CELEX: 62015CJ0651
Language: en
Date: 2017-07-13 00:00:00
Title: Judgment of the Court (Sixth Chamber) of 13 July 2017.#Verein zur Wahrung von Einsatz und Nutzung von Chromtrioxid und anderen Chrom-VI-verbindungen in der Oberflächentechnik eV (VECCO) and Others v European Commission.#Appeal — Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH) — Article 58(2) — Authorisation — Substances of very high concern — Exemption — Regulation amending Annex XIV to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 — Inclusion of chromium trioxide in the list of substances subject to authorisation.#Case C-651/15 P.

JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (Sixth Chamber)
      13 July 2017 (
            *1
         )
      (Appeal — Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH) — Article 58(2) — Authorisation — Substances of very high concern — Exemption — Regulation amending Annex XIV to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 — Inclusion of chromium trioxide in the list of substances subject to authorisation)
      In Case C‑651/15 P,
      APPEAL under Article 56 of the Statute of the Court of Justice of the European Union, brought on 4 December 2015,
      
         Verein zur Wahrung von Einsatz und Nutzung von Chromtrioxid und anderen Chrom-VI-Verbindungen in der Oberflächentechnik eV (VECCO) and Others, represented by C. Mereu, avocat, and J. Beck, Solicitor,
      appellants,
      the other parties to the proceedings being:
      
         European Commission, represented by K. Mifsud-Bonnici and K. Talabér-Ritz, acting as Agents,
      defendant at first instance,
      supported by
      
         French Republic, represented by D. Colas and J. Traband, acting as Agents,
      intervener in the appeal,
      
         European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), represented by W. Broere and M. Heikkilä, acting as Agents,
      
         Assogalvanica and Others, represented by C. Mereu, avocat, and J. Beck, solicitor,
      interveners at first instance,
      THE COURT (Sixth Chamber),
      composed of E. Regan, President of the Chamber, C.G. Fernlund (Rapporteur) and S. Rodin, Judges,
      Advocate General: E. Sharpston,
      Registrar: A. Calot Escobar,
      having regard to the written procedure,
      having decided, after hearing the Advocate General, to proceed to judgment without an Opinion,
      gives the following
      
         Judgment
      
      
               1
            
            
               By their appeal, Verein zur Wahrung von Einsatz und Nutzung von Chromtrioxid und anderen Chrom-VI-Verbindungen in der Oberflächentechnik eV (VECCO) and the 185 other appellants whose names are listed in Annex I to the present judgment (collectively, ‘VECCO and Others’) seek to have set aside the judgment of the General Court of the European Union of 25 September 2015, VECCO and Others v Commission (T‑360/13, ‘the judgment under appeal, EU:T:2015:695) by which that court dismissed their action for partial annulment of Commission Regulation (EU) No 348/2013 of 17 April 2013 amending Annex XIV to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) (OJ 2013 L 108, p. 1).
            
         
         Legal context
      
      
               2
            
            
               Paragraph 1 of Article 1 of Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), establishing a European Chemicals Agency, amending Directive 1999/45/EC and repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 793/93 and Commission Regulation (EC) No 1488/94 as well as Council Directive 76/769/EEC and Commission Directives 91/155/EEC, 93/67/EEC, 93/105/EC and 2000/21/EC (OJ 2006 L 396, p. 1, and corrigendum OJ 2007 L 136, p. 3), as amended by Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 (OJ 2008 L 353, p. 1) (‘the REACH Regulation’), entitled ‘Aim and scope’, provides:
               ‘The purpose of this Regulation is to ensure a high level of protection of human health and the environment, including the promotion of alternative methods for assessment of hazards of substances, as well as the free circulation of substances on the internal market while enhancing competitiveness and innovation.’
            
         
               3
            
            
               As set out in Article 55 of the REACH Regulation:
               ‘The aim of this Title is to ensure the good functioning of the internal market while assuring that the risks from substances of very high concern are properly controlled and that these substances are progressively replaced by suitable alternative substances or technologies where these are economically and technically viable. To this end all manufacturers, importers and downstream users applying for authorisations shall analyse the availability of alternatives and consider their risks, and the technical and economic feasibility of substitution.’
            
         
               4
            
            
               Article 57 of the REACH Regulation sets out the criteria for inclusion of substances in Annex XIV to that regulation.
            
         
               5
            
            
               Article 58 of the REACH Regulation provides:
               ‘1.   Whenever a decision is taken to include in Annex XIV substances referred to in Article 57, such a decision shall be taken in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article 133(4). It shall specify for each substance:
               
                        (a)
                     
                     
                        the identity of the substance as specified in Section 2 of Annex VI;
                     
                  
                        (b)
                     
                     
                        the intrinsic property (properties) of the substance referred to in Article 57;
                     
                  ...
               
                        (d)
                     
                     
                        review periods for certain uses, if appropriate;
                     
                  
                        (e)
                     
                     
                        uses or categories of uses exempted from the authorisation requirement, if any, and conditions for such exemptions, if any.
                     
                  2.   Uses or categories of uses may be exempted from the authorisation requirement provided that, on the basis of the existing specific Community legislation imposing minimum requirements relating to the protection of human health or the environment for the use of the substance, the risk is properly controlled. In the establishment of such exemptions, account shall be taken, in particular, of the proportionality of risk to human health and the environment related to the nature of the substance, such as where the risk is modified by the physical form.
               …’
            
         
               6
            
            
               Articles 60 to 64 of the REACH Regulation concern the granting of authorisations.
            
         
         Background to the dispute
      
      
               7
            
            
               It is apparent from paragraphs 1 to 9 of the judgment under appeal that, by means of Regulation No 348/2013, chromium trioxide was included in Annex XIV to the REACH Regulation without any exemptions under Article 58(2) of that regulation being granted for certain uses or categories of uses of that substance.
            
         
         The procedure before the General Court and the judgment under appeal
      
      
               8
            
            
               On 8 July 2013, VECCO and Others brought an action for the annulment of Regulation No 348/2013. By the judgment under appeal, the General Court dismissed the action and ordered VECCO and Others to pay the costs.
            
         
         Forms of order sought by the parties before the Court of Justice
      
      
               9
            
            
               VECCO and Others are asking the Court of Justice to set aside the judgment under appeal and rule on the merits of their action or to refer the case back to the General Court for final judgment.
            
         
               10
            
            
               The European Commission contends that the Court should dismiss the appeal and order VECCO and Others to pay the costs.
            
         
               11
            
            
               The French Republic, which was granted leave to intervene in support of the Commission, and the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), which intervened at first instance in support of the form of order sought by the Commission, request the Court to dismiss the appeal.
            
         
         The appeal
      
      
               12
            
            
               VECCO and Others rely on three grounds in support of their appeal. The first and second grounds allege infringement of Article 58(2) of the REACH Regulation. The third ground alleges an error of assessment. The second and third grounds of appeal are submitted as subsidiary grounds in the event that the first ground of appeal is upheld.
            
         
         
            First ground of appeal, alleging infringement of Article 58(2) of the REACH Regulation
         
      
      
         Arguments of the parties
      
      
               13
            
            
               The first ground of appeal is directed against paragraphs 28 to 53 of the judgment under appeal, in which the General Court held that neither Council Directive 98/24/EC of 7 April 1998 on the protection of the health and safety of workers from the risks related to chemical agents at work (fourteenth individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC) (OJ 1998 L 131, p. 11) nor Directive 2004/37/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the protection of workers from the risks related to exposure to carcinogens or mutagens at work (sixth individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Council Directive 89/391/EEC) (OJ 2004 L 158, p. 50) constitutes ‘specific Community legislation imposing minimum requirements’ within the meaning of Article 58(2) of the REACH Regulation. VECCO and Others claim that the General Court misinterpreted that provision.
            
         
               14
            
            
               The appellants claim that, in paragraphs 40 to 44 and 50 to 53 of the judgment under appeal, the General Court erred in law by restricting the scope of the exemption laid down in Article 58(2) of the REACH Regulation solely to secondary legislation which relates to particular substances explicitly named.
            
         
               15
            
            
               According to VECCO and Others, the exemption set out in Article 58(2) of the REACH Regulation does not apply to substances per se, but rather to their uses or categories of uses. Accordingly, it is not necessary for the legislation in question to specifically name the relevant substances. In that regard, VECCO and Others note that ECHA has acknowledged, in a document entitled ‘Preparation of draft Annex XIV entries for the third recommendation of substances to be included in Annex XIV — General Approach’ that uses falling within the exemption include, inter alia, the hazard classification category of a substance (as a carcinogen, mutagen or reproductive toxicant). Contrary to what was held by the General Court in paragraph 41 of the judgment under appeal, the appellants claim that that interpretation would not be liable seriously to jeopardise the purpose and functioning of the REACH Regulation.
            
         
               16
            
            
               VECCO and Others maintain that the purpose of Article 58(2) of the REACH Regulation requires a preliminary consideration as to whether existing EU legislation is sufficient to ensure the risks are properly controlled. The three criteria laid down in that provision, requiring ‘specific Community legislation’ imposing ‘minimum requirements’ to ensure ‘the risk is properly controlled’, should therefore be assessed together, in the light of that objective, rather than being assessed in isolation, as done by the General Court.
            
         
               17
            
            
               According to VECCO and Others, on a proper construction of Article 58(2) of the REACH Regulation, the General Court should have, first, examined whether Directives 98/24 and 2004/37 were ‘specific’ to the use of chromium trioxide in the surface treatment and electropolishing industry, secondly, if that had been found to be the case, have determined whether that existing legislation imposed ‘minimum requirements’ and, thirdly, have verified whether those minimum requirements were sufficient to properly control the risks involved.
            
         
               18
            
            
               As regards the first criterion under Article 58(2) of the REACH Regulation, relating to the existence of ‘specific’ EU legislation, VECCO and Others consider it satisfied, given that the uses or categories of uses for which an exemption has been requested, namely, surface coating and electropolishing processes using chromium trioxide, fall within the uses contemplated by Directive 98/24 and, on account of that substance being classified as a carcinogen, by Directive 2004/37.
            
         
               19
            
            
               As regards the second criterion of Article 58(2) of the REACH Regulation, VECCO and Others consider that the General Court appropriately outlined, in paragraphs 37 and 43 of the judgment under appeal, the ‘minimum requirements’ laid down by Directives 98/24 and 2004/37. However, they maintain that that court failed to assess in concreto whether those requirements ensured proper control of the risk to workers in the surface treatment and electropolishing industry.
            
         
               20
            
            
               The appellants claim that the General Court was wrong to find, in paragraph 40 of the judgment under appeal, that Directive 98/24 lays down only a general framework of the duties imposed on employers who expose their employees to chemical risks. They assert that the General Court also held, in paragraph 44 of the judgment under appeal, that since Directive 98/24 does not lay down a maximum occupational exposure limit for the substance at issue, that directive cannot be considered to impose ‘minimum requirements’, within the meaning of Article 58(2) of the REACH Regulation.
            
         
               21
            
            
               VECCO and Others maintain that the setting of maximum occupational exposure limits is neither the best nor the only method of managing chemical risks. The lack of such maximum limits for chromium trioxide is not sufficient for it to be concluded that those directives do not impose ‘minimum requirements’, within the meaning of Article 58(2) of the REACH Regulation.
            
         
               22
            
            
               As regards the criterion concerning the proper control of risks, VECCO and Others take issue with paragraph 64 of the judgment under appeal, by which the General Court held that it was impossible to assess whether that criterion had been satisfied, because of the lack of specific Community legislation imposing minimum requirements. The appellants claim that that ‘superficial’ interpretation misconstrued, in law, the overall objective of Article 58(2) of the REACH Regulation and failed to have regard, in fact, to the evidence adduced as a whole, which sought to demonstrate that the risk to workers in the surface treatment and electropolishing industry stemming from the use of chromium trioxide is properly controlled by existing EU legislation.
            
         
               23
            
            
               The Commission disputes the interpretation proposed by VECCO and Others to the effect that Article 58(2) of the REACH Regulation applies to uses and not to substances. It agrees with the reasoning of the General Court in finding that it was not necessary to examine the uses covered by Directives 98/24 and 2004/37, since those directives are not specific to chromium trioxide.
            
         
               24
            
            
               ECHA supports the arguments of the Commission. It maintains that the legislature has not provided for an automatic exemption from authorisation for all uses covered by Directives 98/24 and 2004/37.
            
         
               25
            
            
               The French Republic takes the same point of view and considers that Directives 98/24 and 2004/37 are not specific Community legislation imposing minimum requirements relating to the protection of human health or the environment for the use of the substance within the meaning of Article 58(2) of the REACH Regulation.
            
         
         Findings of the Court
      
      
               26
            
            
               In order to address the first ground of appeal, it is necessary to bear in mind the context in which the exemption laid down in Article 58(2) of the REACH Regulation applies.
            
         
               27
            
            
               In that regard, Article 1(1) of the REACH Regulation states that the purpose of the regulation is to ensure a high level of protection of human health and the environment, including the promotion of alternative methods for assessment of hazards of substances, as well as the free circulation of substances on the internal market while enhancing competitiveness and innovation. To that end, that regulation introduces an integrated system for monitoring chemical substances, including registration, evaluation and authorisation, together with possible restrictions on their use (see, inter alia, judgment of 15 March 2017, Polynt v ECHA, C‑323/15 P, EU:C:2017:207, paragraph 20).
            
         
               28
            
            
               As made clear, inter alia, in recitals 69 and 70 of the REACH Regulation, that regulation makes substances ‘of very high concern’ subject to careful attention. Those substances are thus subject to the authorisation scheme laid down in Title VII of that regulation. Article 55 of that regulation states that the objective of the authorisation scheme is ‘to ensure the good functioning of the internal market while assuring that the risks from substances of very high concern are properly controlled and that these substances are progressively replaced by suitable alternative substances or technologies where these are economically and technically viable’ (see, inter alia, judgment of 15 March 2017, Polynt v ECHA, C‑323/15 P, EU:C:2017:207, paragraph 21).
            
         
               29
            
            
               The first stage under that authorisation scheme is the procedure for identifying substances of very high concern on the basis of the criteria set out in Article 57 of the REACH Regulation. The second stage is the inclusion of those substances on the list of substances subject to authorisation set out in Annex XIV to that regulation, and the third and final stage concerns the procedure that leads, if appropriate, to the authorisation of a substance of very high concern (see, inter alia, judgment of 15 March 2017, Polynt v ECHA, C‑323/15 P, EU:C:2017:207, paragraph 22).
            
         
               30
            
            
               In order to ensure coherence between the authorisation scheme laid down in Title VII of the REACH Regulation and other EU legal provisions aimed at protecting human health and the environment from risks arising from the use of chemical substances, Article 58(2) of that regulation allows for the exemption of certain uses or categories of uses from the authorisation requirement ‘provided that, on the basis of the existing specific Community legislation imposing minimum requirements relating to the protection of human health or the environment for the use of the substance, the risk is properly controlled’.
            
         
               31
            
            
               It is clear from that provision that certain uses or categories of uses of a substance of very high concern may be exempted from the authorisation requirement if two conditions are satisfied. Those conditions require, first, that there be ‘existing specific Community legislation imposing minimum requirements relating to the protection of human health or the environment for the use of the substance’ and, secondly, that, on the basis of that legislation, ‘the risk [be] properly controlled’. It is also apparent from the clear wording of that provision that those conditions are cumulative, which means that, as the General Court essentially held in paragraphs 32 and 64 of the judgment under appeal, it is sufficient that only one of those conditions is not satisfied for the exemption to have to be refused.
            
         
               32
            
            
               Moreover, a restrictive interpretation of that provision is necessary precisely because it constitutes an exception.
            
         
               33
            
            
               As regards the question whether Directives 98/24 and 2004/37 satisfy the first of those conditions, it is necessary to determine whether those directives can be regarded as specific legislation imposing minimum requirements relating to the protection of human health or the environment for the use of the substance.
            
         
               34
            
            
               In accordance with settled case-law, the meaning and scope of the term ‘specific legislation’, for which the REACH Regulation provides no definition, must be determined by considering its usual meaning in everyday language, while also taking into account the context in which it occurs and the purposes of the rules of which it is part (see, by analogy, judgment of 24 June 2015, Hotel Sava Rogaška, C‑207/14, EU:C:2015:414, paragraph 25 and the case-law cited).
            
         
               35
            
            
               In everyday language, the usual meaning of the adjective ‘specific’ denotes that which is distinctive of a particular subset and distinguishes it from other subsets, thus it can be regarded as the opposite of ‘general’. In accordance with its usual meaning, the term ‘specific legislation’ used in Article 58(2) of the REACH Regulation must be interpreted as referring, at the very least, to any directive or regulation laying down rules particular to the substance concerned. That term is to be understood as contrasting with legislation governing either a group of substances or categories of uses, which are defined generally and abstractly.
            
         
               36
            
            
               VECCO and Others nonetheless maintain that the exemption laid down in Article 58(2) of the REACH Regulation applies to uses or categories of uses and not to substances. Consequently, they claim that in order to determine whether that exemption is applicable, rather than assessing whether the substance in question is expressly mentioned in the legislation at issue, it is necessary to assess whether that legislation makes it possible, in practice, properly to control the risks associated with the uses or categories of uses considered for that substance. Thus the appellants submit that the General Court erred in law by holding that Directives 98/24 and 2004/37 do not constitute specific legislation imposing minimum requirements on the ground that those directives do not expressly mention chromium trioxide.
            
         
               37
            
            
               In that regard, although the first sentence of Article 58(2) of the REACH Regulation refers not to the notion of ‘substance’ but only to the notion of ‘uses or categories of uses’, the fact remains that the exemption mechanism implies an inextricable link between a substance and its uses or categories of uses.
            
         
               38
            
            
               The objective of the REACH Regulation is to regulate substances, as is apparent from its title and its general scheme. The authorisation scheme referred to in Title VII more specifically covers substances which, on account of their intrinsic properties, are considered to be of very high concern and, accordingly, must ultimately be replaced.
            
         
               39
            
            
               As is apparent from Article 55 of that regulation, those substances may be placed on the market only on the basis of an authorisation which ensures that the risks posed by their use are properly controlled. It is for that reason that the grant of an authorisation under Article 60 of the REACH Regulation is preceded by a risk assessment carried out under the conditions laid down in Article 64 of that regulation.
            
         
               40
            
            
               Furthermore, the decision to include a substance in Annex XIV of the REACH Regulation must, in accordance with Article 58(1)(e) of that regulation, state in particular the uses or categories of uses exempted from the authorisation requirement, if any, and the conditions for such exemptions, if any.
            
         
               41
            
            
               Moreover, as the General Court correctly stated, in essence, in paragraphs 41 and 44 of the judgment under appeal, the interpretation of Article 58(2) of the REACH Regulation put forward by VECCO and Others would mean, in particular, that any substance in carcinogenicity category 1 or 2 would be exempted from the obligation to obtain authorisation for occupational uses, on the ground that Directive 2004/37 governs such use for all carcinogenic substances. Such an interpretation is incompatible with both the wording and purpose of the authorisation scheme under Title VII of the REACH Regulation with regard to substances of very high concern, such as substances in carcinogenicity category 1 or 2.
            
         
               42
            
            
               Therefore, in the present case, having correctly held that Directives 98/24 and 2004/37 contain no provisions specific to chromium trioxide imposing minimum requirements relating to the protection of human health or the environment for the use of the substance, the General Court did not err in law in finding, on the grounds set out in paragraphs 37 to 45 of the judgment under appeal, that those directives do not constitute ‘specific legislation’ within the meaning of Article 58(2) of the REACH Regulation. Consequently, the General Court was fully entitled to conclude, at paragraph 63 of the judgment under appeal, that the first of the two conditions laid down by that provision was not satisfied and, accordingly, that Court was justified in rejecting, in paragraph 66 of the judgment under appeal, the plea alleging infringement of Article 58(2) of the REACH Regulation.
            
         
               43
            
            
               It follows that the first ground of appeal must, for that reason alone, be rejected as unfounded.
            
         
               44
            
            
               The second and third grounds of appeal were submitted as subsidiary grounds in the event that the first ground of appeal was upheld. Since the first ground has been rejected, the second and third grounds of appeal must be dismissed as ineffective.
            
         
         Costs
      
      
               45
            
            
               Under Article 184(2) of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice, where the appeal is unfounded the Court is to make a decision as to costs. Under Article 138(1) of those Rules of Procedure, applicable to appeal proceedings by virtue of Article 184(1) thereof, the unsuccessful party is to be ordered to pay the costs if they have been applied for in the successful party’s pleadings.
            
         
               46
            
            
               Article 140(1) of the Rules of Procedure, which applies to the procedure on appeal by virtue of Article 184(1) thereof, provides that the Member States and institutions which have intervened in the proceedings are to bear their own costs.
            
         
               47
            
            
               Under Article 184(4) of those Rules of Procedure, the Court of Justice may decide that an intervener at first instance who has taken part in the written or oral part of the proceedings before the Court is to bear his own costs.
            
         
               48
            
            
               Since the Commission has applied for costs to be awarded against VECCO and Others and the latter have been unsuccessful, VECCO and Others must be ordered to bear their own costs and to pay those incurred by the Commission.
            
         
               49
            
            
               The French Republic, as intervener in the appeal, shall bear its own costs.
            
         
               50
            
            
               ECHA, as an intervener at first instance, shall bear its own costs.
            
          
            
               On those grounds, the Court (Sixth Chamber) hereby:
            
          
            
               
                        
                           1.
                        
                     
                     
                        
                           Dismisses the appeal;
                        
                     
                  
          
            
               
                        
                           2.
                        
                     
                     
                        
                           Orders Verein zur Wahrung von Einsatz und Nutzung von Chromtrioxid und anderen Chrom-VI-Verbindungen in der Oberflächentechnik eV (VECCO) and the other applicants whose names are listed in Annex I to the present judgment to bear their own costs and to pay those incurred by the European Commission;
                        
                     
                  
          
            
               
                        
                           3.
                        
                     
                     
                        
                           Orders the French Republic and the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) to bear their own costs.
                        
                     
                  
          
               
                  
                     
                        
                           Regan
                        
                        
                           Fernlund
                        
                        
                           Rodin
                        
                     
                     Delivered in open court in Luxembourg on 13 July 2017.
                     
                        
                           A. Calot Escobar
                           Registrar
                        
                        
                           E. Regan
                           President of the Sixth Chamber
                        
                     
                  
               
            
         ANNEX I
      
      
         List of appellants
      
      
         Verein zur Wahrung von Einsatz und Nutzung von Chromtrioxid und anderen Chrom-VI-Verbindungen in der Oberflächentechnik eV (VECCO), established in Memmingen (Germany),
      
         Adolf Krämer GmbH & Co. KG, established in Ulm (Germany),
      
         AgO Argentum GmbH Oberflächenveredelung, established in Nuremberg (Germany),
      
         Alfred Kruse GmbH Metallveredelungen, established in Langenfeld (Germany),
      
         AL-Oberflächenveredelungsgesellschaft mbH, established in Wuppertal (Germany),
      
         Anke GmbH & Co. KG Oberflächentechnik, established in Essen (Germany),
      
         ATC Armoloy Technology Coatings GmbH & Co. KG, established in Mosbach (Germany),
      
         August Schröder GmbH & Co. KG Oberflächenveredelung, established in Hemer (Germany),
      
         August Sure KG, established in Lüdenscheid (Germany),
      
         Baaske Oberflächenveredelung GmbH, established in Wuppertal,
      
         Hartchrom Beck GmbH, established in Güglingen (Germany),
      
         Bredt GmbH, established in Meschede (Germany),
      
         Breidert Galvanic GmbH, established in Darmstadt (Germany),
      
         Chrom-Müller Metallveredelung GmbH, established in Oberndorf am Neckar (Germany),
      
         Chrom-Schmitt GmbH & Co. KG, established in Baden-Baden (Germany),
      
         C. Hübner GmbH, established in Marktoberdorf (Germany),
      
         C.W. Albert GmbH & Co. KG, established in Hemer-Bredenbruch (Germany),
      
         Detlef Bingen GmbH, established in Langenfeld,
      
         Dittes Oberflächentechnik GmbH, established in Keltern (Germany),
      
         Duralloy Süd GmbH, established in Villingen-Schwenningen (Germany),
      
         Durochrom-Bogatzki, established in Oberndorf am Neckar,
      
         Metallveredelung Emil Weiß GmbH & Co. KG, established in Mitwitz (Germany),
      
         Ewald Siodla Metallveredelungsgesellschaft mbH, established in Witten (Germany),
      
         Flügel CSS GmbH & Co. KG, established in Solingen (Germany),
      
         Fritz Zehnle Galvanische Anstalt, Inh. Gerd Joos eK, established in Triberg (Germany),
      
         Galvanoform Gesellschaft für Galvanoplastik mbH, established in Lahr (Germany),
      
         Galvano Herbert Geske eK, established in Solingen,
      
         Galvanotechnik Friedrich Holst GmbH, established in Hamburg (Germany),
      
         Galvano Weis, Weis GmbH & Co., Galvanische Werkstätte KG, established in Emmering (Germany),
      
         gebr. böge Metallveredelungs GmbH, established in Hamburg,
      
         Hans Giesbert GmbH & Co. KG, established in Mömbris (Germany),
      
         Groz-Beckert KG, established in Albstadt (Germany),
      
         GTW GmbH, established in Werl (Germany),
      
         GWC Coating GmbH, established in Villingen-Schwenningen,
      
         Hartchrom Beuthel GmbH, established in Schwelm (Germany),
      
         Hartchrom Erb GmbH, established in Weiterstadt (Germany),
      
         Hartchrom GmbH, established in Karlsruhe (Germany),
      
         Hartchrom GmbH Werner Kreuz, established in Blumberg (Germany),
      
         Hartchrom Schoch GmbH, established in Sternenfels (Germany),
      
         Hartchrom Teikuro Automotive GmbH, established in Sternenfels,
      
         Heine Optotechnik GmbH & Co. KG, established in Herrsching (Germany),
      
         Heinrich Schnarr GmbH Metallveredlungswerk, established in Mainaschaff (Germany),
      
         Heinrich Schulte Söhne GmbH & Co. KG, established in Arnsberg (Germany),
      
         Heinz Daurer und Söhne GmbH & Co. KG Metall-Veredelung-Lampertheim, established in Lampertheim (Germany),
      
         Helmut Gossmann Metallveredelungs-GmbH, established in Goldbach (Germany),
      
         Henry Gevekoth GmbH, established in Hamburg,
      
         Heyer GmbH Oberflächentechnik, established in Lübeck (Germany),
      
         HFJ Galvano Kiel GmbH, established in Kiel (Germany),
      
         Hueck Engraving GmbH & Co. KG, established in Viersen (Germany),
      
         Imhof Hartchrom GmbH, established in Karlstadt (Germany),
      
         Johannes Jander GmbH & Co. KG Metalloberflächenveredelung, established in Iserlohn (Germany),
      
         Johann Maffei GmbH & Co. KG, established in Iserlohn-Simmern (Germany),
      
         Kesseböhmer Beschlagsysteme GmbH & Co. KG, established in Bad Essen (Germany),
      
         Knipex-Werk C. Gustav Putsch KG, established in Wuppertal,
      
         Kreft & Röhrig GmbH, established in Troisdorf-Friedrich-Wilhelms Hütte (Germany),
      
         Kriebel Metallveredelung GmbH, established in Kirschfurt (Germany),
      
         LKS Kronenberger GmbH Metallveredlungswerk, established in Seligenstadt (Germany),
      
         Kunststofftechnik Bernt GmbH, established in Kaufbeuren (Germany),
      
         L B — Oberflächentechnik GmbH, established in Wuppertal,
      
         Linder Metallveredelungsgesellschaft mbH, established in Albstadt (Germany),
      
         Metallisierwerk Peter Schreiber GmbH, established in Düsseldorf (Germany),
      
         Montanhydraulik GmbH, established in Holzwickede (Germany),
      
         Morex SpA, established in Crespano del Grappa (Italy),
      
         Motoren-Sauer Instandsetzungs-GmbH, established in Hösbach (Germany),
      
         MSC/Copperflow Ltd, established in Bolton, Greater Manchester (United Kingdom),
      
         Neumeister Hydraulik GmbH, established in Neuenstadt am Kocher (Germany),
      
         Nießer Metallveredelung GmbH, established in Röthenbach an der Pegnitz (Germany),
      
         Norddeutsche Hartchrom GmbH & Co. KG, established in Ganderkesee (Germany),
      
         Oberflächenzentrum Elz GmbH, established in Limburg (Germany),
      
         OK Oberflächenveredelung GmbH & Co. KG, established in Sundern (Germany),
      
         OTH Oberflächentechnik Hagen GmbH & Co. KG, established in Hagen (Germany),
      
         OT Oberflächentechnik GmbH & Co. KG, established in Schwerin (Germany),
      
         Präzisionsgalvanik GmbH Wolfen, established in Bitterfeld-Wolfen (Germany),
      
         Rahrbach GmbH, established in Heiligenhaus (Germany),
      
         Rudolf Clauss GmbH & Co. KG Metallveredlung, established in Mülheim an der Ruhr (Germany),
      
         Rudolf Jatzke Galvanik-Hartchrom Günter Holthöfer GmbH & Co. KG, established in Bielefeld (Germany),
      
         Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG, established in Herzogenaurach (Germany),
      
         Scherer GmbH, established in Haslach im Kinzigtal (Germany),
      
         Schmitz Hydraulikzylinder GmbH, established in Büttelborn (Germany),
      
         Schnarr Metallveredlung GmbH, established in Waiblingen (Germany),
      
         Schornberg Galvanik GmbH, established in Lippstadt (Germany),
      
         Robert Schrubstock GmbH & Co. KG, established in Velbert (Germany),
      
         Schulte Hartchrom GmbH, established in Arnsberg,
      
         Schwing GmbH, established in Sankt Stefan im Lavanttal (Austria),
      
         Silit-Werke GmbH & Co. KG, established in Riedlingen (Germany),
      
         Steinbach & Vollmann GmbH & Co. KG, established in Heiligenhaus,
      
         Strötzel Oberflächentechnik GmbH & Co. KG, established in Hildesheim (Germany),
      
         Süss Oberflächentechnik GmbH, established in Wetzlar (Germany),
      
         Thoma Metallveredelung GmbH, established in Heimertingen (Germany),
      
         Viemetall Viersener Metallveredlung Pottel GmbH & Co. KG, established in Viersen (Germany),
      
         Walzen-Service-Center GmbH, established in Oberhausen (Germany),
      
         Wavec GmbH, established in Eisenhüttenstadt (Germany),
      
         Wilhelm Bauer GmbH & Co. KG, established in Hanovre (Germany),
      
         Willy Remscheid Galvanische Anstalt GmbH, established in Solingen,
      
         Willy Remscheid Kunststofftechnik GmbH, established in Velbert,
      
         Wiotec, Inhaber Udo Wilmes eK, established in Ense (Germany),
      
         Wissing Hartchrom GmbH, established in Lohmar (Germany),
      
         alfi GmbH Isoliergefäße, Metall- und Haushaltswaren, established in Wertheim (Germany),
      
         BIA Kunststoff- und Galvanotechnik GmbH & Co. KG, established in Solingen,
      
         Siegfried Boner eK, established in Villingen-Schwenningen,
      
         Bruchmühlbacher Galvanotechnik (BG) GmbH, established in Bruchmühlbach-Miesau (Germany),
      
         C + C Krug GmbH, established in Velbert,
      
         Collini GmbH, established in Aperg (Germany),
      
         Collini Gesellschaft mbH, established in Hohenems (Austria),
      
         Collini GmbH, established in Marchtrenk (Austria),
      
         ColliniWien GmbH, established in Vienna (Austria),
      
         Federal-Mogul TP Europe GmbH & Co KG, established in Burscheid (Germany),
      
         Fischer GmbH & Co. surface technologies KG, established in Katzenelnbogen (Germany),
      
         Friederici Oberflächenveredlung GmbH, established in Iserlohn,
      
         Galvano Wittenstein GmbH, established in Solingen,
      
         Gedore-Werkzeugfabrik GmbH & Co. KG, established in Remscheid (Germany),
      
         Gerhardi Kunststofftechnik GmbH, established in Lüdenscheid,
      
         Gosma — Werkzeugfabrik und Metallveredelung Weber GmbH, established in Gosheim (Germany),
      
         Hartchrom-Meuter Ernst Meuter GmbH & Co. KG, established in Solingen,
      
         Hartchrom Spezialbeschichtung Winter GmbH, established in Treuen (Germany),
      
         Hasler AG, Aluminiumveredlung, established in Turgi (Switzerland),
      
         Hartchrom Haslinger Oberflächentechnik GmbH, established in Linz (Austria),
      
         Hentschel Harteloxal GmbH & Co. KG, established in Schorndorf (Germany),
      
         Kammin Metallveredelung KG, established in Friesenheim (Germany),
      
         Karl-Heinz Bauer GmbH Galvanische Anstalt, established in Ispringen (Germany),
      
         Maschinenfabrik KBA-Mödling AG, established in Maria Enzersdorf (Austria),
      
         Albert Kißling Galvanische Werke GmbH, established in Neusäß (Germany),
      
         KME Germany GmbH & Co. KG, established in Osnabrück (Germany),
      
         Lahner KG, established in Brunn am Gebirge (Austria),
      
         Liebherr-Aerospace Lindenberg GmbH, established in Lindenberg (Germany),
      
         MTU Aero Engines AG, established in Munich (Germany),
      
         MTU Maintenance Hannover GmbH, established in Langenhagen (Germany),
      
         Münze Österreich AG, established in Vienna,
      
         Nehlsen-BWB Flugzeug-Galvanik Dresden GmbH & Co. KG, established in Dresden (Germany),
      
         Orbis Will GmbH + Co. KG, established in Ahaus (Germany),
      
         Riag Oberflächentechnik AG, established in Wängi (Switzerland),
      
         Franz Rieger Metallveredlung, established in Steinheim am Albuch (Germany),
      
         Saxonia Galvanik GmbH, established in Halsbrücke (Germany),
      
         Schweizer Galvanotechnic GmbH & Co. KG, established in Heilbronn (Germany),
      
         G. Schwepper Beschlag GmbH & Co, established in Heiligenhaus,
      
         R. Spitzke Oberflächen- und Galvanotechnik GmbH & Co. KG, established in Barsbüttel (Germany),
      
         Stahl Judenburg GmbH, established in Judenburg (Austria),
      
         VTK Veredelungstechnik Krieglach GmbH, established in Krieglach (Austria),
      
         STI Surface Technologies International Holding AG, established in Steinach (Switzerland),
      
         Witech GmbH, established in Remscheid,
      
         Kurt Zecher GmbH, established in Paderborn (Germany),
      
         De Martin AG, Metallveredelung, established in Wängi,
      
         Hattler & Sohn GmbH, established in Villingen-Schwenningen,
      
         Alfacrom 2000 Srl, established in Fiume Veneto (Italy),
      
         F.LLI Angelini Sud Srl, established in Arzano (Italy),
      
         Bertola Srl, established in Marene (Italy),
      
         Bugli Srl, established in Scandicci (Italy),
      
         Burello Srl, established in Pavia di Udine (Italy),
      
         Galvanica CMB Di Bittante Franco EC Snc, established in Scorzé (Italy),
      
         Casprini Gruppo Industriale SpA, established in Cavrilia (Italy),
      
         CFG Rettifiche Srl, established in Argenta (Italy),
      
         CIL — Cromatura e Rettifica Srl, established in Esine (Italy),
      
         Cromatura Dura Srl, established in Lozza (Italy),
      
         Cromital Srl, established in Parme (Italy),
      
         Cromoflesch Di Bolletta Giuseppe & C. Snc, established in Salzano (Italy),
      
         Cromogalante Srl, established in Padua (Italy),
      
         Cromotrevigiana Srl, established in Ponzano Veneto (Italy),
      
         Elezinco Srl, established in Castelfidardo (Italy),
      
         Galvanica Nobili Srl, established in Marano sul Panaro (Italy),
      
         Galvanotecnica Vignati Srl, established in Canegrate (Italy),
      
         Galvitek Srl, established in Verona (Italy),
      
         Gilardoni Vittorio Srl, established in Mandello del Lario (Italy),
      
         Industria Galvanica Dalla Torre Ermanno e Figli Srl, established in Villorba (Italy),
      
         La Galvanica Trentina Srl, established in Rovereto (Italy),
      
         Nicros Srl, established in Conegliano (Italy),
      
         OCM Di Liboà Mauro & C. Snc, established in Mondovì (Italy),
      
         Rubinetterie Zazzeri SpA, established in Incisa Valdarno (Italy),
      
         Silga SpA, established in Castelfidarno (Italy),
      
         Surcromo Di Suttora Marco, established in Pieve Emanuele (Italy),
      
         Tobaldini SpA, established in Altavilla Vicentina (Italy),
      
         Tre Albi SNC Di Trentin Silvano Bittante Mario & Albanese Giancarlo, established in Vedelago (Italy),
      
         Adolf Boos GmbH & Co. KG, established in Iserlohn,
      
         Henkel Beiz- und Elektropoliertechnik GmbH & Co. KG, established in Waidhofen an der Thaya (Austria),
      
         Saueressig GmbH & Co. KG, established in Vreden (Germany),
      
         Saueressig Polska sp. z o.o., established in Tarnowo Podgórne (Poland),
      
         Wetzel GmbH, established in Grenzach-Wyhlen (Germany),
      
         Wetzel sp. z o.o., established in Duchnów (Poland),
      
         Apex Cylinders Ltd, established in Bristol (United Kingdom),
      
         Federal-Mogul Burscheid GmbH, established in Burscheid,
      
         Federal-Mogul Friedberg GmbH, established in Friedberg (Germany),
      
         Federal-Mogul Vermögensverwaltungs-GmbH, established in Burscheid,
      
         Federal-Mogul Operations France SAS, established in Saint-Jean-de-la-Ruelle (France),
      
         Dietmar Schrick GmbH, established in Solingen,
      
         Cromatura Dalla Torre Sergio Snc Di Dalla Torre Sergio EC, established in Breda di Tiave (Italy),
      
         Hartchromwerk Brunner AG, established in Sankt Gallen (Switzerland),
      
         Schulz Hartchrom GmbH, established in Hamburg,
      
         ANNEX II
      
      
         List of interveners at first instance
      
      
         European Chemicals Agency (ECHA),
      
      
         Assogalvanica, established in Padua,
      
         Ecometal, established in Trévise (Italy),
      
         Comité européen pour le traitement de surface (CETS), established in Louvain (Belgium),
      
         Österreichische Gesellschaft für Oberflächentechnik (AOT), established in Vienna,
      
         Surface Engineering Association (SEA), established in Birmingham (United Kingdom),
      
         Zentralverband Oberflächentechnik eV (ZVO), established in Hilden (Germany),
      
         Eco-Chim Galvanotecnica di Antoniazzi G. & C. Snc, established in Codognè (Italy),
      
         Heiche Oberflächentechnik GmbH, established in Schwaigern (Germany),
      
         Schwäbische Härtetechnik Ulm GmbH & Co. KG, established in Ulm,
      
         Trattamento superfici metalliche Srl (TSM), established in Schio (Italy),
      
         Aros Hydraulik GmbH, established in Memmingen,
      
         Berndorf Band GmbH, established in Berndorf (Austria),
      
         Eberhard Derichs Maschinen- und Apparatebau GmbH, established in Krefeld (Germany),
      
         Friedrich Fausel Metalldrückerei, established in Herrlingen (Germany),
      
         Goldhofer AG, established in Memmingen,
      
         Heidelberger Druckmaschinen AG, established in Heidelberg (Germany),
      
         Huhtamaki Flexible Packaging Germany GmbH & Co. KG, established in Ronsberg (Germany),
      
         ITW Automotive Products GmbH, established in Hodenhagen (Germany),
      
         Josef Van Baal GmbH, established in Krefeld,
      
         Kleinvoigtsberger Elektrobauelemente GmbH, established in Großschirma (Germany),
      
         Kniggendorf & Kögler GmbH, established in Laatzen (Germany),
      
         Liebherr-Components Kirchdorf GmbH, established in Kirchdorf (Germany),
      
         Max Hilscher GmbH, established in Dornstadt (Germany),
      
         Mora Metrology GmbH, established in Aschaffenburg (Germany),
      
         Norsystec — Nohra-System-Technik GmbH, established in Nohra (Germany),
      
         Otto Littmann Maschinenfabrik — Präzisionsmechanik GmbH, established in Hamburg,
      
         Provertha Connectors Cables & Solutions GmbH, established in Pforzheim (Germany),
      
         Roland Merz, residing in Ober-Ramstadt (Germany),
      
         Schwing-Stetter Baumaschinen GmbH, established in Vienna,
      
         SML Maschinengesellschaft mbH, established in Lenzing (Austria),
      
         ThyssenKrupp Steel Europe AG, established in Duisbourg (Germany),
      
         Windmöller & Hölscher KG, established in Lengerich (Germany).
      (
            *1
         )	Language of the case: English