprietor of an earlier identical or similar mark registered for identical or similar goods or services 
      (Council Regulation No 40/94, Art. 8(1)(b))
      1.     The last sentence of Article 43(3) of Regulation No 40/94 on the Community trade mark is to be interpreted as meaning that
         if a trade mark has been registered for a category of goods or services which is sufficiently broad for it to be possible
         to identify within it a number of sub-categories capable of being viewed independently, proof that the mark has been put to
         genuine use in relation to a part of those goods or services affords protection, in opposition proceedings, only for the sub-category
         or sub-categories to which the goods or services for which the trade mark has actually been used belong. However, if a trade
         mark has been registered for goods or services defined so precisely and narrowly that it is not possible to make any significant
         sub-divisions within the category concerned, then the proof of genuine use of the mark for the goods or services necessarily
         covers the entire category for the purposes of the opposition.
      
      Although the principle of partial use operates to ensure that trade marks which have not been used for a given category of
         goods are not rendered unavailable, it must not, however, result in the proprietor of the earlier trade mark being stripped
         of all protection for goods which, although not strictly identical to those in respect of which he has succeeded in proving
         genuine use, are not in essence different from them and belong to a single group which cannot be divided other than in an
         arbitrary manner. In that regard, it is in practice impossible for the proprietor of a trade mark to prove that the mark has
         been used for all conceivable variations of the goods concerned by the registration. Consequently, the concept of ‘part of
         the goods or services’ cannot be taken to mean all the commercial variations of similar goods or services but merely goods
         or services which are sufficiently distinct to constitute coherent categories or sub-categories.
      
      (see para. 23-24)
      2.     The last sentence of Article 43(3) of Regulation No 40/94 on the Community trade mark is to be interpreted as meaning that
         if a trade mark has been registered for a category of goods or services which is sufficiently broad for it to be possible
         to identify within it a number of sub-categories capable of being viewed independently, proof that the mark has been put to
         genuine use in relation to a part of those goods or services affords protection, in opposition proceedings, only for the sub-category
         or sub-categories to which the goods or services for which the trade mark has actually been used belong. 
      
      Since consumers are searching primarily for a product or service which can meet their specific needs, the purpose or intended
         use of the product or service in question is vital in directing their choices. Consequently, since consumers do employ the
         criterion of the purpose or intended use before making any purchase, it is of fundamental importance in the definition of
         a sub-category of goods or services. As regards, more particularly, a therapeutic preparation, its purpose and intended use
         are expressed in its therapeutic indication.
      
      (see paras 23, 29-30)
      3.     For German patients suffering from respiratory illnesses, there is a likelihood of confusion between the word mark RESPICUR,
         the registration of which as a Community mark is sought for ‘therapeutic preparations for respiratory illnesses’ falling within
         Class 5 of the Nice Agreement and the word mark RESPICORT, registered earlier in Germany for ‘pharmaceutical and sanitary
         preparations; plasters’ falling within the same class, since the products covered are identical and the conflicting marks
         are visually, phonetically and conceptually similar. Since end consumers’ level of attention and knowledge is higher than
         average because of the serious nature of the illnesses from which they suffer, they will thus be able to distinguish the component
         ‘respi’ in the two marks in question and to understand its conceptual content, which refers generally to the nature of their
         health problems. However, their limited knowledge of medical terminology will prevent them from being able to discern the
         conceptual references of the components ‘cur’ and ‘cort’. By contrast, for German health care professionals there is no likelihood
         of confusion since, because of their knowledge and experience, they will generally be able to understand the conceptual meaning
         of the terms referred to by the ‘repsi’ component and the ‘cur’ and ‘cort’ components so that the earlier mark may be regarded
         as having a weak distinctive character, particularly for health care professionals.
      
      (see paras 37, 58-59, 62, 72-73)
JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE (Second Chamber)
      13 February 2007 (*)
      
      (Community trade mark – Opposition proceedings – Application for Community word mark RESPICUR – Earlier national word mark RESPICORT – Relative grounds for refusal – Likelihood of confusion – Article 8(1)(b) of Regulation (EC) No 40/94 – Proof of use of the earlier mark – Article 43(2) and (3) of Regulation No 40/94)
      In Case T‑256/04,
      Mundipharma AG, established in Basle (Switzerland), represented by F. Nielsen, lawyer,
      
      applicant,
      v
      Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs) (OHIM), represented initially by B. Müller, and subsequently by G. Schneider, acting as Agents,
      
      defendant,
      the other party to the proceedings before the Board of Appeal of OHIM, intervener before the Court of First Instance, being
      Altana Pharma AG, established in Konstanz (Germany), represented by H. Becker, lawyer,
      
      ACTION brought against the decision of the Second Board of Appeal of OHIM of 19 April 2004 (Case R 1004/2002‑2) relating to
         opposition proceedings between Mundipharma AG and Altana Pharma AG,
      
      THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES (Second Chamber),
      composed of J. Pirrung, President, A.W.H. Meij and I. Pelikánová, Judges,
      Registrar: K. Andová, Administrator,
      having regard to the application lodged at the Registry of the Court of First Instance on 28 June 2004,
      having regard to the response of OHIM lodged at the Registry of the Court on 22 November 2004,
      having regard to the response of the intervener lodged at the Registry of the Court on 22 November 2004,
      further to the hearing on 24 January 2006,
      gives the following
      Judgment
       Background to the case
      1       On 7 October 1998, the intervener applied to the Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs)
         (OHIM) for registration of the word mark RESPICUR (‘the mark applied for’) as a Community trade mark pursuant to Council Regulation
         (EC) No 40/94 of 20 December 1993 on the Community trade mark (OJ 1994 L 11, p. 1), as amended.
      
      2       The goods in respect of which registration was sought are in Class 5 of the Nice Agreement concerning the International Classification
         of Goods and Services for the Purposes of the Registration of Marks of 15 June 1957, as revised and amended, and correspond
         to the following description: ‘[t]herapeutic preparations for respiratory illnesses’.
      
      3       That request was published in Community Trade Marks Bulletin No 45/1999 of 7 June 1999.
      
      4       On 1 September 1999, the applicant, relying on Article 8(1)(b) of Regulation No 40/94, brought opposition proceedings against
         the registration application. The opposition was founded on German word mark No 1155003 RESPICORT, lodged on 21 August 1989
         and registered on 1 March 1990 for goods in Class 5 of the Nice Agreement, corresponding to the following description: ‘pharmaceutical
         and sanitary preparations; plasters’ (‘the earlier mark’).
      
      5       By decision of 30 October 2002, the Opposition Division rejected the opposition. It found that the applicant had not furnished
         proof of its ownership of the earlier mark or of its use. It also found that there was no likelihood of confusion between
         the mark applied for and the earlier mark.
      
      6       On 12 December 2002, the applicant brought an action against the decision of the Opposition Division.
      7       By decision of 19 April 2004 (‘the contested decision’), the Second Board of Appeal set aside the decision of the Opposition
         Division on grounds of infringement of essential procedural requirements, but nevertheless dismissed the opposition in its
         entirety. 
      
      8       In the contested decision, the Board of Appeal found that the Opposition Division should not have dismissed the opposition
         on grounds of lack of proof of ownership of the earlier mark. It went on to hold that the applicant had not succeeded in proving
         use of the earlier mark, to the extent necessary, and that account should be taken only of the use for ‘multi-dose dry powder
         inhalers containing corticoids, available only on prescription’, which had not been contested by the intervener. As to the
         issue of whether there was a likelihood of confusion, the Board of Appeal found that the goods in question were identical
         and that there was a certain similarity, offset however by marked differences between the two opposing signs. It found that
         the relevant public groups in respect of the earlier mark and the mark applied for overlapped only in the professional sector,
         which was thus the relevant public in the present case. In the light of the differences found, the Board of Appeal found that
         there was no likelihood of confusion between the mark applied for and the earlier mark.
      
       Procedure and forms of order sought
      9       On 10 November 2005, the Court requested the parties to reply to certain questions. The parties replied to the questions put
         by the Court within the prescribed periods.
      
      10     The applicant claims that the Court should:
      –       annul the contested decision;
      –       order OHIM to pay the costs.
      11     OHIM contends that the Court should:
      –       dismiss the action;
      –       order the applicant to pay the costs.
      12     The intervener endorses the forms of order sought by OHIM.
       Admissibility
      13     In their submissions, both the applicant and the intervener refer explicitly to the written pleadings lodged by them in the
         opposition proceedings before OHIM. The intervener has also referred to the grounds contained in the decisions of the Opposition
         Division and the Board of Appeal.
      
      14     The Court observes that, under Article 21 of the Statute of the Court of Justice and Article 44(1)(c) of the Rule of Procedure
         of the Court of First Instance, the application initiating the proceedings must contain a summary of the pleas in law relied
         on. According to the case-law, the summary of the pleas relied on must be sufficiently clear and precise to enable the defendant
         to prepare its defence and the Court to rule on the action, if necessary without any other supporting information. The Court
         has further held that, while the body of the application may be supported and supplemented by references to certain passages
         in extracts from documents annexed to it, a general reference to other documents, even those annexed to the application, cannot
         make up for the absence of the essential arguments in the application, and it is not for the Court to place itself in the
         parties’ position and seek the relevant information in the annexes (see order in Case T‑56/92 Koelman v Commission [1993] ECR II‑1267, paragraphs 21 and 23, and judgment in Case T‑231/99 Joynson v Commission [2002] ECR II‑2085, paragraph 154, and case-law cited). That case-law can also be transposed to the response of the other
         party to opposition proceedings before a Board of Appeal who intervenes before the Court of First Instance, pursuant to Article
         46 of the Rules of Procedure, which, by virtue of the second subparagraph of Article 135(1) thereof, applies in matters of
         intellectual property (Case T‑115/02 AVEX v OHIM – Ahlers (a) [2004] ECR II‑2907, paragraph 11).
      
      15     The intervener’s application and response, in so far as they refer to the written submissions lodged by the applicant and
         the intervener before OHIM and to the decisions delivered by OHIM in the opposition proceedings, are inadmissible because
         the general reference they contain cannot be linked to the pleas in law and arguments developed in the intervener’s application
         and response.
      
       Substance
      16     The applicant relies on a single plea in law, alleging that the Board of Appeal infringed Article 8(1)(b) of Regulation No
         40/94 in finding that there was no likelihood of confusion between the mark applied for and the earlier mark. It relies essentially
         on five factors: the limitation of the goods taken into account for the earlier mark, the determination of the relevant public,
         the similarity of the signs, the distinctive character of the earlier mark and the fact that the Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt
         (German Patent and Trade Mark Office) had found that there was a likelihood of confusion between the signs.
      
       The limitation of the goods considered as being covered by the earlier mark and the similarity of the goods
       The contested decision
      17     In paragraph 31 of the contested decision, the Board of Appeal held that, in response to the intervener’s request put forward
         pursuant to Article 43(2) and (3) of Regulation No 40/94, the applicant had not furnished proof that the earlier mark had
         been put to genuine use in Germany. It concluded therefrom that, in order to determine whether there is a likelihood of confusion,
         only the goods for which proof of genuine use had not been requested by the intervener, that is, ‘multi‑dose dry powder inhalers
         containing corticoids, available only on prescription’, could be regarded as being covered by the earlier mark.
      
       Arguments of the parties
      18     The applicant does not challenge the Board of Appeal’s finding that genuine use of the earlier mark has not been proven. That
         being so, the Board of Appeal wrongly limited the applicant’s economic freedom of action by holding that the earlier mark
         could be taken into account only in so far as it covered ‘multi-dose dry powder inhalers containing corticoids, available
         only on prescription’. Such an approach limits the protection conferred by the earlier mark to goods actually marketed. In
         similar cases, German case-law has recognised that it was not necessary to restrict the protection to goods sold only on prescription.
      
      19     The applicant submits in this connection that it should be considered that use of the earlier mark has been proven for the
         ‘therapeutic preparations for respiratory illnesses’. According to the reasoning in Case T‑126/03 Reckitt Benckiser (España) v OHIM – Aladin (ALADIN) [2005] ECR II‑2861, paragraphs 45 and 46, that group is a separate sub-category within the general category of ‘pharmaceutical
         preparations’.
      
      20     OHIM endorses the applicant’s position, observing that, following the judgment in ALADIN, it is appropriate to identify sub-categories according to the therapeutic indications of the product concerned. It submits
         in this regard that ‘therapeutic preparations for respiratory illnesses’ is an appropriate sub-category.
      
      21     The intervener observes that, in so far as the applicant may still market new products under the earlier mark in Germany,
         its economic freedom is not restricted. As for the application to the present case of the ALADIN judgment, it submits that the appropriate sub-category is ‘glucocorticoids’.
      
       Findings of the Court
      22     Article 43(2) and (3) of Regulation No 40/94 provides:
      ‘2.      If the applicant so requests, the proprietor of an earlier Community trade mark who has given notice of opposition shall furnish
         proof that, during the period of five years preceding the date of publication of the Community trade mark application, the
         earlier Community trade mark has been put to genuine use in the Community in connection with the goods or services in respect
         of which it is registered and which he cites as justification for his opposition, or that there are proper reasons for non-use,
         provided the earlier Community trade mark has at that date been registered for not less than five years. In the absence of
         proof to this effect, the opposition shall be rejected. If the earlier Community trade mark has been used in relation to part
         only of the goods or services for which it is registered it shall, for the purposes of the examination of the opposition,
         be deemed to be registered in respect only of that part of the goods or services.
      
      3.      Paragraph 2 shall apply to earlier national trade marks referred to in Article 8(2)(a), by substituting use in the Member
         State in which the earlier national trade mark is protected for use in the Community.’
      
      23     According to the case-law, it follows from the provisions cited above that, if a trade mark has been registered for a category
         of goods or services which is sufficiently broad for it to be possible to identify within it a number of sub-categories capable
         of being viewed independently, proof that the mark has been put to genuine use in relation to a part of those goods or services
         affords protection, in opposition proceedings, only for the sub-category or sub-categories to which the goods or services
         for which the trade mark has actually been used belong. However, if a trade mark has been registered for goods or services
         defined so precisely and narrowly that it is not possible to make any significant sub-divisions within the category concerned,
         then the proof of genuine use of the mark for the goods or services necessarily covers the entire category for the purposes
         of the opposition (ALADIN, paragraph 45).
      
      24     Although the principle of partial use operates to ensure that trade marks which have not been used for a given category of
         goods are not rendered unavailable, it must not, however, result in the proprietor of the earlier trade mark being stripped
         of all protection for goods which, although not strictly identical to those in respect of which he has succeeded in proving
         genuine use, are not in essence different from them and belong to a single group which cannot be divided other than in an
         arbitrary manner. In that regard, it is in practice impossible for the proprietor of a trade mark to prove that the mark has
         been used for all conceivable variations of the goods concerned by the registration. Consequently, the concept of ‘part of
         the goods or services’ cannot be taken to mean all the commercial variations of similar goods or services but merely goods
         or services which are sufficiently distinct to constitute coherent categories or sub-categories (ALADIN, paragraph 46).
      
      25     The Court notes that although, in the present case, the applicant has not demonstrated genuine use of the earlier mark for
         any goods, the fact remains that the intervener has not requested that proof of such use be adduced with respect to ‘multi-dose
         dry powder inhalers containing corticoids, available only on prescription’. Moreover, as the Board of Appeal observed in paragraph
         25 of the contested decision, because under Article 43(2) of Regulation No 40/94 proof of use of the mark on which the opposition
         is founded need be furnished only when requested by the applicant, it is for the latter to determine the scope of its request
         for proof. Accordingly, since the intervener’s request for proof did not cover the ‘multi-dose dry powder inhalers containing
         corticoids, available only on prescription’, it is not necessary to explore whether the earlier mark has been put to genuine
         use in Germany for those products.
      
      26     Next, it should be borne in mind that the earlier mark was registered for ‘pharmaceutical and sanitary preparations; plasters’.
         That category of goods is sufficiently broad for it to be possible to identify within it a number of sub-categories capable
         of being viewed independently. Consequently, the fact that the earlier mark must be regarded as having been used for ‘multi-dose
         dry powder inhalers containing corticoids, available only on prescription’ confers protection only on the sub‑category within
         which those goods fall.
      
      27     In the contested decision, the Board of Appeal held that the earlier mark was to be taken into consideration only in so far
         as it covered goods the genuine use of which was not contested. It thus defined a sub-category corresponding to those goods,
         namely ‘multi-dose dry powder inhalers containing corticoids, available only on prescription’. 
      
      28     That definition is incompatible with Article 43(2) of Regulation No 40/94, as interpreted in the light of ALADIN, and applicable to earlier national marks pursuant to Article 43(3) of that regulation.
      
      29     The Court notes in this respect that, since consumers are searching primarily for a product or service which can meet their
         specific needs, the purpose or intended use of the product or service in question is vital in directing their choices. Consequently,
         since consumers do employ the criterion of the purpose or intended use before making any purchase, it is of fundamental importance
         in the definition of a sub-category of goods or services.
      
      30     The purpose and intended use of a therapeutic preparation are expressed in its therapeutic indication. However, the definition
         employed by the Board of Appeal is not based on that criterion as it does not state that the goods in question are intended
         for the treatment of health problems and does not specify the nature of those problems.
      
      31     Moreover, the criteria chosen by the Board of Appeal, namely the dosage form, the active ingredient and the obligation to
         obtain a doctor’s prescription, are, as a rule, inappropriate for defining a sub-category of goods as contemplated in ALADIN, as the application of those criteria does not fulfil the abovementioned criteria of purpose and intended use of the goods.
         In fact, a given medical condition can often be treated using a number of types of medication with different dosage forms
         and containing different active ingredients, some of which are available over-the-counter whilst others are available only
         on prescription.
      
      32     It follows that, in failing to take into account the purpose and intended use of the goods in question, the Board of Appeal
         made an arbitrary choice of sub-category of goods.
      
      33     For the reasons set out in paragraphs 29 and 30 above, the sub-category of goods covering those the genuine use of which has
         not been contested must be determined on the basis of the criterion of therapeutic indication.
      
      34     The sub-category proposed by the intervener, namely ‘glucocorticoids’, cannot be accepted. That definition is based on the
         criterion of the active ingredient. As discussed in paragraph 31 above, such a criterion is not generally appropriate by itself
         for defining sub-categories of therapeutic preparations.
      
      35     By contrast, the definition proposed by the applicant and OHIM, namely ‘therapeutic preparations for respiratory illnesses’,
         is appropriate in two ways: first, it is based on the therapeutic indication of the goods in question and, second, it allows
         for the definition of a sufficiently specific sub-category, as contemplated in ALADIN. 
      
      36     In the light of the foregoing, the Court finds that the earlier mark must be deemed to have been registered, for the purposes
         of the present case, for ‘therapeutic preparations for respiratory illnesses’.
      
      37     The Court also observes that that conclusion does not affect the Board of Appeal’s finding, expressed in paragraph 38 of the
         contested decision and not contested by the parties, that the goods covered by the two opposing marks are identical.
      
      38     Accordingly, although the contested decision states that the protection conferred by the earlier mark applies only to ‘multi-dose
         dry powder inhalers containing corticoids, available only on prescription’, it is vitiated by an error the effects of which
         fall to be appraised in respect of the Board of Appeal’s assessment of the issue of whether there is a likelihood of confusion.
         
      
       The relevant public
       Arguments of the parties
      39     The applicant maintains that therapeutic preparations for respiratory illnesses, which in its view are covered by the two
         opposing marks, include both over-the-counter goods and goods available only on prescription. The relevant public is thus
         made up of health care professionals and the end consumers, that is, patients.
      
      40     OHIM endorses the applicant’s position in principle, adding, first, that German consumers are the ones who should be taken
         into account and, second, that the end consumers, who are patients suffering from a serious respiratory illness, will have
         a medium to high level of attention.
      
      41     The intervener maintains that, since all glucocorticoids are provided on prescription, the public to whom the earlier mark
         is addressed is made up of health care professionals. Consequently, that same professional public is the relevant public in
         the present case. It adds that, in any event, patients tend to show a particularly high level of attention in choosing therapeutic
         preparations intended to treat serious health problems such as those at issue in the present case.
      
       Findings of the Court
      42     As a preliminary point, it must be borne in mind that, in the global assessment of the likelihood of confusion, account should
         be taken of the average consumer of the category of products concerned, who is reasonably well informed and reasonably observant
         and circumspect. It should also be borne in mind that the average consumer’s level of attention is likely to vary according
         to the category of goods or services in question (see, by analogy, Case C‑342/97 Lloyd Schuhfabrik Meyer [1999] ECR I‑3819, paragraphs 25 and 26).
      
      43     Next, first of all, as OHIM observes, the relevant public comprises German consumers, since the earlier mark was registered
         in Germany.
      
      44     Second, it has not been disputed in the present case that the relevant public for the goods covered by the mark applied for,
         namely therapeutic preparations for respiratory illnesses, is made up of patients in their capacity as end consumers, on the
         one hand, and health care professionals, on the other.
      
      45     As to the goods for which the earlier mark is deemed to have been registered, it is apparent from the parties’ written submissions
         and from their answers to the questions put at the hearing that some therapeutic preparations for respiratory illnesses are
         available only on prescription whilst others are available over the counter. Since some of those goods may be purchased by
         patients without a medical prescription, the Court finds that the relevant public for those goods includes, in addition to
         health care professionals, the end consumers.
      
      46     Third, as pointed out by the intervener, since many respiratory illnesses are serious conditions, patients suffering from
         those illnesses are generally well informed and particularly attentive and circumspect in the choice of the medication that
         is appropriate for them.
      
      47     The Court thus finds that the relevant public comprises German health care professionals, on the one hand, and German patients
         suffering from respiratory illnesses, on the other, the latter generally showing a higher than average level of attention.
      
       The similarity of the signs
       Arguments of the parties
      48     The applicant maintains that the words ‘respicort’ and ‘respicur’ are highly similar because of their similar length and the
         fact that seven of their letters are identical and in the same order. Phonetically, there is little difference between the
         vowels ‘o’ and ‘u’ and the addition of the consonant ‘t’ at the end of ‘respicort’ is hardly perceptible. The two vowels have
         a soft resonance and thus produce a similar effect. In addition, in German, the ‘t’ at the end of ‘respicort’ is usually pronounced
         either not at all or only very softly, as the last letters are often ‘swallowed’. The ‘t’ at the end is thus often not heard,
         especially as ‘respicort’ is not a German word but rather an imaginary term, so that it will quite possibly be pronounced
         without the ‘t’ at the end. The applicant submits that, conceptually, the relevant consumers will not tend to separate the
         opposing marks into two parts, namely ‘respi’, on the one hand, and ‘cur’ or ‘cort’ on the other. It adds that, in any event,
         the relevant end consumers will not be able to understand the meaning of those components.
      
      49     OHIM maintains that the marks in question are only slightly similar. It states in this regard that the component ‘respi’ will
         be understood by the relevant public as being descriptive and will thus not be perceived as being an indication of commercial
         origin. Accordingly it cannot contribute to establishing a similarity between the signs in question. The component ‘cort’
         will be perceived as being a reference to corticoids by the professional public and by some end consumers. Likewise, the component
         ‘cur’ will be construed by those same groups of the public as referring to the words ‘cure’ or ‘heal’.
      
      50     OHIM goes on to observe that, visually, the different vowels ‘o’ and ‘u’ and the presence of the letter ‘t’ at the end of
         the earlier mark create a perceptible difference. Phonetically, the mark applied for ends with a long and low-pitched sound
         because of the combination of the letters ‘u’ and ‘r’. By contrast, the component at the end of the earlier mark is characterised
         by the hard sound of the letter ‘t’, which is pronounced by the German public. Conceptually, the difference between the components
         at the ends of the two signs is such as to counteract any visual or phonetic similarities.
      
      51     The intervener endorses, in principle, the arguments put forward by OHIM. It adds that, with respect to the component ‘respi’,
         which refers to the word ‘respiratory’, account must be taken of the need to leave that term free.
      
       Findings of the Court
      52     According to settled case-law, the global assessment of the likelihood of confusion, as far as concerns the visual, aural
         or conceptual similarity of the opposing signs, must be based on the overall impression given by the signs, bearing in mind,
         inter alia, their distinctive and dominant components (see Case T‑292/01 Phillips‑Van Heusen v OHIM – Pash Textilvertrieb und Einzelhandel (BASS) [2003] ECR II‑4335, paragraph 47, and case-law cited).
      
      53     In that respect, conceptual differences which distinguish the marks at issue may be such as to counteract to a large extent
         the visual and aural similarities existing between the marks. For there to be such a counteraction, however, at least one
         of the marks at issue must have, from the point of view of the relevant public, a clear and specific meaning so that the public
         is capable of grasping it immediately, and the other mark must not have such a meaning or must have a totally different meaning
         (BASS, paragraph 54).
      
      54     It is in the light of those rules that it is appropriate to consider the issue of whether there is a similarity between the
         mark applied for (RESPICUR) and the earlier mark (RESPICORT).
      
      55     First of all, the Court notes that the marks in question are visually similar for all of the relevant consumers because they
         comprise a single word, are of similar length and share the first six letters, ‘respic’, and the eighth letter ‘r’. Neither
         the difference between the vowels ‘u’ and ‘o’, as the respective seventh letters, nor the addition of the ninth letter ‘t’
         at the end of the earlier mark is such as to eliminate that visual similarity.
      
      56     Second, as to the phonetic comparison, the opposing marks will be pronounced as three syllables, with the pronunciation of
         the first two syllables ‘respi’ being identical in both cases. The pronunciation of the third syllable, ‘cur’ and ‘cort’ respectively,
         points both to similarities, caused by the presence of the consonants ‘c’ and ‘r’, and to differences, due to the distinction
         between the vowels ‘u’ and ‘o’, and the letter ‘t’ in the earlier mark. That being so, those differences are not sufficient
         to offset the identical nature of the first two syllables and the similarity due to the presence of the consonants ‘c’ and
         ‘r’ in the pronunciation of the third syllable. The Court thus finds that there is a phonetic similarity.
      
      57     Third, as to the conceptual similarity, the Court notes first that, although the average consumer normally perceives a mark
         as a whole and does not proceed to analyse its various details (Lloyd Schuhfabrik Meyer, paragraph 25), the fact remains that, when perceiving a verbal sign, he will break it down into elements which, for him,
         suggest a concrete meaning or which resemble words known to him (Case T‑356/02 Vitakraft-Werke Wührmann v OHIM – Krafft (VITAKRAFT) [2004] ECR II‑3445, paragraph 51). Accordingly, the applicant’s argument that the opposing marks will not be broken down
         by consumers cannot be accepted outright, without an examination of the specific circumstances of the case.
      
      58     Next, the Court notes that, in the present case, the conceptual perception of the opposing marks will be different for the
         two groups making up the relevant public. The professional public, because of its knowledge and experience, will generally
         be able to understand the conceptual meaning of the terms referred to by the different components of the opposing marks, namely
         ‘respiratory’ for ‘respi’, ‘cure’ or ‘heal’ for ‘cur’ and ‘corticoids’ for ‘cort’. Thus, by breaking down the two marks into
         their respective components, they will interpret the mark applied for as corresponding to a ‘cure for respiratory problems’
         and the earlier mark as designating ‘corticoids intended for respiratory illnesses’. Those two interpretations indicate a
         degree of conceptual divergence, the earlier mark carrying a more specific meaning than the mark applied for, but they nevertheless
         share the general idea of being linked to respiratory issues. Accordingly, although the conceptual difference weakens the
         visual and phonetic similarity established above, it is not however sufficiently pronounced to counteract it in the minds
         of the professional public.
      
      59     As to the end consumers, it has been noted above that their level of attention and knowledge is higher than average because
         of the serious nature of the illnesses from which they suffer. They will thus be able to distinguish the component ‘respi’
         in the two marks in question and to understand its conceptual content, which refers generally to the nature of their health
         problems. However, their limited knowledge of medical terminology will prevent them from being able to discern the conceptual
         references of the components ‘cur’ and ‘cort’. The opposing marks will thus be conceptually similar for them because of the
         identical component ‘respi’, the only component with a clear and definite conceptual content.
      
      60     The above conclusions on the perception of the opposing marks are not affected by OHIM’s argument that the component ‘respi’
         cannot contribute to any similarity between the signs because of its descriptive character. In fact, in spite of that character,
         that component, which is placed at the beginning of the two marks, takes up two of their three syllables and is longer than
         the respective second components, makes a significant contribution to the overall impression produced by the two signs in
         question. Moreover, with respect to the professional public, it was stated above that that public would perceive all the components
         of the opposing marks as being descriptive of the intended use of or active ingredient in the goods in question. Consequently,
         that public will not tend to accord any particular importance to a given component, but will perceive the two marks in their
         respective overall conceptual impressions.
      
      61     Lastly, the intervener’s argument discussed in paragraph 51 above concerning the need to leave the component ‘respi’ free
         also cannot affect the conclusions drawn above on the perception of the opposing marks. The finding that there is a similarity
         between the opposing marks taken as a whole cannot be regarded as leading to a monopolisation of the component ‘respi’.
      
      62     In the light of the foregoing, the Court finds that the opposing marks are somewhat similar for the professional public and
         highly similar for the end consumers. For the latter, the marks are visually, phonetically and conceptually similar. The professional
         public, by contrast, will perceive a certain conceptual difference between the two marks, which is not, however, sufficient
         to counteract fully the visual and phonetic similarity which has been established.
      
       The distinctive character of the earlier mark and the likelihood of confusion
       Arguments of the parties
      63     The applicant maintains that the distinctive character of the earlier mark is average. It observes that ‘respicort’ is an
         imaginary term and that, although the component ‘respi’ refers to the term ‘respiratory’, the other component, ‘cort’, will
         not have any descriptive value for the relevant consumers, all the more so because it is not separated from the other component
         and will therefore be less perceptible. The distinctive character of the earlier mark is reinforced by the fact that the use
         of ‘allusive signs’ is common in the medication sector.
      
      64     The applicant submits overall that, in the present case, the goods are identical, the degree of similarity is very high and
         the distinctive character of the earlier mark is average. It concludes that there is a likelihood of confusion between the
         earlier mark and the mark applied for.
      
      65     OHIM maintains that the earlier mark has a very weak distinctive character. It submits that the component ‘respi’ will generally
         be perceived as being a reference to the word ‘respiratory’ and that the component ‘cort’ will be perceived, at least by the
         professional public, as being a reference to ‘corticoids’. The earlier mark is thus composed solely of descriptive components.
         OHIM also notes that the applicant does not elaborate on its submission concerning the common use of ‘allusive signs’ in the
         medication sector.
      
      66     It concludes that, due to the low similarity between the signs and the weak distinctive character of the earlier mark, there
         can be no likelihood of confusion in the present case.
      
      67     The intervener endorses OHIM’s position. It adds that the weak distinctive character of the earlier mark is confirmed by the
         multitude of registered marks with the components ‘respi’ and ‘cort’.
      
       Findings of the Court
      68     According to settled case-law, the risk that the public might believe that the goods or services in question come from the
         same undertaking or, as the case may be, from economically-linked undertakings, constitutes a likelihood of confusion.
      
      69     According to that case-law, the likelihood of confusion must be assessed globally, according to the perception by the relevant
         public of the signs and the goods or services in question, and taking into account all factors relevant to the circumstances
         of the case, in particular the interdependence between similarity of the signs and similarity of the goods or services designated
         (see Case T-162/01 Laboratorios RTB v OHIM – Giorgio Beverly Hills (GIORGIO BEVERLY HILLS) [2003] ECR II-2821, paragraphs 29 to 33, and Case T‑185/02 Ruiz‑Picasso and Others v OHIM – DaimlerChrysler (PICARO) [2004] ECR II‑1739, paragraphs 49 and 50, and case-law cited).
      
      70     It has been established above, first, that the goods in question were identical and, second, that the opposing marks were
         somewhat similar for the professional public and highly similar for the end consumers.
      
      71     As to the distinctive character of the earlier mark, the Court observes that it will be understood as being descriptive by
         both types of relevant public, although to varying degrees. As mentioned above in the discussion of the conceptual similarity,
         the professional public will perceive both components as being descriptive of the purpose of the active ingredient of the
         product in question, whereas the end consumers will not ascribe any particular conceptual meaning to the component ‘cort’,
         but will be able to understand the reference made by the component ‘respi’.
      
      72     Accordingly, the earlier mark may be regarded as having a weak distinctive character for the relevant public, particularly
         health care professionals. In that regard, the applicant’s submissions on the frequent use of ‘allusive signs’ in the sector
         of therapeutic preparations cannot be accepted, first, because they have not been developed any further and, second, because
         the applicant has not explained the relevance of that fact to the specific case of the earlier mark.
      
      73     Moreover, although, because of the interdependence of the relevant factors for the assessment of the likelihood of confusion
         and the fact that the more distinctive the mark on which the opposition is based the greater will be the likelihood of confusion
         (Lloyd Schuhfabrik Meyer, paragraph 20), the weak distinctive character of the earlier mark precludes any likelihood of confusion for the professional
         public, that fact is not sufficient in respect of the end consumers, for whom the opposing marks are highly similar.
      
      74     Accordingly, the Court finds that there is a likelihood of confusion between the mark applied for and the earlier mark in
         the minds of German end consumers. The single plea must therefore be upheld and the contested decision consequently annulled,
         without its being necessary to consider the relevance for purposes of the present case of the decision of the Deutsches Patent-
         und Markenamt relied on by the applicant.
      
       Costs
      75     Under Article 87(2) of the Rules of Procedure, the unsuccessful party is to be ordered to pay the costs if they have been
         applied for in the successful party’s pleadings. Since OHIM has been unsuccessful, it must be ordered to pay, in addition
         to its own costs, the applicant’s costs in accordance with the form of order sought by the applicant. Since the applicant
         has not applied for the intervener to be ordered to pay the costs, the applicant must be ordered to bear its costs relating
         to the intervention. Lastly, the intervener must bear its own costs.
      
      On those grounds,
      THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE (Second Chamber)
      hereby:
      1.      Annuls the decision of the Second Board of Appeal of the Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and
            Designs) (OHIM) of 19 April 2004 (Case R 1004/2002‑2);
      2.      Orders OHIM to bear its own costs and to pay those incurred by the applicant, except for those relating to the intervention;
      3.      Orders the applicant to bear its costs relating to the intervention;
      4.      Orders the intervener to bear its own costs.
      
      
      
               Pirrung 
            
            
               Meij 
            
            
               Pelikánová
            
         Delivered in open court in Luxembourg on 13 February 2007.
      
      
      
               E. Coulon 
            
             
            
                     J. Pirrung
            
         
               Registrar 
            
             
            
                     President
            
         * Language of the case: German.