CELEX: 31988D0416
Language: en
Date: 1988-06-29 00:00:00
Title: 88/416/EEC: Council Decision of 29 June 1988 on a Community programme in the field of road transport informatics and telecommunications (Drive)

30 . 7 . 88
                                            Official Journal of the European Communities                                    No L 206 / 1
                                                                     II
                                             (Acts whose publication is not obligatory)
                                                           COUNCIL
                                                         COUNCIL DECISION
                                                            of 29 June 1988
                              on a Community programme in the field of road transport informatics and
                                                      telecommunications (Drive)
                                                            ( 88 / 416 / EEC)
   THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,                                Whereas the European Parliament, in its assessment of the
                                                                           situation and development of road transport, stressed the
                                                                           latter's role for the future political, social and economic
   Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European                   development of the Community and made particular
   Economic Community and in particular Article 130Q (2)                   reference to the need to develop electronic road safety aids
   thereof,                                                                and by its adoption of the report of its Committee on
                                                                           Economic and Monetary Affairs and Industrial Policy on
   Having regard to the proposal from the Commission ( J ),                the European Community automobile industry
                                                                           demonstrated the European dimension of this industry ;
  In cooperation with the European Parliament (2),
                                                                          Whereas the Council in its resolution of 19 December 1984
  Having regard to the opinion of the Economic and Social                 on road safety (4) invited the Commission to submit
  Committee ( 3 ),                                                        proposals ;
  Whereas the Community has as its task, by establishing a
  common market and progressively approximating the                       Whereas the Single European Act provides a new political
  economic policies of Member States, inter alia to promote               and legal base for the development of a scientific and
  throughout the Community a harmonious development of                    technological strategy with particular importance being
  economic activity and closer relations between the Member              given to the goal of promoting industrial competitiveness ;
  States belonging to it;
 Whereas the Heads of State and Government emphasized                    Whereas, by Decision 87/ 516 /Euratom/EEC (5), the
 the importance of road transport efficiency, safety and                 Council adopted a framework programme for Community
 environmental compatibility as a major factor for economic              activities in the field of research and technological
 growth and social development within the framework laid                 development ( 1987 to 1991 ) providing for research to be
 down in Article 75 of the Treaty;                                       undertaken in the field of the application of information
                                                                         technology, telecommunications and broadcasting to meet
                                                                         common social needs and in particular road transport ;
(») OJ No C 355 , 31 . 12. 1987 , p . 1 and OJ No C 146 ,
      3 . 6 . 1988 , p . 18 .
(2) OJ No C 94, 11.4.1988 , p. 194 and OJ No C 187,
      18 . 7 . 1988 .
                                                                        ( 4 ) OJ No C 341 , 21 . 12 . 1984 .
( 3) OJ No C 347, 22. 12. 1987, p. 26 .                                 ( s ) OJ No L 302 , 24. 10. 1987, p. 1 .
 ---pagebreak--- No L 206 / 2                              Official Journal of the European Communities                                   30 . 7 . 88
Whereas Article 130K of the Treaty provides for the                  Whereas advances in road transport efficiency and safety
implementation of the framework programme to be carried              will contribute to resolving the problem of intolerable
out by means of specific programmes developed within                 social and other consequences of road accidents;
each activity ;
                                                                     Whereas concerted efforts in this field will contribute to the
Whereas the Council has recognized in its Decision                   creation of the internal market and prevent the formation
877 85 / EEC (*) the importance of standardization in the            of new internal frontiers to road safety ;
field of information technology and telecommunications
and whereas cooperation in prenormative and
precompetitive R&D towards the development of
standards can make a major contribution , notably by                 Whereas the development of common functional
facilitating the evolution towards future more efficient and         specifications for equipment and services will strengthen
safer road transport at regional and local levels ;                  cohesion and permit the less developed regions to benefit
                                                                     fully from the efforts of Member States , thereby leading to
                                                                     improvements of the transport and traffic management
Whereas the Economic and Social Committee has made                   infrastructure developments in the Community;
particular reference to electronic traffic aids on major roads
and to the implementation of a Community programme on
road safety ;                                                        Whereas the development of the road transport
                                                                     infrastructure technology and services offers a wide range
                                                                     of opportunities for small and medium-sized companies in
Whereas the Commission in its proposal for a
                                                                     the manufacture of equipment and in the provision of
medium-term transport infrastructure programme has                   specialized services within the Community;
made specific reference to the importance of stimulating
technological developments for improving transport
performance; whereas this is likely to be of value to exports
and to the enlargement of the internal market, thus                  Whereas , when precompetitive research leading to the
enabling new technologies for European industry to offer             strengthening of European technology is involved , it is
the security of future increases in productivity and                 appropriate for projects carried out in the context of
competitiveness ;                                                    Eureka and Drive to complement and support each other;
Whereas Decision 87 / 516 / Euratom , EEC provides that a            Whereas the Commission has declared at the second
particular aim of Community research shall be to                     Eureka ministerial meeting in London (June 1986 ) its wish
strengthen the scientific and technological basis of                 to support projects relating to road safety and navigation ;
European industry , especially in strategic areas of high
technology , and to encourage it to become more
competitive at international level ; whereas the same
Decision further provides that Community action is                   Whereas the constitution or consolidation of a specifically
justified where research contributes inter alia to the               European industrial potential in the technologies concerned
strengthening of the economic and social cohesion of the             is an urgent necessity ; whereas its beneficiaries must be
Community and the promotion of its overall harmonious                industry , network / broadcasting operators, research
development , while being consistent with the pursuit of             establishments , undertakings , including small and
scientific and technical quality ; whereas it is intended that       medium-sized enterprises , and other bodies established in
the programme for dedicated road infrastructure for vehicle          the Community which are best suited to attain these
safety in Europe , hereafter called the Drive programme,             objectives ;
should contribute to the achievement of these objectives ;
                                                                     Whereas exploratory investigations at Community level
Whereas with the emergence of mobile communication                   have confirmed the requests of participants of Eureka to
services and the progressive introduction of computing in            take advantage of Community cooperation in this field ;
automobiles, the conditions for major improvements for
traffic management , reduction of environmental impact of
road transport and road safety are emerging;
                                                                     Whereas the definition phase of the Prometheus (Eureka)
                                                                     project has confirmed the feasibility of the objectives and
Whereas developments in road transport efficiency and                identified specific work to be undertaken by the
safety will benefit the international competitiveness of the         Community to attain them ;
European economies in general and of industries in
particular;
                                                                     Whereas it is essential that any precompetitive work in a
                                                                     project carried out in coordination with a Community
                                                                     technology project shall adhere to the principles for
(>) OJ No L 36 , 7 . 2 . 1987 , p. 31 .                              Community shared cost projects , especially with regard to
 ---pagebreak---     30 . 7 . 88                           Official Journal of the European Communities                                  No L 206 / 3
   cross-frontier cooperation and the inclusion of small and                                        Article 2
   medium-sized enterprises ;
                                                                       The programme shall consist of the development of a
                                                                       common conceptual framework for cooperation,
   Whereas it is in the Community's interest to consolidate the        prenormative work and technology exploration and the
   scientific and financial basis of European research by              investigation of the non-technological factors as required
   means of a greater extent of involvement of participants           for the objective of concerting European efforts in
   from European third countries in certain Community                 improving road transport efficiency, road safety and
   programmes and particularly in programmes involving                reduction of environmental impact. The work includes the
   cooperation in research and development of road transport          following elements:
   technology;
                                                                         I. Road transport informatics ( RTI) technologies;
   Whereas the Drive programme will benefit from the results            II. Evaluation of strategic options;
   of Esprit and RACE as well as the on-going efforts in              III . Specifications ,    protocols     and    standardization
   standardization ;                                                         proposals.
  Whereas the Commission intends also to propose                      The programme summary and objectives are set out in
                                                                      more detail in Annex II .
  Community programmes in the area of the application of
  information technologies and telecommunications to other
  transport sectors such as rail, sea and air transport;
                                                                                                    Article 3
  Whereas the implementation of concerted actions in the              1 . Projects relating to the programme shall be executed by
  COST framework is an essential element to complement               means of shared cost contracts . Contractors shall be
  industrially-oriented R&D projects;                                expected to bear a substantial proportion of the costs,
                                                                     which should normally be at least 50 % of the total
                                                                     expenditure.
  Whereas the Scientific and Technical Research Committee
  (Crest) has expressed its opinion,                                 Alternatively, in respect of universities and research
                                                                     institutes carrying out projects, the Community may bear
                                                                    up to 100 % of the additional expenditure involved.
 HAS ADOPTED THIS DECISION :                                        2. The proposals for projects shall , as a rule, be submitted
                                                                    in reply to on open invitation to tender and involve the
                                                                    participation of at least two independent partners not all
                                                                    established in the same Member State. At least one of the
                           Article 1                                partners shall be an industrial undertaking. The invitation
                                                                    to tender shall be published in the Official Journal of the
                                                                    European Communities.
 1 . A Community programme in the field of road transport
 informatics and telecommunications, Drive, shall be
 adopted for an initial period of 36 months beginning on            3 . In exceptional cases concerning projects indispensable
 1 June 1988 .                                                      for implementing key requirements of the work plan
                                                                    — where a proposal would involve:
 2 . The programme is designed, in concertation with                          (i) unreasonable burden on the participants,
public and private actions in the field of road transport                         particularly small and medium-sized enterprises
informatics undertaken at national and international level ,                      and research establishments ,
to promote the competitiveness of the Community's
industries, operators and service providers in order to make                ( ii) only one independent partner,
available to the final users , at minimum cost and with                   ( iii) only independent partners established in the same
minimum delay, the improvements in road transport                                 Member State , or
efficiency and safety as well as minimizing the
environmental impact of road transport, thereby                    — where an open tendering procedure would be
contributing to social as well as economic objectives.                    unjustified on grounds of cost or efficiency, or
                                                                   — where the amount of the Community's contribution to
3 . The programme includes Community activity relevant                    the cost does not exceed one million ECU,
to Eureka actions and in particular Prometheus, Europolis
and Carminet in this field with respect to standardization         it may be decided, in accordance with the procedures laid
and common functional specifications relating to the               down in Article 8 , to depart from the general provisions set
development of advanced infrastructure systems.                    out in paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Article .
                                                                                                  4
 ---pagebreak--- No L 206 / 4                                     Official Journal of the European Communities                                   30 . 7 . 88
4. The contracts for all parts of the programme shall                       — the measures to be undertaken to evaluate each part of
be concluded with network operators , research                                   the programme by appropriate organizations, groups
establishements , universities , undertakings , including small                  and other bodies ,
and medium-sized enterprises, and other bodies established
in the Community.                                                           — the assessment of the proposed projects and the
                                                                                 estimated amount of the Community's financial
                                                                                 contribution to them where this contribution is in
                                                                                 excess of 2,5 million ECU ,
                                Article 4
                                                                            — the participation in any project by European
Where Framework Agreements for scientific and technical                          organizations and enterprises as provided for in Article
                                                                                 4.
cooperation between non-Community European countries
and the Community have been concluded , organizations
and enterprises established in these countries may, in                      5 . The Commission may consult the committee referred
accordance with the procedures laid down in Articles 3 and                  to in Article 7 on any matter falling within the scope of this
8 and on the basis of the criterion of mutual advantage ,                   Decision .
become partners to a project undertaken within this
programme .
                                                                                                       Article 7
                                 Article 5                                  The Commission shall be assisted in the performance of its
                                                                            tasks by a committee , hereinafter referred to as 'the
 1 . The funds estimated as necessary for the Community                     committee'. The committee , consisting of two
contribution to the execution of the programme amount to                    representatives of each Member State, shall be set up by the
 60 million ECU over 36 months , including expenditure on                   Commission on the basis of nominations by the Member
 staff whose costs shall not exceed 4,5 % of the                            States .
 Community's contribution .
                                                                            Members of the committee may be assisted by experts or
 2.    The indicative allocation of these funds is set out in               advisers depending on the nature of the issues under
                                                                            consideration .
 Annex I.
                                                                            The committee shall be chaired by a Commission
                                                                            representative .
                                  Article 6
 1 . The Commission shall ensure that the programme is                      The proceedings of the committee shall be confidential .
 properly      performed        and     establish   the    appropriate      The committee shall adopt its own rules of procedure . The
 implementation measures .                                                  secretarial services shall be provided by the Commission .
 2 . The Commission shall ensure that procedures are set                                               Article 8
 up to allow for appropriate cooperation with COST
 activities related to the areas of research covered by the
                                                                             1 . Where the procedure laid down in this Article is to be
 programme, by ensuring regular exchanges of information                    followed , the chairman shall refer the matter to the
 between the Committee referred to in Article 7 and the
                                                                            committee , either on his own initiative or at the request of
 relevant COST management committees .                                      one of its members .
 3 . . The Commission shall establish for each year and                      2 . Under this procedure , the representative of the
 update as required a draft work plan defining the detailed                  Commission , who acts as chairman , refers the draft of the
 objectives, the type of projects and actions to be                          measures to be adopted to the committee . The committee
 undertaken and the corresponding financial plans . The                      delivers an opinion within a time limit which shall normally
 Commission shall keep the European Parliament informed                      be one month and shall in no case exceed two months . The
 of the progress of the annual work plans .                                  opinion is delivered by the majority specified in Article
                                                                             148 (2) of the Treaty for decisions which the Council is
                                                                             required to adopt on a proposal from the Commission , the
 4 . The procedure laid down in Article 8 shall apply to:                    votes of the representatives of the Member States being
                                                                             weighted as indicated in that Article . The chairman does
 — the establishment and updating of the annual work plan                    not vote .
       referred to in paragraph 3 of this Article,
 — any departure from the general conditions laid down in                    3 . The Commission shall adopt the measures envisaged if
       Article 3 ( 1 ) and ( 2 ),                                            they are in accordance with the opinion of the committee .
 ---pagebreak---    30 . 7 . 88
                                          Official Journal of the European Communities                               No L 206 / 5
  If the measures envisaged are not in accordance with the           shall exchange all appropriate information to which they
  opinion of the committee, or if no opinion is delivered, the       have access and which they are free to disclose concerning
  Commission shall , without delay, submit to the Council a          activities in the areas covered by this Decision, whether or
  proposal relating to the measures to be taken . The Council        not planned or carried out under their authority.
  shall act by a qualified majority.
  If, on the expiry of a period which may in no case exceed
  two months from the date of referral to the Council , the          2 . Information shall be exchanged according to a
  Council has not acted , the proposed measures shall be            procedure to be defined by the Commission after
  adopted by the Commission for matters falling within              consulting the committee and shall be treated as
 Article 6 (4 ).                                                    confidential at the suppliers' request.
                           Article 9
 1 . The result of the programme shall be reviewed by the
 Commission after 18 months. The Commission shall report                                       Article 11
 to the Council and the European Parliament on the results
 of this review .                                                   This Decision shall apply from 1 June 1988 .
 2 . After the completion of the programme, the
 Commission shall send to the Council and the European
 Parliament a report on the performance and results of the
programme .                                                                                   Article 12
 3 . The abovementioned reports will be carried out in              This Decision is addressed to the Member States .
relation to the precise objectives set out in Annex II to this
Decision and in accordance with Article 2 (2) of the
Framework Programme .
                                                                    Done at Luxembourg, 29 June 1988 .
                          Article 10                                                                      For the Council
1 . With regards to the concertation activities provided for                                               The President
in Article 1 ( 2 ), the Member States and the Commission                                                H. RIESENHUBER
 ---pagebreak--- No L 206 / 6                                  Official Journal of the European Communities                                               30 . 7 . 88
                                                                      ANNEX I
                                            INDICATIVE INTERNAL ALLOCATION OF FUNDS
                                                                                                 Estimated Community contribution
                                                                                                           ( millions ECU )
             PART I :     RTI TECHNOLOGIES                                                                      32,9
                         A. Enabling and supporting RTI technologies
                             ( a) Specific components
                             ( b ) Communications options
                             ( c ) The inter-vehicle interactive component
                          B. RTI software technologies
                              ( a ) Software systems
                              ( b ) Tools for development
                          C. The human factor and man-machine interface
                          D. Fault tolerance
             PART II : EVALUATION OF STRATEGIC OPTIONS                                                          12,0
                          A. Refinement of objectives                                         l
                          B. Evaluation tools
                          C. Outline of implementing scenarios
             PART III : SPECIFICATIONS , PROTOCOLS AND
                          STANDARDIZATION PROPOSALS                                                               9,9
                          A. Definition of requirements and specific objectives
                          B. The use of the evaluation tools
                          C. The development of functional specifications and
                               standardization proposals
                          D. The drafting of guidelines for drawing up regulations
             PERSONAL COSTS                                                                                       3,5 (»)
             ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS                                                                                 1,7
                                                                                    TOTAL                       60,0
             (') This sum (3,5 million ECU ) consists of 0,8 million ECU in respect of manpower required during the launching period and
                 2,7 million ECU (4,5 % ) in respect of Commission staff.
 ---pagebreak--- 30 . 7 . 88                            Official Journal of the European Communities                No L 206 / 7
                                                           ANNEX 11
                                        PROGRAMME SUMMARY AND OBJECTIVES
                                                            Contents
             1.     GLOBAL OBJECTIVES                                                            8
            2.      APPROACH                                                                     9
            3.      KEY ISSUES                                                                  9
            4.      WORK PLAN DESIGN                                                           12
            4.1 .   Role of the Drive management committee and team                            12
            4.2 .   Work plan development                                                      12
            4.3 .   Milestones                                                                 14
            5.      TECHNOLOGIES TO BE ADDRESSED                                               14
            5.1 .   Enabling and supporting RTI technologies                                   14
            5.1.1 . Specific components                                                        14
            5.1.2 . Communications options                                                     15
            5.1.3 . The inter-vehicle interactive component                                    15
            5.2 .   RTI software technologies                                                  15
            5.2.1 . Software systems                                                           15
            5.2.2 . Tools for development                                                      15
            5.3 .   The human factor and man-machine interface                                 16
            5.4 .   Fault tolerance                                                            16
            6.      EVALUATION OF STRATEGIC OPTIONS                                            16
            6.1 .   Refinement of objectives                                                   16
            6.2 .   Evaluation tools                                                           16
            6.3 .   Outline of implementation scenarios                                        18
            7.      SPECIFICATIONS , PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDIZATION PROPOSALS                   18
            7.1 .   Definition of requirements and specific objectives                         18
            7.2 .   The use of the evaluation tools                                            18
            7.3 .   The development of functional specifications and standardization proposals 19
            7.4 .   The drafting of guidelines for drawing up regulations                      19
 ---pagebreak--- No L 206 / 8                                  Official Journal of the European Communities                                                   30 . 7 . 88
                                             PROGRAMME SUMMARY AND OBJECTIVES H
             1.          GLOBAL OBJECTIVES
                         New technologies in road transport informatics (RTI) will allow a breakthrough in road safety , a
                         major improvement in road transport efficiency and a significant reduction in pollution .
                         Drive will set a framework for possible government support to speed implementation of potentially
                         beneficial developments in Europe .
                         Drive will be a contribution to the creation of an integrated road transport environment (IRTE ).
                         Inter alia, this means that it will be concerned with all forms of road transport: not only with private
                         cars but also with public road transport , with freight and other road vehicles as well as other users
                         of the roads such as cyclists and pedestrians.
                         This Community programme will initially focus on common infrastructure technology requirements
                         and technological and operational issues concerning public authorities. It will concentrate on
                         complementing the cooperative efforts in which industry and research institutions are already
                         engaged, taking into account the requirements of public administrations, and on harmonizing
                         industrial and infrastructure priorities to advance the pre-normative work needed for the
                         introduction of an integrated road transport environment throughout Europe .
                         Industry needs , and has asked for, the cooperation of public authorities because the new systems
                         which could be introduced require :
                         — common standards at least at the European level ,
                         — development , implementation and management of the infrastructural part of the systems,
                         — public agreement for those systems which modify vehicles' behaviour in matters related to
                             safety ,
                         — regulatory provisions .
                         In short, for the effective and timely implementation of RTI technologies there exist necessary ,
                         appropriate and respective tasks both for Drive and for Eureka and other projects in the domain of
                         road transport informatics .
                         Given this agreed division of tasks , the end products of the Drive programme will be:
                         — the identification of the best choice of systems and the best strategy for implementation ,
                         — guidelines to which industrial products and European regional infrastructures should conform ,
                         — performance specifications and standards in order to enable industry to develop the necessary
                             components ,
                         — if necessary , the implementation of pilot schemes including the necessary supply of equipment.
                         In order to achieve these aims it will be necessary at an intermediate stage to identify the public
                         needs, costs and benefits as well as the choice of options and to develop the appropriate evaluation
                         tools. It will also be necessary to identify the gaps in present industrial initiatives.
             (') This programme summary and objectives forms part of the proposal for the Drive programme . It is an overview of all the
                 key elements involved. However, it does not extend to a detailed description of either the structure or the tasks of the
                 programme. For the latter, please refer to the draft Drive work plan. This work plan is a detailed technical document which
                 evolves with technological progress and perception of the demand characteristics. Each year it is to be submitted for
                 approval by the management committee .
 ---pagebreak--- 30 . 7 . 88                            Official Journal of the European Communities                                         No L 206 / 9
             2.     APPROACH
                    The following is a focusing structure for the tasks to be initiated, mainly in the first three years of
                    the Drive programme.
                    There is a need for a systematic and considered approach. The urgency of the need is not in
                    question, but we need to identify the most favourable solution in terms of cost-performance
                    analysis.
                    To this end , the first objective is the establishment of the framework with which to:
                    1 . ensure the representation of all actors concerned;
                    2. identify the needs of those actors and the constraints bounding them;
                    3 . adopt a systems approach to the integration of the identified needs. This means a 'top down'
                        approach to system building, i.e. by functional specifications;
                    4. evaluate the various potential systems in terms of techno-economic viability and in the light of
                        functional specifications;
                   5 . perform the scenario building in order to establish an implementation strategy in time. This
                        operation will probably require several iterations. It should also ensure the openness of the
                        system for inclusion of future sub-systems;
                   6 . prepare a work plan with recommendations for further research .
                   In the interests of efficiency, effectiveness and economic optimization it is essential that the top
                   down, or systems, approach be maintained. Consultations and definition of functions will adopt this
                   approach. The examination and evaluation of the available systems and technologies will ensure
                   optimization through the development and use of reference or benchmark criteria. In this way
                   inductively-derived or 'bottom-up', research results can be evaluated in relation to higher-level
                   functional specifications.
            3.    KEY ISSUES
                  Fragmentation is a characteristic feature of the prevailing supply and demand structures. Through
                  concertation and iteration Drive will alert these diverse interests to the opportunities inherent in a
                  coordinated Europe-wide implementation of RTI. Implicitly, the downside of non-cooperation will
                  become apparent: another IT market sector opportunity will be lost to foreign competitors.
                  The Community should establish the framework wherein large-scale investment in road transport
                  informatics ( RTI ) can be made.
                 Furthermore, a complete re-thinking of the functional requirements is necessary, as demonstrated by
                 the inadequacy of present strategies.
                 Existing projects in the domain of road transport informatics (such as Prometheus and Europolis),
                 which are supported by national administrations or by private industry, require as a prerequisite a
                 framework to give the administrations a possibility to create guidelines, to evaluate new proposals
                 and new systems and to develop strategies, on how to apply new systems. The work in Drive will
                 relate predominantly to specifications, protocols and standards required for Europe-wide
                 infrastructures and information systems. This must take place in an European context in order to
                 avoid fragmentation and duplication and to minimize the risk of failure.
                Furthermore, road transport systems are highly dynamic; network improvements prompt traffic
                flow and density adjustments, and the 'feed-back' loop thus established must be monitored and
                evaluated .
                Strategy
                An intercept strategy will ensure maximum synergy with other programmes, Community, national
                or private .
                The first year can be expected to yield the best compromise in terms of functional requirements from
                all sector actors, taking into account the prevailing constraints and opportunities (of technologies,
                regulations and other issues).
 ---pagebreak--- No L 206 / 10                       Official Journal of the European Communities                                        30 . 7 . 88
              Drive's approach is to find an optimal path for the introduction of pre-selected RTI technologies and
              systems and then to focus its support on implementation in those domains where public needs and
              benefits have been identified . To this end , Drive's work is both pre-competitive and pre-normative in
              character
              However, the potential impacts of the programme on a number of industrial sectors in Europe
              should not be underestimated . Early agreement by sector actors on open standards and requirements
              supporting RTI implementation will simultaneously provide:                                *
              — a larger potential market,
              — potential economies of scale to producers,
              — a minimization of investment risks (user acceptance will have been researched; Member State
                   governments will have drawn-up purchasing programmes based on Drive recommendations).
              Thus , indirectly , Drive's approach includes industrial development goals at the European level .
              Optimization of Drive's tasks will include explicitly procedures and tools for identifying and
              exploiting chances of sharing costs with other, parallel , projects within Eureka , within the
              Community's own framework research programme and elsewhere .
              Drive will assist national governments in addressing the social and economic challenge in road
              transport efficiency and safety and in evaluating their partnership with industry in this domain . To
              this end , information about planned developments and investments will be needed. Coordination at
              the European level is the key to successful introduction of the technologies since major capital
              investments can be expected only once governments have determined their own priorities . Raising
              the productivity of capital invested both by governments and by enterprises engaged in RTI is an
              objective of Drive.
              Systems research
              At an early stage it will be necessary to identify the aspects and characteristics of the IRTE that will
              play a major role.
               The decisions about system design elements will include:
               1 . categorization of the road transport environment (e.g. urban , suburban , inter-urban , rural );
                   specification of the characteristics of each and their respective and combined effects on the
                   system requirements ; recommended choices and priorities amongst these;
               2 . identification of the requirements of road transport modes;
               3 . types of trip generation by purpose (journey to work, deliveries , shopping, leisure, holidays); the
                   evolution of demand (including impacts of varying working and shopping hours and peak
                   holiday periods); temporal elasticity of trip types;
               4 . the requirements of special services: emergency services , the police, taxis , tourist travel ;
               5 . the requirements of special road users: handicapped persons , the elderly, pedestrians, cyclists ,
                   children ;
               6 . clarifying policy choices at an early stage and preparing the ground for concensus and
                   cooperation in decision-making — a key role for the successful development of the programme.
                   Amongst the issues for agreement will be:
                   — the relative priorities for private versus public transport in the different levels (urban ,
                       inter-urban , etc .) of the IRTE ,
                    — the transfer of certain loads (especially freight) to rail , and the role of combined transport
                       facilities ,
                    — the relative location of RTI intelligence: vehicle infrastructure;
               7 . precision of the constraints and opportunities present in the IRTE and their likely impacts on the
                    pace and diffusion of the Drive actions across Europe . This includes identification of the
 ---pagebreak--- 30 . 7 . 88                       Official Journal of the European Communities                                       No L 206 / 11
                   principal differences in infrastructure conditions (transport and telecommunications) and its
                   influence (e.g. timing of implementations , need for an open system allowing future evolution) on
                   system design ; the general availability of resources;
             8 . the organizational problems of the sector. This issue is critical because of the fragmentary and
                   uncoordinated nature of prevailing initiatives. Included here are the Eureka projects and how
                   they can interface with Drive; the existing competences and / or responsibilities of the various
                   authorities managing the IRTE (which are currently sub-optimal and would become increasingly
                  so with RTI implementation) and what should be done to modify these;
             9 . identify the issues /problems which need mandatory implementation and hence legal / regulatory
                  changes at Community and / or national level .
            Drive s scope
            This concerns ensuring that the interests of the public domain are fully and optimally catered for.
            The deliverables expected from the programme should engender the changes needed to achieve the
            stated goals in the spheres of road traffic safety , traffic congestion and environmental pollution.
            General deliverables :
            — definition of realistic objectives and tasks over time with sufficient precision to enable the
                  different actors to make their necessary contribution within the framework of their mandate,
            — reduction to a minimum of the financial costs of cooperation . Taking into account existing and
                  planned developments in related fields is expected to be a major task for Drive. The aim here is
                  to ensure that the incremental addition of Drive requirements to these developments will create
                  major benefits ,                                                                 <
            — governments will have to work internationally within Drive to ensure a timely development and
                  application of evaluation models . These models should allow feasibility studies of various
                  combinations of new developments ,
            — definition of the specific technologies , the public needs , the public costs and benefits and the
                 choice of options ,
            — definition and use of the appropriate evaluation tools to evaluate the various potential systems
                 (cost/ performance ratios , acceptability and introduction problems),
            — estimation of the resource requirements needed to reach the stated objectives and produce the
                 deliverables ),
            — definition of the functional specifications , including the identification and definition of the basic
                 characteristics upon which policy choices will need to be made ,
            — identification of the constraints and opportunities present in the IRTE and their likely impacts
                 on the pace and diffusion of the Drive actions across Europe ,
            — iterative building of scenarios and recommendation of a final and complete set of
                 implementation strategies ,
            — recommendations for further research ,
            — preparation and annual revision of a work plan, adapted to take account of progress made ,
            — indication and part-financing of the necessary pre-normative research such that suitable
                 standards can be put in place ,
            — definition of the standards for the various interfaces (mandatory or recommended),
 ---pagebreak--- No L 206 / 12                         Official Journal of the European Communities                                          30 . 7 . 88
                  — establishment of protocols for signal propagation and information exchange ,
                  — drafting of guidelines for the drawing-up of regulations,
                  — providing the framework wherein large-scale investments can be planned and profitably
                      executed .
                  It should be clearly understood that the above list is not written as 'tablets of stone'. Rather it is an
                  indication of the currently-perceived needs for Drive programme deliverables. At a later stage, as
                  new research results become available and scenario-building more certain , the list may be added to
                  and emphases drawn out.
            4.    WORK PLAN DESIGN
            4.1 . Role of the Drive management committee and team
                  The functional specifications of the system are expected to be defined following consultations with
                  the sector actors . However , certain basic elements have to be introduced by the system designers .
                  Amongst other things these functional specifications will include identifying and defining the basic
                  characteristics upon which policy choices will need to be made . The system designers will take into
                  account all the aspects related to the system as presented in Section 3 'Systems research'.
                  In short, the system designers will be responsible for studying, clarifying and refining these issues as
                  well as recommending chosen paths for optimizing the overall functional specifications. These
                  recommendations , guided by concertation from sector actors , will ultimately be subject to approval
                  by the Drive management committee . The scenario-building exercise will pass through various
                  iterations before a final and complete set of implementation strategies is recommended .
            4.2 . Work plan development
                  The basic steps that precede any action in the transport system are (see figure 1 ):
                  — information collection ,
                  — information processing ,
                  — information diffusion .
                  A similar approach for scenario building is considered appropriate.
                  This process will start with the data requirements as specified from the optimized functional
                  specifications . The various RTI technologies will then be examined and the specifications , protocols
                  and standards requirements will be identified . Finally , with the use of evaluation tools , scenario
                  assessments will be conducted. A specific action plan and associated implementation strategies will
                  be arrived at after a number of iterations of the evaluation process .
                  The work plan is prepared on the basis' of an iterative process including the following steps:
                  — a check with the actors involved ,
                  — adjustment of the scenario for new developments ,
                  — adjustment of evaluation programme .
                  Such iteration and work plan refining will be continuous during the whole Drive lifetime . However,
                  the first draft is expected to cover 80 % of all intended work, although only specified in general
                  terms . Subsequent iterations will give mainly more detail rather than new topics.
                  The draft work plan , giving a scenario of work to be done , is being prepared on the basis of the
                  available information from Eureka projects , national projects and the Drive planning studies and
                  workshops. In the latter , a variety of actors have been able to assist.
 ---pagebreak---                                                                DRIVE MANAGEMENT
                                                                                                                                                             30. 7. 88
                                                                OPTIMIZED                                                  DRIVE TEAM
                                                                FUNCTIONAL
      iversities and research institutes;
                                                                SPECIFICATION
         ormation service providers; (other                                                        FUNCTIONAL SPECIFICATIONS
                                                                                                                                              INPUTS
                                                                                                            SUB- INTER-                       ROAD
                                                                                                   URBAN URBAN URBAN                  RURAL   TRANSPORT
                                                                                                                                              ENVIRON-
                                                            SCENARIO-BUILDING                                                                 MENT
                                                                                                   Public             Rail, air
                                                                                                                      bus, tram               TRANSPORT
                                                   DATA                       INFORMATION          and                metro, taxi,            MODE
                                                   REQUIREMENTS               COLLECTION                              car, motor bikes
                                                                                                   Private            cycles, H G V
                                                                                                                                              STRUCTURE
                                                                                                   Journey to work
                                                                                                                                              EVOLUTION
                                                                                                   Deliveries, holidays and leisure
                                                                                                                                              OF DEMAND
                                                   TCC                                             Emergency
                                                                              INFORMATION                                                     SPECIAL
                                                   IN-CAR             —   >
                                                                                                   Police
                                                                              PROCESSING                                                      SERVICES
                                                   LOCAL                                           Travel/tourist
                                                                                                   Handicapped                                SPECIAL
                                                                                                   Cyclists, elderly,                         ROAD
                                                                                                   pedestrians, children                      USERS
                                                   AREA                                            Public/private balance of competences
            SPECIFICATIONS, PROTOCOLS, STANDARDS
                                                                              INFORMATION          Restrictions: area; time; road pricing;
                                                   LOCAL
                                                                              DIFFUSION AND                      vehicle type                 POLICY
                                                   VEH. T O VEHICLE
                                                                              PRESENTATION         Location of RTI intelligence: vehicle      CHOICES
                                                   PERS. T O PF.RS.
                                                                                                                 infrastructure
                                                                                                                                                             Official Journal of the European Communities
                                                                                                   European differences in infrastructure     CONSTRAINTS,
                                                                                                   conditions; Availability of resources;     OPPOR-
                                                                                                   Timing of developments across EEC          TUNITIES,
                                                                                                                                              FUTURE
                                                                                                   Eureka programmes                          EVOLUTION
                                                                                                   Existing structure of highway
                                                                                                   administration and management              ORGANI-
                                                                                                                                              ZATION
                                                              EVALUATION                                                                      PROBLEMS
                                                                                              I
CTS
                                                                                                  Figure 1:
                                                                                                  Drive: Programme
                                                                                                  and system features
                                                              DETAILED
                                                              WORK PLAN                                                                                      No L 206/13
 ---pagebreak--- No L 206 / 14                              Official Journal of the European Communities                                        30 . 7 . 88
            4.3 .     Milestones
                      This encompasses the generation of concrete and realistic objectives at specific points in the future.
                      For example the tentative objectives identified could be :
                      1991 : Specifications for a real-time plurilingual road information and navigation system in Europe;
                                and
                                Specifications for advanced road safety systems and devices
                      1995 : Operational real-time plurilingual road information and navigation system in Europe;
                                Operational fail-safe anti-collision system for impact speeds exceeding 30 kilometres per
                                hour .
                      It may be appropriate to generate amended objectives relating to different criteria or to different
                      years. This is likely to be an iterative process in which objectives may be refined in the light of what
                      is desirable and / or achievable using the results of the overall assessment process .
                      In the light of the above comments , indicative examples of lower-level 1991 objectives include
                      implementation :
                      — of European-wide standards for alpha-numeric and symbolic traffic messages ( traditional and
                            advanced ),
                      — of a partial (geographical ) and minimal (requirements) interactive real-time plurilingual road
                            information and navigation system ,
                      — of partial (geographical ) but fully-integrated two-way communications between key traffic
                            control centres ,
                      — of a pilot scheme for testing advanced road safety devices (e.g. black box , alcohol testing),
                      — of extended schemes of RTI-controlled traffic managment and road safety (e.g. based on
                            LISB / Autoguide-type systems; speed and distance-keeping; road pricing),
                      — R&D and testing of anti-collision and other road safety systems ,
                      — information exchange system to improve the capacity utilization performance of freight
                            transport .
             5.       TECHNOLOGIES TO BE ADDRESSED
                       Objective
                       To :
                       — explore the key technologies which might be employed so as to maximize the cost / performance
                            ratio ,
                       — select technologies which are sufficiently mature for implementation in the time frame envisaged ,
                             and
                       — allow for later extensions to wider functions .
                       This work will be system driven and specifically related to the functional specifications. Evaluation
                       will be performed using appropriate tools specially developed within Drive .
                       Scope
                       This will include the research , test and experimentation needed to explore the techno-economic
                       characteristics of the relevant technologies . The content covers Drive specific hardware and software
                       topics including:
              5.1 .    Enabling and supporting RTI technologies
              5.1.1 .  Specific components
                       These are required for low cost implementation of both vehicle-borne and infrastructure elements.
                       The interfaces to roadside beacons , loops or other sensors have also to be considered in the same
 ---pagebreak--- 30 . 7 . 88                                  Official Journal of the European Communities                                     No L 206 / 15
                         vein and be developed so that they do not introduce too many system constraints as technologies
                         change. The scale of production of these elements will certainly support specific customized
                         integrated circuits using silicon or gallium arsenide technology (and biochip technologies if driver
                         fitness sensors are incorporated).
              5.1.2 .    Communications options
                        These are radio or line systems. For radio , usage will range from :
                        — sub-audio (perhaps multiplexed with entertainment),
                        — kilo-cycle frequencies (for road loop detection and transmission) to HF (for local broadcasts),
                             to                                                                                               '
                        — VHF and UHF for vehicle to fixed station communications and cellular radio systems, to
                        — microwaves for satellite communications and
                        — millimetric waves , oxygen band or infra-red for short distance communications to roadside
                             beacons etc .
                        The possible modulation systems include digital multi-level frequency hopping and noise
                        communications or spread spectrum techniques .
                        For the line communications the options are:
                        — PSTN ,
                        — message switching infrastructure ,
                        — ISDN (when implementation is far enough advanced),
                        — IBC ,
                        — synchronous or asynchronous communication ,
                        — bulk transfer of some information at night, etc.
                       Advanced error correction techniques as well as message minimization and compression techniques
                       will be incorporated .
             5.1.3 .    The inter-vehicle interactive component
                       The techniques of radar, sonar, infra-red and stimulated radio repeating need to be explored. The
                       technologies for the emitters and receivers must be identified so as to be cheap, rugged and vibration
                       proof.
            5.2 .      RTI software technologies
            5.2.1 .    Software systems
                       The Drive network will require software to handle the complex process of infrastructure planning
                       and the fast response operation of day-to-day management. Requirements can be expected in four
                       areas :
                       — for infrastructure planning, decision support systems in all forms including expert systems,
                            tabular analysis and simulation techniques ,
                       — for traffic management, telecommunications systems backed by operational versions of the
                            decision support systems,
                      — for on-board vehicle systems, embedded software in conformance with standard
                            specifications ,
                      — special applications software (e.g. for freight transport).
                      This will involve specialized applications of emerging telecommunications technologies.
            5.5.2 .   Tools for development
                      Significant increases in programming productivity, together with greater efficiency between systems
                      will be achieved by the use of a unified software infrastructure which covers specification,
                      implementation , the on-line environment, testing and reusability.
 ---pagebreak--- No L 206 / 16                         Official Journal of the European Communities                                          30 . 7 . 88
                   An essential component for the first year will be a relevant tool for requirements capture and
                   subsequent mapping onto a systems architecture. These requirements cover the functions, system
                   behaviour interfaces and performance of the systems. Considerable effort is needed in a short space
                   of time to choose among the options and establish a suitable framework for the requirements of the
                   programme. The framework adopted will allow for checking of consistency and completeness. A
                   software toolset will be of considerable value here .
             5.3 . The human factor and man-machine interface
                   The human factor is very important since the minimum of interference must be caused to the driver
                   whose primary task is controlling the vehicle. In order to obtain a plurilingual embodiment, the
                   techniques of speech synthesis and pictographic displays need to be thoroughly explored .
                   Controls should be economically efficient,: familiar, and easy to use. Human factor engineering
                   research will be needed .
                   The man-machine interface should hide the system complexity and provide a simple user-friendly
                   interface oriented towards user needs, including special groups such as naive and disabled users.
             5.4 . Fault tolerance
                   Since lives depend on the integrity of systems , it is essential that fault tolerance techniques be
                   incorporated. These should include:
                   — indication of a module failure ,
                   — automatic switch-over to a back-up module in the event of a failure ,
                   — graceful degradation (iimp home' strategy) of service, etc.
             6.    EVALUATION OF STRATEGIC OPTIONS
                   Objective
                   To assess the technological options and implementation strategies identified in Part 5 against
                   objectives and against the functional requirements of the sector actors , using the criteria already
                   mentioned (i.e. cost / performance ratio , market penetration , regulatory constraints, synergy , etc.),
                   and to use the results to generate viable scenarios for an implementation strategy .
                   Scope
                   This comprises three main tasks:
                   — the refinement of objectives ,
                   — specially developed evaluation tools to assess the suitability of various technological options ,
                        and
                    — the generation of viable scenarios which incorporate the appropriate technological options for
                        meeting the defined objectives.
             6.1 .  Refinement of objectives
                    Objective
                    To refine the specific objectives, as mentioned in paragraph 4.3 above, against which the
                    performance of various technological options are assessed.
             6.2 .  Evaluation tools
                    The work will embrace methods for evaluating the costs and benefits of potential systems at various
                    stages of their implementation , including
 ---pagebreak--- 30 . 7 . 88                        Official Journal of the European Communities                                     No L 206 / 17
               — their acceptability to drivers and vehicle owners,
               — effects on accident rates and severity ,
                    financial and operational implications for operating authorities,
               — effects on traffic flows and network efficiency,
               —    costs and benefits to the environment.
               Existing models will be used or built upon wherever this is appropriate,
               A base model will provide the means for deriving forecasts of road traffic demand and network
               supply, which will form part of the base information for input to the impact assessment methods. Its
               component sub-models will provide the basic tools for the impact assessments.
              An infrastructure model will provide the framework within which the implications of various
              infrastructure-based systems can be assessed, including the timescale, cost and organizational factors
              which will need to be taken into account.
              An interface model will provide the means for assessing the user acceptability of vehicle-based
              sub-systems and of possible technological options. This sub-model will include tools for market
              research and techniques for the assessment of human factors.
              The traffic impact sub-model will take as input particular scenarios postulating discrete sets of
              technological options, taken from the infrastructure reference model, together with the base traffic
              forecasts from the base model and the effects of market penetration estimated from the interface
              model , and will produce estimates of the effects on traffic.
              Output from the traffic impact sub-model, together with information from the scenarios themselves,
              will provide the input to the assessment sub-model which will be designed to evaluate the effects of
              options with regard to particular criteria. The criteria will include:
              — financial ,
              — operational ,
              — safety,
              — efficiency, and
             — environmental parameters.
             The results of running the assessment sub-model will provide the information for the impact
             comparison in which the effects of the various options will be compared.
             Even if the final objective of building-up evaluation tools is the assessment of techno-economic
             options in the context of the programme's development, the establishment of a set of evaluation
             tools in the RTI area and at a European level should allow further utilization in the context of
             national development policies and standardization by constituting a reference for evaluation
             procedures .
             Tools to be developed could then be heterogeneous with respect to embodied methodologies, but
             definition of possible interfaces will allow their use in integrated procedures.
            Formally defined models will thus be developed to get both aggregated and detailed traffic forecasts
            on the European road network to produce estimates of the effects on traffic of various possible
            technological options and implementation strategies and to provide the information on the financial ,
            operational , safety , efficiency and environmental effects for global assessment.
            Various techniques, ranging from simple data analysis and educated guess to market research,
            economic and organizational analysis, will be used instead to get system level traffic forecasts (i.e.
            car ownership , transport demand, modal shares) and reference schemes for infrastructure and
            in-vehicle sub-systems , information and decision flows.
 ---pagebreak--- No L 206 / 18                          Official Journal of the European Communities                                         30 . 7 . 88
             6.3 . Outline of implementation scenarios
                   Objective
                   To generate the viable scenarios for the follow-up , based upon the results of the assessments of
                   technical options and the extent to which they meet the objectives defined .
                   This represents the final stage of the evaluation .
             7.    SPECIFICATIONS , PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDIZATION PROPOSALS
                   Objective
                   — To establish protocols for signal propagation and information interchange ,
                   — to define signal properties which are required to permit the system to operate in a satisfactory
                        manner with no interference to or from external systems ,
                   — to define specifications for data collection and promulgation .
                   Scope
                   To :
                   — draw up standards for the various interfaces,
                   — assess the requirements of each interface,
                   — produce specifications, standards and protocols incorporating the requirements arising from the
                         established combinations of technological options ,
                   — draft guidelines for the drawing up of regulations.
             7.1 . Definition of requirements and specific objectives
                    Objective
                    To generate specific standards for signals , protocols and the features of highways , against which the
                    completeness and efficacy can be judged.
                    Scope
                    This encompasses the generation of specific and realistic standards for the various interfaces which
                    are identified during the development of the model for system functional integration .
                    It is envisaged that this will be an iterative process by which the objectives and requirements are
                    updated and refined as interfaces are progressively included.
             7.2 .  The use of the evaluation tools
                    Objective
                    To run the various component sub-models of the evaluation model (both individually and in
                    concert) to ensure that optimum standards and protocols are drawn up for the efficient operation of
                    the whole .
                    Scope
                    To identify the definitive interfaces from a study of the evaluation tools with all sub-systems
                    incorporated . This will establish the required minimum operating parameters over all interfaces.
                    Some boundaries may have to be shared . Suitable strategies will need to be adopted in order to
                    obtain an overall optimum at an acceptable cost.
 ---pagebreak--- 30 . 7 . 88                          Official Journal of the European Communities                                     No L 206 / 19
            7.3 . The development of functional specifications and standardization proposals
                  Objective
                  To draw up suitable standards and protocols which will define the interfaces used throughout the
                  Drive system .
                  Scope
                  To consider each and every interface in the total system in order to establish standards which may be
                  achieved by the technologies and which permit the efficient operation of the whole.
                  Where appropriate these standards and protocols should be similar to or comply with those already
                  established by other institutions concerned with the interchange of data such as CCITT and CEPT
                  for example .
                  It may be necessary to revise some standards if new technologies are incorporated for which there
                  are none , or for which the standards are insufficient.
            7.4 . The drafting of guidelines for drawing up regulations
                  Objective
                  To draw up guidelines which will inform legislators of the contents required of regulations to be in
                  force .
                  Scope
                  To cover the range of regulations which may be required to be introduced or modified within
                  Member States to enable the road infrastructure to be installed and operated . An additional aspect
                  of this work is to include any regulations governing the obligations of drivers who wish to take
                  advantage of the system and those who do not. It is foreseen that this work will differ from Member
                  State to Member State in order to bring about a final agreed uniformity .