CELEX: 62005CJ0193
Language: en
Date: 2006-09-19 00:00:00
Title: Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 19 September 2006. # Commission of the European Communities v Grand Duchy of Luxemburg. # Failure of a Member State to fulfil obligations - Freedom of establishment - Directive 98/5/EC - Practice of the profession of lawyer on a permanent basis in a Member State other than that in which the qualification was obtained - Prior examination of knowledge of the languages of the host Member State - Prohibition on being a person authorised to accept service (domiciliataire) on behalf of companies - Requirement to produce each year the certificate of registration with the competent authority of the home Member State. # Case C-193/05.

Case C-193/05
      Commission of the European Communities
      v
      Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
      (Failure of a Member State to fulfil obligations – Freedom of establishment – Directive 98/5/EC – Practice of the profession of lawyer on a permanent basis in a Member State other than that in which the qualification was
         obtained – Prior examination of knowledge of the languages of the host Member State – Prohibition on being a person authorised to accept service (domiciliataire) on behalf of companies – Requirement to produce each year the certificate of registration with the competent authority of the home Member State)
      
      Summary of the Judgment
      1.        Freedom of movement for persons – Freedom of establishment – Lawyers – Practice of the profession on a permanent basis in
            a Member State other than that in which the qualification was obtained – Directive 98/5 
      (European Parliament and Council Directive 98/5, Arts 3, 4 and 5(3))
      2.        Freedom of movement for persons – Freedom of establishment – Lawyers – Practice of the profession on a permanent basis in
            a Member State other than that in which the qualification was obtained – Directive 98/5 
      (European Parliament and Council Directive 98/5, Arts 2 and 5(2) and (3))
      3.        Freedom of movement for persons – Freedom of establishment – Lawyers – Practice of the profession on a permanent basis in
            a Member State other than that in which the qualification was obtained – Directive 98/5 
      (European Parliament and Council Directive 98/5, Arts 7(2) and 13)
      1.        Article 3 of Directive 98/5 to facilitate practice of the profession of lawyer on a permanent basis in a Member State other
         than that in which the qualification was obtained precludes a Member State from making registration with the competent national
         authorities subject to a prior language test for lawyers who have obtained their qualification in another Member State and
         who wish to practise under their home-country professional title.
      
      The Community legislature undertook, in Article 3, a complete harmonisation of the preliminary conditions required for the
         exercise of the right Directive 98/5 confers, by providing for presentation to the competent authority of the host Member
         State of a certificate attesting to registration with the competent authority of the home Member State to be the only condition
         to which registration of the person concerned in the host Member State may be subject, enabling him to practise in the latter
         State under his home-country professional title.
      
      The Community legislature, with a view to making it easier for a particular class of migrant lawyers to exercise the fundamental
         freedom of establishment, did not opt for a system of prior testing of the knowledge of the persons concerned.
      
      However, the exclusion of a system of prior testing of the knowledge, particularly of languages, for European lawyers is accompanied
         in Directive 98/5 by a set of rules intended to ensure, to a level acceptable in the Community, the protection of consumers
         and the proper administration of justice.
      
      (see paras 35-37, 39, 41-43, 47, operative part)
      2.        Article 5 of Directive 98/5 to facilitate practice of the profession of lawyer on a permanent basis in a Member State other
         than that in which the qualification was obtained precludes a prohibition by the host Member State on European lawyers being
         persons authorised to accept service on behalf of companies.
      
      Directive 98/5 lays down, in Articles 2 and 5, the principle that European lawyers are entitled to pursue the same professional
         activities as lawyers practising under the professional title of the host Member State, subject to the exceptions laid down
         in Article 5(2) and (3). Therefore, the Member States are not authorised to provide in their national law for any exceptions
         to that principle other than those set out expressly and exhaustively in that article.
      
      Furthermore, the introduction or retention of national provisions which prejudice that principle cannot be justified by the
         risk of abuse, as Directive 98/5 provides, inter alia, for a combination of the professional rules of conduct to be observed
         by the European lawyer, for compulsory professional liability insurance or membership of a professional guarantee fund, and
         for a disciplinary system involving the competent authorities of both the home Member State and the host State.
      
      (see paras 56-57, 59-61)
      3.        Directive 98/5 to facilitate practice of the profession of lawyer on a permanent basis in a Member State other than that in
         which the qualification was obtained precludes rules in the host Member State requiring European lawyers to produce each year
         a certificate of registration with the competent authority of their home Member State. In light of the fact that the directive
         provides, in Article 7(2) and Article 13, for measures enabling the authority of the host Member State to ensure continuing
         compliance by the European lawyer with the condition of registration with the competent authority of the home Member State,
         such a formality is an administrative measure which is disproportionate to its objective, and therefore unjustified under
         Directive 98/5.
      
       (see paras 67-71)
JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (Grand Chamber)
      19 September 2006 (*)
      
      (Failure of a Member State to fulfil obligations – Freedom of establishment – Directive 98/5/EC – Practice of the profession of lawyer on a permanent basis in a Member State other than that in which the qualification was
         obtained – Prior examination of knowledge of the languages of the host Member State – Prohibition on being a person authorised to accept service (domiciliataire) on behalf of companies – Requirement to produce each year the certificate of registration with the competent authority of the home Member State)
      
      In Case C-193/05,
      ACTION under Article 226 EC for failure to fulfil obligations, brought on 29 April 2005,
      Commission of the European Communities, represented by D. Maidani and A. Bordes, acting as Agents, with an address for service in Luxembourg,
      
      applicant,
      v
      Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, represented by S. Schreiner, acting as Agent, and L. Dupong, avocat,
      
      defendant,
      THE COURT (Grand Chamber),
      composed of V. Skouris, President, P. Jann, C.W.A. Timmermans and A. Rosas, Presidents of Chambers, J.-P. Puissochet, R. Schintgen,
         K. Lenaerts (Rapporteur), E. Juhász, E. Levits, A. Ó Caoimh and L. Bay Larsen, Judges,
      
      Advocate General: C. Stix-Hackl,
      Registrar: K. Sztranc-Sławiczek, Administrator,
      having regard to the written procedure and further to the hearing on 14 March 2006,
      after hearing the Opinion of the Advocate General at the sitting on 11 May 2006,
      gives the following
      Judgment
      1        By its application, the Commission of the European Communities has brought an action for a declaration that by maintaining
         with respect to lawyers having obtained their professional qualification in another Member State and who wish to establish
         themselves in its territory under their home-country professional title requirements concerning language knowledge, a prohibition
         on being a person authorised to accept service on behalf of companies, and the obligation to produce each year a certificate
         attesting to registration with the competent authority in the home Member State, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg has failed
         to fulfil its obligations under Directive 98/5/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 February 1998 to facilitate
         practice of the profession of lawyer on a permanent basis in a Member State other than that in which the qualification was
         obtained (OJ 1998 L 77, p. 36).
      
       Legal background
       Directive 98/5
      2        The first subparagraph of Article 2 of Directive 98/5 provides: ‘Any lawyer shall be entitled to pursue on a permanent basis,
         in any other Member State under his home-country professional title, the activities specified in Article 5.’
      
      3        Article 3 of Directive 98/5, entitled ‘Registration with the competent authority’, provides:
      
      ‘1.      A lawyer who wishes to practise in a Member State other than that in which he obtained his professional qualification shall
         register with the competent authority in that State.
      
      2.      The competent authority in the host Member State shall register the lawyer upon presentation of a certificate attesting to
         his registration with the competent authority in the home Member State. It may require that, when presented by the competent
         authority of the home Member State, the certificate be not more than three months old. It shall inform the competent authority
         in the home Member State of the registration.
      
      …’
      4        Article 5 of Directive 98/5, entitled ‘Area of activity’, states:
      
      ‘1.      Subject to paragraphs 2 and 3, a lawyer practising under his home-country professional title carries on the same professional
         activities as a lawyer practising under the relevant professional title used in the host Member State and may, inter alia,
         give advice on the law of his home Member State, on Community law, on international law and on the law of the host Member
         State. He shall in any event comply with the rules of procedure applicable in the national courts.
      
      2.      Member States which authorise in their territory a prescribed category of lawyers to prepare deeds for obtaining title to
         administer estates of deceased persons and for creating or transferring interests in land which, in other Member States, are
         reserved for professions other than that of lawyer may exclude from such activities lawyers practising under a home-country
         professional title conferred in one of the latter Member States.
      
      3.      For the pursuit of activities relating to the representation or defence of a client in legal proceedings and in so far as
         the law of the host Member State reserves such activities to lawyers practising under the professional title of that State,
         the latter may require lawyers practising under their home-country professional titles to work in conjunction with a lawyer
         who practises before the judicial authority in question and who would, where necessary, be answerable to that authority or
         with an “avoué” practising before it.
      
      Nevertheless, in order to ensure the smooth operation of the justice system, Member States may lay down specific rules for
         access to supreme courts, such as the use of specialist lawyers.’
      
      5        Article 7 of Directive 98/5, entitled ‘Disciplinary proceedings’, provides in subparagraph 2:
      
      ‘Before initiating disciplinary proceedings against a lawyer practising under his home-country professional title, the competent
         authority in the host Member State shall inform the competent authority in the home Member State as soon as possible, furnishing
         it with all the relevant details.
      
      The first subparagraph shall apply mutatis mutandis where disciplinary proceedings are initiated by the competent authority of the home Member State, which shall inform the
         competent authority of the host Member State(s) accordingly.’
      
      6        Article 10 of Directive 98/5, entitled ‘Like treatment as a lawyer of the host Member State’, contains the following provisions:
      
      ‘1.      A lawyer practising under his home-country professional title who has effectively and regularly pursued for a period of at
         least three years an activity in the host Member State in the law of that State including Community law shall, with a view
         to gaining admission to the profession of lawyer in the host Member State, be exempted from the conditions set out in Article
         4(1)(b) of [Council] Directive 89/48/EEC [of 21 December 1988 on a general system for the recognition of higher-education
         diplomas awarded on completion of professional education and training of at least three years’ duration (OJ 1989 L 19, p.
         16]. “Effective and regular pursuit” means actual exercise of the activity without any interruption other than that resulting
         from the events of everyday life.
      
      …
      3.      A lawyer practising under his home-country professional title who has effectively and regularly pursued a professional activity
         in the host Member State for a period of at least three years but for a lesser period in the law of that Member State may
         obtain from the competent authority of that State admission to the profession of lawyer in the host Member State and the right
         to practise it under the professional title corresponding to the profession in that Member State, without having to meet the
         conditions referred to in Article 4(1)(b) of Directive 89/48 … under the conditions and in accordance with the procedures
         set out below:
      
      (a)      The competent authority of the host Member State shall take into account the effective and regular professional activity pursued
         during the abovementioned period and any knowledge and professional experience of the law of the host Member State, and any
         attendance at lectures or seminars on the law of the host Member State, including the rules regulating professional practice
         and conduct.
      
      …’
      7        Article 13 of Directive 98/5, entitled ‘Cooperation between the competent authorities in the home and host Member States and
         confidentiality’, provides in the first subparagraph:
      
      ‘In order to facilitate the application of this Directive and to prevent its provisions from being misapplied for the sole
         purpose of circumventing the rules applicable in the host Member State, the competent authority in the host Member State and
         the competent authority in the home Member State shall collaborate closely and afford each other mutual assistance.’
      
       National law
      8        The exercise of the profession of lawyer and the activity of accepting service on behalf of companies are governed in the
         Grand Duchy of Luxembourg by the Law of 10 August 1991 on the profession of lawyer (Mémorial A 1991, p. 1110, ‘the Law of 10 August 1991’) and the Law of 31 May 1999 on authorising the acceptance of service on behalf
         of companies (Mémorial A 1999, p. 1681, ‘the Law of 31 May 1999’).
      
      9        Those laws were amended by the Law of 13 November 2002 on the transposition into Luxembourg law of Directive 98/5/EC of the
         European Parliament and of the Council of 16 February 1998 to facilitate practice of the profession of lawyer on a permanent
         basis in a Member State other than that in which the qualification was obtained, amending (1) the amended Law of 10 August
         1991 on the profession of lawyer; (2) the Law of 31 May 1999 on authorising the acceptance of service on behalf of companies
         (Mémorial A 2002, p. 3202, ‘the Law of 13 November 2002’).
      
      10      Article 5 of the Law of 10 August 1991 provides: 
      
      ‘No one may practise as a lawyer if he is not registered in the register of a Bar Association established in the Grand Duchy
         of Luxembourg.’
      
      11      Article 6 of the Law of 10 August 1991 provides:
      
      ‘1.      In order to be registered on the Bar Register a person must:
      (a)      satisfy the requirement of good character;
      (b)      prove that he fulfils the requirements for admission to a traineeship.
      By way of exception the Bar Council may exempt applicants who have completed their professional training in their home State
         and who prove that they have practised the profession for at least five years from certain requirements for admission to a
         traineeship.
      
      (c)      be of Luxembourg nationality or a national of a Member State of the European Communities. An applicant who is a national of
         a State which is not a Member of the European Community may be exempted by the Bar Council from this requirement after it
         has consulted the Minister for Justice and been provided with proof of mutuality on the part of the State in question. The
         same applies for applicants who have the status of political refugee and who are granted asylum in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.
      
      2.      Before being registered on the Bar Register, an applicant, on presentation by the President of the Bar Council or his representative,
         shall swear an oath before the Cour de cassation (Court of Cassation) in the following terms: “I swear loyalty to the Grand
         Duke, obedience to the Constitution and the laws of the State; I swear to respect the authority of the courts; I swear that
         I will refrain from giving advice in relation to or defending any cause which I do not believe on my soul and conscience to
         be just”.’
      
      12      The conditions for registration were amended by Article 14 of the Law of 13 November 2002. Inter alia, that law inserted into
         Article 6(1) of the Law of 10 August 1991 point (d), which lays down the following condition for registration:
      
      ‘be proficient in the language of statutory provisions as well as the administrative and court languages as provided for by
         the Law of 24 February 1984 on the language regime’.
      
      13      The language of statutory provisions is governed by Article 2 of the Law of 24 February 1984 on the language regime (Mémorial A 1984, p. 196) in the following terms:
      
      ‘Statutes and their implementing provisions shall be in French. Where statutes and regulatory acts are accompanied by a translation,
         only the French text is authentic.
      
      If regulations not referred to in the foregoing paragraph are laid down by an organ of the State, by communes or by public
         bodies in a language other than French, only the text in the language used by that body is authentic.
      
      This article does not derogate from the provisions applicable to international agreements.’
      14      The administrative and court languages are governed by Article 3 of the Law of 24 February 1984 on the language regime in
         the following terms:
      
      ‘In administrative, contentious or non-contentious proceedings and legal matters, the French, German or the Luxembourg languages
         may be used, subject to special provisions on certain matters.’
      
      15      In accordance with Article 3(1) of the Law of 13 November 2002, a lawyer who has obtained his qualification in a Member State
         other than the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (‘a European lawyer’) must be registered with one of the Bar Associations of that
         Member State in order to practise there under his home-country professional title.
      
      16      Article 3(2) of that law provides:
      
      ‘The Bar Council of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, when considering a European lawyer’s application to practise the profession
         of lawyer under his home-country professional title, shall register him in the Bar Register of the Bar Association following
         a hearing enabling the Bar Council to verify whether the European lawyer is proficient in at least the languages specified
         in Article 6(1)(d) of the Law of 10 August 1991, and upon presentation of the documents specified in Article 6(1)(a), (c),
         first sentence, and (d) of the Law of 10 August 1991, and the certificate of registration of the European lawyer in question
         with the competent authority of his home Member State. That certificate from the home Member State shall be submitted of new
         each year in January and shall not be more than three months old.
      
      …’.
      17      In its original version, Article 1(1) of the Law of 31 May 1999 stated:
      
      ‘Where a company establishes an official address with a third party in order to pursue activities within the scope of its
         business from that address, and that third party provides any services connected with that activity, the company and the third
         party, called the domiciliataire (the person authorised to accept service on behalf of the company), shall conclude a written
         agreement called a domiciliation agreement.
      
      Only a registered member of one of the following regulated professions, established in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, may
         be a person authorised to accept service: credit institution or other professional in the financial and insurance sectors,
         lawyer, company auditor, accountant.’
      
      18      The second subparagraph of that provision was amended as follows by Article 15 of the Law of 13 November 2002:
      
      ‘Only a registered member of one of the following regulated professions, established in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, may
         be a person authorised to accept service: credit institution or other professional in the financial and insurance sectors,
         lawyer registered in List I of the Bar Register referred to by Article 8(3) of the amended Law on the profession of lawyer,
         company auditor, accountant.’
      
      19      Under Article 8(3) of the Law of 10 August 1991, as amended by Article 14(V) of the Law of 13 November 2002, the register
         of lawyers comprises four lists:
      
      ‘1.      List I: lawyers who satisfy the requirements of Articles 5 and 6 and who have passed the examination at the end of the traineeship
         provided for by law;
      
      2.      List II: lawyers who satisfy the requirements of Articles 5 and 6;
      3.      List III: non-practising lawyers;
      4.      List IV: lawyers who practise under their home-country professional titles.’
       Pre-litigation procedure
      20      In 2003, the Commission received a complaint concerning the existence of obstacles to European lawyers practising the profession
         of lawyer on a permanent basis under their home-country professional titles in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. The obstacles
         complained of arose, first, from the fact that the Law of 13 November 2002 makes the registration of European lawyers on the
         register of one of the Bar Associations in Luxembourg subject to a language test, second, that the law makes the maintenance
         of that registration subject to the production each year of a certificate of registration with the competent authority of
         the home Member State and, third, from the prohibition on European lawyers being persons authorised to accept service on behalf
         of companies in Luxembourg.
      
      21      On 17 October 2003, the Commission sent a letter of formal notice to Luxembourg, requesting a reply within two months. The
         Luxembourg Government replied by letter of 23 December 2003.
      
      22      On 9 July 2004, the Commission sent that Member State a reasoned opinion under Article 226 EC which also laid down a period
         of two months within which the latter was to comply therewith. The Member State replied to the reasoned opinion by letter
         of 23 September 2004.
      
      23      Since the Commission considered the explanations given by the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg in its reply to the reasoned opinion
         to be unsatisfactory it decided to bring the present action.
      
       The action
       The first complaint, relating to the prior language test
       Arguments of the parties
      24      The Commission submits that under Article 3(2) of Directive 98/5 the registration of a European lawyer with the competent
         authorities of the host Member State may be subject only to administrative formalities and not, as also provided in Article
         3(2) of the Law of 13 November 2002, a prior language test.
      
      25      The Commission refers in that connection to the judgment in Case C-168/98 Luxembourg v Parliament and Council [2000] ECR I-9131, particularly paragraph 43 thereof.
      
      26      The Commission further submits that the registration of European lawyers who wish to practise under their home-country professional
         title cannot be subject to the same conditions, and linguistic conditions in particular, as the registration of lawyers who
         wish to practise under the professional title of the host Member State.
      
      27      Finally, it points out that, given the nature of the cases usually dealt with by European lawyers, it is not necessary for
         them to have knowledge of the languages of the host Member State.
      
      28      The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg submits, first of all, that the language requirements apply to all lawyers wishing to register
         with one of the Bar Associations in its territory. It adds that a lawyer cannot rely on the fact that he is a foreigner to
         claim the right to address the administration or a Luxembourg court in a language other than the administrative and court
         languages in force in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. 
      
      29      Next, referring to the judgment in Case C-424/97 Haim [2000] ECR I-5123, relating to the profession of dentist, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg submits that the grounds put forward
         in that judgment, relating to the need for reliability of communication with clients, administrative authorities and professional
         bodies of the host Member State, militate in favour of language requirements for European lawyers.
      
      30      The Luxembourg Government states in that regard that, since European lawyers are authorised to give advice on Luxembourg law,
         it is reasonable to require them to be proficient in the languages that enable them to read and understand Luxembourg legal
         texts.
      
      31      The Luxembourg Government stresses that, in criminal matters, penalty notices issued by the police following road traffic
         accidents are generally written in German, as are the tax laws in force in Luxembourg, which require reference to case-law
         and commentaries written in German.
      
      32      The Luxembourg Government also states that before the lower courts where representation by a lawyer is not required the Luxembourg
         language is generally used by a Luxembourg party who appears in person, and that many Luxembourg nationals speak only in their
         mother tongue when they consult a lawyer.
      
      33      It also observes that the rules of professional conduct in force in Luxembourg are written in French.
      
       Findings of the Court
      34      As is clear from recital (6) in the preamble to Directive 98/5, by that directive, the Community legislature sought to put
         an end to the differences in national rules on the conditions for registration with the competent authorities which gave rise
         to inequalities and obstacles to freedom of movement (see also, to that effect, Luxembourg v Parliament and Council, paragraph 64).
      
      35      In that context, Article 3 of Directive 98/5 provides that a lawyer who wishes to practise in a Member State other than that
         in which he obtained his professional qualification must register with the competent authority in that State, which must register
         him ‘upon presentation of a certificate attesting to his registration with the competent authority in the home Member State’.
      
      36      Given the objective of Directive 98/5, set out in paragraph 34 of this judgment, it must be held that the Community legislature
         undertook, in Article 3, a complete harmonisation of the preliminary conditions required for the exercise of the right it
         confers.
      
      37      It is thus apparent that presentation to the competent authority of the host Member State of a certificate attesting to registration
         with the competent authority of the home Member State is the only condition to which registration of the person concerned
         in the host Member State may be subject, enabling him to practise in the latter State under his home-country professional
         title.
      
      38      That analysis is confirmed by the Explanatory Memorandum on the Proposal for a European Parliament and Council Directive to
         facilitate practice of the profession of lawyer on a permanent basis in a Member State other than that in which the qualification
         was obtained (COM(94) 572 final), in which, in the comments on Article 3, it is stated that ‘[r]egistration [with the competent
         authority of the host Member State] is an automatic entitlement where the applicant furnishes proof of his registration with
         the competent authority in his home Member State’.
      
      39      As the Court has already noted, the Community legislature, with a view to making it easier for a particular class of migrant
         lawyers to exercise the fundamental freedom of establishment, did not opt for a system of prior testing of the knowledge of
         the persons concerned (see Luxembourg v Parliamentand Council, paragraph 43).
      
      40      Thus Directive 98/5 does not allow the registration of a European lawyer with the competent authority of the host Member State
         to be conditional on a hearing designed to enable that authority to determine whether the person concerned is proficient in
         the languages of that Member State. 
      
      41      As the Commission submits, the exclusion of a system of prior testing of the knowledge, particularly of languages, for European
         lawyers is, however, accompanied in Directive 98/5 by a set of rules intended to ensure, to a level acceptable in the Community,
         the protection of consumers and the proper administration of justice (see Luxembourg v Parliament and Council, paragraphs 32 and 33).
      
      42      Thus, the purpose of  the obligation imposed by Article 4 of Directive 98/5 on European lawyers to practise under their home-country
         professional title in the host Member State is, according to recital (9) in the preamble to that directive, to make clear
         the distinction between such lawyers and lawyers from the host Member State, so that clients are aware that the professional
         to whom they entrust the defence of their interests has not obtained his qualification in that Member State (see, to that
         effect, Luxembourg v Parliament and Council, paragraph 34) and does not necessarily have the knowledge, in particular of languages, which is adequate to deal with the
         case.
      
      43      As regards activities relating to representation and defence of a client in legal proceedings, Member States are permitted,
         in accordance with Article 5(3) of Directive 98/5, to require European lawyers practising under their home-country professional
         title to work in conjunction with a lawyer who practises before the judicial authority in question and who would, where necessary,
         be answerable to that authority, or with an ‘avoué’ practising before it. That option, which the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
         has exercised in respect of acts and procedures which according to the laws and regulations of that Member State must be dealt
         with by a lawyer, as is clear from Article 5(4) of the Law of 13 November 2002, compensates for any lack of proficiency on
         the part of the European lawyer in the court languages of the host Member State. 
      
      44      Under Articles 6 and 7 of Directive 98/5, a European lawyer must comply not only with the rules of professional conduct applicable
         in his home Member State but also with those of the host Member State, failing which he will incur disciplinary sanctions
         and exposure to professional liability (see Luxembourg v Parliament and Council, paragraphs 36 to 41). One of the rules of professional conduct applicable to lawyers is an obligation, like that provided
         for in the Code of Conduct adopted by the Council of Bars and Law Societies of the European Union (CCBE), breach of which
         may lead to disciplinary sanctions, not to handle matters which the professionals concerned know or ought to know they are
         not competent to handle, for instance owing to lack of linguistic knowledge (see, to that effect, Luxembourg v Parliament and Council, paragraph 42). Communication with clients, the administrative authorities and professional bodies of the host Member State,
         like compliance with the rules of professional conduct laid down by the authorities of that Member State, requires a European
         lawyer to have sufficient linguistic knowledge or recourse to assistance where that knowledge is insufficient.
      
      45      It is also important to point out, as the Commission did, that one of the objectives of Directive 98/5, according to recital
         (5) in the preamble, is, ‘by enabling lawyers to practise under their home-country professional titles on a permanent basis
         in a host Member State, [to meet] the needs of consumers of legal services who, owing to the increasing trade flows resulting,
         in particular, from the internal market, seek advice when carrying out cross-border transactions in which international law,
         Community law and domestic laws often overlap’. Such international cases, like those to which the law of a Member State other
         than the host Member State is applicable, may not require a degree of knowledge of the languages of the latter Member State
         as high as that required to deal with matters in which the law of that Member State is applicable.
      
      46      Finally, it must be observed that like treatment of European lawyers and lawyers of the host Member State, which Directive
         98/5 is designed to facilitate, according to recital (14) in the preamble, requires, under Article 10, that the person concerned
         proves that he has effectively and regularly pursued for a period of at least three years an activity in the law of that State
         or, where the period is shorter, that he has other knowledge, training or professional experience relating to that law. Such
         a measure enables European lawyers wishing to integrate into the profession of the host Member State to become familiar with
         the language(s) of that Member State.
      
      47      In light of the foregoing, it must be held that, by making the registration of a European lawyer with the competent national
         authority subject to a prior language test, the Luxembourg law is contrary to Article 3 of Directive 98/5.
      
      48      It follows that the first complaint raised by the Commission is well founded.
      
       The second complaint, concerning the prohibition on European lawyers acting as persons authorised to accept service on behalf
            of companies in Luxembourg
       Arguments of the parties
      49      The Commission submits that the prohibition on European lawyers being persons authorised to accept service on behalf of companies
         is contrary to Article 5 of Directive 98/5.
      
      50      It adds that European lawyers cannot be compared to Luxembourg lawyers in List II of the Register of lawyers, in respect of
         whom the exercise of those activities is also prohibited. Whereas that list concerns lawyers who have been admitted to a legal
         traineeship and whose final qualification depends on success in the examination at the end of the legal traineeship, European
         lawyers are fully qualified lawyers.
      
      51      The Commission also states that the requirement of knowledge of Luxembourg national law cannot justify a restriction on the
         activities of European lawyers.
      
      52      The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg argues that in the Law of 31 May 1999 the Luxembourg legislature, wishing to put an end to certain
         abuses harmful to the reputation of the Luxembourg market, related to the use of fictitious company addresses, sought to reserve,
         on grounds of public policy, the activity of accepting service on behalf of companies to professionals familiar with national
         law and practice in that field.
      
      53      Emphasising that, under the Law of 31 May 1999, the person authorised to accept service has the task of supervising compliance
         by the company on whose behalf he acts with the legal requirements for access to business professions and the national provisions
         on registration for social security purposes and calling general meetings, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg claims that pursuit
         of the activity of accepting service on behalf of companies requires professional experience and a good knowledge of company
         law, which is why the Luxembourg legislature excluded trainee lawyers registered on List II of the Register of lawyers and
         European lawyers from that activity.
      
      54      The Luxembourg Government also argues that, as long as they practise under their home-country professional title, lawyers
         who are fully qualified in their home State are not treated in the same way as those in the host Member State, but that it
         is possible for them, pursuant to Directive 98/5, to be integrated into the profession in the latter State after a period
         deemed necessary for the acquisition of professional experience in that Member State and under the conditions provided for
         in Article 10.
      
       Findings of the Court
      55      As is clear from recital (6) in the preamble to Directive 98/5, one of the objectives of that directive is to lay down the
         conditions governing practice of the profession by lawyers practising under their home-country professional title as regards,
         in particular, the area of their activities, so as, first, to put an end to the diversity of national situations in that field
         and the inequalities and obstacles to freedom of movement which result, and, second, to afford the same opportunities to lawyers
         and consumers of legal services in all Member States.
      
      56      For that purpose, Directive 98/5 lays down, in Articles 2 and 5, the principle that European lawyers are entitled to pursue
         the same professional activities as lawyers practising under the professional title of the host Member State, subject to the
         exceptions laid down in Article 5(2) and (3).
      
      57      In those circumstances, as the Commission submits, the Member States are not authorised to provide in their national law for
         any exceptions to that principle other than those set out expressly and exhaustively in Article 5(2) and (3) of Directive
         98/5.
      
      58      It is common ground that the activity of accepting service on behalf of companies is not capable of falling within either
         the exception in Article 5(2) or that in Article 5(3) of Directive 98/5.
      
      59      As regards the risk of abuse mentioned by the Luxembourg Government, such factors cannot be relied on in order to confer legitimacy
         on the introduction or retention of national provisions which prejudice the principle laid down in Article 5(1) of Directive
         98/5, the exceptions to which have been specified in the harmonised rules laid down by Article 5(2) and (3) (see, by way of
         analogy, Case C-59/01 Commission v Italy [2003] ECR I-1759, paragraph 38).
      
      60      It should be observed, moreover, that Directive 98/5 provides, inter alia, for a combination of the professional rules of
         conduct to be observed by the European lawyer, for compulsory professional liability insurance or membership of a professional
         guarantee fund, and for a disciplinary system involving the competent authorities of both the home Member State and the host
         State (see, to that effect, Luxembourg v Parliament and Council, paragraph 43).
      
      61      Consequently, it must be held that, inasmuch as they prohibit European lawyers from being persons authorised to accept service
         on behalf of companies in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Luxembourg provisions are contrary to Article 5 of Directive
         98/5.
      
      62      It follows that the Commission’s second complaint is well founded.
      
       The third complaint, relating to the obligation to produce every year a certificate of registration with the competent authority
            in the home Member State
       Arguments of the parties
      63      The Commission states that although the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg indicated in its response to the reasoned opinion that it
         had taken note of the arguments set out therein, according to which that requirement constitutes an unjustified administrative
         burden, the requirement remains part of the Law of 13 November 2002. 
      
      64      On this issue the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg simply refers to that response.
      
       Findings of the Court
      65      In its response to the reasoned opinion and in the proceedings before the Court, the Luxembourg Government has not put forward
         any matter capable of casting doubt on the merits of the third complaint.
      
      66      In its letter of 23 December 2003 in response to the letter of formal notice from the Commission of 17 October 2003, the Luxembourg
         Government stated that the contested measure is necessary to ensure continuing compliance by the European lawyers with the
         condition of registration with the competent authority of the home Member State.
      
      67      As the Commission stated in the course of the pre-litigation procedure, Directive 98/5 provides, in Article 7(2), first, that
         the competent authority in the home Member State is to inform the competent authority in the host Member State(s) when disciplinary
         proceedings are initiated against a lawyer practising outside the former Member State under his home-country professional
         title.
      
      68      Furthermore, Article 13 of Directive 98/5 requires the competent authorities in the home Member State and the host Member
         State to collaborate closely and afford each other mutual assistance. 
      
      69      Such measures enable the authority of the host Member State to ensure continuing compliance by the European lawyer with the
         condition of registration with the competent authority of the home Member State.
      
      70      The formality imposed by Luxembourg law is thus an administrative measure which is disproportionate to its objective, and
         therefore unjustified under Directive 98/5.
      
      71      In light of the foregoing, it must be held that, inasmuch as they impose on European lawyers the obligation to produce each
         year a certificate of registration with the competent authority of his home Member State, the Luxembourg provisions are contrary
         to Directive 98/5.
      
      72      It follows that the Commission’s third complaint is well founded.
      
      73      In light of all of the foregoing considerations, it must be held that, by making registration with the competent national
         authorities subject to a prior language test for European lawyers wishing to practise under their home-country professional
         title in Luxembourg, by prohibiting those lawyers from being persons authorised to accept service on behalf of companies,
         and by requiring them to produce each year a certificate of registration with the competent authority of their home Member
         State, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg has failed to fulfil its obligations under Directive 98/5.
      
       Costs
      74      Under Article 69(2) of the Rules of Procedure, the unsuccessful party is to be ordered to pay the costs if they have been
         applied for in the successful party’s pleadings. Since the Commission has applied for costs and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
         has been unsuccessful, the latter must be ordered to pay the costs.
      
      On those grounds, the Court (Grand Chamber) hereby rules:
      1.      By making registration with the competent national authorities subject to a prior language test for lawyers who have obtained
            their qualification in a Member State other than the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and who wish to practise under their home-country
            professional title in the latter Member State, by prohibiting those lawyers from being persons authorised to accept service
            on behalf of companies, and by requiring them to produce each year a certificate of registration with the competent authority
            of their home Member State, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg has failed to fulfil its obligations under Directive 98/5/EC of
            the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 February 1998 to facilitate practice of the profession of lawyer on a permanent
            basis in a Member State other than that in which the qualification was obtained.
      2.      The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is ordered to pay the costs.
      [Signatures]
      * Language of the case: French.