CELEX: 52013PC0117
Language: en
Date: 2013-03-05
Title: Proposal for a COUNCIL IMPLEMENTING REGULATION terminating the partial reopening of anti-dumping investigation concerning imports of ethanolamines originating in the United States of America and terminating the expiry review pursuant to Article 11(2) and the partial interim review pursuant to Article 11(3) of Regulation (EC) 1225/2009

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		52013PC0117
		
			Proposal for a COUNCIL IMPLEMENTING REGULATION terminating the partial reopening of anti-dumping investigation concerning imports of ethanolamines originating in the United States of America and terminating the expiry review pursuant to Article 11(2) and the partial interim review pursuant to Article 11(3) of Regulation (EC) 1225/2009 /* COM/2013/0117 final - 2013/0070 (NLE) */
			
				
		
		
			
			   	EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM
1.           CONTEXT OF THE PROPOSAL
Grounds for and objectives of the
proposal
This proposal concerns the application of
Council Regulation (EC) No 1225/2009 of 30 November 2009 on protection against
dumped imports from countries not members of the European Community ('the basic
Regulation') in the anti-dumping proceeding concerning imports of ethanolamines
originating in the United States of America ('USA').
General context
This proposal is made in the context of the
implementation of the basic Regulation and is the result of an investigation
which was carried out in line with the substantive and procedural requirements
laid out in the basic Regulation.
Existing provisions in the area of the
proposal
Definitive measures were imposed by Council
Regulation (EU) No 54/2010 (OJ L 17, 22.10.2010, p. 1).
Consistency with other policies and
objectives of the Union
Not applicable.
2.           RESULTS OF CONSULTATIONS
WITH THE INTERESTED PARTIES AND IMPACT ASSESSMENTS
Consultation of interested parties
Interested parties concerned by the
proceeding have had the possibility to defend their interests during the
investigation, in line with the provisions of the basic Regulation.
Collection and use of expertise
There was no need for external expertise.
Impact assessment
This proposal is the result of the
implementation of the basic Regulation.
The basic Regulation does not contain
provisions for a general impact assessment but contains an exhaustive list of
conditions that have to be assessed.
3.           LEGAL ELEMENTS OF THE
PROPOSAL
Summary of the proposed action
On 19 January 2010 and following a third
expiry review investigation, the anti-dumping duties on imports of
ethanolamines originating in the USA were prolonged for two more years by
Council Regulation (EU) 54/2010. The Commission initiated an expiry review on 21 January 2012. A
partial interim review limited to dumping as regards The Dow Chemical Company
was initiated on 11 April 2012. By its judgment of 8
May 2012 the General Court annulled the Council Regulation insofar as it
concerns the The Dow Chemical Company. On 18 October 2012, the Commission published
a notice concerning the partial reopening of the anti-dumping investigation
concerning imports of ethanolamines originating in the United States of America limited in scope to the implementation of the General Court
judgment.
The attached proposal for a Council
Regulation is based on the findings which brought the Commission to conclude
that, on the basis of the verified information of the third expiry review investigation,
the institutions could not have come to the conclusion
that dumping had continued during the RIP, nor that there was a likelihood of
continuation of dumping. Moreover, the institutions should also have concluded
that there was was no likelihood of recurrence of
dumping.
It is therefore proposed that the Council
adopt the attached proposal for a Regulation which terminates the existing
anti-dumping measures on ethanolamines originating in the USA. This regulation should be published no later than 10 April 2013, i.e. 12 months after
the initiation of the interim review.
Legal basis
Council Regulation (EC) No 1225/2009 of 30
November 2009 on protection against dumped imports from countries not members
of the European Community.
Subsidiarity principle
The proposal falls under the exclusive
competence of the European Union. The subsidiarity principle therefore does not
apply.
Proportionality principle
The proposal complies with the
proportionality principle for the following reasons:
The form of action is described in the
above-mentioned basic Regulation and leaves no scope for national decision.
Indication of how financial and
administrative burden falling upon the Union, national governments, regional
and local authorities, economic operators and citizens is minimized and
proportionate to the objective of the proposal is not applicable.
Choice of instruments
Proposed instruments: regulation.
Other means would not be adequate for the
following reason:
Other means would not be adequate because
the basic Regulation does not provide for alternative options.
4.           BUDGETARY IMPLICATION
The proposal has no implication for the
Union budget.
2013/0070 (NLE)
Proposal for a
COUNCIL IMPLEMENTING REGULATION
terminating the partial reopening of
anti-dumping investigation concerning imports of ethanolamines originating in
the United States of America and terminating the expiry review pursuant to
Article 11(2) and the partial interim review pursuant to Article 11(3) of
Regulation (EC) 1225/2009 
THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION, 
Having regard to the Treaty on the
Functioning of the European Union, 
Having regard to Council Regulation (EC) No
1225/2009 of 30 November 2009 on protection against dumped imports from
countries not members of the European Community[1]
(‘the basic Regulation’), and in particular Articles 9 (2), 11(2) and 11(3)
thereof,
Having regard to the proposal submitted by
the European Commission (‘the Commission’) after having consulted the Advisory
Committee, 
Whereas:
1.           PROCEDURE
1.1.        Existing
measures
(1)       On
2 February 1994, the Council imposed, by Regulation (EC) No 229/94[2] ("the original
Regulation"), definitive anti-dumping duties on imports of ethanolamines
(product concerned) originating in the United States of America (‘USA’). On 20 July 2000 and following an
expiry review investigation, these measures were extended for five years by
Council Regulation (EC) 1603/2000[3]
("the first expiry review Regulation").
(2)       On
23 October 2006, following the second expiry review investigation, the measures
were extended for five more years by Council Regulation (EC) No 1583/2006[4] ("the second expiry review
Regulation"). 
(3)       On
19 January 2010 and following a third expiry review investigation, the
anti-dumping duties on imports of ethanolamines originating in the USA were imposed for two more years by Council Regulation (EC) No 54/2010[5] ("the third expiry review
Regulation"). 
(4)       On
9 April 2010, The Dow Chemical Company ("Dow Chemical") filed an
application for partial annulment of Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No
54/2010 of 19 January 2010.
(5)       On
12 March 2011, the Commission published a Notice of impending expiry in the Official
Journal[6].

(6)       Following a request lodged
by BASF AG, Ineos Europe AG, and Sasol Germany GmbH ("the Union
industry"), the Commission initiated an expiry review on 21 January 2012
("fourth expiry review")[7]. 
(7)       A partial interim review
limited to dumping as regards Dow Chemical was initiated on 11 April 2012[8].
(8)       By
its judgment of 8 May 2012 in case T-158/10[9]
(‘the judgment’) the General Court
annulled the third expiry review Regulation insofar as it concerns Dow Chemical
following an application lodged[10]
on 9 April 2010. 
1.2.        Partial
reopening
(9)       Following
the General Court judgment of 8 May 2012, a notice[11] was published concerning the
partial reopening of the third expiry review investigation concerning imports
of ethanolamines originating in the USA. The reopening was limited in scope to
the implementation of the General Court judgment as far as the determination of
a likelihood of a continuation or recurrence of dumping during the RIP,
including the spare production capacity of ethanolamines in the USA, is concerned.
(10)     In
that notice, parties were informed that, in view of the judgment of the General
Court, imports into the European Union of ethanolamines
manufactured by Dow Chemical are no longer subject to the anti-dumping duties
imposed by the third expiry review Regulation and that definitive anti-dumping duties
paid pursuant to this Regulation on imports of ethanolamines should be repaid
or remitted in accordance with the applicable customs regulation.
(11)     The
Commission officially advised the exporting producers, the importers and users
known to be concerned and the Union industry of the partial reopening of the
investigation. Interested parties were given the opportunity to make their
views known in writing and to request a hearing within the time limit set out
in the notice.
(12)     All
parties who so requested within the above time limit, and who demonstrated that
there were particular reasons why they should be heard, were granted the
opportunity to be heard.
(13)     Representations were
received from two exporting producers, three Union producers and a user of the
product concerned.
2.           IMPLEMENTATION OF THE
GENERAL COURT JUDGMENT
2.1.        1.
Preliminary remark
(14)     It
is recalled that the reason for the annulment of the contested Regulation was
the General Court finding that the third expiry review Regulation contained two
errors of assessment: (i) a finding of continued dumping during the review
investigation period ("RIP")
and, therefore, on that basis, a finding of a likelihood of continuation of
dumping; and (ii) the determination that the spare production capacity of
ethanolamines in the United States amounted to 60 000 tonnes.
2.2.        Comments
of interested parties
(15)     The Union industry acknowledged that the General Court judgment
questioned the methodologies employed by the Institutions to quantify the spare
capacity production in the USA. However, the Union industry sustained that
basing the actual production capacity on 90% of the nameplate capacity, as the
institutions had done, is overly conservative as it is common and accepted for
companies to exceed the nameplate capacity. Basing themselves on published
market data allegedly sourced from PCI Xylenes & Polyesters ("PCI"), they concluded that there
was indeed a spare capacity in 2008 and onwards. 
(16)     Moreover, the Union industry considered that market conditions had
not changed materially since the publication of the third expiry review
Regulation and found several reasons to conclude that there is a likelihood of
a recurrence of dumping. In this respect, they invoked the continuation of the
US production capacity over domestic demand since the RIP; the material capacity
expansions in third countries after 2009 which would have made US export
markets increasingly self-sufficient; the existence of anti-dumping measures
imposed or likely to be imposed soon in third countries; the increase of MEG
(monoethylene glycol) capacity production from 2009 onwards; and the proposal
in the USA to include some of the ethanolamines in the list of products with
potential harmful effects to health which could ultimately have an impact in
domestic consumption. 
(17)     Dow Chemical expressed its doubts about the legality of the
re-opening of the investigation arguing that there is no specific provision in
the basic Regulation allowing for that. This exporting producer also alleged
that the re-opening would be in conflict with the 15-month statutory deadline
set out in article 11(5) of the basic Regulation for the completion of review
investigations.
(18)     Dow Chemical further claimed that the General Court judgment would
not require any implementing measure and that the Commission could not legally
remedy the aspects of the contested Regulation since each of the substantive
grounds that led to the adoption of the Regulation was either annulled by the
General Court or contested. Dow Chemical therefore considered that the only
legal way to remedy these aspects of the third expiry review Regulation would
be to repeal the existing measures. 
(19)     An EU user, Stepan Europe ("Stepan"), submitted that the
legal consequence of the judgment could only be that the measures imposed by
the third expiry review Regulation should be withdrawn as they had been imposed
on the basis of an erroneous analysis. Similar views were expressed by the
exporting producer Huntsman Petrochemical Corporation LLC ("Huntsman").
Indeed, Stepan and Huntsman argued that the Court held that, during the RIP,
the country-wide dumping margin was negative and therefore no continuation of
dumping could be established. Stepan considered that the institutions should
hence have examined if there was a likehood of recurrence of dumping; yet the third
expiry review Regulation had been silent on this. 
(20)     Moreover,
Stepan stressed that, would the notion of continuation of dumping be
interpreted on an individual company basis, the institutions should have concluded
that there was no continuation of dumping for Dow Chemical as, according to the
Court, the company represented more than 85% of all imports from the USA, and
therefore they should have considered whether dumping by Dow Chemical was
likely to recur. For the other exporting companies, it was established that
there had been dumping and therefore the institutions should have established
whether dumping was likely to continue. The likelihood of continuation of
dumping analysis was mainly based, according to Stepan, on a country–wide spare
capacity in the USA of 60 000 tonnes. Given the Court's finding that the
institutions erred in assessing the spare capacity in the USA and given that,
according to Stepan, the spare capacity was closer to at the most 8 000 tonnes,
it was no longer possible to sustain that the other exporting companies were
likely to continue dumping. The institutions would have needed to also analyze
and establish the likelihood of recurrence of dumping. 
(21)     Hunstman
also based its analysis on the assumption that the General Court's judgment
confirmed that there was no spare capacity in the USA during the RIP and that
it was therefore unlikely that an increased amount of ethanolamines would be
exported into the EU on that basis. They claimed that it was therefore also not
necessary to analyse other factors such as the impact of trade defence masures
in third countries, the possible development of demand in the USA and in other markets or the downward pressure of prices. Moreover, Huntsman argued
that, in the light of the Court's finding of the lack of spare capacity in the USA
during the RIP, it was no longer possible for the Commission to re-analize the
likelihood of recurrence of dumping and of injury and to conclude in the
framework of this partial re-opening that there was a likelihood of recurrence
of injurious dumping. Yet, were the Commission able to revisit the likelihood
of recurrence of dumping and of injury, Huntsman considered that there would be
no evidence to demonstrate that the requirements of Article 11(2) of the basic Regulation
would be met. As regards the likelihood of recurrence of dumping, Huntsman opined
that, on the basis of the finding that during the RIP there was no dumping for
Dow Chemical, the biggest exporter by far, there was no likelihood of recurrence
of dumping on a country-wide basis after the RIP if the anti-dumping duties would
be withdrawn. 
(22)     According
to Huntsman, the recurrence of injury would be unlikely in view of the absence
of unused production capacity which results in very little leeway for
increasing exports to the EU after the RIP. Huntsman maintained that such
conclusion is corroborated by the fact that, according to the SRI report[12], the expected growth of
consumption in the USA does not differ significantly from that of the other
markets.
(23)     Huntsman
raised that if the Union industry would have suffered from any injury, this were
to be attributted to the effects of the economic crisis and not to imports from
the USA. The mere exacerbation of the negative impact of the crisis through
imports could not permit a finding of a likely recurrence of injury caused by
the mentioned imports. 
2.3.        Analysis
of comments
(24)     In
respect of the alleged illegality of the reopening (recitals (17)-(18)), it is
recalled that in case C-458/98 P ("the IPS judgment"), the Court of
Justice recognised that in cases where a proceeding consists of several
administrative steps, the annulment of one of those steps does not annul the
complete proceeding. The anti-dumping proceeding is an example of such a
multi-step proceeding. Consequently, the annulment of the amending Regulation
in relation to one party does not imply the annulment of the entire procedure
prior to the adoption of that Regulation[13].
Moreover, according to Article 266 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the
European Union (TFEU), the Union institutions are required to comply with the
judgment. In the light of the above, the claim that there is no legal basis for
the partial reopening of a review investigation was found to be unwarranted. 
(25)     The
claim that the introduction of deadlines to conclude anti-dumping
investigations prevents the Commission from extending the investigation beyond
the 15-months statutory limit (recital (17) above) was also found to be
unwarranted. It is considered that this deadline is not relevant for the
implementation of a Court judgment. Indeed, such deadline only governs the
completion of the initial review investigation from the date of initiation to
the date of definitive action, and does not concern any subsequent action that
might have to be taken for instance as a result of judicial review. The
consequence of accepting such claim would make it impossible for the
institutions to take account of the General Court’s findings (as Article 266
TFEU requires). Indeed, the General Court’s judgment will always be handed down
at a point in time when the deadline for the investigation has expired. Furthermore, it is noted that any other
interpretation would mean that, for example, a successful legal action brought
by one party would be without any practical effect for that party if the expiry
of the time limit to conclude the original investigation would not permit the
implementation of a judgment of the General Court. This would be at odds with
the principle that all parties should have the right to effective judicial
review.
(26)     Concerning
the claim that the Commission would not be able to legally remedy the errors of
assessment found to be contained in the contested Regulation and that the only
mean to implement the judgement is to repeal the existing measures (recital (18)
above), the following should be noted. The Court has already established that
the annulment of a Regulation also implies the possibility of remedying the
aspects of the amending Regulation which led to its annulment, while leaving
unchanged the uncontested parts which are not affected by the judgment — as was
held in the IPS judgement. The institutions are therefore required to have regard not only to the operative part of the
judgment but also to the grounds which led to the judgment and constitute its
essential basis, in so far as they are necessary to determine the exact meaning
of what is stated in the operative part[14]. The procedure for replacing an illegal measure may thus be resumed.[15]. Hence,
this is also considered to be unwarranted.
(27)     The
General Court, as also noted by Stepan and Hunstman (see recital (19)), found
that, during the investigation that resulted in the adoption of the third expiry
review Regulation, the institutions could not have come to the conclusion that
dumping had continued during the RIP, nor that there was a likelihood of
continuation of dumping. The vast majority of imports from the USA namely, as the Court noted, more than 85% from Dow Chemical, had entered the Union at non-dumped
prices. Moreover, that situation should have resulted in a finding that the
weighted average margin for imports of the product at issue originating in the USA was negative. The Court concluded that the institutions were thefore obliged to demonstrate
that there was a likehood of a recurrence of dumping[16]. 
(28)     The
analysis of the likelihood of the recurrence of dumping is in this case, as all
interested parties recognize explicitly or implicitly, linked to the
calculation of the spare production capacity in the USA. Some interested
parties contend that the General Court confirmed that there was no significant spare
capacity in the USA during the RIP. The Court found that the calculation
methodology resulting in a spare production capacity of ethanolamines of 60 000
tonnes during the RIP was confusing and that the resulting number of 60 000
tonnes was in conflict with the evidence relied on in the case[17].
(29)     As
mentioned in recital (15), the Union industry has submitted that, based on PCI
data, there would be a country-wide spare capacity in 2008 exceeding 
60 000 tonnes. It is however noted that, in the
calculation submitted by the Union industry, the total US production capacity had been used, i.e. no downwards adjustment to 90% thereof had been
done. 
(30)     As regards the allegations
regarding the calculation of the spare capacity during the RIP, it is noted
that two exporting producers cooperated with the third expiry review investigation.
During that investigation, it was established that INEOS Oxide LLC (hereafter: "INEOS") did not have
any spare capacity during the RIP, whereas Dow Chemical had some. The verified
information shows that Dow Chemical did not use its spare capacity to engage in
low-prices exports during the RIP although it could have done so given the low
level of the measures when expressed at an ad valorem equivalent. 
(31)     Moreover,
the cooperating companies, Dow Chemical and INEOS, represented during the RIP
together 91,6% of exports from the US into the EU. The total exports of Dow Chemical and INEOS amounted
to 30 000 – 35 000 tonnes; exports from non-cooperating companies were not more
than 3 000 – 4 000 tonnes. The country-wide dumping margin during the RIP was de
minimis and imports from non-cooperating companies
represented less than 1% of EU market. For confidentiality reasons the above
figures have either been given in the form of ranges or are not exact figure.
(32)     As
mentioned in recital (16), the Union industry referred to different factors
which would indicate that, according to them, there
was still a likelihood of a recurrence of dumping after 2008. However, market conditions have not changed
materially since the publication of the third expiry review Regulation. These
circumstances are also acknowledged by the Union industry. However, it should
be noted that as mentioned in recitals (30) and(31), given the low level of the
measures and the lack of spare capacity from INEOS as well as the absence of
dumping from Dow, there is no indication that the repeal of the measure would
be likely to change the situation.
(33)     An exporting producer
commented that the third expiry review should not have concluded with
Regulation 54/2010 imposing measures. The exporting producer requested that
measures be repealed with retroactive effect so that all duties paid since the
date of entry into force of Regulation No 54/2010 be reimbursed to all
importers who duly paid them. 
(34)     This claim is rejected as
exporting producers other than Dow Chemical could also have brought an action for
annulment against the Regulation - which was annulled only insofar it concerned the applicant, i.e. Dow Chemical. Therefore, according to the principle of legal certainty and
following the jurisprudence of the Court[18],
the regulation became definitive as regards the other exporting producers.
2.4.        Conclusion
(35)     Account taken of the comments made by parties and the analysis
thereof, it was concluded that the implementation of the General Court
judgement implies that during the investigation that resulted in the adoption
of Regulation No 54/2010, the institutions could not have come to the
conclusion that dumping had continued during the RIP, nor that there was a
likelihood of continuation of dumping. Moreover, the institutions should also
have concluded that there was no likelihood of
recurrence of dumping.
(36)     On the basis of the above,
the anti-dumping duty on ethanolamines should not have been reintroduced. With
respect to Dow Chemical, it should be recalled that Council Implementing
Regulation 54/2010 has already been annulled in so far as Dow Chemical is
concerned by the judgment of the General Court in case T-158/10. Therefore, for
the sake of clarity, it should be pointed out that with regard to imports of
ethanolamines from Dow Chemical, the anti-dumping duties are not in force
anymore as of the date of entry into force of Council Implementing Regulation
54/2010 (i.e., 23 January 2010).
3.           FOURTH EXPIRY REVIEW
(37)     In light of the above and
in particular recital (35), it is considered that the fourth
expiry review should be terminated without reimposing a duty. With regard to
Dow Chemical, the fourth expiry review was deprived of object by the judgment
of the Court of 8 May 2012 and no legal basis exists for the collection of anti-dumping
duties on imports from Dow Chemical as of 23 January 2010. 
4.           PARTIAL INTERIM REVIEW         
(38)     Account taken of the
findings summarised in recital (35) above, it is considered that the review
should be terminated, since the basis for the very
existence of the measures, i.e., a finding of a likelihood of continuation or
recurrence of injurious dumping, is missing.
5.           COMMENTS RECEIVED    
(39)     All parties were informed
of the essential facts and considerations on the basis of which it was intended
to recommend that the existing measures be terminated. They were also granted a
period within which they could make representations subsequent to this
disclosure. These comments were duly considered but were not as such as to
change the conclusions.
6.           CONCLUSIONS 
(40)     It follows from the above
that the partial reopening investigation should be terminated and that the anti-dumping
measures on imports of ethanolamines originating in the United States of America should be repealed. With respect to imports of ethanolamines from Dow Chemical,
since Council Implementing Regulation 54/2010 had already been annuled in so
far as Dow Chemical is concerned, the measures are not in force as of the date
of entry into force of Council Implementing Regulation 54/2010 (23 January
2010).
(41)     The fourth expiry investigation
concerning anti-dumping duties in force on imports of ethanolamines originating
in the USA should also be terminated without reimposing a duty. With respect to
imports from Dow Chemical, this expiry review has been deprived of its object. 
(42)     The partial interim review limited
in scope to the examination of dumping should be terminated on the basis of the
repeal of the existing measures.
HAS ADOPTED THIS REGULATION:
Article 1
1.         The partial reopening of the
anti-dumping investigation concerning imports of ethanolamines currently falling within CN codes ex 2922 11 00 (monoethanolamine)
(TARIC code 2922 11 00 10), ex 2922 12 00 (diethanolamine) (TARIC code 2922 12
00 10) and 2922 13 10 (triethanolamine), originating in the United States of
America is hereby terminated without reimposing the duties and measures are
repealed.
2.         With respect to imports from The
Dow Chemical Company, no legal basis exists for the collection of anti-dumping
duties on imports from The Dow Chemical Company as of 23 January 2010.
Article 2
The expiry review investigation of the
anti-dumping investigation concerning imports of ethanolamines from all
exporting producers, currently falling within CN codes ex 2922 11 00
(monoethanolamine) (TARIC code 2922 11 00 10), ex 2922 12 00 (diethanolamine)
(TARIC code 2922 12 00 10) and 2922 13 10 (triethanolamine), originating in the
United States of America, initiated on 21 January 2012, is hereby terminated without
imposition of measures. With respect to imports from The Dow Chemical Company,
this expiry review has been deprived of its object.
Article 3
The partial interim review limited in scope
to the examination of dumping concerning imports of ethanolamines from The Dow
Chemical Company currently falling within CN codes ex 2922 11 00
(monoethanolamine) (TARIC code 2922 11 00 10), ex 2922 12 00 (diethanolamine)
(TARIC code 2922 12 00 10) and 2922 13 10 (triethanolamine), originating in the
United States of America is hereby terminated.
Article 4
This Regulation shall enter into force on
the day following its publication in the Official Journal of the European
Union. 
This
Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in the
Member States in accordance with the Treaties.
Done at Brussels, 
                                                                       For
the Council
                                                                       The
President
[1]               OJ L 343, 22.12.2009, p. 51.
[2]               OJ L 28, 2.2.1994, p. 40.
[3]               OJ L 185, 25.7.2000, p.1.
[4]               OJ L 294, 25.10.2006, p. 2.
[5]               OJ L 17, 22.1.2010, p. 1.
[6]               OJ C 79, 12.03.2011, p. 20.
[7]               OJ C 18, 21.01.2012, p. 16.
[8]               OJ C 103, 11.04.2012, p. 8.
[9]               Case T-158/10 The Dow Chemical Company v Council
[2012] ECR II. 
[10]             OJ C 161, 9.4.2010, p. 44.
[11]             OJ C 314, 18.10.2012, p. 12.
[12]             Chemical Economics Handbook Product Review,
'Ethanolamines', SRI Consulting. 
[13]             Case C-458/98 P, Industrie des Poudres Sphériques v
Council [2000] ECR I-8147.
[14]             Case C-458/98 P, Industrie des Poudres Sphériques v
Council , paragraph 81.
[15]             Case C-458/98 P, Industrie des Poudres Sphériques v
Council, paragraph 82.
[16]             Case T-158/10 The Dow Chemical Company v Council, paragraph 45. 
[17]             Case T-158/10 The Dow Chemical Company v Council, paragraph 54.
[18]             Case C-239/99 Nachi Europe GmHb v Hauptzollamt
Krefeld, ECR I-1220.