CELEX: 62007TJ0240
Language: en
Date: 2011-06-16
Title: Judgment of the General Court (Sixth Chamber, extended composition) of 16 June 2011.#Heineken Nederland BV and Heineken NV v European Commission.#Competition - Agreements, decisions and concerted practices - Netherlands beer market - Decision finding an infringement of Article 81 EC - Proof of the infringement - Access to the file - Fines - Principle of equal treatment - Reasonable period.#Case T-240/07.

Case T-240/07
      Heineken Nederland BV and
      Heineken NV
      v
      European Commission
      (Competition – Agreements, decisions and concerted practices – Dutch beer market – Decision finding an infringement of Article 81 EC – Evidence of the infringement – Access to the file – Fines – Principle of equal treatment – Reasonable time)
      Summary of the Judgment
      1.      Competition – Agreements, decisions and concerted practices – Agreements between undertakings – Concept – Joint intention
            as to the conduct to be adopted on the market
      (Art. 81(1) EC)
      2.      Competition – Agreements, decisions and concerted practices – Concerted practice – Concept – Contact incompatible with the
            obligation for each undertaking to determine independently its conduct on the market – Exchange of information – Presumption
            – Conditions
      (Art. 81(1) EC)
      3.      Competition – Administrative procedure – Commission decision finding an infringement – Means of proof – Reliance on a body
            of evidence
      (Art. 81(1) EC)
      4.      Competition – Administrative procedure – Commission decision finding an infringement – Means of proof – Documentary proof
      (Art. 81(1) EC)
      5.      Community law – Principles – Fundamental rights – Presumption of innocence – Procedure in competition matters – Applicability
      (Art. 81(1) EC)
      6.      Competition – Administrative procedure – Commission decision finding an infringement – Use as evidence of statements submitted
            in the context of the Leniency Notice by other undertakings which participated in the infringement – Whether permissible –
            Conditions
      (Arts 81 EC and 82 EC)
      7.      Competition – Agreements, decisions and concerted practices – Agreements between undertakings – Burden of proving the infringement
            borne by the Commission – Limits
      (Art. 81(1) EC)
      8.      Competition – Agreements, decisions and concerted practices – Concerted practice – Adverse effect on competition – Criteria
            for assessment – Anti-competitive object – Sufficient
      (Art. 81(1) EC)
      9.      Competition – Administrative procedure – Commission decision finding an infringement – Burden of proving the infringement
            and its duration on the Commission – Probative value of evidence provided voluntarily against an undertaking by the main participants
            in an unlawful agreement in order to benefit from the application of the Leniency Notice
      (Art. 81(1) EC; Commission Notice 96/C 207/04)
      10.    Competition – Agreements, decisions and concerted practices – Complex infringement comprising elements both of an agreement
            and of a concerted practice – Classified singly as an ‘agreement and/or concerted practice’ – Whether permissible
      (Art. 81(1) EC)
      11.    Competition – Agreements, decisions and concerted practices – Participation in meetings having an anti-competitive object
      (Art. 81(1) EC)
      12.    Competition – Administrative procedure – Observance of the rights of the defence – Access to the file – Scope – Refusal to
            communicate a document – Consequences – Need to draw a distinction, in relation to the burden of proof borne by the undertaking
            concerned, between incriminating and exculpatory documents
      (Council Regulation No 1/2003, Art. 27(2))
      13.    Competition – Administrative procedure – Access to the file – Documents not contained in the investigation file and not retained
            by the Commission to be used as evidence – Documents capable of assisting the defence of the parties
      (Arts 81(1) EC and 82 EC; EEA Agreement, Arts 53, 54 and 57; Council Regulation No 139/2004; Commission Notice 2005/C 325/07,
            Section 27)
      14.    Competition – Administrative procedure – Observance of the rights of the defence – Incriminating document – Concept
      (Council Regulation No 1/2003, Art. 27(2))
      15.    Competition – Administrative procedure – Commission decision finding an infringement – Duty of the Commission to examine carefully
            and impartially all the relevant aspects of the individual case
      16.    Competition – Administrative procedure – Commission’s premature display of its belief as to the existence of an infringement
      17.    Competition – Administrative procedure – Obligations of the Commission – Duty to act within a reasonable time – Criteria for
            assessment – Infringement – Consequences
      (Council Regulation No 1/2003)
      18.    Competition – Administrative procedure – Request for information – General duty of care attaching to undertakings or associations
            of undertakings
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 11)
      19.    Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Commission’s margin of discretion – Limits – Compliance with the Guidelines
            adopted by the Commission – Judicial review
      (Art. 81 EC; Council Regulation No 1/2003, Art. 23(2); Commission Notice 98/C 9/03)
      20.    Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Criteria – Gravity of the infringement – Actual impact on the market taken
            into account – Scope
      (Art. 81 EC; Council Regulation No 1/2003, Art. 23(2); Commission Notice 98/C 9/03, Section 1A)
      21.    Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Criteria – Gravity of the infringement – Consideration of effects on a specific
            geographic area – Scope
      (Art. 81 EC; Council Regulation No 1/2003, Art. 23(2); Commission Notice 98/C 9/03)
      22.    Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Criteria – Gravity of the infringement – Discretion of the Commission
      (Council Regulations No 17 and No 1/2003; Commission Notice 98/C 9/03)
      23.    Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Division of the undertakings concerned into different categories – Conditions
      (Commission Notice 98/C 9/03, Section 1A, sixth para.)
      24.    Competition – Fines – Decision imposing fines – Obligation to state the reasons on which the decision is based – Scope – Indication
            of the factors which enabled the Commission to determine the gravity of the infringement – Sufficient indication
      (Art. 253 EC; Council Regulation No 1/2003, Art. 23(2) and (3))
      25.    Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Deterrent effect – Criteria for appraising the deterrent
      (Commission Notice 98/C 9/03, Section 1A, fourth para.)
      26.    Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Deterrent effect – Discretion of the Commission
      (Council Regulation No 1/2003, Art. 23(2) and (3); Commission Notice 98/C 9/03, Section 1A, fourth para.)
      27.    Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Criteria – Gravity of the infringement – Mitigating circumstances – Termination
            of the infringement as soon as the Commission intervenes – Scope
      (Art. 81(1) EC; Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2); Commission Notice 98/C 9/03, Section 3)
      28.    Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Criteria – Gravity of the infringement – Mitigating circumstances – Non-implementation
            in practice of the unlawful agreements
      (Art. 81(1) EC; Commission Notice 98/C 9/03, Section 3)
      29.    Competition – Community rules – Infringements – Fines – Determination – Criteria – Raising of the general level of fines –
            Whether permissible – Conditions
      (Article 81 EC; Council Regulation No 1/2003)
      30.    Competition – Administrative procedure – Obligations of the Commission – Duty to act within a reasonable time – Infringement
            – Consequences – Equitable reduction in the amount of the fine
      (Arts 81 EC and 288, second para., EC)
      1.      In order for there to be an agreement within the meaning of Article 81(1) EC, it is sufficient that the undertakings in question
         should have expressed their joint intention to conduct themselves on the market in a specific way. An agreement within the
         meaning of Article 81(1) EC can be regarded as having been concluded where there is a concurrence of wills on the very principle
         of a restriction of competition, even if the specific features of the restriction envisaged are still under negotiation.
      
      The existence of an agreement within the meaning of Article 81 EC is not called into question either by the fact that the
         consensus between the brewers does not extend to the specific arrangements for implementing a price increase or the fact that
         that increase never actually took place on the market.
      
      (see paras 44-45, 183)
      2.      The concept of a concerted practice refers to a form of coordination between undertakings which, without being taken to the
         stage where an agreement properly so-called has been concluded, knowingly substitutes for the risks of competition practical
         cooperation between them.
      
      In this respect, Article 81(1) EC precludes any direct or indirect contact between economic operators of such a kind as either
         to influence the conduct on the market of an actual or potential competitor or to reveal to such a competitor the conduct
         which the operator concerned has decided to follow itself or contemplates adopting on the market, where the object or effect
         of those contacts is to restrict competition.
      
      In this regard, subject to proof to the contrary, which the economic operators concerned must adduce, the presumption must
         be that the undertakings taking part in the concerted action and remaining active on the market take account of the information
         exchanged with their competitors for the purposes of determining their conduct on that market. That will be all the more true
         where the undertakings concert together on a regular basis over a long period.
      
      (see paras 46-47, 186)
      3.      As regards establishing an infringement of Article 81(1) EC, the Commission must prove the infringements which it has found
         and adduce evidence capable of demonstrating to the requisite legal standard the existence of the facts constituting an infringement.
         Thus, the Commission must produce sufficiently precise and consistent evidence to establish the existence of the infringement.
      
      However, it is important to emphasise that it is not necessary for every item of evidence produced by the Commission to satisfy
         those criteria in relation to every aspect of the infringement. It is sufficient if the body of evidence relied on by the
         institution, viewed as a whole, meets that requirement.
      
      As anti-competitive agreements are known to be prohibited, the Commission cannot be required to produce documents expressly
         attesting to contacts between the operators concerned. The fragmentary and sporadic items of evidence which may be available
         to the Commission should, in any event, be capable of being supplemented by inferences which allow the relevant circumstances
         to be reconstituted. The existence of an anti-competitive practice or agreement may therefore be inferred from a number of
         coincidences and indicia which, taken together, may, in the absence of another plausible explanation, constitute evidence
         of an infringement of the competition rules.
      
      (see paras 48-51)
      4.      Where the Commission has relied on documentary evidence in support of its finding of the existence of an anti-competitive
         agreement or practice, the burden is on the parties who are contesting that finding before the Court not only to put forward
         a plausible alternative to the Commission’s view but also to allege that the evidence relied on in the contested decision
         to establish the existence of the infringement is insufficient.
      
      (see para. 52)
      5.      As regards the scope of review by the Court, where the Court is faced with an application for the annulment of a decision
         applying Article 81(1) EC, it must undertake in a general manner a comprehensive review of the question whether or not the
         conditions for the application of Article 81(1) EC are met.
      
      Any doubt of the Court must benefit the undertaking to which the decision finding an infringement was addressed, in accordance
         with the principle of the presumption of innocence, which, as a general principle of EU law, applies in particular to the
         procedures relating to infringements of the competition rules applicable to undertakings that may result in the imposition
         of fines or periodic penalty payments.
      
      (see paras 53-54)
      6.      There is no provision or general principle of EU law that prohibits the Commission from relying, as against an undertaking,
         on statements made by other incriminated undertakings. If that were not the case, the burden of proving conduct contrary to
         Articles 81 EC and 82 EC, which is borne by the Commission, would be unsustainable and incompatible with the task of supervising
         the proper application of those provisions which is entrusted to it by the EC Treaty.
      
      Admittedly, an admission by one undertaking accused of having participated in a cartel, the accuracy of which is contested
         by several other undertakings similarly accused, cannot be regarded as constituting adequate proof of an infringement committed
         by the latter unless it is supported by other evidence. Such a statement can thus not suffice, in itself, to establish the
         existence of an infringement but must be corroborated by other evidence. Nevertheless, the degree of corroboration required
         in this case is lesser, in terms both of precision and of depth, in the case of a statement that is of high reliability than
         in the case of a statement that is not particularly credible. 
      
      Thus, if it were to be held that a body of consistent evidence corroborated the existence and certain specific aspects of
         the practices mentioned in such a particularly reliable statement, that statement might be sufficient in itself, in such a
         case, to constitute evidence of other aspects of the Commission decision.
      
      Moreover, provided that a document does not manifestly contradict the statement as to the existence or the essential content
         of the practices in question, the fact that it provides evidence of significant elements of the practices which it described
         is sufficient to endow it with a certain value within the body of inculpatory evidence.
      
      (see paras 70, 92-94)
      7.      The Commission often has to prove the existence of an infringement under conditions which are hardly conducive to that task,
         in that several years may have elapsed since the time of the events constituting the infringement and a number of the undertakings
         covered by the investigation have not actively cooperated therein.
      
      Whilst it is necessarily incumbent upon the Commission to establish that an illegal market-sharing agreement was concluded,
         it would be excessive also to require it to produce evidence of the specific mechanism by which that object was attained.
         It would be too easy for an undertaking guilty of an infringement to escape any penalty if it was entitled to base its argument
         on the vagueness of the information produced regarding the operation of an illegal agreement in circumstances in which the
         existence and anti-competitive purpose of the agreement had nevertheless been sufficiently established. Undertakings are able
         properly to defend themselves in such circumstances provided that they have an opportunity to comment on all the evidence
         relied on against them by the Commission.
      
      (see para. 78)
      8.      It follows from the actual text of Article 81 EC that agreements and concerted practices between undertakings are prohibited,
         regardless of their effect on the market, when they have an anti-competitive object. Thus, where the Commission has established
         the existence of agreements and concerted practices which have an anti-competitive object, this finding cannot be refuted
         by information relating to the non-application of collusive arrangements or the absence of any effect on the market.
      
      (see paras 79-80)
      9.      Even if some caution as to evidence provided voluntarily by the main participants in an unlawful agreement is generally called
         for, considering the possibility that they might tend to play down the importance of their contribution to the infringement
         and maximise that of others, the fact of seeking to benefit from the application of the Leniency Notice in order to obtain
         a reduction of the fine does not necessarily create an incentive for the other participants in the cartel to submit distorted
         evidence. Any attempt to mislead the Commission could call into question the sincerity and the completeness of the cooperation
         of the person seeking to benefit, and thereby jeopardise his chances of benefiting fully under the Leniency Notice.
      
      (see para. 91)
      10.    Given such a complex factual situation, the dual characterisation by the Commission of anti-competitive conduct as ‘a complex
         of agreements and/or practices’, inasmuch as that conduct includes both elements that must be classified as ‘agreements’ and
         elements that must be classified as ‘concerted practices’, must be understood not as requiring, simultaneously and cumulatively,
         proof that each of those factual elements presents the constituent elements both of an agreement and of a concerted practice,
         but rather as referring to a complex whole comprising a number of factual elements some of which were characterised as agreements
         and others as concerted practices for the purposes of Article 81 EC, which lays down no specific category for a complex infringement
         of this type.
      
      (see para. 191)
      11.    Where an undertaking has, even without playing an active role, attended a meeting during which unlawful concerted action has
         been mooted, it is deemed to have participated in that concerted action unless it proves that it openly distanced itself from
         it or informed the other participants that it intended to take part in that meeting in a spirit that was different from theirs.
      
      (see para. 195)
      12.    The right of access to the file, which is a corollary of the principle of respect for the rights of the defence, means that
         the Commission must provide the undertaking concerned with the opportunity to examine all the documents in the investigation
         file that may be relevant for its defence. Those documents include both incriminating and exculpatory evidence, save where
         the business secrets of other undertakings, the internal documents of the Commission or other confidential information are
         involved.
      
      As regards incriminating evidence, the failure to communicate a document constitutes a breach of the rights of the defence
         only if the undertaking concerned shows, first, that the Commission relied on that document to support its objection concerning
         the existence of an infringement and, second, that the objection could be proved only by reference to that document. It is
         thus for the undertaking concerned to show that the result at which the Commission arrived in its decision would have been
         different if that uncommunicated document had to be disallowed as evidence.
      
      By contrast, where an exculpatory document has not been communicated, the undertaking concerned must only establish that its
         non-disclosure was able to influence, to its disadvantage, the course of the proceedings and the content of the Commission’s
         decision. It is sufficient for the undertaking to show that it would have been able to use the exculpatory documents in its
         defence, demonstrating inter alia that it would have been able to put forward evidence which did not agree with the findings
         made by the Commission at the stage of the statement of objections and would therefore have been able to have some influence
         on the assessment in the decision.
      
      (see paras 235-238)
      13.    The statement of objections is a document whose aim is to delimit the scope of the procedure initiated against an undertaking
         and to ensure that the rights of the defence may be exercised effectively. It is from that aspect that the statement of objections
         is subject to procedural safeguards, pursuant to the principle of respect for the rights of the defence, one of which is the
         right of access to documents in the Commission’s file.
      
      The replies to the statement of objections are not part of the investigation file proper. Since they are documents which are
         not part of the file compiled at the time of notification of the statement of objections, the Commission is required to disclose
         those replies to other parties involved only if it transpires that they contain new incriminating or exculpatory evidence.
         Similarly, under paragraph 27 of the Commission notice on the rules for access to the Commission file in cases pursuant to
         Articles 81 EC and 82 EC, Articles 53, 54 and 57 of the EEA Agreement and Regulation No 139/2004, as a general rule, the parties
         do not have access to the replies to the statement of objections of the other parties involved in the investigation. A party
         is granted access to such documents only where they may constitute new evidence, whether of an incriminating or of an exculpatory
         nature, pertaining to the allegations concerning that party in the Commission’s statement of objections.
      
      In this respect, concerning, first, new incriminating evidence, it is settled case-law that, if the Commission wishes to rely
         on evidence from a reply to a statement of objections in order to prove the existence of an infringement, the other undertakings
         involved in that proceeding must be placed in a position in which they can express their views on such new evidence.
      
      On the other hand, as regards new exculpatory evidence, the Commission is not obliged to make it available of its own initiative.
         If, during the administrative procedure, the Commission has rejected an applicant’s request for access to documents which
         are not in the investigation file, an infringement of the rights of the defence may be found only if it is proved that the
         outcome of the administrative procedure might have been different if the applicant had had access to the documents in question
         during that procedure.
      
      (see paras 239-244, 253)
      14.    A document cannot be regarded as an inculpatory document unless it is used by the Commission in support of its finding of
         an infringement by an undertaking.
      
      In order to establish a breach of its rights of defence, it is not sufficient for the undertaking in question to show that
         it was not able to express its views during the administrative procedure on a document used in a given part of the contested
         decision. It must demonstrate that the Commission used that document in the contested decision as further evidence of an infringement
         in which the undertaking participated.
      
      (see para. 245)
      15.    The rights guaranteed by the EU legal order in administrative procedures include, in particular, the duty of the competent
         institution to examine carefully and impartially all the relevant aspects of the individual case.
      
      (see para. 268)
      16.    The existence of an infringement must be assessed having regard only to the evidence gathered by the Commission. Where the
         substance of an infringement is actually established at the end of the administrative procedure, evidence of a premature manifestation
         by the Commission, during that procedure, of its conviction that the infringement exists is not of such a kind as to deprive
         the actual evidence of the infringement itself of its reality.
      
      (see para. 278)
      17.    Compliance with the reasonable time requirement in the conduct of administrative procedures relating to competition policy
         constitutes a general principle of EU law whose observance the EU judicature ensures.
      
      For the purposes of the application of that principle, a distinction must be drawn between the two stages of the administrative
         procedure, namely the investigation stage preceding the statement of objections and the stage corresponding to the remainder
         of the administrative procedure. The first stage, covering the period up to notification of the statement of objections, begins
         on the date on which the Commission, under the powers conferred by the legislature, takes measures which imply an accusation
         of an infringement and must enable the Commission to adopt a position on the course which the procedure is to follow. The
         second stage covers the period from notification of the statement of objections to adoption of the final decision. It must
         enable the Commission to reach a final decision on the infringement alleged.
      
      A period of 65 months of the first stage of the procedure, in the absence of further explanation or information from the Commission
         regarding the measures of inquiry undertaken during that period, must be regarded as excessive. However, a finding that there
         has been a breach of the reasonable time principle may result in the annulment of a decision establishing an infringement
         only where the length of the proceedings affected their outcome.
      
      (see paras 286-288, 290, 292, 295)
      18.    By virtue of a general duty of care attaching to any undertaking or association of undertakings, the applicants are required
         to ensure the proper maintenance of records in their books or files of information enabling details of their activities to
         be retrieved, in order, in particular, to make the necessary evidence available in the event of legal or administrative proceedings.
      
      When an undertaking receives requests for information from the Commission under Article 11 of Regulation No 17, it is a fortiori
         incumbent on it to act with greater diligence and to take all appropriate measures in order to preserve such evidence as might
         reasonably be available to them.
      
      (see para. 301)
      19.    The Commission enjoys a broad discretion as regards the method for calculating fines. That method, set out in the Guidelines
         on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 and Article 65(5) of the ECSC Treaty,
         displays flexibility in a number of ways, enabling the Commission to exercise its discretion in accordance with Regulation
         No 1/2003 on the implementation of the rules on competition laid down in Articles 81 EC and 82 EC.
      
      In addition, in areas such as determining the amount of a fine under Regulation No 1/2003, where the Commission has such a
         discretion, review of the legality of its assessments is limited to determining the absence of manifest error of assessment.
         The discretion enjoyed by the Commission and the limits which it has imposed in that regard have no bearing, however, on the
         exercise by the EU judicature of its unlimited jurisdiction, which empowers it to annul, reduce or increase the fine imposed
         by the Commission.
      
      (see paras 308-310)
      20.    The gravity of an infringement is assessed in the light of numerous factors, such as the particular circumstances of the case,
         its context and the deterrent effect of fines, in respect of which the Commission has a margin of discretion.
      
      In particular, according to the first paragraph of Section 1.A of the Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant
         to Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 and Article 65(5) ECSC Treaty, in assessing the gravity of the infringement, account
         must be taken of its nature, its actual impact on the market, where this can be measured, and the size of the relevant geographic
         market. In the exercise of its unlimited jurisdiction, the Court must consider whether the amount of the fine imposed is proportionate
         to the gravity of the infringement and must weigh the seriousness of the infringement with the circumstances invoked by the
         undertaking.
      
      Very serious infringements within the meaning of the third indent of the second paragraph of Section 1.A of the Guidelines
         are generally ‘horizontal restrictions such as price cartels and market‑sharing quotas’. Cartels of this kind constitute one
         of the most serious forms of damage to competition, in that their aim is quite simply to eliminate competition between the
         undertakings which implement them, and therefore run counter to the fundamental objectives of the EU. Furthermore, the Commission
         may classify horizontal price or market‑sharing cartels as very serious infringements solely on account of their nature, without
         being required to demonstrate an actual impact of the infringement on the market.
      
      While the existence of an actual impact of the infringement on the market is a factor to be taken into account in assessing
         the gravity of the infringement, it is one of a number of criteria, such as the nature of the infringement and the size of
         the geographic market. Likewise, it is apparent from the first paragraph of Section 1.A of the Guidelines that that impact
         is to be taken into account only where this can be measured.
      
      (see paras 314-316, 319-320, 324-325)
      21.    The entire territory of a Member State constitutes a substantial part of the common market. Infringements such as agreements
         or concerted practices involving in particular price fixing or market sharing may be classified as very serious on the basis
         of their nature alone, it not being necessary for such conduct to cover a particular geographic area.
      
      This conclusion is further confirmed by the fact that, while the indicative description of serious infringements in the Guidelines
         on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 and Article 65(5) of the ECSC Treaty
         mentions that these will more often than not be horizontal or vertical restrictions but more rigorously applied, with a wider
         market impact, and with effects in extensive areas of the common market, the description of very serious infringements makes,
         by contrast, no mention of a requirement that there be a specific impact on the market or that there be effects in a particular
         geographic area.
      
      Accordingly, the fact that the size of the geographic market in question has a national dimension does not, in any event,
         preclude categorisation of the infringement as very serious. The size of the relevant product market is not, in principle,
         a factor that must necessarily be taken into account but simply one relevant factor among others in assessing the gravity
         of the infringement and fixing the amount of the fine.
      
      (see paras 337, 339-342)
      22.    The Commission, pursuant to Regulation No 17 and Regulation No 1/2003 on the implementation of the rules on competition laid
         down in Articles 81 EC and 82 EC, has a margin of discretion when fixing the amount of fines, in order that it may direct
         the conduct of undertakings towards compliance with the competition rules and that it may at any time adjust the level of
         fines to the needs of that policy.
      
      The Commission’s practice in previous decisions does not itself serve as a legal framework for the fines imposed in competition
         matters. Decisions in other cases can give only an indication for the purpose of determining whether there is discrimination,
         since the facts of those cases, such as markets, products, the undertakings and periods concerned, are not likely to be the
         same.
      
      The Commission assesses the gravity of infringements by reference to numerous factors, which are not based on a binding or
         exhaustive list of the criteria which must be applied. Nor is it bound to apply a precise mathematical formula, either for
         the total amount of the fine or where it is broken down into different elements. In these circumstances, a direct comparison
         of the fines imposed on the addressees of the two decisions concerning distinct infringements is likely to distort the specific
         functions performed by the different stages in the calculation of a fine. The final amounts of the fines reflect the specific
         circumstances of each cartel.
      
      (see paras 345, 347, 350-351)
      23.    According to the sixth paragraph of Section 1.A of the Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article
         15(2) of Regulation No 17 and Article 65(5) of the ECSC Treaty, for an infringement of a certain gravity, where an infringement
         involves several undertakings, such as cartels, it may be necessary to apply weightings to the starting amount in order to
         establish a specific starting amount which takes account of the specific weight and, therefore, the real impact of the offending
         conduct of each undertaking on competition, particularly where there is considerable disparity between the sizes of the undertakings
         committing infringements of the same type.
      
      Consideration of the specific weight and, therefore, the real impact of the offending conduct of each undertaking on competition
         concerns the division of the members of a cartel into categories, in the light of their size on the market during the reference
         period, and does not mean that the impact on the market of the infringement taken as a whole must be taken into consideration.
      
      The application of differential treatment on the basis of that provision does not require the actual impact of the infringement
         on the market to be taken into consideration.
      
      (see paras 356-358)
      24.    The essential procedural requirement to state reasons for the method of calculation of the fine is satisfied, according to
         settled case-law, where the Commission indicates in its decision the factors which enabled it to determine the gravity and
         duration of the infringement.
      
      In the statement of reasons explaining the increase in the level of the fine, the Commission is not required to indicate the
         figures which guided, in particular as regards the deterrent effect sought, the manner in which it exercised its discretion.
      
      (see paras 360, 375)
      25.    In order to determine the amount of the fine, the Commission must ensure its deterrent effect.
      
      In this respect, the Commission may inter alia take into consideration the size and the economic power of the undertaking
         in question.
      
      Similarly, the fourth paragraph of Section 1.A of the Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article
         15(2) of Regulation No 17 and Article 65(5) of the ECSC Treaty provides that it is also necessary to take account of the effective
         economic capacity of offenders to cause significant damage to other operators, in particular consumers, and to set the fine
         at a level which ensures that it has a sufficiently deterrent effect.
      
      The Commission has a margin of discretion when fixing the amount of fines, in order that it may direct the conduct of undertakings
         towards compliance with the competition rules. The fact that the Commission, in the past, imposed fines of a certain level
         for certain types of infringement does not mean that it is precluded from raising that level, at any time, to ensure the implementation
         of competition policy and to strengthen the deterrent effect of fines.
      
      (see paras 367-369, 372)
      26.    Legal certainty is a general principle of EU law which requires in particular that rules involving negative consequences for
         individuals should be clear and precise and their application predictable for those subject to them.
      
      The corollary of this principle is the principle that penalties must have a proper legal basis, which requires that offences
         and the relevant penalties must be clearly defined by law.
      
      Although Article 23(2) and (3) of Regulation No 1/2003 on the implementation of the rules on competition laid down in Articles
         81 EC and 82 EC leave the Commission a wide discretion, they nevertheless limit the exercise of that discretion by establishing
         objective criteria to which it must adhere.
      
      Thus, first, the amount of the fine that may be imposed is subject to a quantifiable and absolute ceiling, so that the maximum
         amount of the fine that can be imposed on a given undertaking can be determined in advance.
      
      Second, the exercise of that discretion is also limited by rules which the Commission has imposed upon itself in the Guidelines
         on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 and Article 65(5) of the ECSC Treaty,
         and the Commission’s administrative practice is fully subject to review by the Courts of the EU.
      
      A prudent operator, if need be by taking legal advice, can foresee in a sufficiently precise manner the method and order of
         magnitude of the fines which he incurs for a given line of conduct, and the fact that the operator cannot know in advance
         precisely the level of the fines which the Commission will impose in each individual case cannot constitute a breach of the
         principle that penalties must have a proper legal basis. In addition, undertakings involved in an administrative procedure
         in which fines may be imposed must take account of the possibility that the Commission may decide at any time to raise the
         level of the fines by reference to that applied in the past. The fact that the Commission could at any time review the general
         level of fines when implementing another competition policy is therefore reasonably foreseeable for the undertakings involved.
      
      (see paras 383-386)
      27.    Under Section 3 of the Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 and
         Article 65(5) of the ECSC Treaty, the basic amount of the fine set by the Commission is to be reduced when, for example, the
         undertaking which is the subject of the complaint terminates the infringement as soon as the Commission intervenes.
      
      The grant of such a reduction of the basic amount of the fine is linked to the circumstances of the particular case, which
         may lead the Commission not to grant that reduction to an undertaking which is party to an unlawful agreement. In particular,
         to recognise a mitigating circumstance in situations where an undertaking is party to a manifestly unlawful agreement which
         it knew or could not be unaware constituted an infringement could encourage undertakings to continue a secret agreement as
         long as possible, in the hope that their conduct would never be discovered, while knowing that if it were discovered they
         could expect, by then curtailing the infringement, their fine to be reduced.
      
      Such a recognition would deprive the fine imposed of any deterrent effect and would undermine the effectiveness of Article
         81(1) EC. It is an attenuating circumstance which, with a view to the effectiveness of Article 81(1) EC, must be given a strict
         interpretation, and only the particular circumstances of the specific case can warrant it being taken into account.
      
      In particular, the fact that an intentional infringement was terminated cannot be regarded as a mitigating circumstance where
         it was terminated as a result of the Commission’s intervention.
      
      The mere fact that the Commission has found in its previous decisions that certain factors constituted mitigating circumstances
         for the purpose of setting the fine does not mean that it is obliged to do so also in a subsequent decision.
      
      (see paras 394-397, 401)
      28.    Although the fact that an undertaking does not act on unlawful arrangements is not capable in itself of excluding its liability,
         it is nevertheless a circumstance which must be taken into account, as a mitigating circumstance, in the determination of
         the amount of the fine.
      
      (see para. 409)
      29.    The fact that the Commission, in the past, imposed fines of a certain level for certain types of infringement does not mean
         that it is precluded from raising that level within the limits indicated in Regulation No 1/2003 on the implementation of
         the rules on competition laid down in Articles 81 EC and 82 EC if that is necessary to ensure the implementation of competition
         policy. On the contrary, the proper application of the competition rules requires that the Commission may at any time adjust
         the level of fines to the needs of that policy.
      
      An undertaking cannot validly claim that its penalty could have been lower if the Commission had concluded the administrative
         procedure earlier, since it increased the general level of penalties in the course of the administrative procedure.
      
      In the light of the foregoing, the length of the administrative procedure, although excessive, cannot be regarded as having
         an effect on the content of the contested decision simply because the Commission increased the level of fines in the meantime.
      
      (see paras 418-420)
      30.    A procedural irregularity, even though it is not capable of resulting in the annulment of the decision, may justify a reduction
         of the fine. Failure to adjudicate within a reasonable time can justify the Commission’s decision to make an equitable reduction
         in the amount of a fine, the possibility of granting such a reduction falling within the scope of the Commission’s powers.
         The exercise of that power by the Commission does not prevent the Court, in the exercise of its unlimited jurisdiction, granting
         a further reduction of the amount of the fine.
      
      The purpose of reducing the fine is to rectify the breach of the reasonable time principle and it must therefore be determined
         at an appropriate level having regard to the fine imposed on the undertaking. Nevertheless, that reduction is made on an equitable
         basis and does not have to be preceded by an examination of the conditions for the non‑contractual liability of the European
         Union within the meaning of the second paragraph of Article 288 EC.
      
      (see paras 425-426, 428, 432)
JUDGMENT OF THE GENERAL COURT (Sixth Chamber, Extended Composition)
      16 June 2011 (*)
      
      (Competition – Agreements, decisions and concerted practices – Dutch beer market – Decision finding an infringement of Article 81 EC – Evidence of the infringement – Access to the file – Fines – Principle of equal treatment – Reasonable time)
      In Case T-240/07,
      Heineken Nederland BV, established in Zoeterwoude (Netherlands),
      
      Heineken NV, established in Amsterdam (Netherlands),
      
      represented by T. Ottervanger and M. de Jong, lawyers,
      applicants,
      v
      European Commission, represented initially by A. Bouquet, S. Noë and A. Nijenhuis, and subsequently by A. Bouquet and S. Noë, acting as Agents,
         and by M. Slotboom, lawyer,
      
      defendant,
      APPLICATION for partial annulment of Commission Decision C (2007) 1697 of 18 April 2007 relating to a proceeding under Article 81
         [EC] (Case COMP/B/37.766 – Dutch beer market) and, in the alternative, for reduction of the fine imposed on the applicants,
      
      THE GENERAL COURT (Sixth Chamber, Extended Composition),
      composed of V. Vadapalas (Rapporteur), acting for the President, A. Dittrich and L. Truchot, Judges,
      Registrar: J. Plingers, Administrator,
      having regard to the written procedure and further to the hearing on 25 March 2010,
      gives the following
      Judgment
       Facts
      1        The applicants, Heineken Nederland BV and Heineken NV, are members of the Heineken group (‘Heineken’), whose business is to
         produce and market beer. Heineken NV is responsible for management of the group, whilst Heineken Nederland is a beer production
         company. Heineken NV, through its wholly-owned subsidiary, Heineken Nederlands Beheer BV, holds all the shares in Heineken
         Nederland.
      
      2        Heineken is one of the four main operators on the Dutch beer market. The other leading brewers on that market are, first,
         the InBev group (‘InBev’), which, prior to 2004, was known under the name Interbrew, which is managed by InBev NV and whose
         production is the responsibility of the subsidiary InBev Nederland NV, second, the Grolsch group (‘Grolsch’), which is managed
         by Koninklijke Grolsch NV, and, third, Bavaria NV.
      
      3        The applicants and the other three leading brewers on that market sell their beer to end-customers, using two distribution
         channels in particular. A distinction should thus be drawn between the on-trade establishment channel, that is to say, hotels,
         restaurants and cafes, where drinks are consumed on the premises, and the off‑trade channel of supermarkets and off-licences,
         where beer is sold for home consumption. This latter sector also includes the private label beer segment. Of the four brewers
         concerned, only InBev and Bavaria are active in that segment.
      
      4        The four brewers are members of the Centraal Brouwerij Kantoor (Central Brewery Office (CBK)). This is an umbrella organisation
         which, according to its statutes, represents the interests of its members and is composed of a general assembly and various
         working parties, such as the Working Party for on-trade matters and the Working Party on finance, which has become its steering
         committee. For meetings which take place within the CBK, its secretariat sends the participating members invitations and sequentially
         numbered official minutes. 
      
       Administrative procedure
      5        By letters of 28 January 2000 and of 3, 25 and 29 February 2000, InBev made a series of statements providing information on
         restrictive business practices on the Dutch beer market. Those statements were made during an investigation conducted by the
         Commission of the European Communities, in particular in 1999, into cartel activities and a possible abuse of a dominant position
         on the Belgian beer market. In conjunction with these statements, InBev made a leniency application in accordance with the
         Commission notice on the non-imposition or reduction of fines in cartel cases (OJ 1996 C 207, p. 4; ‘the Leniency Notice’).
      
      6        On 22 and 23 March 2000, following the statements by InBev, the Commission carried out inspections at the premises of the
         applicants and of the other undertakings concerned. Other requests for further information were sent to the applicants and
         the other undertakings concerned between 2001 and 2005.
      
      7        On 30 August 2005, the Commission sent a statement of objections to the applicants and to the other undertakings concerned.
         By letter of 24 November 2005, the applicants submitted their written observations on that statement. None of the parties
         concerned requested an oral hearing.
      
      8        By letters of 26 January and 7 March 2006, additional documents were brought to the applicants’ attention by the Commission.
         These included requests for information sent to InBev and replies to those requests.
      
      9        On 18 April 2007, the Commission adopted Decision C (2007) 1697 relating to a proceeding under Article 81 [EC] (Case COMP/B/37.766
         – Dutch beer market) (‘the contested decision’), a summary of which was published in the Official Journal of the European Union of 20 May 2008 (OJ 2008 C 122, p. 1), which was notified to the applicants by letter of 24 April 2007.
      
       The contested decision
       The infringement at issue
      10      Article 1 of the contested decision states that the applicants and InBev NV, InBev Nederland, Koninklijke Grolsch and Bavaria
         participated, during the period from 27 February 1996 to 3 November 1999, in a single and continuous infringement of Article
         81(1) EC by entering into a complex of agreements and/or concerted practices the object of which was to restrict competition
         within the common market.
      
      11      The infringement consisted, first, in coordinating prices and price increases for beer in the Netherlands, in both the on-trade
         and the off-trade sector, including with regard to private label beer, and, second, in occasionally coordinating other commercial
         conditions offered to individual customers in the on-trade sector in the Netherlands, such as loans to businesses, and, third,
         in occasionally coordinating customer allocation, in both the on-trade and the off-trade sector in the Netherlands (Article
         1 of and recitals 257 and 258 to the contested decision).
      
      12      According to the contested decision, the anti-competitive conduct of the brewers took place during a cycle of unofficial multilateral
         meetings which regularly brought together the four main operators on the Dutch beer market and at additional bilateral meetings
         involving different combinations of the same brewers. According to the contested decision, these meetings took place secretly,
         intentionally, because the participants knew that they were not permitted (recitals 257 to 260 to the contested decision).
      
      13      Thus, firstly, a series of multilateral meetings known as ‘Catherijne overleg’ (Catherijne consultation) or ‘agendacommissie’
         (Working Group on agenda) were held between 27 February 1996 and 3 November 1999. The contested decision finds that the main
         object of these meetings, which focused on the on-trade sector, but could also deal with the off-trade sector, was to coordinate
         prices and price increases for beer, to discuss limiting the amount of discounts and customer allocation and to consult on
         certain other commercial conditions. Prices of private label beer were also discussed in these meetings (recitals 85, 90,
         98, 115 to 127 and 247 to 252 to the contested decision).
      
      14      Secondly, as far as bilateral contacts between the brewers are concerned, the contested decision states that on 12 May 1997
         InBev and Bavaria met and discussed the price increase for private label beer (recital 104 to the contested decision). Furthermore,
         according to the Commission, the applicants and Bavaria met in 1998 to discuss restrictions relating to points of sale in
         the on-trade sector (recital 189 to the contested decision). The Commission states that bilateral contacts also took place
         on 5 July 1999 between the applicants and Grolsch on the subject of compensation granted to customers in the off-trade sector
         who made temporary price reductions (recitals 212 and 213 to the contested decision).
      
      15      Lastly, according to the contested decision, bilateral contacts and exchanges of information took place between InBev and
         Bavaria in 1997 consisting in general discussions on beer prices and discussions dealing more with private labels. Bilateral
         contacts, in the form of exchanges of information, on the subject of private labels also involved the Belgian brewers in June
         and July 1998. The Commission states that those discussions were attended by the applicants and by Grolsch (recitals 105,
         222 to 229 and 232 to 236 to the contested decision).
      
      16      Heineken NV was held liable on the ground that, during the period in which the infringement took place, Heineken Nederland
         was, directly or indirectly, its wholly-owned subsidiary and this fact, confirmed by other material in the file, shows that
         it exercised a decisive influence over the commercial policies of its subsidiary (recitals 400 to 414 to the contested decision).
      
       The fine imposed on the applicants
      17      Article 3(a) of the contested decision imposes on the applicants, jointly and severally, a fine of EUR 219 275 000.
      
      18      In order to calculate the amount of that fine, the Commission applied Article 23(2) of Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2003 of
         16 December 2002 on the implementation of the rules on competition laid down in Articles 81 [EC] and 82 [EC] (OJ 2003 L 1,
         p. 1) and the methodology set out in the Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 15(2) of Regulation
         No 17 and Article 65(5) [CS] (OJ 1998 C 9, p. 3; ‘the Guidelines’) (recitals 436 and 442 to the contested decision). In accordance
         with that methodology, the fine imposed on the applicants was determined according to the gravity and duration of the infringement
         (recital 437 to the contested decision).
      
      19      In particular, the infringement was categorised as ‘very serious’ in so far as it essentially consisted in regularly coordinating
         prices, price increases, other commercial conditions and customer allocation (recital 440 to the contested decision). The
         Commission also took account of the secret and intentional character of the anti-competitive conduct and the fact that the
         entire territory of the Netherlands and the entire beer market, both the on-trade sector and the off‑trade sector, were affected
         by the infringement (recitals 453 and 455 to the contested decision). In addition, the Commission stated that the actual effect
         on the Dutch market of the anti-competitive conduct had not been taken into account in the present case, as it was impossible
         to measure (recital 452 to the contested decision).
      
      20      Furthermore, the Commission applied differential treatment to the applicants in order to take account of their effective economic
         capacity and their individual weight in the anti-competitive conduct established. To that end, the Commission used the sales
         figures for beer sold by the applicants in the Netherlands in 1998, the last full calendar year of the infringement. On that
         basis, the applicants were placed in the first category, corresponding to the starting amount of EUR 65 000 000 (recital 462
         to the contested decision).
      
      21      In order to ensure a sufficiently deterrent effect, a multiplier of 2.5 was applied to that starting amount, in view of Heineken’s
         high turnover (recital 464 to the contested decision). 
      
      22      As the applicants had taken part in the infringement from 27 February 1996 to 3 November 1999, that is to say, for a period
         of three years and eight months, that starting amount was increased by 35% (recitals 465 and 466 to the contested decision).
         The basic amount was therefore fixed at EUR 219 375 000.
      
      23      Lastly, the Commission granted a reduction of EUR 100 000 in the amount of the fine since it acknowledged that in the present
         case the length of the administrative procedure had been unreasonable (recitals 495 to 499 to the contested decision). 
      
       Procedure and forms of order sought
      24      By application lodged at the Registry of the General Court on 4 July 2007, the applicants brought the present action.
      
      25      By decision of 10 February 2010, the Court referred the case to the Sixth Chamber (Extended Composition) in accordance with
         Article 14(1) and Article 51(1) of its Rules of Procedure.
      
      26      By way of measures of organisation of procedure of 12 February 2010, the Court sent a number of written questions to the Commission,
         which replied within the period allowed. 
      
      27      The parties presented oral argument and replied to the questions put by the Court at the hearing on 25 March 2010.
      
      28      Since the Judge-Rapporteur was prevented from sitting after the oral procedure was closed, the case was reassigned to a new
         Judge-Rapporteur and the present judgment was deliberated by the three judges whose signatures it bears, in accordance with
         Article 32 of the Rules of Procedure.
      
      29      The applicants claim that the Court should: 
      
      –        annul in whole or in part the contested decision, to the extent to which it concerns them;
      –        annul or reduce the fine imposed on them;
      –        order the Commission to pay the costs.
      30      The Commission contends that the Court should:
      
      –        dismiss the application;
      –        order the applicants to pay the costs.
       Law
      31      In support of their action, the applicants rely on eleven pleas, concerning, first, a breach of the principle of sound administration
         and an infringement of Article 27 of Regulation No 1/2003, with regard to the refusal to grant access to the replies to the
         statement of objections made by other undertakings involved, second, a breach of the principle of sound administration, the
         ‘duty of care’ and the audi alteram partem rule, stemming from an alleged failure to carry out a careful and impartial investigation, third, a breach of the principle
         of the presumption of innocence, fourth, a breach of the reasonable time principle in the administrative procedure, fifth,
         insufficient evidence of the infringement, sixth, the absence of agreements and/or concerted practices within the meaning
         of Article 81(1) EC, seventh, an erroneous determination of the duration of the infringement, eighth, infringements of Article
         23(3) of Regulation No 1/2003 and of the Guidelines, breaches of the principles of equal treatment, legal certainty and proportionality
         and a breach of the obligation to state reasons, in relation to the determination of the amount of the fine, ninth, a misappraisal
         of attenuating circumstances, tenth, the effect of the length of the administrative procedure on the amount of the fine and,
         eleventh, the excessively low reduction of the fine granted by the Commission by reason of the excessive length of the administrative
         procedure.
      
      32      The Court considers that the fifth, sixth and seventh pleas, which essentially seek to dispute the infringement, should be
         examined first, followed by the first, second, third and fourth pleas, alleging procedural defects and a breach of the rights
         of the defence and, lastly, the eighth, ninth, tenth and eleventh pleas, which concern the determination of the amount of
         the fine.
      
       The fifth and sixth pleas, concerning, respectively, insufficient evidence of the infringement and the absence of agreements
            and/or concerted practices within the meaning of Article 81(1) EC
       Arguments of the parties
      33      In the fifth plea, the applicants essentially claim that the evidence relied on by the Commission in the contested decision
         is not sufficient to prove the existence of an infringement of Article 81 EC beyond reasonable doubt. The Commission’s finding
         to that effect is thus contrary to the principle of the presumption of innocence and the obligation to state reasons. 
      
      34      To that end, the applicants dispute the probative value of the statement by InBev, which represents the main pillar of the
         contested decision, on the grounds that it is very vague and contradictory and that it is based partly on information obtained
         from third parties. In addition, they allege that the Commission did not assess whether that statement was made responsibly
         and after careful reflection and did not follow up the exculpatory statements which it contained.
      
      35      The applicants also take the view that the handwritten notes produced by representatives of the Dutch brewers at the meetings
         in question, being fragmentary in nature, are likewise not sufficient to prove the existence of anti‑competitive conduct.
      
      36      In the sixth plea, the applicants dispute the relevance and the Commission’s interpretation of certain documentary evidence
         which formed the basis for the finding of the existence of a complex of agreements and/or concerted practices which restrict
         competition. 
      
      37      The applicants dispute that the contacts between the brewers resulted in an agreement since a consensus was never reached
         between them on a certain course of action on the market.
      
      38      They also dispute the existence of a concerted practice. In this regard, they claim that the available evidence does not indicate
         that the contacts between the brewers dispelled or, at least, considerably reduced uncertainty over their future conduct on
         the market. On the other hand, they take the view that they have sufficiently shown that the brewers’ conduct on the market
         was determined autonomously. 
      
      39      In addition, the applicants claim that the meetings in question never had an anti‑competitive object. The discussions at those
         meetings dealt with many legitimate subjects, so that talks about the situation on the market, including consumer prices on
         the off-trade market and including offers to certain on-trade customers, were only occasional and informal. 
      
      40      Lastly, the applicants object to the fact that they were accused of participating in the discussions between Interbrew and
         Bavaria concerning the private label beer segment, in which they are not active.
      
      41      The Commission contests the applicants’ arguments.
      
       Findings of the Court
      42      By their fifth plea, the applicants essentially claim that the Commission did not prove, to the requisite legal standard,
         the factual findings on the basis of which it inferred the existence of the infringement. By their sixth plea, they contest
         the categorisation of the conduct in question as agreements and/or concerted practices within the meaning of Article 81 EC.
         As these two pleas seek to challenge the finding of the infringement, they should be examined together.
      
      43      Article 81(1) EC provides that the following are to be prohibited as incompatible with the common market: all agreements between
         undertakings, decisions by associations of undertakings and concerted practices which may affect trade between Member States
         and which have as their object or effect the prevention, restriction or distortion of competition within the common market.
         
      
      44      In order for there to be an agreement within the meaning of Article 81(1) EC, it is sufficient that the undertakings in question
         should have expressed their joint intention to conduct themselves on the market in a specific way (Case T-7/89 Hercules Chemicals v Commission [1991] ECR II-1711, paragraph 256, and Case T-9/99 HFB and Others v Commission [2002] ECR II-1487, paragraph 199).
      
      45      An agreement within the meaning of Article 81(1) EC can be regarded as having been concluded where there is a concurrence
         of wills on the very principle of a restriction of competition, even if the specific features of the restriction envisaged
         are still under negotiation (see, to that effect, HFB and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 44 above, paragraphs 151 to 157 and 206).
      
      46      The concept of a concerted practice refers to a form of coordination between undertakings which, without being taken to the
         stage where an agreement properly so-called has been concluded, knowingly substitutes for the risks of competition practical
         cooperation between them (Case C-49/92 P Commission v Anic Partecipazioni [1999] ECR I-4125, paragraph 115, and Case C-199/92 P Hüls v Commission [1999] ECR I‑4287, paragraph 158).
      
      47      In this respect, Article 81(1) EC precludes any direct or indirect contact between economic operators of such a kind as either
         to influence the conduct on the market of an actual or potential competitor or to reveal to such a competitor the conduct
         which the operator concerned has decided to follow itself or contemplates adopting on the market, where the object or effect
         of those contacts is to restrict competition (see, to that effect, Commission v Anic Partecipazioni, cited in paragraph 46 above, paragraphs 116 and 117).
      
      48      It should be borne in mind that, as regards establishing an infringement of Article 81(1) EC, the Commission must prove the
         infringements which it has found and adduce evidence capable of demonstrating to the requisite legal standard the existence
         of the facts constituting an infringement (Case C-185/95 P Baustahlgewebe v Commission [1998] ECR I-8417, paragraph 58, and Commission v Anic Partecipazioni, cited in paragraph 46 above, paragraph 86). 
      
      49      Thus, the Commission must produce sufficiently precise and consistent evidence to establish the existence of the infringement
         (see, to that effect, Case T-62/98 Volkswagen v Commission [2000] ECR II-2707, paragraph 43 and the case-law cited).
      
      50      However, it is important to emphasise that it is not necessary for every item of evidence produced by the Commission to satisfy
         those criteria in relation to every aspect of the infringement. It is sufficient if the body of evidence relied on by the
         institution, viewed as a whole, meets that requirement (Joined Cases T-67/00, T‑68/00, T-71/00 and T-78/00 JFE Engineering and Others v Commission [2004] ECR II-2501, paragraphs 179 and 180 and the case-law cited).
      
      51      As anti-competitive agreements are known to be prohibited, the Commission cannot be required to produce documents expressly
         attesting to contacts between the operators concerned. The fragmentary and sporadic items of evidence which may be available
         to the Commission should, in any event, be capable of being supplemented by inferences which allow the relevant circumstances
         to be reconstituted. The existence of an anti-competitive practice or agreement may therefore be inferred from a number of
         coincidences and indicia which, taken together, may, in the absence of another plausible explanation, constitute evidence
         of an infringement of the competition rules (Joined Cases C-204/00 P, C‑205/00 P, C-211/00 P, C-213/00 P, C-217/00 P and C-219/00 P
         Aalborg Portland and Others v Commission [2004] ECR I-123, paragraphs 55 to 57).
      
      52      Where the Commission has relied on documentary evidence in support of its finding of the existence of an anti-competitive
         agreement or practice, the burden is on the parties who are contesting that finding before the Court not only to put forward
         a plausible alternative to the Commission’s view but also to allege that the evidence relied on in the contested decision
         to establish the existence of the infringement is insufficient (JFE Engineering and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 50 above, paragraph 187). 
      
      53      As regards the scope of review by the Court, according to settled case-law, where the Court is faced with an application for
         the annulment of a decision applying Article 81(1) EC, it must undertake in a general manner a comprehensive review of the
         question whether or not the conditions for the application of Article 81(1) EC are met (see Case T‑41/96 Bayer v Commission [2000] ECR II-3383, paragraph 62 and the case-law cited).
      
      54      Any doubt of the Court must benefit the undertaking to which the decision finding an infringement was addressed, in accordance
         with the principle of the presumption of innocence, which, as a general principle of European Union (‘EU’) law, applies in
         particular to the procedures relating to infringements of the competition rules applicable to undertakings that may result
         in the imposition of fines or periodic penalty payments (Hüls v Commission, cited in paragraph 46 above, paragraphs 149 and 150, and Joined Cases T-44/02 OP, T-54/02 OP, T‑56/02 OP, T-60/02 OP and
         T-61/02 OP Dresdner Bank and Others v Commission [2006] ECR II-3567, paragraphs 60 and 61).
      
      55      The question whether, in the present case, the Commission has established to the requisite legal standard that the applicants’
         conduct amounted to an infringement of Article 81(1) EC must be examined in the light of those considerations.
      
      –       The statement by InBev
      56      It should be noted, first of all, that the Commission relies to a large extent (see, in particular, recitals 40 to 62 to the
         contested decision) on the statement made by InBev, in connection with its leniency application, by letters of 28 January
         and 3, 25 and 29 February 2000, supplemented by the annexed statements made by the five managers from InBev (recitals 34 and
         40 to the contested decision; together ‘the statement by InBev’). 
      
      57      According to the contested decision, the statement by InBev indicated the existence of ‘various forms of concerted action
         ... between the brewers on the Dutch beer market’, drawing a distinction between the official meetings of the CBK general
         assembly, the informal meetings of the CBK Working Party on finance and the ‘other meetings’ held in parallel and known as
         the ‘Catherijne consultation’, whose composition varied and for which, InBev states, it has not found any written records.
         The ‘other meetings’ could be subdivided, inter alia, into: ‘(i) meetings of the on-trade managers of the four main brewers
         (Heineken, Interbrew, Grolsch and Bavaria) ...; (ii) joint meetings of the on-trade managers and the off-trade managers (two
         in 1998) and (iii) meetings of the off-trade managers (one in 1999 ...)’ (recitals 41 to 46 to the contested decision).
      
      58      According to the statement by InBev, the Working Party on finance ‘had an official agenda, but was also a forum for discussions
         on fixing prices for the off‑trade sector and the on-trade sector [; t]hose discussions were not recorded at all’ (recital
         43 to the contested decision).
      
      59      According to the same statement, the subjects discussed at the ‘other meetings’ also covered both the on-trade sector and
         the off-trade sector and private label beer (recital 47 to the contested decision).
      
      60      With regard, firstly, to the on-trade sector, two main subjects were discussed: ‘[T]here was an agreement in principle on
         setting maximum discounts by volume for the on-trade sector ... another subject of consultation was the investments made in
         the on-trade [; t]he idea was to maintain the status quo in the sector and to avoid taking customers from other brewers’ (recital
         48 to the contested decision). 
      
      61      One manager from InBev claims that he does not know the precise content of that agreement and another manager describes it
         as ‘a very complex and vague agreement on sliding scales (discounts granted to the on-trade), in which we have never been
         involved’, stating that ‘[t]he consultation consisted in a bimonthly meeting of the on-trade managers, at which they discussed
         known infringements of the “rule” (although this was vague; they talked about market excess)’ (recital 48 to the contested
         decision).
      
      62      With regard, secondly, to the off-trade sector, according to the statement by InBev, the discussions concerned both price
         levels in general and the specific subject of private label beer.
      
      63      As regards price levels in general, one of the managers from InBev states that ‘it was normal for a brewery to increase its
         prices after informing its fellow brewers in advance …; the initiative always came from one of the big breweries, and generally
         from Heineken [; i]n such cases, the other breweries had the necessary time to take a position [; w]hilst the breweries broadly
         aligned their prices with one another, they each had and maintained their own pricing policy’ (recital 51 to the contested
         decision).
      
      64      As regards private label beer, InBev states that the discussions on prices had been conducted between the Dutch operators
         in the segment (Bavaria and Oranjeboom, subsequently acquired by Interbrew) since 1987. It adds that ‘[t]he two parties understood,
         after discussing the matter together, that they would not accept any intrusion in their respective customer bases for private
         labels which resulted in a loss of volume’ (recital 52 to the contested decision).
      
      65      With regard to the involvement of Heineken and of Grolsch in this sector, according to the statement by InBev, ‘[t]he Dutch
         market is characterised by a significant gulf between prices for private label beer (“B brands”) and [other brands (“A brands”);]
         Heineken, which is not present in the private labels segment, has always rejected price increases for A brands as long as
         the price of private label beer did not increase [; i]n this way, it exerted indirect pressure, in particular on private label
         producers such as Bavaria and Interbrew’ (recital 53 to the contested decision).
      
      66      InBev states that prices for private labels were also discussed by the four brewers, in other words also in the presence of
         Grolsch, in the context of the more general topic of the price gaps to be maintained between prices for beer brands. According
         to the statement by InBev, ‘Heineken and Grolsch did not increase their prices for years and the prices of other brewers’
         label beers and private label beers did not increase either [; i]n recent years, Bavaria and Interbrew have increased their
         prices, followed by Grolsch’ (recital 54 to the contested decision). It is also pointed out that ‘[t]hree to four years ago,
         these informal consultations had been incorporated into the Catherijne consultation on the on-trade, in which representatives
         of the CBK also participated [; a]fter a few meetings, it was decided to split these meetings back into off-trade meetings
         and on-trade meetings’ (recital 54 to the contested decision). 
      
      67      In addition, InBev states that for the Belgian brewer Martens to obtain a certain market share since 1996 to 1997 it had been
         necessary for ‘an agreement between Belgian and Dutch brewers operating on the private labels market [; t]wo meetings took
         place [in] Breda in 1998 […; i]t was agreed to respect the relevant volumes for private labels sold to customers established
         in the Netherlands and in Belgium’ (recital 55 to the contested decision).
      
      68      According to the statements by the managers from InBev, the ‘other meetings’ were organised to give each other reassurance
         as to a ‘limited aggression’ on the market (recital 46 to the contested decision).
      
      69      In its reply to the request for information, dated 19 December 2001, InBev states that ‘agendas for the previous years and
         notes taken at the informal meetings were destroyed at the end of November 1998 [; i]t was at about that time that the existence
         of concerted action between Dutch brewers started to be revealed on the market and fears began of an inspection by the Dutch
         competition authority [; a]gendas were also destroyed in the following years’ (recital 61 to the contested decision).
      
      70      It must be noted from the outset that there is no provision or general principle of EU law that prohibits the Commission from
         relying, as against an undertaking, on statements made by other incriminated undertakings. If that were not the case, the
         burden of proving conduct contrary to Articles 81 EC and 82 EC, which is borne by the Commission, would be unsustainable and
         incompatible with the task of supervising the proper application of those provisions which is entrusted to it by the EC Treaty
         (see JFE Engineering and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 50 above, paragraph 192).
      
      71      In the present case, the applicants do not contest the information given in the statement by InBev to the effect that meetings
         took place between representatives of the Dutch beer producers. Nor do they dispute that they were represented at most of
         those meetings or that, at the meetings, the general situation on the beer market was discussed informally. Furthermore, they
         acknowledge, in the application, that concerns were also expressed occasionally at those meetings regarding off-trade price
         levels and problems connected with certain customers. 
      
      72      However, the applicants deny that the discussions held at those meetings led to the conclusion of an unlawful agreement or
         an undertaking to engage in a concerted practice. They claim that the meetings mainly dealt with legitimate subjects and that,
         in so far as the situation on the market was discussed, this was not for anti‑competitive purposes. In this regard, they contest
         the reliability of the statement by InBev, claiming that it is very vague and contradictory and contains, in part, observations
         which were not known directly to the authors of the statements, thereby constituting ‘hearsay evidence’.
      
      73      As regards the contradictory character of the statement by InBev, the applicants point out that it contains a number of exculpatory
         statements. 
      
      74      First, there are statements which are not mentioned in the contested decision, according to which ‘[t]he discussion concerned
         known infringements of the sliding scales (which were, moreover, very vague) [; o]n the ground, everyone did as they wished’;
         ‘[o]ur conduct on the market was geared very aggressively to winning new customers – including by discounts’; ‘[w]e therefore
         acted perfectly lawfully’; ‘[InBev] did not conclude any agreement and did not respect anything’; ‘[the] [Catherijne] consultation
         did not have any tangible results in terms of the effect on the market […; w]e did not speak specifically about conduct on
         the market on either occasion [; t]he meeting had a more informal character’; ‘[t]here was no agreement for the food sector’;
         ‘[I] never observed that the meeting [of the CBK] was extended by discussions on sensitive market issues [; i]t is always
         possible that such meetings gave rise to informal bilateral talks but, in my view, there was nothing at stake’.
      
      75      Second, the applicants refer to certain passages of statements cited in the contested decision, according to which: ‘Interbrew
         believes that this consultation never had significant effects on the market per se and was less intensive in recent times
         […; t]he discussions were very general in nature’ (cited in recital 45); ‘[w]e talked above all to give each other the impression
         that we would remain calm on the market[; t]here was little or no discussion of sliding scales or points of sale[; i]n fact,
         everyone was taking everyone else for an idiot [; i]n recent years, these meetings increasingly lost their substance and the
         consultation took on a more vague character’ (cited in recital 46); ‘[t]here was also a very complex and vague agreement on
         sliding scales (discounts granted to the on-trade), in which we have never been involved [; f]urthermore, I never saw any
         documents on this subject’ (cited in recital 48). 
      
      76      According to the applicants, those statements, aside from the fact that they are not specific, are incompatible with the Commission’s
         findings as to the existence of the infringement in question. In the view of the applicants, it is clear from the statements
         that the talks between the brewers were very general, that no agreement was concluded, that InBev did not respect any collusive
         arrangement and that the consultation did not have any effect on the market. 
      
      77      It should first be stated that the inferences made by the applicants on the basis of certain information in the statement
         by InBev, indicating the general nature of the discussions, the absence of any agreement for certain sectors and the absence
         of effect of the discussions on the conduct of the brewers on the market, cannot in themselves call into question the Commission’s
         finding relating to the existence of the infringement.
      
      78      As regards the allegedly general character of that statement, it must be pointed out that the Commission often has to prove
         the existence of an infringement under conditions which are hardly conducive to that task, in that several years may have
         elapsed since the time of the events constituting the infringement and a number of the undertakings covered by the investigation
         have not actively cooperated therein. Whilst it is necessarily incumbent upon the Commission to establish that an illegal
         market-sharing agreement was concluded, it would be excessive also to require it to produce evidence of the specific mechanism
         by which that object was attained. Indeed, it would be too easy for an undertaking guilty of an infringement to escape any
         penalty if it was entitled to base its argument on the vagueness of the information produced regarding the operation of an
         illegal agreement in circumstances in which the existence and anti-competitive purpose of the agreement had nevertheless been
         sufficiently established. Undertakings are able properly to defend themselves in such circumstances provided that they have
         an opportunity to comment on all the evidence relied on against them by the Commission (JFE Engineering and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 50 above, paragraph 203; see also, to that effect, Joined Cases C-403/04 P and C‑405/04 P Sumitomo Metal Industries and Nippon Steel v Commission [2007] ECR I-729, paragraph 50). 
      
      79      Second, as regards the purported information on the absence of any effect of the conduct at issue on the market, it follows
         from the actual text of Article 81 EC that agreements and concerted practices between undertakings are prohibited, regardless
         of their effect on the market, when they have an anti-competitive object (Hüls v Commission, cited in paragraph 46 above, paragraphs 163 to 166, and Case C-8/08 T-Mobile Netherlands and Others [2009] ECR I-4529, paragraph 29). 
      
      80      Thus, where the Commission has established the existence of agreements and concerted practices which have an anti-competitive
         object, this finding cannot be refuted by information relating to the non-application of collusive arrangements or the absence
         of any effect on the market.
      
      81      As regards the purported information contained in the statement by InBev regarding the absence of any agreement in the off-trade
         sector or in the on-trade sector, it should be noted that the passages relied on by the applicants, read in context, certainly
         do not rule out the existence of an agreement or of a concerted practice in the sectors concerned.
      
      82      With regard to the off-trade sector (retail sales), the assertion made by one of the managers from InBev to the effect that
         ‘[t]here was no agreement for [that] sector’, is followed by a specific description of the price coordination mechanism applied
         by the brewers. The relevant passage reads as follows (recital 51 to the contested decision):
      
      ‘There was no agreement for the retail sales (“food”) sector. As regards the price increases for beer, it was normal for a
         brewery to increase its prices only after informing its fellow brewers in advance. When one of the parties made such an announcement,
         there would be a debate on the impact of such an increase on the market; the price increase for beer had taken place after
         all. The initiative always came from one of the big breweries and generally from Heineken. In such cases, the other breweries
         had the necessary time to take a position. Whilst the breweries broadly aligned their prices with one another, they each had
         and maintained their own pricing policy.’
      
      83      Against this background, the simple fact that the manager from InBev made reference to the absence of any ‘agreement’ cannot
         constitute a valid argument in so far as it is for the Commission and, if appropriate, the Court to undertake the legal categorisation
         of the conduct described in the statements made by the officers of the undertakings concerned. 
      
      84      As regards the alleged absence of an agreement and of respect for an agreement in the on-trade sector, it is clear that the
         statement by a manager from InBev that ‘[InBev] did not conclude any agreement and did not respect anything’ does not refute
         the finding as to the existence of an agreement within the meaning of Article 81(1) EC. In his statement, the same manager
         from InBev explicitly mentions the existence of ‘a very complex and vague agreement on sliding scales (discounts granted to
         the on-trade)’ and of an agreement whose purpose was to ‘avoid too many changes in the on-trade’.
      
      85      In the light of the foregoing, the applicants’ claims regarding the contradictory character of the statement by InBev cannot
         be accepted. Their argument concerning the Commission’s supposedly selective use of that statement, in so far as it failed
         to take account of the alleged contradictions, must also be rejected.
      
      86      Consequently, the applicants have not demonstrated the existence of alleged contradictions which could weaken the reliability
         of the statement by InBev.
      
      87      Furthermore, in claiming that the statement by InBev includes ‘hearsay evidence’, the applicants refer to its passages according
         to which ‘Interbrew has never seen a document containing the agreement on discounts to which the discussions referred, but
         the general rule seemed to be well known’ (cited in recital 45 to the contested decision), ‘I do not know of this agreement
         (sliding scales) myself, nor have I seen a document on this subject’, and ‘I do not know the precise content of the agreement
         […; f]urthermore, I never saw any documents on this subject’. 
      
      88      It should be noted that the passages mentioned by the applicants concern only the question of the existence of an agreement
         (‘sliding scale’) on discounts granted to customers in the on-trade sector. On this specific point, the probative value of
         the statement by InBev is certainly reduced in the absence of direct evidence. The reliability of the information provided
         regarding the existence of the ‘sliding scale’ is nevertheless reinforced because, first, it comes from two different sources
         and, second, it contains specific details of a ‘sliding scale’, namely the precise amount of the maximum discount (see recital
         48 to the contested decision). The existence of a ‘sliding scale’ is also confirmed by two pieces of evidence independent
         of InBev, namely the handwritten notes by a member of the board of directors of Bavaria concerning the meeting held on 1 May
         1997 (recital 92 to the contested decision) and notes made by an on-trade manager for Bavaria concerning the meeting held
         on 12 March 1998 (reproduced in recital 143 to the contested decision).
      
      89      The applicants’ argument claiming ‘hearsay evidence’ cannot therefore call into question the conclusions drawn from the statement
         by InBev.
      
      90      Lastly, as regards the general assessment of the reliability of the statement by InBev, the appropriate view, contrary to
         the applicants’ contention, is that the Commission was entitled to attribute to the statement by InBev particularly great
         probative value, since it is an answer given on behalf of an undertaking which as such carries more weight than that of an
         employee of the undertaking, whatever his individual experience or opinion. It should also be noted that the statement by
         InBev represented the outcome of an internal investigation carried out by the undertaking and that it was submitted to the
         Commission by a lawyer, who was under a professional obligation to act in the interests of that undertaking. He could not
         therefore lightly admit the existence of an infringement without evaluating the consequences of so doing (Case T-23/99 LR AF 1998 v Commission [2002] ECR II-1705, paragraph 45, and JFE Engineering and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 50 above, paragraph 206). 
      
      91      Furthermore, according to case-law, even if some caution as to the evidence provided voluntarily by the main participants
         in an unlawful agreement is generally called for, considering the possibility that they might tend to play down the importance
         of their contribution to the infringement and maximise that of others, the fact of seeking to benefit from the application
         of the Leniency Notice in order to obtain a reduction of the fine does not necessarily create an incentive for the other participants
         in the offending cartel to submit distorted evidence. Indeed, any attempt to mislead the Commission could call into question
         the sincerity and the completeness of the cooperation of the person seeking to benefit, and thereby jeopardise his chances
         of benefiting fully under the Leniency Notice (Case T-120/04 Peróxidos Orgánicos v Commission [2006] ECR II-4441, paragraph 70).
      
      92      Admittedly, it must be borne in mind that an admission by one undertaking accused of having participated in a cartel, the
         accuracy of which is contested by several other undertakings similarly accused, cannot be regarded as constituting adequate
         proof of an infringement committed by the latter unless it is supported by other evidence (see, to that effect, Case T-337/94
         Enso-Gutzeit v Commission [1998] ECR II‑1571, paragraph 91, and JFE Engineering and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 50 above, paragraph 219). 
      
      93      The statement by InBev cannot therefore suffice, in itself, to establish the existence of the infringement, but must be corroborated
         by other evidence. 
      
      94      Nevertheless, in view of the reliability of the statement by InBev, the degree of corroboration required in this case is lesser,
         in terms both of precision and of depth, than would be the case if that statement were not particularly credible. Thus, it
         must be concluded that, if it were to be held that a body of consistent evidence corroborated the existence and certain specific
         aspects of the practices mentioned in the statement by InBev and referred to in Article 1 of the contested decision, that
         statement might be sufficient in itself, in such a case, to constitute evidence of other aspects of the contested decision.
         Moreover, provided that a document does not manifestly contradict the statement by InBev as to the existence or the essential
         content of the contested practices, the fact that it provides evidence of significant elements of the practices which it described
         is sufficient to endow it with corroborative value within the body of inculpatory evidence (see, to that effect, JFE Engineering and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 50 above, paragraph 220 and the case-law cited).
      
      95      In the light of the foregoing, it is necessary to examine the applicants’ arguments concerning other evidence relied on by
         the Commission in the contested decision in order to corroborate the findings relating to the statement by InBev.
      
      –       Other evidence 
      96      In the contested decision, the Commission asserts that the statement by InBev is corroborated by a number of internal documents
         from the applicants and the three other Dutch brewers, handwritten notes from meetings, expense reports and copies of agendas
         obtained following investigations and requests for information.
      
      97      In recital 67 to the contested decision, the Commission mentions the handwritten notes by a commercial manager from Grolsch
         relating to the meeting held on 27 February 1996, the subject of that meeting being indicated by the note ‘CBK cie HOR cath’.
         Those notes include the following passage: ‘Guarantees/financing: fin[ancing] for ... in excess of needs of specific points.
         So ... mil[lions]’.
      
      98      According to the Commission, it is clear from this passage that the four brewers in question discussed, at a ‘Catherijne meeting’,
         the financial conditions applied or to be applied to certain on-trade customers (recital 72 to the contested decision) and,
         more specifically, to establishments run by a proprietor of multiple on-trade establishments in the Netherlands.
      
      99      In recital 76 to the contested decision, the Commission mentions the handwritten notes by an on-trade manager for Bavaria
         concerning the meeting held on 19 June 1996. The notes are reproduced as follows:
      
      ‘– adapt prices
      off-trade high – low
      Bavaria – Interbrew consultation
      ... and ... -> problem ...
      Martens
            Schultenbrau!! 89 ct
      –        increase only of cask price
      arguments
            only Hein + Grolsch fully
                  Friesland US Heit
      Interbrew \
      |      increase together
      Bavaria /
      -> ... also
      increase bottom more than top
      –        air
      –        agreements
            stabilise discount for bars 7.5 per cask Heineken
            prepare representatives vis-à-vis possible agreements
      Interbrew \
      |      air can be used
      Grolsch /’.
      100    According to the Commission, these notes show that the brewers present had detailed discussions of prices, both for private
         label beer and for beer sold in casks, and the price of cheaper beers, produced by Interbrew and Bavaria, was to increase
         more than the price of more expensive beers, produced by Heineken and Grolsch (recital 85 to the contested decision).
      
      101    In recital 89 to the contested decision, the Commission mentions a letter which the managing director of Interbrew Nederland
         sent to InBev’s head office in Belgium on 25 March 1997: 
      
      ‘There is now a consensus between the main brewers to implement a price increase before 1998. This will enable the brewers
         to increase their buffer for the necessary additional promotional budgets. The A brand operators are trying to differentiate
         the price increase between the A brands (+ 2 NLG/hl) and the B brands (+ 4 NLG/hl). This seems highly unrealistic to me –
         we must all support a full increase of NLG 4. I would exclude our special beers “which are easy to drink” (DAS, Hoegaarden,
         Leffe) from the price increase. Negotiations have begun.’
      
      102    The Commission concluded on the basis of that letter that a price increase was planned before 1998 following price negotiations
         between the main producers. In addition, the same letter confirmed the existence of a distinction between more expensive and
         cheaper beer producers and brands (recital 90 to the contested decision).
      
      103    In recital 92 to the contested decision, the Commission mentions the handwritten notes by a member of the board of directors
         of Bavaria concerning the meeting held on 1 May 1997. It cites the following passages:
      
      ‘Catherijne Club 1/5 – 97
      “internal” transfers within the group
      must also respect the “sliding scale”
      ... “The Hague”
      Monster ZH [southern Holland] higher competing offer’.
      104    According to the Commission, these notes confirm that the brewers were discussing a ‘sliding scale’ for the commercial conditions
         granted to individual points of sale, in the case of transfers from one group to another, but also in cases of transfers within
         a single group (recital 99 to the contested decision).
      
      105    In recital 100 to the contested decision, the Commission states that the abovementioned notes also contain the names ‘Heineken/Amstel/Brand/Grolsch’
         on the first line and the names ‘Interbrew/Bavaria’ on the second line, with the two lines being linked by a bracket followed
         by the words ‘no price increases’. The Commission infers that the distinction between the A brands, owned by Heineken and
         Grolsch, and the B brands, owned by Interbrew and Bavaria, was the focus for the discussions between the brewers concerning
         the price increases for beer (recital 103 to the contested decision). 
      
      106    In recital 117 to the contested decision, the Commission mentions the handwritten notes by a member of the board of directors
         of Bavaria concerning the meeting held on 17 December 1997. It cites the following passage:
      
      ‘(2) Price situation: March/April
      one-stage rocket/two-stage rocket
      (a) Heineken expects little fuss!! Heineken 18.59
      (b) in the event of increase: very negotiable; wholehearted; there will be support’.
      107    The Commission infers that the brewers present at the meeting held on 17 December 1997, including Bavaria, Grolsch and Heineken,
         were discussing price increases and possible reactions to price increases (recital 127 to the contested decision). 
      
      108    In recital 129 to the contested decision, the Commission mentions a passage from the handwritten notes by an on-trade manager
         for Bavaria concerning the meeting held on 12 March 1998: 
      
      ‘– Not much happened since 1 January
      – A brands no panic in relation to price Hein
      9.95 reduction from 11.49 little point Int
      9.75      9.36 Bavaria
      2x      4.95 4.75 }→
      private labels
      prices in the lower market segment
      … mid-March Bavaria something
      below Amstel (17) Bavaria (15) 
      from 9.75 to 10.75 if nothing
      happens, then Grolsch and Hein
      increases pocket brewery
      → fix agreement … and Dick
      This must be “demonstrable” via Nielsen otherwise
      nothing will happen’.
      109    According to the Commission, it is clear that the brewers present at the meeting held on 12 March 1998 discussed reductions
         granted to Dutch supermarkets (recital 137 to the contested decision) and that the price increases implemented by Bavaria
         should be demonstrable in the supermarket cash register data compiled by AC Nielsen (recital 133 to the contested decision).
      
      110    In recital 138 to the contested decision, the Commission mentions a second passage from the abovementioned handwritten notes:
      
      ‘Bav      interest 4%?            6 1/2
      unless 
      there is an advertising commission’.
      111    According to the Commission, this passage proves that a discussion was held on the level of interest rates applied to loans
         granted to on-trade points of sale (recital 142 to the contested decision).
      
      112    In recital 143 to the contested decision, the Commission mentions a third passage of the abovementioned handwritten notes:
      
      ‘Football clubs concert halls theatres
      Student associations
      …
      Grolsch
      above/outside sliding scale
      130
      …      (125) 124.5’.
      
      113    According to the Commission, it is clear that the brewers held a specific discussion on precise on-trade customers in relation
         to a ‘sliding scale’, corroborating the statement by InBev as to the existence of an agreement known as the ‘sliding scale’
         (recital 147 to the contested decision).
      
      114    In recital 156 to the contested decision, the Commission mentions a passage from the handwritten notes by a member of the
         board of directors of Bavaria relating to the meeting held on 3 July 1998: 
      
      ‘… Heineken increased
      … >> Heineken cask beer’.
      115    The Commission infers from this passage that the brewers discussed the prices applied both to customers in the off-trade sector
         and to an on‑trade customer (recitals 162 to 164 to the contested decision).
      
      116    In recital 165 to the contested decision, the Commission mentions another passage from the abovementioned handwritten notes:
      
      ‘Cafe  …      1800 …
      
      …      400   …
      60 per hl 
      650.000,- V.B.K.’.
      117    According to the Commission, it is clear from this passage that the brewers discussed a discount given and/or a commission
         in respect of the reduction applied or to be applied to specific on-trade points of sale (recital 171 to the contested decision).
      
      118    In recital 174 to the contested decision, the Commission mentions a document dated 30 June 1998 and a Heineken price list
         announcing new prices applicable to bottled beer and draft beer (beer in tanks and beer in casks) from 1 June 1998, discovered
         in the office of an off-trade sales manager for Grolsch, with the note ‘agenda c[ommiss]ie CBK’ (CBK Working Party on agenda).
         According to the Commission, these documents corroborate the statement by InBev to the effect that both off-trade prices and
         competition on the on-trade market were discussed at the meetings in question (recital 175 to the contested decision). 
      
      119    In recital 179 to the contested decision, the Commission mentions a Heineken internal memo dated 14 October 1998, addressed
         to Heineken’s management team, which reads: ‘the price increase promised by Bavaria in the CBK is not apparent in the [figures]
         from Nielsen’. According to the Commission, that memo reinforces the conclusion that, at the meeting held on 12 March 1998,
         Bavaria had announced its intention to be the first to increase its prices in the off-trade sector, the other brewers were
         to follow subsequently and the increases implemented by Bavaria were to be ‘demonstrable’ in the figures from Nielsen (recital
         180 to the contested decision).
      
      120    In recital 184 to the contested decision, the Commission mentions a letter sent to a manager of Heineken’s Netherlands on-trade
         unit by a marketing and off-trade manager from the Heineken’s Brand BV brewery, regarding his discussion with a member of
         Bavaria’s board of directors:
      
      ‘At the Noordwijk food fair on 9 September [1998], [a member of Bavaria’s board of directors] spoke to me about the matter
         … and Heineken’s reaction. In short, he thought that Heineken could have sat down at the negotiating table with the top management
         at Heineken and Bavaria on the Netherlands on-trade market much earlier. The hectolitres lost could then have been compensated
         for in some other way. Furthermore, he added that in the long term Bavaria perhaps had its sights on other potential customers
         in the on-trade sector who wished to switch voluntarily (with the emphasis on “voluntarily”, as in the case of …, in his view)
         to Bavaria [first name of a Heineken on-trade manager for the Netherlands], it goes without saying that these comments are
         part of the well-known rhetoric of … I did not want to keep this information from you. All the best for your discussion.’
      
      121    The Commission takes the view that this letter confirms the statement by InBev according to which the brewers were discussing
         not only restrictions on reductions, but also restrictions concerning points of sale which opted for another brewer, and not
         only at multilateral meetings, but also during bilateral meetings (recital 189 to the contested decision).
      
      122    In recital 193 to the contested decision, the Commission mentions the handwritten notes by a managing director of Grolsche
         Bierbrouwerij Nederland on the invitation to the meeting held on 8 January 1999: 
      
      ‘– sales ‘98
      – beer price →
      – pin-partition crates          |             actions/cat II
      – crates                            |       bottom
                                          |      cask
                                          |      NMA’.
      123    Accordingly, in the view of the Commission, the discussions on beer prices focused on four aspects: first, promotional measures
         in the off‑trade market, second, the price of cheaper and private label beers, third, the price of cask beer, the large containers
         used in the on-trade sector of the Dutch beer market and, fourth, the Dutch competition authority, the NMA (recital 194 to
         the contested decision).
      
      124    In recitals 197 and 199 to the contested decision, the Commission mentions the list of subjects for discussion at the meeting
         held on 8 January 1999, on which a representative of Grolsch had noted the abbreviation ‘BP’, which is interpreted by the
         Commission as ‘beer price’ (bierprijs) or ‘floor price’ (bodemprijs), and ‘P[rivate] L[abel] 50 ct. more’. The Commission
         infers from these notes that, as far as cask beer is concerned, the brewers had detailed discussion of prices (recital 203
         to the contested decision).
      
      125    In recitals 212 and 213 to the contested decision, the Commission refers to a document which contains a reference to three
         contacts at management level between Heineken and Grolsch on around 5 July 1999, mentioning a ‘price war’ between the two
         brewers. The Commission infers that Heineken had made direct contact with Grolsch about reductions, one and a half months
         before temporary reductions, made by a chain of shops to which Grolsch refused to grant compensation, were actually implemented
         (recital 213 to the contested decision).
      
      126    In recital 224 to the contested decision, the Commission mentions a number of documents included in its administrative file
         which show the subjects discussed at the bilateral meetings between Bavaria and InBev on 8 March 1995, in the second half
         of March 1997, on 12 May 1997, on 19 June 1997 and on 8 September 1997. It cites the following passages:
      
      –        meeting on 8 March 1995: ‘[Bavaria] and [Interbrew Nederland] both said that they had serious problems with Mr ... in the
         Netherlands’ (footnote 491 to the contested decision);
      
      –        meeting on 12 May 1997: mention was made of the ‘price increase’ and ‘private labels as a sword of Damocles ... psychological
         pressure from Grolsch and Heineken in particular to increase prices of private label beer’ (footnote 493 to the contested
         decision);
      
      –        meeting on 19 June 1997: there was discussion of ‘the conduct to be adopted in the private labels segment and, in this connection,
         Interbrew’s position vis-à-vis Martens (regarded as an unwelcome guest in the world of Dutch beer)’ (footnote 494 to the contested
         decision);
      
      –        meeting on 8 September 1997: mention was made of ‘the situation on the private labels market in the Netherlands and the fact
         that Bavaria had taken a customer from Interbrew ... lower limit offer made to [customer] ... Bavaria changing the status
         quo ...’ (footnote 495 to the contested decision).
      
      127    The Commission interprets these documents as proof that the bilateral consultations between Bavaria and InBev made it possible
         to maintain an ‘armed peace’ or a ‘non-aggression pact’ as regards private label beer (recital 223 to the contested decision).
         
      
      128    In recital 227 to the contested decision, the Commission mentions the letter dated 26 September 1997, sent by an exports manager
         for Interbrew Nederland to an exports manager at Interbrew’s head office regarding ‘beer sales in Germany and private labels’:
      
      ‘I recently spoke about this with our main competitor in the Netherlands and on that occasion I learnt that they were to meet
         ... on whether or not to increase the volume of TIP beer for 1998. I asked about the price level towards which they expected
         to work and he confirmed to me exactly the same price, minus a contribution earmarked for the head office of ..., and the
         fact that he would accept a volume of around 200 000 hl at that price.’
      
      129    According to the Commission, it is clear that Interbrew requested and obtained from Bavaria detailed information on prices
         and volumes relating to the possible supply, by Bavaria, of private label beer to a major German retail chain. The Commission
         takes the view that this confirms the statement by InBev according to which Interbrew and Bavaria exchanged information on
         the price levels offered to customers of private label beer. In addition, the Commission asserts that this fact was acknowledged
         by InBev in a letter dated 21 February 2006 (recital 228 to the contested decision).
      
      130    In recital 234 to the contested decision, the Commission mentions the following statement by the Haacht brewery regarding
         the meeting held on 14 or 15 June 1998 between Bavaria, Interbrew Nederland and the Belgian brewers Interbrew Belgique, Alken-Maes,
         Haacht and Martens:
      
      ‘In the course of that meeting, the Dutch breweries were told about the content of the exchange of information between the
         Belgian participants. The Dutch breweries consented to an exchange of information on volumes, types of packaging, the length
         of contracts and possible renewal dates, and customers. With regard to prices, the participants agreed in principle not to
         exchange information on this subject ...
      
      The participants [in] the meeting considered that a neutral party should be given the job of centralising the exchange of
         information. This request was made because the parties present on the Netherlands market did not trust the other parties.
         Haacht was invited to centralise the information since it was not active on the Netherlands market.’
      
      131    The Commission takes the view that, on this point, that statement confirms the statement by InBev (recital 235 to the contested
         decision).
      
      132    In recital 236 to the contested decision, the Commission mentions the handwritten notes from the abovementioned meeting held
         on 14 or 15 June 1998, which were discovered in the office of the secretary of a chair of Bavaria’s management board:
      
      ‘Martens → nothing has ever taken shape in the Netherlands
      → bottom – market – price breaker
      |→ price offers are made
      Interbrew Nederland – Martens -> offer made to a major private label customer
      ...
      7.68 [circled]
      Martens – “price drop Belgium”
      now NL → ...
      Interbrew Belgique has made the first move concerning P[rivate] L[abels]
      only for                   ...
      Pilsener                            ...
       / \                         /        \
                              multiple single
      ... – “decided” |→ at Interbrew
                              CAT I+II’.
      133    According to the Commission, these notes confirm that Interbrew Belgique took the initiative at a meeting on private label
         beer during which it decided that the contract with a retail purchasing organisation ‘would go to Interbrew in the Netherlands’
         (recital 237 to the contested decision).
      
      134    As regards this latter meeting, the Commission also mentions the following statement by an off-trade manager for InBev, submitted
         by InBev on 21 February 2006 in response to a request for information (recital 238 to the contested decision):
      
      ‘At one point ..., Mr ... from ... disclosed a low price which Martens had offered him. He told me that he had obtained a
         price of NLG 0.32 per bottle. This corresponds to the amount of NLG 7.68 per crate of 24 bottles mentioned in the notes by
         Mr … [manager for Bavaria]. During those discussions, which took place from April to the beginning of June 1998, I suggested
         to him moving to category II and thereby benefiting from lower excise duties. Eventually, at the beginning of June 1998, we
         concluded an agreement with ... on the supply of a new ... category II beer ... Following the reduction in excise duties as
         a result of the move to a category II beer, we were able to propose an amount of NLG 6.36 (including the excise reduction
         of NLG 0.84), thus fending off the offer from Martens.
      
      ...
      At the time of the meeting held on 14 or 15 June 1998, ... Interbrew had reached agreement with ... on supplies of category
         I ... and category II beer. In the course of that meeting, I reported on the discussions and on the agreement reached with
         ... for two reasons. Firstly, I wanted to confront Martens with the offer which it had made to ..., since it had always denied
         having made price offers in the Netherlands. Secondly, I was keen to inform the other participants that they should no longer
         make offers to ..., in view of the agreement concluded between Interbrew and ... . Line n of the [document referred to in
         recital 236 to the contested decision] bears witness to my communication relating to the conclusion of the contract for the
         supply of category I and category II beers between ... and Interbrew. The existence of that agreement ... is evident from
         the fax of 24 June 1998.’
      
      135    In recital 240 to the contested decision, the Commission mentions a statement by the Belgian brewer Haacht regarding the second
         Belgian‑Dutch meeting held on 7 July 1998, according to which: 
      
      ‘This was the last meeting which was organised between the parties. At the meeting, Haacht circulated the information collected
         on the Netherlands market.
      
      The parties then changed subjects and discussed certain less important points, but the representative [of] Haacht did not
         take part in that discussion. Whatever the case, no important information was exchanged on these subjects. This meeting gave
         the impression of not producing anything concrete.’
      
      136    According to the Commission, the statement by an off-trade manager for Interbrew confirmed the statement by Haacht according
         to which this was the last Belgian-Dutch meeting. The Commission takes the view that the decision to put an end to these meetings
         was taken for a specific reason, namely the fear that the Dutch competition authority would make an incursion into one or
         more breweries, which is confirmed by the statement by InBev (recital 241 to the contested decision).
      
      137    In recital 248 to the contested decision, the Commission mentions a Heineken internal statement according to which ‘the extremely
         low prices currently applied by the Belgian brewery Martens ... are frustrating the policy of taking the bottom of the market
         to a higher price level’.
      
      138    Lastly, in recital 249 to the contested decision, the Commission mentions the statement made during its inspection on 23 March
         2000 and signed by a managing director of Grolsche Bierbrouwerij Nederland, who became chair of the board of directors at
         Koninklijke Grolsch:
      
      ‘He took the document ... entitled “Price scenarios based on a net increase in wholesale prices of NLG 2.00 per hl”, which
         includes the annotation “CBK – Fie – always take away” to the meetings of the CBK Working Party on finance. He used that document
         to draw the attention of Interbrew and Bavaria (the producers of private label beer in the Netherlands) on price determination,
         in his view unjustifiable, for private label beer (less than 10 florins per crate).’
      
      139    In the same recital to the contested decision, the Commission also mentions the following statement by a managing director
         of Heineken Nederland:
      
      ‘I had already been present at a meeting of the CBK where others spoke about price determination for private labels. Such
         comments will have been made to express a concern. I did not react because in principle Heineken is not involved in the production
         of private labels.’
      
      140    The Commission infers from the passages cited in recitals 248 and 249 to the contested decision that the producers of private
         label beer (Interbrew and Bavaria) revealed their price strategy to Heineken and to Grolsch, which are not active in that
         sector (recital 248 to the contested decision). It concludes that the bilateral discussions between Interbrew and Bavaria
         seeking to increase the price of private label beer formed part of the general discussions held between the four brewers (recital
         252 to the contested decision).
      
      141    It should be stated that the evidence set out above corroborates the statement by InBev and justifies the finding that representatives
         of Heineken, Grolsch, Interbrew and Bavaria met regularly in a cycle of informal meetings known as the ‘Catherijne consultation’
         or ‘Working Party on agenda’, whose composition varied (statement by InBev cited in recital 45 to the contested decision;
         other evidence examined in recitals 65 to 222 to the contested decision). The 18 meetings mentioned in the contested decision,
         which are part of that cycle, took place on 27 February 1996, 19 June 1996, 8 October 1996, 8 January 1997, 1 May 1997, 2
         September 1997, 16 December 1997, 17 December 1997, 12 March 1998, 9 April 1998, 3 July 1998, 15 December 1998, 8 January
         1999, 4 March 1999, 10 May 1999, 11 August 1999, 19 August 1999 and 3 November 1999.
      
      142    As far as the content of the discussions held in those meetings is concerned, the abovementioned evidence corroborates the
         statement by InBev and proves the following:
      
      –        with regard to the off-trade sector:
      –        the four brewers discussed prices (statement by InBev cited in recital 51 and other evidence cited in recitals 76, 129, 156,
         174, 193, 212 and 213 to the contested decision) and increases in the price of beer in the Netherlands (statement by InBev
         cited in recital 51; other evidence cited in recitals 76, 89, 117 and 179 to the contested decision);
      
      –        discussions on prices were also pursued through bilateral contacts, including between Grolsch and Heineken in July 1999 (document
         cited in recitals 212 and 213 to the contested decision);
      
      –        concrete price proposals were discussed (Interbrew internal letter mentioned in recital 89 to the contested decision) and
         information exchanged was sometimes quite detailed (documents mentioned in recitals 129 and 174 to the contested decision);
         
      
      –        in 1997 and 1998 there was a consensus between the brewers on implementing a price increase before or during 1998 (documents
         mentioned in recitals 89, 174 and 179 to the contested decision); 
      
      –        the producers of ‘A brand’ beer (Heineken and Grolsch), unlike the producers of ‘B brands’ (private label beer) (Interbrew
         and Bavaria), which were opposed, insisted that the price increase be implemented ‘in two phases’, first for B brands and
         then for A brands, and that the rate of increase be differentiated between A brands and B brands (statement by InBev cited
         in recital 53; other evidence mentioned in recitals 76, 89, 100, 117 and 193 to the contested decision);
      
      –        Bavaria announced (probably at the meeting held on 12 March 1998) its intention to increase its prices (evidence mentioned
         in recitals 129 and 179 and statement by InBev cited in recital 51 to the contested decision). The other brewers would probably
         follow Bavaria by increasing their prices subsequently (statement by InBev cited in recital 51 to the contested decision);
      
      –        as far as the monitoring mechanism was concerned, it was agreed that the increases made by Bavaria should be demonstrable
         in the figures from the supermarkets’ database compiled by AC Nielsen (documents mentioned in recitals 129 and 179 to the
         contested decision);
      
      –        there is no evidence that the price increase planned for 1998 took place;
      –        in the consultations on prices, the brewers discussed the situation of certain specific supermarkets (handwritten notes mentioned
         in recitals 76 and 156 to the contested decision);
      
      –        during discussions, the participants indicated specific price figures (documents mentioned in recitals 76, 89, 117, 129 and
         174 to the contested decision);
      
      –        with regard to private label beer:
      –        from 1995, the two Dutch producers of private label beer (Interbrew and Bavaria), on several occasions, expressed their concerns
         over the plans by the Belgian brewer Martens to penetrate the Dutch market in that sector (statement by InBev cited in recital
         55; other evidence cited in recitals 224, 236, 238 and 248 to the contested decision); 
      
      –        these concerns were discussed in the bilateral consultations between Bavaria and InBev (statement by InBev cited in recital
         52; Interbrew internal letter cited in recital 227 to the contested decision) and five bilateral meetings (on 8 March 1995,
         in the second half of March 1997, on 12 May 1997, 19 June 1997 and 8 September 1997) on the subject of this problem (documents
         mentioned in recital 224 to the contested decision);
      
      –        two ‘Belgian-Dutch’ meetings took place in Breda on 14 or 15 June 1998 (documents mentioned in recitals 234, 236 and 238 to
         the contested decision) and on 7 July 1998 (statement by Haacht cited in recital 240 to the contested decision) between Interbrew
         Nederland, Bavaria and the Belgian brewers Interbrew Belgique, Alken-Maes, Haacht and Martens (statement by InBev cited in
         recital 55 to the contested decision);
      
      –        subjects connected with private label beer were also discussed in the presence of Heineken and Grolsch (which are not active
         in that segment) as part of the general discussion (statement by InBev cited in recital 54; other evidence mentioned in recitals
         156, 193, 248 and 249 to the contested decision);
      
      –        the brewers discussed prices of private label beer (statement by InBev cited in recital 54; other evidence mentioned in recitals
         193, 199, 227, 236, 238 and 249 to the contested decision);
      
      –        Heineken and Grolsch exerted ‘psychological pressure’ on Bavaria and Interbrew to increase prices of private label beer (documents
         mentioned in recital 224, in footnote 493 and in recital 248 to the contested decision) by refusing to increase the prices
         of A brands (statement by InBev cited in recital 53 to the contested decision);
      
      –        it was agreed both at bilateral level between Interbrew Nederland and Bavaria and at multilateral level between the Dutch
         and Belgian brewers active in the sector not to attempt to poach customers and to respect the respective volumes of private
         labels in the Netherlands and in Belgium; it was decided, among other things, that the contract with a retail purchasing organisation
         would go to Interbrew Nederland (statement by InBev cited in recital 55; documents mentioned in recitals 224, 236 and 238
         to the contested decision);
      
      –        the brewers exchanged information on the commercial conditions offered to certain specific customers (letter mentioned in
         recital 227 to the contested decision and documents mentioned in recitals 236 and 238 to the contested decision);
      
      –        during discussions, the participants indicated specific price figures (documents mentioned in recitals 236, 238 and 249 to
         the contested decision);
      
      –        with regard to the on-trade sector:
      –        the four brewers discussed prices (documents mentioned in recitals 174, 193 and 197 to the contested decision) and price increases
         (handwritten notes mentioned in recital 76 to the contested decision) in the on-trade sector;
      
      –        there was an agreement between the brewers known as the ‘sliding scale’, which concerned the amount of the discounts to be
         granted to on-trade customers (statement by InBev cited in recital 48; handwritten notes mentioned in recitals 92, 143 and
         165 to the contested decision) and which the brewers should ‘respect’ (handwritten notes mentioned in recital 92 to the contested
         decision); respect for that agreement was monitored and known infringements were discussed in the ‘Catherijne’ meetings (statement
         by InBev cited in recital 48 to the contested decision);
      
      –        the consultations also related to the introduction of restrictions seeking to maintain the status quo in the sector by avoiding
         stealing customers from other brewers (statement by InBev cited in recital 48; Heineken internal letter concerning Bavaria’s
         poaching of a student association, cited in recital 184 to the contested decision);
      
      –        the discussions on such restrictions were also pursued through bilateral contacts; for example, on 9 September 1998, managers
         from Heineken and from Bavaria discussed Bavaria taking an on-trade customer from Heineken (Heineken internal letter cited
         in recital 184 to the contested decision);
      
      –        the brewers exchanged information on certain customers and specific points of sale (documents mentioned in recitals 92, 143,
         156, 165 and 184 to the contested decision);
      
      –        during discussions, the brewers mentioned precise figures concerning the level of discounts and commissions for reductions
         (handwritten notes mentioned in recitals 143 and 165 to the contested decision).
      
      143    It is in the light of this evidence that it is necessary to examine the applicants’ arguments relating to the three aspects
         of the conduct in question, consisting, first, in coordinating prices and price increases for beer in the Netherlands in both
         the on-trade and the off-trade sector, including with regard to private label beer, second, in occasionally coordinating other
         commercial conditions offered to individual customers in the on-trade sector in the Netherlands and, third, in occasionally
         coordinating customer allocation, in both the on-trade and the off‑trade sector in the Netherlands (Article 1 of and recitals
         257 and 258 to the contested decision).
      
      –       The facts relating to the findings, first, of coordination of prices and price increases for beer and, second, occasional
         coordination of customer allocation
      
      144    The applicants claim, in essence, that the handwritten notes produced by the representatives of the brewers at the meetings
         in question are interpreted by the Commission in a partial and tendentious manner.
      
      145    They point out that the handwritten notes from Bavaria and from Grolsch are difficult to understand for anyone except those
         who wrote them. In their observations, they merely address the relevance and the interpretation of certain documents emanating
         from themselves and of other documents on the subject of which their response to the Commission was reproduced in the text
         of the contested decision. Moreover, the applicants simply state that the notes mentioned by the Commission are open to a
         variety of interpretations and that they are not therefore sufficient to prove the existence of an infringement beyond any
         reasonable doubt.
      
      146    The applicants contest the interpretation of the evidence mentioned in recitals 76, 89, 117, 156, 165, 174, 175, 179, 184,
         199, 212, 213, 248 and 249 to the contested decision (see paragraphs 99, 101, 106, 114, 116, 118 to 120, 124, 125, 137 and
         138 above).
      
      147    Before examining the applicants’ arguments concerning the abovementioned evidence, it should be noted that the majority of
         the factual findings set out in paragraphs 141 and 142 above are based on several pieces of evidence.
      
      148    With regard to the notes of 19 June 1996 and 17 December 1997 (mentioned in recitals 76 and 117 to the contested decision),
         the applicants do not dispute the Commission’s interpretation of their content, but the way in which their own initial responses
         regarding those documents were reproduced in the contested decision. Furthermore, the factual findings which the documents
         in question tend to support are not affected at all by the comments made by the applicants according to which, in their replies,
         they did not claim that there was a ‘negotiation’, but only that the discussions at the meeting held on 19 June 1996 probably
         related to private label beer and they did not criticise the Commission’s interpretation of the notes of 17 December 1997
         on the ground that the market segment in question cannot be determined, but claimed that those notes did not provide convincing
         evidence of an unlawful consultation. 
      
      149    Furthermore, the notes mentioned in recitals 76 and 117 to the contested decision are corroborated, in relation to each of
         the findings, by several other items of uncontested evidence (see paragraph 142 above). The same is true of the documents
         mentioned in recitals 165, 199, 212 and 213 to the contested decision. There is therefore no need to examine individually
         those documents and the applicants’ observations on them for the purposes of the analysis of the facts of the case. 
      
      150    The handwritten notes of 3 July 1998 by a member of the board of directors of Bavaria, the Heineken internal memo and the
         statements by a managing director of Grolsche Bierbrouwerij Nederland, who became chair of the board of directors at Koninklijke
         Grolsch, and by a managing director of Heineken Nederland (mentioned in recitals 156, 248 and 249 to the contested decision)
         represent important evidence for the finding that subjects connected with private label beer were discussed in the presence
         of Heineken and Grolsch (see paragraph 142 above). The applicants do not challenge that finding. However, they do object to
         the conclusion that Heineken was involved in those consultations between Bavaria and Interbrew. This argument concerning the
         legal categorisation of the applicants’ conduct will be considered as part of the analysis of the existence of agreements
         or concerted practices (see paragraphs 194 to 198 below).
      
      151    The Heineken internal letter concerning Bavaria’s poaching of a student association (mentioned in recital 184 to the contested
         decision) is the only piece of evidence which specifically bears witness to discussions between the brewers (in this instance
         Heineken and Bavaria) on the subject of on-trade customers being stolen (see paragraph 142 above). The applicants do not deny
         that, on that occasion, Bavaria proposed discussing the problem with Heineken, or even resolving it by means of compensation.
         However, they argue that this was not done and that Heineken would not have allowed it either. The applicants deny, moreover,
         the existence of a system of compensation between the brewers in the event of customers being poached.
      
      152    These claims made by the applicants are not plausible. In the contested decision, the Commission rightly notes that the sentence
         ‘[t]he hectolitres lost could then have been compensated for in some other way’, in the text of the letter in question, indicates
         that there was no discussion between Heineken and Bavaria on the need for compensation, but only on the means of obtaining
         compensation (recital 185 to the contested decision), and that the use of the words ‘well‑known rhetoric’, ‘emphasis’ and
         ‘voluntarily’ signifies that, according to the author, who comes from the Heineken group, Bavaria is suspected of failing
         to respect a rule that brewers must not actively solicit on-trade customers from other brewers (recital 188 to the contested
         decision).
      
      153    Consequently, the evidence mentioned in recitals 184 to 188 to the contested decision corroborates the statements contained
         in the statement by InBev, cited in recital 48 to the contested decision, regarding the existence of an arrangement not to
         steal on-trade customers.
      
      154    The documents discovered in the office of an off-trade sales manager for Grolsche Bierbrouwerij Nederland (mentioned in recitals
         174 and 175 to the contested decision) and the Heineken internal memo of 14 October 1998 (mentioned in recital 179 to the
         contested decision) tend to demonstrate the existence, in 1997 and in 1998, of a consensus between the brewers on implementing
         a price increase before or during 1998 (see paragraph 142 above).
      
      155    As regards the note ‘agenda c[ommiss]ie CBK’ on the documents mentioned in recitals 174 and 175 to the contested decision,
         the applicants claim that they do not know the reasons which led the manager from Grolsch to make such a note and that a personal
         note cannot constitute convincing proof of the existence of a cartel.
      
      156    However, they do not deny the Commission’s finding that those documents show that prices and competition in the off-trade
         sector were discussed at meetings of the CBK Working Party on agenda, and they do not offer any explanation in relation to
         the fact that the manager from Grolsch was in possession of a Heineken price list and information about Bavaria’s price increase
         at such a meeting.
      
      157    With regard to the statement in the Heineken internal memo (mentioned in recital 179 to the contested decision) according
         to which ‘the price increase promised by Bavaria in the CBK is not apparent in the [figures] from Nielsen’, the applicants
         comment that the use of the term ‘promise’ to describe a price increase announcement by Bavaria, which had been known about
         on the market for some months, does not constitute convincing proof of a cartel. In addition, this conclusion is contradicted
         by the fact that Heineken opted not to increase its prices until February 2000.
      
      158    In this regard, as the Commission rightly states in recital 182 to the contested decision, to interpret the word ‘promise’
         as simply ‘mentioning’ a price increase is a departure from its ordinary meaning. The finding of the existence of a commitment
         by Bavaria to increase its prices is made even more plausible by the mention of the fact that the increase ‘is not apparent
         in the [figures] from Nielsen’. It has already been stated that the supermarket cash register data compiled by AC Nielsen
         were used as a monitoring tool through which the price increase by Bavaria was to be made ‘demonstrable’ (see recital 133
         to the contested decision and paragraph 142 above). The reference to those data falls more logically into the context of monitoring
         the implementation of a commitment than verifying a simple mention.
      
      159    With regard to the applicants’ argument that Heineken did not increase its prices until February 2000 (whereas the agreed
         rise was planned for 1998), it is sufficient to note that the simple failure to execute an agreement on prices does not in
         itself mean that the agreement itself never existed.
      
      160    Lastly, the existence of a consensus to increase prices in 1998 is very clear from the Interbrew internal letter of 25 March
         1997 (cited in recital 89 to the contested decision). The applicants’ interpretation to the effect that the letter concerns
         Interbrew’s negotiations with its buyers (that is to say, with supermarkets) and not with other brewers is not convincing
         in view of the explicit mention of the ‘main brewers’ as the parties to the ‘consensus’ in the text of the letter. 
      
      161    The fact that the price increase mentioned in the letter was to happen ‘before 1998’, when the abovementioned evidence was
         produced in 1998, also cannot confirm the applicants’ view that there is no link between those documents. It is conceivable
         that, on account of the difficulties connected with the negotiation of the arrangements for implementation (in particular,
         the differentiated price increase for A and B brands referred to in the Interbrew internal letter), the price increase initially
         planned for a date in 1997 was first put back to the following year and then abandoned by the brewers. 
      
      162    In addition, contrary to the claims made by the applicants, the accuracy of the Interbrew internal letter of 25 March 1997
         and, more specifically, of the mention of the existence of a ‘consensus’ is not disproved either by the statements by the
         managers from InBev (see paragraphs 82 and 83 above) or by the fact that Heineken reportedly did not increase its prices until
         February 2000 (see paragraph 159 above). 
      
      163    In the light of all the foregoing, the body of evidence relied on by the Commission is sufficient to corroborate the statement
         by InBev in relation to the factual findings concerning coordination of prices and price increases and customer allocation.
         Moreover, the validity of those findings is not called into question by the applicants’ arguments concerning the evidence
         set out in paragraph 146 above.
      
      164    Consequently, the applicants’ arguments alleging an error of assessment of the facts relating to these two aspects of the
         infringement in question must be rejected.
      
      –       The facts relating to the finding of occasional coordination of other commercial conditions offered to individual customers
         in the on-trade sector
      
      165    The applicants claim that the Commission did not establish that the undertakings concerned coordinated commercial conditions,
         other than prices, granted to customers in the on-trade sector.
      
      166    The Commission takes the view that the handwritten notes mentioned in recitals 67 and 138 to the contested decision contain
         proof of occasional coordination, between the four brewers, of certain commercial conditions, such as conditions for loans,
         offered to individual on-trade customers (recital 258 to the contested decision).
      
      167    The handwritten notes cited in recital 67 to the contested decision include the following: ‘Guarantees/financing: fin[ancing]
         for ... in excess of needs of specific points. So ... mil[lions]’. 
      
      168    According to the Commission, this quotation therefore means that, at the meeting held on 27 February 1996, the brewers discussed
         the guarantees and financing granted or to be granted by one or more brewers to specific sales outlets (recital 68 to the
         contested decision).
      
      169    However, it should be noted that the applicants propose another interpretation of the passage mentioned by the Commission,
         stating that it was part of a discussion on ‘bad debtors’.
      
      170    In recital 138 to the contested decision, the Commission mentions the handwritten notes by an on-trade manager for Bavaria
         relating to the meeting held on 12 March 1998, containing the following passage: ‘Bav interest ...%? unless there is an advertising
         allowance’. According to the Commission, this passage proves that a discussion was held concerning the level of interest rates
         applied to loans granted to on-trade points of sale (recital 142 to the contested decision).
      
      171    However, even supposing that the Commission has correctly interpreted the handwritten notes, the isolated and laconic nature
         of such a reference and the absence of any specific information concerning participation by the other brewers in a discussion
         on the subjects in question do not allow those notes to be regarded as sufficient proof of the existence of collusion in relation
         to occasional coordination of certain commercial conditions.
      
      172    In its answers to the questions asked by the Court, the Commission claims that the handwritten notes, mentioned in recitals
         67 and 138 to the contested decision, are corroborated by the statement by InBev, according to which, first, the ‘Catherijne’
         meeting on 12 March 1998 was devoted both to on-trade and to off-trade matters and, second, the participants in the ‘Catherijne’
         meetings consulted on investments in the on-trade sector in order to avoid taking customers.
      
      173    It must nevertheless be stated that the two passages cited by the Commission and the reference made by the Commission to ‘the
         spirit of the statement by InBev’ do not offer a specific indication as to the existence of discussions between the brewers
         concerning the coordination of loan conditions and cannot therefore support the conclusion to that effect drawn by the Commission.
      
      174    Consequently, it should be noted that the finding by the Commission relating to occasional coordination, between the brewers,
         of the loan conditions offered to individual on-trade customers is based on fragmentary and imprecise evidence.
      
      175    In view of the isolated and laconic nature of the references made in the handwritten notes mentioned in recitals 67 and 138
         to the contested decision and the plausible interpretation suggested by the applicants and the absence of specific indications
         in this regard in the statement by InBev, it should be stated that the Commission did not demonstrate, to the requisite legal
         standard, that the infringement in question included ‘occasional coordination of other commercial conditions offered to individual
         consumers in the on-trade segment in the Netherlands’.
      
      176    The finding made to this effect, in recital 258 to and in Article 1 of the contested decision, cannot therefore be regarded
         as established.
      
      177    Consequently, the applicants’ arguments alleging an error of assessment of the facts relating to occasional coordination of
         other commercial conditions offered to individual customers in the on-trade sector must be accepted.
      
      –       The alleged error of law and in the treatment of the facts
      178    The applicants claim that the finding by the Commission as to the existence of a complex of agreements and/or concerted practices
         between undertakings within the meaning of Article 81 EC stems from an error relating to the interpretation and the application
         of that provision (recitals 337 and 341 to the contested decision).
      
      179    It should be stated, first of all, that, in the multilateral meetings and their bilateral contacts, on several occasions the
         four brewers exchanged sensitive information on the market (prices, the amount of discounts and specific offers to certain
         customers), which were sometimes fairly detailed (documents mentioned in recitals 129 and 174 to the contested decision) and
         included specific figures for prices (documents mentioned in recitals 76, 89, 117, 129 and 174 to the contested decision),
         discounts and commissions for reduction (documents mentioned in recitals 143 and 165 to the contested decision), as well as
         information on customers and points of sale both in the on-trade sector (documents mentioned in recitals 92, 143, 156, 165
         and 184 to the contested decision) and in the off-trade sector (documents mentioned in recitals 76 and 156 to the contested
         decision).
      
      180    Certain specific proposals concerning conduct on the market were also discussed, in particular the proposal to implement a
         two-phase price increase in the off-trade sector (document mentioned in recital 89 to the contested decision).
      
      181    In addition, the fact that no official minutes were ever taken for the ‘Catherijne’ meetings, that the substance of the discussions
         was almost never reflected in an internal memo and that agendas and notes from those meetings were destroyed in November 1998
         (statement by InBev cited in recital 61 to the contested decision) indicates that, contrary to the claims made by the applicants,
         the discussions were secret and that the participants were aware that their conduct was unlawful and attempted to conceal
         it.
      
      182    Contrary to the claims made by the applicants, it is apparent from the documentary evidence examined by the Commission that
         a consensus was reached on certain proposals, such as on awarding a contract with the retail purchasing organisation to Interbrew
         (document mentioned in recital 236 and footnote 531 to the contested decision) and on the concerted price increase before
         or during 1998 (document mentioned in recital 89 to the contested decision).
      
      183    The existence, in this latter case, of an agreement within the meaning of Article 81 EC is not called into question either
         by the likelihood that the consensus between the brewers did not extend to the practical arrangements for implementing the
         price increase or the fact that that increase never actually took place on the market.
      
      184    Even supposing that an agreement was never reached on specific elements of the planned restriction, the Commission rightly
         found that, by regularly holding their discussions, the brewers had clearly shown their common intention to reach an anti-competitive
         agreement (recital 341 to the contested decision). 
      
      185    All the same, the continued exchange of sensitive information, which was not publicly available and which the representatives
         of the four brewers found useful to note on their agendas and to mention in their internal correspondence, certainly had the
         effect of reducing, for each of them, uncertainty over the conceivable conduct of their competitors. 
      
      186    In this regard, subject to proof to the contrary, which the economic operators concerned must adduce, the presumption must
         be that the undertakings taking part in the concerted action and remaining active on the market take account of the information
         exchanged with their competitors for the purposes of determining their conduct on that market. That will be all the more true
         where the undertakings concert together on a regular basis over a long period, as was the case here (see, to that effect,
         Hüls v Commission, cited in paragraph 46 above, paragraph 162).
      
      187    The applicants essentially consider that they have rebutted this presumption by showing that, despite the discussions, the
         four brewers determined their conduct on the market autonomously.
      
      188    That argument cannot be accepted. It is certainly true that both the statements by the managers from InBev and the fact that
         Heineken did not increase its prices until February 2000 demonstrate that, during the period in question, each brewer pursued
         its own policy on the market. Nevertheless, even though this finding may show the absence of formal commitments or actual
         coordination between the brewers, it is not sufficient to prove that the brewers never took into account the information exchanged
         at the meetings in question in order to determine their conduct on the market as they wished. 
      
      189    The applicants have not therefore successfully rebutted the presumption established by the case-law cited in paragraph 186
         above.
      
      190    Consequently, it should be stated that the constituent elements of a concerted practice, based on the case-law cited in paragraphs
         46 and 47 above, are present in this case.
      
      191    In these circumstances, it should be noted that the Commission was entitled to characterise the conduct in question as a ‘complex
         of agreements and/or concerted practices’ in so far as that conduct involved at one and the same time elements to be characterised
         as ‘agreements’ and elements to be characterised as ‘concerted practices’. Given such a complex factual situation, the dual
         characterisation by the Commission in Article 1 of the contested decision must be understood not as requiring, simultaneously
         and cumulatively, proof that each of those factual elements presents the constituent elements both of an agreement and of
         a concerted practice, but rather as referring to a complex whole comprising a number of factual elements some of which were
         characterised as agreements and others as concerted practices for the purposes of Article 81 EC, which lays down no specific
         category for a complex infringement of this type (see, to that effect, Hercules Chemicals v Commission, cited in paragraph 44 above, paragraph 264).
      
      192    The applicants nevertheless dispute that their alleged conduct had an anti‑competitive object. They claim, in particular,
         that the object of the meetings was never to consult secretly on competition-sensitive conduct. Occasionally there might have
         been discussion of the market situation, including consumer prices on the off-trade market and offers to certain on-trade
         customers. However, the discussions covered such a number of important subjects for the sector and would have been so informal
         and free that they could not have been described as ‘consultations’. 
      
      193    It should be noted in this regard that the discussions on market-sensitive information, even assuming that they were occasional
         and held in conjunction with discussions on non-sensitive subjects, were clearly such as to establish coordination on the
         market and to reduce uncertainty over the conceivable conduct of competitors. It has already been shown that, even though
         the coordination between the brewers was not always very effective, the discussions on prices and conditions offered to specific
         customers enabled them to monitor closely certain aspects of their competitors’ conduct and to determine their own conduct
         in the light of the information obtained (see paragraphs 185 to 189 above). The fact that the brewers’ representatives found
         it useful to note this information on their agendas and to mention it in their internal correspondence is also an indication
         of the particular importance of that information to them and confirmation of the fact that, even though the anti-competitive
         effect of the consultations was not always achieved, it was objectively pursued by the participants. 
      
      194    Lastly, the applicants contest the Commission’s finding that Heineken was involved in discussions held between Interbrew and
         Bavaria on the private label beer segment. They do not deny that they attended the multilateral meetings in question, but
         claim that Heineken was not active in the relevant segment and that its involvement in the arrangements in question cannot
         be inferred from the fact that a concern regarding prices in the segment in question was expressed by Grolsch, another brewer
         which was not present in that segment, or from the fact that Bavaria and InBev had set themselves the objective of raising
         price levels in that segment (recitals 249 to 252 to the contested decision). 
      
      195    In this respect, the Court would point out that, according to settled case‑law, where an undertaking has, even without playing
         an active role, attended a meeting during which unlawful concerted action has been mooted, it is deemed to have participated
         in that concerted action unless it proves that it openly distanced itself from it or informed the other participants that
         it intended to take part in that meeting in a spirit that was different from theirs (see Joined Cases T-25/95, T‑26/95, T‑30/95
         to T-32/95, T-34/95 to T-39/95, T-42/95 to T-46/95, T-48/95, T‑50/95 to T-65/95, T-68/95 to T-71/95, T-87/95, T-88/95, T-103/95
         and T‑104/95 Cimenteries CBR and Others v Commission [2000] ECR II‑491, paragraph 3199 and the case-law cited).
      
      196    In the present case, it should be noted, first of all, that even though Heineken was not active in the private label beer
         segment, it is clear from the statement by InBev (recitals 54 and 247 to the contested decision) that the prices applied in
         that segment were a common concern for the four major brewers, including Heineken. 
      
      197    Secondly, the applicants do not dispute that Heineken was present at the unlawful discussions in question on prices in the
         private label beer segment, a fact confirmed by various pieces of evidence, mentioned in recitals 247 to 251 to the contested
         decision. The applicants also do not claim that Heineken openly distanced itself from those discussions or that it informed
         the other brewers that it intended to take part in the meetings in question in a spirit that was different from theirs. Consequently,
         the simple fact that Heineken did not play an active role in those discussions, even if established, cannot exclude its liability.
      
      198    Lastly, the file shows that Heineken’s involvement in the discussions on prices of private label beer did not amount merely
         to passive participation in certain meetings and to its interest in the result of those discussions, but also included the
         pressure that it consciously exerted on Interbrew and Bavaria by refusing to increase the prices of its own brands before
         prices of private labels were increased. The fact that such pressure was exerted is also attested by the statement by InBev
         (cited in recital 54 to the contested decision) and by a document concerning the content of the meeting held on 12 May 1997
         (mentioned in recital 224 to the contested decision), the interpretation of which is not contested by the applicants. 
      
      199    In the light of all the foregoing, the applicants’ arguments alleging an error of law cannot be accepted.
      
      200    Lastly, since the applicants have not demonstrated that the contested decision is vitiated by an error of law in the application
         of Article 81(1) EC, it is also necessary to reject their argument, based on essentially the same premiss, that the Commission
         misinterpreted that provision, in breach of the principle of the presumption of innocence, and thus failed to provide sufficient
         grounds in support of the finding of the infringement.
      
      –       Conclusion
      201    Following the examination of the fifth and sixth pleas above, it should be noted that the Commission’s finding as to the existence
         of occasional coordination of commercial conditions, other than prices, offered to individual consumers in the on-trade sector
         in the Netherlands is not demonstrated to the requisite legal standard and cannot be accepted (see paragraphs 167 to 177 above).
      
      202    Consequently, Article 1 of the contested decision must be annulled in so far as it establishes that aspect of the infringement
         in question and the amount of the fine imposed on the applicants must be adjusted accordingly. The practical consequences
         of that adjustment will be set out in paragraphs 435 and 436 below.
      
      203    The remainder of the fifth and sixth pleas must be rejected.
      
       The seventh plea, concerning the duration of the infringement
       Arguments of the parties
      204    The applicants dispute the determination of 27 February 1996 and 3 November 1999 as the start and end dates of the infringement
         attributed to them. They consider, among other things, that the start and end of the infringement must be directly proven
         by evidence and are subject to a heavier burden of proof, which is not satisfied in the present case, since the Commission
         does not have direct proof of the anti‑competitive content of the discussions held at the meetings on 27 February 1996 and
         3 November 1999.
      
      205    With regard to the meeting on 27 February 1996, the applicants claim that the handwritten notes mentioned by the Commission
         in recital 67 to the contested decision concern a general discussion relating to ‘bad debtors’ in the on-trade sector, which
         cannot be regarded as restrictive of competition.
      
      206    With regard to the meeting on 3 November 1999, the applicants state that the proof of its anti-competitive content is based
         on a reply by InBev to a request for information from the Commission (cited in recital 221 to the contested decision). They
         nevertheless consider that that reply is refuted by the more specific statements made by the managers from InBev who personally
         attended that meeting.
      
      207    The Commission contests the applicants’ arguments.
      
       Findings of the Court
      208    The duration of the infringement is an intrinsic element of an infringement under Article 81(1) EC, the burden of proof of
         which is borne principally by the Commission. In this regard, according to the case-law, if there is no evidence directly
         establishing the duration of an infringement, the Commission should adduce at least evidence of facts sufficiently proximate
         in time for it to be reasonable to accept that that infringement continued uninterruptedly between two specific dates (Case
         T-43/92 Dunlop Slazenger v Commission [1994] ECR II-441, paragraph 79, and Peróxidos Orgánicos v Commission, cited in paragraph 91 above, paragraph 51).
      
      209    In the present case, the applicants dispute the determination of both the start date and the end date of the infringement.
      
      –       The determination of the start date of the infringement
      210    The Commission held 27 February 1996 to be the start date of the infringement in question, this being the date of the first
         ‘Catherijne’ meeting for which it had direct proof of the presence of the four brewers. 
      
      211    As was stated in paragraphs 167 to 177 above, the handwritten notes concerning that meeting, cited in recital 67 to the contested
         decision, do not, in themselves, constitute a body of evidence to justify, to the requisite legal standard, the finding of
         the infringement relating to occasional coordination of other commercial conditions offered to individual consumers in the
         on-trade sector. 
      
      212    However, this consideration does not mean per se that that same evidence cannot be used to determine the start date of the
         infringement as a whole. 
      
      213    Indeed, the meeting on 27 February 1996 was part of a series of periodic meetings which involved the same participants and
         took place in similar circumstances. They were known as the ‘Catherijne consultation’ and the ‘Working Party on agenda’, brought
         together representatives of the four Dutch brewers Heineken, InBev, Grolsch and Bavaria, were held in parallel with the official
         meetings of the CBK and the discussions held were never recorded in minutes and almost never in internal memos. In the statement
         by InBev, these meetings are also presented as forming part of a series and a table showing names, addresses, dates and locations
         of the majority of them, including the meeting on 27 February 1996, is annexed (recital 44 to the contested decision). 
      
      214    It has already been established, on the basis of both the statement by InBev and a large body of other evidence, that the
         meetings forming part of this series had an anti-competitive object (see paragraphs 179 to 184 above). Thus, first, a body
         of evidence showing the systematic character of the meetings and their anti‑competitive content and, second, the statement
         by InBev, which has high probative value, show that, unless proved otherwise, the anti-competitive object applies to all the
         meetings forming the system, even in the absence of sufficient proof regarding the content of some of them.
      
      215    The applicants essentially consider that this logic cannot be applied to the determination of the start and end dates of the
         infringement, claiming that, even though, in principle, that infringement can be assumed to have continued uninterruptedly
         between two specific dates, the start and end of the infringement are subject to a heavier burden of proof and must be established
         directly by evidence.
      
      216    It should be noted in this regard that, in determining the start date of the infringement, the Commission did not merely rely
         on evidence relating to the meeting held on 27 February 1996. 
      
      217    In recitals 466 to 469 to the contested decision, the Commission states, with regard to each of the brewers concerned, including
         the applicants, that it participated in the infringement ‘at least between 27 February 1996 and 3 November 1999’. In recital
         56 to the contested decision, it also states that, according to the statement by InBev, the infringement began well before
         1996, namely:
      
      –        ‘in 1990 or even earlier’ with regard to the discussions concerning increases in on-trade prices;
      –        in ‘1993-94’ with regard to the discussions concerning discounts and transfers between brewers of on-trade points of sale;
      –        in ‘1987’ with regard to the discussions between Oranjeboom‑Interbrew and Bavaria concerning private label beer. 
      218    In view of the considerable probative value of the statement by InBev, the Commission was able to find that the infringement
         in question began at least on the date of the first meetings in 1996, set out in the table annexed to the statement by InBev,
         at which InBev was represented following its acquisition of Oranjeboom in 1995.
      
      219    According to the statement by InBev, Heineken played a role in organising the ‘Catherijne’ meetings from the very beginning,
         in 1993 or in 1994. In addition, it has been shown, first, that Heineken was represented at the meeting on 27 February 1996
         and, second, that, at the following meeting on 19 June 1996, the brewers continued anti‑competitive discussions (see the handwritten
         notes mentioned in recital 67 to the contested decision and in paragraphs 99 and 100 above). Although Heineken’s participation
         in that meeting has not been proven, the evidence relating to that meeting shows that Heineken’s participation in a potential
         two-stage price increase was discussed.
      
      220    In the light of the foregoing, the Commission was fully entitled to find that the applicants were involved in the infringement
         in question at least from 27 February 1996.
      
      221    The fact that the contested decision did not determine the existence of an infringement before that date actually constitutes
         a concession to the addressees of the contested decision. In this regard, it should be noted that the Court is not called
         on to rule on the lawfulness or the expediency of that concession (see, to that effect, JFE Engineering and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 50 above, paragraphs 340 and 341). 
      
      222    In these circumstances, with regard to a meeting forming part of a system of regular meetings whose anti-competitive character
         has been demonstrated to the requisite legal standard, the finding of the start date of the infringement cannot be called
         into question by the applicants’ arguments alleging that there is insufficient tangible proof as to the content of the meeting
         on 27 February 1996.
      
      223    Consequently, the complaint relating to the determination of the start date of the infringement must be rejected.
      
      –       The determination of the end date of the infringement
      224    The Commission took 3 November 1999 to be the end date of the infringement for all the brewers concerned (recitals 466 to
         469 to the contested decision), this being the date of the last ‘Catherijne’ meeting for which the Commission had direct proof
         of the presence of the four brewers. That meeting appears at the bottom of the chronological table annexed to the statement
         by InBev. According to a reply by InBev to a request for information from the Commission, the meeting on 3 November 1999 was
         a ‘Catherijne meeting (on-trade matters/Working Party on agenda) [; a]s always in the Catherijne consultations, discussions
         were primarily about excessive agreements and peaceful coexistence’ (recital 221 to the contested decision).
      
      225    The applicants take the view that that statement is refuted by the more specific statements of the managers from InBev who
         attended the meeting held on 3 November 1999, quoting the following passages:
      
      –        ‘On 19 August 1999, there was a consultation which I attended. On 3 November 1999, there was a meeting which Mr ... and I
         attended. We did not speak specifically about conduct on the market in either case. The meeting had a more informal character’;
      
      –        ‘There were meetings of the four on-trade managers (Heineken, Grolsch, Bavaria and Interbrew). I attended just one of those
         meetings, on 3 November 1999 in Enschede. Mr ... took me to introduce myself. That meeting did not have much substance. It
         was more a pleasant meeting without a specific agenda. General comments were made about discounts. I had the impression that
         there had already, for some years, been a sort of sliding scale system or a rule on discounts, but that was never explicitly
         stated. We only spoke about overall discount levels in very general terms, which was an opportunity to point out certain incidents.
         My feeling is that the sliding scale was not working. Each operator determined its own strategy. There were perhaps some attempts
         at intimidation, but everyone still did as they wished’.
      
      226    It should be stated that, contrary to the claims made by the applicants, these passages do not refute the evidence invoked
         by the Commission. The references to ‘excessive agreements’, ‘peaceful coexistence’, the ‘sliding scale’ and the ‘rule on
         discounts’ clearly relate to the coordination of discount rates applied to on-trade customers. The only clarification made
         in the statements by the managers from InBev concerns the level of detail of the discussions, which were allegedly limited
         to ‘general comments’, and the absence of their effect on the market, namely the fact that ‘the sliding scale was not working’.
         However, it has already been noted that neither the general nature of the discussions nor the absence of any effect on the
         market can refute the fact that the meeting in question constitutes an infringement (see paragraphs 78 and 79 above). 
      
      227    The fact that the meeting on 3 November 1999 formed part of a system of anti‑competitive meetings (see paragraphs 213 and
         214 above) and that the subjects discussed were connected with previous anti-competitive discussions also indicates that the
         very purpose of calling the meeting was to provide the necessary conditions so that those discussions could continue.
      
      228    In any event, even supposing there is some contradiction between the statements by the employees of InBev relied on by the
         applicants, on the one hand, and InBev’s reply to the request for information, on the other, it should be borne in mind that
         the probative value of the latter is higher, having regard to the case-law according to which a statement given on behalf
         of the undertaking as such carries more weight than that of an employee of the undertaking, whatever his individual experience
         or personal opinion (see, to that effect, LR AF 1998 v Commission, cited in paragraph 90 above, paragraph 45). 
      
      229    Consequently, the complaint relating to the determination of the end date of the infringement and, therefore, the seventh
         plea in its entirety must be rejected.
      
       The first plea, concerning a breach of the principle of sound administration and an infringement of Article 27 of Regulation
            No 1/2003, with regard to the refusal to grant access to the replies to the statement of objections made by other undertakings
            involved
       Arguments of the parties
      230    The applicants complain that the Commission refused their request for access to the replies to the statement of objections
         made by the other parties involved in the procedure, thus affecting their rights of defence. The applicants consider that
         it is clear from the contested decision that the Commission inferred evidence from those replies in order to determine the
         existence of the infringement and to justify the final amount of the fine, and that those replies contained exculpatory evidence
         from which they could have benefited. Consequently, they claim that, in the light of the principle of equality of arms, they
         should have had the opportunity to examine that evidence in order to establish their defence autonomously.
      
      231    The applicants take the view, inter alia, that they should have had access to the replies by Bavaria and by Grolsch since,
         as is apparent from the contested decision, those brewers gave an authentic interpretation of the documents which were subsequently
         used as incriminating and exculpatory evidence vis-à-vis them. In particular, the applicants point out that, in recital 75
         to the contested decision, the Commission mentions Bavaria’s replies to the statement of objections in order to show that
         they attended the meeting held on 19 June 1996. In recitals 124 to 126 to the contested decision, the Commission also used
         an interpretation based on the replies by Bavaria to prove that beer prices were discussed at the meeting held on 17 December
         1997. Lastly, the applicants state that, in recital 135 to the contested decision, the Commission refers to the claims made
         in the reply by Bavaria as evidence of certain inculpatory statements that they made at the meeting on 12 March 1998. 
      
      232    The applicants stress the importance of having access to the reply to the statement of objections by InBev, since they consider
         that the Commission essentially based the contested decision on its statements. For example, the applicants point out that
         it can be inferred from recital 476 to the contested decision and from the exchange of letters between the Commission and
         InBev in February 2006 that the replies to the statement of objections by InBev contained exculpatory evidence.
      
      233    The Commission contests the applicants’ arguments.
      
       Findings of the Court
      234    Under Article 27(2) of Regulation No 1/2003, ‘[t]he rights of defence of the parties concerned shall be fully respected in
         the proceedings [; t]hey shall be entitled to have access to the Commission’s file, subject to the legitimate interest of
         undertakings in the protection of their business secrets ...’.
      
      235    According to settled case-law, the right of access to the file, which is a corollary of the principle of respect for the rights
         of the defence, means that the Commission must provide the undertaking concerned with the opportunity to examine all the documents
         in the investigation file that may be relevant for its defence (see, to that effect, Case C-199/99 P Corus UK v Commission [2003] ECR I-11177, paragraphs 125 to 128, and Case T-30/91 Solvay v Commission [1995] ECR II-1775, paragraph 81). 
      
      236    Those documents include both incriminating and exculpatory evidence, save where the business secrets of other undertakings,
         the internal documents of the Commission or other confidential information are involved (Aalborg Portland and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 51 above, paragraph 68).
      
      237    As regards incriminating evidence, the failure to communicate a document constitutes a breach of the rights of the defence
         only if the undertaking concerned shows, first, that the Commission relied on that document to support its objection concerning
         the existence of an infringement and, second, that the objection could be proved only by reference to that document. It is
         thus for the undertaking concerned to show that the result at which the Commission arrived in its decision would have been
         different if that uncommunicated document had to be disallowed as evidence (Aalborg Portland and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 51 above, paragraphs 71 to 73).
      
      238    By contrast, where an exculpatory document has not been communicated, the undertaking concerned must only establish that its
         non-disclosure was able to influence, to its disadvantage, the course of the proceedings and the content of the Commission’s
         decision. It is sufficient for the undertaking to show that it would have been able to use the exculpatory documents in its
         defence (Hercules Chemicals v Commission, cited in paragraph 44 above, paragraph 81), demonstrating inter alia that it would have been able to put forward evidence
         which did not agree with the findings made by the Commission at the stage of the statement of objections and would therefore
         have been able to have some influence on the assessment in the decision (see, to that effect, Aalborg Portland and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 51 above, paragraph 75).
      
      239    Furthermore, it should be pointed out that the statement of objections is a document whose aim is to delimit the scope of
         the procedure initiated against an undertaking and to ensure that the rights of the defence may be exercised effectively (Case
         T-69/04 Schunk and Schunk Kohlenstoff‑Technik v Commission [2008] ECR II-2567, paragraph 80 and the case‑law cited).
      
      240    It is from that aspect that the statement of objections is subject to procedural safeguards, pursuant to the principle of
         respect for the rights of the defence, one of which is the right of access to documents in the Commission’s file.
      
      241    The replies to the statement of objections are not part of the investigation file proper (see, to that effect, Cimenteries CBR and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 195 above, paragraph 380). 
      
      242    Since they are documents which are not part of the file compiled at the time of notification of the statement of objections,
         the Commission is required to disclose those replies to other parties involved only if it transpires that they contain new
         incriminating or exculpatory evidence. 
      
      243    Similarly, under paragraph 27 of the Commission notice on the rules for access to the Commission file in cases pursuant to
         Articles 81 [EC] and 82 [EC], Articles 53, 54 and 57 of the EEA Agreement and Council Regulation (EC) No 139/2004 (OJ 2005
         C 325, p. 7), as a general rule, the parties do not have access to the replies to the statement of objections of the other
         parties involved in the investigation. A party is granted access to such documents only where they may constitute new evidence,
         whether of an incriminating or of an exculpatory nature, pertaining to the allegations concerning that party in the Commission’s
         statement of objections. 
      
      244    In this respect, concerning, first, new incriminating evidence, it is settled case-law that, if the Commission wishes to rely
         on evidence from a reply to a statement of objections in order to prove the existence of an infringement, the other undertakings
         involved in that proceeding must be placed in a position in which they can express their views on such new evidence (Cimenteries CBR and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 195 above, paragraph 386, and Case T-314/01 Avebe v Commission [2006] ECR II-3085, paragraph 50).
      
      245    A document cannot be regarded as an inculpatory document unless it is used by the Commission in support of its finding of
         an infringement by an undertaking. In order to establish a breach of its rights of defence, it is not sufficient for the undertaking
         in question to show that it was not able to express its views during the administrative procedure on a document used in a
         given part of the contested decision. It must demonstrate that the Commission used that document in the contested decision
         as further evidence of an infringement in which the undertaking participated (Joined Cases T-5/00 and T-6/00 Nederlandse Federatieve Vereniging voor de Groothandel op Elektrotechnisch Gebied and Technische Unie v Commission [2003] ECR II-5761, paragraph 35).
      
      246    In the present case, the applicants claim that the evidence based on the replies to the statement of objections made by Bavaria
         and by Grolsch were used by the Commission as new incriminating evidence. They make reference in this regard to recitals 75,
         124 to 126 and 135 to the contested decision. 
      
      247    First of all, recital 75 to the contested decision refers to a passage concerning the reply to the statement of objections
         made by Bavaria, according to which it was ‘very possible’ that Heineken had been represented at the meeting on 19 June 1996.
         Although the Commission used this quotation, it nevertheless also stated that the file did not contain any proof of this fact.
         The recital in question does not state that Heineken was actually represented at the meeting in question, but only that, in
         any event, it attended the preceding meeting and the subsequent meetings.
      
      248    In these circumstances, the quotation of the passage in question concerning the reply to the statement of objections made
         by Bavaria cannot be regarded as use of new incriminatory evidence.
      
      249    Second, with regard to recitals 124 and 126 to the contested decision, which concern the meeting held on 17 December 1997,
         it is clear from recitals 117 to 121 to the contested decision that the subject-matter of that meeting was established on
         the basis of evidence contained in the investigation file.
      
      250    It was only in order to respond to the arguments put forward by the undertaking concerned that the Commission made reference,
         in recitals 124 and 126 to the contested decision, to an alternative interpretation of that evidence provided by Bavaria in
         its reply to the statement of objections. It is also clear from those recitals that the interpretation put forward by Bavaria
         was not considered to be plausible and was not accepted by the Commission. 
      
      251    Lastly, with regard to recital 135 to the contested decision, which summarises another interpretation put forward by Bavaria
         of the evidence from the file relating to the meeting on 12 March 1998, it should be noted that that interpretation was explicitly
         rejected in recital 136 to the contested decision and that it could not therefore be accepted as further incriminating evidence.
         
      
      252    In the light of these considerations, the applicants have not shown that the Commission used further incriminating evidence
         based on the replies to the statement of objections made by the other parties concerned. 
      
      253    On the other hand, as regards new exculpatory evidence, according to the case‑law, the Commission is not obliged to make it
         available of its own initiative. If, during the administrative procedure, the Commission has rejected an applicant’s request
         for access to documents which are not in the investigation file, an infringement of the rights of the defence may be found
         only if it is proved that the outcome of the administrative procedure might have been different if the applicant had had access
         to the documents in question during that procedure (Cimenteries CBR and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 195 above, paragraph 383).
      
      254    Moreover, the applicants may not rely on the argument, based on Aalborg Portland and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 51 above, paragraph 126, that it cannot be for the Commission alone to determine the documents of use
         in the defence of the undertaking concerned. That argument, relating to documents within the Commission’s file, cannot apply
         to the replies given by other parties concerned to the statement of objections.
      
      255    Accordingly, contrary to the applicants’ claim, respect for the rights of the defence cannot, as a rule, lead to an obligation
         on the Commission to disclose the replies in question to other parties, so that they can ascertain that there is no exculpatory
         evidence.
      
      256    In so far as the applicants rely on the existence of the alleged exculpatory evidence in replies which have not been disclosed,
         it is for the applicants to provide prima facie evidence of the relevance of those documents for their defence.
      
      257    Applicants must, in particular, indicate the potential exculpatory evidence in question or adduce evidence that it exists
         and therefore of its relevance for the purposes of the case (see, to that effect, Case T‑43/02 Jungbunzlauer v Commission [2006] ECR II-3435, paragraphs 351 to 359).
      
      258    In the present case, the applicants claim that it can be inferred from recital 476 to the contested decision, and from the
         exchange of letters which took place between the Commission and InBev following the reply to the statement of objections,
         that InBev provided information which could be understood to dispute the implementation of cartel agreements and the existence
         or the duration of the infringement in question.
      
      259    With regard, first, to the alleged information regarding the effective failure to implement the cartel agreements in question,
         it should be pointed out that the fact that, in their replies to the statement of objections, the other parties concerned
         put forward substantially the same arguments as the applicants to claim that the cartel was not implemented cannot constitute
         exculpatory evidence (see, to that effect, Jungbunzlauer v Commission, cited in paragraph 257 above, paragraph 353).
      
      260    Second, as regards the alleged evidence disputing the existence or the duration of the infringement, it should be noted that,
         in support of that argument, the applicants refer to the letter from InBev’s adviser, dated 21 February 2006, sent in reply
         to questions from the Commission, which states that ‘[its] customers did not have … any intention to minimise in any way their
         role in the alleged events or to dispute materially the existence or the duration of an infringement’. However, contrary to
         the claims made by the applicants, it does not follow from this clarification alone that InBev’s reply to the statement of
         objections could contain information capable of constituting exculpatory evidence.
      
      261    In the light of the foregoing, the applicants have not indicated any exculpatory evidence which might stem from the replies
         to the statement of objections made by the other undertakings involved and, consequently, have not adduced any evidence of
         their relevance for their defence.
      
      262    Consequently, the complaint concerning the alleged presence of exculpatory evidence in the replies in question must be rejected.
         
      
      263    In the light of all the foregoing, the first plea must be rejected as unfounded. 
      
       The second plea, concerning a breach of the principle of sound administration, the ‘duty of care’ and the audi alteram partem rule, stemming from an alleged failure to carry out a careful and impartial investigation
       Arguments of the parties
      264    The applicants allege that the Commission failed to examine the relevant evidence in the present case carefully and impartially
         and used the evidence from the file selectively in order to support its view that an infringement of Article 81 EC was committed.
         
      
      265    In particular, they claim that the Commission based the incriminating evidence on the statements made by InBev in connection
         with its leniency application, even though they were vague and contradictory and were not based solely on the declarations
         made by the authors of the statements and thus included, to some degree, ‘hearsay evidence’. 
      
      266    Moreover, the applicants claim that, during the investigation procedure, the Commission breached the principle of sound administration
         by disregarding their arguments and, among other things, by rejecting their evidence in order to show that the Dutch beer
         market had not developed, during the period in question, in a way which pointed to the existence of agreements on prices.
      
      267    The Commission contests the applicants’ arguments.
      
       Findings of the Court
      268    It is settled case-law that the rights guaranteed by the EU legal order in administrative procedures include, in particular,
         the duty of the competent institution to examine carefully and impartially all the relevant aspects of the individual case
         (Case C-269/90 Technische Universität München [1991] ECR I‑5469, paragraph 14).
      
      269    In the present case, with regard to the allegation that the Commission failed to examine the evidence carefully and impartially,
         it must be stated that, as has already been established following the examination of the fifth and sixth pleas above, the
         Commission set out sufficient proof of the existence of an infringement of Article 81 EC, as far as two aspects of the infringement
         in question were concerned (see paragraph 163 above). In the examination of those pleas, the Court has already considered
         the applicants’ criticisms concerning the assessment of the statement by InBev and of the evidence seeking to establish proof
         to the contrary furnished in the administrative procedure.
      
      270    In particular, in so far as the applicants’ arguments seek to call into question the probative value of the statement by InBev,
         claiming it is vague and contradictory and includes ‘hearsay evidence’, they must be rejected on the grounds set out in the
         analysis of the fifth and sixth pleas in paragraphs 70 to 90 above.
      
      271    In these circumstances, the applicants’ arguments alleging the absence of a full, careful and impartial investigation merge
         with the arguments examined in connection with the fifth and sixth pleas above and do not require a separate examination.
      
      272    Consequently, this plea cannot be upheld.
      
       The third plea, concerning a breach of the principle of the presumption of innocence
       Arguments of the parties
      273    The applicants essentially allege a breach of the principle of the presumption of innocence on the ground that the Member
         of the Commission responsible for competition said, during a Dutch television programme, that ‘consumers have paid too much
         for their beer’, thereby prejudging the existence of a cartel on the Dutch beer market.
      
      274    The applicants therefore consider that the infringement was presented as a fact well before the end of the administrative
         procedure, and even before they had been able to respond to the statement of objections. 
      
      275    In addition, the public statement made by the Member of the Commission in question did not allow the arguments put forward
         by the applicants in reply to the statement of objections to be examined by the Commission objectively and with the necessary
         distance.
      
      276    The Commission contests the applicants’ arguments. 
      
       Findings of the Court
      277    It must be stated that the applicants’ arguments concerning a breach of the principle of the presumption of innocence are
         not relevant to the outcome of the present dispute. 
      
      278    The existence of an infringement must be assessed having regard only to the evidence gathered by the Commission. Where the
         substance of an infringement is actually established following the administrative procedure, evidence of a premature manifestation
         by the Commission, during that procedure, of its conviction that the infringement exists is not of such a kind as to deprive
         the actual evidence of the infringement itself of its reality (Cimenteries CBR and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 195 above, paragraph 726).
      
      279    In any event, the comments made by a Member of the Commission during a Dutch television programme, where he mentioned, in
         connection with examples of action taken by the Commission, that Dutch consumers ‘have paid too much for their beer’ as a
         result of the breweries’ conduct, though the choice of his words might be unfortunate, cannot show that the Commission prejudged
         its decision.
      
      280    The Commission, as a college, deliberates on the basis of a draft decision. In this regard, contrary to the claims made by
         the applicants, the comments by the Member of the Commission in question where he mentioned the action taken by the Commission
         certainly did not imply that the Commission considered the brewers’ guilt to be already established. 
      
      281    Given that the words chosen by the Member of the Commission in question did not imply any finding of guilt on the part of
         the applicants, these considerations cannot be rebutted by the fact, mentioned by the applicants, that the comments in question
         were made before they could respond to the statement of objections. Consequently, this fact also does not allow the conclusion
         that the Commission failed to examine objectively and with the necessary distance the replies to the statement of objections
         made by the applicants.
      
      282    In the light of the foregoing considerations, the third plea must be rejected as unfounded. 
      
       The fourth plea, concerning a breach of the reasonable time principle 
       Arguments of the parties
      283    The applicants claim that the contested decision must be annulled on the ground that the total length of the procedure, and
         the length of each of its constituent stages, greatly exceeded what can be regarded as reasonable. They argue, in particular,
         that they were not able to prepare their defence, since, in the period prior to the receipt of the statement of objections,
         the precise subject-matter of the investigation was not clear. They also state that, with the passing of the years, recollection
         of the facts alleged by the Commission has been weakened.
      
      284    The Commission states that, in recitals 497 to 500 to the contested decision, it expressly acknowledged that the length of
         the procedure was excessive and that it therefore granted an exceptional reduction of the fine imposed on the applicants.
         In addition, it points out that, although compliance with the reasonable time requirement in the conduct of administrative
         procedures is recognised in settled case-law, failure to adjudicate within that time can justify the annulment of a decision
         establishing an infringement only where it is shown that the breach of that principle adversely affects the rights of defence
         of the undertakings concerned.
      
      285    In this regard, the Commission claims that the inspection decision of 17 March 2000 sent to the applicants made them aware,
         contrary to their claims, of the major part of the infringement and the markets and the period to which it related. According
         to the Commission, that decision made reference to anti-competitive practices consisting in price fixing, the allocation of
         markets and/or the exchange of information in the Dutch beer sector, in both the retail trade market and the on‑trade market.
         The applicants’ argument cannot be valid because of the detailed nature of the questions which the Commission sent it from
         2001.
      
       Findings of the Court
      286    According to settled case-law, compliance with the reasonable time requirement in the conduct of administrative procedures
         relating to competition policy constitutes a general principle of EU law whose observance the EU judicature ensures (Joined
         Cases C-238/99 P, C‑244/99 P, C-245/99 P, C-247/99 P, C‑250/99 P to C-252/99 P and C‑254/99 P Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij and Others v Commission [2002] ECR I-8375, paragraphs 167 to 171, and Case C‑113/04 P Technische Unie v Commission [2006] ECR I-8831, paragraph 40). 
      
      287    For the purposes of the application of that principle, a distinction must be drawn between the two stages of the administrative
         procedure, namely the investigation stage preceding the statement of objections and the stage corresponding to the remainder
         of the administrative procedure, each corresponding to its own internal logic (Technische Unie v Commission, cited in paragraph 286 above, paragraph 42). 
      
      288    The first stage, covering the period up to notification of the statement of objections, begins on the date on which the Commission,
         under the powers conferred by the legislature, takes measures which imply an accusation of an infringement and must enable
         the Commission to adopt a position on the course which the procedure is to follow. The second stage covers the period from
         notification of the statement of objections to adoption of the final decision. It must enable the Commission to reach a final
         decision on the infringement concerned (Technische Unie v Commission, cited in paragraph 286 above, paragraph 43).
      
      –       The length of the administrative procedure
      289    In the present case, it should first be noted that, in recital 498 to the contested decision, the Commission acknowledged
         that the length of the administrative procedure had been excessive and that this fact was attributable to it.
      
      290    As regards the first stage of the administrative procedure, from the notification of the applicants of the inspection decision
         in March 2000 until the receipt of the statement of objections in August 2005, a period of 65 months elapsed.
      
      291    Since the inspections during the investigation were conducted in March and April 2000, the total length of that stage of the
         administrative procedure cannot be justified solely on the ground that the Commission sent the parties a series of requests
         for information between 2001 and 2005.
      
      292    Thus, in the absence of further explanation or information from the Commission regarding the measures of inquiry undertaken
         during that period, the length of the first stage of the procedure must be regarded as excessive (see, to that effect, Nederlandse Federatieve Vereniging voor de Groothandel op Elektrotechnisch Gebied and Technische Unie v Commission, cited in paragraph 245 above, paragraph 77).
      
      293    The second stage of the administrative procedure, from the receipt of the statement of objections to the adoption of the contested
         decision in April 2007, lasted 20 months, thus exceeding, in the absence of further explanation, the time normally needed
         for the adoption of the decision.
      
      294    Consequently, it should be held that the length of the administrative procedure in question was excessive and stemmed from
         inaction on the part of the Commission, resulting in a breach of the reasonable time principle.
      
      –       The effect of the excessive length of the administrative procedure on the lawfulness of the contested decision
      295    It is settled case-law that a finding that there has been a breach of the reasonable time principle may result in the annulment
         of a decision establishing an infringement only where the length of the proceedings affected their outcome (see, to that effect,
         Technische Unie v Commission, cited in paragraph 286 above, paragraph 48 and the case‑law cited). 
      
      296    In the present case, the applicants claim, first, that the excessive length of the first stage of the administrative procedure
         impaired their rights of defence, since they were not able to identify precisely the subject-matter of the investigation conducted
         by the Commission until the statement of objections was received, which undermined their possibilities of collecting exculpatory
         evidence. 
      
      297    It should be stated in this regard that the applicants wrongly claim that they were unable to identify the subject-matter
         of the investigation until the statement of objections.
      
      298    First of all, the inspection decision, sent to Heineken NV and Heineken Holding NV on 17 March 2000, stated that the Commission’s
         investigation related to specific anti-competitive practices such as ‘price fixing, the allocation of markets and/or the exchange
         of information in the Dutch beer sector, in both the retail trade market and the on-trade market’. Second, the requests for
         information sent to Heineken NV in October 2001 specified the types of meetings, the dates and the locations being investigated
         by the Commission.
      
      299    Contrary to the claims made by the applicants, those statements made them aware, with sufficient precision, of the subject-matter
         of the investigation, the infringements with which they could be charged and the market segments concerned, and therefore
         put them in a position to identify and collect any exculpatory evidence. 
      
      300    Moreover, even though the applicants make an argument alleging difficulties in collecting certain exculpatory evidence, stating
         that personal recollections of the persons concerned have become more vague, they fail to support that claim with specific
         evidence and, in particular, fail to specify the employees concerned and the reasons why it would have been crucial to call
         on their recollections and the circumstances because of which it was no longer possible to obtain information from them (see,
         to that effect, Technische Unie v Commission, cited in paragraph 286 above, paragraph 64).
      
      301    Moreover, by virtue of a general duty of care attaching to any undertaking or association of undertakings, the applicants
         are required to ensure the proper maintenance of records in their books or files of information enabling details of their
         activities to be retrieved, in order, in particular, to make the necessary evidence available in the event of legal or administrative
         proceedings. When the applicants received requests for information from the Commission under Article 11 of Council Regulation
         No 17 of 6 February 1962, First Regulation implementing Articles [81 EC] and [82 EC] (OJ, English Special Edition 1959-62,
         p. 87), it was a fortiori incumbent on them to act with greater diligence and to take all appropriate measures in order to
         preserve such evidence as might reasonably be available to them (see, to that effect, Nederlandse Federatieve Vereniging voor de Groothandel op Elektrotechnisch Gebied and Technische Unie v Commission, cited in paragraph 245 above, paragraph 87).
      
      302    In these circumstances, the applicants’ claim that they were not informed, from the beginning of the investigation, of the
         subject-matter of the investigation or of any objections raised by the Commission, with the result that they were not able
         to prepare their defence or gather the exculpatory evidence available to them, cannot be accepted.
      
      303    In the light of the foregoing, the applicants have not demonstrated the existence of an impairment of their rights of defence
         as a result of the excessive length of the administrative procedure.
      
      304    Consequently, the fourth plea must be rejected as unfounded.
      
       The eighth plea, concerning infringements of Article 23(3) of Regulation No 1/2003 and of the Guidelines, breaches of the
            principles of equal treatment, legal certainty, proportionality and ‘reasonableness’ and a breach of the obligation to state
            reasons, in relation to the determination of the amount of the fine 
       Arguments of the parties
      305    The applicants dispute the way in which the Commission calculated the basic amount of the fine in the present case, and specifically
         its analysis of the gravity of the infringement, differential treatment, the multiplier applied as a deterrent and the increase
         by reason of the duration of the infringement. In essence, they consider that the infringement should not have been categorised
         as very serious and that the Commission breached its obligation to state reasons in so far as it did not provide sufficient
         reasons to justify certain stages in the determination of the final amount, including the effect on the market. In addition,
         the applicants claim that the Commission departed considerably from its previous decision-making practice, in particular in
         relation to its Decision 2003/569/EC of 5 December 2001 relating to a proceeding under Article 81 [EC] (Case IV/37.614/F3
         PO/Interbrew and Alken-Maes) (OJ 2003 L 200, p. 1). Lastly, in the view of the applicants, in so far as the duration of the
         infringement was not correctly determined by the Commission, a reduction of the basic amount should be applied. 
      
      306    The Commission contests the applicants’ arguments.
      
       Findings of the Court
      307    It should be noted as a preliminary point that, under Article 23(2) of Regulation No 1/2003, the Commission may by decision
         impose fines on undertakings and associations of undertakings where, either intentionally or negligently, they infringe Article
         81 EC. Under that same provision, for each undertaking and association of undertakings participating in the infringement,
         the fine may not exceed 10% of its total turnover in the preceding business year.
      
      308    Moreover, according to settled case-law, the Commission enjoys a broad discretion as regards the method for calculating fines.
         That method, set out in the Guidelines, displays flexibility in a number of ways, enabling the Commission to exercise its
         discretion in accordance with Regulation No 1/2003 (see, to that effect, Joined Cases C‑322/07 P, C-327/07 P and C-338/07 P
         Papierfabrik August Koehler and Others v Commission [2009] ECR I-7191, paragraph 112). 
      
      309    In addition, in areas such as determining the amount of a fine under Regulation No 1/2003, where the Commission has such a
         discretion, review of the legality of its assessments is limited to determining the absence of manifest error of assessment
         (see, to that effect, Case T‑241/01 Scandinavian Airlines System v Commission [2005] ECR II‑2917, paragraph 79).
      
      310    The discretion enjoyed by the Commission and the limits which it has imposed in that regard have no bearing, however, on the
         exercise by the EU judicature of its unlimited jurisdiction (JFE Engineering and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 50 above, paragraph 538), which empowers it to annul, reduce or increase the fine imposed by the Commission
         (see, to that effect, Case C-3/06 P Groupe Danone v Commission [2007] ECR I-1331, paragraphs 60 to 62).
      
      311    The present plea essentially comprises four limbs, regarding, first, the assessment of the gravity of the infringement in
         question, second, the determination of the starting amount and the application of differential treatment, third, the increase
         of the starting amount by reason of the deterrent effect and, fourth, the increase by reason of the duration of the infringement.
      
      312    More generally, the applicants also raise a complaint alleging a breach of the principle of legal certainty, having regard
         to the unpredictable character of the fine imposed on them by the contested decision. 
      
      –       The first limb, regarding the assessment of the gravity of the infringement
      313    Under Article 23(3) of Regulation No 1/2003, in order to determine the amount of the fine, it is necessary to take into consideration
         the gravity and duration of the infringement. 
      
      314    According to settled case-law, the gravity of an infringement is assessed in the light of numerous factors, such as the particular
         circumstances of the case, its context and the deterrent effect of fines, in respect of which the Commission has a margin
         of discretion (Joined Cases C-189/02 P, C-202/02 P, C-205/02 P to C‑208/02 P and C-213/02 P Dansk Rørindustri and Others v Commission [2005] ECR I-5425, paragraph 241, and Joined Cases C-125/07 P, C-133/07 P, C‑135/07 P and C‑137/07 P Erste Group Bank and Others v Commission [2009] ECR I‑8681, paragraph 91). 
      
      315    In particular, according to the first paragraph of Section 1.A of the Guidelines, in assessing the gravity of the infringement,
         account must be taken of its nature, its actual impact on the market, where this can be measured, and the size of the relevant
         geographic market.
      
      316    In the exercise of its unlimited jurisdiction, the Court must consider whether the amount of the fine imposed is proportionate
         to the gravity of the infringement and must weigh the seriousness of the infringement with the circumstances invoked by the
         applicants (see, to that effect, Case T-38/02 Groupe Danone v Commission [2005] ECR II-4407, paragraph 136).
      
      317    The applicants put forward three complaints seeking to call into question the determination by the Commission of the gravity
         of the infringement. First, they object to the categorisation of the infringement as very serious in the light of the nature
         and the objective of the collusion. Second, they allege that the Commission failed to examine the impact of the cartel on
         the market and breached its obligation to state reasons in this regard. Third, they consider that, contrary to the conclusions
         reached by the Commission, the geographic size of the market in question should have been taken into consideration as a moderating
         factor in determining the gravity of the infringement.
      
      318    In their first complaint, the applicants claim that, in so far as the contested conduct was limited to a general exchange
         of views on the conditions on the market and did not take the form of a consultation on specific conduct, the infringement
         can only be categorised as minor or as serious. Furthermore, they state that, in the contested decision, the Commission dropped
         several aspects of the infringement compared with the statement of objections.
      
      319    It is also important to bear in mind that very serious infringements within the meaning of the third indent of the second
         paragraph of Section 1.A of the Guidelines are ‘generally horizontal restrictions such as price cartels and market‑sharing
         quotas’.
      
      320    Furthermore, it is settled case-law that agreements of this kind constitute one of the most serious forms of damage to competition,
         in that their aim is quite simply to eliminate competition between the undertakings which implement them, and therefore run
         counter to the fundamental objectives of the EU (see, to that effect, Groupe Danone v Commission, cited in paragraph 316 above, paragraph 147 and the case‑law cited).
      
      321    However, since the Commission rightly found that the applicants had participated in an infringement consisting in a complex
         of agreements and/or concerted practices the object of which was to restrict competition within the common market, in particular
         by coordinating prices and price increases and by customer allocation, the applicants’ argument that the infringement could
         not be regarded as very serious cannot be accepted.
      
      322    The finding made in recital 442 to the contested decision, according to which the infringement in the present case, by its
         very nature, should be categorised as very serious in accordance with the Guidelines, is not therefore vitiated by error.
         This conclusion cannot be rebutted by the fact that certain aspects of the infringement highlighted in the statement of objections
         were not accepted in the contested decision, in so far as that decision set outs the evidence to justify categorisation of
         the infringement as very serious. 
      
      323    In their second complaint, regarding the impact of the cartel on the market, the applicants take the view that the Commission
         wrongly categorised the infringement as very serious, since there was no significant impact on the market. They allege that
         the Commission failed to take into consideration the findings to this effect included in an economic report by experts which
         they submitted to it during the administrative investigation, the results of which were confirmed by another expert report
         which they had commissioned following the adoption of the contested decision. In addition, they claim that the Commission
         breached its obligation to state reasons by simply stating that the effect of the infringement could not be measured. Furthermore,
         recitals 453 and 457 to the contested decision reach the opposite conclusion. 
      
      324    It should be pointed out that, while the existence of an actual impact of the infringement on the market is a factor to be
         taken into account in assessing the gravity of the infringement, it is one of a number of criteria, such as the nature of
         the infringement and the size of the geographic market. Likewise, it is apparent from the first paragraph of Section 1.A of
         the Guidelines that that impact is to be taken into account only where this can be measured.
      
      325    Furthermore, the Commission may classify horizontal price or market‑sharing agreements, such as the infringement in question
         in the present case, as very serious infringements solely on account of their nature, without being required to demonstrate
         an actual impact of the infringement on the market. The actual impact of the infringement is only one among a number of factors
         which, if it can be measured, may allow the Commission to increase the starting amount of the fine beyond the minimum likely
         amount of EUR 20 million (Case C‑534/07 P Prym and Prym Consumer v Commission [2009] ECR I‑7415, paragraphs 74 and 75).
      
      326    In the present case, in recital 452 to the contested decision, the Commission states:
      
      ‘In this procedure, it is impossible to measure the actual effect on the Netherlands market of the complex of agreements comprising
         the infringement and the Commission does not therefore rely on a particular impact, in accordance with the Guidelines, which
         state that account must be taken of the actual impact, where this can be measured ... Consequently, the Commission will not
         take into account the impact on the market in determining the applicable fines in the present case.’
      
      327    In addition, in recital 455 to the contested decision, which sets out the conclusion on the gravity of the infringement, the
         Commission concludes:
      
      ‘In view of the nature of the infringement and the fact that it extended to the entire territory of the Netherlands, the undertakings
         to which the present decision is addressed have committed a very serious infringement of Article 81 [EC].’
      
      328    It is clear from these passages that, in determining the gravity of the infringement, the Commission did not rely on the impact
         of the infringement on the market, but on the nature of the infringement and on the extent of the geographic market in question.
         
      
      329    In this regard, in view of the nature of the infringement established, the object of which was, among other things, coordination
         of prices and price increases and occasional coordination of customer allocation, the Commission could legitimately refrain
         from taking into consideration the impact of the infringement on the market. 
      
      330    In these circumstances, the applicants also cannot complain that the Commission failed to take into consideration the expert
         report which they provided to it during the administrative procedure, in support of their argument that the infringement did
         not have an impact on the market.
      
      331    Furthermore, with regard to an optional element in the determination of the amount of the fine, which was not, moreover, taken
         into consideration in the present case, the applicants cannot reasonably claim that the Commission failed to state the reasons
         for its finding that the specific impact of the infringement could not be measured.
      
      332    In addition, the applicants wrongly claim that it is apparent from recitals 453 and 457 to the contested decision that the
         Commission actually took account of an effect on the market in determining the amount of the fine. 
      
      333    It is clear from recital 452 to the contested decision that the Commission did not take account of the impact in question.
         This finding is certainly not refuted by the grounds set out in recitals 453 and 457 to the contested decision mentioned by
         the applicants. In recital 453, the Commission merely evaluated the size of the market in question, without assessing the
         impact of the infringement on that market. In recital 457, it simply highlighted the need to identify the starting amounts,
         in the context of differential treatment, in the light of the individual weight of the conduct of each undertaking involved.
         
      
      334    Consequently, the applicants’ second complaint is unfounded.
      
      335    By their third complaint, regarding the size of the geographic market in question, the applicants point out the small area
         of the Netherlands and the limited importance of the beer market for its overall economy. In addition, they claim that the
         fact that the total market share of the brewers concerned represented more than 90% of the Dutch market does not, in itself,
         prevent the infringement being categorised as minor or as serious, particularly in the light of the Commission’s previous
         decisions. 
      
      336    In recital 453 to the contested decision, in determining the gravity of the infringement, the Commission took account of the
         fact that ‘[t]he total market share of the undertakings in question on the Dutch market was greater than 90%’. The Commission
         also found that the infringement related to both the on-trade sector and the off-trade sector. It thus concluded that ‘90%
         of the overall Dutch beer market was covered by a cartel’.
      
      337    It is settled case-law that the entire territory of a Member State constitutes a substantial part of the common market (Case
         322/81 Nederlandsche Banden‑Industrie-Michelin v Commission [1983] ECR 3461, paragraph 28).
      
      338    Having established that the infringement covered 90% of the Dutch beer market and concerned each of the main marketing sectors
         in that market, the Commission could rightly take into consideration the size of the geographic market in question in order
         to categorise the infringement as very serious.
      
      339    It should also be pointed out that, according to case-law, infringements such as agreements or concerted practices involving
         in particular price fixing or market sharing may be classified as very serious on the basis of their nature alone, it not
         being necessary for such conduct to cover a particular geographic area. 
      
      340    This conclusion is further confirmed by the fact that, while the indicative description of serious infringements in the Guidelines
         mentions that ‘these will more often than not be horizontal or vertical restrictions …, but more rigorously applied, with
         a wider market impact, and with effects in extensive areas of the common market’, the description of very serious infringements
         makes, by contrast, no mention of a requirement that there be a specific impact on the market or that there be effects in
         a particular geographic area (Groupe Danone v Commission, cited in paragraph 316 above, paragraph 150).
      
      341    Accordingly, the fact that the size of the geographic market in question extends to the whole of a country does not, in any
         event, preclude categorisation of the infringement committed in the present case as very serious.
      
      342    That applies all the more in view of the allegedly limited importance of the beer market for the economy of the Netherlands,
         since the size of the relevant product market is not, in principle, a factor that must necessarily be taken into account but
         simply one relevant factor among others in assessing the gravity of the infringement and fixing the amount of the fine (see,
         to that effect, Case C‑407/04 P Dalmine v Commission [2007] ECR I‑829, paragraph 132).
      
      343    In the light of all these considerations, the third complaint and the first limb of the present plea in its entirety cannot
         be upheld.
      
      –       The second limb, regarding the determination of the starting amount and the application of differential treatment
      344    The applicants dispute the starting amount of the fine imposed on them, first claiming a breach of the principle of equal
         treatment in the light of the Commission’s previous decision-making practice and, in particular, in the light of the fines
         imposed on Belgian brewers in Decision 2003/569. Claiming a breach of the same principle, they also refer to certain Commission
         decisions relating to infringements affecting the market of a single Member State which resulted in the categorisation of
         the infringement as ‘serious’ or in the determination of lower starting amounts than those determined in the present case.
      
      345    It should first be pointed out that the Commission’s practice in previous decisions does not itself serve as a legal framework
         for the fines imposed in competition matters (Case T-203/01 Michelin v Commission [2003] ECR II-4071, paragraph 292) and that, within the framework of Regulation No 17 and of Regulation No 1/2003, the Commission
         has a margin of discretion when fixing the amount of fines, in order that it may direct the conduct of undertakings towards
         compliance with the competition rules (Joined Cases T-236/01, T-239/01, T‑244/01 to T‑246/01, T-251/01 and T-252/01 Tokai Carbon and Others v Commission [2004] ECR II-1181, paragraph 216) and that it may at any time adjust the level of fines to the needs of that policy (Dansk Rørindustri and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 314 above, paragraph 169).
      
      346    In the present case, the amount of the fine imposed on the applicants was determined, in accordance with Article 23(3) of
         Regulation No 1/2003, having regard to the gravity and the duration of the infringement in question. In this respect, the
         applicants cannot derive a legitimate argument solely from the fact that, in its previous decision-making practice, the Commission
         has penalised similar conduct by imposing lower fines than the fines imposed on them in the present case.
      
      347    In these circumstances, the applicants also cannot claim a breach of the principle of equal treatment. The Court of Justice
         has repeatedly held that the Commission’s practice in previous decisions does not itself serve as a legal framework for the
         fines imposed in competition matters and that decisions in other cases can give only an indication for the purpose of determining
         whether there is discrimination, since the facts of those cases, such as markets, products, the undertakings and periods concerned,
         are not likely to be the same (see Erste Group Bank and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 314 above, paragraph 233 and the case-law cited).
      
      348    With regard to the applicants’ argument concerning the categorisation of the infringement and the level of the fines imposed
         by the decisions relating to certain infringements limited to the market of a single Member State, it should be noted that,
         aside from this latter factor, the applicants do not argue that the infringements mentioned are identical, in particular as
         regards the products, the undertakings and the periods concerned. This argument cannot therefore be sufficient to establish
         the alleged discriminatory treatment. 
      
      349    With regard to Decision 2003/569, the applicants infer the existence of a breach of the principle of equal treatment from
         the fact that the fines imposed on the Belgian brewers involved were much lower than the fines imposed by the contested decision,
         whilst neither the nature of the infringements nor the conditions on the markets concerned had differences justifying that
         disparity.
      
      350    It should be noted, in this regard, that the Commission assesses the gravity of infringements by reference to numerous factors,
         which are not based on a binding or exhaustive list of the criteria which must be applied and it is not, moreover, bound to
         apply a precise mathematical formula, either for the total amount of the fine or where it is broken down into different elements
         (see Case T-67/01 JCB Service v Commission [2004] ECR II-49, paragraphs 187 and 188 and the case‑law cited).
      
      351    In these circumstances, a direct comparison of the fines imposed on the addressees of the two decisions concerning distinct
         infringements is likely to distort the specific functions performed by the different stages in the calculation of a fine.
         The final amounts of the fines reflect the specific circumstances of each cartel and the particular evaluations in the case
         at issue.
      
      352    In the light of all the foregoing, as regards the level of the fines imposed, the applicants’ situation cannot be compared
         to the situation of the undertakings concerned in the previous decisions relied on.
      
      353    In the light of these considerations, the complaint alleging a breach of the principle of equal treatment in the light of
         the Commission’s previous decision‑making practice must be rejected. 
      
      354    Second, the applicants claim that the Commission applied differential treatment on the basis of erroneous premisses, in contravention
         of the principles of ‘reasonableness’, equal treatment and proportionality, and failed to state sufficient reasons for its
         decision in this regard.
      
      355    In this connection, the applicants allege, wrongly, that the Commission applied differential treatment on the basis of the
         actual impact of the infringement on the market, in contrast to the conclusion, in recital 452 to the contested decision,
         that that impact was not taken into account.
      
      356    The applicants’ argument stems from an incorrect reading of recital 457 to the contested decision, which simply reproduces
         the idea expressed in the sixth paragraph of Section 1.A of the Guidelines, according to which, for an infringement of a certain
         gravity, where an infringement involves several undertakings, such as cartels, it may be necessary to apply weightings to
         the starting amount in order to establish a specific starting amount which takes account of the specific weight and, therefore,
         the real impact of the offending conduct of each undertaking on competition, particularly where there is considerable disparity
         between the sizes of the undertakings committing infringements of the same type.
      
      357    Contrary to the claims made by the applicants, the consideration of the ‘specific weight and, therefore, the real impact of
         the offending conduct of each undertaking on competition’ concerns the division of the members of a cartel into categories,
         in the light of their size on the market during the reference period, and does not mean that the impact on the market of the
         infringement taken as a whole must be taken into consideration.
      
      358    Contrary to the statements made by the applicants, the application of differential treatment on the basis of that provision
         does not require the actual impact of the infringement on the market to be taken into consideration and, therefore, does not
         presuppose that the Commission finds that the infringement in question had such an impact.
      
      359    By claiming a breach of the principles of ‘reasonableness’ and of equal treatment by virtue of the fact that InBev was granted
         immunity from a fine, the applicants merely put forward the arguments, already rejected in paragraphs 70 to 90 above, relating
         to the allegedly vague and contradictory character of the statement by InBev.
      
      360    As regards the allegedly inadequate statement of reasons relating to the application of differential treatment, the essential
         procedural requirement to state reasons for the method of calculation of the fine is satisfied, according to settled case-law,
         where the Commission indicates in its decision the factors which enabled it to determine the gravity and duration of the infringement
         (see Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 286 above, paragraph 463 and the case-law cited).
      
      361    In the present case, it is clear from recital 458 to the contested decision that, in order to establish the specific starting
         amount for the applicants, the Commission referred to their beer sales in the Netherlands during the last full calendar year
         of the infringement, namely 1998. The applicants were placed in the first category in terms of relative importance on the
         market on the ground that their beer sales were much higher than those of the other brewers. 
      
      362    In so far as the Commission gave the sales figures for the applicants in 1998 as the reason for their inclusion in the first
         category, the applicants’ claim of a breach of the obligation to state reasons cannot be accepted. In this regard, the considerations
         set out in recital 458 to the contested decision in particular are sufficient to enable the applicants to acquaint themselves
         with the reasons for the contested decision in this regard and the General Court to have sufficient information in order to
         exercise its power of review (see, to that effect, judgment of 22 May 2008 in Case C‑266/06 P Evonik Degussa v Commission and Council, not published in the ECR, paragraph 103).
      
      363    Lastly, it should be noted that the approach taken by the Commission in this regard is perfectly compatible with the criteria
         laid down by the Guidelines and by the case-law cited above, in so far as the sales figures for the undertakings which participated
         in the infringement, during a reference period, constitute a useful indication of their individual weight on the market. Therefore,
         the determination of the starting amount based on that approach cannot, as such, lead to a breach of the principle of proportionality.
      
      364    In the light of the foregoing, it must be concluded that the Commission did not breach the principles mentioned by the applicants
         in determining the starting amount and in applying differential treatment, and did not fail to fulfil its obligation to state
         reasons in this regard.
      
      365    The second limb of the present plea must therefore be rejected.
      
      –       The third limb, regarding the increase by reason of the deterrent effect
      366    The applicants claim that, by applying the multiplier in question, the Commission breached the principles of equal treatment,
         proportionality and legal certainty.
      
      367    It should be noted that, in order to determine the amount of the fine, the Commission must ensure its deterrent effect (Joined
         Cases 100/80 to 103/80 Musique Diffusion française and Others v Commission [1983] ECR 1825, paragraph 106, and Case T-329/01 Archer Daniels Midland v Commission [2006] ECR II-3255, paragraph 63).
      
      368    In this respect, the Commission may inter alia take into consideration the size and the economic power of the undertaking
         in question (see, to that effect, Musique Diffusion française and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 367 above, paragraph 120, and Dansk Rørindustri and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 314 above, paragraph 243).
      
      369    Similarly, the fourth paragraph of Section 1.A of the Guidelines provides that it is also necessary to take account of the
         effective economic capacity of offenders to cause significant damage to other operators, in particular consumers, and to set
         the fine at a level which ensures that it has a sufficiently deterrent effect. 
      
      370    In the present case, in keeping with these considerations, the Commission stated that it was appropriate to set the fines
         at a level which ensures that they have sufficient deterrent effect, in view of the size of each undertaking (recital 463
         to the contested decision). 
      
      371    In the same recital, the Commission decided to apply a multiplier of 2.5 to the starting amount of the fine imposed on the
         applicants, in view of Heineken’s considerable size, based on its sizeable worldwide turnover during the most recent tax year
         preceding the date of adoption of the contested decision for which figures were available.
      
      372    With regard to the applicants’ claim relating to the multipliers applied in previous Commission decisions, it should be pointed
         out that the Commission has a margin of discretion when fixing the amount of fines, in order that it may direct the conduct
         of undertakings towards compliance with the competition rules. The fact that the Commission, in the past, imposed fines of
         a certain level for certain types of infringement does not mean that it is estopped from raising that level, at any time,
         to ensure the implementation of competition policy and to strengthen the deterrent effect of fines (see Case T-68/04 SGL Carbon v Commission [2008] ECR II-2511, paragraph 49 and the case-law cited). 
      
      373    Consequently, the fact that, in its previous decision-making practice, the Commission applied lower multipliers for undertakings
         of a comparable size to Heineken cannot result in the disproportionate or discriminatory character of the increase in question,
         or the breach of the principle of legal certainty.
      
      374    As regards the alleged breach of the obligation to state reasons, it should be stated that, by making reference, first, to
         the need to set the amount of the fines at a level which ensures that they have sufficient deterrent effect and, second, to
         Heineken’s considerable size, based on its sizeable worldwide turnover (recital 463 to the contested decision), the Commission
         set out, to the requisite legal standard, the aspects taken into consideration with a view to increasing, as a deterrent,
         the starting amount in respect of the applicants, thus enabling them to acquaint themselves with the reasons for that increase,
         made in the light of their specific situation, and to assert their rights, and enabling the Court to exercise its power of
         review.
      
      375    In the statement of reasons explaining the increase in the level of the fine, the Commission is not required to indicate the
         figures which guided, in particular as regards the deterrent effect sought, the manner in which it exercised its discretion
         (see, to that effect, Case C-279/98 P Cascades v Commission [2000] ECR I-9693, paragraphs 39 to 48, and Case T-330/01 Akzo Nobel v Commission [2006] ECR II-3389, paragraph 125). 
      
      376    Furthermore, with regard to the assessment made, rightly, of the size and the economic power of the undertaking in question,
         the applicants wrongly claim that, in determining the multiplier in question, the Commission was required to take into account
         other circumstances, such as the nature of the infringement, the alleged absence of its impact on the market, the fact that
         the infringement had ended before the beginning of the investigation or the fact that the administrative procedure was excessively
         long.
      
      377    In the light of the foregoing, the third limb of the present plea must be rejected.
      
      –       The fourth limb, regarding the increase by reason of the duration of the infringement
      378    In recital 466 to the contested decision, the Commission states that Heineken participated in the infringement at least between
         27 February 1996 and 3 November 1999, that is to say, for a period of three years and eight months. Consequently, the starting
         amount of the fine was increased, in respect of the applicants, by 35%, namely 10% for each full year of the infringement
         and 5% for the remaining period of six months or more.
      
      379    The applicants call into question this assessment, disputing the Commission’s findings relating to the start and end dates
         of the infringement in question. 
      
      380    As has already been stated in connection with the examination of the seventh plea in paragraphs 210 to 229 above, the Commission
         rightly determined that the duration of the infringement, in respect of the applicants, corresponded to the period between
         27 February 1996 and 3 November 1999. In this regard, the increase of 35% effected by the Commission on the starting amount
         of the fine cannot be called into question. 
      
      381    Consequently, the fourth limb regarding the duration of the infringement cannot be accepted.
      
      –       The alleged breach of the principle of legal certainty
      382    The applicants argue that the amount of the fine as determined by the Commission was not predictable, even approximately.
      
      383    It must be recalled that legal certainty is a general principle of EU law which requires in particular that rules involving
         negative consequences for individuals should be clear and precise and their application predictable for those subject to them
         (see Case T-279/02 Degussa v Commission [2006] ECR II-897, paragraph 66 and the case‑law cited).
      
      384    The corollary of this principle is the principle that penalties must have a proper legal basis, which requires that offences
         and the relevant penalties must be clearly defined by law (Evonik Degussa v Commission and Council, cited in paragraph 362 above, paragraph 39). 
      
      385    It is important to note in that regard that, although Article 23(2) and (3) of Regulation No 1/2003 leave the Commission a
         wide discretion, they nevertheless limit the exercise of that discretion by establishing objective criteria to which it must
         adhere. Thus, first, the amount of the fine that may be imposed is subject to a quantifiable and absolute ceiling, so that
         the maximum amount of the fine that can be imposed on a given undertaking can be determined in advance. Second, the exercise
         of that discretion is also limited by rules which the Commission has imposed upon itself in the Guidelines, since the Commission’s
         administrative practice is fully subject to review by the Courts of the EU. A prudent trader, if need be by taking legal advice,
         can foresee in a sufficiently precise manner the method and order of magnitude of the fines which he incurs for a given line
         of conduct, and the fact that that trader cannot know in advance precisely the level of the fines which the Commission will
         impose in each individual case cannot constitute a breach of the principle that penalties must have a proper legal basis (see,
         to that effect, Evonik Degussa v Commission and Council, cited in paragraph 362 above, paragraphs 50 to 55).
      
      386    In addition, undertakings involved in an administrative procedure in which fines may be imposed must take account of the possibility
         that the Commission may decide at any time to raise the level of the fines by reference to that applied in the past (Dansk Rørindustri and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 314 above, paragraphs 229 and 230). The fact that the Commission could at any time review the general
         level of fines when implementing another competition policy is therefore reasonably foreseeable for the undertakings involved
         (see, to that effect, Archer Daniels Midland v Commission, cited in paragraph 367 above, paragraph 48).
      
      387    These considerations apply a fortiori in the present case, where there is a very serious infringement consisting in conduct
         whose unlawfulness has been confirmed by the Commission on many occasions.
      
      388    Thus, even if the applicants could not know in advance precisely the level of the fines which the Commission would impose
         in the present case, in view, in particular, of the increase in the general level of the fines subsequent to the events constituting
         the infringement, this is not indicative of a breach of the principle of legal certainty and the principle that penalties
         must have a proper legal basis, in so far as, as has been stated in the analysis of the present plea, the Commission exercised
         its discretion in accordance with both the regulatory framework established by Article 23(2) and (3) of Regulation No 1/2003,
         as clarified by the case-law of the Court of Justice and of the General Court, and the rules of conduct which it imposed on
         itself in the Guidelines.
      
      389    The present complaint and the eighth plea in its entirety must therefore be rejected as unfounded. 
      
       The ninth plea, concerning the failure to take attenuating circumstances into consideration 
       Arguments of the parties
      390    First, the applicants claim that the fact that the end date of the infringement was fixed at 3 November 1999, even though
         the checks made by the Commission did not take place until 22 and 23 March 2000, should have been taken into consideration
         by the Commission in order to moderate the basic amount of the fine.
      
      391    Second, they argue that they never increased their prices in the off-trade sector during the period in which the infringement
         took place. Thus, the alleged coordination was never implemented. Because around 62% of beer is sold through the off-trade
         channel, non-implementation is proven for the vast majority of their sales. In addition, the complexity and the opacity of
         the structure in the on-trade sector make it impossible to implement a genuine agreement or genuine consultation which is
         restrictive of competition. 
      
      392    The Commission contests the applicants’ arguments.
      
       Findings of the Court
      393    In the present plea, the applicants essentially claim that the Commission infringed the Guidelines in so far as it failed
         to take sufficient account of the attenuating circumstances relating, first, to the termination of the infringement before
         it intervened and, second, the effective non‑application of the unlawful agreements in question.
      
      394    First of all, with regard to the first circumstance mentioned, it must be recalled that, under Section 3 of the Guidelines,
         the basic amount of the fine set by the Commission is to be reduced when, for example, the undertaking which is the subject
         of the complaint terminates the infringement as soon as the Commission intervenes.
      
      395    The grant of such a reduction of the basic amount of the fine is linked to the circumstances of the particular case, which
         may lead the Commission not to grant that reduction to an undertaking which is party to an unlawful agreement. In particular,
         to recognise an attenuating circumstance in situations where an undertaking is party to a manifestly unlawful agreement which
         it knew or could not be unaware constituted an infringement could encourage undertakings to continue a secret agreement as
         long as possible, in the hope that their conduct would never be discovered, while knowing that if it were discovered they
         could expect, by then curtailing the infringement, their fine to be reduced. Such a recognition would deprive the fine imposed
         of any deterrent effect and would undermine the effectiveness of Article 81(1) EC (Case C-511/06 P Archer Daniels Midland v Commission [2009] ECR I-5843, paragraphs 104 and 105).
      
      396    This is indeed an attenuating circumstance which, with a view to the effectiveness of Article 81(1) EC, must be given a strict
         interpretation, and only the particular circumstances of the specific case can warrant it being taken into account (Case T‑59/02
         Archer Daniels Midland v Commission [2006] ECR II-3627, paragraphs 337 and 338).
      
      397    In particular, the fact that an intentional infringement was terminated cannot be regarded as an attenuating circumstance
         where it was terminated as a result of the Commission’s intervention (see Archer Daniels Midland v Commission, cited in paragraph 396 above, paragraph 341 and the case-law cited).
      
      398    The applicants’ a fortiori argument that the attenuating circumstance in question must therefore be granted where the infringement
         ends before the Commission intervenes is based on an erroneous premiss.
      
      399    In addition, even assuming that these considerations do not apply to the same degree where the infringement ends on the initiative
         of the offending party before the Commission intervenes, the benefit of the attenuating circumstance in question nevertheless
         cannot, in principle, be appropriate where the conduct is intentional and its unlawfulness has been confirmed by the Commission
         on several occasions.
      
      400    Consequently, the Commission rightly stated, in recital 475 to the contested decision, that, with respect to the infringement
         in the present case, which is very serious by its nature and manifestly unlawful, the fact that an undertaking terminates
         this conduct before any intervention of the Commission does not merit consideration as an attenuating circumstance.
      
      401    Furthermore, whilst the applicants argue that the Commission has taken a different position concerning the attenuating circumstance
         in question in the past, it should be stated that, in accordance with settled case-law, the mere fact that the Commission
         has found in its previous decisions that certain factors constituted attenuating circumstances for the purpose of setting
         the fine does not mean that it is obliged to do so also in a subsequent decision (Groupe Danone v Commission, cited in paragraph 316 above, paragraph 395).
      
      402    In the light of these considerations, the applicants’ argument relating to the recognition of the termination of their anti-competitive
         conduct before the Commission intervened as an attenuating circumstance cannot be accepted.
      
      403    Second, as regards the alleged attenuating circumstance relating to the effective non-application of the agreements, it is
         necessary to determine whether those circumstances put forward by the applicants are capable of showing that, during the period
         in which the applicants were party to the offending agreements, they actually avoided implementing them by adopting competitive
         conduct on the market or, at the very least, whether they clearly and substantially breached the obligations relating to the
         implementation of the cartel to the point of disrupting its very operation (see, to that effect, Case T-26/02 Daiichi Pharmaceutical v Commission [2006] ECR II-713, paragraph 113).
      
      404    In this regard, the Commission stated, in recital 477 to the contested decision, that none of the participants had shown that
         they avoided implementing the agreements in question, since the occasional failure to implement them was not reflected in
         a ‘complete and full rejection of the agreements concluded’.
      
      405    The applicants criticise these considerations, stating that, in the off-trade segment, Heineken never increased its prices
         during the period in which the infringement took place and that, as far as the on-trade sector is concerned, the market structure
         is so complex that it was impossible to reach a genuine agreement and, a fortiori, to implement such an agreement. 
      
      406    They rely in this regard on the economic reports annexed to the application, which show inter alia that their prices in the
         off-trade segment did not increase during the period in which the infringement took place, that that sector was characterised
         by competition between the brewers, considerable movement in market shares, strong purchasing power among buyers and an increase
         in the volume of discounts, and that, with regard to the on-trade sector, their prices did not increase in 1996 or in 1997,
         as total price increases in that sector during the infringement was lower than the average long-term price increases and the
         market structure resulted in competition for new and ‘released’ on-trade sites, with considerable movement in market shares
         among the brewers.
      
      407    In addition, they allege that the Commission failed to examine the correct figures, as far as prices are concerned, and, in
         particular, failed to assess the non-application of the agreements for each undertaking taken individually.
      
      408    The Commission denies that it found in the contested decision that the collusion in question led to actual price increases.
         It considers that the fact that the applicants’ participation in coordinating prices was proven is sufficient to reject their
         argument regarding the non-application of the arrangements in question.
      
      409    The Court cannot accept this argument made by the Commission. Although the fact that an undertaking does not act on unlawful
         arrangements is not capable in itself of excluding its liability, it is nevertheless a circumstance which must be taken into
         account, as an attenuating circumstance, in the determination of the amount of the fine.
      
      410    Nevertheless, in the present case, as can be seen from recitals 349 to 354 to the contested decision and as has been confirmed
         in the analysis of the fifth and sixth pleas above, the infringement in question consisted in a complex cartel implemented
         by means of agreements and concerted practices which formed part of a common plan for the cartel applied over a long period,
         which sought to maintain the status quo and to minimise competition. Its participants coordinated prices and price increases
         for beer in the Netherlands, particularly in the on-trade segment, by limiting reductions, in the off-trade segment, and prices
         for private label beer. The collusion also included consultations on customer allocation, both in the on‑trade segment and,
         for private label beer, in the off-trade segment. The participants strengthened their positions vis-à-vis their customers,
         namely supermarkets in the off-trade segment and points of sale in the on-trade segment, holding regular, close consultations
         and conducting negotiations on all sensitive aspects of parameters of competition, in order to obtain price increases or at
         least price stability and to limit the number and the effects of customers in the off-trade segment changing brewer.
      
      411    In view of the existence of this overall plan, which was reflected in meetings held secretly, intentionally, over a considerable
         period, the evidence presented by the applicants, which seeks primarily to prove the absence of actual price increases, is
         not sufficient to show that they avoided implementing all these arrangements in question or, at the very least, that they
         clearly and substantially breached the obligations relating to their implementation to the point of disrupting the very operation
         of the cartel.
      
      412    As regards the alleged evidence of competitive conduct in the sectors concerned, based on the economic analyses annexed to
         the application, namely movement in market shares, the increase in the volume of discounts and the particular circumstances
         characterising the market structure in the on-trade sector, namely the existence of long-term contracts, it should be stated
         that, even assuming that they are established, these facts do not constitute specific evidence of competitive actions capable
         of disrupting the very operation of the cartel arrangements described in paragraph 410 above and, consequently, do not, as
         such, refute the implementation of the cartel in question.
      
      413    Lastly, in so far as the applicants refer to certain indications of the non‑implementation of the agreements in question expressed
         in the statements made by certain managers from InBev, it is sufficient to note that those indications are simple allegations
         which cannot, in themselves, prove that the cartel was not implemented or that its operation was disrupted.
      
      414    In the light of the foregoing, the applicants have not proved the existence of circumstances to justify the benefit of the
         attenuating circumstance relating to the non-application of the cartel arrangements in question.
      
      415    Consequently, the ninth plea must be rejected.
      
       The tenth plea, concerning the effect of the excessive length of the administrative procedure on the amount of the fine 
       Arguments of the parties
      416    The applicants claim that the excessive length of the administrative procedure led to a higher fine being fixed, as a direct
         result of the increase in the level of fines imposed by the Commission compared with earlier periods. They point out, in particular,
         that if a decision had been taken in a reasonable time, the amount of the fine would have been lower. 
      
      417    The Commission contests the applicants’ arguments.
      
       Findings of the Court
      418    It is settled case-law that the fact that the Commission, in the past, imposed fines of a certain level for certain types
         of infringement does not mean that it is estopped from raising that level within the limits indicated in Regulation No 1/2003
         if that is necessary to ensure the implementation of competition policy. On the contrary, the proper application of the competition
         rules requires that the Commission may at any time adjust the level of fines to the needs of that policy (Musique Diffusion française and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 367 above, paragraph 109, and Dansk Rørindustri and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 314 above, paragraph 169).
      
      419    In the light of this case-law, an applicant cannot validly claim that its penalty could have been lower if the Commission
         had concluded the administrative procedure earlier, since it increased the general level of penalties in the course of the
         administrative procedure (see, to that effect, judgment of 8 July 2008 in Case T-52/03 Knauf Gips v Commission, not published in the ECR, paragraph 486).
      
      420    In the light of the foregoing, the length of the administrative procedure, although excessive, cannot be regarded as having
         an effect on the content of the contested decision simply because the Commission increased the level of fines in the meantime.
      
      421    Consequently, in the present case, even though the Commission acknowledged at the hearing that it increased the general level
         of fines in around 2005, that is during the administrative procedure in question, this fact cannot be taken into account in
         assessing the effect of the failure to respect the reasonable time principle on the content of the contested decision.
      
      422    Consequently, the tenth plea cannot be upheld.
      
       The eleventh plea, concerning the level of the reduction of the fine granted by reason of the excessive length of the administrative
            procedure 
       Arguments of the parties
      423    The applicants claim that the reduction of the fine by EUR 100 000 granted by the Commission by reason of the excessive length
         of the administrative procedure is too low having regard to the amount of the fine imposed.
      
      424    The Commission states that it availed itself of the possibility of granting a reduction of the fine on its own initiative,
         which falls within its powers and for which it has a broad margin of discretion. The applicants have not put forward any arguments
         to justify a further reduction.
      
       Findings of the Court
      425    It should be noted that a procedural irregularity, even though it is not capable of resulting in the annulment of the decision,
         may justify a reduction of the fine (see, to that effect, Baustahlgewebe v Commission, cited in paragraph 48 above, paragraphs 26 to 48, and Nederlandse Federatieve Vereniging voor de Groothandel op Elektrotechnisch Gebied and Technische Unie v Commission, cited in paragraph 245 above, paragraphs 436 to 438).
      
      426    Failure to adjudicate within a reasonable time can justify the Commission’s decision to make an equitable reduction in the
         amount of a fine, the possibility of granting such a reduction falling within the scope of the Commission’s powers (see, to
         that effect, Technische Unie v Commission, cited in paragraph 286 above, paragraphs 202 to 204).
      
      427    In the present case, the Commission decided to grant the applicants a reduction of the fine by reason of the ‘unreasonable’
         length of the administrative procedure (recitals 498 and 499 to the contested decision). 
      
      428    The exercise of that power by the Commission does not prevent the Court, in the exercise of its unlimited jurisdiction, granting
         a further reduction of the amount of the fine.
      
      429    It must be borne in mind that the flat-rate reduction of EUR 100 000 granted by the Commission does not take any account of
         the amount of the fine imposed in the present case, which amounted to EUR 219 375 000 before that reduction, and does not
         therefore constitute a reduction of the penalty which is likely to give adequate redress for the breach resulting from the
         failure to adjudicate within a reasonable time in the administrative procedure.
      
      430    In this regard, the applicants rightly claim that the consequences of the breach of the reasonable time principle were not
         sufficiently taken into account by the Commission, as regards the reduction of the amount of the fine.
      
      431    As regards the appropriate level of the reduction of the penalty, the Court nevertheless rejects the applicants’ argument,
         mentioned for the first time in the reply, that, because the breach of the reasonable time principle constitutes a harmful
         event under the second paragraph of Article 288 EC, the amount of damage must be taken into account in connection with the
         reduction of the fine.
      
      432    The purpose of reducing the fine in the present case is to rectify the breach of the reasonable time principle and it must
         therefore be determined at an appropriate level having regard to the fine imposed on the applicants. Nevertheless, contrary
         to the claims made by the applicants, that reduction is made on an equitable basis and does not have to be preceded by an
         examination of the conditions for the non‑contractual liability of the EU within the meaning of the second paragraph of Article
         288 EC. 
      
      433    Consequently, since the applicants have not made claims for damages, either in the application or in the reply, there is no
         need to rule on their argument concerning the amount of the alleged damage, relying on a hypothetical evaluation of the amount
         of the fine which would have been imposed on them if the Commission had concluded the procedure in a reasonable time, or on
         their argument that there is a causal link between the breach of the reasonable time principle and that damage. 
      
      434    In the light of the circumstances of the case, the Court considers, in the exercise of its unlimited jurisdiction, that, in
         order to grant the applicants fair satisfaction for the excessive length of the procedure, the reduction in question must
         be 5% of the amount of the fine.
      
       Conclusion regarding the fine
      435    Following examination of the pleas raised by the applicants and in the exercise of its unlimited jurisdiction, the Court adjusts
         the amount of the fine imposed jointly and severally on the applicants, first by fixing the starting amount at EUR 61 750 000,
         rather than EUR 65 000 000, as a consequence of the annulment of Article 1 of the contested decision in so far as it upholds
         the aspect of the infringement consisting in occasional coordination of commercial conditions, other than prices, offered
         to individual consumers in the on-trade sector in the Netherlands (see paragraphs 201 and 202 above), and second by altering
         the reduction for failure to adjudicate within a reasonable time in the procedure to 5% of the final amount of the fine, rather
         than EUR 100 000 (see paragraph 434 above). 
      
      436    As a consequence of that adjustment, the amount of the fine is calculated by multiplying the adjusted starting amount by 2.5,
         by way of a deterrent effect, then by increasing it by 35% by reason of the duration of the infringement, and reducing that
         amount by 5%, by reason of the failure to adjudicate within a reasonable time in the procedure. Consequently, the amount of
         the fine imposed jointly and severally on the applicants is set at EUR 197 985 937.50.
      
       Costs
      437    Pursuant to Article 87(3) of the Rules of Procedure, the Court may order that the costs be shared or that each party bear
         its own costs where each party succeeds on some and fails on other heads.
      
      438    In the present case, since the form of order sought by the applicants has been upheld in part, the Court will make an equitable
         assessment of the circumstances of the present case in holding that the applicants are to bear two thirds of their own costs
         and to pay two thirds of the costs incurred by the Commission and that the Commission is to bear one third of its own costs
         and to pay one third of the costs incurred by the applicants.
      
      On those grounds,
      THE GENERAL COURT (Sixth Chamber, Extended Composition)
      hereby:
      1.      Annuls Article 1 of Commission Decision C (2007) 1697 of 18 April 2007 relating to a proceeding under Article 81 [EC] (Case
            COMP/B/37.766 – Dutch beer market) in so far as the European Commission found in it that Heineken NV and Heineken Nederland
            BV had participated in an infringement consisting in occasional coordination of commercial conditions, other than prices,
            offered to individual consumers in the on‑trade sector in the Netherlands;
      2.      Sets the amount of the fine imposed jointly and severally on Heineken and on Heineken Nederland in Article 3(a) of Decision
            C (2007) 1697 at EUR 197 985 937.50;
      3.      Dismisses the remainder of the action;
      4.      Orders Heineken and Heineken Nederland to bear two thirds of their own costs and to pay two thirds of the costs incurred by
            the Commission;
      5.      Orders the Commission to bear one third of its own costs and to pay one third of the costs incurred by Heineken and by Heineken
            Nederland.
      
      
               Vadapalas
            
            
               Dittrich       
            
            
               Truchot
            
         Delivered in open court in Luxembourg on 16 June 2011.
      [Signatures]
      
      Table of contents
      
      Facts
      Administrative procedure
      The contested decision
      The infringement at issue
      The fine imposed on the applicants
      Procedure and forms of order sought
      Law
      The fifth and sixth pleas, concerning, respectively, insufficient evidence of the infringement and the absence of agreements
         and/or concerted practices within the meaning of Article 81(1) EC
      
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      – The statement by InBev
      – Other evidence
      – The facts relating to the findings, first, of coordination of prices and price increases for beer and, second, occasional
         coordination of customer allocation
      
      – The facts relating to the finding of occasional coordination of other commercial conditions offered to individual customers
         in the on-trade sector
      
      – The alleged error of law and in the treatment of the facts
      – Conclusion
      The seventh plea, concerning the duration of the infringement
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      – The determination of the start date of the infringement
      – The determination of the end date of the infringement
      The first plea, concerning a breach of the principle of sound administration and an infringement of Article 27 of Regulation
         No 1/2003, with regard to the refusal to grant access to the replies to the statement of objections made by other undertakings
         involved
      
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      The second plea, concerning a breach of the principle of sound administration, the ‘duty of care’ and the audi alteram partem
         rule, stemming from an alleged failure to carry out a careful and impartial investigation
      
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      The third plea, concerning a breach of the principle of the presumption of innocence
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      The fourth plea, concerning a breach of the reasonable time principle
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      – The length of the administrative procedure
      – The effect of the excessive length of the administrative procedure on the lawfulness of the contested decision
      The eighth plea, concerning infringements of Article 23(3) of Regulation No 1/2003 and of the Guidelines, breaches of the
         principles of equal treatment, legal certainty, proportionality and ‘reasonableness’ and a breach of the obligation to state
         reasons, in relation to the determination of the amount of the fine
      
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      – The first limb, regarding the assessment of the gravity of the infringement
      – The second limb, regarding the determination of the starting amount and the application of differential treatment
      – The third limb, regarding the increase by reason of the deterrent effect
      – The fourth limb, regarding the increase by reason of the duration of the infringement
      – The alleged breach of the principle of legal certainty
      The ninth plea, concerning the failure to take attenuating circumstances into consideration
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      The tenth plea, concerning the effect of the excessive length of the administrative procedure on the amount of the fine
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      The eleventh plea, concerning the level of the reduction of the fine granted by reason of the excessive length of the administrative
         procedure
      
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      Conclusion regarding the fine
      Costs
      * Language of the case: Dutch.