CELEX: 62004CJ0519
Language: en
Date: 2006-07-18 00:00:00
Title: Judgment of the Court (Third Chamber) of 18 July 2006.#David Meca-Medina and Igor Majcen v Commission of the European Communities.#Appeal - Rules adopted by the International Olympic Committee concerning doping control - Incompatibility with the Community rules on competition and freedom to provide services - Complaint - Rejection.#Case C-519/04 P.

Case C-519/04 P
      David Meca-Medina and Igor Majcen
      v
      Commission of the European Communities
      (Appeal – Rules adopted by the International Olympic Committee concerning doping control – Incompatibility with the Community rules on competition and freedom to provide services – Complaint – Rejection)
      Opinion of Advocate General Léger delivered on 23 March 2006 
      Judgment of the Court (Third Chamber), 18 July 2006 
      Summary of the Judgment
      1.     Community law – Scope – Sport – Restriction to economic activities 
      (Art. 2 EC)
      2.     Free movement of persons and services – Workers – Competition – Treaty provisions – Scope 
      (Arts 39 EC, 49 EC, 81 EC and 82 EC)
      3.     Competition – Agreements, decisions and concerted practices – Decisions of associations of undertakings – Meaning 
      (Art. 81(1) EC)
      1.     Having regard to the objectives of the Community, sport is subject to Community law only in so far as it constitutes an economic
         activity within the meaning of Article 2 EC. 
      
      (see para. 22)
      2.     Where a sporting activity takes the form of gainful employment or the provision of services for remuneration, which is true
         of the activities of semi-professional or professional sportsmen, it falls, more specifically, within the scope of Article
         39 EC et seq. or Article 49 EC et seq.
      
      These Community provisions on freedom of movement for persons and freedom to provide services not only apply to the action
         of public authorities but extend also to rules of any other nature aimed at regulating gainful employment and the provision
         of services in a collective manner. However, the prohibitions enacted by these provisions of the Treaty do not affect rules
         concerning questions which are of purely sporting interest and, as such, have nothing to do with economic activity.
      
      With regard to the difficulty of severing the economic aspects from the sporting aspects of a sport, the provisions of Community
         law concerning freedom of movement for persons and freedom to provide services do not preclude rules or practices justified
         on non-economic grounds which relate to the particular nature and context of certain sporting events. However, such a restriction
         on the scope of the provisions in question must remain limited to its proper objective. It cannot, therefore, be relied upon
         to exclude the whole of a sporting activity from the scope of the Treaty.
      
      In light of all of these considerations, it is apparent that the mere fact that a rule is purely sporting in nature does not
         have the effect of removing from the scope of the Treaty the person engaging in the activity governed by that rule or the
         body which has laid it down. If the sporting activity in question falls within the scope of the Treaty, the conditions for
         engaging in it are then subject to all the obligations which result from the various provisions of the Treaty. It follows
         that the rules which govern that activity must satisfy the requirements of those provisions, which, in particular, seek to
         ensure freedom of movement for workers, freedom of establishment, freedom to provide services, or competition.
      
      Thus, where engagement in the sporting activity must be assessed in the light of the Treaty provisions relating to freedom
         of movement for workers or freedom to provide services, it will be necessary to determine whether the rules which govern that
         activity satisfy the requirements of Articles 39 EC and 49 EC, that is to say do not constitute restrictions prohibited by
         those articles. Likewise, where engagement in the activity must be assessed in the light of the Treaty provisions relating
         to competition, it will be necessary to determine, given the specific requirements of Articles 81 EC and 82 EC, whether the
         rules which govern that activity emanate from an undertaking, whether the latter restricts competition or abuses its dominant
         position, and whether that restriction or that abuse affects trade between Member States.
      
      Therefore, even if those rules do not constitute restrictions on freedom of movement because they concern questions of purely
         sporting interest and, as such, have nothing to do with economic activity, that fact means neither that the sporting activity
         in question necessarily falls outside the scope of Articles 81 EC and 82 EC nor that the rules do not satisfy the specific
         requirements of those articles.
      
      (see paras 23-31)
      3.     The compatibility of rules with the Community rules on competition cannot be assessed in the abstract. Not every agreement
         between undertakings or every decision of an association of undertakings which restricts the freedom of action of the parties
         or of one of them necessarily falls within the prohibition laid down in Article 81(1) EC. For the purposes of application
         of that provision to a particular case, account must first of all be taken of the overall context in which the decision of
         the association of undertakings was taken or produces its effects and, more specifically, of its objectives. It has then to
         be considered whether the consequential effects restrictive of competition are inherent in the pursuit of those objectives
         and are proportionate to them.
      
      The general objective of anti-doping rules relating to sport is to combat doping in order for competitive sport to be conducted
         fairly and includes the need to safeguard equal chances for athletes, athletes’ health, the integrity and objectivity of competitive
         sport and ethical values in sport. In addition, given that penalties are necessary to ensure enforcement of the doping ban,
         their effect on athletes’ freedom of action must be considered to be, in principle, inherent itself in the anti-doping rules.
      
      Therefore, even if anti-doping rules are to be regarded as a decision of an association of undertakings limiting the freedom
         of action of the persons whom they cover, they do not, for all that, necessarily constitute a restriction of competition incompatible
         with the common market, within the meaning of Article 81 EC, inasmuch as they are justified by a legitimate objective. Such
         a limitation is inherent in the organisation and proper conduct of competitive sport and its very purpose is to ensure healthy
         rivalry between athletes.
      
      However, the penal nature of such anti-doping rules and the magnitude of the penalties applicable if they are breached are
         capable of producing adverse effects on competition because they could, if penalties were ultimately to prove unjustified,
         result in an athlete’s unwarranted exclusion from sporting events, and thus in impairment of the conditions under which the
         activity at issue is engaged in. It follows that, in order not to be covered by the prohibition laid down in Article 81(1)
         EC, the restrictions thus imposed by those rules must be limited to what is necessary to ensure the proper conduct of competitive
         sport. Rules of that kind could indeed prove excessive by virtue of, first, the conditions laid down for establishing the
         dividing line between circumstances which amount to doping in respect of which penalties may be imposed and those which do
         not, and second, the severity of those penalties.
      
      (see paras 42-45, 47-48)
JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (Third Chamber)
      18 July 2006 (*)
      
      (Appeal – Rules adopted by the International Olympic Committee concerning doping control – Incompatibility with the Community rules on competition and freedom to provide services – Complaint – Rejection)
      In Case C-519/04 P,
      APPEAL under Article 56 of the Statute of the Court of Justice lodged on 22 December 2004,
      David Meca-Medina, residing in Barcelona (Spain),
      
      Igor Majcen, residing in Ljubljana (Slovenia),
      
      represented by J.-L. Dupont and M.-A. Lucas, avocats,
      appellants,
      the other parties to the proceedings being:
      Commission of the European Communities, represented by O. Beynet and A. Bouquet, acting as Agents, with an address for service in Luxembourg,
      
      defendant at first instance,
      Republic of Finland, represented by T. Pynnä, acting as Agent,
      
      intervener at first instance,
      THE COURT (Third Chamber),
      composed of A. Rosas, President of the Chamber, J. Malenovský (Rapporteur), J.‑P. Puissochet, A. Borg Barthet and A. Ó Caoimh,
         Judges,
      
      Advocate General: P. Léger,
      Registrar: B. Fülöp, Administrator,
      having regard to the written procedure and further to the hearing on 23 March 2006,
      after hearing the Opinion of the Advocate General at the sitting on 23 March 2006,
      gives the following
      Judgment
      1       By their appeal, Mr Meca-Medina and Mr Majcen ( ‘the appellants’) ask the Court to set aside the judgment of the Court of
         First Instance of the European Communities of 30 September 2004 in Case T-313/02 Meca-Medina and Majcen v Commission [2004] ECR II-3291 (‘the contested judgment’) by which the latter dismissed their action for annulment of the decision of
         the Commission of the European Communities of 1 August 2002 rejecting the complaint – lodged by them against the International
         Olympic Committee (‘the IOC’) – seeking a declaration that certain rules adopted by the IOC and implemented by the Fédération
         internationale de natation (International Swimming Federation; ‘FINA’) and certain practices relating to doping control were
         incompatible with the Community rules on competition and freedom to provide services (Case COMP/38158 ­– Meca-Medina and Majcen/IOC)
         (‘the decision at issue’).
      
       Background to the dispute
      2       The Court of First Instance summarised the relevant anti-doping rules (‘the anti-doping rules at issue’) in paragraphs 1 to
         6 of the contested judgment:
      
      ‘1      The [IOC] is the supreme authority of the Olympic Movement, which brings together the various international sporting federations,
         among which is [FINA]).
      
      2      FINA implements for swimming, by its Doping Control Rules (“the DCR”, cited here in the version in force at the material time),
         the Olympic Movement’s Anti-Doping Code. DCR 1.2(a) states that the offence of doping “occurs when a banned substance is found
         to be present within a competitor’s body tissue or fluids”. That definition corresponds to that in Article 2(2) of the abovementioned
         Anti-Doping Code, where doping is defined as the presence in an athlete’s body of a prohibited substance or the finding that
         such a substance or a prohibited technique has been used.
      
      3      Nandrolone and its metabolites, Norandrosterone (NA) and Norethiocholanolone (NE) (hereinafter together called “Nandrolone”),
         are prohibited anabolic substances. However, according to the practice of the 27 laboratories accredited by the IOC and FINA,
         and to take account of the possibility of endogenous, therefore innocent, production of Nandrolone, the presence of that substance
         in a male athlete’s body is defined as doping only if it exceeds a limit of 2 nanogrammes (ng) per millilitre (ml) of urine.
      
      4      For a first offence of doping with an anabolic substance, DCR 9.2(a) requires the suspension of the athlete for a minimum
         of four years, which may however be reduced, under the final sentence of DCR 9.2, DCR 9.3 and DCR 9.10, if the athlete proves
         that he did not knowingly take the prohibited substance or establishes how that substance could be present in his body without
         negligence on his part.
      
      5      The penalties are imposed by FINA’s Doping Panel, whose decisions are subject to appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport
         (“the CAS”) under DCR 8.9. The CAS, which is based in Lausanne, is financed and administered by an organisation independent
         of the IOC, the International Council of Arbitration for Sport (“the ICAS”).
      
      6      The CAS’s rulings are subject to appeal to the Swiss Federal Court, which has jurisdiction to review international arbitration
         awards made in Switzerland.’
      
      3       The factual background to the dispute was summarised by the Court of First Instance in paragraphs 7 to 20 of the contested
         judgment:
      
      ‘7      The applicants are two professional athletes who compete in long-distance swimming, the aquatic equivalent of the marathon.
      8      In an anti-doping test carried out on 31 January 1999 during the World Cup in that discipline at Salvador de Bahia (Brazil),
         where they had finished first and second respectively, the applicants tested positive for Nandrolone. The level found for
         Mr D. Meca-Medina was 9.7 ng/ml and that for Mr I. Majcen 3.9 ng/ml.
      
      9      On 8 August 1999, FINA’s Doping Panel suspended the applicants for a period of four years.
      10      On the applicants’ appeal, the CAS, by arbitration award of 29 February 2000, confirmed the suspension.
      11      In January 2000, certain scientific experiments showed that Nandrolone’s metabolites can be produced endogenously by the human
         body at a level which may exceed the accepted limit when certain foods, such as boar meat, have been consumed.
      
      12      In view of that development, FINA and the applicants consented, by an arbitration agreement of 20 April 2000, to refer the
         case anew to the CAS for reconsideration.
      
      13      By arbitration award of 23 May 2001, the CAS reduced the penalty to two years’ suspension.
      14      The applicants did not appeal against that award to the Swiss Federal Court.
      15      By letter of 30 May 2001, the applicants filed a complaint with the Commission, under Article 3 of Council Regulation No 17
         of 6 February 1962: First Regulation implementing Articles [81] and [82] of the Treaty (OJ, English Special Edition 1959-1962,
         p. 87), alleging a breach of Article 81 EC and/or Article 82 EC.
      
      16      In their complaint, the applicants challenged the compatibility of certain regulations adopted by the IOC and implemented
         by FINA and certain practices relating to doping control with the Community rules on competition and freedom to provide services.
         First of all, the fixing of the limit at 2 ng/ml is a concerted practice between the IOC and the 27 laboratories accredited
         by it. That limit is scientifically unfounded and can lead to the exclusion of innocent or merely negligent athletes. In the
         applicants’ case, the excesses could have been the result of the consumption of a dish containing boar meat. Also, the IOC’s
         adoption of a mechanism of strict liability and the establishment of tribunals responsible for the settlement of sports disputes
         by arbitration (the CAS and the ICAS) which are insufficiently independent of the IOC strengthens the anti-competitive nature
         of that limit.
      
      17      According to that complaint, the application of those rules (hereinafter “the anti-doping rules at issue”) leads to the infringement
         of the athletes’ economic freedoms, guaranteed inter alia by Article 49 EC and, from the point of view of competition law,
         to the infringement of the rights which the athletes can assert under Articles 81 EC and 82 EC.
      
      18      By letter of 8 March 2002, the Commission informed the applicants, in accordance with Article 6 of Commission Regulation (EC)
         No 2842/98 of 22 December 1998 on the hearing of parties in certain proceedings under Articles [81] and [82] of the EC Treaty
         (OJ 1998 L 354, p. 18), of the reasons for which it considered that the complaint should not be upheld.
      
      19      By letter of 11 April 2002, the applicants sent the Commission their observations on the letter of 8 March 2002.
      20      By decision of 1 August 2002 …, the Commission, after analysing the anti-doping rules at issue according to the assessment
         criteria of competition law and concluding that those rules did not fall foul of the prohibition under Articles 81 EC and
         82 EC, rejected the applicants’ complaint …’.
      
       Procedure before the Court of First Instance and the contested judgment
      4       On 11 October 2002, the present appellants brought an action before the Court of First Instance to have the decision at issue
         set aside. They raised three pleas in law in support of their action. First, the Commission made a manifest error of assessment
         in fact and in law, by deciding that the IOC is not an undertaking within the meaning of the Community case-law. Second, it
         misapplied the criteria established by the Court of Justice in Case C-309/99 Wouters and Others [2002] ECR I-1577, in deciding that the anti-doping rules at issue are not a restriction of competition within the meaning
         of Article 81 EC. Finally, the Commission made a manifest error of assessment in fact and in law at point 71 of the decision
         at issue, in rejecting the grounds under Article 49 EC relied upon by the appellants to challenge the anti-doping rules.
      
      5       On 24 January 2003, the Republic of Finland sought leave to intervene in support of the Commission. By order of 25 February
         2003, the President of the Fourth Chamber of the Court of First Instance granted leave.
      
      6       By the contested judgment, the Court of First Instance dismissed the action brought by the present appellants.
      7       In paragraphs 40 and 41 of the contested judgment, the Court of First Instance held, on the basis of case-law of the Court
         of Justice, that while the prohibitions laid down by Articles 39 EC and 49 EC apply to the rules adopted in the field of sport
         that concern the economic aspect which sporting activity can present, on the other hand those prohibitions do not affect purely
         sporting rules, that is to say rules relating to questions of purely sporting interest and, as such, having nothing to do
         with economic activity.
      
      8       The Court of First Instance observed, in paragraph 42 of the contested judgment, that the fact that purely sporting rules
         may have nothing to do with economic activity, with the result that they do not fall within the scope of Articles 39 EC and
         49 EC, means, also, that they have nothing to do with the economic relationships of competition, with the result that they
         also do not fall within the scope of Articles 81 EC and 82 EC.
      
      9       In paragraphs 44 and 47 of the contested judgment, the Court of First Instance held that the prohibition of doping is based
         on purely sporting considerations and therefore has nothing to do with any economic consideration. It concluded that the rules
         to combat doping consequently cannot come within the scope of the Treaty provisions on the economic freedoms and, in particular,
         of Articles 49 EC, 81 EC and 82 EC.
      
      10     The Court of First Instance held, in paragraph 49 of the contested judgment, that the anti-doping rules at issue, which have
         no discriminatory aim, are intimately linked to sport as such. It found furthermore, in paragraph 57 of the contested judgment,
         that the fact that the IOC might possibly, when adopting the anti-doping rules at issue, have had in mind the concern, legitimate
         according to the present appellants themselves, of safeguarding the economic potential of the Olympic Games is not sufficient
         to alter the purely sporting nature of those rules. 
      
      11     The Court of First Instance further stated, in paragraph 66 of the contested judgment, that since the Commission concluded
         in the decision at issue that the anti-doping rules at issue fell outside the scope of Articles 81 EC and 82 EC because of
         their purely sporting nature, the reference in that decision to the method of analysis in Wouters and Others cannot, in any event, bring into question that conclusion. The Court held in addition, in paragraph 67 of the contested judgment,
         that the challenging of those rules fell within the jurisdiction of the sporting dispute settlement bodies.
      
      12     The Court of First Instance also dismissed the third plea put forward by the present appellants, holding, in paragraph 68
         of the contested judgment, that since the anti-doping rules at issue were purely sporting, they did not fall within the scope
         of Article 49 EC.
      
       Forms of order sought on appeal
      13     In their appeal, the appellants claim that the Court should:
      –       set aside the contested judgment;
      –       grant the form of order sought before the Court of First Instance;
      –       order the Commission to pay the costs of both sets of proceedings.
      14     The Commission contends that the Court should:
      –       dismiss the appeal in its entirety;
      –       in the alternative, grant the form of order sought at first instance and dismiss the action for annulment of the decision
         at issue;
      
      –       order the appellants to pay the costs including those of the proceedings at first instance.
      15     The Republic of Finland contends that the Court should:
      –       dismiss the appeal in its entirety.
       The appeal
      16     By their arguments, the appellants put forward four pleas in law in support of their appeal. By the first plea, which is in
         several parts, they submit that the contested judgment is vitiated by an error of law in that the Court of First Instance
         held that the anti-doping rules at issue did not fall within the scope of Articles 49 EC, 81 EC and 82 EC. By the second plea,
         they contend that the contested judgment should be annulled because it distorts the clear sense of the decision at issue.
         By the third plea, they argue that the contested judgment fails to comply with formal requirements because certain of its
         grounds are contradictory and the reasoning is inadequate. By the fourth plea, they submit that the contested judgment was
         delivered following flawed proceedings, since the Court of First Instance infringed the rights of the defence.
      
       The first plea
      17     The first plea, alleging an error of law, is in three parts. The appellants submit, first, that the Court of First Instance
         was mistaken as to the interpretation of the Court of Justice’s case-law relating to the relationship between sporting rules
         and the scope of the Treaty provisions. They submit, second, that the Court of First Instance misconstrued the effect, in
         the light of that case-law, of rules prohibiting doping, generally, and the anti-doping rules at issue, in particular. They
         contend, third, that the Court of First Instance was wrong in holding that the anti-doping rules at issue could not be likened
         to market conduct falling within the scope of Articles 81 EC and 82 EC and therefore could not be subject to the method of
         analysis established by the Court of Justice in Wouters and Others. 
      
       The first part of the plea
      –       Arguments of the parties
      18     In the appellants’ submission, the Court of First Instance misinterpreted the case-law of the Court of Justice according to
         which sport is subject to Community law only in so far as it constitutes an economic activity. In particular, contrary to
         what was held by the Court of First Instance, purely sporting rules have never been excluded generally by the Court of Justice
         from the scope of the provisions of the Treaty. While the Court of Justice has held the formation of national teams to be
         a question of purely sporting interest and, as such, having nothing to do with economic activity, the Court of First Instance
         could not infer therefrom that any rule relating to a question of purely sporting interest has, as such, nothing to do with
         economic activity and thus is not covered by the prohibitions laid down in Articles 39 EC, 49 EC, 81 EC and 82 EC. The concept
         of a purely sporting rule must therefore be confined solely to rules relating to the composition and formation of national
         teams.
      
      19     The appellants further contend that the Court of First Instance was wrong in finding that rules of purely sporting interest
         are necessarily inherent in the organisation and proper conduct of competitive sport, when, according to the case-law of the
         Court of Justice, they must also relate to the particular nature and context of sporting events. The appellants also submit
         that, because professional sporting activity is, in practical terms, indivisible in nature, the distinction drawn by the Court
         of First Instance between the economic and the non-economic aspect of the same sporting activity is entirely artificial.
      
      20     In the Commission’s submission, the Court of First Instance applied correctly the case-law of the Court of Justice according
         to which purely sporting rules are, as such, not covered by the rules on freedom of movement. This does therefore involve
         an exception of general application for purely sporting rules, which is thus not limited to the composition and formation
         of national teams. Nor does the Commission see how a rule of purely sporting interest and relating to the specific nature
         of sporting events could fail to be inherent in the proper conduct of the events.
      
      21     In the Finnish Government’s submission, the Court of First Instance’s approach is consistent with Community law.
      –       Findings of the Court
      22     It is to be remembered that, having regard to the objectives of the Community, sport is subject to Community law in so far
         as it constitutes an economic activity within the meaning of Article 2 EC (see Case 36/74 Walrave and Koch [1974] ECR 1405, paragraph 4; Case 13/76 Donà [1976] ECR 1333, paragraph 12; Case C-415/93 Bosman [1995] ECR I‑4921, paragraph 73; Joined Cases C-51/96 and C-191/97 Deliège [2000] ECR I‑2549, paragraph 41; and Case C-176/96 Lehtonen and Castors Braine [2000] ECR I‑2681, paragraph 32). 
      
      23     Thus, where a sporting activity takes the form of gainful employment or the provision of services for remuneration, which
         is true of the activities of semi-professional or professional sportsmen (see, to this effect, Walrave and Koch, paragraph 5, Donà, paragraph 12, and Bosman, paragraph 73), it falls, more specifically, within the scope of Article 39 EC et seq. or Article 49 EC et seq.
      
      24     These Community provisions on freedom of movement for persons and freedom to provide services not only apply to the action
         of public authorities but extend also to rules of any other nature aimed at regulating gainful employment and the provision
         of services in a collective manner (Deliège, paragraph 47, and Lehtonen and Castors Braine, paragraph 35). 
      
      25     The Court has, however, held that the prohibitions enacted by those provisions of the Treaty do not affect rules concerning
         questions which are of purely sporting interest and, as such, have nothing to do with economic activity (see, to this effect,
         Walrave and Koch, paragraph 8).
      
      26     With regard to the difficulty of severing the economic aspects from the sporting aspects of a sport, the Court has held (in
         Donà, paragraphs 14 and 15) that the provisions of Community law concerning freedom of movement for persons and freedom to provide
         services do not preclude rules or practices justified on non-economic grounds which relate to the particular nature and context
         of certain sporting events. It has stressed, however, that such a restriction on the scope of the provisions in question must
         remain limited to its proper objective. It cannot, therefore, be relied upon to exclude the whole of a sporting activity from
         the scope of the Treaty (Bosman, paragraph 76, and Deliège, paragraph 43).
      
      27     In light of all of these considerations, it is apparent that the mere fact that a rule is purely sporting in nature does not
         have the effect of removing from the scope of the Treaty the person engaging in the activity governed by that rule or the
         body which has laid it down.
      
      28     If the sporting activity in question falls within the scope of the Treaty, the conditions for engaging in it are then subject
         to all the obligations which result from the various provisions of the Treaty. It follows that the rules which govern that
         activity must satisfy the requirements of those provisions, which, in particular, seek to ensure freedom of movement for workers,
         freedom of establishment, freedom to provide services, or competition.
      
      29     Thus, where engagement in the sporting activity must be assessed in the light of the Treaty provisions relating to freedom
         of movement for workers or freedom to provide services, it will be necessary to determine whether the rules which govern that
         activity satisfy the requirements of Articles 39 EC and 49 EC, that is to say do not constitute restrictions prohibited by
         those articles (Deliège, paragraph 60).
      
      30     Likewise, where engagement in the activity must be assessed in the light of the Treaty provisions relating to competition,
         it will be necessary to determine, given the specific requirements of Articles 81 EC and 82 EC, whether the rules which govern
         that activity emanate from an undertaking, whether the latter restricts competition or abuses its dominant position, and whether
         that restriction or that abuse affects trade between Member States.
      
      31     Therefore, even if those rules do not constitute restrictions on freedom of movement because they concern questions of purely
         sporting interest and, as such, have nothing to do with economic activity (Walrave and Koch and Donà), that fact means neither that the sporting activity in question necessarily falls outside the scope of Articles 81 EC and
         82 EC nor that the rules do not satisfy the specific requirements of those articles. 
      
      32     However, in paragraph 42 of the contested judgment, the Court of First Instance held that the fact that purely sporting rules
         may have nothing to do with economic activity, with the result that they do not fall within the scope of Articles 39 EC and
         49 EC, means, also, that they have nothing to do with the economic relationships of competition, with the result that they
         also do not fall within the scope of Articles 81 EC and 82 EC. 
      
      33     In holding that rules could thus be excluded straightaway from the scope of those articles solely on the ground that they
         were regarded as purely sporting with regard to the application of Articles 39 EC and 49 EC, without any need to determine
         first whether the rules fulfilled the specific requirements of Articles 81 EC and 82 EC, as set out in paragraph 30 of the
         present judgment, the Court of First Instance made an error of law.
      
      34     Accordingly, the appellants are justified in asserting that, in paragraph 68 of the contested judgment, the Court of First
         Instance erred in dismissing their application on the ground that the anti-doping rules at issue were subject to neither Article
         49 EC nor competition law. The contested judgment must therefore be set aside, and there is no need to examine either the
         remaining parts of the first plea or the other pleas put forward by the appellants. 
      
       Substance
      35     In accordance with Article 61 of the Statute of the Court of Justice, since the state of the proceedings so permits it is
         appropriate to give judgment on the substance of the appellants’ claims for annulment of the decision at issue.
      
      36     The appellants advanced three pleas in support of their action. They criticised the Commission for having found, first, that
         the IOC was not an undertaking within the meaning of the Community case-law, second, that the anti-doping rules at issue were
         not a restriction of competition within the meaning of Article 81 EC and, finally, that their complaint did not contain facts
         capable of leading to the conclusion that there could have been an infringement of Article 49 EC. 
      
       The first plea
      37     The appellants contend that the Commission was wrong not to treat the IOC as an undertaking for the purposes of application
         of Article 81 EC.
      
      38     It is, however, common ground that, in order to rule on the complaint submitted to it by the appellants in the light of Articles
         81 EC and 82 EC, the Commission sought, as is explicitly made clear in point 37 of the decision at issue, to proceed on the
         basis that the IOC was to be treated as an undertaking and, within the Olympic Movement, as an association of international
         and national associations of undertakings.
      
      39     Since this plea is founded on an incorrect reading of the decision at issue, it is of no consequence and must, for that reason,
         be dismissed.
      
       The second plea
      40     The appellants contend that in rejecting their complaint the Commission wrongly decided that the anti-doping rules at issue
         were not a restriction of competition within the meaning of Article 81 EC. They submit that the Commission misapplied the
         criteria established by the Court of Justice in Woutersand Others in justifying the restrictive effects of the anti-doping rules on their freedom of action. According to the appellants, first,
         those rules are, contrary to the Commission’s findings, in no way solely inherent in the objectives of safeguarding the integrity
         of competitive sport and athletes’ health, but seek to protect the IOC’s own economic interests. Second, in laying down a
         maximum level of 2 ng/ml of urine which does not correspond to any scientifically safe criterion, those rules are excessive
         in nature and thus go beyond what is necessary in order to combat doping effectively.
      
      41     It should be stated first of all that, while the appellants contend that the Commission made a manifest error of assessment
         in treating the overall context in which the IOC adopted the rules at issue like that in which the Netherlands Bar had adopted
         the regulation upon which the Court was called to rule in Wouters and Others, they do not provide any accompanying detail to enable the merits of this submission to be assessed.
      
      42     Next, the compatibility of rules with the Community rules on competition cannot be assessed in the abstract (see, to this
         effect, Case C-250/92 DLG [1994] ECR I‑5641, paragraph 31). Not every agreement between undertakings or every decision of an association of undertakings
         which restricts the freedom of action of the parties or of one of them necessarily falls within the prohibition laid down
         in Article 81(1) EC. For the purposes of application of that provision to a particular case, account must first of all be
         taken of the overall context in which the decision of the association of undertakings was taken or produces its effects and,
         more specifically, of its objectives. It has then to be considered whether the consequential effects restrictive of competition
         are inherent in the pursuit of those objectives (Wouters and Others, paragraph 97) and are proportionate to them. 
      
      43     As regards the overall context in which the rules at issue were adopted, the Commission could rightly take the view that the
         general objective of the rules was, as none of the parties disputes, to combat doping in order for competitive sport to be
         conducted fairly and that it included the need to safeguard equal chances for athletes, athletes’ health, the integrity and
         objectivity of competitive sport and ethical values in sport.
      
      44     In addition, given that penalties are necessary to ensure enforcement of the doping ban, their effect on athletes’ freedom
         of action must be considered to be, in principle, inherent itself in the anti-doping rules. 
      
      45     Therefore, even if the anti-doping rules at issue are to be regarded as a decision of an association of undertakings limiting
         the appellants’ freedom of action, they do not, for all that, necessarily constitute a restriction of competition incompatible
         with the common market, within the meaning of Article 81 EC, since they are justified by a legitimate objective. Such a limitation
         is inherent in the organisation and proper conduct of competitive sport and its very purpose is to ensure healthy rivalry
         between athletes.
      
      46     While the appellants do not dispute the truth of this objective, they nevertheless contend that the anti-doping rules at issue
         are also intended to protect the IOC’s own economic interests and that it is in order to safeguard this objective that excessive
         rules, such as those contested in the present case, are adopted. The latter cannot therefore, in their submission, be regarded
         as inherent in the proper conduct of competitive sport and fall outside the prohibitions in Article 81 EC.
      
      47     It must be acknowledged that the penal nature of the anti-doping rules at issue and the magnitude of the penalties applicable
         if they are breached are capable of producing adverse effects on competition because they could, if penalties were ultimately
         to prove unjustified, result in an athlete’s unwarranted exclusion from sporting events, and thus in impairment of the conditions
         under which the activity at issue is engaged in. It follows that, in order not to be covered by the prohibition laid down
         in Article 81(1) EC, the restrictions thus imposed by those rules must be limited to what is necessary to ensure the proper
         conduct of competitive sport (see, to this effect, DLG, paragraph 35). 
      
      48     Rules of that kind could indeed prove excessive by virtue of, first, the conditions laid down for establishing the dividing
         line between circumstances which amount to doping in respect of which penalties may be imposed and those which do not, and
         second, the severity of those penalties. 
      
      49     Here, that dividing line is determined in the anti-doping rules at issue by the threshold of 2 ng/ml of urine above which
         the presence of Nandrolone in an athlete’s body constitutes doping. The appellants contest that rule, asserting that the threshold
         adopted is set at an excessively low level which is not founded on any scientifically safe criterion.
      
      50     However, the appellants fail to establish that the Commission made a manifest error of assessment in finding that rule to
         be justified.
      
      51     It is common ground that Nandrolone is an anabolic substance the presence of which in athletes’ bodies is liable to improve
         their performance and compromise the fairness of the sporting events in which they participate. The ban on that substance
         is accordingly in principle justified in light of the objective of anti-doping rules. 
      
      52     It is also common ground that that substance may be produced endogenously and that, in order to take account of this phenomenon,
         sporting bodies, including the IOC by means of the anti-doping rules at issue, have accepted that doping is considered to
         have occurred only where the substance is present in an amount exceeding a certain threshold. It is therefore only if, having
         regard to scientific knowledge as it stood when the anti-doping rules at issue were adopted or even when they were applied
         to punish the appellants, in 1999, the threshold is set at such a low level that it should be regarded as not taking sufficient
         account of this phenomenon that those rules should be regarded as not justified in light of the objective which they were
         intended to achieve. 
      
      53     It is apparent from the documents before the Court that at the material time the average endogenous production observed in
         all studies then published was 20 times lower than 2ng/ml of urine and that the maximum endogenous production value observed
         was nearly a third lower. While the appellants contend that, from 1993, the IOC could not have been unaware of the risk reported
         by an expert that merely consuming a limited quantity of boar meat could cause entirely innocent athletes to exceed the threshold
         in question, it is not in any event established that at the material time this risk had been confirmed by the majority of
         the scientific community. Moreover, the results of the studies and the experiments carried out on this point subsequent to
         the decision at issue have no bearing in any event on the legality of that decision. 
      
      54     In those circumstances, and as the appellants do not specify at what level the threshold in question should have been set
         at the material time, it does not appear that the restrictions which that threshold imposes on professional sportsmen go beyond
         what is necessary in order to ensure that sporting events take place and function properly. 
      
      55     Since the appellants have, moreover, not pleaded that the penalties which were applicable and were imposed in the present
         case are excessive, it has not been established that the anti-doping rules at issue are disproportionate. 
      
      56     Accordingly, the second plea must be dismissed.
       The third plea
      57     The appellants contend that the decision at issue is vitiated by an error of law in that it rejects, at point 71, their argument
         that the IOC rules infringe Article 49 EC.
      
      58     However, the application made by the appellants to the Court of First Instance relates to the legality of a decision adopted
         by the Commission following a procedure which was conducted on the basis of a complaint lodged pursuant to Council Regulation
         No 17 of 6 February 1962: First Regulation implementing Articles [81] and [82] of the Treaty (OJ, English Special Edition
         1959-1962, p. 87). It follows that judicial review of that decision must necessarily be limited to the competition rules as
         resulting from Articles 81 EC and 82 EC, and consequently cannot extend to compliance with other provisions of the Treaty
         (see, to this effect, the order of 23 February 2006 in Case C-171/05 P Piau, not published in the ECR, paragraph 58).
      
      59     Accordingly, whatever the ground on which the Commission rejected the argument relied upon by the appellants with regard to
         Article 49 EC, the plea which they now put forward is misplaced and must accordingly also be rejected.
      
      60     In light of all the foregoing considerations, the action brought by the appellants challenging the decision at issue must
         therefore be dismissed.
      
       Costs
      61     The first paragraph of Article 122 of the Rules of Procedure provides that, where the appeal is unfounded or where the appeal
         is well founded and the Court of Justice itself gives final judgment in the case, it is to make a decision as to costs. Under
         Article 69(2) of the Rules of Procedure, which applies to appeal proceedings by virtue of Article 118 of those rules, the
         unsuccessful party is to be ordered to pay the costs if they have been applied for in the successful party’s pleadings. The
         first subparagraph of Article 69(3) of the rules provides, however, that the Court may order that the costs be shared or that
         the parties bear their own costs where each party succeeds on some and fails on other heads, or where the circumstances are
         exceptional. The first subparagraph of Article 69(4) lays down that Member States which intervene in the proceedings are to
         bear their own costs. 
      
      62     Since the Commission has applied for costs to be awarded against the appellants and the latter have in essence been unsuccessful,
         they must be ordered to pay the costs relating both to the present proceedings and to the proceedings brought before the Court
         of First Instance. The Republic of Finland is to be ordered to bear its own costs.
      
      On those grounds, the Court (Third Chamber) hereby:
      1.      Sets aside the judgment of the Court of First Instance of the European Communities of 30 September 2004 in Case T-313/02 Meca-Medina and Majcen v Commission;
      2.      Dismisses the action under No T-313/02 brought before the Court of First Instance for annulment of the Commission’s decision
            of 1 August 2002 rejecting the complaint lodged by Mr Meca-Medina and Mr Majcen;
      3.      Orders Mr Meca-Medina and Mr Majcen to pay the costs relating both to the present proceedings and to the proceedings brought
            before the Court of First Instance;
      4.      Orders the Republic of Finland to bear its own costs.
      [Signatures]
      * Language of the case: French.