CELEX: 62001CC0193
Language: en
Date: 2002-09-26
Title: Opinion of Mr Advocate General Tizzano delivered on 26 September 2002. # Athanasios Pitsiorlas v Council of the European Union and Banque centrale européenne. # Appeal - Decision 93/731/EC - Access to Council documents - Decision 1999/284/EC - Access to documentation and archives of the European Central Bank - 'Basle/Nyborg' Agreement on the reinforcement of the European Monetary System - Refusal of access - Application out of time against that decision - Excusable error. # Case C-193/01 P.

OPINION OF ADVOCATE GENERALTIZZANO delivered on 26 September 2002 (1)
         Case C-193/01 P PitsiorlasvCouncil of the European Union and European Central Bank
            ((Appeal against order of the Court of First Instance – Access to Council documents – Refusal of access to documents relating to the Basle/Nyborg Agreement on the reinforcement of the European Monetary System – Admissibility of the application to the Court of First Instance))
            
      
         
      1.  The present case arises from the appeal brought by Mr Pitsiorlas against the order made on 14 February 2001 (Case T-3/00 
      
       Pitsiorlas   v
       Council and European Central Bank  [2001] ECR II-717) by the Court of First Instance, declaring inadmissible his action for annulment of the Council's decision
      of 30 July 1999 refusing his application for access to documents relating to the  
      Basle/Nyborg agreement on the reinforcement of the European Monetary System.
       Relevant law
      
      2.  Council Decision 93/731/EC of 20 December 1993 on public access to Council documents 
      
         			(2)
         		 stated the principle of access by the public to the Council's documents and laid down the relevant conditions and procedures.
      
      3.  For present purposes it should be noted first of all that the first two paragraphs of Article 2 provide: 
      1.  An application for access to a Council document shall be sent in writing to the Council. It must be made in a sufficiently
      precise manner and must contain information enabling the document or documents requested to be identified. Where necessary,
      the applicant shall be asked for further details.
      
      2.  Where the requested document was written by a natural or legal person, a Member State, another Community institution or body,
      or any other national or international body, the application must not be sent to the Council, but direct to the author
      .
      
      4.  It should also be noted that, in terms of Article 6,  
      [a]ny application for access to a Council document shall be examined by the relevant departments of the General Secretariat,
      which shall suggest what action is to be taken on it. Regarding this, Article 7 provides: 
      1.  The applicant shall be informed in writing within a month by the relevant departments of the General Secretariat either that
      his application has been approved or that the intention is to reject it. In the latter case, the applicant shall also be informed
      of the reasons for this intention and that he has one month to make a confirmatory application for that position to be reconsidered,
      failing which he will be deemed to have withdrawn his original application.
      
      2.  Failure to reply to an application within a month of submission shall be equivalent to a refusal, except where the applicant
      makes a confirmatory application, as referred to above, within the following month.
      
      3.  Any decision to reject a confirmatory application, which shall be taken within a month of submission of such application,
      shall state the grounds on which it is based. The applicant shall be notified of the decision in writing as soon as possible
      and at the same time informed of the content of Articles 138e and 173 of the Treaty establishing the European Community [now
      Articles 195 EC and 230 EC], relating respectively to the conditions for referral to the Ombudsman by natural persons and
      review by the Court of Justice of the legality of Council acts.
      
      4.  Failure to reply within a month of submission of the confirmatory application shall be equivalent to a refusal
      .
       Background and procedure
       Facts giving rise to the dispute
      
      5.  The part of the order under appeal devoted to the facts shows: 
      1.  The applicant is preparing a doctoral thesis in law at the University of Thessaloniki in Greece.
      
      2.  By letter dated  
       6 April 1999 , received at the General Secretariat of the Council on 9 April 1999, he asked to have access, pursuant to Council Decision
      93/731/EC of 20 December 1993 on public access to Council documents (OJ 1993 L 340, p. 43), as amended by Council Decision
      96/705/EC, ECSC, Euratom, of 6 December 1996 (OJ 1996 L 325, p. 19), to the  
      Basle/Nyborg Agreement on the reinforcement of the European Monetary System (EMS) endorsed by the Council of Economic and Finance Ministers
      at their informal meeting at Nyborg, Denmark, on 12 September 1987.
      
      3.  In its letter of  
       11 May 1999 , communicated to the applicant on 15 May 1999, the General Secretariat of the Council responded in the following terms:The Secretariat General has given careful consideration to your request, but as it has not been possible to find the document,
      we believe that it is most probably a [European Central Bank] document. Your request should therefore be addressed directly
      to that institution ....
      
      4.  By letter dated  
       8 June 1999 , received at the General Secretariat of the Council on 10 June 1999, the applicant made a formal request pursuant to Article 7(1)
      of Decision 93/731.
      
      5.  By letter dated  
       5 July 1999  the General Secretariat of the Council notified the applicant that, because of the impossibility of taking a decision within
      the time-limit of one month under Article 7(3) of Decision 93/731, it had decided to extend this time-limit pursuant to Article 7(5),
      which provides:Exceptionally, the Secretary-General, having notified the applicant in advance, may extend by one month the time-limits laid
      down in the first sentence of paragraph 1 and in paragraph 3.
      
      6.  At the same time, by letter dated  
       28 June 1999  addressed to the Public Relations department of the European Central Bank (ECB), the applicant asked to have access to the
      document in question pursuant to ECB Decision 1999/284/EC of 3 November 1998 concerning public access to documentation and
      the archives of the European Central Bank (OJ 1999 L 110, p. 30). This request was refused by letter dated  
       6 July 1999 , and the applicant then asked, by letter dated  
       27 July 1999 , that this decision be reconsidered on the basis of Article 23.3 of the Rules of Procedure of the European Central Bank,
      adopted on 7 July 1998 (OJ 1998 L 338, p. 28), as amended on 22 April 1999 (OJ 1999 L 125, p. 34).
      
      7.  By letter dated 2 August 1999, notified to the applicant on 8 August 1999, the General Secretariat of the Council notified
      the applicant of the Council's decision of  
       30 July 1999  refusing the applicant's formal request (hereinafter  
      the Council decision). This decision was drafted in the following terms: Following a detailed search, we have established that the document referred to in your request is the  
      Report of the Committee of Governors on the reinforcement of the EMS, which was published by the Committee of Governors of the Member States of the EEC at Nyborg on 8 September 1987.Since the rules on the administrative functioning of the EMS have never formed part of Community law, the Council has never
      been called upon to take a decision of this nature.Since the document requested in this case was produced by the governors of the central banks, we suggest you address your
      request directly to the governors of the central banks or to the ECB.
      
      8.  In the same letter, the General Secretariat referred the applicant to the provisions of Articles 195 EC and 230 EC, on, respectively,
      the conditions for addressing complaints to the Ombudsman, and the review by the Court of the legality of acts adopted by
      the Council.
      
      9.  By letter dated  
       8 November 1999 , notified to the applicant on 13 November 1999, he was notified that the Governing Council of the ECB had decided not to
      give him access to the document in question (hereinafter the  
      ECB decision)
       (emphasis added).
      
      6.  For the purpose of these proceedings it should further be noted that, in the letter of  
       6 July 1999 , the applicant's request for access was refused on the following grounds:... documents from the Committee of Governors of the central banks of the Member States are not covered by the ECB decision
      (ECB/1998/12) but by Article 23.3 of the Rules of Procedure of the ECB (OJ 1999 L 125, p. 34), which provides that the documents
      of the Committee of Governors shall be freely available after a period of thirty years. Therefore I regret that I am unable
      to help you.
      
      7.  Not until the ECB's subsequent decision of  
       8 November 1999 , confirming rejection of the application for access, was it mentioned that  
      the Basle/Nyborg agreement is not, strictly speaking, a single document in the form of an agreement among the parties ─ it
      exists only in the form of reports and minutes produced by the Committee of Governors and the Monetary Committee. More specifically, the ECB stated in the course of the proceedings before the Court of First Instance, 
      
         			(3)
         		 the  
      Basle/Nyborg agreement essentially consists of two documents: (i) the  
      Report of the Committee of Governors on the reinforcement of the EMS (written at Basle on 8 September 1987), to which the Council's decision to deny access referred; (ii) a report prepared by
      the Monetary Committee, a consultative organ of the Council, 
      
         			(4)
         		 entitled  
      Le renforcement du SME ─ Rapport du Comité monétaire à la réunion informelle des ministres des finances, Nyborg, le 12 septembre
      1987. It was on the basis of both reports that, at the informal meeting at Nyborg on 12 September 1987, the Council officially
      adopted the modifications to be made to the arrangements for operation of the SME agreement of 13 March 1979. 
      
         			(5)
         		 The proceedings before the Court of First Instance and the order under appeal
      
      8.  As we have seen, it was from the ECB decision of  
       8 November 1999 , notified to him on  
       13 November 1999 , that Mr Pitsiorlas learned of the ECB's final refusal to give him access to the  
      Basle/Nyborg agreement and that the  
      agreement consisted of  
      reports and minutes produced not only by the Committee of Governors of the central banks of the Member States but also by the Monetary Committee
      which, as said earlier, is a consultative organ of the Council and, therefore, responsible for access to the documentation
      concerned. The applicant considered that that decision was unlawful and, deducing from the grounds given that the Council's
      decision of  
       30 July 1999  (essentially denying the existence of Council documents forming part of the  
      Basle/Nyborg agreement) was also unlawful, he brought the action of  
       20 January 2000  against both decisions together, under Article 230 EC, before the Court of First Instance.
      
      9.  The Council did not comment on the merits of the case but, under Article 114 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of First
      Instance, raised a plea that Mr Pitsiorlas's application was inadmissible to the extent that it related to the Council's decision
      of  
       30 July 1999 ; it also objected that it was out of time. In response to that plea, the applicant observed that the failure to observe the
      time- limit was due to excusable error, maintaining that he had been deceived by the two institutions involved, for they had
      deliberately induced him not to make an immediate challenge to the Council decision, pending the confirmatory response from
      the ECB. Mr Pitsiorlas observed in particular that there was no point in making an immediate challenge to the decision by
      the Council, which had expressly denied being in possession of the document requested; it was only through the ECB's confirmatory
      decision ─ which had been adopted after a lengthy and serious delay ─ that he had in fact understood that the Council had
      denied him access unlawfully. 
      
      10.  By order of 14 February 2001 the Court of First Instance upheld the Council's plea and so ruled that Mr Pitsiorlas's action,
       
      in so far as directed against the Council decision of 30 July 1999, was inadmissible.
      
      11.  In particular, the Court noted that,  
      [u]nder the fifth paragraph of Article 230 EC the time-limit for bringing an action for annulment is two months from, depending
      on the case, the publication of the act, its notification to the applicant or, in default, the time when the latter knew of
      the act. In accordance with the combined provisions of Article 102(2) of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of First Instance
      and Annex II to the Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice, this time-limit must, additionally, be increased on account
      of distance by 10 days for parties resident in Greece (paragraph 19). It then noted that, in this case,  
      the Council decision was notified to the applicant on 8 August 1999 by letter from the General Secretariat. Adding the allowance
      for distance, the time for bringing an action for annulment of this decision therefore expired on Monday 18 October 1999 at
      midnight (paragraph 20). Therefore, the application having been lodged on 20 January 2000, the Court of First Instance found that
      the action was time-barred (paragraph 21).
      
      12.  Regarding the  
      excusable error alleged by the applicant, the Court of First Instance then observed as follows: 
      22.  According to settled case-law, an excusable error may, it is true, in exceptional circumstances have the effect of not causing
      the applicant to be out of time (Case 25/68  
       Schertzer  v
       Parliament  [1977] ECR 1729, paragraph 19; Case 117/78  
       Orlandi  v
       Commission  [1979] ECR 1613, paragraph 11; Case C-165/99  
       Austria  v
       Commission , order of 26 October 2000, not published in the European Court Reports, paragraph 17). This is so, in particular, when the
      conduct of the institution concerned has been, either alone or to a decisive extent, such as to give rise to pardonable confusion
      in the mind of a party acting in good faith and exercising all the diligence required of a normally experienced person (
       Blackman  v  
       Parliament , paragraph 34, and  
       Bayer  v  
       Commission , paragraph 26).
      
      23.  However, in this case, the applicant has adduced no evidence in support of his assertion that the Council adopted such behaviour.
      It should be noted, by contrast, that pursuant to Article 7(3) of Decision 93/731, the General Secretariat's letter notifying
      the applicant of the Council decision pointed out to him, furthermore, the content of Articles 195 EC and 230 EC which concern,
      respectively, the conditions for addressing complaints to the Ombudsman, and the review by the Court of the legality of acts
      adopted by the Council. Therefore a normally diligent individual could have been left in no doubt either as to the finality
      of this decision, or as to the time-limit for bringing proceedings laid down by Article 230 EC.
      
      24.  Given that the circumstances put forward by the applicant cannot be regarded as exceptional circumstances giving rise to an
      excusable error, the action against the Council decision must be dismissed as inadmissible
      .
       Proceedings before the Court of Justice
      
      13.  In an application lodged on 7 May 2001, Mr Pitsiorlas appealed against the order of the Court of First Instance, claiming
      that the Court of Justice should: hold the appeal admissible and well founded; set aside the order under appeal; annul the
      Council decision of 30 July 1999, upholding the claims put forward at first instance or, in the alternative, refer the case
      back to the Court of First Instance for a ruling on the merits of the case; order the Council to pay costs at first instance
      and on appeal. In support of the request to set aside the order of the Court of First Instance, Mr Pitsiorlas cited in particular:
      (i) infringement of Article 114 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of First Instance; (ii) infringement of the principle
      of equality of arms; (iii) misinterpretation of the Council decision; (iv) an error in consideration of the facts, resulting
      in infringement of Article 42 of the Statute of the Court of Justice; (v) failure to apply the Community case-law concerning
      excusable error or, in the alternative, an excessively strict application of that case-law.
      
      14.  In its defence, the Council merely noted the late submission of the appeal, asking the Court to hold it to be manifestly inadmissible;
      only at the hearing did it make a brief reply to the applicant's complaints regarding the order under appeal.
       Legal analysis
       Admissibility
      
      15.  The Council disputed the admissibility of the appeal, maintaining that the application should have been submitted no later
      than 3 May 2001 (two months and 10 days after notification of the order from the Court of First Instance, which was on 23
      February 2001), 
      
         			(6)
         		 but it was not lodged at the Registry of the Court of Justice until 7 May.
      
      16.  However, as the appellant observed, that objection was unfounded, because the Council erred in failing to consider that, before
      the appeal was lodged, on 7 May 2001, it had already been received at the Registry by fax in the evening of 2 May 2001 and
      was then recorded the following morning. The new paragraph 6 in Article 37 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice
      provides that  
      the date on which a copy of the signed original of a pleading ... is received at the Registry by telefax or other technical
      means of communication available to the Court shall be deemed to be the date of lodgment for the purposes of compliance with
      the time-limits for taking steps in proceedings, provided that the signed original of the pleading, accompanied by the annexes
      and copies referred to in the second subparagraph of paragraph 1 above, is lodged at the Registry no later than ten days thereafter. 
      
         			(7)
         		 I therefore consider that the appeal must be declared admissible.
       Merits of the case
      
      17.  Turning to the merits of the case, for reasons of procedural economy I believe that we should concentrate on the fifth ground
      of appeal, in which Mr Pitsiorlas objects to the finding by the Court of First Instance that the lateness of the application
      could not be regarded as arising from  
      excusable error.
      
      18.  In particular, the applicant maintains here that the Court of First Instance adopted too formalistic an approach when considering
      whether there was excusable error, attaching excessive importance to the fact that the decision under appeal mentioned that
      a challenge could be raised pursuant to Article 230 EC. According to the appellant, the Court of First Instance should in
      fact have taken into consideration the specific features and the exceptional circumstances of this case and, in particular,
      the inaccuracies whereby the Council and the ECB misled him: the former by concealing the existence of the Monetary Committee's
      report on the reinforcement of the EMS and the latter by delaying the decision in which it refers to that report, adopting
      that decision only after expiry of the period for challenging the Council's corresponding decision. Because of those special
      circumstances, in fact, he was unable to display greater diligence, considering also the exceptionally complex nature of the
       
      Basle/Nyborg agreement and the general lack of transparency of the matter of monetary policy. The Court of First Instance therefore erred in law
      when it found that there was no excusable error capable of justifying the lateness of the challenge.
      
      19.  But, countering those arguments, the Council observed at the hearing that the Court of First Instance was right to find that
      the lateness of the action was not due to excusable error in accordance with Community case-law: it considered that the appellant
      had not shown that the Council's conduct was such as to mislead him since, by means of the express indication that proceedings
      could be brought under Article 230 EC, he had been clearly informed of the finality of this decision.
      
      20.  For my own part, I must note first of all that  
      it is consistent case-law that the concept of excusable error, which arises directly out of the concern for respect of the
      principles of legal certainty and the protection of legitimate expectations, can concern only exceptional circumstances in
      which, in particular, the conduct of the institution concerned has been, either alone or to a decisive extent, such as to
      give rise to a pardonable confusion in the mind of a party acting in good faith and exercising all the diligence required
      of a normally experienced person. 
      
         			(8)
         		 In particular, it has been held that there may be excusable error  
      where the late submission of an application has been caused by the fact that the institution concerned has provided information
      which is wrong or such as to give rise to a pardonable confusion in the mind of a party as described above, or where that
      institution's breach of any of its internal rules, as for example a code of conduct, has given rise to such confusion. 
      
         			(9)
         		
      21.  As we have seen, in the order under appeal the Court of First Instance found that the lateness of the action could not be
      justified by any excusable error because, it held, Mr Pitsiorlas had not shown that the Council's conduct had been such as
      to give rise to  
      pardonable confusion in the mind of a party acting in good faith and exercising all the diligence required of a normally experienced
      trader. Since the contested decision mentioned that proceedings could be brought under Article 230 EC, the Court of First Instance
      held that  
      a normally diligent individual could have been left in no doubt either as to the finality of this decision, nor as to the
      time-limit for bringing proceedings.
      
      22.  However, I agree with Mr Pitsiorlas that the Court of First Instance adopted too formalistic and restrictive an approach in
      applying the case-law concerning excusable error.
      
      23.  I consider that the Court of First Instance was not justified in omitting to consider that the contested decision was such
      as to mislead the applicant as to the existence of a Council document forming part of the  
      Basle/Nyborg agreement: by indicating that the governors of the central banks were the authors of the document requested, the contested decision
      inevitably led the applicant to believe that the Council was not able to accede to his application for access because the
       
      agreement comprised only the report of the Committee of Governors (and, therefore, not the Monetary Committee's report on the reinforcement
      of the EMS). Relying on those indications, therefore, Mr Pitsiorlas had no reason to challenge a decision which prevented
      access to a document which essentially it denied even existed.
      
      24.  It is perfectly clear that Community institutions  
      cannot accede to a request for access to documents which do not exist, and it is also clear that  
      in accordance with the presumption of legality attaching to Community acts, where the institution concerned asserts that a
      particular document to which access has been sought does not exist, there is a presumption that it does not, unless it is shown to exist  
      by relevant and consistent evidence. 
      
         			(10)
         		 Since the applicant had no evidence of the existence of the Monetary Committee report on the reinforcement of the EMS, he
      could not but believe the Council's assertion that the  
      Basle/Nyborg agreement comprised only the report of the Committee of Governors and he therefore had no grounds for disputing the decision.
      
      25.  I consider that it should be inferred from this that the Council's conduct was such as to cause Mr Pitsiorlas not to challenge
      the decision of 30 July 1999 in good time. It was only from the ECB's decision of 8 November 1999, notified to him on 13 November
      1999, that he in fact learned that the  
      Basle/Nyborg agreement consisted of  
      reports and minutes produced by the Committee of Governors and the Monetary Committee, and so also a consultative organ of the Council. Thus, it was not until then that he had reason to doubt the propriety of
      the Council's decision, coming to the conclusion that that institution had deliberately concealed the existence of the report
      from the Monetary Committee. Having realised the error into which the Council had led him, he therefore brought proceedings
      on 20 January 2000 against the decision by which the institution had prevented him gaining access to the report of the Monetary
      Committee, by failing to state that it existed.
      
      26.  Nor do I think the appellant can be criticised for not having acted like  
      a party acting in good faith and exercising all the diligence required of a normally experienced trader. After receiving the Council's first letter of refusal of 11 May 1999, indicating that the document requested was most probably
      a document of the ECB, on 28 June 1999 Mr Pitsiorlas diligently  
      re-directed the request for access to the latter. And it is clear that if, in the response of 6 July 1999, the ECB had mentioned the
      existence of the report of the Monetary Committee, Mr Pitsiorlas would immediately have been in a position to question the
      legality of the Council's subsequent decision of 30 July 1999. Mr Pitsiorlas gave further evidence of his diligence when,
      on 27 July 1999, he submitted a request for reconsideration to the ECB, which did not respond until 8 November 1999, which
      is long after the period of one month laid down in Article 5(3) of Decision 1999/284/EC of 3 November 1998 concerning public
      access to documentation and the archives of the Bank.
      
      27.  That being the case, I consider that the appellant did indeed act with  
      the diligence required of a normally experienced trader. This assertion cannot be countered by the fact that, once Mr Pitsiorlas had received the ECB decision of 8 November 1999,
      he was in a position to apply again to the Council for access, relying on the information acquired in the meantime. The reason
      for that is, I believe, that (apart, of course, from the problem of the time-limit for proceedings) Mr Pitsiorlas was in any
      case entitled to apply to the Community Courts seeking annulment of the Council's decision of 30 July 1999. As the Court of
      First Instance noted on an earlier occasion,  
      [t]he objective of Decision 93/731 is to give effect to the principle of the largest possible access for citizens to information
      with a view to strengthening the democratic nature of the institutions and the trust of the public in the administration.
      Decision 93/731, like Decision 94/90, does not require that members of the public must put forward reasons for seeking access
      to requested documents. It follows that a person who is refused access to a document or to part of a document has, by virtue
      of that very fact, established an interest in the annulment of the decision; and indeed, that interest is not removed even by the  
      fact that the requested documents were already in the public domain. 
      
         			(11)
         		
      28.  Therefore I do not believe that Mr Pitsiorlas can be criticised for lack of diligence in not having made a further application
      for access to an institution which had previously given him a misleading response but choosing rather to challenge that response.
      The diligence required to justify the lateness of the application on the basis of excusable error must be measured only against
      the conditions applying to the challenge to the decision to refuse access, and the applicant's conduct in seeking to obtain
      the documents in question is irrelevant. As is shown by the judgment of the Court of First Instance referred to, an interest
      in making a challenge to a refusal is in any case not removed by the fact that it is possible to submit a further request
      for access or that the applicant has taken action to obtain the documents requested.
      
      29.  In the light of the whole of the foregoing, I am of the opinion that the Court of First Instance erred in law in finding that
      the lateness of Mr Pitsiorlas's application was not justified by excusable error in accordance with Community case-law. Therefore,
      upholding the fifth ground of appeal, I consider that the order under appeal should be set aside and that there is no need
      to consider the other pleas submitted by Mr Pitsiorlas.
      
      30.  Since the order under appeal upheld a plea of inadmissibility raised by the Council, under Article 114 of the Rules of Procedure
      of the Court of First Instance, without considering the merits of the action, I am of the opinion that the case must be referred
      back to the Court of First Instance so that the parties may be heard in full. The decision as to costs should consequently
      be reserved.
        Conclusion
      
      31.  For the foregoing reasons, I propose that the Court of Justice should rule as follows:
      
      
      ─
         The order made by the Court of First Instance on 14 February 2001 in Case T-3/00  
         Pitsiorlas  v
         Council and European Central Bank is set aside; 
      
      
      
      ─
         The case is referred back to the Court of First Instance for it to adjudicate on the merits of the case; 
      
      
      
      ─
         Costs are reserved. 
      
      
      
       1 –
         
           Original language: Italian.
      
      2 –
         
         OJ 1993 L 340, p. 43. But this decision was revoked by Council Decision 2001/840/EC of 29 November 2001 (OJ 2001 L 313, p. 40) amending
            the Council's Rules of Procedure following the adoption of Regulation (EC) No 1049/2001 of the European Parliament and of
            the Council of 30 May 2001 regarding public access to European Parliament, Council and Commission documents (OJ 2001 L 145,
            p. 43).
         
      
      3 –
         
         Counterclaim by the ECB, points 3 and 4.
      
      4 –
         
         The Monetary Committee existed from 1958 to 1998: it was established in Article 105 of the EEC Treaty, as a consultative organ
            of the Council,  
            to promote coordination of the policies of Member States to the full extent needed for the functioning of the internal market. That provision remained in force until 1 November 1993 when, upon entry into force of the Maastricht Treaty, it was replaced
            by the first paragraph of Article 109c of the EC Treaty (now Article 114 EC). As from 1 January 1999, at the start of the
            third stage of the Economic and Monetary Union, the Monetary Committee was dissolved and replaced by the Economic and Financial
            Committee.
         
      
      5 –
         
         Accord fixant entre les banques centrales des États membres de la Communauté économique européenne les modalités de fonctionnement
            du système monétaire européen.
         
      
      6 –
         
         On this, see Article 49 of the Statute of the Court of Justice and Article 81(2) of the Rules of Procedure of the Court.
      
      7 –
         
         This paragraph was added by means of the  
            Amendments to the Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice of the European Communities of 28 November 2000 (OJ 2000 L 322, p. 1).
         
      
      8 –
         
         Order of the Court of First Instance in Case T-218/01  
             Laboratoire Monique Rémy  v
             Commission  [2002] ECR II-2139, paragraph 30, citing in support: judgment of the Court of First Instance in Case T-12/90  
             Bayer  v
             Commission  [1991] ECR II-219, paragraphs 28 and 29, confirmed by the judgment of the Court of Justice in Case C-195/91  
             Bayer  v
             Commission  [1994] ECR I-5619, paragraph 32; order of the Court of First Instance in Case T-63/96  
             Fichter  v  
             Commission  [1997] ECR-SC I-A-189 and II-563, paragraph 25, confirmed by the order of the Court of Justice in Case C-312/97 P  
             Fichter  v
             Commission  [1998] ECR I-4135; and order of the Court of First Instance in Case T-68/96  
             Polyvios   v
             Commission  [1998] ECR II-153, paragraph 43.
         
      
      9 –
         
         Ibid.
      
      10 –
         
         Judgment of the Court of First Instance in Case T-311/00  
             British American Tobacco (Investments)  v  
             Commission  [2002] ECR II-2781, paragraph 35, which makes a further reference to that Court's judgment in Case T-123/99  
             JT's Corporation   v  
             Commission   [2000] ECR II-3269, paragraph 58.
         
      
      11 –
         
         Judgment in Case T-174/95  
             Svenska Journalistförbundet   v
             Council  [1998] ECR II-2289, paragraphs 66, 67 and 69.