CELEX: 61999TJ0065
Language: en
Date: 2003-12-11
Title: Judgment of the Court of First Instance (Fifth Chamber) of 11 December 2003. # Strintzis Lines Shipping SA v Commission of the European Communities. # Competition - Regulation (EEC) No 4056/86 - Investigations carried out at company premises other than those of the company to which the investigation decision is addressed - Article 85(1) of the EC Treaty (now Article 81(1) EC) - State regulation on maritime transport and the practice of State authorities - Applicability of Article 85 of the Treaty - Whether infringing conduct may be imputed - Fines - Application of the guidelines on calculating fines. # Case T-65/99.

Case T-65/99 Strintzis Lines Shipping SAvCommission of the European Communities
            «(Competition – Regulation (EEC) No 4056/86 – Investigations carried out at company premises other than those of the company to which the investigation decision is addressed – Article 85(1) of the EC Treaty (now Article 81(1) EC) – State regulation on maritime transport and the practice of State authorities – Applicability of Article 85 of the Treaty – Whether infringing conduct may be imputed – Fines – Application of the guidelines on calculating fines)»
            
               
                  Judgment of the Court of First Instance (Fifth Chamber), 11 December 2003 
                     
                
               
            
                   
               
               
            
            Summary of the Judgment
         
         
                  1..
                  Actions for annulment of measures – Pleas in law – Unlawfulness of an investigation by the Commission – Acknowledgment by the applicant undertaking of certain facts revealed by documents obtained during the investigation – No effect on the interest in raising the plea  (Art. 230 EC) 
         
                  2..
                  Competition – Fines – Amount – Reduction in fine in exchange for cooperation – Actions for annulment – Fresh review of the size of the reduction – Excluded  (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15) 
         
                  3..
                  Community law – Principles – Rights of the defence – Compliance during administrative procedure  (Council Regulations Nos 17, Art. 14, and 4056/86, Art. 18) 
         
                  4..
                  Competition – Administrative procedure – Powers of the Commission in investigations – Limits – Protection against arbitrary or disproportionate intervention by the public authority  (Council Regulations Nos 17, Art. 14, and 4056/86, Art. 18) 
         
                  5..
                  Competition – Administrative procedure – Powers of the Commission in investigations – Scope – Access to the premises of undertakings – Limits – Indication of the subject-matter and purpose of the investigation – Right to bring an action before the Community judicature  (Council Regulations Nos 17, Art. 14, and 4056/86, Art. 18) 
         
                  6..
                  Competition – Administrative procedure – Powers of the Commission in investigations – Access to premises of undertakings – Undertaking not referred to in the investigation decision – Conditions for access  (Council Regulation No 4056/86, Art. 18) 
         
                  7..
                  Competition – Administrative procedure – Powers of the Commission in investigations – Voluntary cooperation of an undertaking – Consequences for the possibility of arguing undue interference by a public authority  (Council Regulation No 4056/86, Art. 18) 
         
                  8..
                  Competition – Community rules – Scope ratione materiae – Conduct imposed by State measures – Excluded – Conditions  (EC Treaty, Arts 85 and 86 (now Arts 81 EC and 82 EC)) 
         
                  9..
                  Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Criteria defined in the Commission Guidelines – Applicability to infringements of the competition rules in the transport sector  (ECSC Treaty, Art. 65(5); Council Regulations Nos 17, Art. 15(2), and 4056/86, Art. 19(2)) 
         
         1.
          The fact that an undertaking has acknowledged certain facts concerning a potential infringement of the competition rules in
         no way means that it has waived its right to dispute, or can be prevented from disputing, the lawfulness of an investigation
         in which the Commission obtained documents capable of providing evidence of the infringement in question. see para. 28
         
         2.
          The risk that an undertaking which has been granted a reduction in its fine in recognition of its cooperation will subsequently
         seek annulment of the decision finding the infringement of the competition rules and imposing a penalty on the undertaking
         responsible for the infringement, and will succeed before the Court of First Instance or before the Court of Justice on appeal,
         is a normal consequence of the exercise of the remedies provided for in the Treaty and the Statute of the Court. Accordingly,
         the mere fact that an undertaking which has cooperated with the Commission and which for that reason has been given a reduction
         in the amount of its fine has successfully challenged the Decision before the Community judicature cannot justify a fresh
         review of the size of the reduction granted to it. see para. 29
         
         3.
          In all procedures involving application of the competition rules laid down in the Treaty, the rights of the defence must be
         observed by the Commission during administrative procedures which may lead to the imposition of penalties and also during
         preliminary inquiry procedures because it is necessary to prevent those rights from being irremediably impaired during preliminary
         inquiry procedures including, in particular, investigations which may be decisive in providing evidence of the unlawful nature
         of conduct engaged in by undertakings for which they may be liable. see paras 37-38
         
         4.
          As regards the powers accorded the Commission by Article 14 of Regulation No 17 and the extent to which the rights of the
         defence may restrict them, the need for protection against arbitrary or disproportionate intervention by public authorities
         in the sphere of the private activities of any person, whether natural or legal, constitutes a general principle of Community
         law. In all the legal systems of the Member States, any intervention by the public authorities in the sphere of private activities
         of any person, whether natural or legal, must have a legal basis and be justified on the grounds laid down by law and, consequently,
         those systems provide, albeit in different forms, protection against arbitrary or disproportionate intervention. see para. 39
         
         5.
          It is apparent both from the purpose of Regulation No 17 and from the list of powers conferred on the Commission's officials
         by Article 14 thereof that the scope of investigations may be very wide. The exercise of those broad powers is however subject
         to conditions capable of ensuring respect for the rights of the undertakings concerned.  In that regard, the obligation for the Commission to state the subject-matter and purpose of an investigation constitutes
         a fundamental requirement, designed not merely to show that the proposed entry onto the premises of the undertakings concerned
         is justified but also to enable the undertakings to assess the scope of their duty to cooperate whilst safeguarding their
         rights of defence. The Commission is likewise obliged to state in the decision ordering an investigation, as precisely as possible, what it is
         looking for and the matters to which the investigation must relate. That requirement is intended to protect the rights of
         defence of the undertakings concerned, which would be seriously compromised if the Commission could rely on evidence against
         undertakings which was obtained during an investigation but was not related to the subject-matter or purpose thereof. Finally, the undertaking to which the decision is addressed may bring an action for annulment of that decision before the
         Community judicature; if that action is granted, the Commission will be prevented from making use of any documents or evidence
         obtained in the course of the investigation in question. see paras 41, 44-46
         
         6.
          The Commission must, in all its investigatory work, ensure compliance with the principle that the actions of the Community
         institutions must have a legal basis and with the principle of protection against arbitrary intervention by the public authorities
         in the sphere of private activities of any person, whether natural or legal. It would be excessive and contrary to the provisions
         of Regulation No 4056/86 laying down detailed rules for the application of Articles 85 and 86 of the Treaty to maritime transport,
         and to fundamental principles of law to allow the Commission a general right of access, based on an investigation decision
         addressed to one legal entity, to inspect premises belonging to another legal entity simply on the pretext that the latter
         is closely connected with the addressee of the investigation decision or that the Commission believes it will find there documents
         belonging to the addressee of the decision. However, the Commission does not exceed its investigatory powers where it acts diligently and amply fulfils its duty to make
         as sure as possible, before the investigation begins, that the premises which it proposes to inspect indeed belong to the
         legal entity which it wishes to investigate. The Commission continues to act lawfully where, having realised that the premises
         being investigated are not those of the undertaking referred to in the decision, it takes the view that those premises are
         none the less used by the undertaking initially referred to in the decision for the conduct of its business, given that the
         company which is based there, whilst being legally distinct from the company to which the decision is addressed, is its representative
         and sole manager of the affairs to which the investigation related. The right to enter any premises, land or means of transport
         of undertakings is of particular importance inasmuch as it is intended to permit the Commission to obtain evidence of infringements
         of the competition rules in the places in which such evidence is normally to be found, that is to say, on the business premises
         of undertakings. It follows that the Commission is entitled to take into account in its reasoning the fact that its chances
         of finding proof of the supposed infringement would be higher if it were to investigate the premises from which the target
         company in fact conducts its business as a matter of practice. see paras 66-67, 71-72, 76
         
         7.
          There can be no question of undue interference by the public authority in the sphere of activity of an undertaking, where
         an investigation is carried out with the cooperation of the undertaking concerned and where there is no evidence that the
         Commission went beyond the cooperation offered by the employees of the undertaking being investigated. see para. 82
         
         8.
          Articles 85 and 86 of the EC Treaty (now Articles 81 EC and 82 EC) apply only to anti-competitive conduct engaged in by undertakings
         on their own initiative. If anti-competitive conduct is required of undertakings by national legislation or if the latter
         creates a legal framework which itself eliminates any possibility of competitive activity on their part, Articles 85 and 86
         do not apply. In such a situation, the restriction on competition is not attributable, as those provisions implicitly require,
         to the autonomous conduct of the undertakings.  Articles 85 and 86 may apply, however, if it is found that the national legislation does not preclude undertakings from engaging
         in autonomous conduct which prevents, restricts or distorts competition. Moreover, the possibility of excluding specific anti-competitive
         conduct from the scope of Article 85(1), on the ground that it was required of the undertakings in question by existing national
         legislation or that any possibility of competitive activity on their part has been eliminated, has been applied restrictively
         by the Community judicature. It follows that, in the absence of any binding regulatory provision imposing anti-competitive conduct, the Commission is entitled
         to conclude that the operators in question enjoyed no autonomy only if it appears on the basis of objective, relevant and
         consistent evidence that that conduct was unilaterally imposed upon them by the national authorities through the exercise
         of irresistible pressure, such as, for example, the threat to adopt State measures likely to cause them to sustain substantial
         losses. see paras 119-122
         
         9.
          The general method for setting fines described in the Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article
         15(2) of Regulation No 17 and Article 65(5) of the ECSC Treaty applies equally to fines imposed pursuant to Article 19(2)
         of Regulation No 4056/86 laying down detailed rules for the application of Articles 85 and 86 of the Treaty to maritime transport.
         Since, under that method, fines are calculated according to the two criteria referred to in Article 19(2) of Regulation No
         4056/86, namely the gravity of the infringement and its duration, and the maximum percentage of turnover of each undertaking
         as laid down in that provision is observed, the Guidelines do not go beyond the legal framework of the fines set out in that
         provision.  see paras 158, 167
      

      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
            
            JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE (Fifth Chamber)11 December 2003  (1)
         
         
               ((Competition – Regulation (EEC) No 4056/86 – Investigations carried out at company premises other than those of the company to which the investigation decision is addressed – Article 85(1) of the EC Treaty (now Article 81(1) EC) – State regulation on maritime transport and the practice of State authorities – Applicability of Article 85 of the Treaty – Whether infringing conduct may be imputed – Fines – Application of the guidelines on calculating fines))
               
             In Case T-65/99, 
            
            
            Strintzis Lines Shipping SA, established in Piraeus (Greece), represented by K. Adamantopoulos, V. Akritidis and A. Papakrivopoulos, lawyers, with an
            address for service in Luxembourg,
            
            
            applicant, 
            
            v
            Commission of the European Communities, represented by R. Lyal and D. Triantafyllou, acting as Agents, and G. Athanassiou, lawyer, with an address for service in
            Luxembourg,
            
            defendant, 
            
             APPLICATION for annulment of Commission Decision 1999/271/EC of 9 December 1998 relating to a proceeding pursuant to Article
            85 of the EC Treaty (IV/34.466 ─ Greek Ferries) (OJ 1999 L 109, p. 24),
            
            
            THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES (Fifth Chamber),
            
             composed of: J.D. Cooke, President, R. García-Valdecasas and P. Lindh, Judges, 
            
             Registrar: J. Plingers, Administrator, 
            
            
            having regard to the written procedure and further to the hearing on 1 July 2002,
         gives the following
         
         
         Judgment
            
               Facts
            
         
         1
            
          The applicant, Strintzis Lines SA, is a Greek ferry operator which provides passenger and vehicle transport services on Greek
         and foreign shipping routes, including routes between Greece and Italy, where it operates lines between Patras and Ancona,
         passing through Corfu and Igoumenitsa, and between Patras and Brindisi and Patras and Bari. 
         
         
         2
            
          Following a complaint from a customer in 1992 that ferry prices were very similar on routes between Greece and Italy, the
         Commission, acting pursuant to Article 16 of Council Regulation (EEC) No 4056/86 of 22 December 1986 laying down detailed
         rules for the application of Articles 85 and 86 of the Treaty to maritime transport (OJ 1986 L 378, p. 4), sent a request
         for information to certain ferry operators. Then, in accordance with Article 18(3) of Regulation No 4056/86, it carried out
         investigations at the offices of six ferry operators, five in Greece and one in Italy. 
         
         
         3
            
          On 4 July 1994 the Commission adopted decision C(94) 1790/5 requiring Minoan Lines to submit to an investigation (hereinafter
          
         the investigation decision). On 5 and 6 July 1994 Commission officials carried out inspections at premises situated at 64 B Kifissias Avenue, 151 25
         Maroussi, Athens. It later transpired that those premises belonged to the company European Trust Agency (
         ETA), a different legal entity from that mentioned in the investigation decision. During the inspection the Commission obtained
         copies of a large number of documents which it subsequently treated as evidence in relation to the various companies into
         which it was inquiring. 
         
         
         4
            
          The Commission later sent further requests for information, pursuant to Article 16 of Regulation No 4056/86, to the applicant
         and to other ferry companies asking them to provide further details concerning the documents found during the inspection.
         
         
         
         5
            
          On 21 February 1997 the Commission initiated formal proceedings, sending a statement of objections to nine companies including
         the applicant. 
         
         
         6
            
          On 9 December 1998 the Commission adopted Decision 1999/271/EC relating to a proceeding pursuant to Article 85 of the EC Treaty
         (IV/34.466 ─ Greek Ferries) (OJ 1999 L 109, p. 24, hereinafter  
         the Decision). 
         
         
         7
            
          The Decision contains the following provisions: Article 1
         1.
          Minoan Lines, Anek Lines, Karageorgis Lines, Marlines SA and Strintzis Lines have infringed Article 85(1) of the EC Treaty
         by agreeing prices to be applied to roll-on roll-off ferry services between Patras and Ancona.
          The duration of these infringements is as follows:
         
         (a)
          in the case of Minoan Lines and Strintzis Lines, from 18 July 1987 until July 1994; 
         
         
         (b)
          in the case of Karageorgis Lines, from 18 July 1987 until 27 December 1992; 
         
         
         (c)
          in the case of Marlines SA, from 18 July 1987 until 8 December 1989; 
         
         
         (d)
          in the case of Anek Lines, from 6 July 1989 until July 1994. 
         
         
         2.
          Minoan Lines, Anek Lines, Karageorgis Lines, Adriatica di Navigazione SpA, Ventouris Group Enterprises SA and Strintzis Lines
         have infringed Article 85(1) of the EC Treaty by agreeing on the levels of fares for trucks to be applied on the Patras to
         Bari and Brindisi routes.
          The duration of these infringements is as follows:
         
         (a)
          in the case of Minoan Lines, Ventouris Group Enterprises SA and Strintzis Lines, from 8 December 1989 until July 1994; 
         
         
         (b)
          in the case of Karageorgis Lines, from 8 December 1989 until 27 December 1992; 
         
         
         (c)
          in the case of Anek Lines, from 8 December 1989 until July 1994; 
         
         
         (d)
          in the case of Adriatica di Navigazione SpA, from 30 October 1990 until July 1994. 
         Article 2 The following fines are hereby imposed on the following undertakings in respect of the infringement found in Article 1:
         
         
         ─
             Minoan Lines, a fine of ECU 3.26 million, 
          Minoan Lines, a fine of ECU 3.26 million, 
         
         
         
         ─
             Strintzis Lines, a fine of ECU 1.5 million, 
          Strintzis Lines, a fine of ECU 1.5 million, 
         
         
         
         ─
             Anek Lines, a fine of ECU 1.11 million, 
          Anek Lines, a fine of ECU 1.11 million, 
         
         
         
         ─
             Marlines SA, a fine of ECU 0.26 million, 
          Marlines SA, a fine of ECU 0.26 million, 
         
         
         
         ─
             Karageorgis Lines, a fine of ECU 1 million, 
          Karageorgis Lines, a fine of ECU 1 million, 
         
         
         
         ─
             Ventouris Group Enterprises SA, a fine of ECU 1.01 million, 
          Ventouris Group Enterprises SA, a fine of ECU 1.01 million, 
         
         
         
         ─
             Adriatica di Navigazione SpA, a fine of ECU 0.98 million. 
          Adriatica di Navigazione SpA, a fine of ECU 0.98 million. 
         ...
         
         
         8
            
          The Decision was addressed to seven undertakings: Minoan Lines, established in Heraklion, Crete (Greece) (hereinafter  
         Minoan), Strintzis Lines, established in Piraeus (Greece) (hereinafter  
         the applicant or  
         Strintzis), Anek Lines, established in Hania, Crete (hereinafter  
         Anek), Marlines SA, established in Piraeus (
         Marlines), Karageorgis Lines, established in Piraeus (
         Karageorgis), Ventouris Group Enterprises SA, established in Piraeus (
         Ventouris) and Adriatica di Navigazione SpA, established in Venice (Italy) (
         Adriatica). 
         Procedure and forms of order sought by the parties
         
         9
            
          By application lodged at the Registry of the Court of First Instance on 3 March 1999 the applicant brought the present action
         for annulment of the Decision. 
         
         
         10
            
          On hearing the report of the Judge-Rapporteur the Court decided to initiate the oral procedure and, by way of measures of
         organisation of procedure, called upon the Commission to answer, in writing, a question and to produce certain documents.
         The Commission complied with that request within the time allowed. 
         
         
         11
            
          The parties presented oral argument and answered the questions put to them by the Court at the hearing on 1 July 2002. 
         
         
         12
            
          The applicant claims that the Court should: 
         
         
         ─
             annul the Decision in its entirety; 
          annul the Decision in its entirety; 
         
         
         
         ─
             in the alternative, annul Article 1 of the Decision with regard to the duration of the alleged infringement, or in any event
            annul or reduce the fine imposed on it; 
          in the alternative, annul Article 1 of the Decision with regard to the duration of the alleged infringement, or in any event
         annul or reduce the fine imposed on it; 
         
         
         
         ─
             order the Commission to pay the costs. 
          order the Commission to pay the costs. 
         
         
         
         
         13
            
          The Commission contends that the Court should: 
         
         
         ─
             dismiss the action in its entirety; 
          dismiss the action in its entirety; 
         
         
         
         ─
             order the applicant to pay the costs. 
          order the applicant to pay the costs. 
         
         
         Law
         
         14
            
          Strintzis puts forward three pleas in law in support of its application for annulment of the Decision. By the first, it alleges
         that the inspection carried out by the Commission at ETA's offices was unlawful. By the second it pleads incorrect application
         to the present case of Article 85(1) of the EC Treaty (now Article 81(1) EC) resulting from incorrect and incomplete appraisal
         of the factual circumstances. By its third plea Strintzis alleges that the statement of reasons given for the Decision is
         inadequate. 
         
         
         15
            
          In support of the application which it makes in the alternative, for annulment of or a reduction in its fine, the applicant
         pleads infringement of the principle of proportionality in fixing the amount of the fine. This plea falls into three limbs:
         incorrect assessment of the gravity of the infringement, of its duration and of the amount of the fine. 
         
         
         
         I ─
          The pleas for annulment of the Decision
          The first plea: the unlawfulness of the inspection carried out by the Commission at ETA's offices
          Arguments of the parties
         
         
         16
            
          The applicant submits that the inspection which the Commission carried out in July 1994 at the offices of ETA, Minoan's agent,
         was unlawful and that, consequently, the information found during the inspection cannot be used as evidence. 
         
         
         17
            
          First of all, the applicant argues that it has a legitimate interest in the inspection being ruled unlawful in that a good
         number of the pieces of evidence used by the Commission against it were uncovered at ETA's offices. Similarly, it asserts
         that the actions of the other undertakings concerned and the general conduct of the present matter have been directly influenced
         by the results of the unlawful search carried out at ETA's offices. For that reason, and in so far as the documents gathered
         on that occasion and the other documents filed subsequently by other undertakings were all used by the Commission as evidence
         against it, the applicant submits that it has a legitimate interest in raising the objection that the search was unlawful.
         
         
         
         18
            
          The applicant maintains that, contrary to the Commission's submission, it is entitled to raise the matter of the unlawfulness
         of the search of ETA's offices as a plea for annulment of the Decision despite having expressly acknowledged the facts relating
         to the consultations concerning the fixing of tariffs. The applicant's admission of certain facts in no way signifies that
         it agrees with the Commission's appraisal of them. 
         
         
         19
            
          The applicant observes that the investigation decision was addressed to Minoan, not to its agent ETA. Contrary to the Commission's
         claim, ETA and Minoan do not constitute one and the same economic and legal entity. In reaching that conclusion the Commission
         ignored a commercial reality, namely the fact that a company with a broad shareholding among the public, such as Minoan, normally
         calls upon a company such as ETA to represent its interest in so far as concerns international routes. That does not, however,
         justify treating ETA as Minoan. Indeed, the applicant maintains that the economic interests of ETA may be opposed to those
         of Minoan. 
         
         
         20
            
          Moreover, the applicant doubts that the Commission can apply its theory of economic unity to the inspections which it carries
         out, arguing that the Commission cannot invoke the theory in order to investigate companies other than the one to which the
         investigation decision is addressed, otherwise it would have absolute power to carry out searches, without warning, at the
         offices of any undertakings belonging to the same economic entity as the company to which an investigation decision is addressed,
         provided only that it adopts a decision of general effect that makes provision for searches to be organised at the head office
         of the addressee company. 
         
         
         21
            
          Lastly, according to the applicant, by acting as it did, the Commission infringed the rights of the defence in relation to
         arbitrary interference and also the principles of proportionality, sound administration, limited interference and legal certainty.
         
         
         
         22
            
          The Commission disputes those arguments. First of all it submits that the applicant has no legitimate interest in raising
         this issue as a plea for annulment because it has already expressly admitted the facts which were established by the documents
         found at ETA's offices. Furthermore, it submits that it would have reached the same finding regarding the prohibited cartel
         even if no account had been taken of the documents in question. 
         
         
         23
            
          The Commission maintains that inasmuch as the applicant implies that its conduct and that of the other undertakings concerned
         would have been different if the allegedly unlawful inspection had not been carried out it totally contradicts the submission
         put forward during the administrative procedure that the undertakings concerned had offered complete cooperation; the fact
         that the parties concerned did not contest the facts on which the Commission's statement of objections was based was taken
         into account by the Commission as a mitigating circumstance warranting a reduction in the fines (paragraph 169 of the Decision).
         Since the applicant now suggests that that collaboration was offered solely because evidence was found relating to the conclusion
         and implementation of the cartels at issue, the Commission proposes that the Court should take that circumstance into account
         in the exercise of its jurisdiction to assess the amount of the fine and, if appropriate, increase it. 
         
         
         24
            
          As regards the lawfulness of the inspection, the Commission maintains that there is no question in this case of any arbitrary
         search because the inspection was carried out at offices used for the business of Minoan, the company given as the addressee
         of the investigation decision. The Commission submits that that conclusion is supported by the way in which Minoan presented
         itself to third parties and by the ship management contracts pursuant to which ETA acted as manager of Minoan's vessels. The
         Commission observes that, in shipping organisation, the manager is a direct representative, acting in the name and on behalf
         of the shipowner who bears responsibility for the legal effects of the obligations undertaken by the manager and assumes ultimate
         financial risk. In the present case, it is clear from the contracts between the two companies that ETA acted as intermediary
         between the shipowner and agents, customers, banks, and state and port authorities wherever they enter into relations with
         the shipowner. 
         
         
         25
            
          On this point the Commission refers to consistent case-law according to which, where an agent works for his principal he can
         in principle be regarded as an auxiliary organ forming an integral part of the latter's undertaking bound to carry out the
         principal's instructions and thus, like a commercial employee, forms an economic unit with this undertaking (Joined Cases
         40/73 to 48/73, 50/73, 54/73 to 56/73, 111/73, 113/73 and 114/73  
         Suiker Unie and Others v  
         Commission [1975] ECR 1663, paragraph 539). According to the Commission, ETA acts as an integral part of Minoan, given that Minoan has
         entrusted to it the daily management and logistical and commercial supervision of its vessels. The Commission concludes from
         that that the two companies are characterised, in so far as concerns the operation of the vessels managed by ETA, by unity
         of action and that they constitute one and the same economic entity. Consequently, the Commission made no mistake as to the
         addressee of the investigation decision or as to the place where it was to carry out its inspection. 
         
         
         26
            
          In the alternative, the Commission submits that, even if there had been some error regarding the addressee of the investigation
         decision, that does not mean that the evidence cannot be used. That consequence would ensue only if the Commission had exceeded
         its investigatory powers, which have been conferred on it to use in such a way as to ensure that the rights of defence of
         the undertakings concerned are respected (see the order of the President of the Court of Justice in Case 46/87 R  
         Hoechst v  
         Commission [1987] ECR 1549, paragraph 34). 
          Findings of the Court
          A ─ The applicant's interest in raising the plea
         
         
         27
            
          The Commission disputes that the applicant has any legitimate interest in raising the issue of the legality of the inspection
         carried out at ETA's offices as a plea for annulment because it has already expressly admitted the facts which were established
         by the documents found at those offices. 
         
         
         28
            
          However, the fact that the applicant has acknowledged certain facts in no way means that it has waived its right to dispute,
         or can be prevented from disputing the lawfulness of an investigation in which the Commission obtained documents capable of
         providing evidence of an infringement. In fact, as the applicant states, even if it has expressly admitted the facts relating
         to the consultations concerning the fixing of tariffs, it may still disagree with the manner in which the Commission obtained
         the documents upon which the Decision is based, or with the manner in which the Commission appraised those documents as evidence
         of a cartel. 
         
         
         29
            
          As this Court has held,  
         the risk that an undertaking which has been granted a reduction in its fine in recognition of its cooperation will subsequently
         seek annulment of the decision finding the infringement of the competition rules and imposing a penalty on the undertaking
         responsible for the infringement, and will succeed before the Court of First Instance or before the Court of Justice on appeal,
         is a normal consequence of the exercise of the remedies provided for in the Treaty and the Statute of the Court of Justice.
         Accordingly, the mere fact that an undertaking which has cooperated with the Commission and which for that reason has been
         given a reduction in the amount of its fine has successfully challenged the Decision before the Community judicature cannot
         justify a fresh review of the size of the reduction granted to it (Case T-354/94  
         Stora Kopparbergs Bergslags v  
         Commission [2002] ECR II-843, paragraph 85). 
         
         
         30
            
          In light of the foregoing, the Court holds that the applicant does have a legitimate interest in disputing the manner in which
         the investigation was conducted and rejects the Commission's request for the Court to exercise its unfettered jurisdiction
         and increase the fine imposed on the applicant and thus negate the advantage which it obtained from the Commission by admitting
         the facts. 
          B ─ Substance
         
         
         31
            
          By this plea the applicant essentially complains that the Commission unlawfully gathered the evidence on which it based the
         Decision in that it obtained that evidence in the course of an investigation carried out at the offices of a company that
         was not the addressee of the investigation decision. The applicant argues that, by so doing, the Commission exceeded its powers
         of investigation and infringed Article 18 of Regulation No 4056/86 and general principles of law. 
         
         
         32
            
          In examining the merits of this plea reference should be made to the principles which determine the extent of the Commission's
         investigatory powers and the factual background to the case. 
          1. The Commission's powers of investigation
         
         
         33
            
          It is clear from the 16th recital in the preamble to Regulation No 4056/86 that the legislature saw fit that the regulation
         should make provision for the  
         decision-making powers and penalties that are necessary to ensure compliance with the prohibitions laid down in Article 85(1)
         and Article 86 [of the Treaty], as well as the conditions governing the application of Article 85(3). 
         
         
         34
            
          More specifically, the powers granted the Commission in on-the-spot investigations are set out in Article 18 of Regulation
         No 4056/86. That provision reads as follows: Article 18 Investigating powers of the Commission
         
         1.
          In carrying out the duties assigned to it by this regulation, the Commission may undertake all necessary investigations into
         undertakings and associations of undertakings.
          To this end the officials authorised by the Commission are empowered:
         
         (a)
          to examine the books and other business records; 
         
         
         (b)
          to take copies of or extracts from the books and business records; 
         
         
         (c)
          to ask for oral explanations on the spot; 
         
         
         (d)
          to enter any premises, land and vehicles of undertakings. 
         
         
         2.
          The officials of the Commission authorised for the purpose of these investigations shall exercise their powers upon production
         of an authorisation in writing specifying the subject matter and purpose of the investigation and the penalties provided for
         in Article 19(1)(c) in cases where production of the required books or other business records is incomplete. In good time
         before the investigation, the Commission shall inform the competent authority of the Member State in whose territory the same
         is to be made of the investigation and of the identity of the authorised officials.
         
         
         3.
          Undertakings and associations of undertakings shall submit to investigations ordered by decision of the Commission. The decision
         shall specify the subject matter and purpose of the investigation, appoint the date on which it is to begin and indicate the
         penalties provided for in Article 19(1)(c) and Article 20(1)(d) and the right to have the decision reviewed by the Court of
         Justice.
         
         
         4.
          The Commission shall take decisions referred to in paragraph 3 after consultation with the competent authority of the Member
         State in whose territory the investigation is to be made.
         
         
         5.
          Officials of the competent authority of the Member State in whose territory the investigation is to be made, may at the request
         of such authority or of the Commission, assist the officials of the Commission in carrying out their duties.
         
         
         6.
          Where an undertaking opposes an investigation ordered pursuant to this article, the Member State concerned shall afford the
         necessary assistance to the officials authorised by the Commission to enable them to make their investigation. To this end,
         Member States shall take the necessary measures, after consulting the Commission, before 1 January 1989.
         
         
         
         35
            
          The wording of Article 18 of Regulation No 4056/86 is the same as that of Article 14 of Council Regulation No 17: First Regulation
         implementing Articles 85 and 86 of the Treaty (OJ, English Special Edition, Series I (1959-1962), p. 87). Both regulations
         were adopted in implementation of Article 87 of the EC Treaty (now, after amendment, Article 83 EC) in order to clarify the
         precise rules for applying Article 85 of the Treaty and Article 86 of the EC Treaty (now Article 82 EC). The case-law relating
         to the scope of the Commission's investigatory powers under Article 14 of Regulation No 17 is therefore equally applicable
         to the present case. 
         
         
         36
            
          According to Article 87(2)(a) and (b) of the Treaty, the purpose of Regulation No 17 is to ensure compliance with the prohibitions
         laid down in Article 85(1) and Article 86 of the Treaty and to lay down detailed rules for the application of Article 85(3).
         The regulation is thus intended to ensure that the aim stated in Article 3(f) of the Treaty is achieved. To that end it confers
         on the Commission wide powers of investigation and of obtaining information by providing, in the eighth recital in its preamble,
         that the Commission must be empowered, throughout the common market, to require such information to be supplied and to undertake
         such investigations  
         as are necessary to bring to light infringements of Articles 85 and 86 of the Treaty (Case 136/79  
         National Panasonic v  
         Commission [1980] ECR 2033, paragraph 20, and Case 155/79  
         AM & S v  
         Commission [1982] ECR 1575, paragraph 15). The 16th recital in the preamble to Regulation No 4056/86 is to the same effect. 
         
         
         37
            
          Equally, the Community judicature has emphasised how important it is that fundamental rights are respected, particularly the
         rights of the defence in all procedures involving application of the competition rules laid down in the Treaty, and has specified
         how the rights of the defence are to be reconciled with the Commission's powers during administrative procedures and also
         at the preliminary stages of inquiry and information gathering. 
         
         
         38
            
          The Court has ruled that the rights of the defence must be observed by the Commission during administrative procedures which
         may lead to the imposition of penalties and also during preliminary inquiry procedures because it is necessary to prevent
         those rights from being irremediably impaired during preliminary inquiry procedures including, in particular, investigations
         which may be decisive in providing evidence of the unlawful nature of conduct engaged in by undertakings for which they may
         be liable (Joined Cases 46/87 and 227/87  
         Hoechst v  
         Commission [1989] ECR 2859, paragraph 15). 
         
         
         39
            
          As regards, more specifically, the powers accorded the Commission by Article 14 of Regulation No 17 and the extent to which
         the rights of the defence may restrict them, the Court has acknowledged that the need for protection against arbitrary or
         disproportionate intervention by public authorities in the sphere of the private activities of any person, whether natural
         or legal, constitutes a general principle of Community law (the judgment in  
         Hoechst v  
         Commission, cited above, paragraph 19, and Case C-94/00  
         Roquette Frères [2002] ECR I-9011, paragraph 27). The Court has held that, in all the legal systems of the Member States, any intervention
         by the public authorities in the sphere of private activities of any person, whether natural or legal, must have a legal basis
         and be justified on the grounds laid down by law, and, consequently, that those systems provide, albeit in different forms,
         protection against arbitrary or disproportionate intervention. 
         
         
         40
            
          The Court has also held that the aim of the powers given to the Commission by Article 14 of Regulation No 17 is to enable
         it to carry out its duty under the EC Treaty of ensuring that the rules on competition are applied in the common market. The
         function of those rules is, as follows from the fourth recital in the preamble to the Treaty, Article 3(f) and Articles 85
         and 86, to prevent competition from being distorted to the detriment of the public interest, individual undertakings and consumers.
         The exercise of these powers thus contributes to the maintenance of the system of competition intended by the Treaty with
         which undertakings are absolutely bound to comply (
         Hoechst v  
         Commission, cited above, paragraph 25). 
         
         
         41
            
          Similarly, the Court has held that both the purpose of Regulation No 17 and the list of powers conferred on the Commission's
         officials by Article 14 thereof show that the scope of investigations may be very wide. More specifically, the Court has expressly
         ruled that  
         the right to enter any premises, land and means of transport of undertakings is of particular importance inasmuch as it is
         intended to permit the Commission to obtain evidence of infringements of the competition rules in the places in which such
         evidence is normally to be found, that is to say, on the business premises of undertakings (
         Hoechst v  
         Commission, paragraph 26). 
         
         
         42
            
          The Court has also taken pains to emphasise how important it is to preserve the effectiveness of investigations as a necessary
         tool for the Commission in carrying out its role as guardian of the Treaty in competition matters, ruling that  
         that right of access would serve no useful purpose if the Commission's officials could do no more than ask for documents or
         files which they could identify precisely in advance. On the contrary, such a right implies the power to search for various
         items of information which are not already known or fully identified. Without such a power, it would be impossible for the
         Commission to obtain the information necessary to carry out the investigation if the undertakings concerned refused to cooperate
         or adopted an obstructive attitude (
         Hoechst v  
         Commission, cited above, paragraph 27). 
         
         
         43
            
          Nevertheless, it should be noted that Community law provides undertakings with a range of guarantees against arbitrary or
         disproportionate intervention by public authorities in the sphere of their private activities (
         Roquette Frères, cited above, paragraph 43). 
         
         
         44
            
          Article 14(3) of Regulation No 17 requires the Commission to state reasons for the decision ordering an investigation by specifying
         its subject-matter and purpose. As the Court has held, this is a fundamental requirement, designed not merely to show that
         the proposed entry onto the premises of the undertakings concerned is justified but also to enable the undertakings to assess
         the scope of their duty to cooperate whilst at the same time safeguarding their rights of defence (
         Hoechst v  
         Commission, paragraph 29, and  
         Roquette Frères, cited above, paragraph 47). 
         
         
         45
            
          The Commission is likewise obliged to state in that decision, as precisely as possible, what it is looking for and the matters
         to which the investigation must relate (
         National Panasonic v  
         Commission, cited above, paragraphs 26 and 27). As the Court has held, that requirement is intended to protect the rights of defence
         of the undertakings concerned, which would be seriously compromised if the Commission could rely on evidence against undertakings
         which was obtained during an investigation but was not related to the subject-matter or purpose thereof (Case 85/87  
         Dow Benelux v  
         Commission [1989] ECR 3137, paragraph 18, and  
         Roquette Frères, paragraph 48). 
         
         
         46
            
          Moreover, an undertaking against which the Commission has ordered an investigation may bring an action against that decision
         before the Community judicature under the fourth paragraph of Article 173 of the EC Treaty (now, after amendment, the fourth
         paragraph of Article 230 EC). If the decision in question is annulled by the Community judicature, the Commission will in
         that event be prevented from using, for the purposes of proceeding in respect of an infringement of the Community competition
         rules, any documents or evidence which it might have obtained in the course of that investigation, as otherwise the decision
         on the infringement might, in so far as it was based on such evidence, be annulled by the Community judicature (see the orders
         of the President of the Court of Justice in  
         Hoechst v  
         Commission, cited above, paragraph 34, and in Case 85/87 R  
         Dow Chemical Nederland v  
         Commission [1987] ECR 4367, paragraph 17, and  
         Roquette Frères, cited above, paragraph 49). 
         
         
         47
            
          Those are the considerations which must inform the Court's examination of the merits of the applicant's plea that the investigation
         was unlawful. 
          2. The merits of the plea
         
         
         48
            
          Before the merits of this plea can be examined it is necessary to set out the circumstances in which the investigation was
         carried out. 
         (a) Relevant facts agreed between the parties
         
         
         49
            
          On 12 October 1992, acting pursuant to Regulation No 4056/86 on a complaint that ferry prices were very similar on routes
         between Greece and Italy, the Commission sent a request for information to Minoan at its registered office (Agiou Titou 38,
         Heraklion, Crete). 
         
         
         50
            
          On 20 November 1992 the Commission received a letter in response to its request for information, signed by Mr Sfinias on Minoan
         headed paper which bore, in the top left-hand corner, the single commercial logo  
         Minoan Lines and, beneath that, the address  
         2 Vas. Konstantinou Ave., (Stadion); 116 35, ATHENS. 
         
         
         51
            
          On 1 March 1993 the Commission sent a second request for information to Minoan, again at its registered office in Heraklion.
         
         
         
         52
            
          On 5 May 1993 an answer was given to the Commission's letter of 1 March 1993 in a letter again signed by Mr Sfinias on Minoan
         headed paper which again bore the commercial logo  
         Minoan Lines in the top left-hand corner, but this time with no address beneath it. At the foot of the page were two addresses:  
         INTERNATIONAL LINES HEAD OFFICES: 64 B Kifissias Ave., GR, 151 25 Maroussi, Athens and below that  
         PASSENGER OFFICE: 2 Vassileos Konstantinou Ave., GR, 116 35 Athens. 
         
         
         53
            
          On 5 July 1994, certain Commission officials went to premises situated at 64 B Kifissias Avenue, 151 25 Maroussi, Athens,
         and gave to certain persons who, it transpired, are employees of ETA, the investigation decision and authorisations Nos D/06658
         and D/06659 of 4 July 1994, signed by the Director-General of the Directorate-General for Competition, authorising the officials
         to carry out the investigation. 
         
         
         54
            
          On the basis of those documents, the Commission officials asked the ETA employees to agree to the investigation being carried
         out. The employees however drew the Commission officials' attention to the fact that they were at the offices of ETA, that
         they were employees of ETA and that ETA was a separate legal entity that had no relationship with Minoan other than that of
         being its agent. The Commission officials, after telephoning their superiors in Brussels, insisted on carrying out the investigation
         and reminded the ETA employees that, should they refuse, sanctions under Article 19(1) and Article 20(1) of Regulation No
         4056/86 could be adopted. (Those two provisions were cited in the investigation decision and the text of the provisions was
         set out in an annex thereto.) The Commission officials also asked the department for investigation of the market and for competition
         of the Greek Ministry of Commerce, as the competent national authority in competition matters, to send one of its officials
         to ETA's offices. 
         
         
         55
            
          The Commission officials did not expressly advise the ETA employees of their right to legal assistance but gave them a two-page
         note which explained the nature and normal conduct of the investigation. 
         
         
         56
            
          After telephoning their manager, who was not in Athens, the ETA employees finally decided to submit to the investigation,
         albeit signalling that they would record their disagreement in the minutes. 
         
         
         57
            
          The Commission officials then began their investigation, which ended the following day, 6 July 1994. 
         
         
         58
            
          Lastly, it should be mentioned that, as the applicant's representative, ETA had full authority to act as, and to refer to
         itself in commercial matters, as  
         Minoan Lines Athens and to use Minoan's trademark and logo in the conduct of its business as agent. 
         
         
         59
            
          In light of the foregoing, the Court regards it as clear from the facts that: 
         
         
         ─
             first, in carrying out its work as agent and representative of Minoan, ETA had authority to present itself to the public at
            large and to the Commission as Minoan, its identity, when conducting the commercial matters in question being practically
            coterminous with that of Minoan; 
          first, in carrying out its work as agent and representative of Minoan, ETA had authority to present itself to the public at
         large and to the Commission as Minoan, its identity, when conducting the commercial matters in question being practically
         coterminous with that of Minoan; 
         
         
         
         ─
             secondly, the fact that the Commission's letters to Minoan were passed on to Mr Sfinias so that he would reply directly to
            the Commission indicates that Minoan, ETA and Mr Sfinias were all aware from the beginning of the Commission's intervention
            that the institution was in the process of dealing with a complaint; they also learned of the nature of the complaint, the
            subject-matter of the request for information and the fact that the Commission was acting pursuant to Regulation No 4056/86,
            which was cited in the letters in question; it follows that, by sending the letters to Mr Sfinias for an answer, Minoan gave
            him, and ETA, authority to present themselves to the Commission as the interlocutor duly appointed by Minoan for the purposes
            of the investigation; 
          secondly, the fact that the Commission's letters to Minoan were passed on to Mr Sfinias so that he would reply directly to
         the Commission indicates that Minoan, ETA and Mr Sfinias were all aware from the beginning of the Commission's intervention
         that the institution was in the process of dealing with a complaint; they also learned of the nature of the complaint, the
         subject-matter of the request for information and the fact that the Commission was acting pursuant to Regulation No 4056/86,
         which was cited in the letters in question; it follows that, by sending the letters to Mr Sfinias for an answer, Minoan gave
         him, and ETA, authority to present themselves to the Commission as the interlocutor duly appointed by Minoan for the purposes
         of the investigation; 
         
         
         
         ─
             thirdly, it is clear both from the foregoing and from the fact that Minoan had delegated the conduct of its business to ETA
            that the offices at 64 B Kifissias Avenue housed in fact the real centre of  
            Minoan's commercial activities and were therefore the place where the books and business records relating to the activities in question
            were held. 
          thirdly, it is clear both from the foregoing and from the fact that Minoan had delegated the conduct of its business to ETA
         that the offices at 64 B Kifissias Avenue housed in fact the real centre of  
         Minoan's commercial activities and were therefore the place where the books and business records relating to the activities in question
         were held. 
         
         
         
         
         60
            
          It follows that those premises were the premises of Minoan as addressee of the investigation decision, within the meaning
         of Article 18(1)(d) of Regulation No 4056/86. 
         (b) Compliance with the principles defining the extent of the Commission's powers of investigation
         
         
         61
            
          It is clear from the documents before the Court that both the investigation decision and the investigation authorisations
         which the Commission officials presented to the ETA employees satisfied the requirement to state the subject-matter and purpose
         of the investigation. The investigation decision in fact devotes a page and a half of its preamble to explaining the basis
         of the Commission's conclusion that the principal companies serving routes between Greece and Italy might have formed a cartel
         on ferry rates for passengers, vehicles and lorries contrary to Article 85(1) of the Treaty. It sets out the principal characteristics
         of the relevant market, names the principal companies operating in that market, including Minoan, defines the market shares
         of the companies serving the three routes and describes in detail the type of conduct which it regards as possibly contravening
         Article 85(1) of the Treaty. The decision clearly states that the addressee company, Minoan, is one of the principal companies
         active in the market and states that Minoan is already aware of the investigation. 
         
         
         62
            
          Next, Article 1 of the operative part of the investigation decision expressly states that the purpose of the investigation
         is to establish whether the mechanisms for setting the prices or rates charged by the companies operating roll-on roll-off
         ferries between Greece and Italy are contrary to Article 85(1) of the Treaty. Article 1 of the investigation decision also
         mentions the addressee's obligation to submit to the investigation and describes the powers of the Commission officials in
         the investigation. Article 2 states the date on which the investigation is to be carried out. Article 3 gives the name of
         the addressee of the decision. It states that the decision is addressed to Minoan. Three addresses are given as potential
         inspection sites: first, 28 Poseidon Key, Piraeus, secondly, 24 Poseidon Key, thirdly 64 B Kifissias Avenue, 151 25 Maroussi,
         Athens, the place to which the Commission officials ultimately went. Lastly, Article 4 mentions the right to bring an action
         against the investigation decision before the Court of First Instance, explaining that any such action would not have suspensive
         effect unless the Court were to decide otherwise. 
         
         
         63
            
          As far as concerns the investigation authorisations given to the Commission officials, these expressly stated that the officials
         were authorised to proceed in accordance with the objectives set out in the investigation decision, a copy of which was annexed
         thereto. 
         
         
         64
            
          That being so, it was clear from the content of those documents that the Commission was seeking evidence of Minoan's involvement
         in a presumed cartel and believed it would find that evidence, amongst other places, at the premises at 64 B Kifissias Avenue,
         151 25 Maroussi, Athens, which it regarded as belonging to Minoan. It this connection, it should be borne in mind that that
         was the address printed on the notepaper used by Minoan on 5 May 1993 to reply to the Commission's request for information
         of 1 March 1993, the words  
         INTERNATIONAL LINES HEAD OFFICES: 64 B Kifissias Avenue GR, 151 25 Maroussi, Athens being printed at the foot of the page. 
         
         
         65
            
          The Court finds that the investigation decision and authorisations contained all the necessary information to enable the ETA
         employees to judge whether, given the reasons underlying the decision and in light of their knowledge of the nature and extent
         of the relationship between ETA and Minoan, they were obliged to consent to the investigation which the Commission proposed
         to carry out at their premises. 
         
         
         66
            
          It must therefore be concluded that, as far as the investigation decision and authorisations are concerned, the requirements
         laid down by case-law were fully satisfied in so far as concerns the occupier of the premises inspected, namely ETA, because,
         as the company managing Minoan's affairs in the market for roll-on roll-off passenger ferry services between Greece and Italy,
         it was in a position to comprehend the extent of its duty to cooperate with the Commission officials and because its rights
         of defence remained fully protected, given the detailed statement of reasons provided in those documents and the express mention
         of its right to bring an action against the investigation decision before the Court of First Instance. The fact that neither
         ETA nor Minoan subsequently chose to bring an action does not undermine that conclusion; it tends to confirm it. 
         
         
         67
            
          It should be borne in mind in this connection that, whilst ETA was legally a separate entity from Minoan, in its role as Minoan's
         representative and sole manager of those of Minoan's affairs which were the subject-matter of the investigation, its identity
         merged with that of its principal. Consequently, it fell under the same obligation to cooperate as that incumbent on its principal.
         
         
         
         68
            
          Furthermore, in the event that Minoan might be permitted to avail itself of the rights of defence of ETA, a distinct entity,
         it must be held that those rights have never been called into question. The investigation had no bearing either on any separate
         business ETA might have had or ETA's own books and business records. 
         
         
         69
            
          The Commission cannot be criticised in this case for having assumed that Minoan had its own premises at the address in Athens
         to which the Commission officials went or for having stated that address in its investigation decision as being the place
         in which Minoan had one of its centres of activity. 
         
         
         70
            
          Next, the Court addresses the question whether the Commission, in insisting on carrying out its investigation, satisfied all
         relevant legal requirements. 
         
         
         71
            
          It is clear from the case-law mentioned earlier that the Commission must, in all its investigatory work, ensure compliance
         with the principle that the actions of the Community institutions must have a legal basis and with the principle of protection
         against arbitrary intervention by the public authorities in the sphere of private activities of any person, whether natural
         or legal (see the judgment in  
         Hoechst v  
         Commission, cited above, paragraph 19). It would be excessive and contrary to the provisions of Regulation No 4056/86 and fundamental
         principles of law to allow the Commission a general right of access, based on an investigation decision addressed to one legal
         entity, to inspect premises belonging to another legal entity simply on the pretext that the latter is closely connected with
         the addressee of the investigation decision or that the Commission believes it will find there documents belonging to the
         addressee of the decision. 
         
         
         72
            
          However, in the present case, the applicant cannot justly complain that the Commission attempted to broaden its investigatory
         powers, visiting premises belonging to a company other than the addressee of the decision. On the contrary, it is clear from
         the documents before the Court that the Commission acted diligently and amply fulfilled its duty to make as sure as possible,
         before the investigation began, that the premises which it proposed to inspect indeed belonged to the legal entity which it
         wished to investigate. It should not be forgotten in this connection that there had been an exchange of correspondence between
         the Commission and Minoan in which Minoan had answered two letters from the Commission with two letter signed by Mr Sfinias,
         who, it finally transpired, is the manager of ETA, without mentioning ETA's very existence or the fact that it was operating
         in the market through an exclusive agent. 
         
         
         73
            
          It should also be observed, as the Commission pointed out in its defence, without being contradicted on the point by the applicant,
         that the list of members of the union of Greek ferry owners includes Mr Sfinias, the signatory of the two letters from Minoan,
         that the table of tariffs published by Minoan mentions a general agency with an address at 64 B Kifissias, Athens and, lastly,
         that the Athens telephone directory contains an entry for Minoan Lines at the address to which the Commission officials went
         in order to carry out their investigation. 
         
         
         74
            
          However, the question remains whether, after having discovered that ETA was a different company and that they were therefore
         not in possession of an investigation decision for that company, the Commission officials ought to have withdrawn and, if
         appropriate, returned with a decision addressed to ETA, properly setting out the reasons warranting the investigation in this
         particular case. 
         
         
         75
            
          The Court must hold that, in view of these particular circumstances, it was reasonable of the Commission to regard the  
         information given by the ETA employees as insufficient either to throw light instantly on the issue of a distinction between the two
         undertakings or to warrant suspending the inspection, and this all the more so, as the Commission emphasises, because deciding
         whether or not the two were in fact the same undertaking called for an assessment of matters of substance and, in particular,
         interpretation of the scope of Article 18 of Regulation No 4056/86. 
         
         
         76
            
          In the circumstances of the present case, it must be held that, even after ascertaining that the premises they were visiting
         belonged to ETA and not to Minoan, the Commission was entitled to take the view that they should be treated as premises used
         by Minoan for the conduct of its business and that, therefore, they could be treated as being the business premises of the
         undertaking to which the investigation decision was addressed. It should be borne in mind in this connection that the Court
         has held that the right to enter any premises, land and means of transport of undertakings is of particular importance inasmuch
         as it is intended to permit the Commission to obtain evidence of infringements of the competition rules in the places in which
         such evidence is normally to be found, that is to say, on the  
         business premises of undertakings (the judgment in  
         Hoechst v  
         Commission, cited above, paragraph 26). In the exercise of its investigatory powers, therefore, the Commission was entitled to take
         into account in its reasoning the fact that its chances of finding proof of the supposed infringement would be higher if it
         were to investigate the premises from which the target company in fact conducted its business as a matter of practice. 
         
         
         77
            
          In any event, the Court would add that there was no definitive opposition to the Commission proceeding with its investigation.
         
         
         
         78
            
          It follows that, in the present case, the Commission did not exceed its powers of investigation under Article 18(1) of Regulation
         No 4056/86 when it insisted on carrying out an investigation. 
         (c) The rights of the defence and the question whether there was excessive interference on the part of the public authorities
         in the sphere of ETA's activities
         
         
         79
            
          As the Court has pointed out, according to its case-law and that of the Court of Justice, whilst it is necessary to preserve
         the utility of Commission investigations, the Commission must, for its part, satisfy itself that the rights of defence of
         the undertaking under investigation are respected and must abstain from all arbitrary or disproportionate intervention in
         the sphere of their private activities (the judgments in  
         Hoechst v  
         Commission, cited above, paragraph 19,  
         Dow Benelux v  
         Commission, cited above, paragraph 30, Joined Cases 97/87 to 99/87
         Dow Chemical Ibérica and Others v  
         Commission [1989] ECR 3165, paragraph 16, and Joined Cases T-305/94 to T-307/94, T-313/94 to T-316/94, T-318/94, T-325/94, T-328/94,
         T-329/94 and T-335/94  
         Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij and Others v  
         Commission [1999] ECR II-931 (
         PVC II), paragraph 417). 
         
         
         80
            
          As regards observance of the rights of the defence, the Court points out that neither the applicant nor the legal entity which
         occupied the premises inspected by the Commission, that is to say ETA, thought it appropriate to bring an action against the
         investigation decision on the basis of which the investigation was conducted, even though, as Article 18(3) of Regulation
         No 4056/86 expressly provides, that was within their power. 
         
         
         81
            
          Furthermore, as for the applicant, suffice it to say that it now avails itself of its right to ask for judicial review of
         the intrinsic lawfulness of the investigation as part of its present action for annulment of the final decision which the
         Commission adopted under Article 85(1) of the Treaty. 
         
         
         82
            
          It is also established that, in so far as the ETA employees made no definitive opposition to the Commission proceeding with
         its investigation, the Commission saw itself under no obligation to seek a warrant and/or the assistance of the police in
         order to carry out the investigation. It follows that an investigation of the sort that was carried out in the present case
         is one that is carried out with the cooperation of the undertaking concerned. The fact that the Greek competition authorities
         were contacted and that one of their agents came to the investigation site cannot undo that conclusion because that measure
         is provided for by Article 18(5) of Regulation No 4056/86 in cases where undertakings do not oppose investigation. That being
         so, there can be no question of undue interference by the public authority in the sphere of ETA's activity, there being no
         evidence that the Commission went beyond the cooperation offered by the ETA employees (
         PVC II, cited above, paragraph 422). 
          C ─ Conclusion
         
         
         83
            
          It is clear from the foregoing that in this case the Commission fully obeyed the law as regards both the investigation authorisations
         which it granted and the manner in which it subsequently conducted the investigation and that, in doing so, it preserved the
         rights of defence of the undertakings concerned and fully complied with the general principle of Community law that guarantees
         protection against intervention by public authorities in the sphere of the private activities of any person, whether natural
         or legal, that is arbitrary or disproportionate. 
         
         
         84
            
          This plea must therefore be ruled unfounded. 
          The second plea: incorrect application to the case of Article 85(1) of the Treaty, in that the undertakings concerned did
         not have the requisite autonomy, their conduct being dictated by legislation and directions from the Greek authorities
          Arguments of the parties
         
         
         85
            
          The applicant admits that, like most shipping companies providing passenger and vehicle transportation on routes between Greece
         and Italy, it participated for a number of years in negotiations to fix the tariffs applicable in that market. 
         
         
         86
            
          Nevertheless, it reproaches the Commission for not having thoroughly considered the relevant facts, inasmuch as it totally
         disregarded the effect of the legislative and regulatory framework governing merchant shipping in Greece, the involvement
         of the Ministry of Merchant Shipping in the market for transport services between Greece and Italy and the imposition upon
         the shipping companies of public service obligations. 
         
         
         87
            
          The applicant maintains that it was this disregard of the factual context of the case which led the Commission to the incorrect
         conclusion that the undertakings concerned enjoyed sufficient autonomy in the matter of pricing policy on the international
         segment of routes between Greece and Italy and thus to make the manifest error of concluding that Article 85(1) of the Treaty
         is applicable. 
         
         
         88
            
          In order to demonstrate that it had no autonomy during the period in question in fixing the international tariffs, the applicant
         refers, first of all, to the effect of the legislative and regulatory framework for shipping in Greece and, in particular,
         to the impact of Law No 4195/1929 on unfair competition in passenger shipping. 
         
         
         89
            
          The applicant emphasises the importance which Greece attaches to the shipping routes linking Greece with Italy and points
         out that these routes include a section within Greek territory (from Patras or Igoumenitsa to Corfu). Under Greek legislation,
         it is the Ministry of Merchant Shipping which approves connections and fixes uniform prices for the domestic leg of these
         routes. More precisely, tariffs are fixed by ministerial decision on a proposal from the Union of Greek Cabotage Shipowners
         and after consultation of the Consultative Committee for Cabotage Lines. The applicant states that the legislation which applies
         to the domestic part of routes is the Public Shipping Code (the chapter on cabotage, Articles 158 to 180a), Law No 4195/1929
         and Decree-Law No 288/1969 on the monitoring of journeys made by Greek passenger transport vessels between Greek ports and
         ports in other Mediterranean countries. 
         
         
         90
            
          The applicant observes that Articles 1, 2 and 4 of Law No 4195/1929 create obligations and lay down prohibitions ─ in relation
         solely to the domestic part of international routes ─ applicable to companies operating between Greece and Italy. The applicant
         submits that the Commission incorrectly assessed the effect of that law, confining its examination to the law's wording and
         not considering its substance, that is to say, the way in which the law is applied in the whole of the market for transport
         between Greece and Italy. The law prohibits,  
         in the case of routes to destinations abroad, any reduction in the tariffs for transporting passengers or goods which, charged
         for anti-competitive purposes, brings prices to levels that are derisory or disproportionate in comparison with what would
         be a reasonable and just charge for the services provided and with passenger's requirements in terms of security and comfort
         or to levels lower than those that are generally applied in the port in question. According to the applicant, because the companies are obliged to continue operating lines in winter, they have in the past
         been willing to reduce their tariffs to very low levels so as to use part of the spare capacity that they are required to
         maintain. A policy of low prices on a given market unavoidably leads to a price war and to prices that are  
         derisory or disproportionate in comparison with ... the services provided. This would cause Law No 4195/1929 to be applied and would most certainly provoke the direct intervention of the Ministry
         of Merchant Shipping. That being so, even though the law in question merely fixes a lower limit for tariffs, its real effect
         is to make it impossible for the companies entrusted with the performance of these services of public interest to compete
         on tariffs. The Commission consequently erred in its assessment of the real consequences of the law for the market in question
         in that it failed to understand that, combined with the obligation to perform the services in question, the law left the companies
         concerned no choice but to agree to make their tariffs uniform. 
         
         
         91
            
          Next, the applicant observes that Decree-Law No 288/1969, to which all passenger transport vessels which fly the Greek flag
         and which embark passengers at Greek ports to take them to other Mediterranean ports are subject, imposes very strict obligations
         on shipowners. Under Articles 2 and 3 of the decree-law owners must submit to the Ministry of Merchant Shipping a written
         declaration setting out all their itineraries, from which they may not depart. 
         
         
         92
            
          The applicant reminds the Court that, before operating a domestic line, it is necessary to obtain from the Ministry of Merchant
         Shipping an  
         operating licence for each ship concerned. It submits that the ministry essentially regards the international segment of routes as a natural
         extension of the domestic part. This is borne out by the fact that, in the case of both of the applicant's ships (
         Ioanian Island and  
         Ioanian Galaxy), the ministry mentioned the ships' final destination in the operating licence. Lastly, the ministry has never ─ at least
         not in the last 15 years ─ granted a ship operating licence for journeys between Patras and Corfu that do not go on to an
         Italian port. 
         
         
         93
            
          According to the applicant, because of the application of this legislation by the Ministry of Merchant Shipping, the companies
         operating lines between Greece and Italy and also making the domestic leg of the journey have found themselves subject to
         onerous obligations which should properly be regarded as public service obligations, as are those which fall within the scope
         of the regulations on cabotage. They include, more specifically, obligations to operate connections in accordance with a regular
         timetable throughout the year and to provide a regular service throughout the week (responsibility for which is shared among
         the largest undertakings), the mandatory monitoring of the frequency with which ships lie in dock, specific regulations for
         the transportation of goods and in particular an obligation to reserve space for goods vehicles regardless of how full vehicles
         decks may be or the season, and charging the tariffs fixed for the domestic part of journeys and keeping within the upper
         and lower limits for fares fixed by the Ministry of Merchant Shipping for the international leg of routes between Greece and
         Italy, so as to maintain capacity throughout the year, irrespective of the very significant reduction in demand in winter.
         
         
         
         94
            
          The applicant points out that these public service obligations solely concern companies operating international lines which
         also provide the Patras-Igoumenitsa-Corfu connection. It argues that the obligations are directly linked to the requirement
         that the companies obtain and keep an operating licence for the domestic part of their routes because, should they fail to
         satisfy these obligations, they risk the withdrawal of their operating licences, and these must be held if domestic transport
         is to be provided. 
         
         
         95
            
          The obligations demonstrate that the primary purpose of the Ministry of Merchant Shipping's intervention in this market is
         to ensure that total capacity in the market for transport between Greece and Italy is apportioned in time in a balanced fashion
         and in such a way as to ensure a regular flow of passengers, vehicles and goods throughout the year and throughout the week.
         
         
         
         96
            
          The applicant adds that, because of the policy of the Ministry of Merchant Shipping, the companies are not in a position to
         withdraw their services during the winter months and transfer them to other more profitable markets: providing a service on
         the Patras-Corfu-Igoumenitsa-Italy line in winter is a precondition for operating in that market during the tourist season.
         Because it is not justified by demand, all-year round service on that line entails excess capacity, which could threaten the
         viability of companies if the obligation were not accompanied by the ministry's invitation to fix tariffs in a rational manner,
         and in particular to keep within certain lower limits. 
         
         
         97
            
          Next, the applicant observes that the market in question was characterised by great transparency: the companies impugned were
         very well aware of the parameters for the tariffs and of domestic itineraries thanks to the annual meetings of the consultative
         committee for the fixing of domestic tariffs and itineraries. Moreover, these parameters were similar to those applicable
         to international routes. All shipowners were therefore in an excellent position to ascertain their competitors' positions
         precisely, a situation which created a natural tendency towards the alignment of tariffs on all routes between Greece and
         Italy. 
         
         
         98
            
          According to the applicant, the practical result of imposing public service obligations was to generate structural over-capacity
         in the market, a situation which would have been impossible to maintain had there been free competition. That being so, the
         only solution was, it says, to make sure that tariffs converged, especially in so far as concerned their lower limit. Negotiations
         undertaken to cause tariffs to converge were therefore a means of providing the services of public interest demanded by the
         ministry. Indeed, this conduct on the part of the shipping companies was indirectly approved by the Greek Government. 
         
         
         99
            
          The applicant asserts in this connection that the Ministry of Merchant Shipping adopted the corrective measures laid down
         in Law No 4195/1929 and directed at the market for transport between Greece and Italy as a precaution and that, in order to
         keep excess capacity in the market at a competitive price level, it encouraged the companies concerned to fix their tariffs
         within strictly defined upper and lower limits, to refrain from increasing their tariffs by more than the rate of inflation
         and from reducing them to levels which would lead to a price war. 
         
         
         100
            
          The applicant also comments upon the effect that Law No 4195/1929 has on the autonomy of companies, adding that, if the Ministry
         of Merchant Shipping at no point during the period in question intervened in drastic fashion to radically restructure the
         market, as it could have done under Law No 4195/1929, it is because the companies impugned obeyed its instructions, applied
         its national policy in favour of routes between Greece and Italy and fixed their tariffs rationally, as they were  
         encouraged to do by the ministry. 
         
         
         101
            
          Moreover, the applicant argues that the  
         wishes,  
         encouragements or even  
         recommendations which the ministry addressed to the impugned companies could not in fact be disregarded because the operating licences which
         they held were for both the market for transport between Greece and Italy and for other domestic lines (cabotage). Consequently,
         the applicant was left with no choice as to whether or not to perform its public service obligations. 
         
         
         102
            
          The applicant concludes from this that the Greek regulatory framework, the practice of the Ministry of Merchant Shipping and
         the obligations which it imposed, the need to plan ahead, the uncertainty regarding the volume of demand during the tourist
         season, the risk of swingeing increases in costs resulting from unforeseeable annual depreciations of the drachma, the obligation
         to reveal projects in the context of the compulsory negotiations concerning the domestic part of routes and the need to comply
         with the ministry's recommendations to keep tariff increases for the international segment of the market for transport between
         Greece and Italy within the rate of inflation all constrained it to protect itself, to a degree, against competition to which
         it could not respond by interrupting or reducing its business. Had it not done so, the  
         equilibrium which the ministry sought in this market  would have been compromised by unilateral action on the part of one company or
         another, with undesirable results for the ministry (such as the suspension of the transportation of goods, high prices, a
         price war between the companies and an inevitable reduction in capacity). The applicant admits that, in the circumstances,
         price convergence came about by means of framework agreements between the companies, but it insists that these agreements
         left the companies free to depart from them, as they imposed no obligations and there were no enforcement clauses. 
         
         
         103
            
          The applicant submits that the framework agreements for fixing the level of tariffs had no negative incidence on price competition
         in the market for roll-on roll-off ferry services between Greece and Italy because, quite simply, there was no such competition.
         The legislative and regulatory framework had in fact reduced the companies' ability to fix prices at the level they wished
         (in accordance with their own economic criteria) and made the market in question absolutely transparent. 
         
         
         104
            
          To illustrate this view, the applicant points out, first of all, that, as the Permanent Representative of Greece to the European
         Union mentioned in his letter to the Commission of 17 May 1995, the Ministry of Merchant Shipping fixes the tariffs for domestic
         lines and for the domestic segment of international lines, whilst the tariffs for the international segments are set freely
         by the companies. Moreover, in so far as concerns the tariffs for the international segments, the Permanent Representative
         emphasised in his letter that, with a view to protecting Greece's national interests, the ministry checks what tariffs the
         companies are charging and encourages them to keep their tariffs at a modest, competitive level such that annual increases
         remain in any event within the level of inflation. Furthermore, the Permanent Representative acknowledged that the companies'
         freedom to set their tariffs autonomously is limited by Law No 4195/1929 which, amongst other things, prohibits the application
         of fares which would be derisory or disproportionate by comparison with the services provided. Lastly, the Permanent Representative
         also indicated that the fundamental concern of the Greek Government was to avoid by all means possible the collapse of the
         market as a result of a possible price war between the companies present in the market. 
         
         
         105
            
          In the applicant's view, these assertions demonstrate, first, that the Ministry of Merchant Shipping and Law No 4195/1929
         define upper and lower tariffs and, secondly, that the tariffs applied on international routes are influenced ─ indirectly
         and in part ─ by the tariffs fixed by the State for the domestic segment of international routes. That influence may be explained
         by the fact that the way the tariffs are fixed for the domestic parts of routes influences the way they are fixed for the
         international parts of routes in that the information taken into account for fixing the domestic tariffs (unit costs, salaries,
         capacity usage, available spare capacity, etc.) is just the same as that used for establishing the tariffs on the international
         parts of routes. Consequently, according to the applicant, wherever there are reasons for the Ministry of Merchant Shipping
         to increase (as a precautionary measure) the tariffs for the domestic parts of routes, it will be necessary to increase the
         tariffs for the international parts also. 
         
         
         106
            
          The applicant reproaches the Commission for failing properly to address the issue which it raised at the beginning of the
         administrative procedure, namely the question of the importance of the public service obligations from the point of view of
         the competitive conditions on the market for transport between Greece and Italy. The Commission did no more than ask a fragmentary
         and fallacious question of the Greek authorities, merely enquiring as to the extent to which the ministry had threatened the
         impugned companies with the withdrawal of their operating licences should they not agree amongst themselves the tariffs applicable
         to the international segments of routes between Greece and Italy. Whilst the applicant acknowledges that the ministry did
         not directly impose an obligation on shipowners to agree on the tariffs for the international parts of journeys, it submits
         that the Commission ought to have asked the Greek Government what consequences would have ensued had the companies concerned
         failed to satisfy their public service obligations, as defined by the Greek Government, had they not taken up the ministry's
         invitation to keep increases to the tariffs for the international party of routes between Greece and Italy within the rate
         of inflation, had they entered into unfair competition. The applicant submits that any failure on its part to comply with
         the obligations imposed by the Greek authorities would have entailed the withdrawal of its operating licence and would have
         exposed it to other undesirable consequences. 
         
         
         107
            
          In the circumstances, the applicant takes the view that its compliance with the regulatory and legislative framework in Greece,
         with the policy of the Ministry of Merchant Shipping regarding the fixing of tariffs for the market for transport between
         Greece and Italy and with the public service obligations, together with the transparency which prevailed in the market, caused
         it to lose its autonomy in fixing the tariffs applicable on that market. 
         
         
         108
            
          Therefore, the applicant's conduct could not, it says, fall within the scope of the prohibition laid down in Article 85(1)
         of the Treaty. The Commission's legal assessment is vitiated because it is based on the incorrect premiss that the companies
         wanted to negotiate the tariffs for the transportation of passengers, tourist vehicles and goods vehicles between Greece and
         Italy, whereas in fact those negotiations were the result of various initiatives of the Ministry of Merchant Shipping, which
         were supported by the regulatory and legislative framework in force in Greece. 
         
         
         109
            
          The applicant maintains that the facts of the present case are comparable to those in Case T-387/94  
         Asia Motor France and Others v  
         Commission [1996] ECR II-961, in which the Court held (in paragraph 65 of the judgment) that an undertaking has lost its autonomy where
         it appears on the basis of objective, relevant and consistent evidence that given conduct was unilaterally imposed upon it
         by the national authorities through the exercise of irresistible pressure, such as, for example, the threat of adopting State
         measures likely to cause it to sustain substantial losses. The applicant also refers to the judgment in  
         Suiker Unie and Others v  
         Commission, cited above, in which the Court concluded (see paragraphs 63 to 73) that the conduct with which the Commission took issue
         did not fall within the scope of Article 85 of the Treaty because of the effect which Italian rules had on competition. In
         particular, the Court held that the Commission had made insufficient allowance for the effect of the rules and their implementation
         on the essential aspects of the conduct with which the undertakings in question were charged and had therefore overlooked
         a crucial factor in the evaluation of the infringements which it alleged. 
         
         
         110
            
          The applicant complains that the Commission failed to consider the extent to which the particular circumstances of the case
         rendered Article 85(1) of the Treaty inapplicable, even though the letters sent by the Greek authorities to the Commission
         made clear what those circumstances were. The Commission, for its part, disputes the assertion that the conditions for application of Article 85(1) of the Treaty have
         not been satisfied in this case and, in particular, the idea that the provision is not applicable because the undertakings
         impugned lacked autonomy in fixing the tariffs for the international segments of routes between Greece and Italy.
         
         
         112
            
          The Commission argues, at the outset, that, as the applicant itself acknowledges, the factors which it mentions in support
         of its view that it lacked autonomy, whether taken together or separately, in no way compelled the companies impugned to fix
         by common accord the tariffs to be applied to the international parts of routes between Greece and Italy. No legislative or
         regulatory provision, and not even the attitude of the State authorities, compelled, in fact or in law, the companies impugned
         to conclude the agreements with which the Decision is concerned. The Commission adds that these factors neither directly nor
         indirectly removed all possibility of competition in fixing the international tariffs. 
         
         
         113
            
          Next, the Commission disputes the applicant's allegation that, because of the legislative and regulatory framework in Greece,
         the application of Law No 4195/1929 on unfair competition and the Greek authorities' incitement to adopt certain conduct,
         the undertakings had no autonomy. 
         
         
         114
            
          In so far as concerns the effect which the pressure exerted by the Greek State authorities allegedly had on the applicant's
         autonomy, the Commission disputes the assertion that the cartel at issue was concluded on the initiative of the Greek authorities,
         which indirectly approved the practice as a means of achieving their national policy on the market for transport between Greece
         and Italy. 
         
         
         115
            
          The Commission also takes issue with the applicant's other allegations concerning incorrect application of Article 85(1) of
         the Treaty to the present case. 
         
         
         116
            
          First of all, the Commission disputes the applicant's argument that, because the companies had grown accustomed to mandatory
         negotiations, it would have been impossible for them to determine precisely what was authorised in the context of the regular
         negotiations. The Commission states that, according to settled case-law, whether or nor the applicant was aware of the fact
         that it was infringing Article 85(1) of the Treaty is of negligible importance. It is sufficient that it knew that its conduct
         was likely to restrict competition (Joined Cases 100/80 to 103/80  
         Musique diffusion française v  
         Commission [1983] ECR 1825, paragraph 112). 
         
         
         117
            
          Secondly, the Commission submits that, contrary to the applicant's claim, it did take account of the content of the letters
         sent by the Permanent Representation of Greece to the European Union and by the Greek Ministry of Merchant Shipping which,
         according to the applicant, explained that the Greek authorities essentially regulated most of the competition parameters
         other than the tariffs for the international parts of routes between Greece and Italy (paragraphs 101 to 105 of the Decision).
         
         
         
         118
            
          Thirdly, in response to the argument that the agreement was not binding, the Commission points out that, according to the
         case-law of the Court of Justice, in order for a restriction to be considered a cartel, within the meaning of Article 85(1)
         of the Treaty, it is sufficient that it constitutes a faithful reflection of the resolve of the impugned undertakings, without
         it being necessary for the agreement to bear the characteristics of a binding contract. As far as concerns the fact that it
         was possible for tariffs to vary, the limits for such variance were, in part, agreed by the companies concerned, as is clear
         from the evidence. 
          Findings of the Court
         
         
         119
            
          It is clear from the case-law that Articles 85 and 86 of the EC Treaty apply only to anti-competitive conduct engaged in by
         undertakings on their own initiative (see, to that effect, Case 41/83  
         Italy v  
         Commission [1985] ECR 873, paragraphs 18 to 20, Case C-202/88  
         France v  
         Commission [1991] ECR I-1223, paragraph 55, Case C-18/88  
         GB-INNO-BM [1991] ECR I-5941, paragraph 20, and Joined Cases C-359/95 P and C-379/95 P  
         Commission and France v  
         Ladbroke Racing [1997] ECR I-6265, paragraph 33). If anti-competitive conduct is required of undertakings by national legislation or if the
         latter creates a legal framework which itself eliminates any possibility of competitive activity on their part, Articles 85
         and 86 do not apply. In such a situation, the restriction on competition is not attributable, as those provisions implicitly
         require, to the autonomous conduct of the undertakings (
         Commission and France v  
         Ladbroke Racing, cited above, paragraph 33, Case T-228/97  
         Irish Sugar v  
         Commission  [1999] ECR II-2969, paragraph 130, and Case T-513/93  
         Consiglio Nazionale degli Spedizionieri Doganali v  
         Commission [2000] ECR II-1807, paragraph 58). 
         
         
         120
            
          Articles 85 and 86 may apply, however, if it is found that the national legislation does not preclude undertakings from engaging
         in autonomous conduct which prevents, restricts or distorts competition (Joined Cases 209/78 to 215/78 and 218/78  
         Van Landewyck and Others v  
         Commission [1980] ECR 3125, paragraph 126,  
         Commission and France v  
         Ladbroke Racing, cited above, paragraph 34,  
         Irish Sugar v  
         Commission, cited above, paragraph 130, and  
         Consiglio Nazionale degli Spedizionieri Doganali v  
         Commission, cited above, paragraph 59). 
         
         
         121
            
          Moreover, it should be recalled that the possibility of excluding specific anti-competitive conduct from the scope of Article
         85(1), on the ground that it was required of the undertakings in question by existing national legislation or that any possibility
         of competitive activity on their part has been eliminated, has been applied restrictively by the Community judicature (
         Van Landewyck and Others v  
         Commission, cited above, paragraphs 130 and 133,  
         Italy v  
         Commission, cited above, paragraph 19, Joined Cases 240/82 to 242/82, 261/82, 262/82, 268/82 and 269/82  
         Stichting Sigarettenindustrie and Others v  
         Commission [1985] ECR 3831, paragraphs 27 to 29,  
         Asia Motor France and Others v  
         Commission, cited above, paragraphs 60 and 65, and  
         Consiglio Nazionale degli Spedizionieri Doganali v  
         Commission, cited above, paragraph 60). 
         
         
         122
            
          Thus, in the absence of any binding regulatory provision imposing anti-competitive conduct, the Commission is entitled to
         conclude that the operators in question enjoyed no autonomy only if it appears on the basis of objective, relevant and consistent
         evidence that that conduct was unilaterally imposed upon them by the national authorities through the exercise of irresistible
         pressure, such as, for example, the threat to adopt State measures likely to cause them to sustain substantial losses (
         Asia Motor France and Others v  
         Commission, cited above, paragraph 65). 
         
         
         123
            
          In the present case, the applicant's argument consists in maintaining that the existing legislative and regulatory framework
         in Greece and the policy pursued by the Greek Ministry of Merchant Shipping decisively restricted the autonomy of the shipping
         companies, in particular in so far as concerns the fixing of tariffs applicable both on the domestic routes and on the international
         segment of routes between Greece and Italy. It follows, says the applicant, that the shipping companies found themselves obliged
         to contact each other, to consult and to negotiate in relation to the fundamental parameters of their commercial policy, such
         as their prices. 
         
         
         124
            
          The Court must therefore establish whether the conduct complained of in this case has its origin in the national legislation
         or in the practices of the Greek authorities or, on the other hand, to some extent at least, in the will of the applicant
         and of the other undertakings which participated in the agreements. The Court must therefore determine whether the legislative
         and regulatory framework and the policy of the Greek Ministry of Merchant Shipping had the cumulative effect of robbing the
         undertakings of their autonomy in adopting a tariff policy for the routes between Greece and Italy and thus of removing any
         possibility of competition between them. 
         
         
         125
            
          Merchant shipping in Greece is governed by the public law shipping code, the private law shipping code and by other specific
         regulations that contain provisions on unfair competition in the maritime transport sector, including in particular Law No
         4195/1929 on unfair competition and Law No 703/1977 on free competition, which entered into force on 1 January 1979 with a
         view to the Hellenic Republic's accession to the European Communities. 
         
         
         126
            
          In the exercise of its powers under the legislation just mentioned, the Greek Ministry of Merchant Shipping adopts the following
         measures, inter alia: (a) the grant of  
         operating licences for domestic routes, including licences for the domestic segment of international journeys; (b) ratification of uniform mandatory
         tariffs for domestic routes or for the domestic segments of international routes, such as the Patras-Igoumenitsa-Corfu leg;
         (c) annual approval of connections; (d) monitoring of the periods for which ships lie in dock so as to ensure that mandatory
         connections are facilitated, and (e) the imposition of mandatory negotiations between shipping companies so as to programme
         and coordinate connections before routing plans are approved by the Ministry of Merchant Shipping for the coming year, in
         the context of new negotiations between the ministry and the shipping companies. 
         
         
         127
            
          The parties are agreed that the grant of operating licences, the setting of mandatory tariffs, the annual approval of routes
         and the Greek Ministry of Merchant Shipping's monitoring of periods for which ships lie in dock all relate to domestic, not
         international lines. Moreover, the Commission stated in its pleadings, without being contradicted on the point by the applicant,
         that the obligation to operate regular services, which attaches to the operating licence, solely affects ships flying the
         Greek flag which serve domestic routes only or which serve international routes, but in the case of the latter the obligation
         attaches only in respect of the domestic part of the journey. Similarly, the Commission has pointed out, again without being
         contradicted on the point, that the undertakings were free to choose to serve international lines with or without a domestic
         leg, or even purely domestic lines. Therefore, if an undertaking chose to serve international lines with no national segment
         there was no need for it to obtain an operating licence or to comply with the obligations attaching thereto. 
         
         
         128
            
          Similarly, for the purpose of fixing tariffs for domestic routes, the Ministry of Merchant Shipping asked shipping companies
         to submit overall proposals for each route, justifying the figures proposed by reference to operating costs, inflation, the
         profitability of lines, the frequency of journeys, and so on. Next, on the basis of the tariffs proposed, the justification
         for them and other more general criteria relating to overall government policy, the ministry would approve or amend the proposals
         after taking the opinion of the prices and revenue commission of the Greek finance ministry, such approval or amendment having
         in fact the effect of fixing the tariffs in question. The administrative fixing of tariffs for the domestic segments of corresponding
         connections would therefore have an impact on the tariffs for the international segments of routes between Greece and Italy
         inasmuch as they would serve as indicative prices. 
         
         
         129
            
          Greek legislation relating to unfair competition and, in particular, Article 2 of Law No 4195/1929, prohibits  
         in the case of routes to destinations abroad, any reduction in the tariffs for transporting passengers or goods which, charged
         for anti-competitive purposes, brings prices to levels that are derisory or disproportionate in comparison with what would
         be a reasonable and just charge for the services provided and with passenger's requirements in terms of security and comfort
         or to levels lower than those that are generally applied in the port in question. Article 4 of Law No 4195/1929 provides that: where freedom to fix tariffs for routes to destinations abroad leads to unfair competition, in addition to applying the foregoing
         provisions, the Ministry of Shipping (Department of Merchant Shipping) may, after taking the opinion of the council for merchant
         shipping, fix upper and lower limits for tariffs for transporting passengers and goods on Greek passenger vessels travelling
         between Greek ports and ports abroad. Compliance with those limits is mandatory and offenders will be subject to the penalties
         laid down in Article 3.
         
         
         130
            
          Moreover, it has been alleged that the Ministry of Merchant Shipping encouraged shipping companies to fix low rates for the
         international legs of routes, to keep annual increases within the level of inflation and to prevent any kind of price war
         between themselves, so that it not be obliged to intervene and make use of its powers under Law No 4195/1929. 
         
         
         131
            
          In its letter of 23 December 1994, mentioned in paragraph 101 of the Decision, which was sent in reply to the Commission's
         letter of 28 October 1994, the Ministry of Merchant Shipping stated: ...As far as the memorandum submitted by Strintzis Lines is concerned, I have no particular comments apart from clarifying that
         there is no involvement of the Ministry in the rate fixing policy which is followed by the companies on the international
         routes. Our involvement is strictly confined in the fixing of prices in routes only.As I have already explained in more detail to you in our September meeting, Greece considers the sea corridor between the
         west Greek ports and the Italian east ports of paramount national as well as Community importance since it is the only main
         direct link to connect Greece with the rest of the European Union.It is therefore to our national and Community interests that the vessels engaged between Greece and Italy operate all year
         round, to facilitate our import-export trade as well as the passenger traffic. Furthermore, as you may well understand, it
         is to our national interest that the tariff rates applied must be competitive, but at the same time at a level where the transportation
         cost will be kept low, so as our import-export trade be kept competitive in the European markets.Now I come to the specific question you have put to me and I must say that I haven't seen anything in the Strintzis memorandum
         that could possibly guide me to that conclusion.I am sure that there is a misunderstanding. It is unthinkable and it is out of any question that the Ministry threatens to
         withdraw operating licences for domestic routes if companies fail to agree prices on international routes.As you will see from the relevant legislation I have attached herewith, when the Ministry accords an operating licence for
         the domestic trades, there are certain obligations (all year round services, frequency of sailings, etc.) which must be respected,
         otherwise the Ministry has the right to withdraw the licence. Furthermore, the tariffs are determined by a Ministerial Decision
         which is being issued periodically. This specific legislation affects the vessels of the respective companies with operating
         licences for the domestic part of the voyage between Greece and Italy (Patras-Igoumenitsa-Corfu) ...
         
         
         132
            
          Similarly, by letter of 17 March 1995 (referred to in paragraph 103 of the Decision), sent in reply to the Commission's letter
         of 13 January 1995, the Deputy Permanent Representative of the Hellenic Republic to the European Union, wrote: 
         
         1.
          The Greek Government attaches great importance to the smooth promotion of the sea route linking the ports between western
         Greece (principally Patras, Igoumenitsa and Corfu) and the Italian ports of Ancona, Bari, Brindisi and Trieste.
         ...Regular, uninterrupted sailings, throughout the year, between Greek and Italian ports, are a factor of decisive importance
         in enabling and ensuring the development of Greek import and export trade and thus, in a wider sense, Community trade as a
         whole.The policy of the Greek Government and, more specifically, of the Ministry of Merchant Shipping, which is responsible for
         defining national policy for maritime transport, is thus directed toward preserving the smooth operation of the route between
         Greece and Italy.The services offered on this route are regarded by us as services of public interest for our country. Given that, you will
         understand that it is a fundamental concern to the Greek Government to ensure the viability of this route and the prevention
         by all possible means of a price war which could hinder the smooth progression of import and export trade or the transport
         of vehicles and passengers. I would reiterate that our principal concern is to ensure operation of the route throughout the
         year and to avoid interruptions due to a price war.
         
         2.
          Given those facts and the positions adopted in consequence, the competent departments of the Greek Ministry of Merchant Shipping
         adopted decisions aimed at regulating in the most appropriate manner the normal transportation of vehicles during any given
         period of the year. Measures were therefore adopted to ensure that a certain number of places always be reserved for goods
         vehicles on passenger and vehicle ships and that the ships' vehicle deck never be entirely filled with tourist vehicles, especially
         during the summer months when there are more passengers. This has made it possible to maintain the movement of goods and to
         keep markets supplied.
          Care is also taken to keep very strictly to shipping route plans, so as to avoid delays, but also so that issues can be dealt
         with such as the presence of appropriate receiving facilities at ports of destination, which are needed to ensure the safety
         of and improve the service provided to the passengers and vehicles carried.
         
         3.
          As regards freight charges applied by the shipping companies, I would observe that the involvement of the Ministry of Merchant
         Shipping, as the authority responsible for regulating shipping, in cabotage freight, is limited to fixing prices solely for
         national cabotage operations. I would point out that, on international lines, even where the journey includes calls at Greek
         ports (for example Patras-Corfu-Ancona), whilst the part of the journey between the Greek ports is subject to an agreed price
         schedule, the prices on the journey between Greece and Italy are fixed freely by the companies operating that line. It is
         true, in such a case, that the total price of the ticket for a journey to Italy is influenced ─ indirectly and partially,
         of course ─ by the tariff fixed by the State for the transport within Greece.
          Moreover, as regards the tariffs for journeys abroad ─ which are freely fixed, as I said ─ the Ministry of Merchant Shipping
         encourages the shipping companies to keep them low and competitive and in any event to keep annual increases within the level
         of inflation. Our national interests in fact demand that our export trade is kept competitive and that our imports remain
         as cheap as possible. Other than that, the companies are free to fix their tariff rates according to their own commercial
         and economic criteria.That freedom is restricted by Greek legislation if it leads to unfair competition. More specifically, Law No 4195/1929 (a
         copy of which is attached) seeks to prevent unfair competition between shipping lines operating on routes between Greece and
         destinations abroad, inter alia, by prohibiting derisory tariff rates, the simultaneous departure from the same port of two
         or more ships serving the same line and failure to operate the published service (except in certain cases of  
         force majeure  ─ Article 3). Where there is unfair competition, the Ministry of Merchant Shipping may set upper and lower levels of fares
         (Article 4). Where it does so, it will informally encourage the companies to keep their tariff rates low and to prevent annual
         increases from exceeding the rate of inflation.
         
         4.
          Those observations seemed to me to be necessary in order to demonstrate that the line between Patras and Italy, which was
         created by private enterprise without any State aid, must continue to operate without interruption so that the ships which
         serve that line can continue to provide services of public interest, as we regard them to be for our country, for that sea
         link is the only direct link between our country and the other countries of the European Union.
         
         
         5.
          Lastly, I would point out that the legal framework governing the grant and withdrawal of operating licences which, I would
         stress, apply only to domestic routes within Greece, provides that, where a company fails to comply with the obligations set
         out in the operating licence granted it (regarding, for example, faultless operation of published lines, the annual period
         of lying in dock, maintaining the proper frequency of sailings), the Ministry of Merchant Shipping may withdraw the licence.
         
         
         
         133
            
          Whilst those two letters from the Greek authorities emphasise that the proper functioning and regularity of the maritime lines
         connecting Greece with Italy is a question of national importance, they confirm that neither the legislation applicable in
         Greece nor the policy implemented by the Greek authorities demands that agreements be concluded to fix the tariff rates applicable
         on international lines. 
         
         
         134
            
          Admittedly, the information given to the Commission by the Greek authorities makes it clear that one of the authorities' main
         concerns was to ensure regular service throughout the year on maritime lines to Italy and that they were also anxious about
         the adverse effects that might be caused by unfair competition, such as a price war. It is also clear that, in order to prevent
         unfair competition, the law grants the Ministry of Merchant Shipping power to set upper and lower limits for tariffs. However,
         the fact remains that no concertation on prices would be legitimate, even in a case such as this, because each undertaking
         would still remain free to decide its prices, autonomously, within the upper and lower limits set. Moreover, the information
         offered in the letters just considered confirms that prices on maritime routes between Greece and Italy are set freely by
         the companies operating those lines. Furthermore, it is also indisputably clear from what is said in those letters that, in
         order to ensure that Greek exports remain competitive and that the price of imports to Greece remains reasonable, the Ministry
         of Merchant Shipping encouraged shipping companies not to increase their prices in concert but merely to keep their prices
         low and competitive, so as to avoid, in any event, annual increases greater than the rate of inflation. 
         
         
         135
            
          It follows that each of the shipping companies serving those lines enjoyed acknowledged autonomy in setting its pricing policy
         and was thus at all times subject to the rules on competition. The letters point up the fact that, as far as the Greek authorities
         are concerned, full application of the competition rules and thus also of the prohibition of price agreements under Article
         85(1) of the Treaty did not prevent the shipping companies, either in fact or in law, from fulfilling the task given them
         by the Greek Government. Therefore, the fact that, in its letter of 17 March 1995, the Permanent Representation of the Hellenic
         Republic describes the operation of lines between Greece and Italy as being  
         services of public interest is irrelevant for the purposes of applying Article 85 of the Treaty. For precisely the same reasons it is unnecessary to
         consider whether the Commission was right to dispute the argument that the undertakings with which the Decision is concerned
         must be viewed under Community law as  
         undertakings entrusted with the operation of services of general economic interest, within the meaning of Article 90(2) of the EC Treaty (now Article 86(2) EC). 
         
         
         136
            
          The information contained in the letters mentioned confirms that the applicant cannot succeed in its allegation that the cumulative
         effect of the parameters influenced the tariff rates applicable to the international part of lines between Greece and Italy
         and had the effect of restricting the autonomy of the undertakings in planning and deciding their pricing policy. It confirms
         that the Greek Ministry of Merchant Shipping intervened in the tariff-fixing policy applied by the shipping companies on international
         lines only to the extent of encouraging them to keep their tariffs low and to keep annual increases within the level of inflation.
         Given that attitude on the part of the Greek authorities, there remained the clear possibility of competition on the market
         that could be prevented, restricted or distorted by the autonomous conduct of undertakings. 
         
         
         137
            
          It must be added that Law No 4195/1929 contains no prohibition on reducing the tariffs applicable on international lines.
         Whilst that law, whose purpose is to preclude any unfair competition between shipping companies operating lines between Greek
         and foreign ports, specifically prohibits the reduction of tariffs to derisory levels, the simultaneous departure from the
         same port of two or more ships serving the same line and failure to operate the published service, except in certain cases
         of  
         force majeure  (Article 2), it does not rob the undertakings impugned by the Commission of all  
         margin of autonomy. On the contrary, it confirms that each undertaking is, in principle, free to determine its tariff policy as it sees fit,
         provided that it does not enter into unfair competition. The prohibition on unfair competition can in no way be interpreted
         as requiring the undertakings in question to conclude agreements to fix the tariffs applicable on international lines. In
         the absence of any binding regulatory provision imposing anti-competitive conduct, the applicant can rely on a lack of autonomy
         only if it can produce objective, relevant and consistent evidence that that conduct was unilaterally imposed upon it by the
         Greek authorities through the exercise of irresistible pressure, such as, for example, the threat to adopt State measures
         likely to cause it to sustain substantial losses. 
         
         
         138
            
          Now, the letters from the Greek authorities show that those authorities neither adopted measures nor employed any practice
         that could be deemed  
         irresistible pressure on the shipping companies compelling them to conclude tariff agreements. The applicant cannot therefore claim that the undertakings
         in question were deprived of any margin of autonomy in defining their tariff policy or that the anti-competitive conduct of
         which the Commission complains was imposed on them by existing Greek legislation or by the policy implemented by the Greek
         authorities. 
         
         
         139
            
          As regards the Ministry of Merchant Shipping's encouraging shipping companies to fix low rates on international routes and
         not to exceed the rate of inflation when applying annual increases, whilst the ministry's letter refers to informal  
         encouragement, there is no suggestion in it of  
         unilaterally imposing such action on the companies. It was therefore open to the companies to resist the informal encouragement without thereby
         exposing themselves to any threat that State measures might be adopted. Furthermore, the Greek ministry categorically denied
         that it could threaten to withdraw operating licences for domestic routes should the companies fail to reach agreement on
         the tariffs applicable on international routes, and that is clear from the letter of 23 December 1994. 
         
         
         140
            
          In so far as concerns the power conferred on the Greek Ministry of Merchant Shipping by Law No 4195/1929 to set upper and
         lower price limits in the event of unfair competition, so as to prevent any price war, it must be observed that the law in
         question does not deprive the impugned undertakings of  
         all margin of autonomy. It gives them a certain liberty to determine their tariff policy provided that they do not engage in unfair competition.
         Indeed, according to Article 4 of Law No 4195/1929, the Ministry of Merchant Shipping has no right to set upper or lower limits
         for the tariffs in question except where the freedom of the undertakings autonomously to fix the tariffs for routes to destinations
         abroad results in acts of unfair competition. 
         
         
         141
            
          In light of all the foregoing this plea must be rejected as unfounded. 
          The third plea: the statement of reasons given for the Decision is inadequate
          Arguments of the parties
         
         
         142
            
          The applicant complains that the reasons which the Commission gave for the Decision were, in so far as concerns several of
         the arguments which it put forward at the administrative procedure, insufficient. 
         
         
         143
            
          First of all, the applicant submits that, in so far as the Commission failed to express an opinion on the effect which the
         public service obligations had on the degree of autonomy enjoyed by the undertakings concerned in fixing the tariffs applicable
         on the international part of journeys, the Decision is vitiated by an insufficient statement of reasons. In particular, it
         complains that the Commission failed to consider the extent to which the Greek regulatory and legislative framework, the encouragement
         given by the Greek authorities and the public service obligations of the undertakings concerned were factors rendering Article
         85(1) of the Treaty inapplicable. Secondly, the Decision fails to state why the Commission ignored the observations which
         the applicant made concerning the letters sent by the Permanent Representation of Greece to the European Union and by the
         Greek Ministry of Merchant Shipping confirming the effect of the factors just mentioned on the autonomy of the undertakings
         concerned. Thirdly, the Commission failed to give a sufficient statement of the reasons for which the applicant's arguments
         regarding the inapplicability of Article 85(1) of the Treaty to the facts of the case should be ignored or rejected. 
         
         
         144
            
          The applicant acknowledges that the Commission is not bound to reproduce in a decision all the arguments advanced by the undertakings
         concerned. However, it argues that, according to case-law, it must nevertheless set out the facts and legal considerations
         having decisive importance in the context of the decision (
         Asia Motor France and Others v  
         Commission, cited above, paragraph 104) and which are directly connected with the matter (Case T-15/89  
         Chemie Linz v  
         Commission [1992] ECR II-1275, paragraph 328). The applicant submits that it has demonstrated that the considerations relating to the
         public service obligations imposed by the Ministry of Merchant Shipping have special importance in the Decision, yet they
         were not mentioned in it (Case C-360/92 P  
         Publishers Association v  
         Commission [1995] ECR I-23). 
         
         
         145
            
          The Commission considers that the statement of reasons which it gave enabled the applicant to appraise the Decision's merits
         and that it amply expressed its position in the Decision in so far as concerns the applicant's arguments mentioned above,
         expressly stating the facts upon which it based the Decision. 
          Findings of the Court
         
         
         146
            
          As the applicant acknowledges, the Commission is not bound to reproduce in a decision all the arguments advanced by the parties.
         Nevertheless, it must set out the facts and legal considerations having decisive importance in the context of the Decision
         (
         Asia Motor France and Others v  
         Commission, cited above, paragraph 104, and  
         Chemie Linz v  
         Commission, paragraph 328). 
         
         
         147
            
          Contrary to the applicant's claim, it is clear from paragraphs 98 to 108 of the Decision that the Commission amply expressed
         its position on the applicant's arguments relating to the effect which the public service obligations had on the degree of
         autonomy enjoyed by the undertakings concerned and, therefore, on the issue of the applicability of Article 85(1) of the Treaty
         to the facts of the case. Similarly, it is clear from paragraphs 101, 103, 105, 106 and 108 of the Decision that the Commission
         did refer to the letters from the Greek authorities to which the applicant refers. 
         
         
         148
            
          Nor can the applicant claim that its arguments relating to the public service obligations imposed by the Ministry of Merchant
         Shipping were ignored. Whilst the existence of such obligations might have been important in the context of the Decision,
         it was merely one of many factors raised by the applicant to show that the undertakings had no autonomy because of the legislative
         and regulatory framework and because of the policy implemented by the Greek authorities. The Court holds that the Commission's
         position on this issue was clearly set out in paragraphs 98 to 108 of the Decision and that, more specifically, the argument
         based on the existence of the public service obligations was expressly referred to in paragraph 99 of the Decision as part
         of the Commission's response to the argument concerning the undertakings' loss of autonomy. Given that, the applicant cannot
         claim that the Commission gave insufficient reasons in the Decision because it gave no precise answer to the argument relating
         to the public service obligations. Lastly, and in any event, as the Commission states, the applicant cannot complain that
         the Commission should have evaluated these arguments in greater detail because the public service obligations concern only
         the domestic part of routes between Greece and Italy. 
         
         
         149
            
          This plea must therefore be ruled unfounded. 
         
         
         
         II ─
          The plea put forward in the alternative for a reduction in the fine
         
         
         150
            
          In support of its application for annulment of or a reduction in its fine, the applicant argues that, when assessing the amount
         of the fine which it imposed on the applicant, the Commission erred in its assessment of both the gravity of the infringement
         and its duration, which caused it to breach the principle of proportionality. 
          A ─ The first limb: incorrect assessment of the gravity of the infringement
          Arguments of the parties
         
         
         151
            
          The applicant maintains that the amount of the fine imposed on it is disproportionate in that the Commission failed to consider
         certain factors pertaining to the gravity of the infringement. Assuming there had been an infringement, it was, in the applicant's
         view, one of minor importance, within the meaning of the Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article
         15(2) of Regulation No 17 and Article 65(5) of the ECSC Treaty (OJ 1998 C 9, p. 3, hereinafter  
         the Guidelines), because it had little or no effect and a limited geographical scope. 
         
         
         152
            
          First of all, the Commission failed to take sufficient account of the Greek legislative framework and of the pressure exerted
         by the Greek Ministry of Merchant Shipping whereas, according to case-law, where the national legislative framework has a
         significant impact on a given market, that constitutes a mitigating circumstance (
         Stichting Sigarettenindustrie and Others v  
         Commission, cited above, paragraphs 94 and 96, and  
         Suiker Unie and Others v  
         Commission, cited above, paragraphs 618 to 620). In the present case, the Commission did not concern itself with considering the restrictions
         upon competition between the undertakings or the form which that competition took on the relevant market. Lastly, the applicant
         complains that the Commission failed to take account of the fact that, in this case, discounts were the only area in which
         competition could come into play, an omission similar to that which the Court of Justice criticised in its judgment in  
         Suiker Unie and Others v  
         Commission, cited above (see paragraphs 70 and 71). 
         
         
         153
            
          Secondly, customers were not adversely affected, as is corroborated by the fact that the Commission did not complain that
         the companies made any inadmissible increases in tariffs. On the contrary, the regular and uninterrupted service provided
         on the routes in question, at very low prices and on very modern, safe vessels, was of benefit to customers. 
         
         
         154
            
          Thirdly, according to the applicant, there is a contradiction in the fact that it is charged with a grave infringement of
         Community law for having participated in a practice which the Greek Government regards as tending to attain a Community objective,
         namely the promotion and development of intra-Community trade. 
         
         
         155
            
          The applicant complains that the Commission departed from the Guidelines by classifying the infringement as serious even though
         it satisfied none of the criteria specified in the definition of serious infringements given in the Guidelines. It points
         out that, under the Guidelines, serious infringements are more often than not horizontal or vertical restrictions of the same
         type as minor infringements, but more rigorously applied, with a wider market impact, and with effects in extensive areas
         of the common market. There might also be abuse of a dominant position (refusals to supply, discrimination, exclusion, loyalty
         discounts made by dominant firms in order to shut competitors out of the market, etc.). In the present case, however, the
         infringement alleged against the undertakings was not rigorously applied, did not have a wide market impact, did not have
         effects in extensive areas of the common market and did not consist in the abuse of a dominant position. 
         
         
         156
            
          Lastly, the applicant maintains that it was unaware that its conduct was unlawful: the impugned companies could not imagine
         that their conduct was unlawful because of the Greek Government's involvement in and encouragement of various of the practices
         complained of. 
         
         
         157
            
          The Commission disputes those arguments. 
          Findings of the Court
          1. General remarks
         
         
         158
            
          In this case it is common ground that the Commission determined the fine imposed on the applicant in accordance with the general
         method for setting fines described in the Guidelines, which apply equally to fines imposed pursuant to Article 19(2) of Regulation
         No 4056/86. It is also appropriate to observe that the applicant does not dispute that the Guidelines apply. 
         
         
         159
            
          Article 19(2) of Regulation No 4056/86 provides that  
         [t]he Commission may by decision impose on undertakings or associations of undertakings fines of from [EUR] 1 000 to [EUR]
         one million, or a sum in excess thereof but not exceeding 10% of the turnover in the preceding business year of each of the
         undertakings participating in the infringement, where either intentionally or negligently ... they infringe Article 85(1)
         ... the Treaty. Article 19(2) also provides that  
         [i]n fixing the amount of the fine, regard shall be had both to the gravity and to the duration of the infringement. 
         
         
         160
            
          The first paragraph of Section 1 of the Guidelines provides that, when calculating a fine, the basic amount will be determined
         according to the gravity and duration of the infringement, which are the only criteria referred to in Article 19(2) of Regulation
         No 4056/86. 
         
         
         161
            
          According to the Guidelines, when calculating a fine, the Commission takes as the starting point a given amount determined
         by reference to the gravity of the infringement. The appraisal of the gravity of the infringement must take account of the
         actual nature of the infringement, its specific impact on the market, where it can be measured, and the size of the relevant
         geographic market (Section 1 A, first paragraph). In that context, infringements are divided into three categories, namely
          
         minor infringements, for which the likely fines are between EUR 1 000 and EUR 1 million,  
         serious infringements, for which the likely fines are between EUR 1 million and EUR 20 million, and  
         very serious infringements, for which the fines are likely to exceed EUR 20 million (Section 1 A, first to third indents). 
         
         
         162
            
          Next, mindful of the differential treatment which it is appropriate to apply to undertakings, the Guidelines state that, within
         each of those categories of infringement, and in particular the categories described as serious and very serious, the scale
         of fines allows differential treatment to be applied to undertakings according to the nature of the infringements committed
         (Section 1 A, third paragraph). It is also necessary to take account of the effective economic capacity of the offenders to
         cause significant damage to other operators, in particular consumers, and to set the amount of the fine at a level which ensures
         that it has a sufficiently deterrent effect (Section 1 A, fourth paragraph). Furthermore, account may be taken of the fact
         that large undertakings have in most cases infrastructures capable of providing them with legal and economic information on
         the basis of which they can better appreciate the unlawful nature of the conduct and the consequences stemming from it under
         competition law (Section 1 A, fifth paragraph). 
         
         
         163
            
          Within each of the three categories just defined, it may be appropriate in cases involving several undertakings, such as cartels,
         to apply weightings to the amounts decided on so as to take account of the specific weight and therefore the real impact on
         competition of the unlawful conduct of each undertaking, especially where there is considerable disparity in the sizes of
         the undertakings that have committed an infringement of the same nature and to make consequential adjustments to the basic
         amount depending on the specific characteristics of each undertaking (Section 1 A, sixth paragraph). 
         
         
         164
            
          As regards the factor relating to the duration of the infringement, the Guidelines draw a distinction between infringements
         of short duration (in general, less than one year), for which the starting amount, determined for gravity, should not be increased,
         infringements of medium duration (in general, one to five years), for which the amount determined for gravity may be increased
         by up to 50%, and infringements of long duration (in general, more than five years), for which the amount determined for gravity
         may be increased by 10% per year (first to third indents of the first paragraph of Section 1 B). 
         
         
         165
            
          Next, the Guidelines set out, by way of example, a list of aggravating and mitigating circumstances which may be taken into
         consideration in order to increase or reduce the basic amount and refer to the Commission notice of 18 July 1996 on the non-imposition
         or reduction of fines in cartel cases (OJ 1996 C 207, p. 4) (
         the Leniency Notice). 
         
         
         166
            
          By way of a general remark, the Guidelines state that the final amount calculated according to this method (basic amount increased
         or reduced on a percentage basis) may not in any case exceed 10% of the worldwide turnover of the undertakings, as laid down
         by Article 19(2) of Regulation No 4056/86 (Section 5(a)). The Guidelines further provide that, depending on the circumstances,
         account should be taken, once the above calculations have been made, of certain objective factors such as a specific economic
         context, any economic or financial benefit derived by the offenders, the specific characteristics of the undertakings in question
         and their real ability to pay in a specific social context, and that the fines should be adjusted accordingly (Section 5(b)).
         
         
         
         167
            
          It follows that, under the method laid down in the Guidelines, fines continue to be calculated according to the two criteria
         referred to in Article 19(2) of Regulation No 4056/86, namely the gravity of the infringement and its duration, and the maximum
         percentage of turnover of each undertaking as laid down in that provision is observed. Consequently, the Guidelines do not
         go beyond the legal framework of the fines set out in that provision (Case T-23/99  
         LR AF 1998 v  
         Commission [2002] ECR II-1705, paragraphs 231 and 232). 
          2. The merits of the first limb of the plea
         
         
         168
            
          As has just been recalled, in the Guidelines, cartels are in principle classed as very serious infringements. That classification
         accords perfectly with the case-law of the Court of Justice and of the Court of First Instance, which holds this type of infringement
         to be one of the most serious restrictions of competition, especially where the cartel is concerned with price fixing. 
         
         
         169
            
          Now, as far as the present case and the applicant's situation are concerned, it is clear from paragraphs 147 to 150 of the
         Decision that, although the Commission stated (in paragraph 147 of the Decision) that  
         [a]n agreement by which the price of transporting passengers and freight by roll-on roll-off ferries was agreed by some of
         the most important ferry operators in the relevant market constitutes, by its nature, a very serious breach of Community law, it in fact classed the infringement as being only a serious one (paragraph 150 of the Decision). It came to reduce the gravity
         of the infringement after observing that  
         the infringement had a limited actual impact on the market and that,  
         during the period of the infringement, the Greek Government encouraged the undertakings to keep fare increases within the
         inflation rates and that consequently  
         fares were kept at one of the lowest levels within the common market for maritime transport from one Member State to the other (paragraph 148 of the Decision). Furthermore, the Commission took account of the fact that the infringement  
         produced its effect within a limited part of the common market, namely three of the Adriatic sea routes, a market that is small compared to other markets within the European Union (paragraph 149 of the Decision). 
         
         
         170
            
          It follows that the Commission was right to classify the infringement in the Decision as a serious one. 
         
         
         171
            
          The Court must also reject the applicant's argument concerning the influence exerted by the Greek legislative and regulatory
         framework. The Court found, on considering the second plea, that in this case the legislative context and the actions of the
         Greek authorities did not preclude application of Article 85(1) of the Treaty because the undertakings were left with some
         room for manoeuvre in defining their tariff policy. The reference to the Court's solution to the problem of there being no
         residual competition in  
         Suiker Unie and Others v  
         Commission, cited above, is not relevant to the present case. Next, as regards the particular context of this case, suffice it to observe
         that, as the Commission points out, it was indeed taken into account as a mitigating circumstance. It is clear from paragraph
         163 of the Decision that the Commission believed that the usual practice of fixing domestic fares in Greece through a consultation
         of all domestic operators and the  
         ex post decision of the Ministry of Merchant Shipping might have created some doubt among the Greek companies operating also on domestic
         routes as to whether price fixing consultation for the international route did indeed constitute an infringement. Those considerations
         justified a reduction of the fines by 15% for all the undertakings. For the same reasons, the applicant cannot complain that
         the Commission disregarded the fact that it was unaware that its conduct was unlawful. 
         
         
         172
            
          As regards the arguments that customers were not adversely affected by the agreements at issue because there were no inadmissible
         increases in tariffs and because the infringement had only a limited effect on the market, it must be held that, contrary
         to the applicant's claim, these were taken into account by the Commission, as is clear from paragraphs 148 and 149 of the
         Decision. In paragraph 148, the Commission stated that  
         the infringement had a limited actual impact on the market and that,  
         during the period of the infringement, the Greek Government encouraged the undertakings to keep fare increases within the
         inflation rates and that consequently  
         fares were kept at one of the lowest levels within the common market for maritime transport from one Member State to the other. Furthermore, the Commission took account of the fact that the infringement  
         produced its effect within a limited part of the common market, namely three of the Adriatic sea routes, a market that is small compared to other markets within the European Union (paragraph 149 of the Decision). It was in recognition
         of these very circumstances that the Commission decided to reduce the degree of severity of the infringement and treat the
         facts as constituting a serious infringement rather than a very serious one, as it could have done under the Guidelines. 
         
         
         173
            
          Moreover, since it has been established that the applicant seriously infringed Community law by participating in agreements
         with its competitors, it cannot claim that it was merely engaging in a practice which the Greek Government considered to be
         in furtherance of Community objectives. The objective of developing intra-Community trade cannot be served by means which
         are strictly prohibited by the provisions of the Treaty. 
         
         
         174
            
          It follows from the foregoing that this limb of the plea must be rejected. 
          B ─ The second limb: incorrect assessment of the duration of the infringement
          Arguments of the parties
         
         
         175
            
          The applicant takes issue with the Commission's assessment of the duration of the infringement and maintains that no agreements
         on tariffs were concluded for the years 1987, 1988 and 1989. In so far as concerns 1987, the Commission has no evidence of
         an agreement relating to tariff policy. The negotiations which the companies held in 1987, in which it admits participating,
         solely concerned the tariffs for 1988. As regards 1988 and 1989, the applicant argues that the negotiations did not lead to
         a common table of tariffs for the transportation of passengers, as confirmed by the fact that the tariffs which it published
         for those years were different from those published by the other companies. 
         
         
         176
            
          The Commission refers to the case-law according to which price fixing is in itself an infringement of Article 85(1) of the
         Treaty and argues that the applicant's participation in consultations relating to tariffs for 1987, 1988 and 1989 is established
         by the documents mentioned in paragraphs 9, 10 and 12 of the Decision. Lastly, it observes that the question whether or not
         an agreement is prohibited is unrelated to its degree of success on implementation. 
          Findings of the Court
         
         
         177
            
          In this case, the arguments which the applicant puts forward in relation to the Commission's assessment of the duration of
         the infringement, for the purposes of determining the amount of the fine, in effect call into question the evidence produced
         by the Commission of the existence and scope of the infringement. The applicant in fact disputes the Commission's assessment
         of the duration of the infringement because, it says, no agreement on tariffs was concluded for 1987, 1988 and 1989. It is
         therefore necessary to consider whether the evidence relating to those years (paragraphs 9 to 12 of the Decision) is sufficient
         to prove the existence of a cartel such as that alleged by the Commission and the applicant's involvement in it during the
         period in question. 
         
         
         178
            
          It clear from the description of the facts given in paragraphs 9 to 12 of the Decision, which the applicant does not dispute,
         and especially from the telex of 15 March 1989 to which the Commission refers, that Minoan attempted to persuade Anek to become
         a party to the agreement concluded with the other impugned companies operating the same route, including the applicant, on
         18 July 1987 and that, faced with Anek's hesitation, the other companies (namely Minoan, Karageorgis, Marlines and the applicant)
         decided to charge collectively, from 26 June 1989 onwards, the same goods vehicle tariffs as those applied by Anek. Moreover,
         the telex of 22 June 1989 shows that Minoan informed Anek of this decision. It follows that the Commission was entitled to
         conclude that the telex showed not only that there was an agreement, but also that the applicant was a party to it. 
         
         
         179
            
          The applicant claims that there is no evidence of a cartel in so far as concerns 1987 because the negotiations which the companies
         held in 1987, in which it acknowledges participating, related to the tariffs for 1988. However, as the Commission points out
         in the Decision (in paragraph 9), the author of the telex of 15 March 1989 states:  
         the pricing policy for 1988, as mutually established with the other interested parties, was decided on 18 July 1987. This
         has in fact been the usual practice.
         
         
         180
            
          In so far as concerns 1988 and 1989, the applicant acknowledges that negotiations on tariffs were held. However, contrary
         to the applicant's submission, the fact that they did not lead to a common table of passenger tariffs is irrelevant to deciding
         whether or not Article 85(1) of the Treaty has been infringed because the Court has already established the anti-competitive
         purpose of the agreements in issue. 
         
         
         181
            
          Moreover, in so far as concerns the question whether the Commission took account of the fact that the agreements in issue
         were not in fact applied by the parties, the answer is that it did indeed do so when calculating the fine, as has been observed
         earlier. 
         
         
         182
            
          It follows from the foregoing that the second limb of this plea must be rejected. 
          C ─ The third limb: breach of the principle of proportionality in the calculation of the fine
          Arguments of the parties
         
         
         183
            
          The applicant asserts that the Commission breached the principle of proportionality in that the fine which it imposed on it
         was too large in view of the nature of the infringement, the public service obligations incumbent on it, the intervention
         of the Ministry of Merchant Shipping and the fact that the agreements in issue had limited effect. 
         
         
         184
            
          The applicant points out that the fine imposed on it represents 2.6% of its worldwide turnover, a proportion which it regards
         as very high given the infringement in issue and by comparison with other earlier cases. It also observes that the fine ultimately
         imposed by the Commission equates to 115% of the basic amount, a high figure given the number of mitigating circumstances
         which, although present in this case, were not taken into account by the Commission. The applicant in fact takes the view
         that the Commission ought to have reduced the fine further in view of the fact that it cooperated with the institution during
         the administrative procedure and that it was uncertain as to whether or not Article 85(1) of the Treaty applied and also in
         view of the Greek legislative and regulatory framework, its public service obligations and the involvement of the Ministry
         of Merchant Shipping in the routes between Greece and Italy. 
         
         
         185
            
          Lastly, the applicant complains that the Commission took no account of other reasons for reducing the fine, such as that the
         fact that the infringement was not the result of its own wishes, the fact that there was no agreement for 1987 and that a
         programme for compliance with the competition rules was implemented. In this connection it refers to the judgment in  
         PVC II, cited above (paragraph 1162). 
         
         
         186
            
          The Commission submits that the applicant has not stated the reasons for which the fine imposed was disproportionate by comparison
         with the gravity and duration of the infringement and points out that the mitigating circumstances which the applicant mentions
         have already been taken into account in the Decision (paragraphs 110, 148 and 149). 
         
         
         187
            
          According to the Commission, the argument that the fine imposed is clearly disproportionate when one considers how other companies
         guilty of more serious infringements have been treated cannot be accepted because fines are not calculated according to any
          
         mathematical formula. 
         
         
         188
            
          In so far as concerns the programme for compliance with competition law to which the applicant refers, that does not alter
         the fact of the infringement found in this case. Furthermore, the Commission did take account of the fact that the applicant
         did not dispute the facts on which the complaints set out in the Decision rest and that it did reduce the amount of the fine.
         
          Findings of the Court
         
         
         189
            
          The Court must consider whether the fine imposed on the applicant is disproportionate by comparison with the gravity and duration
         of the infringement alleged against it. 
         
         
         190
            
          The applicant was fined EUR 1 500 000 for having participated in a cartel of long duration classified, rightly, as a serious
         infringement. That represents 2.6% of its worldwide turnover, as the applicant itself has said. The fine which the Commission
         ultimately imposed on the applicant amounts to 115% of the basic amount. 
         
         
         191
            
          As regards the gravity of the infringement, the Court held, when considering the first limb of this plea, that the applicant
         was wrong to allege incorrect assessment of the gravity of the infringement. 
         
         
         192
            
          As regards the Commission's assessment of the duration of the infringement, the Guidelines provide that infringements lasting
         for more than five years are to be regarded as being of long duration and that such infringements warrant an uplift of up
         to 10% per annum of the amount decided on to reflect the gravity of the infringement. 
         
         
         193
            
          Paragraph 153 of the Decision explains that the Commission found that, in the case of the applicant and Minoan, the infringement
         began on 18 July 1987 at the latest and went on until July 1994 (when the Commission carried out its investigation), totalling
         seven years. The Commission classified the infringement as one of long duration in the case of the applicant, Minoan and Karageorgis
         and one of medium-term duration in the case of the other companies (paragraph 155 of the Decision) and that justified increasing
         the fines by 10% for every year of the infringement for the applicant and Minoan, giving a total increase of 70% (paragraph
         156 of the Decision). As for the other companies, the Commission increased the fine by 20% for Marlines and by between 35%
         and 55% for the other operators. Table 2 sets out the percentage increments applied in the case of each company. 
         
         
         194
            
          Given that the Guidelines provide that infringements lasting for more than five years are to be regarded as being of long
         duration and that such infringements warrant an uplift of up to 10% per annum of the amount decided on to reflect the gravity
         of the infringement, the applicant cannot say that it is the victim of a breach of the principle of proportionality as regards
         the calculation of the duration of the infringement in which it took part. 
         
         
         195
            
          Next, contrary to the applicant's submission, all the mitigating circumstances to which it points were indeed taken into account
         in the Decision. 
         
         
         196
            
          It is clear from paragraphs 162 to 164 of the Decision that the Commission allowed the undertakings the benefit of various
         mitigating circumstances. 
         
         
         197
            
          First, as was pointed out in paragraph 163 of the Decision, the Commission found that the Greek companies operating also on
         domestic routes were possibly in doubt as to whether price fixing consultation for the international segments of routes did
         indeed constitute an infringement. That consideration justified a 15% reduction in the fines imposed on all the undertakings.
         
         
         
         198
            
          Secondly, the Commission took into account (in paragraph 164 of the Decision) the fact that Marlines, Adriatica, Anek and
         Ventouris had played an exclusively  
         follow-my-leader role in the infringement and found that that justified a 15% reduction in the fines imposed on those four undertakings. The
         applicant cannot claim any such reduction because it did not play an exclusively  
         follow-my-leader role, as is clear from the evidence set out in the Decision. 
         
         
         199
            
          Thirdly, it must be remembered that in paragraph 169 of the Decision the Commission pointed out that a 20% reduction in the
         fines was granted for all companies, including the applicant, in view of the fact that they had not contested the factual
         basis of the Commission's statement of objections. The applicant cannot therefore complain that its cooperation with the Commission
         was not taken into account in the calculation of the fine, or that greater account ought to have been taken, absent any further
         information on the nature and extent of that cooperation. 
         
         
         200
            
          Nor can the applicant reproach the Commission for failing to reduce the fine further on account of the applicant's alleged
         ignorance of the fact that its conduct was unlawful because the confusion created by the legislative and political framework
         imposed by the Greek authorities concerning domestic traffic was in fact taken into account and the undertakings were allowed
         a 15% reduction on account of it (in paragraph 163 of the Decision). 
         
         
         201
            
          Lastly, the Court does not accept the argument drawn from the alleged implementation of a programme for compliance with competition
         rules. Admittedly, it is important that the applicant should take measures to prevent any future infringement of Community
         competition law by its staff, but that does not affect the fact and scope of the infringement found. The mere fact that, in
         certain cases, the Commission took account in earlier decisions of the introduction of an information programme as a mitigating
         circumstance does not mean that it was under an obligation to do so in this case (
         PVC II, cited above, paragraph 1162). Its desire to cooperate with the Commission, evidenced by the fact that it did not dispute
         the facts on which the complaints set out in the Decision rest, has already been taken into account by the Commission, resulting
         in a 20% reduction in the fine.  
         
         
         202
            
          It follows that the third limb of this plea must be rejected and thus also the plea in its entirety. 
         
         
         203
            
          In the light of all the foregoing, the action must be dismissed in its entirety. 
         
         Costs
         204
            
          Under Article 87(2) of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of First Instance, the unsuccessful party is to be ordered to pay
         the costs if they have been applied for in the successful party's pleadings. Since the applicant has been unsuccessful and
         the Commission has applied for costs, the applicant must be ordered to pay the Commission's costs. 
         
         On those grounds, 
         
         
         
            
            THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE (Fifth Chamber)
         
         
          hereby:  
         
            
            1.
             Dismisses the application; 
            
            2.
             Orders the applicant to bear its own costs and to pay those incurred by the Commission. 
            
                  Cooke
               
               
                  García-Valdecasas 
               
               
                  Lindh 
               
            
                  
               
               
                  
               
               
                  
               
            
                  
               
               
                  
               
               
                  
               
            
                  
               
               
                  
               
               
                  
               
            
                  
               
               
                  
               
               
                  
               
            
            
            
            
            
            
            
            
         
         
          Delivered in open court in Luxembourg on 11 December 2003. 
         
         
         
         
                  H. Jung
               
               
                  P. Lindh  
               
            
         
         
         
                  Registrar
               
               
                  President
               
            
         
            
         
      
          1 –
            
             Language of the case: Greek.