CELEX: 31967R0122
Language: en
Date: 1967-06-13 00:00:00
Title: Regulation No 122/67/EEC of the Council of 13 June 1967 on the common organisation of the market in eggs

Official Journal of the European Communities                                      55
 19.6.67                      OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES                                       2293/67
                               REGULATION No 122/67/EEC OF THE COUNCIL
                                                      of 13 June 1967
                                   on the common organisation of the market in eggs
  THE    COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC                        the external frontiers of the Community, this system
 COMMUNITY,                                                      to include levies^ and export refunds ;
Having regard to the Treaty establishing the Euro­               Whereas to achieve this aim it should as a general
 pean Economic Community, and in particular                      rule be sufficient to introduce, in respect of imports
 Articles 42 and 43 thereof;                                     from third countries, levies which take account of the
                                                                 incidence on feeding costs of the difference between
 Having regard to the proposal from the Commission;              prices for feed grain within the Community and on
                                                                 the world market, and of the need to protect the
 Having regard to the Opinion of the European Par­               Community processing industry;
 liament1 ;
                                                                 Whereas it is necessary to avoid disturbances on the
Whereas the operation and development of the com­                Community market caused by offers made on the
mon market in agricultural products must be accom­               world market at abnormally low prices ; whereas to
panied by the establishment of a common agricultural             this end sluice-gate prices should be fixed and levies
policy to include in particular a common organisa­               should be increased by an additional amount when
 tion of agricultural markets which may take various             free-at-frontier offer prices are lower than these
forms depending on the product;                                  prices ;
 Whereas Regulation No 212 provided that the com­                Whereas provision for granting a refund on exports
 mon organisation of the market in eggs should be es­            to third countries equal to the difference between
tablished progressively from 1962 ; whereas the main             prices within the Community and on the world mar­
feature of the market organisation thus established is           ket would serve to safeguard Community partici­
a system of levies to be applied in trade between                pation in international trade in eggs ;
Member States and with third countries, calculated
 with particular reference to prices for feed grain ;            Whereas, in addition to the system described above,
                                                                 and to the extent necessary for its proper working,
Whereas the introduction on 1 July 1967 of a single             provision should be made for regulating or, when the
price system for cereals within the Community leads              situation on the market so requires, prohibiting the
to the establishment of a single market in eggs on              use of 'inward processing arrangements';
that date ;
                                                                Whereas the levy system makes it possible to dispense
Whereas the aim of the common agricultural policy is            with all other protective measures at the external
to attain the objectives set out in Article 39 of the           frontiers of the Community; whereas, however, the
Treaty; whereas, in the eggs sector, in order to stabil­        levy machinery may, in exceptional circumstances,
ise markets and to ensure a fair standard of living              prove defective ; whereas, in such cases, so as not to
for the agricultural community concerned, provision             leave the Community market without defence against
should be made for measures to facilitate the adjust­           disturbances which may arise therefrom after the im­
ment of supply to market requirements ;                         port barriers which existed previously have been re­
                                                                moved, the Community should be enabled to take all
Whereas the creation of a single market for eggs in­            necessary measures without delay;
volves the introduction of a single trading system at
                                                                Whereas the establishment of a single market in eggs
                                                                involves the removal at the internal frontiers of the
1 OJ No 103, 2.6.1967, p. 2084/67.                              Community of all obstacles to the free movement of
2 OJ No 30, 20.4.1962, p. 953/62.                               the goods in question ;
 ---pagebreak--- 56                                   Official Journal of the European Communities
Whereas the establishment of a single market would             2.      For the purposes of this Regulation :
be jeopardised by the granting of certain aids ;
whereas, therefore, the provisions of the Treaty which         ( a) 'eggs in shell' means poultry eggs in shell, fresh
allow the assessment of aids granted by Member                       or preserved, other than eggs for hatching speci­
States and the prohibition of those which are incom­                 fied in (b);
patible with the common market should be made to
apply to eggs ;                                                (b) 'eggs for hatching' means, poultry eggs for
Whereas the transition from the system provided in                   hatching;
Regulation No 21 to that established by this Regula­
tion should be effected as smoothly as possible ;              (c) 'whole products' means poultry eggs not in shell,
whereas products marketed during the first weeks                     suitable for human consumption ;
following the date on which this Regulation begins to
apply will have been obtained from cereals purchased                 — fresh or preserved, sweetened or not;
at the national prices ruling in the producing country               — . dried, sweetened or not;
before that date and differing from the common
prices ; whereas, therefore, the production costs of           (d) 'separated products' means poultry egg yolks,
such products will still be influenced by differences                suitable for human consumption :
between the national prices for cereals ruling before
that date, and between these prices and the common                   — fresh or preserved, sweetened or not;
prices ; whereas differences in production costs may
lead to certain disturbances in trade between Member                 — dried, sweetened or not;
States and with third countries ; whereas, in order to
avoid such disturbances, provision should be made              (e) a 'quarter' means a period of three months begin­
for intra-Community levies and supplementary levies                  ning 1 February, 1 May, 1 August or 1 Novem­
in respect of third countries on imports of the prod­                ber.
ucts in question for a certain transitional period ;
whereas, moreover, other transitional measures may                                      Article 2
prove necessary to facilitate the transition from the
system provided in Regulation No 21 to the system              1 . In order to encourage action by trade and joint
established by this Regulation;                                trade organisations to facilitate the adjustment of
Whereas the common organisation of the market in               supply to market requirements, with the exception of
eggs must take appropriate account, at the same time,          action relating to withdrawal from the market, the
of the objectives set out in Articles 39 and 110 of the        following Community measures may be taken in re­
Treaty;                                                        spect of the products listed in Article 1 ( 1 ):
Whereas, in order to facilitate implementation of the          — measures to promote better organisation of pro­
proposed measures, a procedure should be provided                   duction, processing and marketing;
for establishing close co-operation between Member             — measures to improve quality;
States and the Commission within a Management
Committee;                                                     — measures to permit the establishment of short­
                                                                    and long-term forecasts on the basis of the means
                                                                    of production used ;
HAS ADOPTED THIS REGULATION :
                                                               — measures to facilitate the recording of market
                                                                    price trends .
                         Article 1
                                                               General rules concerning these measures shall be
1 . The common organisation of the market in eggs               adopted in accordance with the procedure laid down
shall cover the following products :                           in Article 43 (2) of the Treaty.
                                                               2. For one or more of the products listed in Article
        CCT
       heading                 Description of goods             1 ( 1 ), marketing standards shall be adopted. These
         No                                                     standards may relate in particular to grading by qual­
                                                               ity and weight, packaging, storage, transport, presen­
 (a) ex 04.05 A      Poultry eggs in shell, fresh or pre­      tation and marking.
                     served
                                                               Standards, their , scope and the general rules for their
 (b) ex 04.05 B I    Poultry eggs not in shell and egg          application shall be aclopted by the Council, acting in
                     yolks, suitable for human consump­
                     tion, fresh, preserved, dried or sweet­    accordance with the voting procedure laid down in
                     ened                                       Article 43 (2) of the Treaty on a proposal from the
                                                                Commission.
 ---pagebreak---                                     Official Journal of the European Communities                                      57
                         Article 3                                                      Article 5
A levy, fixed in advance for each quarter in accord­          1.      As regards the products listed in Article
ance with the procedure laid down in Article 17, shall        1 (1) (b), the levy shall be derived from the levy on
be charged on imports into the Community of the               eggs in shell as follows :
products listed in Article 1 ( 1 ).
                                                              — in respect of whole products, on the basis of the
                                                                    quantity of eggs in shell used in the manufacture
                         Article 4                                  of one kilogramme of such products ;
                                                              — in respect of separated products, on the basis of
1.     The levy on eggs in shell shall be composed of:              the quantity of eggs in shell used in the manufac­
                                                                    ture of one kilogramme of such products and of
( a) one component equal to the difference between                  the average ratio between the market values of
     prices within the Community and on the world                   the egg constituents .
     market for the quantity of feed grain required for
     the production in the Community of one kilo­             2. The coefficients expressing the quantities and
     gramme of eggs in shell.                                 the ratio mentioned in paragraph 1 shall be fixed in
     The prices for feed grain within the Community            accordance with the procedure laid down in Article
     shall be determined once a year for a period of           17. The information used in fixing the coefficients
     twelve months beginning 1 August, on the basis            shall be reconsidered at least once a year.
     of the threshold prices for such grain and the
      monthly increase thereof.
                                                                                        Article 6
     The prices for feed grain on the world market
      shall be determined quarterly on the basis of the        When a substantial price rise is recorded on the Com­
     prices for such grain for the six months pre­             munity market and this situation is likely to continue,
     ceding the quarter during which the said com­             thereby disturbing or threatening to disturb the mar­
     ponent is calculated.                                     ket, the necessary measures may be taken.
     However, when the levies applicable from 1                The Council, acting in accordance with the voting
      November, 1 February and 1 May are being                 procedure laid down in Article 43 (2) of the Treaty
      fixed, trends in world market prices for feed            on a proposal from the Commission, shall adopt gen­
      grain shall be taken into account only if at the         eral rules for the application of this Article.
      same time a new sluice-gate price is being fixed.
 (b) one component equal to 7% of the average of                                         Article 7
      the sluice-gate prices ruling for the four quarters
      preceding 1 May of each year.                            1.      Sluice-gate prices shall be fixed in advance for
      This component shall be calculated once a year            each quarter in accordance with the procedure laid
      for a period of twelve months beginning 1                 down in Article 17.
      August.
                                                               2.      The sluice-gate price for eggs in shell shall be
 2.     The levy on eggs for hatching shall be calculated       composed of:
 in the same way as the levy on eggs in shell. How­
 ever, the quantity of feed grain to be used shall be           (a) an amount equal to the price on the world mar­
 that required for the production in the Community of                 ket for the quantity of feed grain required for the
 one egg for hatching; the sluice-gate price shall be                 production in third countries of one kilogramme
 that applicable to eggs for hatching.                                of eggs in shell;
                                                                ( b) a standard amount representing other feeding
 3.     The Council, acting in accordance with the                   costs and overhead costs of production and mar­
 voting procedure laid down in Article 43 (2) of the                  keting.
  Treaty on a proposal from the Commission, shall :
  — determine the quantity of feed grain required for           The price for the quantity of feed grain on the world
      the production of one kilogramme of eggs in shell         market shall be determined quarterly on the basis of
      and the quantity of feed grain required for the           the prices for such grain for the six months preceding
      production of one egg for hatching, and the per­          the quarter during which the sluice-gate price is
                                                                fixed.
      centages of the various feed grains included in
      these quantities ;
                                                                However, when the sluice-gate price applicable from
 — adopt rules for the application of this Article.              1 November, 1 February and 1 May, is being fixed,
 ---pagebreak---  58                                   Official Journal of the European Communities
trends in world market prices for feed grain shall be           4. Detailed rules for the application of this Article
taken into account only if the price of the quantity of         shall be adopted in accordance with the procedure
feed grain shows a minimum variation from that used              laid down in Article 17.
in calculating the sluice-gate price for the preceding
quarter. The information used in fixing the standard            The additional amounts shall be fixed, where neces­
 amount mentioned in (b ) shall be reconsidered at               sary, in accordance with the same procedure.
least once a year.
                                                                                           Article 9
3 . The sluice-gate price for eggs for hatching shall
 be calculated in the same way as the sluice-gate price         1 . To the extent necessary to enable the products
for eggs in shell ; however, the price for the quantity         listed in Article 1 ( 1 ) to be exported, in the state re­
of feed grain on the world market shall be the price             ferred to therein or in the form of goods listed in the
for the quantity required for the production in third            Annex, on the basis of prices for those products on
countries of one egg for hatching and the standard              the world market, the difference between those prices
 amount shall be the amount representing other feed­            and prices within the Community may be covered by
ing costs and overhead costs of production and mar­              an export refund.
keting in respect of one egg for hatching.
                                                                2.      The refund shall be the same for the whole
 4.      As regards the products listed in Article              Community. It may be varied according to use or
 1 ( 1 ) (b), the sluice-gate prices shall be derived from      destination .
the sluice-gate price for eggs , in shell, account being
taken of the depreciation in value of the basic ma­             The refund shall be granted on application by the
terial, of the coefficients fixed for such products under       party concerned.
Article 5 (2) and of a standard amount representing
overhead costs of production and marketing fixed in             When the refund is being fixed particular account
 accordance with the procedure laid down in Article             shall be taken of the need to establish a balance be­
 17 .                                                           tween the use of Community basic products in the
                                                                manufacture of processed goods for export to third
5.       The Council, acting in accordance with the              countries and the use of third country products
voting procedure laid down in Article 43 (2) of the             brought in under inward processing arrangements.
Treaty on a proposal from the Commission, shall                 The Council, acting in accordance with the voting
 adopt rules for the application of this Article.               procedure laid down in Article 43 (2) of the Treaty
                                                                on a proposal from the Commission, shall adopt gen­
                                                                eral rules for granting export refunds and criteria for
                          Article 8                             fixing the amount of such refunds .
1 . Where the free-at-frontier offer price for a prod­          Refunds shall be fixed at regular intervals in accord­
uct falls below the sluice-gate price, the levy on that         ance with the procedure laid down in Article 17.
product shall be increased by an additional amount              Where necessary the Commission may, at the request
equal to the difference between the sluice-gate price           of a Member State or on its own initiative, alter the
and the free-at-frontier offer price.                           refunds in the intervening period.
2 . However, the levy shall not be increased by this            3 . Detailed rules for the application of this Article
additional amount as regards third countries which              shall be adopted in accordance with the procedure
are prepared and in a position to guarantee that the            laid down in Article 17.
price of imports into the Community of products
originating in and coming from their territory will
                                                                                         Article 10
not be lower than the sluice-gate price for the product
in question and that any deflection of trade will be
avoided.                                                        1 . To the extent necessary for the proper working
                                                                of the common organisation of the market in eggs,
3.      The free-at-frontier offer price shall be deter­        the Council, acting in accordance with the voting
mined for all imports from all third countries.                 procedure laid down in Article 43 (2) of the Treaty
                                                                on a proposal from the Commission, may prohibit, in
                                                                whole or in part, the use of inward processing ar­
However, if exports from one or more third countries            rangements :
are effected at abnormally low prices, lower than the
prices ruling in other third countries, a second               — in respect of products listed in Article 1 ( 1 ) which
free-at-frontier offer price shall be determined for                 are intended for the manufacture of product's
exports from these other countries.                                  listed in Article 1 ( 1 ) (b); and
 ---pagebreak---                                      Official Journal of the European Communities                                    59
— in special cases, in respect of products listed in                                   Article 12
     Article 1 ( 1 ) wich are intended for the manufac­
     ture of the goods listed in the Annex.                    1 . If by reason of imports or exports the Com­
                                                               munity market in one or more of the products listed
2. Community provisions to regulate the inward                 in Article 1 ( 1 ) experiences or is threatened with
processing trade in the products listed in Article 1 ( 1 )     serious disturbances which may endanger the objec­
shall be adopted not later than 1 July 1968 .                  tives set out in Article 39 of the Treaty, appropriate
                                                               measures may be applied in trade with third countries
                                                               until such disturbance or threat of disturbance has
3 . Rules to be applied until the provisions men­              ceased .
tioned in paragraph 2 enter into force shall be
adopted in accordance with the procedure referred to           The Council, acting in accordance with the voting
in paragraph 1 ; they shall apply in respect of:               procedure laid down in Article 43 (2) of the Treaty
                                                               on a proposal from the Commission, shall adopt de­
( a) the rate of yield to be taken when determining            tailed rules for the application of this paragraph and
      the quantity of Article 1 ( 1 ) products used in the     define the cases in which and the limits within which
      manufacture of processed goods for export;               Member States may take protective measures .
( b) the determination, for the purposes of applying
      the levy, of the quantity of products used in the        2. If the situation mentioned in paragraph 1 arises,
                                                               the Commission shall, at the request of a Member
      manufacture of processed goods put into free cir­
      culation .                                               State or on its own initiative, decide upon the necess­
                                                               ary measures ; the measures shall be communicated
                                                               to the Member States and shall be immediately appli­
4. For the purposes of this Article 'inward process­            cable. If the Commission receives a request from a
ing arrangements' means all those provisions deter­            Member State, it shall take a decision thereon within
mining the conditions under which products from                twenty-four hours following receipt of the request.
third countries are used within the Community in the
manufacture of goods for export and enjoy exemp­               3 . The measures decided upon by the Commission
tion from the levies applicable to them.                        may be referred to the Council by any Member State
                                                               within three working days following the day on
                                                               which they were communicated. The Council shall
                         Article 11                            meet without delay. It may amend or repeal the
                                                                measures in question in accordance with the voting
 1 . The general rules for the interpretation of the           procedure laid down in Article 43 (2) of the Treaty.
 Common Customs Tariff and the special rules for its
 application shall apply to the tariff classification of                               Article 13
products covered by this Regulation; the tariff no­
menclature resulting from application of this Regula­           1.    The following shall be prohibited in the internal
 tion shall be incorporated in the Common Customs               trade of the Community :
 Tariff from the date on which the latter is fully ap­
plied.                                                          — the levying of any customs duty or charge having
                                                                    equivalent effect;
 2.     Save as otherwise provided in this Regulation or       •— any quantitative restriction or measure having
 where derogation therefrom is decided by the Coun­                 equivalent effect, subject to the provisions of the
 cil, acting in accordance with the voting procedure                Protocol on the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg;
 laid down in Article 43 (2) of the Treaty on a pro­
 posal from the Commission, the following shall be              — recourse to Article 44 of the Treaty.
 prohibited:
                                                                2. Goods listed in Article 1 ( 1 ) which are manu­
 — the levying of any customs duty or charge having             factured or obtained from products to which Article
      equivalent effect;                                        9 (2) and Article 10 (1 ) of the Treaty do not apply
                                                                shall not be admitted to free circulation within the
 — the application of any quantitative restriction or
      measure having equivalent effect, subject to the          Community.
      provisions of the Protocol on the Grand Duchy of
      Luxembourg.                                                                      Article 14
  The restriction of import or export licences to a             Save as otherwise provided in this Regulation,
  specified category of those entitled to receive them          Articles 92 to 94 of the Treaty shall apply to the
  shall be one of the measures considered as having             production of and trade in the products listed in
  effect equivalent to a quantitative restriction.              Article 1 ( 1 ).
 ---pagebreak---  60                                 Official Journal of the European Communities
                         Article IS                                                    Article 19
 Member States and the Commission shall communi­               At the end of the transitional period the Council, act­
 cate to each other the information necessary for im­          ing in accordance with the voting procedure laid
 plementing this Regulation. Rules for the communi­            down in Article 43 ,(2) of the Treaty on a proposal
 cation and distribution of such information shall be          from the Commission, shall decide in the light of ex­
 adopted in accordance with the procedure laid down            perience whether to retain or amend the provisions of
 in Article 17.                                                Article 17.
                                                                                      Article 20
                         Article 16
                                                              This Regulation shall be so applied that appropriate
 1 . A Management Committee for Poultrymeat and                account is taken, at the same time, of the objectives
 Eggs (hereinafter called the 'Committee') shall be es­        set out in Articles 39 and 110 of the Treaty.
 tablished, consisting of representatives of Member
 States and presided over by a representative of the
 Commission .
                                                                                      Article 21
2.     Within the Committee the votes of Member
                                                              The additional amount provided for in Article 8 shall
States shall be weighted in accordance with Article           be considered as a levy in relation to third countries
148 (2) of the Treaty. The Chairman shall not vote.           within the meaning of Article 11 (4) of Council Regu­
                                                              lation No 130/66/EEC1 of 26 July 1966 on the
                                                              financing of the common agricultural policy.
                         Article 17
1.     Where the procedure laid down in this Article is                               Article 22
to be followed, the Chairman shall refer the matter to
the Committee either on his own initiative or at the          Should Italy have recourse to the provisions of
request of the representative of a Member State.              Article 23 of Council Regulation No 120/67/EEC2 of
                                                              13 June 1967 on the common organisation of the
2.     The representative of the Commission shall sub­        market in cereals, the Council, acting in accordance
mit a draft of the measures to be taken . The Com­            with the voting procedure laid down in Article 43 (2)
mittee shall deliver its Opinion on such measures             of the Treaty on a proposal from the Commission,
within a time limit to be set by the Chairman accord­         shall take the necessary measures to avoid distortions
ing to the urgency of the questions under consider­           of competition.
ation. An Opinion shall be adopted by a majority of
twelve votes .
                                                                                      Article 23
3 . The Commission shall adopt measures which
shall apply immediately. However, if these measures           1 . In order to offset the differences in feeding costs
are not in accordance with the Opinion of the Com­            between Member States resulting from differences be­
mittee, they , shall forthwith be communicated by the         tween feed grain prices existing before 1 July 1967, a
Commission to the Council . In that event the Com­            levy on imports into one Member State from another
mission may defer application of the measures which          Member State shall be charged during the period
it has adopted for not more than one month from the           ending 30 July 1967 in respect of the products listed
date of such communication .                                  in Article 1 ( 1 ).
The Council, acting in accordance with the voting             2.    In order to offset the differences in feeding costs
procedure laid down in Article 43 (2) of the Treaty,          between third countries and Member States whose
may take a different decision within one month.               feed grain prices are higher than the common prices,
                                                              such differences resulting from differences in such
                                                              prices existing before 1 July 1967, a supplementary
                                                              levy, in addition to the levies set out in Articles 4 and
                         Article 18
                                                              5 increased where appropriate in pursuance of Article
                                                              8, shall be charged during the period ending 30 July
The Committee may consider any other question re­
ferred to it by its Chairman either on his own initia­
tive or at the request of the representative of a Mem­        1 OJ No 165, 21.9.1966, p. 2965/66.
ber State.                                                   2 Oj No 117, 19.6.1967, p. 2269/67.
 ---pagebreak---                                      Official Journal of the European Communities                                   61
1967 on imports from third countries of the products            (b) shall be equal, for the period from 1 July 1967 to
listed in Article 1 ( 1).                                       31 July 1968, to 7% of the sluice-gate price appli­
                                                                cable to eggs for hatching for the period from 1 July
3.     The Council, acting in accordance with the               1967 to 31 October 1967.
voting procedure laid down in Article 43 (2) of the
Treaty on a proposal from the Commission, shall fix                                    Article 26
the amounts of the levies and supplementary levies
provided for in paragraphs 1 and 2.
                                                               This Regulation shall enter into force on the day fol­
                                                                lowing its publication in the Official Journal of the
                          Article 24                            European Communities.
Should transitional measures be necessary to facilitate        The system established by this Regulation shall apply
the transition from the system provided in Regulation          from 1 July 1967, except for the measures provided
No 21 to that established by this Regulation, in par­          for in Article 24 which may be made to apply from
ticular if the introduction of the new system on the            the date of entry into force of this Regulation.
date provided for would give rise to substantial diffi­        Regulation No 21 and the provisions adopted in im­
culties in respect of certain products, such measures          plementation thereof shall be repealed with effect
shall be adopted in accordance with the procedure              from 1 July 1967, except for the provisions of Regu­
laid down in Article 17. They shall be applicable un­          lation No 3 /63 /EEC1 and the provisions in force on
til 31 December 1967 at the latest.
                                                               that date fixing an additional amount or relating to
                                                               the non-fixing of such an amount, to the extent that
                          Article 25                            such provisions are compatible with this Regulation
                                                               and the measures adopted in pursuance thereof. Such
                                                               provisions shall remain in force until amended or re­
1 . The levy and the sluice-gate price shall be fixed           pealed in accordance with the provisions of this
for the first time for the period from 1 July to 31            Regulation and the measures adopted in pursuance
October 1967.
                                                               thereof.
2.    When the levy on eggs for hatching is being cal­
culated, the component provided for in Article 4 ( 1 )         1 OJ No 14, 29.1.1963, p. 153/63 .
              This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member
              States .
              Done at Brussels, 13 June 1967.
                                                                                      For the Council
                                                                                       The President
                                                                                        Ch. HEGER
 ---pagebreak--- 62                Official Journal of the European Communities
                                          ANNEX
        CCT
       heading                                   Description of goods
         No
      18.06             Chocolate and other food preparations containing cocoa
   ex 19.03             Macaroni, spaghetti and similar products :
                        A. Containing eggs
      19.08             Pastry, biscuits, cakes and other fine bakers' wares, whether or not
                        containing cocoa in any proportion
   ex 22.09 C III       Spirituous beverages, other:
                        — Containing egg or egg yolk
   ex 35.02             Albumins :
   ex A II                  Other (than unfit or rendered unfit for human consumption)
                           ex (a) Ovalbumins :
                               1 . Dried (for example, in sheets, scales, flakes, powder) '
                               2. Other      ,