CELEX: 62009CJ0314
Language: en
Date: 2010-09-30 00:00:00
Title: Judgment of the Court (Third Chamber) of 30 September 2010.#Stadt Graz v Strabag AG and Others.#Reference for a preliminary ruling: Oberster Gerichtshof - Austria.#Directive 89/665/EEC - Public procurement - Review procedures - Actions for damages - Unlawful award - National rule on liability based on a presumption that the contracting authority is at fault.#Case C-314/09.

Case C-314/09
      Stadt Graz
      v
      Strabag AG and Others
      (Reference for a preliminary ruling from the Oberster Gerichtshof)
      (Directive 89/665/EEC – Public procurement – Review procedures – Actions for damages – Unlawful award – National rule on liability based on a presumption that the contracting authority is at fault)
      Summary of the Judgment
      Approximation of laws – Review procedures in respect of the award of public supply and public works contracts – Directive
            89/665 – Duty of Member States to make provision for a review procedure
      (Council Directive 89/665)
      Directive 89/665 on the coordination of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the application of
         review procedures to the award of public supply and public works contracts, as amended by Directive 92/50, must be interpreted
         as precluding national legislation which makes the right to damages for an infringement of public procurement law by a contracting
         authority conditional on that infringement being culpable, including the case in which the application of that legislation
         rests on a presumption that the contracting authority is at fault and on the fact that the latter cannot plead that because
         it has no individual abilities, it cannot be held subjectively responsible for the alleged infringement.
      
      The remedy of damages provided for in Article 2(1)(c) of Directive 89/665 can constitute, where appropriate, a procedural
         alternative compatible with the principle of effectiveness underlying the objective pursued by that directive of ensuring
         effective review procedures only when the possibility of damages being awarded in the event of infringement of the public
         procurement rules is no more dependent than the other legal remedies provided for in Article 2(1) of that directive on a finding
         that the contracting authority is at fault. It makes little difference in that regard that the national legislation does not
         impose on the person harmed the burden of proving that the contracting authority is at fault, but requires the latter to rebut
         the presumption that it is at fault, while limiting the grounds on which it can rely for that purpose.
      
      (see paras 39-40, 45, operative part)
JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (Third Chamber)
      30 September 2010 (*)
      
      (Directive 89/665/EEC – Public procurement – Review procedures – Actions for damages – Unlawful award – National rule on liability based on a presumption that the contracting authority is at fault)
      In Case C‑314/09,
      REFERENCE for a preliminary ruling under Article 234 EC from the Oberster Gerichtshof (Austria), made by decision of 2 July
         2009, received at the Court on 7 August 2009, in the proceedings
      
      Stadt Graz
      v
      Strabag AG,
      Teerag-Asdag AG,
      Bauunternehmung Granit GesmbH,
      intervening party:
      Land Steiermark,
      THE COURT (Third Chamber),
      composed of K. Lenaerts (Rapporteur), President of the Chamber, E. Juhász, G. Arestis, T. von Danwitz and D. Šváby, Judges,
      Advocate General: V. Trstenjak,
      Registrar: K. Malacek, Administrator,
      having regard to the written procedure and further to the hearing on 24 June 2010,
      after considering the observations submitted on behalf of:
      –        Stadt Graz, by K. Kocher, Rechtsanwalt,
      –        Strabag AG, Teerag-Asdag AG and Bauunternehmung Granit GesmbH, by W. Mecenovic, Rechtsanwalt,
      –        Land Steiermark, by A.R. Lerchbaumer, Rechtsanwalt,
      –        the Austrian Government, by M. Fruhmann, acting as Agent,
      –        the European Commission, by B. Schima and C. Zadra, acting as Agents,
      having decided, after hearing the Advocate General, to proceed to judgment without an Opinion,
      gives the following
      Judgment
      1        This reference for a preliminary ruling concerns the interpretation of Articles 1(1) and 2(1)(c) and (7) of Council Directive
         89/665/EEC of 21 December 1989 on the coordination of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the
         application of review procedures to the award of public supply and public works contracts (OJ 1989 L 395, p. 33), as amended
         by Council Directive 92/50/EEC of 18 June 1992 (OJ 1992 L 209, p. 1) (‘Directive 89/665’).
      
      2        The reference has been made in the course of proceedings between Stadt Graz (City of Graz, Austria) and Strabag AG, Teerag-Asdag
         AG and Bauunternehmung Granit GesmbH (collectively, ‘Strabag and Others’), following the unlawful award of a public procurement
         contract by Stadt Graz.
      
       Legal context
       European Union (‘EU’) law
      3        The third and sixth recitals in the preamble to Directive 89/665 state: 
      
      ‘… the opening-up of public procurement to Community competition necessitates a substantial increase in the guarantees of
         transparency and non-discrimination; … for it to have tangible effects, effective and rapid remedies must be available in
         the case of infringements of Community law in the field of public procurement or national rules implementing that law; 
      
      … 
      … it is necessary to ensure that adequate procedures exist in all the Member States to permit the setting aside of decisions
         taken unlawfully and compensation of persons harmed by an infringement’.
      
      4        Article 1(1) of that directive provides:
      
      ‘The Member States shall take the measures necessary to ensure that, as regards contract award procedures falling within the
         scope of Directives 71/305/EEC, 77/62/EEC, and 92/50/EEC, decisions taken by the contracting authorities may be reviewed effectively
         and, in particular, as rapidly as possible in accordance with the conditions set out in the following Articles, and, in particular,
         Article 2(7) on the grounds that such decisions have infringed Community law in the field of public procurement or national
         rules implementing that law.’
      
      5        Article 2(1) and (5) to (7) of Directive 89/665 provides:
      
      ‘1.      The Member States shall ensure that the measures taken concerning the review procedures specified in Article 1 include provision
         for the powers to:
      
      (a)      take, at the earliest opportunity and by way of interlocutory procedures, interim measures with the aim of correcting the
         alleged infringement or preventing further damage to the interests concerned, including measures to suspend or to ensure the
         suspension of the procedure for the award of a public contract or the implementation of any decision taken by the contracting
         authority; 
      
      (b)      either set aside or ensure the setting aside of decisions taken unlawfully, including the removal of discriminatory technical,
         economic or financial specifications in the invitation to tender, the contract documents or in any other document relating
         to the contract award procedure;
      
      (c)      award damages to persons harmed by an infringement.
      … 
      5.      The Member States may provide that where damages are claimed on the grounds that a decision was taken unlawfully, the contested
         decision must first be set aside by a body having the necessary powers.
      
      6.      The effects of the exercise of the powers referred to in paragraph 1 on a contract concluded subsequent to its award shall
         be determined by national law.
      
      Furthermore, except where a decision must be set aside prior to the award of damages, a Member State may provide that, after
         the conclusion of a contract following its award, the powers of the body responsible for the review procedures shall be limited
         to awarding damages to any person harmed by an infringement.
      
      7.      The Member States shall ensure that decisions taken by bodies responsible for review procedures can be effectively enforced.’
       National law
      6        EU law on public procurement was transposed, in Land Steiermark (Styria, Austria), by the Law of 1998 on public procurement
         (Steiermärkisches Vergabegesetz 1998, ‘the StVergG’).
      
      7        Paragraph 115(1) of the StVergG provides:
      
      ‘In the event of the culpable infringement of this law or its implementing regulations by organs of a contracting authority,
         an unsuccessful candidate or tenderer may claim a right to be refunded the costs incurred in preparing its application or
         tender and other costs borne as a result of its participation in the tender procedure against the contracting authority, which
         is answerable for the conduct of the organs of the contracting entity. A claim for damages, including compensation for loss
         of profit, should be made before the ordinary courts.’
      
      8        Paragraph 1298 of the Austrian Civil Code (Allgemeines Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, ‘the ABGB’) provides:
      
      ‘The party that claims to have been prevented from fulfilling its contractual or statutory obligations without being at fault
         has the burden of proving this. Where, as a result of a contractual agreement, it is liable only for gross negligence, it
         must also prove that that condition is not fulfilled.’
      
      9        Paragraph 1299 of the ABGB provides:
      
      ‘The party which publicly performs a function, art, profession or occupation or the party which voluntarily assumes a task
         requiring artistic knowledge or an unusual level of dedication thereby demonstrates that he has the necessary dedication and
         the requisite unusual knowledge; he must therefore be answerable where such dedication or knowledge is lacking. However, where
         the party which assigned the task was aware of his inexperience or could have been so aware by taking normal care, the assigning
         party is liable for the latter’s shortcomings.’
      
       The factual background to the dispute in the main proceedings and the questions referred for a preliminary ruling
      10      In 1998, Stadt Graz announced an EU-wide invitation to tender by open procedure for the manufacture and supply of bituminous
         hot mix asphalt, in accordance with the StVergG. The notice of invitation to tender, published in the Official Journal of the European Communities and in the Grazer Zeitung, named ‘Graz, Austria’ as the place of performance and specified, under a heading entitled ‘Brief description (type of performance,
         general features, purpose of the building or construction)’, the supply of bituminous hot mix asphalt for 1999. It also specified,
         under the heading ‘period for performance’, ‘start: 1 March 1999; end: 20 December 1999’.
      
      11      Fourteen tenders were submitted. The best bidder was Held & Frank Bau GmbH (‘HFB’), a construction undertaking. According
         to the order for reference, if that undertaking had been excluded, the joint-tender submitted by Strabag and Others would
         have been successful.
      
      12      HFB had enclosed with its tender a letter in which it stated, ‘by way of supplement’, that its new asphalt mixing plant, which
         was to be constructed in the coming weeks in the municipality of Großwilfersdorf, would be operational from 17 May 1999. Strabag
         and Others were unaware of that letter.
      
      13      On 5 May 1999, Strabag and Others brought review proceedings before the Vergabekontrollsenat des Landes Steiermark (the procurement
         review body of Land Steiermark) in which they stated that HFB did not possess a hot mix asphalt plant in Land Steiermark,
         which made it technically impossible for it to perform the contract at issue. They claimed that HFB’s tender should therefore
         be excluded.
      
      14      At the same time, Strabag and Others submitted an application for interim measures, which was granted by the Vergabekontrollsenat
         des Landes Steiermark by Order of 10 May 1999 prohibiting Stadt Graz from awarding the contract pending the decision on the
         substance.
      
      15      By decision of 10 June 1999, the Vergabekontrollsenat des Landes Steiermark dismissed the action brought by Strabag and Others
         in its entirety, including the applications for review proceedings and for the exclusion of HFB from the contract. It stated
         that HFB was authorised to manufacture asphalt and that the requirement that the hot mix plant exist at the time of the opening
         of the tenders would be disproportionate to the subject-matter of the contract and contrary to commercial practice. 
      
      16      On 14 June 1999, Stadt Graz awarded the contract to HFB.
      
      17      By decision of 9 October 2002, following an action brought by Strabag and Others, the Verwaltungsgerichtshof annulled the
         decision of the Vergabekontrollsenat des Landes Steiermark on the ground that HFB’s tender did not conform to the invitation
         to tender because, although the performance period ran from 1 March to 20 December 1999, HFB was unable to make use of its
         new asphalt mixing plant until 17 May 1999.
      
      18      The Unabhängiger Verwaltungssenat für die Steiermark (Independent Administrative Tribunal of Land Steiermark) which, in 2002,
         took over the powers of the Vergabekontrollsenat des Landes Steiermark, held, by a decision of 23 April 2003, that, as a result
         of an infringement of the StVergG, the award of the contract by Stadt Graz had not been lawful.
      
      19      Strabag and Others have brought an action against Stadt Graz before the ordinary courts for damages in the amount of EUR 300 000.
         In support of their action, they claim that HFB’s tender should have been excluded on the ground of an irreparable defect
         and that their tender should consequently have been accepted. Stadt Graz erred by failing to hold that HFB’s tender was incompatible
         with the terms of the invitation to tender. According to Strabag and Others, the decision of the Vergabekontrollsenat des
         Landes Steiermark cannot exonerate Stadt Graz, which acted at its own risk. 
      
      20      Stadt Graz claims, for its part, that it was bound by the decision of the Vergabekontrollsenat des Landes Steiermark and that,
         if that decision is unlawful, such unlawfulness is attributable to Land Steiermark, which is responsible for the Vergabekontrollsenat
         des Landes Steiermark. Its own organs, by contrast, were not at fault.
      
      21      The court at first instance held, by an interlocutory decision, that the action for damages brought by Strabag and Others
         was well founded, concluding that Stadt Graz had erred by not carrying out a review of the tenders and by awarding the contract
         to HFB, despite the clear defect in the latter’s tender, during the period allowed for bringing an appeal against the decision
         of the Vergabekontrollsenat des Landes Steiermark.
      
      22      That decision was upheld on appeal. The appeal court stated, however, that its decision was amenable to an ordinary appeal
         on a point of law, given the lack of case-law from the Oberster Gerichtshof concerning the contracting authority’s liability
         for fault where, as in the present case, at the date of the award of the contract to the best bidder, the contracting authority’s
         position is upheld by a decision of the Vergabekontrollsenat des Landes Steiermark.
      
      23      The appeal court held that, although the ordinary courts are bound by the decision of the Unabhängiger Verwaltungssenat für
         die Steiermark of 23 April 2003 finding the award unlawful and a causal link had been established between the unlawful behaviour
         of Stadt Graz and the damage suffered by Strabag and Others, it was still necessary to examine whether Stadt Graz was at fault
         concerning its decision to award the contract, on 14 June 1999, to HFB without taking into consideration the fact, which was
         not referred to in the decision of the Vergabekontrollsenat des Landes Steiermark of 10 June 1999, that the letter accompanying
         HFB’s tender indicated that it was unable to comply with the performance periods of the contract at issue.
      
      24      Stadt Graz lodged before the Oberster Gerichtshof a review on a point of law against the judgment given on appeal.
      
      25      First, the Oberster Gerichtshof has doubts as to the conformity of Paragraph 115(1) of the StVergG with Directive 89/665.
         Referring to the judgments in Case C-275/03 Commission v Portugal [2004] and Case C-70/06 Commission v Portugal [2008] ECR I-1, it is uncertain whether all national legislation which, in any way, makes the tenderer’s right to damages
         conditional on a finding that the contracting authority is at fault must be held to be incompatible with that directive, or
         only national legislation which imposes on the tenderer the burden of proving that fault.
      
      26      The Oberster Gerichtshof points out, in that regard, that Paragraph 1298 of the ABGB reverses the burden of proof, with the
         effect that the contracting authority as a body is presumed to be at fault. Furthermore, the contracting authority is not
         entitled to rely on a lack of individual abilities, since its liability is equated with that of an expert, as provided for
         under Paragraph 1299 of the ABGB. Nevertheless, if Stadt Graz was indeed bound, actually and extensively, by the procedurally
         final decision of the Vergabekontrollsenat des Landes Steiermark, it would be able to discharge the burden of proof to the
         required legal standard.
      
      27      Secondly, on the assumption that Directive 89/665 does not preclude national legislation such as that at issue in the main
         proceedings, the referring court, which – like the Verwaltungsgerichtshof and the appeal court in the present case – disputes
         the view that the contracting authority is bound by a decision such as that given by the Vergabekontrollsenat des Landes Steiermark
         on 10 June 1999, wonders, however, whether the assumption that the contracting authority is not bound by such a decision and
         could have – or even should have – awarded the contract to another tenderer is not inconsistent with the objective, stated
         in Article 2(7) of that directive, of ensuring that decisions taken by bodies responsible for review procedures are effectively
         enforced.
      
      28      Thirdly, on the assumption that that second question is answered in the affirmative, the referring court states that Strabag
         and Others complain, as does the appeal court, that Stadt Graz awarded the contract to HFB without taking into account the
         fact, which was not mentioned by the Vergabekontrollsenat des Landes Steiermark in its decision of 10 June 1999, that, according
         to information provided by HFB itself, HFB was unable to perform that contract within the period fixed by the invitation to
         tender. In those circumstances, the referring court is uncertain, in the light of Article 2(7) of Directive 89/665, whether,
         even if the contracting authority was bound by the decision taken by a body such as the Vergabekontrollsenat des Landes Steiermark,
         it could have – or even should have – determined whether that decision was correct and/or whether it was based on an exhaustive
         assessment.
      
      29      In those circumstances, the Oberster Gerichtshof decided to stay the proceedings and to refer the following questions to the
         Court for a preliminary ruling:
      
      ‘1.      Do Articles 1(1) and 2(1)(c) of … [Directive 89/665] …  or other provisions of that directive preclude a national rule under
         which claims for damages for the contracting authority’s infringement of Community procurement law are subject to the requirement
         of fault, including where that rule is applied in accordance with a presumption that fault lies with the contracting authority
         as a body and its reliance on a lack of individual abilities, hence on a lack of personal fault, is excluded?
      
      2.      If Question 1 is answered in the negative:
      Is Article 2(7) of … [Directive 89/665] … to be interpreted as meaning that, for the purposes of the obligation thereunder
         to ensure the effective enforcement of decisions taken in review procedures, the decision of a procurement review body binds
         all parties to the procedure, thus also including the contracting authority?
      
      3.      If Question 2 is answered in the affirmative:
      Is it permissible under Article 2(7) of … [Directive 89/665] … for the contracting authority to disregard a final decision
         of a procurement review body, or is it even obliged to disregard it and, if so, under what conditions?’
      
       The questions referred
       Question 1
      30      By Question 1, the referring court asks, in essence, whether Directive 89/665 must be interpreted as precluding national legislation
         which makes the right to damages for an infringement of public procurement law by a contracting authority conditional on that
         infringement being culpable, where the application of that legislation rests on a presumption that the contracting authority
         is at fault and on the fact that the latter cannot rely on a lack of individual abilities, hence on the defence that it cannot
         be held accountable for the alleged infringement.
      
      31      In that regard, it should first of all be noted that Article 1(1) of Directive 89/665 requires the Member States to take the
         measures necessary to ensure the existence of procedures which are effective, and, in particular, as rapid as possible, for
         the review of decisions of contracting authorities which have ‘infringed’ EU law in the field of public procurement or national
         rules implementing that law. The third recital in the preamble to that directive notes, for its part, the need for the existence
         of effective and rapid remedies in the case of ‘infringements’ of those laws.
      
      32      With regard, in particular, to the award of damages by way of legal remedy, Article 2(1)(c) of Directive 89/665 provides that
         the Member States are to ensure that the measures taken concerning the review procedures specified in Article 1 include provision
         for the powers to award such damages to persons harmed by an infringement. 
      
      33      However, Directive 89/665 lays down only the minimum conditions to be satisfied by the review procedures established in domestic
         law to ensure compliance with the requirements of EU law concerning public procurement (see, inter alia, Case C-327/00 Santex [2003] ECR I-1877, paragraph 47, and Case C-315/01 GAT [2003] ECR I-6351, paragraph 45). If there is no specific provision governing the matter, it is therefore for the domestic
         law of each Member State to determine the measures necessary to ensure that the review procedures effectively award damages
         to persons harmed by an infringement of the law on public contracts (see, by analogy, GAT, paragraph 46).
      
      34      Although, therefore, the implementation of Article 2(1)(c) of Directive 89/665 in principle comes under the procedural autonomy
         of the Member States, limited by the principles of equivalence and effectiveness, it is necessary to examine whether that
         provision, interpreted in the light of the general context and aim of the judicial remedy of damages, precludes a national
         provision such as that at issue in the main proceedings from making the award of damages conditional, in the circumstances
         set out in paragraph 30 of this judgment, on a finding that the contracting authority’s infringement of the law on public
         contracts is culpable.
      
      35      In that regard, it should first be noted that the wording of Article 1(1), Article 2(1), (5) and (6), and the sixth recital
         in the preamble to Directive 89/665 in no way indicates that the infringement of the public procurement legislation liable
         to give rise to a right to damages in favour of the person harmed should have specific features, such as being connected to
         fault – proved or presumed – on the part of the contracting authority, or not being covered by any ground for exemption from
         liability.
      
      36      That assessment is supported by the general context and aim of the judicial remedy of damages, as provided for in Directive
         89/665.
      
      37      According to settled case-law, while the Member States are required to provide legal remedies enabling the annulment of a
         decision of a contracting authority which infringes the law relating to public contracts, they are entitled in the light of
         the objective of rapidity pursued by Directive 89/665 to couple that type of review with reasonable limitation periods for
         bringing proceedings, so as to prevent the candidates and tenderers from being able, at any moment, to invoke infringements
         of that legislation, thus obliging the contracting authority to restart the entire procedure in order to correct such infringements
         (see, to that effect, inter alia, Case C-470/99 Universale-Bau and Others [2002] ECR I-11617, paragraphs 74 to 78; Santex, paragraphs 51 and 52; Case C-241/06 Lämmerzahl [2007] ECR I‑8415, paragraphs 50 and 51; and Case C-406/08 Uniplex (UK) [2010] ECR I‑0000, paragraph 38). 
      
      38      Furthermore, the second subparagraph of Article 2(6) of Directive 89/665 reserves to the Member States the right to limit
         the powers of the body responsible for the review procedures, after the conclusion of a contract following its award, to the
         award of damages.
      
      39      Against that background, the remedy of damages provided for in Article 2(1)(c) of Directive 89/665 can constitute, where appropriate,
         a procedural alternative which is compatible with the principle of effectiveness underlying the objective pursued by that
         directive of ensuring effective review procedures (see, to that effect, inter alia, Uniplex (UK), paragraph 40) only where the possibility of damages being awarded in the event of infringement of the public procurement
         rules is no more dependent than the other legal remedies provided for in Article 2(1) of Directive 89/665 on a finding that
         the contracting authority is at fault.
      
      40      As the European Commission states, it makes little difference in that regard that, by contrast with the national legislation
         referred to in Commission v Portugal, the legislation at issue in the main proceedings does not impose on the person harmed the burden of proving that the contracting
         authority is at fault, but requires the latter to rebut the presumption that it is at fault, while limiting the grounds on
         which it can rely for that purpose.
      
      41      The reason is that that legislation, too, creates the risk that the tenderer who has been harmed by an unlawful decision of
         a contracting authority is nevertheless deprived of the right to damages in respect of the damage caused by that decision,
         where the contracting authority is able to rebut the presumption that it is at fault. However, as emerges from the present
         order for reference and as was confirmed at the hearing, such a possibility is not excluded in the present case, given that
         Stadt Graz is able to rely on the fact that the legal error it is alleged to have made is excusable, on account of the intervention
         of the decision of the Vergabekontrollsenat des Landes Steiermark of 10 June 1999 which dismissed the action brought by Strabag
         and Others.
      
      42      At the very least, that tenderer runs the risk, under that legislation, of only belatedly being able to obtain damages, in
         view of the possible duration of civil proceedings seeking a finding that the alleged infringement is culpable.
      
      43      However, in both cases, the situation would be contrary to the aim of Directive 89/665, set out in Article 1(1) thereof and
         in the third recital in the preamble thereto, which is to guarantee judicial remedies which are effective and as rapid as
         possible against decisions taken by contracting authorities in infringement of the law on public contracts.
      
      44      It should also be noted that, even allowing for the possibility that, in the present case, Stadt Graz might have taken the
         view in June 1999 that it was required, because of the objective of efficiency relating to procedures for the award of public
         contracts, to take immediate steps to comply with the decision of the Vergabekontrollsenat des Landes Steiermark of 10 June
         1999 without awaiting the expiry of the period for bringing an appeal against that decision, the fact remains – as the Commission
         noted at the hearing – that a declaration that an application for damages, brought by the unsuccessful tenderer following
         the annulment of that decision by an administrative court, is well founded cannot – contrary to the wording, context and objective
         of the provisions of Directive 89/665 which establish the right to such damages – depend, for its part, on a finding that
         the contracting authority involved is at fault.
      
      45      In the light of the foregoing considerations, the reply to Question 1 is that Directive 89/665 must be interpreted as precluding
         national legislation which makes the right to damages for an infringement of public procurement law by a contracting authority
         conditional on that infringement being culpable, including where the application of that legislation rests on a presumption
         that the contracting authority is at fault and on the fact that the latter cannot rely on a lack of individual abilities,
         hence on the defence that it cannot be held accountable for the alleged infringement.
      
       Questions 2 and 3
      46      In the light of the answer to Question 1, there is no need to answer the other two questions referred.
      
       Costs
      47      Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action pending before the national court,
         the decision on costs is a matter for that court. Costs incurred in submitting observations to the Court, other than the costs
         of those parties, are not recoverable.
      
      On those grounds, the Court (Third Chamber) hereby rules:
      Council Directive 89/665/EEC of 21 December 1989 on the coordination of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions
            relating to the application of review procedures to the award of public supply and public works contracts, as amended by Council
            Directive 92/50/EEC of 18 June 1992, must be interpreted as precluding national legislation which makes the right to damages
            for an infringement of public procurement law by a contracting authority conditional on that infringement being culpable,
            including where the application of that legislation rests on a presumption that the contracting authority is at fault and
            on the fact that the latter cannot rely on a lack of individual abilities, hence on the defence that it cannot be held accountable
            for the alleged infringement.
      [Signatures]
      * Language of the case: German.