CELEX: 62003CC0498
Language: en
Date: 2005-02-22 00:00:00
Title: Opinion of Mr Advocate General Ruiz-Jarabo Colomer delivered on 22 February 2005. # Kingscrest Associates Ltd and Montecello Ltd v Commissioners of Customs & Excise. # Reference for a preliminary ruling: VAT and Duties Tribunal, London - United Kingdom. # Sixth VAT Directive - Article 13A(1)(g) and (h) - Exempt transactions - Supplies closely linked to welfare and social security work - Supplies closely linked to the protection of children and young persons - Supplies made by bodies other than those governed by public law and recognised as charitable by the Member State concerned - Private, profit-making entity - Meaning of "charitable". # Case C-498/03.

OPINION OF ADVOCATE GENERALRUIZ-JARABO COLOMERdelivered on 22 February 2005(1)
         Case C-498/03Kingscrest Associates LtdMontecello LtdvCommissioners of Customs & Excise(Reference for a preliminary ruling from the VAT and Duties Tribunal)
            (Sixth VAT Directive  –  Exemptions  –  Supplies of services and goods directly related to welfare and social security and protection of children and young persons
                –  Bodies recognised as being of a ‘social character’  –  Private bodies run for profit  –  Interpretation of Article 13A(1)(g) and (h))
            
            
      
         
        1.        In these proceedings, the Court of Justice is asked to consider the concept of ‘charitable organisations’ which is used in
      Article 13A(1)(g) and (h) of the Sixth Value Added Tax Directive 
         			(2)
         		 to define the scope of the exemptions for supplies of goods and services directly related to welfare and social security
      and the protection of children and young people. 
         			(3)
         		
      
        2.        The VAT and Duties Tribunal is hearing a case in which an issue is whether the operation of residential care homes by a partnership
      is subject to tax. It has referred three questions to the Court, of which only the second merits consideration in the oral
      procedure, as it would have been possible to answer the first and the third by the more expeditious procedure under Article
      104(3) of the Rules of Procedure, since the answers are clearly inferable from the case-law.
      
      
      I –  The Community provisions to be interpreted
        3.        Title X of the Sixth Directive governs exemptions. Article 13 contemplates, among those relating to operations within a given
      country, those which are available for certain activities in the public interest (part A, paragraph 1), including: 
      ‘...
      
      (g)
         the supply of services and of goods closely linked to welfare and social security work, 
               			(4)
               		 including those supplied by old people’s homes, by bodies governed by public law or by other organisations recognised as
            charitable by the Member State concerned; 
         
      
      
      (h)
         the supply of services and of goods closely linked to the protection of children and young persons by bodies governed by public
            law or by other organisations recognised as charitable by the Member State concerned;
         
      
      …’
      
      
        4.        Under Article 13A(2)(a), it is possible, in the case of entities governed by private law, for the grant of an exemption to
      be made subject to one or more of the following conditions:
      ‘–	they shall not systematically aim to make a profit, but any profits nevertheless arising shall not be distributed, but
      shall be assigned to the continuance or improvement of the services supplied;
      
      
        
      –
         they shall be managed and administered on an essentially voluntary basis by persons who have no direct or indirect interest,
            either themselves or through intermediaries, in the results of the activities concerned;
         
      
      
        
      –
         they shall charge prices approved by the public authorities or which do not exceed such approved prices or, in respect of
            those services not subject to approval, prices lower than those charged for similar services by commercial enterprises subject
            to value added tax;
         
      
      
        
      –
         exemption of the services concerned shall not be likely to create distortions of competition such as to place at a disadvantage
            commercial enterprises liable to value added tax.’
         
      
      
      
      
      II –  The facts of the main proceedings and the relevant national law
        5.        On 22 April 1997, the companies Kingscrest Associates Limited and Montecello Limited set up, under the name ‘Kingscrest Residential
      Care Homes’ (‘Kingscrest’), a partnership to operate on a profit-making basis four care homes for the elderly and two for
      children, registered under the Registered Homes Act 1984 and the Children Act 1989. As from 1 April 2002, the date of entry
      into force of the Care Standards Act 2000, the six homes were registered with the competent authority, the National Care Standards
      Commission.
      
      
        6.        The Charities Act 1993 is concerned with charities, defining them in section 96 as institutions, corporate or not, established
      for charitable purposes and subject to the control of the High Court. According to section 97, those purposes are to be determined
      ‘according to the law of England and Wales’. 
         			(5)
         		
      
        7.        Before 21 March 2002, item 9 of Group 7 in Schedule 9 to the Value Added Tax Act 1994 exempted not-for-profit welfare services
      provided by a company in the category mentioned above or by a public body, so that, at the material time, Kingscrest’s activity
      was subject to tax since it always sought to earn a profit.
      
      
        8.        However, from that date, the Value Added Tax (Health and Welfare) Order 2002 (SI 2002/762) substituted new wording for item
      9, so that grant of the exemption is no longer conditional upon the supply being otherwise than for profit, even when it is
      provided by a ‘State-regulated’ private establishment.
      
      
        9.        As far as the present case is concerned, Note 6 concerning Group 7 describes ‘welfare services’ as those directly connected
      with ‘the provision of care, treatment or instruction designed to promote the physical or mental welfare of elderly, sick,
      distressed or disabled persons’ and the ‘care or protection of children or young persons’. If they are provided by a private
      ‘State-regulated’ institution, only the services for which it was established are taken into consideration. 
      
      
        10.      Note 8 defines ‘State-regulated’ as meaning ‘approved, licensed, registered or exempted from registration by any Minister
      or other authority pursuant to a provision of a public general Act.’ 
         			(6)
         		
      
        11.      It is undisputed that Kingscrest falls into that category, providing welfare services which are exempt from VAT as from 21
      March 2002, for which reason the Commissioners of Customs and Excise cancelled its registration for VAT purposes with effect
      from that date.
      
      
      III –  The questions referred to the Court of Justice
        12.      Kingscrest challenged that decision before the VAT and Duties Tribunal, claiming that the decision to grant it an exemption
      infringed Article 13A(1)(g) and (h) of the Sixth Directive. To enable it to give judgment, that Tribunal has referred the
      following questions to the Court for a preliminary ruling:
      
      ‘1
         Is it permissible to resort to other language versions of the Sixth Council Directive 77/388/EEC to elucidate the meaning
            of the word “charitable” in Article 13A(l)(g) and (h), or must the word have the same meaning as in domestic law?
         
      
      
      2
         If Article 13A(l)(g) and (h) are to be interpreted as applying to an organisation that is recognised as having a social character,
            are they to be interpreted as applying to a profit-making entity such as the Kingscrest Residential Care Homes partnership?
         
      
      
      3
         Are Article 13A(l)(g) and (h) of the Directive to be interpreted as meaning that they confer on Member States a discretion
            to recognise for the purposes of those provisions an organisation which is registered under the Care Standards Act 2000 (or
            the Registered Homes Act 1984 or the Children Act 1989) but which is not a body governed by public law and does not have the
            status of a “charity” under the domestic law of the Member State concerned?’
         
      
      
      
      IV –  Proceedings before the Court of Justice
        13.      Written observations were submitted within the time-limit laid down in Article 20 of the EC Statute of the Court of Justice
      by the United Kingdom Government, Kingscrest and the Commission, whose representatives attended the hearing on 27 January
      2005 to present oral argument. 
      
      
      V –  Examination of the questions submitted
       A – Preliminary considerations: the ‘original sin’ of Community VAT 
         			(7)
         		
        14.      It might appear surprising that an undertaking whose activity is exempted from tax should take exception to that situation
      and seek to be made subject to it, but the exemption affects it adversely in that, having been relegated to the status of
      final consumer, it cannot deduct the tax paid on purchases of the goods and services it needs to carry on its business.
      
      
        15.      That situation has perverse tax repercussions because the taxable person to whom the exemption applies will attempt to incorporate
      the negative impact thereof in the prices charged, so that objective exemptions, designed to promote certain kinds of activity
      or encourage the development of certain industrial sectors, bring about a result that is opposite to the one pursued, since
      the ‘tax benefit’ makes economic activities more expensive.
      
      
        16.      Not without reason, certain authors take the view that exemptions within the common system of VAT breach the principle that
      the tax should be of general application and upset its neutrality, 
         			(8)
         		 and they consider that it would be more appropriate to the nature of the tax to set lower rates or even minimum rates of
      tax, an approach that would have similar ramifications for the revenue ultimately collected but would not distort the functioning
      of the system. 
         			(9)
         		
      
       B – The criteria for interpretation. In particular, the ‘linguistic criterion’ (Question 1)
        17.      The United Kingdom court commences its dialogue with the Court of Justice with a question that expresses two doubts, both
      now clarified by the case-law. The first issue is whether the expression ‘charitable’ used in Article 13A(1)(g) and (h) of
      the Sixth Directive must be construed in the light of domestic law or in accordance with the specific needs of the Community
      legal order: if the answer is to the latter effect, the second doubt concerns the possibility of relying, for the purpose
      of interpretation, on other language versions of the provision.
      
      
        18.      To arrive at a solution, it is useful, as I pointed out in my Opinions of 12 July 2001 and 25 March 2004 in the CSC Financial Services and Cimber Air cases, 
         			(10)
         		 to set out the guidelines adopted for interpreting the provisions exempting certain transactions from VAT.
      
      
        19.      I made it clear then that, since taxation is the general rule, as set out in Article 2(1) of the Sixth Directive, exemptions
      constitute exceptions and must, like every release from the obligation to pay tax, be strictly interpreted, as has been recognised
      in the case-law, 
         			(11)
         		 but that requirement does not mean that the terms used to specify exemptions should deprive them of their intended effect.
      
         			(12)
         		
      
        20.      I also drew attention to the great importance of the principle of neutrality in the common system of VAT, which the system
      of exemptions undermines, in so far as it disregards the general applicability of the tax as an instrument that is conducive
      to competition in a single market, so that, in order to ensure that the arrangements for the tax are coherent and consistent
      in all the Member States, there must be a consensus that Title X of the Sixth Directive uses autonomous Community law concepts.
      
      
        21.      For the present purposes, Article 13 of the Sixth Directive sets out, as mentioned in the 11th recital in its preamble, a
      common list of exemptions to ensure that Community own resources are collected uniformly in all the Member States, from which
      it is to be inferred that those tax measures are independent concepts and must be defined from the viewpoint of the legal
      order of the European Union according to its structural needs, as recently repeated in the abovementioned judgment in Temco Europe (paragraph 16). 
         			(13)
         		
      
        22.      Consequently, the wording of Article 13 can only be construed by reference to particular categories within the domestic law
      of each Member State in cases where, by that means, a definition is arrived at which ensures that those words have the same
      scope in every corner of the Community, but, if that is not the case, it is necessary to go to a different source, which is
      independent from the State systems, in order to safeguard the effectiveness of Community law. In that process, the ‘linguistic
      criterion’ is an extremely useful tool because, when the essence of the concept and the reasons for its recognition are examined,
      with due regard to the principle of fiscal neutrality that is inherent in the common system of VAT, it is essential to have
      recourse to the various language versions 
         			(14)
         		 in order to decipher the meaning of the words of the Sixth Directive. 
      
      
        23.      I would therefore suggest that the Court of Justice reply to the first question by saying that, in order to clarify the meaning
      of the word ‘charitable’ contained in subparagraphs (g) and (h) of Article 13A(1) of the Sixth Directive, reference may be
      made to the versions of those provisions in other official languages of the Community in order to achieve a harmonious interpretation,
      and the term should not have attributed to it a meaning deriving from domestic law where that would lead to disparate interpretations.
      
      
        24.      The last point makes it necessary to go further than is suggested by the terms of the question since, if the aim pursued is
      to ensure a uniform interpretation of Community law, that task is a matter of the Court of Justice, which will inform the
      national court, after a comprehensive examination of the various translations, that, when the provision refers to organisations
      recognised as charitable, it is referring, as the Commission states in its written observations, to entities which provide
      welfare services.
      
      
        25.      This approach is required not only because most versions of the Directive 
         			(15)
         		 use expressions close to the Spanish term ‘carácter social’ (in English, ‘social nature’), 
         			(16)
         		 but also because it is more conducive to the aims of the Directive. From an analysis of Article 13A(1) it is possible to
      discern the intention to exempt operations which, because of their close link with the objectives properly pursued by a social
      and democratic State governed by the rule of law, 
         			(17)
         		 are classified as being in the public interest and relate to activities which the public authorities have traditionally promoted
      and managed directly or through intermediaries (postal, radio and television services, health, education, social security,
      protection of children and young people, the exercise of religious freedom, physical education and sports, and the promotion
      of culture). Against that background, it seems beyond dispute that the English expression ‘charitable’ refers not to ideas
      of charity or benevolence, which are reminiscent of private altruistic actions for the benefit of people in need, 
         			(18)
         		 but rather to a broader idea, of public scope, which may encompass unselfish activities but includes all policies of support
      for the most disadvantaged groups. 
      
      
        26.      The foregoing considerations pave the way to the other questions raised by the United Kingdom court.
      
      
       C – ‘Social character’ as opposed to pursuit of profit (Question 2)
        27.      The second question seeks to clarify whether, in the context of Article 13A(1)(g) and(h) of the Sixth Directive, a private
      profit-making entity should be classified as being of a ‘social’ nature.
      
      
        28.      Two arguments militate in favour of a positive answer: the first is teleological and the other is systematic.
      
      
        29.      It should not be forgotten that exemptions are, as I pointed out in my Opinion in CSC Financial Services, cited above (point 18), tax benefits, in the form of economic incentives with a negative tinge. Article 13A(1) of the Sixth
      Directive relies on objective criteria, discharging from the tax certain events which would otherwise be subject to it, with
      a view to providing incentives in the sectors in question. The exemption attaches, therefore, to legal acts, not to those
      who carry them out, although the latter ultimately benefit from them. 
         			(19)
         		 Accordingly, when the aim is pursued of promoting and encouraging welfare work on the part of public authorities and bodies
      of a ‘social character’, it is irrelevant whether the latter operate in pursuit of profit or otherwise. The opposite solution
      might breach the common system of VAT and undermine the principle of neutrality, since it would leave the door open to different
      treatment for activities of the same kind, depending on the legal regime applicable in each Member State. 
      
      
        30.      The structural explanation put forward by the Commission supports the foregoing reasoning, on the basis of two arguments.
      According to the first, when Article 13A(1) of the Sixth Directive excludes from the exemption operations by profit-making
      bodies, it does so expressly, as in subparagraphs (l) and (m). 
         			(20)
         		 The second is based on the fact that, otherwise, Article 13A(2)(a) would be meaningless since authorising Member States to
      make eligibility for exemptions under subparagraphs (g) and (h) of paragraph 1 for private companies subject to the condition
      that they do not systematically seek to make a profit involves admitting that the first provision includes situations in which
      profit is sought.
      
      
        31.      The solution which I propose has been implicitly incorporated in the case-law. After the judgment in Bulthuis-Griffioen
         			(21)
         		 did not make any pronouncement on the matter and removed the exemption for operations by natural persons, emphasising that,
      against that background, it would be irrelevant to rule as to the existence of a profit motive, the judgment in Gregg 
         			(22)
         		 corrected that initial tendency, accepting that paragraph (g) includes individuals who operate a business, so that the exemption
      would extend to welfare activities undertaken by profit-making organisations, because the fact of ‘running a business’ involves
      the wish to be profitable. 
         			(23)
         		 Also, in Hoffmann 
         			(24)
         		 it was stated that, in the context of Article 13A of the Sixth Directive, the commercial nature of a business does not prevent
      it from being in the public interest (end of paragraph 38) because the aim is to promote activities which are conducive to
      the good of society as a whole, regardless of the economic and legal regime governing the supply.
      
      
        32.      In short, the fact that persons operating in the areas covered by Article 13A(1)(g) and (h) of the Sixth Directive seek a
      profit does not constitute an obstacle to their being regarded as ‘organisations of a social character’ and, accordingly,
      there is nothing in principle to prevent a company like Kingscrest from being classified as such.
      
      
       D – The Member States’ discretion as to whether to recognise a private entity as being of a ‘social character’ (Question 3)
        33.      By its last question, the referring court wishes to ascertain whether the national authorities enjoy a degree of latitude
      regarding the attribution of that status to organisations not governed by public law. The Community case-law has ruled in
      the affirmative in two fairly recent judgments: the first in Kügler
         			(25)
         		 and the second in Dornier. 
         			(26)
         		 A reference to those judgments will be sufficient to dispose of this question, but the question was framed in such a way,
      albeit merely by implication, as to disclose a doubt as to whether registration under the Care Standards Act 2000 (previously,
      the Registered Homes Act 1984 and the Children Act 1989) constitutes a proper exercise of that discretion. Some clarification
      is called for. 
      
      
        34.      Those judgments do not grant the Member States total freedom to exercise that discretion, it being subject to Community principles,
      in particular that of equal treatment (Kügler, paragraph 56), and they identify certain elements such as the public interest in the activity undertaken by the taxable
      person, the fact that other taxpayers who supply the same services enjoy similar recognition and the fact that sickness insurance
      bodies and other social security institutions may defray to a considerable extent the cost of the services involved (paragraph
      58 and 72 of Kügler and Dornier respectively).
      
      
        35.      It is therefore necessary to examine the meaning of this concept and put forward reliable guidelines to be used for identifying
      with the greatest possible accuracy the degree of latitude that is available, giving the referring court a clear framework
      within which to give judgment concerning the national provision, which is a matter reserved to its jurisdiction alone.
      
      
        36.      In the first place, it should be borne in mind that, in the domain of VAT, and more specifically in that of objective exemptions,
      the tax authorities must not exercise their discretionary powers in such a way as to destroy the neutrality of the tax and
      contravene the inherent requirement of equal treatment, and must not overlook the exceptional nature of those exemptions.
      There are therefore two limitations, which are ‘matters of principle’, as expounded by the Court of Justice: one relates to
      the nature of the activity, conducive to the public interest, and one requires equal VAT treatment for economic agents in
      comparable situations, 
         			(27)
         		 from which it may be inferred that the classification criteria must be neutral, abstract and predetermined.
      
      
        37.      The same conclusion follows from an examination of the structure of Article 13A of the Sixth Directive, since paragraph 1
      obliges the Member States to exempt operations directly linked with welfare and social security and the protection of children
      and young people, provided by bodies governed by public law and by operators recognised as displaying a ‘social character’,
      a distinction being drawn regarding the latter, in paragraph 2(a), in that they may make the grant of an exemption subject
      to fulfilment of one or more of the conditions set out, including that of not systematically aiming to make a profit, that
      of being run on a voluntary basis or that of applying approved prices or prices lower that market prices.
      
      
        38.      I have already said that that provision does not mean that a profit-making organisation cannot be regarded as being of a ‘social
      character’ and it should now be emphasised that, as the Commission submits, there is likewise no obligation to attribute that
      status to any undertaking which provides services relating to the exempted activities, since such a course of action, apart
      from rendering both provisions pointless, would convert the exception into a general rule. Consequently, the Member States
      must appraise the kind of business, and also the organisational structure used for the business and the manner in which it
      is conducted. 
         			(28)
         		
      
        39.      In those circumstances, a system like that provided for by the Care Standards Act 2000, which, by means of registration with
      the National Care Standards Commission, grants the status of ‘charitable organisation’ to those welfare organisations which
      meet the conditions laid down in the United Kingdom legislation, subject to constant monitoring by an ad hoc body, which may
      require the fulfilment of further conditions within the strict confines laid down by the legislature, appears to meet the
      requirements described earlier, although, as already indicated in Kügler and Dornier (paragraphs 57 and 74 respectively), that assessment is a matter for the referring court.
      
       
      VI –  Conclusion
        40.      In view of the foregoing considerations, I propose that the Court of Justice give the following answers to the questions submitted
      by the VAT and Duties Tribunal:
      
      ‘(1)
         In order to clarify the meaning of the expression “charitable” contained in Article 13A(1)(g) and (h) of Sixth Council Directive
            77/388/EEC of 17 May 1977 on the harmonisation of the laws of the Member States relating to turnover taxes – Common system
            of value added tax: uniform basis of assessment, reference must be made to the other language versions of those provisions,
            and the term cannot be given the meaning which it has in national law if that would lead to divergent interpretations. 
         
      
      
      (2)
         The fact that an economic operator who carries out operations treated as exempt by Article 13A(1)(g) and (h) of the Sixth
            Directive aims at making a profit does not in principle constitute an obstacle to its being regarded as a “charitable organisation”.
         
      
      
      (3)
         The Member States enjoy a discretion as to whether to grant a private entity, for the purposes of the abovementioned provisions,
            the status of a “charitable organisation”, but, when exercising that discretion, they must observe the principle of neutrality
            of VAT and the principle of equal treatment as between taxable persons and must have regard to the nature of the activity
            and the aims for which it is carried on, so that it is classified by reference to predetermined, objective and abstract criteria
            which take account of the nature of the business, its organisational structure and the manner in which it is conducted. In
            all cases, it is for the national court to appraise the extent to which such limitations are complied with.’ 
         
      
      
      
       1 –
         
         Original language: Spanish.
      
      2 –
         
         Council Directive 77/388/EEC of 17 May 1977 on the harmonisation of the laws of the Member Status relating to turnover taxes
            – Common system of value added tax: uniform basis of assessment (OJ 1977 L 145, p. 1).
            
         
      
      3 –
         
         In this Opinion, I shall use expressions such as ‘welfare’, ‘social security’ and similar terms to cover the legal acts described
            in the abovementioned provisions.
            
         
      
      4 –
         
         Footnote not relevant to English version.
            
         
      
      5 –
         
         In the order for reference (paragraph 17), it is stated that, in an 1891 decision (Income Tax Commissioners v Pemsel [1891] AC 531), the House of Lords stated that the legal meaning of the word ‘charitable’ is not the same as the meaning
            of the word in everyday language and that the main charitable purposes in law are the relief of poverty, the advancement of
            education, the advancement of religion and certain other purposes beneficial to the community.
            
         
      
      6 –
         
         It excludes provisions coming into force on different dates in relation to different local authority areas. 
            
         
      
      7 –
         
         I have borrowed this expression from I. Ibáñez García, ‘Las exenciones en el IVA. Pecado original del impuesto comunitario’,
            published in Noticias de la Unión Europea, 2003, No 226, pp. 103 to 115.
            
         
      
      8 –
         
         See L.M. Pérez Herrero, La Sexta Directiva Comunitaria del IVA, Editorial Cedecs, Barcelona 1997, p. 201. I. Ibáñez García explains, on the basis of an example, in his work cited above
            (at pp. 103 and 104), that the principle of neutrality has not been supported by the pro rata rule provided for in Articles
            17(5) and 19 of the Sixth Directive, even thought the Community case-law has expressed the opposite view: the judgment in
            Case C-306/94 Régie Dauphinoise [1996] ECR I‑3695 states that the aim pursued by those provisions is ‘to comply with the objective of complete neutrality
            guaranteed by the common system of VAT’.
            
         
      
      9 –
         
         As stated by I. Ibáñez García, op. cit., p. 105.
            
         
      
      10 –
         
         Case C-235/00 CSC Financial Services [2001] ECR I-10237 and Case C-382/02 Cimber Air [2004] ECR I-0000.
            
         
      
      11 –
         
         Case C-185/89 Velker International Oil Company [1990] ECR I‑2561, paragraph 19; Case C‑2/95 SDC [1997] ECR I-3017, paragraph 20; Case C-359/97 Commission v United Kingdom [2000] ECR I‑6355, paragraph 64, and Case C-240/99 Skandia [2001] ECR I‑1951, paragraph 32. There are also three judgments of 20 November 2003 in Case C-8/01 Assunrandør-Societetet, Case C-212/01 Margarete Unterpertinger and Case C-307/01 Peter d’Ambrumenil, paragraphs 36, 34 and 52 respectively, none of which has yet been published in the European Court Reports. Recently, the
            Court of Justice reiterated the principle of strict interpretation for exemptions in its judgment in Case C-284/03 Temco Europe [2004] ECR I-0000, paragraph 17.
            
         
      
      12 –
         
         As I stated in point 37 of my Opinion in Temco Europe; that approach is followed in the judgment, in paragraph 17.
            
         
      
      13 –
         
         In that judgment, reference is made to Case C-358/97 Commission v Ireland [2000] ECR I‑6301, paragraph 51; Case C-315/00 Maierhofer [2003] ECR I-563, paragraph 25; and Case C‑275/01 Sinclair Collis [2003] ECR I-5965, paragraph 22. See, to the same effect, Case C‑359/97 Commission v United Kingdom [2000] ECR I-6355, paragraph 63; Case C-326/99 ‘Goed Wonen’ [2001] ECR I-6831, paragraph 47; and Case C-269/00 Seeling [2003] ECR I‑4101, paragraph 46.
            
         
      
      14 –
         
         Linguistic plurality and the associated problems became apparent in literature at an early stage since, as early as 1605,
            Miguel de Cervantes, in El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha, wrote ‘that day happened to be a Thursday and in the inn there was nothing but a few portions of fish which in Castile they
            call abadejo, in Andalusia bacallao, in some other places curadillo, and in yet other places truchuela’.
            
         
      
      15 –
         
         I refer to the official languages of the Communities as at the date of the order for reference (26 November 2003).
            
         
      
      16 –
         
         The text in French (‘caractère social’), Portuguese (‘carácter social’), Italian (‘carattere sociale’), German (‘sozialem
            Charakter’), Dutch (‘sociale aard’), Greek (‘κοινωνικού χαρακτήρος’) and Finnish (‘luonteeltaan yhteiskunnallisiksi’) contain
            expressions similar to the Spanish term ‘carácter social’. However, the Swedish (‘välgörenhetsorganisationer’) and the Danish
            (‘almennyttig karakter’) use terms which are closer to the English words.
            
         
      
      17 –
         
         Academic writers speak of benefits from ‘the Welfare State’ (see L.M. Pérez Herrero, op. cit., p. 204).
            
         
      
      18 –
         
         Charles Dickens, in The Life and Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit, Penguin Books, 1968, p. 515, puts in the mouth of his character Tigg, who is experiencing financial difficulties, the words:
            ‘charity begins at home, and justice begins next door’.
            
         
      
      19 –
         
         Kingscrest endeavours to demonstrate its profit motive so as not to be affected by the exemption provision, but it errs considerably
            in doing so since the exemption is not subjective. The judgment in Case C-174/00 Kennemer Golf [2002] ECR I-3293 appears to classify it thus, in conceding that the aim of the exemption in subparagraphs (h) to (p) of
            Article 13A(1) of the Sixth Directive consists in granting preferential treatment to certain bodies whose activities are directed
            towards non-commercial purposes (paragraph 19); but, when examined closely, that statement, which was merely obiter dictum, is in line with the opposite view, since the ultimate cause of the exemption lies in the nature of the tasks carried out.
            For J.F. Pont Clemente, in La exención tributaria (análisis jurídico general con especial aplicación al Impuesto sobre transmisiones patrimoniales y
               al IVA, Editorial EDERSA, 1986, pp. 26 and 27), when the law distinguishes certain acts and – despite the fact that they are subject
            to tax, because the law so provides – grants an exemption for them, that can be regarded only as an objective exemption. On
            the contrary, if the legislature exempts from tax a person or category of person – who, if that exclusionary provision were
            not there, would have to fulfil the obligation – it creates a subjective exemption. The first category precludes the emergence
            of a legal tax relationship, whereas the latter merely relieves the exempted person of an obligation, a fact which does not
            prevent the obligation from attaching two others.
            
         
      
      20 –
         
         Subparagraph (l) refers to ‘non-profit-making organisations with aims of a political, trade-union, religious, patriotic, philosophical,
            philanthropic or civic nature’, whereas subparagraph (m) refers to services ‘supplied by non-profit-making organisations to
            persons taking part in sport or physical education’.
            
         
      
      21 –
         
         Case C-453/93 Bulthuis-Griffioen [1995] ECR I-2341.
            
         
      
      22 –
         
         Case C-216/97 Gregg [1999] ECR I-4947.
            
         
      
      23 –
         
         The reasoning developed by Advocate General Cosmas in point 24 et seq. of his Opinion in Gregg is interesting.
            
         
      
      24 –
         
         Case C-144/00 Hoffmann [2003] ECR I-2921.
            
         
      
      25 –
         
         Case C-141/00 Kügler [2002] ECR I-6833, paragraph 54.
            
         
      
      26 –
         
         Case C-45/01 Dornier [2002] ECR I-0000, paragraph 69.
            
         
      
      27 –
         
         It is not without purpose that the last indent of Article 13A(2)(a) of the Sixth Directive precludes the Member States from
            causing, in the exercise of their discretion, distortions of competition detrimental to commercial undertakings that are liable
            to the tax.
            
         
      
      28 –
         
         These observations do not detract from the objective character of the exemption, which still takes account of the nature of
            the activity, although they limit it subjectively, requiring the fulfilment of certain conditions by the bodies providing
            the exempt services in order for the benefit of the exemption to be operative.