CELEX: 62008CC0120
Language: en
Date: 2010-09-16 00:00:00
Title: Opinion of Mr Advocate General Mazák delivered on 16 September 2010. # Bavaria NV v Bayerischer Brauerbund eV. # Reference for a preliminary ruling: Bundesgerichtshof - Germany. # Reference for a preliminary ruling - Regulations (EEC) No 2081/92 and (EC) No 510/2006 - Temporal application - Article 14 - Registration in accordance with the simplified procedure - Relations between trade marks and protected geographical indications. # Case C-120/08.

OPINION OF ADVOCATE GENERAL
      MAZÁK
      delivered on 16 September 2010 (1)
      
      Case C‑120/08
      Bayerischer Brauerbund eV
      v
      Bavaria NV
      (Reference for a preliminary ruling from the Bundesgerichtshof (Germany))
      (Interpretation of Article 13(1)(b) and Article 14(1) and (2) of Council Regulation (EC) No 510/2006 and of Article 17 of Council
         Regulation (EEC) No 2081/92 – Conflict between a protected geographical indication, registered in accordance with the simplified procedure under Article
         17 of Regulation No 2081/92 and an international mark)
      I –  Introduction
      1.        By order of 14 February 2008, received at the Court on 20 March 2008, the Bundesgerichtshof (Federal Court of Justice) (Germany)
         referred questions to the Court of Justice under Article 234 EC for a preliminary ruling on the interpretation of Council
         Regulation (EC) No 510/2006 of 20 March 2006 on the protection of geographical indications and designations of origin for
         agricultural products and foodstuffs (2) (‘Regulation No 510/2006’). 
      
      2.        The reference was made in the course of proceedings between Bayerischer Brauerbund eV (‘Bayerischer Brauerbund’) and Bavaria
         NV (‘Bavaria’) concerning Bavaria’s right to the continued protection and use in Germany of an international trade mark containing
         the word ‘Bavaria’, in view of the fact that the name ‘Bayerisches Bier’ has been registered, with effect from 5 July 2001,
         as a protected geographical indication (‘PGI’) by virtue of Council Regulation (EC) No 1347/2001 of 28 June 2001 supplementing
         the Annex to Commission Regulation (EC) No 1107/96 on the registration of geographical indications and designations of origin
         under the procedure laid down in Article 17 of Council Regulation (EEC) No 2081/92 (3) (‘Regulation No 1347/2001’).
      
      3.        The referring court essentially seeks guidance as to how to determine, in the event that the PGI and the trade mark conflict
         with one another, whether the PGI ‘Bayerisches Bier’ has priority in time over Bavaria’s trade mark with the effect that the
         protection of that trade mark can be removed. 
      
      4.        To that end, the referring court wishes to know which provisions of Community law govern a conflict between a trade mark and
         a PGI, such as ‘Bayerisches Bier’, which has been registered under the ‘simplified’ procedure provided for in Article 17 of
         Council Regulation (EEC) No 2081/92 of 14 July 1992 on the protection of geographical indications and designations of origin
         for agricultural products and foodstuffs (4) (‘Regulation No 2081/92’) and, more specifically, the point in time which is material for the classification in time of that
         PGI.
      
      5.        The present case is closely related to and partially overlaps with Case C‑343/07 Bavaria and Bavaria Italia, in which I delivered my Opinion on 18 December 2008 (5) and the Court gave judgment on 2 July 2009.
      
      II –  Legal framework
      A –    Regulation No 2081/92
      6.        Regulation No 2081/92 seeks to establish a framework of Community rules for the protection of registered designations of origin
         and geographical indications relating to certain agricultural products and foodstuffs in cases where there is a link between
         the characteristics of the product or foodstuff and its geographical origin. That regulation provides for a system of registration
         at Community level of geographical indications and designations of origin which will confer protection in every Member State.
      
      7.        Regulation No 2081/92 provides both for a normal and a simplified procedure for registration of a protected designation of
         origin (‘PDO’) or a PGI. 
      
      8.        The normal registration procedure for a PDO or a PGI is governed by Articles 5, 6 and 7 of Regulation No 2081/92. Article
         6(2) of that regulation provides:
      
      ‘If, after taking account of paragraph 1, the Commission concludes that the name qualifies for protection, it shall publish
         in the Official Journal of the European [Union] the name and address of the applicant, the name of the product, the main points of the application, the references to national
         provisions governing the preparation, production or manufacture of the product and, if necessary, the grounds for its conclusions.’
      
      9.        The simplified procedure for the registration of PGIs or PDOs, applicable to names already in existence on the date of entry
         into force of Regulation No 2081/92, is laid down in Article 17 of that regulation, which provides as follows:
      
      ‘1. Within six months of the entry into force of the Regulation, Member States shall inform the Commission which of their
         legally protected names or, in those Member States where there is no protection system, which of their names established by
         usage they wish to register pursuant to this Regulation.
      
      2. In accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 15, the Commission shall register the names referred to in paragraph
         1 which comply with Articles 2 and 4. Article 7 shall not apply. However, generic names shall not be added.
      
      3. Member States may maintain national protection of the names communicated in accordance with paragraph 1 until such time
         as a decision on registration has been taken.’
      
      10.      Article 13 of Regulation No 2081/92 delimits the scope of protection granted to registered names.
      
      11.      Article 14 of Regulation No 2081/92 governs the relationship between PDOs or PGIs, on the one hand, and trade marks, on the
         other. As originally enacted, it provides:
      
      ‘1. Where a designation of origin or geographical indication is registered in accordance with this Regulation, the application
         for registration of a trade mark corresponding to one of the situations referred to in Article 13 and relating to the same
         type of product shall be refused, provided that the application for registration of the trade mark was submitted after the
         date of the publication provided for in Article 6(2).
      
      Trade marks registered in breach of the first subparagraph shall be declared invalid.
      This paragraph shall also apply where the application for registration of a trade mark was lodged before the date of publication
         of the application for registration provided for in Article 6(2), provided that that publication occurred before the trade
         mark was registered.
      
      2. With due regard for Community law, use of a trade mark corresponding to one of the situations referred to in Article 13
         which was registered in good faith before the date on which application for registration of a designation of origin or geographical
         indication was lodged may continue notwithstanding the registration of a designation of origin or geographical indication,
         where there are no grounds for invalidity or revocation of the trade mark as provided respectively by Article 3(1)(c) and
         (g) and Article 12(2)(b) of First Council Directive 89/104/EEC of 21 December 1988 to approximate the laws of the Member States
         relating to trade marks …
      
      3. A designation of origin or geographical indication shall not be registered where, in the light of a trade mark’s reputation
         and renown and the length of time it has been used, registration is liable to mislead the consumer as to the true identity
         of the product.’
      
      B –    Regulation No 692/2003
      12.      Article 14 of Regulation No 2081/92 was amended by Council Regulation (EC) No 692/2003 (6) with effect from 24 April 2003. 
      
      13.      Recital 11 in the preamble to Regulation No 692/2003 states in that regard:
      
      ‘Article 24(5) of the [Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights] applies not only to trademarks
         registered or applied for but also those to which rights have been acquired through use before a specified date, notably that
         of protection of the name in the country of origin. Article 14(2) of Regulation … No 2081/92 should therefore be amended:
         the reference date now specified should be changed to the date of protection in the country of origin or of submission of
         the application for registration of the geographical indication or designation of origin, depending on whether the name falls
         under Article 17 or … Article 5 of that Regulation; also, in Article 14(1) thereof the reference date should become the date
         of application instead of the date of first publication.’
      
      14.      Article 14(1) of Regulation No 2081/92, as amended by Regulation No 692/2003, states as follows:
      
      ‘Where a designation of origin or geographical indication is registered under this Regulation, any application for registration
         of a trademark that is for a product of the same type and use of which will engender one of the situations indicated in Article
         13 shall be refused if made after the date of submission to the Commission of the application for registration of the designation
         of origin or geographical indication.
      
      Trademarks registered in breach of the first subparagraph shall be invalidated.’
      15.      Furthermore, the simplified procedure provided for under Article 17 of Regulation No 2081/92 was abolished by Regulation No
         692/2003. In that regard, recital 13 in the preamble to that regulation states:
      
      ‘The simplified procedure provided for in Article 17 of Regulation … No 2081/92 for the registration of names already protected
         or established by usage in Member States does not provide for any right of objection. For reasons of legal security and transparency
         it should be deleted. For reasons of consistency the five-year transition period provided for in Article 13(2) in the case
         of names registered under Article 17 should also be deleted but without prejudice to exhaustion of that period in regard to
         the names already registered.’
      
      16.      Point 15 of Article 1 of Regulation No 692/2003 states:
      
      ‘Article 13(2) and Article 17 [of Regulation No 2081/92] shall be deleted. However, the provisions of these Articles shall
         continue to apply to registered names or to names for which a registration application was made by the procedure provided
         for in Article 17 before this Regulation entered into force.’
      
      C –    Regulation No 510/2006
      17.      Regulation No 2081/92, as most recently amended by Council Regulation (EC) No 806/2003 of 14 April 2003, (7) was ultimately replaced by Regulation No 510/2006, which entered into force on 31 March 2006. 
      
      18.      Recital 19 in the preamble to Regulation No 510/2006 states:
      
      ‘The names already registered under Council Regulation … No 2081/92 … on the date of entry into force of this Regulation should
         continue to be protected under this Regulation and automatically included in the register. Provision should also be made for
         transitional measures applicable to registration applications received by the Commission before the entry into force of this
         Regulation.’
      
      19.      Article 14 of Regulation No 510/2006, entitled ‘Relations between trademarks, designations of origin and geographical indications’,
         provides:
      
      ‘1. Where a designation of origin or a geographical indication is registered under this Regulation, the application for registration
         of a trademark corresponding to one of the situations referred to in Article 13 and relating to the same class of product
         shall be refused if the application for registration of the trademark is submitted after the date of submission of the registration
         application to the Commission.
      
      Trademarks registered in breach of the first subparagraph shall be invalidated.
      ...’
      III –  Facts, procedure and the questions referred
      20.      Bayerischer Brauerbund is a German association whose objective is to protect the common interests of Bavarian brewers. According
         to a certificate from the Amtsgericht München (Local Court, Munich), its statutes date from 7 December 1917. Bayerischer Brauerbund
         is the proprietor of the registered collective trade marks ‘Genuine Bavarian Beer’ (since 1958), ‘Bayrisch Bier’ and ‘Bayerisches
         Bier’ (since 1968), as well as ‘Reinheitsgebot seit 1516 Bayrisches Bier’ (since 1985).
      
      21.      Bavaria is a Dutch commercial company producing beer which operates on the international market. Formerly called ‘Firma Gebroeders
         Swinkels’, the company began to use the word ‘Bavaria’ in 1925, and this became part of its name in 1930. Bavaria is the proprietor
         of several trade marks and figurative elements containing the word ‘Bavaria’. The registration dates include 1947, 1971, 1982,
         1991, 1992 and 1995. Protection of some of those trade marks was refused in Germany in 1973, 1992 and 1993.
      
      22.      The name ‘Bayerisches Bier’ was covered by bilateral agreements on the protection of geographical indications, appellations
         of origin and other geographic names between, on the one hand, the Federal Republic of Germany and, on the other, the French
         Republic (1961), the Italian Republic (1963), the Hellenic Republic (1964), the Swiss Confederation (1967) and the Kingdom
         of Spain (1970).
      
      23.      On 28 September 1993 Bayerischer Brauerbund, in agreement with the associations Münchener Brauereien eV and Verband Bayerischer
         Ausfuhrbrauereien eV, submitted to the German Government an application for registration of ‘Bayerisches Bier’ as a PGI in
         accordance with the ‘simplified’ procedure under Article 17 of Regulation No 2081/92.
      
      24.      On 20 January 1994, pursuant to Article 17(1) of Regulation No 2081/92, the German Government informed the Commission of the
         application for registration of ‘Bayerisches Bier’ as a PGI under the simplified procedure.
      
      25.      Information on numerous points was exchanged between the Commission and the German authorities for the purposes of supplementing
         the file and it was regarded as complete on 20 May 1997. The final version of the specification was sent to the Commission
         by letter of 28 March 2000.
      
      26.      Two draft regulations submitted by the Commission for registration of ‘Bayerisches Bier’ as a PGI were discussed on a number
         of occasions within the Regulatory Committee for geographical indications and appellations of origin (‘the Committee’). Those
         discussions related inter alia to the issue of the existence of trade marks which also include the term ‘Bayerisches Bier’
         or translations of it.
      
      27.      However, as the majority required under the second paragraph of Article 15 of Regulation No 2081/92 was not reached, the Committee
         was unable to deliver an opinion within the prescribed period. The Commission therefore converted its draft into a proposal
         for a regulation of the Council, which then adopted Regulation No 1347/2001 registering ‘Bayerisches Bier’ as a PGI.
      
      28.      Following similar proceedings in other Member States subsequent to that registration, Bayerischer Brauerbund brought an action
         before the Landgericht München (Regional Court, Munich) seeking an order requiring Bavaria to consent to the removal of one
         of its international trade marks, namely, international trade mark No 645 349 (‘Bavaria’s trade mark’) which is protected
         in Germany with priority from 28 April 1995. 
      
      29.      The Landgericht München upheld the action. An appeal brought against that judgment by Bavaria was dismissed by the Oberlandesgericht
         München. 
      
      30.      It falls to the Bundesgerichtshof to decide on the appeal on a point of law which Bavaria has lodged in respect of that decision
         and by which it seeks dismissal of the action for consent to the removal of protection for its trade mark in so far as that
         trade mark is registered for beer. 
      
      31.      According to the referring court, the decision in the present dispute depends on the validity of Regulation No 1347/2001,
         which has already come under consideration in Bavaria and Bavaria Italia; (8) on whether the PGI ‘Bayerisches Bier’ has priority in time, for the purposes of Article 14(1) of Regulation No 510/2006,
         over Bavaria’s trade mark; and also on whether that mark is entitled under Article 14(2) of Regulation No 510/2006 to coexist
         with the PGI. 
      
      32.      As regards, more specifically, the issue of the priority of the PGI, the referring court observes that the condition laid
         down in Article 14(1) of Regulation No 510/2006 is satisfied, as the application for registration of ‘Bayerisches Bier’ as
         a PGI was received by the Commission on 20 January 1994, whereas Bavaria’s trade mark has priority only from 28 April 1995.
         The same result flows from Article 14(1) of Regulation No 2081/92 as amended by Regulation No 692/2003. 
      
      33.      Nevertheless, the referring court has doubts as to the applicability of that rule in so far as Article 14(1) of the original
         version of Regulation No 2081/92 referred, for the purposes of establishing priority in time, not to the date of submitting
         the application, but to the date of publication provided for in Article 6(2) of that regulation, which, however, has no place
         in the simplified procedure under Article 17. The question therefore arises as to which provision governs the classification
         in time of a PGI registered in accordance with the simplified procedure under Article 17 of Regulation No 2081/92 and, in
         particular, as to which point in time is material for that classification. 
      
      34.      Against that background, the Bundesgerichtshof decided to stay the proceedings and to refer the following questions to the
         Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling:
      
      ‘(1)      Does Article 14(1) of Regulation (EC) No 510/2006 apply in the case where the protected indication has been validly registered
         in accordance with the simplified procedure under Article 17 of Regulation (EEC) No 2081/92 of 14 July 1992 on the protection
         of geographical indications and designations of origin for agricultural products and foodstuffs?
      
      (2)      (a) If the answer to Question 1 is in the affirmative, what date should be taken as the basis for determining the classification
         in time of the protected geographical indication for the purposes of Article 14(1) of Regulation (EC) No 510/2006?
      
            (b) If the answer to Question 1 is in the negative, what provision governs the conflict between a geographical indication
         validly registered in accordance with the simplified procedure under Article 17 of Regulation (EEC) No 2081/92 and a trade
         mark, and what determines the classification in time of the protected geographical indication?
      
      (3)      May the national provisions on the protection of geographical designations be applied in the event that the indication “Bayerisches
         Bier” fulfils the conditions for registration under Regulation (EEC) No 2081/92 and Regulation (EC) No 510/2006, but Regulation
         (EC) No 1347/2001 is invalid?’
      
      IV –  Legal analysis
      A –    Preliminary remarks
      35.      It should be noted at the outset that, as is clear from its wording and from the order for reference, the third question has
         been referred in the event that Regulation No 1347/2001 – by virtue of which the name ‘Bayerisches Bier’ was registered as
         a PGI – is to be considered invalid as a consequence of the preliminary ruling in Bavaria and Bavaria Italia, (9) which was pending at the time when the Bundesgerichtshof made the present reference. 
      
      36.      Since, in its ruling in that case, the Court has meanwhile confirmed the validity of Regulation No 1347/2001 (10) and as the referring court has not mentioned any additional factor which might affect the validity of that regulation, it
         is unnecessary to answer the third question.
      
      37.      The two remaining questions and their subdivisions are essentially designed to determine whether the PGI ‘Bayerisches Bier’
         enjoys priority in time over Bavaria’s trade mark with the effect that, in the event of a conflict between those rights, the
         trade mark may be declared invalid.
      
      38.      Let me now turn to examine the two issues which arise in this connection. 
      
      39.      First and foremost, it is necessary to identify the Community rule or rules under which the priority of a PGI registered in
         accordance with the simplified procedure under Article 17 of Regulation No 2081/92 (‘the simplified procedure’) over a trade
         mark falls to be assessed, that is to say, to determine whether the relevant provision in the present case is Article 14(1)
         of Regulation No 2081/92 or Article 14(1) of Regulation No 510/2006.
      
      40.      Secondly, it is necessary to identify the point in time which is material for the purposes of determining whether a PGI registered
         under the simplified procedure precludes the registration of a given trade mark.
      
      B –    Main positions of the parties
      41.      In the present proceedings, written observations have been submitted by Bayerischer Brauerbund, Bavaria, the Governments of
         Germany, Greece, Italy and the Netherlands, and by the Commission. All of those parties, with the exception of the Italian
         Government, were also represented at the hearing on 10 June 2010.
      
      42.      I shall not rehearse in detail here the various arguments put forward by the parties, which – even where leading to similar
         results – cover a wide range of legal approaches to the issues raised. I shall merely outline briefly the solutions proposed
         by the parties to the questions referred.
      
      43.      As regards the question of which Community rule governs the relationship between the PGI and Bavaria’s trade mark, Bavaria,
         the German and Dutch Governments and the Commission essentially agree that Article 14(1) of Regulation No 510/2006 is not
         applicable to a PGI which has been registered in accordance with the simplified procedure. According to most of those parties,
         the relationship between the PGI and Bavaria’s trade mark is still governed by Article 14(1) of Regulation No 2081/92 in its
         original version. The Commission, on the other hand, identifies the relevant provision in this context as Article 13(1) of
         Regulation No 510/2006, read in conjunction with Article 14(2) thereof. 
      
      44.      By contrast, according to Bayerischer Brauerbund and the Governments of Italy and Greece, the classification in time of such
         a PGI falls to be determined by reference to Article 14(1) of Regulation No 510/2006.
      
      45.      As regards the question of which point in time is material for the classification in time of a name registered under the simplified
         procedure, several dates have been proposed by the parties: (i) the date on which the name concerned starts to be protected
         under the national law of the Member State of origin (Commission and Greek Government); (ii) the date on which the Member
         State concerned submits the registration application to the Commission (Bayerischer Brauerbund and Italian Government); (iii)
         the date on which all documents which that application should contain are communicated to the Commission (in the context of
         the present case, according to Bavaria, not before summer 1998); (iv) the date from which the economic operators concerned
         could, through the participation of the Member State in the simplified procedure, take cognisance of the application for registration
         (German Government); and, lastly, (v) the date of the publication of the registration (Bavaria and the Dutch Government).
      
      C –    Appraisal
      1.      The applicable legislation
      46.      It should be recalled at the outset that one of the basic principles of trade mark law and, more generally, of all intellectual
         property law is the principle of the primacy of the prior exclusive right, or, more generally, the ‘first-in-time=first-in-right’
         principle, by virtue of which the proprietor of an earlier intellectual property right can, in the event of conflict, claim
         protection against a subsequent intellectual property right. (11)
      
      47.      As regards the relationship between PDOs or PGIs, on the one hand, and trade marks, on the other, that principle is reflected
         in the specific rules which both Regulation No 2081/92 (12) and Regulation No 510/2006 lay down in relation to the various situations of conflict referred to. Each of those rules has
         separate objectives and functions and they are each subject to different conditions. (13)
      
      48.      The first case is that referred to in Article 14(3) of Regulation No 2081/92 – which, in Regulation No 510/2006, appears as
         Article 3(4) – which is a situation of conflict between a PDO or a PGI and a pre-existing trade mark where registration of
         the name at issue would, in the light of the trade mark’s reputation and renown, and the length of time for which it has been
         used, be liable to mislead the consumer as to the true identity of the product. In such a case, the pre-existing trade mark
         is protected in that registration of the indication or designation must be refused.
      
      49.      The second case is governed both by Article 14(2) of Regulation No 2081/92 and by Article 14(2) of Regulation No 510/2006.
         Those provisions concern the situation where use of a pre-existing trade mark interferes with the protection granted to a
         PDO or a PGI under Article 13 of those regulations. Those provisions enshrine the principle of coexistence in that, subject
         to certain conditions, they allow continued use of the earlier trade mark notwithstanding the registration of the conflicting
         name.
      
      50.      The third situation of conflict, which is the situation at issue in the present case and which is governed by Article 14(1)
         of Regulation No 2081/92 and by Article 14(1) of Regulation No 510/2006, is that between an earlier PDO or PGI and a later
         trade mark, where use of that trade mark would bring about one of the situations described in Article 13 of those regulations.
         Under those provisions, protection or priority is given to the earlier designation or indication, in that registration of
         the conflicting trade mark must be refused or, as the case may be, declared invalid. The existence of the earlier PDO or PGI
         – as envisaged in those provisions – is thus, in effect, tantamount to a ground for refusal of registration of the conflicting
         trade mark under national and Community/European Union trade mark law. (14)
      
      51.      In that regard, priority in time of a PDO or PGI vis-à-vis a given mark or, in other words, the point in the registration
         procedure as from which a name, in the event of conflict, may prevent a trade mark from being registered, is defined under
         Article 14(1) of Regulation No 2081/92, as originally enacted, by reference to the date of publication provided for in Article
         6(2), that is to say, the date of publication of the application for registration and related information by the Commission.
         By contrast, both Article 14(1) of that regulation, as amended by Regulation No 692/2003, and Article 14(1) of Regulation
         No 510/2006 refer in that regard essentially to the (earlier) date of submission of the registration application to the Commission.
         
      
      52.      The crux of the problem with which we are now confronted in the present case is that, in referring to ‘the date of publication
         provided for in Article 6(2)’ of Regulation No 2081/92, Article 14(1) of that regulation as originally enacted fails – for
         whatever reason – to take account of the fact that, in the context of the simplified procedure, no provision is made for such
         publication, whereas Article 14(1) of Regulation No 2081/92, as amended by Regulation No 692/2003, and Article 14(1) of Regulation
         No 510/2006 appear to be compatible ratione materiae with the simplified procedure in view of their reliance on the date of the submission of the registration application to
         the Commission. 
      
      53.      That cannot, however, override the fact that neither Article 14(1) of Regulation No 2081/92, as amended by Regulation No 692/2003,
         nor Article 14(1) of Regulation No 510/2006, to which the first question refers, is applicable ratione temporis to the relationship between the PGI and the trade mark at issue. 
      
      54.      It should be pointed out in that regard, first of all, that, as emerges from consistent case-law, the principle of legal certainty
         requires that, as a general rule, any factual situation should, in the absence of express provision to the contrary, be examined
         in the light of the legal rules existing at the time when the situation obtained. (15)
      
      55.      The situation of conflict in the case before the referring court arose in connection with the extension of the protection
         of Bavaria’s trade mark to Germany in 1995. It is with regard to that extension of protection that the question has to be
         answered as to whether the indication ‘Bayerisches Bier’ – registration of which as a PGI had at that stage been applied for
         under the simplified procedure but not yet concluded – already enjoyed protection or, more specifically, priority over Bavaria’s
         trade mark, with the effect that the legal protection of that mark in Germany was precluded and should, as a consequence,
         be withdrawn. 
      
      56.      Obviously, at the time when those circumstances occurred, it was Regulation No 2081/92 as originally enacted which governed
         the registration and protection of the name ‘Bayerisches Bier’, including its relationship with trade marks. It is therefore
         in the light of that legislation that the situation at issue must be examined.
      
      57.      I would add that we are not dealing here with the future effects of a situation which arose under Regulation No 2081/92 as
         originally enacted and to which, as the Court has held in a number of cases, a new rule such as that laid down in Article
         14(1) of Regulation No 510/2006 could be applied. (16)
      
      58.      Rather, the issue here is whether, at a certain point in time, a given name was to be regarded as being first in time – and,
         accordingly, first in right – in relation to a potentially conflicting mark, with the result that the situation at issue constitutes
         a situation accomplished prior to the entry into force of Regulation No 510/2006. As a consequence, that regulation can apply
         retroactively to that situation, or to rights acquired prior to its entry into force, only in so far as it clearly follows
         from its terms, its objectives or its general scheme that such effect must be given to it. (17)
      
      59.      There is nothing, however, in Regulation No 510/2006 to suggest this, it being insufficient in that regard that names already
         registered under Regulation No 2081/92 continue to be protected under Regulation No 510/2006, in accordance with Article 17
         of that regulation and recital 19 in its preamble.
      
      60.      Lastly, it should be noted that it would be difficult indeed to argue that an issue so closely linked to the simplified procedure
         as that of the protection to be granted during that procedure to the name vis-à-vis a trade mark should be governed by Regulation
         No 510/2006, when the simplified procedure itself has already been abolished by Regulation No 692/2003.
      
      61.      It follows that Article 14(1) of Regulation No 510/2006 is not applicable in the present case, where the PGI was validly registered
         under the simplified procedure, as provided for in Article 17 of Regulation No 2081/92 as originally enacted. 
      
      62.      The question regarding the moment in time during the registration procedure from which such a PGI may prevent a given trade
         mark from being validly registered must therefore be determined by reference to Regulation No 2081/92 and, in particular,
         to Articles 14 and 17 thereof, account being had – in so far as the answer does not follow directly from the wording of those
         provisions – to the context, the purpose and general scheme of the regulation of which those provisions form part. (18)
      
      2.      The point in time from which a PGI subject to the simplified procedure may prevent the registration of a trade mark which
         is alleged to conflict with it
      
      63.      As has already been noted, Article 14(1) of Regulation No 2081/92, which covers circumstances such as those of the case before
         the referring court, in that it governs the registration of a trade mark in the light of the protection afforded to designations
         or indications under that regulation, identifies – in any event, as regards names registered under the normal procedure –
         the date of publication of the application for registration of a name as the point in time from which registration of a conflicting
         trade mark is not permissible. (19)
      
      64.      Since that date is not applicable in respect of names whose registration is sought under the simplified procedure, which does
         not entail publication of the application for registration within the meaning of Article 6(2) of Regulation No 2081/92, (20) the question to be answered is: what point in time in the simplified registration procedure can be regarded as equivalent
         in function to that date for the purposes of Article 14(1) of Regulation No 2081/92?
      
      65.      In that regard, it should be borne in mind, first, that both Article 14(1) and Article 14(3) of Regulation No 2081/92 are
         designed to act as a barrier to registration, (21) the former with regard to the registration of trade marks and the latter with regard to the registration of designations
         or indications, whereas Article 14(2) of Regulation No 2081/92 follows a somewhat different logic in that it provides, subject
         to certain conditions, in accordance with the principle of coexistence, for continued use of a pre-existing trade mark notwithstanding
         – and subsequent to – the registration of a PDO or PGI with which that use conflicts. 
      
      66.      Secondly, as a consequence, while Article 14(2) of Regulation No 2081/92 implies the need for an analysis after registration, intended inter alia for the authorities and courts called upon to apply the provisions in question, the question whether
         the conditions laid down in Article 14(1) and Article 14(3) of that regulation have been fulfilled must be assessed, by the
         competent Community and national authorities called upon to apply those provisions, prior to registration of the trade mark, or the PDO or PGI, respectively. (22)
      
      67.      Thirdly, it should be noted in this context that the point in time to which Article 14(1) of Regulation No 2081/92 refers
         as regards the normal registration procedure – namely, publication of the registration application – is the first point in
         that procedure at which the ongoing registration of a designation or indication is brought to the knowledge of all the national
         authorities in charge of registration of trade marks, as well as of interested third parties and economic operators, so that
         account can be taken of that fact in relation to the registration of trade marks which may conflict with those PDOs or PGIs.
      
      68.      In that respect, as regards names registered under the simplified procedure, it should be noted that the first point in that
         procedure at which all those Community authorities and economic operators can take cognisance of the registration of a name
         subject to that procedure is the publication of its registration under Article 17 of Regulation No 2081/92, read in conjunction
         with Article 15 of that regulation, in the Official Journal of the European Union.
      
      69.      In my view, therefore, in the light of the conceptual framework and spirit of Article 14(1) of Regulation No 2081/92, that
         date – namely, the date on which the protection granted to names registered under the simplified procedure is made public,
         for the first time, at a Community-wide level – is the date which is to be regarded as material for determining the primacy
         of such names for the purposes of Article 14(1) of that regulation.
      
      70.      That interpretation is corroborated, in the first place, by considerations relating to the way in which the application of
         that rule should work in practice.
      
      71.      Thus, it should be borne in mind that Article 14(1) of Regulation No 2081/92 provides primarily, as is evident from the first
         subparagraph of that provision, for a ground of refusal in respect of a trade mark whose registration is sought and only secondarily,
         as is evident from the second subparagraph of that provision, for a ground of revocation of that trade mark in the event that
         it has been registered in breach of that barrier to registration. 
      
      72.      However, the authorities in charge of the registration of trade marks are obviously able to take account of the protection
         afforded to a name whose registration has been applied for under that regulation and, in particular, of the related ground
         for refusal, only if the name concerned has been brought to their attention prior to the registration of a trade mark which
         may conflict with the name.
      
      73.      In the second place, it follows also from the principle of legal certainty, to my mind, that the fact that registration of
         a name has been sought under the simplified procedure cannot preclude registration of a trade mark prior to the publication
         of the registration of that PGI or PDO.
      
      74.      According to settled case-law, the principle of legal certainty means that Community/European Union rules must enable those
         concerned to know precisely the extent of the obligations which those rules impose on them. (23)
      
      75.      Thus, in Prosciutto di Parma, which concerned a PDO registered under the simplified procedure, the Court held that, in accordance with the principle of
         legal certainty, a particular specification such as that the slicing and packaging of the product concerned be carried out
         in the region of production, implied a negative obligation for third parties and, accordingly, since it was not brought to
         the knowledge of third parties through adequate publicity in the form of Community legislation such as the registration regulation
         concerned in the present case, could not be relied on against them in proceedings before a national court. (24)
      
      76.      As regards the present case, it should be noted that this concerns the procedural step or measure in the context of the registration
         of an indication or designation under the simplified procedure which may have the effect of precluding a trade mark from being
         registered. 
      
      77.      Thus, the relevant event in the present case clearly implies a negative obligation for third parties applying for registration
         of a trade mark in so far as that trade mark may be liable to conflict with the name concerned. Moreover, it also places an
         obligation on the authorities competent for registration of trade marks in that they are obliged to refuse to register such
         trade marks. 
      
      78.      Accordingly, since, in the context of the simplified procedure, only the registration of the PDO or PGI is brought to the
         knowledge of interested third parties or authorities concerned by adequate publicity, the preclusive effect under Article
         14(1) of Regulation No 2081/92 can be defined, by dint of the principle of legal certainty, only by reference to that measure,
         not by reference to a prior measure such as the submission to the Commission of the application for registration. 
      
      79.      More specifically, so far as the application for registration under the simplified procedure is concerned, that lack of publicity
         clearly cannot be offset by the – substantially unrelated – fact that, as some of the parties have correctly observed, according
         to settled case-law it must be possible for the national courts, in accordance with the requirement of effective judicial
         protection, to rule on the lawfulness of an application for registration of a designation made in the context of the simplified
         registration procedure. (25)
      
      80.      By the same token, it cannot to my mind be argued that – so far as economic operators, or at least some of them, are concerned
         – a specific publication of the application for registration under the simplified procedure was not necessary for the purposes
         of Article 14(1) of Regulation No 2081/92 since, as provided under Article 17(1) of that regulation, that application was
         in any case based on a name which already enjoyed legal protection at national level and with which economic operators must
         already have been familiar. 
      
      81.      While it is true that application of the simplified procedure presupposes, inter alia, that the name which a Member State
         seeks to register should be legally protected in that Member State or, in Member States where there is no system of protection,
         validated through use, (26) it must be stressed that registration under that procedure does not amount merely to the extension to Community/European
         Union level of a protection which already existed before at national level. (27)
      
      82.      Thus, apart from the difference in territorial scope, the scope of protection afforded to a geographical designation or indication
         under national law may be substantially different from and more restricted than – as is here indeed the case – the scope of
         protection afforded to PGIs or PDOs registered under Regulation No 2081/92. 
      
      83.      Accordingly, the existence or, more specifically, the publication of a designation of origin under a national system of protection
         cannot, for the purposes of Article 14(1) of Regulation No 2081/92, be relied on to make up for the lack of publicity and
         legal certainty attaching to the application for registration of that name under the simplified procedure.
      
      84.      Lastly, it should be emphasised that, in accordance with settled case-law, the aim of Regulation No 2081/92 is to ensure uniform
         protection within the Community/European Union of the geographical designations which it covers. (28)
      
      85.      Apart from the issues of legal certainty which such an approach would obviously raise, it would in my view run counter to
         the uniform protection which the system established under Regulation No 2081/92 thus intends to provide if the priority in
         time of a designation or indication for the purposes of Article 14(1) of that regulation were to be determined in the context
         of the simplified procedure – as some of the parties have proposed – by reference to the time at which the name concerned
         started to be protected under the national law of the Member State of origin or, in the absence of a national protection system,
         the time from which a name had been established by usage. 
      
      86.      Moreover, that approach fails to take adequate account of the difference, referred to above, (29) between designations and indications within the meaning of Regulation No 2081/92 and the nationally protected names on which
         they may be based. 
      
      87.      In the light of all the foregoing considerations, I propose that the second question be answered to the effect that Regulation
         No 2081/92 is to be interpreted as meaning that the date of the publication of the registration is the material date for the
         classification in time, for the purposes of Article 14(1) of that regulation, of a protected geographical indication which
         is registered in accordance with the simplified procedure under Article 17 of that regulation.
      
      V –  Conclusion
      88.      I propose, therefore, that the Court answer the questions referred as follows:
      
      1.      Article 14(1) of Council Regulation (EC) No 510/2006 of 20 March 2006 on the protection of geographical indications and designations
         of origin for agricultural products and foodstuffs is not applicable in a case where a protected indication of origin has
         been validly registered in accordance with the simplified procedure provided for in Article 17 of Council Regulation (EEC)
         No 2081/92 of 14 July 1992 on the protection of geographical indications and designations of origin for agricultural products
         and foodstuffs.
      
      2.      Regulation No 2081/92 is to be interpreted as meaning that the date of the publication of the registration is the material
         date for the classification in time, for the purposes of Article 14(1) of that regulation, of a protected geographical indication
         which has been registered in accordance with the simplified procedure under Article 17 of that regulation.
      
      1 –	Original language: English.
      
      2 –	OJ 2006 L 93, p. 12.
      
      3 –	OJ 2001 L 182, p. 3.
      
      4 –	OJ 1992 L 208, p. 1.
      
      5 –	[2009] ECR I‑5491.
      
      6 –	Regulation of 8 April 2003 amending Regulation (EEC) No 2081/92 on the protection of geographical indications and designations
         of origin for agricultural products and foodstuffs (OJ 2003 L 99, p. 1).
      
      7 –	Regulation adapting to Decision 1999/468/EC the provisions relating to committees which assist the Commission in the exercise
         of its implementing powers laid down in Council instruments adopted in accordance with the consultation procedure (qualified
         majority) (OJ 2003 L 122, p. 1).
      
      8 –	Cited in footnote 5.
      
      9 –	Cited in footnote 5.
      
      10 –	Cited in footnote 5, paragraph 115.
      
      11 –	See, to that effect, Case C‑245/02 Anheuser-Busch ?2004? ECR I‑10989, paragraph 98.
      
      12 –	The following paragraphs apply both to the original version of Article 14 of Regulation No 2081/92 and to that provision
         as amended by Regulation No 692/2003.
      
      13 –	See, to that effect, as regards Article 14 of Regulation No 2081/92, Bavaria and Bavaria Italia, cited in footnote 5, paragraphs 117 to 123.
      
      14 –	See, in that regard, Article 7(1)(k) of Council Regulation (EC) No 40/94 of 20 December 1993 on the Community trade mark
         (OJ 1994 L 11, p. 1) as amended by Council Regulation (EC) No 422/2004 of 19 February 2004 (OJ 2004 L 70, p. 1) and Article
         7(1)(k) of Council Regulation (EC) No 207/2009 of 26 February 2009 on the Community trade mark (OJ 2009 L 78, p. 1).
      
      15 –	See to that effect, for example, Case C‑154/05 Kersbergen-Lap and Dams-Schipper [2006] ECR I‑6249, paragraph 42, and Case 10/78 Belbouab [1978] ECR 1915, paragraph 7.
      
      16 –	See in this context, for example, Case C‑334/07 P Commission v Freistaat Sachsen [2008] ECR I‑9465, paragraph 43, and Case C‑60/98 Butterfly Music [1999] ECR I‑3939, paragraph 24.
      
      17 –	See to that effect, for example, Case C‑162/00 Pokrzeptowicz-Meyer [2002] ECR I‑1049, paragraph 49 and the case-law cited. As to the principles stated by the Court in relation to the temporal
         effect of legal rules, see also my View of 10 November 2009 in Case C‑357/09 PPU Kadzoev [2009] ECR I‑0000, paragraphs 56 to 59.
      
      18 –	Cf. in this context, Case 292/82 Firma E. Merck [1983] ECR 3781, paragraph 12, and Case C‑265/08 Federutility and Others [2010] ECR I‑0000, paragraph 18.
      
      19 –	See, in particular, point 50 above.
      
      20 –	It should be noted that there is nothing in the wording of Regulation No 2081/92 which would exclude, a priori, application of Article 14(1) of that regulation to names registered under the simplified procedure; moreover, that would
         be inconsistent with the fact that Article 14(2) and (3) of that regulation has consistently been regarded as applicable in
         the context of the simplified procedure (see only, for example, Bavaria and Bavaria Italia, cited in footnote 5, paragraph 111 et seq.).
      
      21 –	Cf., as regards Article 14(3) of Regulation No 2081/92, my Opinion in Bavaria and Bavaria Italia, cited in footnote 5, points 128, 129 and 152.
      
      22 –	See, in this context, Bavaria and Bavaria Italia, cited in footnote 5, paragraphs 118 and 119.
      
      23 –	See Case C‑469/00 Ravil ?2003? ECR I‑5053, paragraph 93; Case C‑108/01 Prosciutto di Parma ?2003? ECR I‑5121, paragraph 89; and Case C‑209/96 United Kingdom v Commission ?1998? ECR I‑5655, paragraph 35.
      
      24 –	Prosciutto di Parma, cited in footnote 23, paragraphs 91 to 96.
      
      25 –	See to that effect, in particular, Case C‑269/99 Carl Kühne and Others ?2001? ECR I‑9517, paragraphs 57 and 58, and Bavaria and Bavaria Italia, cited in footnote 5, paragraph 57.
      
      26 –	Cf., for example, Case C‑66/00 Bigi [2002] ECR I‑5917, paragraph 28.
      
      27 –	See, to that effect, Prosciutto di Parma, cited in footnote 23, paragraphs 97 and 98.
      
      28 –	See to that effect, inter alia, Case C‑478/07 Budějovický Budvar ?2009? ECR I‑7721, paragraph 107, and Case C‑312/98 Warsteiner Brauerei ?2000? ECR I‑9187, paragraph 50.
      
      29 –	Points 80 to 82 above.