CELEX: 62013TJ0515
Language: en
Date: 2015-12-17
Title: Judgment of the General Court (Seventh Chamber) of 17 December 2015.#Kingdom of Spain and Others v European Commission.#State aid — Shipbuilding — Tax provisions applicable to certain agreements put in place for the financing and acquisition of vessels — Decision declaring the aid incompatible in part with the internal market and ordering its partial recovery — Actions for annulment — Individual concern — Admissibility — Advantage — Selectivity — Effect on trade between Member States — Adverse effect on competition — Obligation to state reasons.#Cases T-515/13 and T-719/13.

JUDGMENT OF THE GENERAL COURT (Seventh Chamber)
      17 December 2015 (
            *1
         )
      ‛State aid — Shipbuilding — Tax provisions applicable to certain agreements put in place for the financing and acquisition of vessels — Decision declaring the aid incompatible in part with the internal market and ordering its partial recovery — Actions for annulment — Individual concern — Admissibility — Advantage — Selectivity — Effect on trade between Member States — Adverse effect on competition — Obligation to state reasons’
      In Joined Cases T‑515/13 and T‑719/13,
      
         Kingdom of Spain, represented initially by N. Díaz Abad, and subsequently by M. Sampol Pucurull, Abogados del Estado,
      applicant in Case T‑515/13,
      
         Lico Leasing, SA, established in Madrid (Spain),
      
         Pequeños y Medianos Astilleros Sociedad de Reconversión, SA, established in Madrid,
      represented by M. Merola and A. Sánchez, lawyers,
      applicants in Case T‑719/13,
      v
      
         European Commission, represented by V. Di Bucci, M. Afonso, É. Gippini Fournier and P. Němečková, acting as Agents,
      defendant,
      APPLICATION for annulment of Commission Decision 2014/200/EU of 27 July 2013 on the aid scheme SA.21233 C/11 (ex NN/11, ex CP 137/06) implemented by Spain — Tax scheme applicable to certain finance lease agreements also known as the Spanish Tax Lease System (OJ 2014 L 114, p. 1),
      THE GENERAL COURT (Seventh Chamber),
      composed of M. van der Woude (Rapporteur), President, I. Wiszniewska-Białecka and I. Ulloa Rubio, Judges,
      Registrar: J. Palacio González, Principal Administrator,
      having regard to the written procedure and further to the hearings on 9 and 10 June 2015,
      gives the following
      
         Judgment
      
      
         Background to the dispute
      
      I – Administrative procedure
      
      
               1
            
            
               The European Commission received, from May 2006, several complaints against what is known as ‘the Spanish Tax Lease System’ (‘the STL system’). In particular, two national federations of shipyards and one individual shipyard complained that the system enabled shipping companies to buy ships built by Spanish shipyards at a 20%-30% rebate (‘the rebate’), resulting in the loss of shipbuilding contracts for their members. On 13 July 2010, the shipbuilding associations of seven European countries signed a petition against the STL system. At least one shipping company supported those complaints.
            
         
               2
            
            
               Following numerous requests for information sent by the Commission to the Spanish authorities and two meetings between those parties, the Commission initiated the formal examination procedure under Article 108(2) TFEU, by Decision C(2011) 4494 final of 29 June 2011 (OJ 2011 C 276, p. 5) (‘the decision to initiate the procedure’).
            
         II – Contested decision
      
      
               3
            
            
               On 17 July 2013, the Commission adopted Decision 2014/200/EU on the aid scheme SA.21233 C/11 (ex NN/11, ex CP 137/06) implemented by Spain — Tax scheme applicable to certain finance lease agreements also known as the Spanish Tax Lease System (OJ 2014 L 114, p. 1; ‘the contested decision’). By that decision, the Commission considered that certain tax measures constituting the STL system ‘constitute[d] State aid’ within the meaning of Article 107(1) TFEU, unlawfully put into effect by the Kingdom of Spain since 1 January 2002 in breach of Article 108(3) TFEU (Article 1 of the contested decision). Those measures were considered to be incompatible in part with the internal market (Article 2 of the contested decision). Recovery was ordered, on certain conditions, solely from the investors who had benefited from the advantages in question, without the possibility for those investors to transfer the burden of recovery to other persons (Article 4(1) of the contested decision).
            
         A – Description of the STL system
      
      
               4
            
            
               In recital 8 of the contested decision, the Commission stated that the STL system was used in transactions involving the building by shipyards (sellers) and the acquisition by maritime shipping companies (buyers) of sea-going vessels and the financing of those transactions by means of an ad hoc legal and financial structure.
            
         
               5
            
            
               The Commission explained that ‘the STL system [was] based on an ad hoc legal and financial structure organised by a bank and interposed between the shipping company and the shipyard …, a complex network of contracts between the different parties and the application of several Spanish tax measures’ (recital 9 of the contested decision).
            
         
               6
            
            
               The Commission also observed that ‘buyers [were] shipping companies from all over Europe and beyond’ and that ‘all but one of the transactions (a contract for EUR 6148969) [had] involved Spanish shipyards’ (recital 10 of the contested decision).
            
         1. Legal and financial structure of the STL system
      
               7
            
            
               It is apparent from recitals 9 and 10 of the decision to initiate the procedure, to which, in essence, recital 14 of the contested decision refers, that the STL system involves, for each ship construction order, a number of players, namely a shipping company, a shipyard, a bank, a leasing company, an Economic Interest Grouping formed by the bank (‘the EIG’) and investors who purchase shares in the EIG.
            
         
               8
            
            
               The Commission provided the following explanation in recital 12 of the contested decision:
               ‘The STL structure is a tax planning scheme generally organised by a bank in order to generate tax benefits for investors in a tax transparent EIG and transfer part of these tax benefits to the shipping company in the form of a rebate on the price of the vessel. The rest of the benefits are kept by the investors in the EIG as remuneration for their investment. In addition to the EIG, an STL operation also involves other intermediaries, such as a bank and a leasing company (see chart below).’
               
         
               9
            
            
               In the context of the STL, the players referred to in paragraph 7 above sign a number of contracts, which will be explained below. The interested parties also sign a framework agreement which sets out in detail the organisation and functioning of the STL (recital 9(h) of the decision to initiate the procedure).
            
         a) Initial shipbuilding contract
      
               10
            
            
               The shipping company which intends to purchase a vessel and to take advantage of the rebate agrees with a shipyard on the ship to be built and on a purchase price which incorporates the rebate (‘the net price’). The initial shipbuilding contract provides for payment of the net price to the shipyard by regular instalments. The shipyard asks a bank to organise the STL structure and arrangements (recital 9(a) of the decision to initiate the procedure).
            
         b) New shipbuilding contract (novation)
      
               11
            
            
               The bank brings in a leasing company, which, through a novation agreement, takes the place of the shipping company and enters into a new contract with the shipyard for the purchase of a vessel for a price not including the rebate (‘the gross price’). A novation allows one obligation to be replaced by another obligation or a party to the contract to be replaced by another party. This new contract provides for payment to the shipyard of a regular instalment in addition to the instalments provided for in the initial shipbuilding contract, which corresponds to the rebate (the difference between the gross and the net prices) (recital 9(c) of the decision to initiate the procedure).
            
         c) Formation of an EIG by the bank and call for investors
      
               12
            
            
               It is apparent from recital 9(b) of the decision to initiate the procedure that the bank ‘sets up an [EIG] and sells shares to interested investors’, that ‘typically, these investors are big Spanish taxpayers who invest in the EIG with a view to reducing their tax base’ and that, ‘in general, these investors do not carry out any shipping activities’. The Commission stated, in recital 28 of the contested decision, that, ‘since the EIGs involved in STL operations are regarded as an investment vehicle by their members — rather than as a way of carrying out an activity jointly — this Decision refers to them as investors’.
            
         d) Leasing contract
      
               13
            
            
               The leasing company referred to in paragraph 11 above leases the vessel to the EIG, with an option to buy, for a period of three or four years on the basis of the gross price. The EIG commits in advance to exercise the option to buy the vessel at the end of that period. The contract provides for payment of very high lease instalments to the leasing company, which gives rise to significant losses for the EIGs. Conversely, the option exercise price is small (recital 9(d) of the decision to initiate the procedure). In practice, the EIG leases the vessel under the leasing contract from the date on which its construction starts (recital 10 of the decision to initiate the procedure).
            
         e) Bareboat charter with option to purchase
      
               14
            
            
               It follows from recital 9(e) of the decision to initiate the procedure that the EIG, in turn, leases the vessel ‘over a short period’ to the shipping company under a bareboat charter. A bareboat charter is an arrangement for the chartering of a ship which includes neither crew nor provisions, for which the charterer is responsible. The shipping company undertakes at the outset to buy the vessel from the EIG at the end of the charter period, on the basis of the net price. Unlike the leasing agreement described in paragraph 13 above, the price of the lease payments provided for in the bareboat charter is low. Conversely, the price to exercise the purchase option is high. In practice, the bareboat charter is executed once construction of the vessel has been completed. The date for the exercise of the purchase option is set for ‘a few weeks’ after the date of purchase of the vessel by the EIG from the leasing company, referred to in paragraph 13 above (recital 10 of the decision to initiate the procedure).
            
         
               15
            
            
               It is therefore apparent from the legal and financial structure of the STL system, as described in the decision to initiate the procedure and the contested decision, that the bank interposes, in the context of the sale of a vessel by a shipyard to a shipping company, two intermediaries, namely a leasing company and an EIG. The EIG undertakes, in the context of a leasing agreement, to purchase the vessel at a gross price, which is passed on to the shipping company by the leasing company. Conversely, when it resells the vessel to the shipping company, in the context of a bareboat contract with an option to purchase, it receives only the net price, which takes into account the rebate granted to the shipping company at the outset.
            
         2. Tax structure of the STL
      
               16
            
            
               According to the Commission, ‘the purpose of the STL scheme … is first to generate the benefits of certain tax measures in favour of the EIG and the investors participating in it, which will then pass on part of those benefits to the shipping company that acquires a new vessel’ (recital 15 of the contested decision).
            
         
               17
            
            
               It is apparent from recitals 15 to 20 of the contested decision and recitals 12 to 19 of the decision to initiate the procedure, to which recital 18 of the contested decision refers, that ‘the EIG collects the tax benefits in two stages’ (recital 16 of the contested decision).
            
         
               18
            
            
               In fact, ‘in the first stage, early [measure 2, examined in paragraph 25 below] and accelerated depreciation [measure 1, examined in paragraph 24 below] of the leased vessel is applied within the “normal” corporate income tax system[, which] generates heavy tax losses for the EIG[;] because of the EIG’s tax transparency [measure 3, examined in paragraph 27 below], these tax losses are deductible from the investors’ own revenues pro rata to their shares in the EIG’ (recital 16 of the contested decision).
            
         
               19
            
            
               The Commission explained, in recital 17 of the contested decision, that, ‘in normal circumstances, the tax savings made by this early and accelerated depreciation of the cost of the vessel should be offset later on by increased tax payments either when the vessel is completely depreciated and no more depreciation costs can be deducted or when the vessel is sold and a capital gain results from the sale’. However, the tax savings in question were not offset in the context of the STL system.
            
         
               20
            
            
               In fact, ‘in the second stage, the tax savings resulting from the initial losses transferred to the investors are then safeguarded as a result of the EIG’s switchover to the tonnage tax system of income taxation [which allows] full exemption of the capital gains resulting from the sale of the vessel … to the shipping company [measures 4 and 5, examined in paragraphs 27 to 29 below]’. This sale takes place when the vessel has been depreciated by the EIG and shortly after the switch to the special tonnage tax system (recital 18 of the contested decision).
            
         
               21
            
            
               According to the Commission, ‘the combined effect of the tax measures used in the STL enables the EIG and its investors to achieve a tax gain of approximately 30% of the initial gross price of the vessel[;] part of this tax gain — initially collected by the EIG/its investors — is kept by the investors (10%-15%) and part of it is passed on to the shipping company (85%-90%), which in the end becomes the owner of the vessel, with a 20% to 30% reduction in the initial gross price of the vessel’ (recital 19 of the contested decision).
            
         
               22
            
            
               It is apparent from recital 20 of the contested decision that ‘STL operations combine different individual — yet interrelated — tax measures in order to generate a tax benefit’. Those measures are provided for in a number of provisions of Real Decreto Legislativo 4/2004, por el que se aprueba el texto refundido de la Ley del Impuesto sobre Sociedades (Royal Legislative Decree 4/2004 approving the consolidated version of the Law on Corporation Tax), of 5 March 2004 (BOE No 61, of 11 March 2004, p. 10951, ‘the TRLIS’) and of Real Decreto 1777/2004, por el que se aprueba el Reglamento del Impuesto sobre Sociedades (Royal Decree 1777/2004 approving the Regulation on Corporation Tax), of 30 July 2004 (BOE No 189, of 6 August 2004, p. 37072, ‘the RIS’).
            
         
               23
            
            
               The process involves the following five measures, described in recitals 21 to 42 of the contested decision.
            
         a) Measure 1: Accelerated depreciation of leased assets (Article 115(6) TRLIS)
      
               24
            
            
               Article 115(6) TRLIS allows accelerated depreciation of a leased asset by making the payments under a leasing contract relating to that asset deductible (recitals 21 to 23 of the contested decision).
            
         b) Measure 2: Discretionary application of early depreciation of leased assets (Article 48(4) and Article 115(11) TRLIS and Article 49 RIS)
      
               25
            
            
               Under Article 115(6) TRLIS, the accelerated depreciation of the leased asset starts on the date on which the asset becomes operational, that is to say, not before the asset is delivered to and starts being used by the lessee. However, pursuant to Article 115(11) TRLIS, the Ministry of Economic Affairs may, upon formal request by the lessee, determine an earlier starting date for depreciation. Article 115(11) TRLIS imposes two general conditions for early depreciation. The specific conditions applicable to EIGs are set out in Article 48(4) TRLIS. The details of the authorisation procedure provided for in Article 115(11) TRLIS are set out in Article 49 RIS (recitals 24 to 26 of the contested decision).
            
         c) Measure 3: EIGs
      
               26
            
            
               The Commission observed, in recital 27 of the contested decision, that ‘Spanish EIGs have a separate legal personality from that of their members’ and that, ‘as a result, EIGs can file an application both for the early depreciation measure and for the alternative tonnage taxation scheme provided for by Articles 124 to 128 TRLIS … if they meet the eligibility requirements under Spanish law, even if none of their members is a shipping company’. The Commission points out in that regard, in recital 28 of the contested decision, that ‘however, from a tax perspective, EIGs are transparent with respect to their Spanish resident shareholders’ and that ‘in other words, for tax purposes, profits (or losses) made by EIGs are directly attributed to their Spanish resident members on a pro rata basis’. The Commission adds, in recital 29 of the contested decision, that ‘EIGs’ tax transparency means that the substantial losses incurred by the EIG through early and accelerated depreciation can be passed on directly to the investors, who can offset these losses against profits of their own and reduce the tax due’.
            
         d) Measure 4: Tonnage tax system (Articles 124 to 128 TRLIS)
      
               27
            
            
               The Commission observed, in recitals 30 and 31 of the contested decision, that the tonnage tax system provided for in Articles 124 to 128 TRLIS had been authorised in 2002 as State aid compatible with the internal market on the basis of the Community Guidelines on State aid to maritime transport of 5 July 1997 (OJ 1997 C 205, p. 5), amended on 17 January 2004 (OJ 2004 C 13, p. 3) (‘the Maritime Guidelines’) (Commission Decision C(2002) 582 final of 27 February 2002 concerning State aid N 736/2001 implemented by Spain — Scheme for the tonnage based taxation of shipping companies (OJ 2004 C 38, p. 4)).
            
         
               28
            
            
               It follows from recitals 30, 37 and 38 of the contested decision that, on the basis of the tonnage tax system, undertakings entered in one of the registers of shipping companies which have obtained authorisation from the tax administration to that end are taxed not on the basis of their profits and losses but on the basis of tonnage. That means that the proceeds of the sale of a vessel previously bought new by an undertaking already benefiting from the tonnage tax system are not subject to tax. However, there is an exception to that rule. On the basis of a special procedure provided for in Article 125(2) TRLIS, the capital gains realised from the sale of a vessel already acquired at the time of entry into the tonnage tax system or of a ‘used’ vessel acquired when the undertaking already benefits from the special regime, are taxed at the time of sale. Thus, ‘under normal application of the Spanish TT system, as approved by the Commission, potential capital gains are taxed on entry into the TT system and it is assumed that the taxation of capital gains, even though it is delayed, takes place later on when the vessel is sold or dismantled’ (recital 39 of the contested decision).
            
         e) Measure 5: Article 50(3) RIS
      
               29
            
            
               The Commission observed, in recital 41 of the contested decision, that, ‘by way of exception from the rule set out in Article 125(2) TRLIS [see paragraph 28 above], Article 50(3) RIS states that when vessels are acquired through a call option as part of a leasing contract previously approved by the tax authorities, those vessels are deemed to be new — not used’ within the meaning of Article 125(2) TRLIS, without taking into consideration whether they have already been depreciated. On that basis, any capital gains realised from that sale are not taxed under the special procedure laid down in Article 125(2) TRLIS.
            
         
               30
            
            
               According to the information available to the Commission, ‘this exception was only applied to specific leasing contracts approved by the tax authorities in the context of applications for early depreciation pursuant to Article 115(11) TRLIS [measure 2, see paragraph 25 above], [that is to say] in relation to leased newly built sea-going vessels acquired through STL operations, and — with one exception — from Spanish shipyards’ (recital 41 of the contested decision).
            
         
               31
            
            
               Therefore, according to the Commission, ‘in the case of the authorised STL transactions, … the EIGs can … join the TT system without settling the hidden tax liability resulting from the early and accelerated depreciation either upon entry into the TT system or subsequently when the vessel is sold or dismantled’ (recital 40 of the contested decision).
            
         
               32
            
            
               It therefore follows from the fiscal structure of the STL, as described in recitals 15 to 42 of the contested decision, that measures 1 and 2 allow first of all the accelerated and early depreciation of the vessel from the start of its construction, so that losses are generated for the EIGs. Because of the fiscal transparency of the EIGs (measure 3), those losses are attributed for tax purposes to the investors, which enables them to reduce their taxable basis in the context of their activities. Measures 4 and 5 have the effect that the capital gains realised on the sale of the vessel by the EIG to the shipping company are not subject to tax, so that the investors are able to retain the benefit of the tax losses. However, as stated in paragraph 15 above, that sale is made on the basis of the net price (including the rebate granted to the shipping company) instead of the gross price (passed on to the shipyard).
            
         B – Assessment by the Commission
      
      1. Examination of the STL as a scheme/examination of the various measures
      
               33
            
            
               In recitals 113 to 122 of the contested decision (Section 5.2), the Commission defined the scope of its assessment of the STL.
            
         
               34
            
            
               According to the Commission, ‘the fact that the STL system is composed of various measures that are not all enshrined in the Spanish tax legislation is not sufficient to prevent the Commission from describing and assessing it as a system[;] indeed, … [it] considers that the different tax measures used in the STL operations were linked together de jure or de facto’ (recital 116 of the contested decision). For those reasons, the Commission ‘considers that it is necessary to describe the [STL] as a system of connected tax measures and to assess their effects in their reciprocal context, taking into account, in particular, the de facto relationships introduced — or approved — by the State’ (recital 119 of the contested decision).
            
         
               35
            
            
               The Commission stated that, ‘in any case, [it did] not rely exclusively on a global approach’ and that, ‘in parallel to a global approach, [it had] also analysed the individual measures that [made] up the STL’. The Commission considered that ‘the two approaches [were] complementary and [led] to consistent conclusions’. It observed that ‘individual assessment [was] necessary to determine which part of the economic advantages generated by the STL system result[ed] from general measures and which from selective measures’ and that ‘individual assessment also allow[ed] [it] to determine, where necessary, which part of the aid [was] compatible with the internal market and which part should be recovered’ (recital 120 of the contested decision).
            
         
               36
            
            
               The Commission also observed that ‘economic operators [were] free to structure their asset financing operations as they wish[ed] and use for that purpose the general tax measures which they consider[ed] the most suitable’. However, according to the Commission, ‘inasmuch as these operations entail[ed] the application of selective tax measures, which [were] subject to State aid control, the undertakings involved in these transactions [were] potential recipients of State aid[;] on the one hand, the fact that several sectors or categories of undertakings [were] identified as potential recipients [was] not an indication that the STL system [was] a general measure[;] on the other hand, the fact that the system [was] used to finance the acquisition, bareboat chartering and resale of sea-going vessels [could] be seen as a clear indication that the measure [was] selective from a sectoral point of view’ (recital 122 of the contested decision).
            
         2. Existence of aid within the meaning of Article 107(1) TFEU
      a) Undertakings within the meaning of Article 107 TFEU
      
               37
            
            
               The Commission observed, in recital 126 of the contested decision, that all parties involved in STL operations were undertakings within the meaning of Article 107(1) TFEU, since their activities consisted in offering goods and services in a market. As regards, more precisely, the EIGs, they ‘charter[ed] out and [sold] vessels’. As regards the investors, they ‘offer[ed] goods and services on a wide range of markets, except if they [were] individuals not exercising any economic activity, in which case they [were] not covered by this Decision’.
            
         b) Existence of a selective advantage
      
               38
            
            
               In recitals 127 to 163 of the contested decision (Section 5.3.2), the Commission examined whether or not there was a selective advantage.
            
         
               39
            
            
               As regards measure 1 (accelerated depreciation), the Commission considered that ‘as such [it did] not confer a selective advantage on the EIGs in STL operations’ (recital 131 of the contested decision). In fact, the advantage conferred by that measure was applicable, without limitation, to all assets, including those constructed in other Member States, and to all undertakings subject to income tax in Spain. The Commission observed that there was no indication that recipients of the measure were de facto concentrated in certain sectors or types of production. Last, the conditions of application of the measure were clear, objective and neutral and their application by the tax administration did not require prior authorisation (recitals 128 to 130 of the contested decision).
            
         
               40
            
            
               As regards measure 2 (discretionary application of early depreciation), the Commission observed that that possibility conferred an economic advantage (recital 132 of the contested decision) and that it was an exception to the general rule and subject to discretionary authorisation by the Spanish authorities. According to the Commission, the criteria set out in Article 115(11) TRLIS were vague and required interpretation from the tax administration. In addition, the Kingdom of Spain had not convincingly explained why all the conditions imposed by Article 48(4) TRLIS and Article 49 RIS were necessary to avoid abuses. Nor had the Kingdom of Spain demonstrated why prior authorisation was necessary (recital 133 of the contested decision). Furthermore, no evidence was provided establishing that authorisations had been granted in circumstances other than ‘in the case of acquisitions of vessels that had switched from the normal corporate taxation regime to the TT system and the subsequent transfer of ownership of the vessel to the shipping company through the exercise of an option in the context of a bareboat charter’ (recital 134 of the contested decision). The Commission observed that the requests submitted for the benefit of that measure described in detail the whole STL organisation and provided all the relevant contracts (recital 135 of the contested decision). The Commission also considered that the authorisation procedure, in particular Article 49 RIS, conferred important discretionary powers on the tax administration. In particular, the administration was allowed to require any additional information it might deem relevant for the assessment (recital 136 of the contested decision). In those circumstances, the Commission concluded that the discretionary application of early depreciation ‘confer[red] a selective advantage on the EIGs involved in STL operations and on their investors’ (recital 139 of the contested decision).
            
         
               41
            
            
               As regards measure 3 (EIG), the Commission considered that ‘the tax transparent status of EIGs enshrined in Articles 48 and 49 TRLIS merely enable[d] different operators to join and finance any investment or carry out any economic activity’ and that, ‘as a consequence, that measure [did] not confer any selective advantage on the EIGs or their members’ (recital 140 of the contested decision).
            
         
               42
            
            
               As regards measure 4 (tonnage tax system), the Commission observed that it allowed ‘the deferral … of the settlement of hidden tax liabilities’, which conferred ‘an additional selective economic advantage on the companies that switch to the TT system, as against those that stay[ed] within the general tax system’ (recital 143 of the contested decision). The tonnage tax system, as authorised by the Commission (see paragraph 27 above), did not extend to the tax treatment of revenues obtained from bareboat chartering and the resale of vessels, but only to the revenues obtained from shipping activities. The application of the tonnage tax system to revenues obtained from bareboat chartering would therefore constitute new aid and not existing aid that would have been approved in advance by the Commission (recital 144 of the contested decision, which refers to Section 5.4 of the contested decision).
            
         
               43
            
            
               As regards measure 5 (Article 50(3) RIS), the Commission observed that ‘the economic advantage conferred by [that provision was] selective because it [was] not available to all assets[;] it [was] not even available to all vessels subject to the TT scheme and to Article 125(2) TRLIS[;] in fact, this advantage [was] only available on condition that the vessel [was] acquired through a financial leasing contract previously authorised by the tax administration [under Article 115(11) TRLIS (measure 2)]’. However, ‘these authorisations were granted in the context of substantial discretionary powers exercised by the tax administration and in practice only in relation to newly built sea-going vessels’ (recital 146 of the contested decision). According to the Commission, ‘this additional selective advantage — be it by reference to the general tax scheme or even by reference to the normal application of the alternative TT system and Article 125(2) TRLIS as authorised by the Commission — cannot be justified by the nature and general scheme of the Spanish tax system’ (recital 148 of the contested decision). The Commission concluded that measure 5 ‘confer[red] a selective advantage on undertakings that acquire[d] vessels through financial leasing contracts previously authorised by the tax administration and, in particular, on the EIGs or their investors involved in STL operations’ (recital 154 of the contested decision).
            
         
               44
            
            
               As regards the STL as a whole, and the identification of the beneficiaries, the Commission first of all stated, in recital 155 of the contested decision, that ‘the amount of the economic advantage resulting from the STL … correspond[ed] to the advantage that the EIG would not have achieved in the same financing operation by the sole application of general measures’. The Commission explained that, ‘in practice, this advantage correspond[ed] to the sum of the advantages reaped by the EIG by applying the abovementioned selective measures, namely: the interest saved on the amounts of tax payment deferred by virtue of early depreciation (Articles 115(11) and 48(4) TRLIS and Article 49 RIS); the amount of tax avoided or interest saved on tax deferred by virtue of the TT scheme (Article 128 TRLIS), given that the EIG was not eligible for the TT scheme; [and] the amount of tax avoided on the capital gain made on the sale of the vessel by virtue of Article 50(3) RIS’.
            
         
               45
            
            
               The Commission provided the following explanation, in recital 156 of the contested decision:
               ‘Looking at the STL as a whole, the advantage is selective because it was subject to the discretionary powers conferred on the tax administration by the compulsory prior authorisation procedure and by the imprecise wording of the conditions applicable to early depreciation. Since other measures applicable only to maritime transport activities eligible under the Maritime Guidelines — in particular Article 50(3) TRLIS — are dependent on that prior authorisation, the whole STL system is selective. As a result, the tax administration would only authorise STL operations to finance sea-going vessels (sectoral selectivity). As confirmed by the statistics provided by [the Kingdom of] Spain, all the 273 STL operations organised until June 2010 concern sea-going vessels.’
            
         
               46
            
            
               The Commission added, in recital 157 of the contested decision, that ‘in that respect, the fact that all shipping companies, including companies established in other Member States, potentially have access to STL financing operations [did] not alter the conclusion that the scheme favours certain activities, namely the acquisition of sea-going vessels through leasing contracts, in particular with a view to their bareboat chartering and subsequent resale’.
            
         
               47
            
            
               Although the Commission stated that ‘all but one of the vessels admitted to STL [had been] built in Spanish shipyards’, it did not consider that a selective advantage within the meaning of Article 107(1) TFEU was conferred on those shipyards. In that regard, the Commission noted that there was no ‘evidence that applications related to the acquisition of non-Spanish vessels were rejected’ and that, ‘by a binding notice in response to a question by a prospective investor, dated 1 December 2008, the Spanish tax administration expressly confirmed that STL applie[d] to ships built in other Member States of the [European Union]’ (recitals 159 and 160 of the contested decision).
            
         
               48
            
            
               The Commission considered that ‘the advantage accrue[d] to the EIG and, by transparency, to its investors[;] indeed, the EIG [was] the legal entity that applie[d] all the tax measures and, where applicable, file[d] requests for authorisations with the tax administration[;] for instance, it [was] not disputed that requests for the application of early depreciation or TT [had been] filed on behalf of the EIG[;] from a tax perspective, the EIG [was] a tax-transparent entity and its taxable revenues or deductible expenses [were] automatically transferred to the investors’ (recital 161 of the contested decision).
            
         
               49
            
            
               The Commission also pointed out, in recital 162 of the contested decision, that ‘in an STL operation, in economic terms, a substantial part of the tax advantage collected by the EIG is transferred to the shipping company through a price rebate’. The Commission stated, however, that ‘the question of the imputability to the State of this advantage [would] be discussed in the next section’.
            
         
               50
            
            
               Last, the Commission observed that ‘whereas other participants in STL transactions such as shipyards, leasing companies and other intermediaries benefit[ed] from an indirect effect of that advantage, [it] consider[ed] that the advantage initially collected by the EIG and its investors [was] not transferred to them’ (recital 163 of the contested decision).
            
         c) Transfer of State resources and imputability to the State
      
               51
            
            
               According to the Commission, ‘in the context of STL operations, the State initially transfers its resources to the EIG by financing the selective advantages[;] by way of tax transparency, the EIG then transfers the State resources to its investors’ (recital 166 of the contested decision).
            
         
               52
            
            
               As regards imputability, the Commission concluded that the selective advantages were ‘clearly imputable to the Spanish State since they [were] of benefit to the EIGs and their investors’. However, ‘this [was] not the case with the advantages enjoyed by the shipping companies and a fortiori the indirect advantages flowing to the shipyards and the intermediaries’. Indeed, ‘the applicable rules [did] not oblige the EIGs to transfer part of the tax advantage to the shipping companies and, even less so, to the shipyards or to the intermediaries’ (recitals 169 and 170 of the contested decision).
            
         d) Distortion of competition and effect on trade
      
               53
            
            
               According to the Commission, ‘this advantage threatens to distort competition and to affect trade between Member States[;] when aid granted by a Member State strengthens the position of an undertaking compared with other undertakings competing in intra-EU trade, the latter [undertakings] must be regarded as affected by that aid[;] it is sufficient that the recipient of the aid competes with other undertakings on markets open to competition and to trade between Member States’ (recital 171 of the contested decision).
            
         
               54
            
            
               The Commission made the following observation in recital 172 of the contested decision: ‘In the case at hand, the investors, [that is to say] the members of the EIGs, are active in different sectors of the economy, in particular in sectors open to intra-EU trade. In addition, via the operations benefiting from STL they are active through the EIGs in the markets for bareboat chartering and the acquisition and sale of sea-going vessels, which are open to intra-EU trade. The advantages flowing from the STL strengthen their position in their respective markets, thereby distorting or threatening to distort competition’. The Commission concluded, in recital 173 of the contested decision, that ‘the economic advantage received by the EIGs and their investors benefiting from the measures under scrutiny [was] therefore liable to affect trade between the Member States and distort competition in the internal market’.
            
         3. Compatibility with the internal market
      
               55
            
            
               The Commission considered, in recitals 194 to 199 of the contested decision, that neither its decision on the tonnage tax scheme (see paragraph 27 above) nor the Maritime Guidelines applied to the activities of the EIGs, which were ‘financial intermediaries’ (recital 197 of the contested decision).
            
         
               56
            
            
               However, the Commission observed that ‘the EIGs involved in STL operations and their investors act[ed] as intermediaries which channel[led] to other recipients (shipping companies) an advantage that pursue[d] an objective of common interest’ (recital 200 of the contested decision) and that, accordingly, ‘the aid retained by the EIG or its investors would be found compatible in the same proportion’ (recital 201 of the contested decision).
            
         
               57
            
            
               The Commission observed that ‘the shipping companies [did] not benefit from State aid within the meaning of Article 107(1) TFEU’. However, it made clear that, ‘in order to identify the amount of compatible aid at the level of the EIGs — as intermediaries channelling to shipping companies an advantage that pursues an objective of common interest — [it] consider[ed] that the Maritime Guidelines should be applied mutatis mutandis to the advantage transferred by the EIG to the shipping company in order to determine: (1) the amount of the aid initially received by the EIG and transferred to the shipping company that would have been compatible if the amount transferred constituted State aid to the shipping company; (2) the proportion of that compatible advantage in the total advantage transferred to the shipping company; and (3) the amount of aid that should be deemed compatible as remuneration of the EIGs for their intermediation’ (recital 203 of the contested decision).
            
         4. Recovery
      a) General principles of EU law
      
               58
            
            
               The Commission examined, in recitals 211 to 276 of the contested decision and in accordance with Article 14 of Council Regulation (EC) No 659/1999 of 22 March 1999 laying down detailed rules for the application of Article [108 TFEU] (OJ 1999 L 83, p. 1), whether recovery of the aid would be contrary to a general principle of EU law. In that regard, the Commission considered that, while the principles of equal treatment and protection of legitimate expectations did not stand in the way of recovery of the aid (recitals 213 to 245 of the contested decision), respect for the principle of legal certainty precluded ‘the recovery of aid resulting from STL operations in respect of which the aid was granted between the entry into force of the STL in 2002 and 30 April 2007’, the date of publication in the Official Journal of the European Union of Commission Decision 2007/256/EC of 20 December 2006 on the aid scheme implemented by France under Article 39 CA of the General Tax Code — State aid C 46/2004 (ex NN 65/2004) (OJ 2007 L 112, p. 41) (recitals 246 to 262 of the contested decision).
            
         b) Determination of the amounts to be recovered
      
               59
            
            
               The Commission set out, in recitals 263 to 269 of the contested decision, a method for determining the amounts of incompatible aid to be recovered, based on four steps, namely, first, calculation of the total tax advantage generated by the operation; second, calculation of the tax advantage generated by the general tax measures (measures 1 and 3) applied to the operation (that should be deducted); third, calculation of the tax advantage equivalent to State aid; and, fourth, calculation of amount of compatible aid, in accordance with the principles set out in recitals 202 to 210 of the contested decision.
            
         c) Contractual clauses
      
               60
            
            
               Last, the Commission established, in recitals 270 to 276 of the contested decision, the existence of certain clauses in contracts between the investors, the shipping companies and the shipyards, under which the shipyards would be required to compensate the other parties if the expected tax advantages could not be obtained. In that regard, the Commission recalled that the main objective pursued in recovering State aid was to eliminate the distortion of competition caused by the competitive advantage afforded by the unlawful aid and thus to restore the situation prior to payment of the aid. In recital 273 of the contested decision, the Commission stated that, ‘in order to achieve that result, [it] must have the power to order that recovery takes place from the actual recipients, so that [recovery] can fulfil the function of re-establishing the competitive situation in the market(s) where the distortion has occurred’. The Commission pointed out that that objective may be frustrated if the actual recipients of the aid could alter the impact of recovery decisions by means of contractual clauses. It follows, according to the Commission, that ‘contractual clauses sheltering the recipients of the aid from recovery of illegal and incompatible aid, by transferring the legal and economic risks of such recovery to other persons, are contrary to the very essence of the system of State aid control established by the Treaty’ and that ‘therefore, private parties cannot depart from [those rules] by contractual stipulations’ (recital 275 of the contested decision).
            
         C – Operative part of the contested decision
      
      
               61
            
            
               The operative part of the contested decision is worded as follows:
               ‘Article 1
               The measures resulting from Article 115(11) TRLIS (early depreciation of leased assets), from the application of the tonnage tax scheme to non-eligible undertakings, vessels or activities and from Article 50(3) RIS constitute State aid to the EIGs and their investors, unlawfully put into effect by [the Kingdom of] Spain since 1 January 2002 in breach of Article 108(3) [TFEU].
               
                  Article 2
               
               The State aid measures referred to in Article 1 are incompatible with the internal market, except to the extent that the aid corresponds to a remuneration in conformity with the market for the intermediation of financial investors and that it is channelled to maritime transport companies eligible under the Maritime Guidelines in compliance with the conditions imposed in those Guidelines.
               
                  Article 3
               
               [The Kingdom of] Spain shall put an end to the aid scheme referred to in Article 1 to the extent that it is incompatible with the common market.
               
                  Article 4
               
               1.   [The Kingdom of] Spain shall recover the incompatible aid granted under the scheme referred to in Article 1 from the EIG investors that have benefited from it, without the possibility for such recipients to transfer the burden of recovery to other persons. However, no recovery shall take place in respect of aid granted as part of financing operations in respect of which the competent national authorities have undertaken to grant the benefit of the measures by a legally binding act adopted before 30 April 2007.
               …
               
                  Article 5
               
               1.   Recovery of the aid granted under the scheme referred to in Article 1 shall be immediate and effective.
               2.   [The Kingdom of] Spain shall ensure that this Decision is implemented within four months of the date of its notification.
               
                  Article 6
               
               1.   Within two months of notification of this Decision, [the Kingdom of] Spain shall submit the following information:
               …
               2.   [The Kingdom of] Spain shall keep the Commission informed of the progress of the national measures taken to implement this Decision until recovery of the aid granted under the scheme referred to in Article 1 has been completed.
               …’
            
         
         Procedure and forms of order sought
      
      
               62
            
            
               By application lodged at the Court Registry on 25 September 2013, the Kingdom of Spain brought an action, registered as Case T‑515/13.
            
         
               63
            
            
               By application lodged at the Court Registry on 30 December 2013, Lico Leasing, SA (‘Lico’) and Pequeños y Medianos Astilleros Sociedad de Reconversión, SA (‘PYMAR’) brought an action, registered as Case T‑719/13.
            
         
               64
            
            
               In addition, other actions were brought by other applicants against the contested decision.
            
         
               65
            
            
               On 26 May 2014, the Court asked the Kingdom of Spain and the Commission whether it was appropriate to stay proceedings in Case T‑515/13, pursuant to Article 77(d) of the Rules of Procedure of the General Court of 2 May 1991, pending the close of the written stage of the proceedings in the other cases brought before the Court against the contested decision referred to in paragraphs 63 and 64 above. In its observations, the Kingdom of Spain objected to such a stay. The Commission did not raise any objections.
            
         
               66
            
            
               By order of 17 July 2014, the Court (Seventh Chamber) dismissed an application by the European Community Shipowners’ Associations to intervene in Case T‑719/13 in support of the form of order sought by the Commission.
            
         
               67
            
            
               On 17 February 2015, in the context of measures of organisation of procedure in Case T‑719/13, the Court put a question to Lico and PYMAR and asked them to produce certain documents. Lico and PYMAR answered the question and lodged the requested documents within the prescribed period.
            
         
               68
            
            
               On 26 February 2015, on a proposal from the Judge-Rapporteur, the Court (Seventh Chamber) decided to open the oral phase of the procedure in Case T‑515/13.
            
         
               69
            
            
               On 3 March 2015, in the context of measures of organisation of procedure in Case T‑515/13, the Court put two questions to the parties, to be answered orally at the hearing.
            
         
               70
            
            
               On 23 April 2015, on a proposal from the Judge-Rapporteur, the Court (Seventh Chamber) decided to open the oral phase of the procedure in Case T‑719/13.
            
         
               71
            
            
               On 28 April 2015, in the context of measures of organisation of procedure in Cases T‑515/13 and T‑719/13, the Court put a written question to the parties, concerning the inferences to be drawn in these cases from the judgments of 7 November 2014 in Autogrill España v Commission (T‑219/10, ECR, EU:T:2014:939) and Banco Santander and Santusa v Commission (T‑399/11, ECR, EU:T:2014:938), in particular as regards the analysis of selectivity made in the contested decision. The parties in both cases answered the question within the prescribed period.
            
         
               72
            
            
               The parties in Cases T‑515/13 and T‑719/13 presented oral argument and answered the questions put to them by the Court at the hearings on 9 and 10 June 2015 respectively.
            
         
               73
            
            
               At the hearings in Cases T‑515/13 and T‑719/13, the parties were asked by the Court to comment on whether the proceedings in those cases should be stayed, pursuant to Article 77(d) of the Rules of Procedure of 2 May 1991, pending delivery of the decision of the Court of Justice disposing of the proceedings in Case C‑20/15 P Commission v Autogrill España and in Case C‑21/05 P Commission v Banco Santander and Santusa. Although the parties did not object to such a stay of proceedings, they observed that it was not appropriate and that the Court could adjudicate in the context of the present cases on the basis of the existing case-law, without awaiting the decision of the Court of Justice.
            
         
               74
            
            
               By orders of 6 October 2015, the Court (Seventh Chamber) reopened the oral phase of the procedure in Cases T‑515/13 and T‑719/13 in order to ask the parties to comment on the possible joinder of the two cases for the purposes of the final judgment. The parties submitted their observations within the prescribed period.
            
         
               75
            
            
               By order adopted today, the President of the Seventh Chamber of the Court joined Cases T‑515/13 and T‑719/13 for the purposes of the final judgment, in application of Article 68 of the Rules of Procedure of the General Court.
            
         
               76
            
            
               In Case T‑515/13, the Kingdom of Spain claims that the Court should:
               
                        —
                     
                     
                        annul the contested decision;
                     
                  
                        —
                     
                     
                        order the Commission to pay the costs.
                     
                  
         
               77
            
            
               In Case T‑515/13, the Commission contends that the Court should:
               
                        —
                     
                     
                        dismiss the action;
                     
                  
                        —
                     
                     
                        order the Kingdom of Spain to pay the costs.
                     
                  
         
               78
            
            
               In Case T‑719/13, Lico and PYMAR claim that the Court should:
               
                        —
                     
                     
                        annul the contested decision on the ground that the STL system was incorrectly classified as a State aid scheme which favours the EIGs and their investors, and on the ground of defective reasoning;
                     
                  
                        —
                     
                     
                        in the alternative, annul the order for recovery of the aid granted through the STL system, because it is contrary to the general principles of the EU legal order;
                     
                  
                        —
                     
                     
                        in the further alternative, annul the order for recovery as regards the calculation of the amount of incompatible aid to be recovered in so far as it prevents the Kingdom of Spain from determining the formula for calculating that amount in accordance with the general principles applicable to the recovery of State aid;
                     
                  
                        —
                     
                     
                        order the Commission to pay the costs.
                     
                  
         
               79
            
            
               In Case T‑719/13, the Commission contends that the Court should:
               
                        —
                     
                     
                        dismiss the action;
                     
                  
                        —
                     
                     
                        order Lico and PYMAR to pay the costs.
                     
                  
         
         Law
      
      I – Admissibility of the action in Case T‑719/13
      
      
               80
            
            
               It is apparent from the application in Case T‑719/13 that Lico is a financial institution which invested in a number of EIGs that participated in the STL system. It claims that it brought its action in its capacity as actual beneficiary of aid that must be recovered on the basis of the contested decision. PYMAR is a company which cooperates with small and medium shipyards in order to enable them to achieve their industrial objectives in an appropriate manner. In order to substantiate its capacity to bring an action before the Court, it observes that, as a result of the contested decision, investors refuse to continue to invest in the shipbuilding sector. Furthermore, in spite of the invalidity of the clauses which required the shipyards to compensate investors in the event that the tax advantages at issue were recovered (see paragraph 60 above), the investors are attempting to rely on those clauses in judicial proceedings at national level. Last, both Lico and PYMAR participated in the formal examination procedure leading to the adoption of the contested decision, which in their submission also shows that they have locus standi.
            
         
               81
            
            
               Although it did not formally raise a plea of inadmissibility, the Commission expressed reservations as to the locus standi of both Lico and PYMAR.
            
         
               82
            
            
               As regards Lico, the Commission maintained that no evidence had been adduced that it had been individually affected. The documents supplied did not show conclusively that that entity received State aid that must be recovered under the STL. In particular, Lico did not produce the administrative authorisations necessary for the application of early depreciation, although they constituted the ‘act conferring the first tax advantage’, the date of which is relevant for the purpose of determining whether the aid must be recovered or whether it is covered by the period in respect of which the Commission did not order recovery, in accordance with the principle of legal certainty. At the hearing, the Commission further submitted that Lico ought also to have adduced evidence that it had in fact obtained taxable profits during the tax years in question. Otherwise, the tax advantages resulting from the STL (losses that could reduce Lico’s taxable base in the context of its activities) did not add anything. However, the Commission stated at the hearing that it did not require Lico to supply a copy of the recovery orders, as the recovery procedure initiated by the Spanish authorities had not yet been completed on that date.
            
         
               83
            
            
               As regards PYMAR, the Commission observes that it did not benefit from the STL and that the supposed loss of opportunities cannot be regarded as flowing directly from the contested decision. In addition, PYMAR has no interest in bringing an action against the contested decision, since that decision is favourable to it.
            
         
               84
            
            
               The Court considers it appropriate to examine first of all the admissibility of the action as regards Lico.
            
         
               85
            
            
               Under the fourth paragraph of Article 263 TFEU, ‘any natural or legal person may, under the conditions laid down in the first and second paragraphs, institute proceedings against an act addressed to that person or which is of direct and individual concern to them, and against a regulatory act which is of direct concern to them and does not entail implementing measures’.
            
         
               86
            
            
               In the present case, the contested decision is addressed solely to the Kingdom of Spain. Thus, in accordance with the fourth paragraph of Article 263 TFEU, Lico is entitled to bring proceedings before the Court only if the contested decision is of direct and individual concern to it, as that decision entails implementing measures within the meaning of that provision (see, to that effect, judgment of 19 December 2013 in Telefónica v Commission, C‑274/12 P, ECR, EU:C:2013:852, paragraphs 35 and 36).
            
         
               87
            
            
               In accordance with settled case-law, the actual beneficiaries of individual aid granted under an aid scheme of which the Commission has ordered recovery are, by that fact, individually concerned within the meaning of the fourth paragraph of Article 263 TFEU (see judgment of 9 June 2011 in Comitato Venezia vuole vivere and Others v Commission, C‑71/09 P, C‑73/09 P and C‑76/09 P, ECR, EU:C:2011:368, paragraph 53 and the case-law cited).
            
         
               88
            
            
               In the present case, the fact that the contested decision was of individual concern to Lico has been sufficiently demonstrated by the material produced before the Court. That material included copies of tax notifications from the tax administration stating that an investigation had been initiated in order to determine ‘the amount of aid to be recovered pursuant to the [contested] decision’ and, as required by the Commission in its defence, copies of the authorisations granting the benefit of early depreciation to the EIGs in which Lico had purchased shares. The Commission does not dispute that, by virtue of the principle of tax transparency, it is the members of those EIGs — and, accordingly, Lico — that benefited from the economic advantage authorised by the tax administration. It should be noted that all of those authorisations were granted after 30 April 2007, the date after which recovery is ordered in the contested decision, in accordance with Article 4(1) of that decision. The material in question therefore shows that Lico is an actual beneficiary of individual aid granted under the STL recovery of which the Commission ordered. It is thus unnecessary for Lico to adduce, in addition, evidence that it had actually made taxable profits during the tax years in question. As the Commission has recognised in its pleadings, authorisation of early depreciation is ‘the act conferring the first tax advantage’.
            
         
               89
            
            
               As to whether Lico is directly concerned, in so far as Article 4(1) of the contested decision obliges the Kingdom of Spain to take the measures necessary to recover the incompatible aid, from which Lico benefited, Lico must be held to be directly concerned by the contested decision (see, to that effect, judgment of 4 March 2009 in Associazione italiana del risparmio gestito and Fineco Asset Management v Commission, T‑445/05, ECR, EU:T:2009:50, paragraph 52 and the case-law cited).
            
         
               90
            
            
               As it has been established that the contested decision was of direct and individual concern to Lico and as its interest in bringing an action against that decision is not in doubt, the action in Case T‑719/13 must be declared admissible, without there being any need to determine whether PYMAR also satisfies the conditions of admissibility laid down in the fourth paragraph of Article 263 TFEU (see judgments of 24 March 1993 in CIRFS and Others v Commission, C‑313/90, ECR, EU:C:1993:111, paragraphs 30 and 31, and 26 October 1999 in Burrill and Noriega Guerra v Commission, T‑51/98, ECR-SC, EU:T:1999:271, paragraphs 19 to 21 and the case-law cited).
            
         II – Substance
      
      A – The scope of the first head of claim of Lico and PYMAR in Case T‑719/13
      
      
               91
            
            
               It should be observed that, by their first head of claim, supported by their first plea, Lico and PYMAR ask the Court to ‘annul the contested decision on the ground that the STL system was incorrectly classified as a State aid scheme which favours the EIGs and their investors, and on the ground of defective reasoning’.
            
         
               92
            
            
               However, it should be observed that Article 1 of the contested decision, which deals with the classification as State aid within the meaning of Article 107(1) TFEU, does not refer to the STL system as such, or classify it as ‘a State aid scheme’. That article is worded as follows: ‘The measures resulting from Article 115(11) TRLIS (early depreciation of leased assets), from the application of the tonnage tax scheme to non-eligible undertakings, vessels or activities and from Article 50(3) RIS constitute State aid to the EIGs and their investors, unlawfully put into effect by [the Kingdom of] Spain since 1 January 2002 in breach of Article 108(3) [TFEU]’. Article 4(1) of the contested decision, which orders recovery, refers to ‘the incompatible aid granted under the scheme referred to in Article 1’.
            
         
               93
            
            
               At the hearing, Lico and PYMAR explained that, by their first head of claim, they sought annulment of Article 1 in its entirety and that the three measures referred to in that provision had been mentioned in the application. The Commission claimed at the hearing that the first plea in the application did not refer to those three measures.
            
         
               94
            
            
               In that regard, it should be borne in mind that the operative part of an act is indissociably linked to the statement of reasons for it and when it has to be interpreted account must be taken of the reasons that led to its adoption (judgments of 15 May 1997 in TWD v Commission, C‑355/95 P, ECR, EU:C:1997:241, paragraph 21, and 29 April 2004 in Italy v Commission, C‑298/00 P, ECR, EU:C:2004:240, paragraph 97).
            
         
               95
            
            
               In the present case, as pointed out in paragraphs 33 to 35 above, the Commission deemed it necessary to describe the STL system, in recitals 116 to 122 of the contested decision, as a ‘system’ of tax measures that were linked together and to assess their effects in their reciprocal context, having regard, in particular, to the de facto relationships introduced by the State or with its approval. However, the Commission did not rely exclusively on a general approach. It also analysed individually the five measures that make up the STL, in order to ‘determine which part of the economic advantages generated by the STL system results from general measures and which from selective measures’ within the meaning of Article 107(1) TFEU. According to the Commission, ‘the two approaches are complementary and lead to consistent conclusions’ (recital 120 of the contested decision).
            
         
               96
            
            
               Following its individual examination of the measures going to make up the STL system, the Commission concluded, in recital 155 of the contested decision, that ‘the amount of the economic advantage resulting from the STL as a whole’ corresponded in ‘practice’ to ‘the sum of the advantages reaped by the EIG by applying the [three] abovementioned selective measures’, namely early depreciation (measure 2) and the application to the EIGs’ bareboat charter activities of the tonnage tax scheme (measure 4), as clarified by Article 50(3) RIS (measure 5).
            
         
               97
            
            
               It follows that the Commission concluded, in essence, that the STL system was a ‘system’ composed of five tax measures, three of which satisfied the conditions of Article 107(1) TFEU. That submission was also made by Lico and PYMAR in their application, where they referred to the wording of the contested decision.
            
         
               98
            
            
               Thus, when Lico and PYMAR ask the Court, in their first head of claim, supported by their first plea, to annul the contested decision ‘on the ground that the STL system was incorrectly classified as a State aid scheme’, they are necessarily also referring to the components of that system, referred to in Article 1 of the contested decision.
            
         B – The pleas put forward in Cases T‑515/13 and T‑719/13
      
      
               99
            
            
               In support of its action in Case T‑515/13, the Kingdom of Spain puts forward, in essence, four pleas.
            
         
               100
            
            
               The first plea alleges infringement of Article 107(1) TFEU.
            
         
               101
            
            
               The second, third and fourth pleas are raised in the alternative and apply in the event that the Court should find the existence of unlawful State aid. They allege breach of several general principles of EU law in that the Commission ordered partial recovery of the aid alleged to have been granted. These pleas allege breach, respectively, of the principles of equal treatment, protection of legitimate expectations and legal certainty.
            
         
               102
            
            
               In support of their action in Case T‑719/13, Lico and PYMAR raise three pleas.
            
         
               103
            
            
               The first plea, put forward in support of their first head of claim, alleges infringement of Article 107(1) TFEU and Article 296 TFEU.
            
         
               104
            
            
               The second plea, put forward in the alternative, in support of their second head of claim, alleges breach of the principles of protection of legitimate expectations and legal certainty, as regards the obligation to recover the aid.
            
         
               105
            
            
               The third plea, also put forward in the alternative, in support of their third head of claim, disputes the method of calculating the aid defined by the Commission in the contested decision (see paragraph 59 above), which in their submission does not respect the general principles applicable to the recovery of aid. In particular, Lico and PYMAR submit that that calculation method, as described in the contested decision, might be interpreted as requiring investors to repay an amount corresponding to the total of the tax advantage which they received owing to the reduction of the tax, without taking account of the fact that they passed the main part of that advantage on to the shipping companies (see paragraph 21 above).
            
         
               106
            
            
               It is appropriate to examine together the first pleas put forward by the Kingdom of Spain, Lico and PYMAR in the two cases, relating to the classification of State aid within the meaning of Article 107(1) TFEU.
            
         1. First plea, relating to the classification of State aid within the meaning of Article 107(1) TFEU
      
               107
            
            
               The Kingdom of Spain, Lico and PYMAR claim that the Commission infringed Article 107(1) TFEU, in so far as the conditions relating to selectivity, the risk of distortion of competition and the effect on trade are not satisfied. Although they do not formally claim that there has been an infringement of Article 296 TFEU on this point, Lico and PYMAR take issue in their application with the illogical and inconsistent reasoning as regards respect for those conditions. Furthermore, they allege that the Commission does not explain how the measure might have an effect on the designated markets and merely concludes that that effect is produced without demonstrating that it is. Without referring to Article 296 TFEU, the Kingdom of Spain also observes in the reply that the reasoning on which the contested decision is based is defective as regards proof that an advantage was conferred on the investors in the EIG and inconsistent as regards the test for distortion of competition.
            
         
               108
            
            
               In addition, the Kingdom of Spain, Lico and PYMAR observe that the conditions relating to selectivity, the risk of distortion of competition and the effect on trade should have been established solely with respect to the advantages obtained by the investors. In that regard, the Kingdom of Spain emphasises that the investors are the only entities referred to by the recovery order imposed by Article 4(1) of the contested decision. Thus, the only aid for the purposes of Article 107(1) TFEU identified by the Commission is the alleged advantage conferred on those investors. Lico and PYMAR further maintain that the selective advantage identified by the Commission consists essentially in a tax advantage. However, in application of the principle of tax transparency, the EIGs, as such, obtained no advantage, not even a tax advantage, because that advantage was transferred in full to their members. In answer to a question from the Court (see paragraph 71 above), the Kingdom of Spain pointed out that neither the status of EIG nor the principle of tax transparency had been called into question by the Commission in recital 140 of the contested decision.
            
         
               109
            
            
               In the context of Case T‑515/13, the Kingdom of Spain adds certain specific arguments.
            
         
               110
            
            
               First, contrary to the Commission’s assertions in recitals 116 to 119 of the contested decision, the STL is not a ‘system’ that exists as such in the applicable legislation. According to the Kingdom of Spain, what is known as the STL system is merely a set of legal acts carried out by taxpayers, who merely benefit, in the context of a tax optimisation strategy, from a combination of individual tax measures. The STL, as such, cannot therefore be imputed to the State.
            
         
               111
            
            
               Second, the Kingdom of Spain observes that early depreciation does not involve a reduction of tax and therefore does not confer a tax advantage.
            
         
               112
            
            
               Third, the Kingdom of Spain disputes the Commission’s finding that the tonnage tax system, as approved by the Commission (see paragraph 27 above), did not cover the activities of EIGs formed for the purposes of the STL system.
            
         
               113
            
            
               Last, the Kingdom of Spain claims that Article 50(3) RIS does not constitute an exception to that system, as approved.
            
         
               114
            
            
               The Court considers it appropriate to examine first of all the arguments common to both cases, mentioned in paragraphs 107 and 108 above, concerning the Commission’s analysis in relation to selectivity, the risk of distortion of competition and the effect on trade between Member States. In the context of that examination, it is appropriate, as the Kingdom of Spain, Lico and PYMAR suggest, to identify at the outset the beneficiaries of the economic advantages, within the meaning of Article 107(1) TFEU, arising from the measures at issue.
            
         a) Identification of the beneficiaries of the economic advantages
      
               115
            
            
               The Commission stated in Article 1 of the contested decision that three of the five tax measures which in its view make up the STL system constituted State aid ‘to the EIGs and their investors’. The measures in question are early depreciation (measure 2) and the application of the tonnage tax scheme (measure 4), as clarified in Article 50(3) RIS (measure 5). Article 4(1) of the contested decision provides, however, that the Kingdom of Spain is to recover the incompatible aid granted under the scheme referred to in Article 1 ‘from the EIG investors that have benefited from it, without the possibility for such recipients to transfer the burden of recovery to other persons’.
            
         
               116
            
            
               In that regard, it must be stated that, while the EIGs benefited from the three tax measures referred to in Article 1 of the contested decision, it was the members of the EIGs that benefited from the economic advantages arising from those three measures. As is clear from recital 140 of the contested decision (see paragraph 41 above), the principle of tax transparency applicable to the EIGs is not called into question by the Commission in this instance. On the basis of that principle, the tax advantages conferred on the EIGs set up for the purposes of the STL system can benefit only their members, whom the Commission describes as mere ‘investors’ (see paragraph 12 above). The investors, moreover, are the only entities referred to in the recovery order imposed in Article 4(1) of the contested decision.
            
         
               117
            
            
               In the absence of an economic advantage in favour of the EIGs, the Commission was therefore wrong to conclude, in Article 1 of the contested decision, that they had benefited from State aid within the meaning of Article 107(1) TFEU.
            
         
               118
            
            
               Since it is the investors, and not the EIGs, that benefited from the tax and economic advantages resulting from the STL system, it is appropriate to examine, on the basis of the parties’ arguments, whether the advantages obtained by the investors are selective, are liable to distort competition and affect trade between Member States and whether the contested decision contains a sufficient statement of reasons concerning the analysis of those criteria.
            
         b) The condition relating to selectivity
      
               119
            
            
               As stated in paragraph 97 above, the Commission concluded, in essence, in the contested decision that the STL system was a ‘system’ composed of five tax measures, three of which satisfied all the conditions laid down in Article 107(1) TFEU, including the criterion relating to selectivity.
            
         
               120
            
            
               As recalled in paragraphs 39 to 46 above, the Commission analysed the selective nature of each of the tax measures which in its view go to make up the STL system, examining them individually in recitals 128 to 154 of the contested decision and then analysing globally the selectivity of the STL system as a ‘system’, in recitals 155 to 157 of the contested decision. The Commission states, in recital 120 of the contested decision, that the individual analysis of the measures making up the STL system and their global examination as a ‘system’ are ‘complementary and lead to consistent conclusions’ (see paragraph 35 above).
            
         
               121
            
            
               As regards the individual analysis carried out by the Commission, measure 2 (early depreciation) was classified as ‘selective’ because the grant of that advantage depends on authorisation granted by the tax administration on the basis of a discretionary power. The exercise of that discretionary power led the tax administration to grant those authorisations only in the case of acquisitions of sea-going vessels in the context of the STL system and not in other circumstances (recitals 132 to 139 of the contested decision). Measure 4 (application of the tonnage tax system to EIGs set up for the purposes of the STL system) and measure 5 (Article 50(3) RIS) are selective, because they favoured certain activities, namely bareboat chartering (recitals 141 to 144 of the contested decision) and the acquisition of vessels through leasing contracts previously authorised by the tax administration and the resale of those vessels (recitals 145 to 154 of the contested decision).
            
         
               122
            
            
               As regards the global analysis carried out by the Commission, it is appropriate to refer to recital 156 of the contested decision, which is worded as follows: ‘Looking at the STL as a whole, the advantage is selective because it was subject to the discretionary powers conferred on the tax administration by the compulsory prior authorisation procedure and by the imprecise wording of the conditions applicable to early depreciation. Since other measures applicable only to maritime transport activities eligible under the Maritime Guidelines — in particular Article 50(3) RIS — are dependent on that prior authorisation, the whole STL system is selective. As a result, the tax administration would only authorise STL operations to finance sea-going vessels (sectoral selectivity). As confirmed by the statistics provided by Spain, all the 273 STL operations organised until June 2010 concern sea-going vessels’. The Commission therefore concluded that the advantage arising from the STL as a whole could be regarded as selective on the basis of the discretionary power identified in the context of the individual analysis of the selectivity of measure 2.
            
         
               123
            
            
               Furthermore, the Commission maintained, in recital 157 of the contested decision, that ‘the scheme favours certain activities, namely the acquisition of sea-going vessels through leasing contracts, in particular with a view to their bareboat chartering and subsequent resale’. Those activities correspond to the activities which, according to the contested decision, are carried out by the EIGs set up for the purposes of the STL and benefit from the application of measures 2, 4 and 5. According to the individual analysis referred to in paragraph 121 above, each of those measures confers, de jure and de facto, a selective advantage on the undertakings carrying out those activities (recitals 132 to 139 and 141 to 154 of the contested decision).
            
         
               124
            
            
               It thus follows from the contested decision that the measures going to make up the STL, taken individually and as a whole as a ‘system’, are selective for two reasons. First, the STL as a ‘system’ is selective on the ground that the tax administration, on the basis of a discretionary power, authorises the benefit of the advantages at issue only to ‘STL activities to finance sea-going vessels (sectoral selectivity)’, operations in which the investors participate. Second, the selectivity of the STL also arises from the selective nature of the three component tax measures, taken individually. Those measures favoured, de jure and de facto, only certain activities.
            
         
               125
            
            
               As already indicated in paragraph 118 above, it is appropriate to examine, in the light of the arguments of the Kingdom of Spain, Lico and PYMAR, whether those two reasons are capable of establishing that the tax and economic advantages from which the investors benefited were selective and whether the decision is sufficiently reasoned.
            
         
               126
            
            
               Before examining those questions, it is appropriate to clarify the scope of the arguments put forward by the Kingdom of Spain, Lico and PYMAR in answer to certain arguments raised by the Commission. In Case T‑515/13, the Commission claimed that the Kingdom of Spain had not disputed in its application the global analysis of selectivity carried out in recitals 155 to 163 of the contested decision. In the Commission’s submission, the action could not succeed unless the Kingdom of Spain succeeded in showing that those measures, considered individually and as a whole, do not constitute State aid; and as the Commission’s global analysis was not called into question by the Kingdom of Spain, the latter’s arguments relating to the individual analysis of the measures, are ineffective. At the hearing in Case T‑719/13, the Commission claimed that Lico and PYMAR had not disputed the individual analysis of measures 2, 4 and 5 in the context of their first plea.
            
         
               127
            
            
               In that regard, it must be stated that, at the beginning of its application, the Kingdom of Spain puts forward certain general arguments disputing the Commission’s analysis in relation to selectivity as a whole. Those arguments were further developed by the Kingdom of Spain in answer to a written question from the Court (see paragraph 71 above) and at the hearing in Case T‑515/13. Furthermore, the Kingdom of Spain disputes in its application the discretionary power identified by the Commission in the context of the individual analysis of selectivity of measure 2. Since the Commission relies on that discretionary power in order to establish, in recital 156 of the contested decision, the selectivity of the STL as a whole, the arguments formulated by the Kingdom of Spain are also capable of calling that analysis into question.
            
         
               128
            
            
               As regards Lico and PYMAR, the Commission was wrong to claim at the hearing that they had not disputed the individual analysis of measures 2, 4 and 5. In fact, as already indicated (see paragraph 98 above), when Lico and PYMAR deny that the STL constitutes a ‘State aid scheme’, they are also referring to the components of the STL, referred to in Article 1 of the contested decision. It should also be observed that the arguments put forward by Lico and PYMAR in connection with selectivity challenge the Commission’s findings in recitals 156 and 157 of the contested decision. As indicated in paragraphs 122 and 123 above, the findings made by the Commission in those recitals are based on the individual analysis of measures 2, 4 and 5.
            
         
               129
            
            
               It follows that the Commission’s arguments concerning the limited scope of the arguments put forward by the Kingdom of Spain, Lico and PYMAR are unfounded.
            
         Authorisations granted by the tax administration, on the basis of a discretionary power, solely to STL transactions for the financing of sea-going vessels
      
               130
            
            
               The Kingdom of Spain, Lico and PYMAR observe that the possibility of participating in the STL structures and, accordingly, of obtaining the advantages at issue were open to any investor in all sectors of the economy, without any precondition or restriction. The advantages obtained by the investors cannot therefore be considered to be selective, in particular in the light of the judgments in Autogrill España v Commission, cited in paragraph 71 above (EU:T:2014:939), and Banco Santander and Santusa v Commission, cited in paragraph 71 above (EU:T:2014:938).
            
         
               131
            
            
               Furthermore, the Kingdom of Spain, Lico and PYMAR deny that the tax administration had any discretionary power in the context of the authorisation procedure laid down for early depreciation (measure 2). Lico and PYMAR further maintain that, in the context of that authorisation procedure, the control exercised by the administration never related to the investors. At the hearing, the Kingdom of Spain also claimed that the sole purpose of the administrative authorisation was to ascertain that the asset to which early depreciation could apply satisfied the criteria of the applicable legislation, which has no connection with the desire to select, de facto or de jure, certain undertakings.
            
         
               132
            
            
               In its defence in Case T‑719/13, the Commission contends that the measure at issue is selective vis-à-vis investors, because only undertakings which make a certain type of investment through an EIG benefit from it, while undertakings which make similar investments in the context of other operations cannot benefit from it. It submits that such an analysis is consistent with the case-law (judgments of 15 July 2004 in Spain v Commission, C‑501/00, ECR, EU:C:2004:438, paragraph 120; 15 December 2005 in Italy v Commission, C‑66/02, ECR, EU:C:2005:768, paragraphs 97 and 98; and in Associazione italiana del risparmio gestito and Fineco Asset Management v Commission, cited in paragraph 89 above, EU:T:2009:50, paragraph 156).
            
         
               133
            
            
               In answer to a written question from the Court in Cases T‑515/13 and T‑719/13 (see paragraph 71 above), the Commission claimed that the approach taken in the contested decision was not a new approach. The case-law has taken the same approach in various cases relating to tax advantages reserved for undertakings making a certain type of investment. In that regard, the Commission refers to the judgment in Spain v Commission, cited in paragraph 133 above (EU:C:2004:438), and to the judgment of 6 March 2002 in Diputación Foral de Álava and Others v Commission (T‑92/00 and T‑103/00, ECR, EU:T:2002:61).
            
         
               134
            
            
               In answer to the same written question from the Court (see paragraph 71 above), the Commission asserts in the context of both cases that the interpretation of the selectivity criterion in the judgments in Autogrill España v Commission, cited in paragraph 71 above (EU:T:2014:939), and Banco Santander and Santusa v Commission, cited in paragraph 71 above (EU:T:2014:938), is not in its view consistent with Article 107(1) TFEU, as interpreted in the case-law, which is why it lodged appeals against those judgments before the Court of Justice (Cases C‑20/15 P and C‑21/15 P).
            
         
               135
            
            
               In any event, the Commission observes that, even if this Court’s interpretation in the judgments in Autogrill España v Commission, cited in paragraph 71 above (EU:T:2014:939), and Banco Santander and Santusa v Commission, cited in paragraph 71 above (EU:T:2014:938), must be applied in the present case, the selectivity criterion would be satisfied owing, in particular, to the existence of an authorisation system including discretionary elements.
            
         
               136
            
            
               The Commission maintains, contrary to the contentions of the Kingdom of Spain, Lico and PYMAR, that the criteria that must be satisfied in order to obtain the authorisation provided for in Article 115(11) TRLIS are neither objective nor inherent in the tax system, as required by the case-law, which demonstrates the existence of a discretionary power.
            
         
               137
            
            
               In answer to Lico and PYMAR’s argument that the discretionary power relates only to the assets, and not to the investors, the Commission claims, in the rejoinder in Case T‑719/13, that what mattered was that, through the discretionary authorisation, the benefit of the aid had been granted only to a specific group of operators, namely those that had received the authorisation. At the hearings in Cases T‑515/13 and T‑719/13, the Commission also emphasised that it was sufficient to establish the existence of a discretionary power in the authorisation procedure for there to be selectivity de jure. It further maintained that Article 48(4) TRLIS laid down specific conditions applicable to the investors in the context of that authorisation. In particular, the benefit of early depreciation is subject to the condition that the members of the EIG retain their shareholding in the EIG until the end of the leasing contract.
            
         
               138
            
            
               In the light of the parties’ arguments, it must be determined, in the first place, whether the advantage obtained by the investors who participated in the operations on the basis of the STL is selective, because only the undertakings which made that particular type of investment through an EIG benefited from it. If not, it would be necessary to examine, in the second place, whether the existence of an authorisation procedure involving alleged discretionary elements entailed, in any event, such selectivity.
            
         – Advantage linked with a certain type of investment
      
               139
            
            
               It should be borne in mind that, in the judgments in Autogrill España v Commission, cited in paragraph 71 above (EU:T:2014:939), and Banco Santander and Santusa v Commission, cited in paragraph 71 above (EU:T:2014:938), on which the Kingdom of Spain, Lico and PYMAR rely in support of their arguments, the measure at issue was a tax regime which favoured any operator taxable in Spain carrying out a certain type of investment, namely a shareholding of at least 5% in foreign companies, held for an uninterrupted period of at least one year.
            
         
               140
            
            
               In those judgments, the Court considered that the existence of a derogation from or exception to the reference framework identified by the Commission could not, in itself, establish that the measure at issue favoured ‘certain undertakings or the production of certain goods’ within the meaning of Article 107 TFEU, if that measure was available, a priori, to any undertaking (judgments in Autogrill España v Commission, cited in paragraph 71 above, EU:T:2014:939, paragraph 52, and Banco Santander and Santusa v Commission, cited in paragraph 71 above, EU:T:2014:938, paragraph 56).
            
         
               141
            
            
               In the present case, the tax advantages of the STL are available only to investors participating in EIGs set up in order to finance sea-going vessels in the context of the STL. The Commission does not deny, however, that that possibility was open to any undertaking taxable in Spain on the same conditions, without a minimum amount necessary for such a shareholding being prescribed by law. The Commission also acknowledged, in recitals 126 and 172 of the contested decision, that the investors offered goods and services on a wide range of markets and that they operated in all sectors of the economy.
            
         
               142
            
            
               It follows that, as in the cases examined by this Court in the judgments in Autogrill España v Commission, cited in paragraph 71 above (EU:T:2014:939), and Banco Santander and Santusa v Commission, cited in paragraph 71 above (EU:T:2014:938), any operator could benefit from the tax advantages at issue by carrying out a certain type of operation available, on the same terms, to any operator, without distinction.
            
         
               143
            
            
               As in those cases, the fact that the advantages at issue are granted on the basis of an investment in a particular asset, to the exclusion of other assets or other types of investments, does not mean that they are selective vis-à-vis investors, in so far as the operation is available to any undertaking (see, to that effect, judgments in Autogrill España v Commission, cited in paragraph 71 above, EU:T:2014:939, paragraphs 59 to 61, and Banco Santander and Santusa v Commission, cited in paragraph 71 above, EU:T:2014:938, paragraphs 63 to 65).
            
         
               144
            
            
               Therefore, the Commission’s argument that the measure at issue is selective vis-à-vis investors, because only undertakings carrying out a certain type of investment through an EIG benefit from it, must be rejected.
            
         
               145
            
            
               The judgments in Autogrill España v Commission, cited in paragraph 71 above (EU:T:2014:939), and Banco Santander and Santusa v Commission, cited in paragraph 71 above (EU:T:2014:938), are, admittedly, under appeal (Cases C‑20/15 P and C‑21/15 P). However, the Court considers that it may adjudicate in the present cases on the basis of the existing case-law, as the parties have requested (see paragraph 73 above).
            
         
               146
            
            
               The Court of Justice has already held that a tax concession in favour of taxpayers who have made a certain type of investment — in the case in point, shareholdings in capital companies having their registered office and their central administration in the new Federal Länder and West Berlin and having no more than 250 employees — confers on those taxpayers an advantage which, as a general measure applicable without distinction to all economically active persons, was not State aid within the meaning of Article 107(1) TFEU (see, to that effect, judgment of 19 September 2000 in Germany v Commission, C‑156/98, ECR, EU:C:2000:467, paragraph 22). On that point, the Court of Justice merely upheld the Commission’s finding in the decision at issue that the tax concession in question constituted a general measure containing no element of aid in favour of persons subject to the tax. On the other hand, both the Court of Justice and the Commission considered in that case that the measure in question was intended to alter the conduct of investors in order to increase the own resources of the new Länder and West Berlin and therefore conferred on those entities a selective advantage within the meaning of Article 107(1) TFEU (judgment in Germany v Commission, EU:C:2000:467, paragraph 23).
            
         
               147
            
            
               In the judgment in Associazione italiana del risparmio gestito and Fineco Asset Management v Commission, cited in paragraph 89 above (EU:T:2009:50), this Court examined, in the light of the applicable rules on State aid, certain tax incentives granted in Italy to undertakings for collective investment in transferable securities (‘UCITSs’) specialised in holding shares of small- and medium-capitalisation companies. In the decision at issue, the Commission found that the tax reduction in question conferred a direct benefit on investors in shares in those UCITSs. However, the Commission considered that that tax reduction granted to investors was not selective, since it constituted a general measure applicable to any investor. On the other hand, the Commission considered that the tax incentives in question conferred an indirect selective advantage on the UCITSs or, as the case might be, their management undertakings, since the tax reduction on investments in those UCITSs prompted investors to buy shares in such vehicles. The Commission also considered that the measure at issue conferred an indirect selective advantage on small- and medium-capitalisation companies whose shares were held by the UCITSs, consisting in increased demand for their shares and increased liquidity, owing to the enhanced attractiveness of the investment. The existence of an indirect selective advantage in favour of those three categories of players was confirmed by the Court in its judgment in Associazione italiana del risparmio gestito and Fineco Asset Management v Commission, cited in paragraph 89 above (EU:T:2009:50). It follows that, in that case, as in the judgment in Germany v Commission, cited in paragraph 146 above (EU:C:2000:467, paragraphs 22 and 23), selectivity was not established vis-à-vis the investors, although they benefited from a tax reduction.
            
         
               148
            
            
               It follows that, where an advantage is granted, on the same terms, to any undertaking on the basis of a certain type of investment available to any operator, it acquires a general nature with respect to those operators and does not constitute State aid in favour of them.
            
         
               149
            
            
               In addition, it should be observed that, in its judgment of 22 February 2006 in Le Levant 001 and Others v Commission (T‑34/02, ECR, EU:T:2006:59), the Court has already had occasion to rule on a Commission decision concerning tax concessions granted to investors who participated in a financing operation set up by a bank with a view to the financing and operation of a vessel by a shipping company. In that operation, the investors passed on the main part of the advantage to the shipping company, which purchased the vessel at the end of the operation. In the decision at issue, the Commission declared the aid incompatible and ordered its recovery from the investors alone, since the advantage had not yet been passed on to the shipping company. In its judgment, the Court found that the decision at issue did not examine how the conditions laid down in Article 107(1) TFEU were satisfied in that instance. As regards, more particularly, the condition relating to the identification of an advantage in favour of certain undertakings or the production of certain goods, the Court observed that it was apparent from the decision at issue that, although the direct beneficiaries of the aid were private investors, the effects of the aid on competition related to the shipping company’s ability to operate the vessel on favourable terms. The Court concluded that, in failing to examine how the private investors’ obtaining a tax benefit constituted a competitive advantage as contemplated in Article 107(1) TFEU when the competitive advantage was attributed to the shipping company, the contested decision did not explain how the private investors were placed in an advantageous position by the aid in question (see, to that effect, judgment in Le Levant 001 and Others v Commission, EU:T:2006:59, paragraphs 113 and 118 to 120). That judgment therefore confirms that, in certain circumstances similar to the present case, obtaining a tax benefit related to an investment does not necessarily mean benefiting from a competitive advantage within the meaning of Article 107(1) TFEU.
            
         
               150
            
            
               The case-law on which the Commission relies in Cases T‑515/13 and T‑719/13 does not support the view that an advantage conferred, on the same terms, to any undertaking making a certain type of investment available to any operator is selective.
            
         
               151
            
            
               In the first place, as regards the judgment in Spain v Commission, cited in paragraph 132 above (EU:C:2004:438, paragraph 120), the Court of Justice did indeed find that a tax deduction linked with the carrying out of certain investments was selective. However, as this Court made clear in the judgments in Autogrill España v Commission, cited in paragraph 71 above (EU:T:2014:939, paragraphs 79 and 82), and Banco Santander and Santusa v Commission, cited in paragraph 71 above (EU:T:2014:938, paragraphs 83 and 86), that measure applied only to undertakings carrying out export activities, to the exclusion of other undertakings. In the present case, the advantages at issue were available to any undertaking.
            
         
               152
            
            
               In the second place, as regards the judgment in Italy v Commission, cited in paragraph 132 above (EU:C:2005:768, paragraphs 97 and 98), the tax provision under consideration also operated only to the benefit of undertakings in the banking sector and not to the benefit of undertakings in other sectors, unlike in the present case.
            
         
               153
            
            
               In the third place, as regards the judgment in Associazione italiana del risparmio gestito and Fineco Asset Management v Commission, cited in paragraph 89 above (EU:T:2009:50, paragraph 156), the existence of an advantage within the meaning of Article 107(1) TFEU was identified, indirectly, only with regard to the UCITSs, their management undertakings, where appropriate, and the undertakings in which the UCITSs held shares, and not with regard to the investors, who, according to the Commission, benefited from the tax reduction (see paragraph 147 above). In the present case, however, the Commission did not find in the contested decision, and in particular in recital 163, that the EIGs obtained an indirect advantage as a result of the tax advantages granted to the investors who acquired shares in the EIGs.
            
         
               154
            
            
               In the fourth place, as regards the judgment in Diputación Foral de Álava and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 133 above (EU:T:2002:61), it should be borne in mind that in that judgment the Court examined the selectivity of two tax measures. The first measure was a tax credit which applied to investments in the region of Álava having certain characteristics, in particular, a minimum amount — namely Spanish pesetas (ESP) 2500 million — which de facto restricted the tax advantage to undertakings having significant financial resources, to the exclusion of other undertakings. The second measure was a reduction of the tax base that benefited only newly established undertakings in the region of Álava which met certain criteria relating, in particular, to a minimum investment and the creation of a certain number of jobs. The two measures at issue therefore did not confer an advantage on any operator that might make certain investments in the region of Álava, as the benefit of the measures was restricted to certain undertakings, to the exclusion of other undertakings. In the present case, however, it is common ground that the possibility of investing in EIGs was available, on the same terms, to any undertaking, no minimum amount necessary for such a shareholding being prescribed by law.
            
         
               155
            
            
               It follows that the advantage obtained by the investors who participated in the STL operations cannot be considered to be selective on the ground that only the undertakings carrying out that particular type of investment through an EIG benefited from it.
            
         
               156
            
            
               As indicated in paragraph 138 above, it is therefore appropriate to examine below whether the existence of an authorisation procedure including what are alleged to be discretionary elements was in any event capable of making that advantage a selective advantage.
            
         – Selectivity resulting from an alleged discretionary power of the tax administration
      
               157
            
            
               The Commission observes that, in any event, selectivity could be established in the present case owing to the existence of an authorisation system including discretionary elements, which did not exist in the cases considered by the Court in the judgments in Autogrill España v Commission, cited in paragraph 71 above (EU:T:2014:939), and Banco Santander and Santusa v Commission, cited in paragraph 71 above (EU:T:2014:938). In accordance with the case-law, where the body granting financial assistance enjoys a discretionary power which enables it to choose the beneficiaries or the conditions under which the measure is granted, that measure cannot be considered to be general in nature (see, to that effect, judgments of 29 June 1999 in DM Transport, C‑256/97, ECR, EU:C:1999:332, paragraph 27 and the case-law cited, and 18 July 2013 in P, C‑6/12, ECR, EU:C:2013:525, paragraph 25).
            
         
               158
            
            
               In that regard, it must be stated that, in spite of the existence of an authorisation system including what were alleged to be discretionary elements, the advantages in question remained available, on the same terms, to any investor who decided to participate in the STL operations intended to finance sea-going vessels by acquiring a shareholding in the EIGs set up by the banks.
            
         
               159
            
            
               As the Kingdom of Spain, Lico and PYMAR observe, it is apparent from recital 133 of the contested decision that the authorisation conditions laid down in Article 115(11) TRLIS, as clarified in Article 49 RIS — which the Commission considers to be vague and to require interpretation from the administration, thereby conferring a discretionary power on the administration (see paragraph 40 above) — apply, de jure, solely to the characteristics of the asset which may be the subject of early depreciation. The Commission observed, in recital 134 of the contested decision, that the exercise of the discretionary power in the present case would have led the tax administration to accept early depreciation for only a particular category of assets, namely sea-going vessels that had switched from the normal corporate tax regime to the TT system (see paragraph 40 above). It also follows, in essence, from recitals 66, 116, 134 and 156 of the contested decision that the advantages at issue were not refused to any ‘STL operation’.
            
         
               160
            
            
               It follows that the discretionary power enjoyed by the tax administration, on the assumption that it might be established, would have resulted, de jure and de facto, only in the definition of the type of operation eligible to benefit from the tax advantages at issue, namely STL operations intended to finance sea-going vessels, to the exclusion of other assets. The fact nonetheless remains that the possibility of participating in those operations was available, without restriction, to any undertaking, without discrimination. In those circumstances, the advantage which those undertakings enjoyed could not be considered to be selective on the basis of an alleged discretionary power enjoyed by the tax administration, in accordance with the case-law referred to in paragraphs 140, 146 and 147 above.
            
         
               161
            
            
               The fact, underlined by the Commission at the hearings in both cases, that Article 48(4) TRLIS requires that, in order to benefit from early depreciation, the members of the EIG must retain their shareholding in the EIG until the end of the leasing contract does not invalidate that finding. That is a condition for the application of the advantage, from which any undertaking active in any sector of the economy could benefit. It should be observed in that regard that the benefit of the tax measures at issue in the cases giving rise to the judgments in Autogrill España v Commission, cited in paragraph 71 above (EU:T:2014:939), and Banco Santander and Santusa v Commission, cited in paragraph 71 above (EU:T:2014:938) were also subject to the condition that the shareholding was retained for a certain period (see paragraph 139 above).
            
         
               162
            
            
               Furthermore, it is important to observe that the existence of Article 48(4) TRLIS did not prevent investors from purchasing shares in the EIGs after the authorisations had been granted by the tax administration. That point, made by the Kingdom of Spain, Lico and PYMAR at the hearings in both cases, confirms that access to the advantages at issue continued to be available to any undertaking that decided to participate in the STL operations, notwithstanding that the authorisation system includes alleged discretionary elements. The existence of the authorisation system cannot therefore confer a selective nature in the present case on the advantages enjoyed by investors.
            
         
               163
            
            
               In the light of all of the foregoing considerations (see paragraphs 130 to 162 above), the Commission was wrong to conclude, in recital 156 of the contested decision, that the STL conferred a selective advantage on the investors in so far as the tax administration, on the basis of an alleged discretionary power, authorised only ‘STL operations to finance sea-going vessels’, in which the investors participated.
            
         Advantages linked with the pursuit of certain activities
      
               164
            
            
               As observed in paragraphs 123 and 124 above, the global analysis of selectivity carried out by the Commission in the contested decision is also based on the finding that the STL favours ‘certain activities, namely the acquisition of sea-going vessels through leasing contracts, in particular with a view to their bareboat chartering and subsequent resale’ (recital 157 of the contested decision). Those activities correspond to the activities which, according to the contested decision, are carried out by the EIGs set up for the purposes of the STL and benefit from the application of measures 2, 4 and 5. According to the individual analysis carried out in recitals 132 to 139 and 141 to 154 of the contested decision, each of those measures confers, de jure and de facto, a selective advantage on the undertakings carrying out those activities (see paragraphs 40, 42 and 43 above).
            
         
               165
            
            
               In their written pleadings, the Kingdom of Spain, Lico and PYMAR claim that the investors were active in all sectors of the economy and held purely financial shareholdings in the EIGs, their objective being to obtain a tax advantage. According to the Kingdom of Spain, the participants (or shareholders) in an undertaking have no activity ‘on the market’. At the hearing in Case T‑515/13, the Kingdom of Spain explained that that argument sought to establish that the members of the EIGs acted as simple investors in the EIGs, as the Commission acknowledged in the contested decision. The Kingdom of Spain also claimed at the hearing that in the contested decision the Commission had not attributed to the investors the activities of bareboat chartering or the purchase and sale of vessels. In the context of Case T‑719/13, Lico and PYMAR observe in the application that the investors cannot be considered to be players in the sector identified by the Commission in recitals 156 and 157 of the contested decision. At the hearing, Lico and PYMAR disputed the argument that the members of the EIG carried out the actual specific activities of the EIGs, as though they formed a single undertaking.
            
         
               166
            
            
               In the defence lodged in each of the two cases, the Commission briefly observed that, through the EIGs, the investors pursued the activities carried out by the EIGs. In that context, according to the Commission, the Kingdom of Spain’s argument that the shareholders carry out no activity on the market is difficult to understand. As regards the variety of the sectors to which the investors belong, the Commission states in Case T‑719/13 that the contested decision does not at any time connect the selective nature of the measure to any sector in which the investors may be active.
            
         
               167
            
            
               In its answer to a written question put by the Court in each of the two cases (see paragraph 71 above), the Commission further developed its argument that, through the EIGs, the investors pursued the activities carried out by the EIGs. In its submission, unlike the cases examined by the Court in the judgments in Autogrill España v Commission, cited in paragraph 71 above (EU:T:2014:939), and Banco Santander and Santusa v Commission, cited in paragraph 71 above (EU:T:2014:938), the advantages arising from the STL were granted to investors not because they carried out mere investment operations, but because they carried out certain economic activities through the EIGs, namely the acquisition, sale and bareboat charter of ships. In that context, the Commission claimed that, under the tax transparency of the EIGs, the EIGs and their members might be regarded as two sides of the same coin or, in the context of Article 107(1) TFEU, as two aspects of the same undertaking.
            
         
               168
            
            
               When questioned by the Court at the hearing in Case T‑515/13 about a possible contradiction between the argument set out in paragraph 167 above and the reasoning in the contested decision, in particular in recital 28 (see paragraph 12 above), the Commission observed that that recital, in which the members of the EIGs are described as ‘investors’, is merely a terminological explanation that does not contradict its argument that the EIGs and their members form an economic unit. Questioned again by the Court at the hearing in Case T‑719/13 about the reasoning in the contested decision on that issue, the Commission stated that, even if its argument that the EIGs and their investors constitute, together, a single undertaking for the purposes of Article 107(1) TFEU is not expressly stated in the contested decision, such a finding follows from the very nature of the EIG. In that regard, the Commission observed that an EIG was a ‘tax transparent’ entity whose members are wholly responsible for its conduct and its debts and that, consequently, the activities which the EIG carries out are imputable to its members.
            
         
               169
            
            
               It should be observed that, in the context of its examination, the Court must determine whether the Commission’s individual analysis of measures 2, 4 and 5, to which, in essence, recital 157 of the contested decision refers, permits the view that the advantages obtained by the investors, and not the EIGs, satisfy the condition of selectivity (see paragraph 118 above).
            
         
               170
            
            
               In the context of that individual analysis, the Commission considered that measures 2, 4 and 5 had benefited, de jure and de facto, certain activities, namely the acquisition of ships through leasing contracts, their bareboat chartering and their subsequent sale.
            
         
               171
            
            
               It is common ground between the parties that those activities, which were also mentioned in recital 157 of the contested decision, are the activities carried out by the EIGs set up of the purposes of the STL. Therefore, if the Commission had considered that the advantages obtained by the investors were selective because the latter carried out those activities, it was incumbent on it to make clear in the contested decision that the EIGs’ activities corresponded to those of their members or, at least, that they could be attributed to them.
            
         
               172
            
            
               In that regard, it should be observed that the assertion that the investors, through the EIGs, carried out the EIGs’ activities was made only once, and without being substantiated, in the contested decision, in recital 172. In the context of the analysis of the criteria relating to the risk of distortion of competition and of trade between Member States, the Commission asserted that ‘via the operations benefiting from STL [the investors were] active through the EIGs in the markets for bareboat chartering and the acquisition and sale of sea-going vessels, which are open to intra-EU trade’ (see paragraph 54 above).
            
         
               173
            
            
               However, the Commission did not at any time explain in the contested decision how the activities of the EIGs set up for the purposes of the STL could be attributed to their members. In particular, in the context of the analysis of the selectivity of the individual measures at issue, the Commission merely concluded that those measures conferred a selective advantage on the EIGs ‘and’/‘or’ their investors (recitals 139 and 154 of the contested decision), without providing any further explanation. As regards the STL viewed as a whole, the Commission observed that ‘the advantage accrue[d] to the EIG and, by transparency, to its investors’. That, however, does not explain why the members of the EIGs set up for the purposes of the STL could be considered to be carrying out the economic activities of the EIGs as though they formed a single legal or economic entity. Furthermore, when the Commission examined, in recital 126 of the contested decision, whether the parties involved in STL operations were ‘undertakings’ within the meaning of Article 107(1) TFEU, it did not give any indication from which it might be assumed or understood that the EIGs set up for the purposes of the STL and their members would form, together, a single entity for the purposes of that provision and that the EIGs’ activities could therefore be imputed to their members.
            
         
               174
            
            
               It should be observed, moreover, that the assertion in recital 172 of the contested decision that the investors ‘are active through the EIGs in the markets for bareboat chartering and the acquisition and sale of sea-going vessels’ seems to contradict other recitals of the contested decision.
            
         
               175
            
            
               In fact, the Commission observed, in recital 28 of the contested decision, that, ‘since the EIGs involved in STL operations are regarded as an investment vehicle by their members — rather than as a way of carrying out an activity jointly — this Decision refers to them as investors’. The Commission also observed, in recital 27 of the contested decision, that ‘Spanish EIGs ha[d] a separate legal personality from that of their members’. Last, the Commission explained that, in general, the investors ‘[did] not carry out any shipping activity’ (recital 9(b) of the decision to initiate the procedure, to which, in essence, recital 14 of the contested decision refers).
            
         
               176
            
            
               In those circumstances, it must be concluded that the Commission’s finding, in particular in recital 157 of the contested decision, that the STL scheme ‘favours certain activities, namely the acquisition of sea-going vessels through leasing contracts, in particular with a view to their bareboat chartering and subsequent resale’ refers to the activities of the EIGs set up for the purposes of the STL but does not relate to the industrial or economic activities of the members of the EIGs, who take shares in the EIGs as ‘investors’. Accordingly, the Commission cannot rely solely on the assertion made in recital 157 of the contested decision, or on the analysis of individual selectivity of measures 2, 4 and 5 to which that recital essentially refers, in order to establish that the advantages obtained by the investors were selective.
            
         
               177
            
            
               If, as the Commission suggests before the Court, it were necessary to understand, on reading the contested decision, that it considered that the investors, through the EIGs, carried out the activities referred to in paragraph 176 above and that the selectivity of the advantages which they obtained could be established on that basis, the contested decision would be vitiated by a failure to state reasons, and indeed by contradictory reasoning, on that point. As failure to state reasons constitutes an infringement of essential procedural requirements for the purposes of Article 263 TFEU, the Court must raise it of its own motion, after hearing the parties in accordance with the adversarial principle (see, to that effect, judgment of 2 December 2009 in Commission v Ireland and Others, C‑89/08 P, ECR, EU:C:2009:742, paragraphs 34 and 55).
            
         Conclusion on selectivity
      
               178
            
            
               In the light of the foregoing considerations (see paragraphs 115 to 177 above), the Commission was wrong to identify in the contested decision the existence of a selective advantage and, accordingly, of State aid, in favour of the EIGs and the investors.
            
         
               179
            
            
               As regards the EIGs, they did indeed benefit from the tax measures at issue. However, under the principle of tax transparency, the advantages flowing directly from those measures benefited only their members (see paragraphs 115 to 117 above). Furthermore, the existence of an indirect advantage in favour of the EIGs arising from the measures at issue was not mentioned in the contested decision (see paragraph 153 above).
            
         
               180
            
            
               As regards the members of the EIGs, whom the contested decision describes as ‘investors’, the economic advantages which they enjoyed were available, on the same terms, to any operator subject to tax in Spain without distinction, in spite of the existence of an authorisation system. The Commission was therefore wrong to consider that the investors had benefited from a selective advantage within the meaning of Article 107(1) TFEU owing to their participation in a certain type of advantaged operation (see paragraphs 130 to 163 above). The activities referred to, in particular in recital 157 of the contested decision, in order also to identify the selectivity of the advantages are those carried out by the EIGs and not by the investors, who are the only operators referred to by the recovery order imposed by Article 4(1) of the contested decision. Accordingly, the selectivity of the advantages obtained by the investors could not be established on that basis either. Even on the assumption that the contested decision might be understood as meaning that the investors, through the EIGs set up for the purposes of the STL, carried out the particular activities of the EIGs, the decision would be vitiated by a failure to state reasons, or indeed by contradictory reasoning, on that point (see paragraphs 164 to 177 above).
            
         c) The analysis in relation to the risk of distortion of competition and the effect on trade between Member States
      
               181
            
            
               As indicated in paragraphs 53 and 54 above, the Commission’s analysis in relation to the risk of distortion of competition and the effect on trade between Member States is set out in recitals 171 to 173 of the contested decision. After referring to a number of principles established in the case-law (recital 171 of the contested decision), the Commission made the following observation, in recital 172 of the contested decision: ‘In the case at hand, the investors, [that is to say] the members of the EIGs, are active in different sectors of the economy, in particular in sectors open to intra-EU trade. In addition, via the operations benefiting from STL they are active through the EIGs in the markets for bareboat chartering and the acquisition and sale of sea-going vessels, which are open to intra-EU trade. The advantages flowing from the STL strengthen their position in their respective markets, thereby distorting or threatening to distort competition’. The Commission concluded, in recital 173 of the contested decision, that ‘the economic advantage received by the EIGs and their investors benefiting from the measures under scrutiny [was] therefore liable to affect trade between Member States and distort competition in the internal market’.
            
         
               182
            
            
               It should be borne in mind that Lico and PYMAR, in the application, and the Kingdom of Spain, in the reply, dispute, in essence, not only the merits of the Commission’s analysis referred to in paragraph 181 above but also the reasons on which the contested decision is based (see paragraph 107 above). The Commission’s argument, put forward in the context of Case T‑719/13, that Lico and PYMAR were out of time in challenging the reasons on which the contested decision is based on that point must therefore be rejected.
            
         
               183
            
            
               In any event, as recalled in paragraph 177 above, a failure to state or failure sufficiently to state the reasons constitutes an infringement of essential procedural requirements, within the meaning of Article 263 TFEU, and is a matter of public policy which may be invoked by the parties at any stage of the proceedings and be raised by the Courts of the European Union of their own motion, in accordance with the adversarial principle (see, to that effect, judgments of 20 February 1997 in Commission v Daffix, C‑166/95 P, ECR, EU:C:1997:73, paragraphs 24 and 25; in Commission v Ireland and Others, cited in paragraph 177 above, EU:C:2009:742, paragraphs 34 and 55; and of 8 July 2004 in Mannesmannröhren-Werke v Commission, T‑44/00, ECR, EU:T:2004:218, paragraph 210 and the case-law cited).
            
         
               184
            
            
               In the present case, in answer to a written question from the Court in Case T‑515/13 (see paragraph 69 above) and an oral question in Case T‑719/13, the parties in both cases were heard at the hearings on the question whether the contested decision satisfied the obligation to state reasons laid down in Article 296 TFEU in the context of the analysis of the criteria relating to the risk of distortion of competition and the effect on trade.
            
         
               185
            
            
               It has consistently been held that the statement of reasons required by Article 296 TFEU and Article 41(2)(c) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union must be appropriate to the measure at issue and must disclose in a clear and unequivocal fashion the reasoning followed by the institution which adopted the measure at issue in such a way as to enable the persons concerned to ascertain the reasons for the measure and to enable the Courts of the European Union to exercise their power of review. It is not necessary for the reasoning to go into all the relevant facts and points of law, since the question whether the statement of reasons for a measure satisfies the requirements of Article 296 TFEU and Article 41 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights must be assessed with regard not only to its wording but also to its context and to all the legal rules governing the matter in question (see judgments of 6 September 2006 in Portugal v Commission, C‑88/03, ECR, EU:C:2006:511, paragraph 88 and the case-law cited, and 28 May 2013 in Trabelsi and Others v Council, T‑187/11, ECR, EU:T:2013:273, paragraphs 66 and 67 and the case-law cited).
            
         
               186
            
            
               It should also be borne in mind that the requirements to be satisfied by the statement of reasons depend on the circumstances of each case, in particular the content of the measure in question, the nature of the reasons given and the interest which the addressees of the measure, or other parties to whom it is of direct and individual concern, may have in obtaining explanations (judgment of 13 March 1985 in Netherlands and Leeuwarder Papierwarenfabriek v Commission, 296/82 and 318/82, EU:C:1985:113, paragraph 19).
            
         
               187
            
            
               The Commission is correct to point out, in recital 171 of the contested decision, that when aid granted by a Member State strengthens the position of an undertaking compared with other undertakings competing in intra-EU trade, the latter undertakings must be regarded as affected by that aid (see judgment of 10 January 2006 in Cassa di Risparmio di Firenze and Others, C‑222/04, ECR, EU:C:2006:8, paragraph 141 and the case-law cited).
            
         
               188
            
            
               As for the condition relating to the distortion of competition, it follows from the case-law that aid intended to release an undertaking from costs which it would normally have to bear in its day-to-day management or normal activities distorts the conditions of competition (judgments in Germany v Commission, cited in paragraph 146 above, EU:C:2000:467, paragraph 30, and of 3 March 2005 in Heiser, C‑172/03, ECR, EU:C:2005:130, paragraph 55).
            
         
               189
            
            
               As the Commission observed in both cases, it is necessary not to establish that the aid has a real effect on trade between Member States and that competition is actually being distorted, but only to examine whether that aid is liable to affect such trade and distort competition (see judgment in Cassa di Risparmio di Firenze and Others, cited in paragraph 187 above, EU:C:2006:8, paragraph 140 and the case-law cited).
            
         
               190
            
            
               As regards aid schemes, it should also be borne in mind that the Commission may merely make a general assessment of the scheme at issue and is not required to carry out an analysis of the aid granted in individual cases under the scheme (judgment in Comitato ‘Venezia vuole vivere’ and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 87 above, EU:C:2011:368, paragraph 63).
            
         
               191
            
            
               The Commission correctly observes, in both cases, that it follows from the case-law that the grant of aid by a Member State in the form of a tax concession to certain of its taxable persons must be regarded as liable to have an effect on trade and, consequently, as meeting that condition, where those taxable persons exercise an economic activity in the field of such trade or it is conceivable that they are in competition with operators established in other Member States (see, to that effect, judgment in Heiser, cited in paragraph 188 above, EU:C:2005:130, paragraph 35).
            
         
               192
            
            
               The fact nonetheless remains that the obligation to state reasons requires a statement of the reasons which led the Commission to consider that the measure at issue falls within the scope of Article 107(1) TFEU. In that regard, even in cases where it is clear from the circumstances in which the aid has been granted that it is liable to affect trade between Member States and to distort or threaten to distort competition, the Commission must at least set out those circumstances in the statement of reasons for its decision (see, to that effect, judgment in Netherlands and Leeuwarder Papierwarenfabriek v Commission, cited in paragraph 186 above, EU:C:1985:113, paragraph 24).
            
         
               193
            
            
               It should also be borne in mind that the Court of Justice has already held that, where certain particular circumstances so require, the Commission must make a greater effort to state the reasons on which its decision is based, by providing information relevant to the likely effects of the aid on competition and on trade between Member States. That applied to aid of low value intended solely to finance market penetration of, and not exports to, third States (see, to that effect, judgment of 30 April 2009 in Commission v Italy and Wam, C‑494/06 P, ECR, EU:C:2009:272, paragraphs 56, 57 and 62).
            
         
               194
            
            
               It is in the light of those principles that the reasons stated in the contested decision concerning the distortion of competition and the effect on trade between Member States must be examined.
            
         
               195
            
            
               In each of the two cases, the Commission referred to recital 172 of the contested decision, claiming that it had sufficiently stated reasons for its decision with regard to those two conditions.
            
         
               196
            
            
               As recalled in paragraph 181 above, the Commission’s reasoning in recital 172 of the contested decision is based on two assertions: the investors are active in all sectors of the economy, in particular those open to trade between Member States, and the advantages strengthen their position in their respective markets; and, via the EIG, the investors are active in the markets in which the EIGs are active, which are also open to trade between Member States.
            
         
               197
            
            
               It is appropriate to examine whether the two pillars of the Commission’s reasoning are sufficiently reasoned.
            
         First pillar of the Commission’s reasoning
      
               198
            
            
               As regards the Commission’s assertion that the investors are active in all sectors of the economy, and that the advantages strengthen their position in their respective markets, it must be stated that that is a general assertion that could be applied to any type of State support. It does not refer to any specific circumstance that would explain why, in this instance, the measures at issue are liable to distort competition and affect trade in the markets in which the investors are active.
            
         
               199
            
            
               It should be borne in mind that, as is apparent from recital 1 of the contested decision, the complaints received by the Commission, supported by at least one shipping company, alleged distortion of competition and of trade in the shipbuilding market and not in the markets in which the investors are active (see paragraph 1 above). It should also be observed that the Commission found, in recitals 122 and 156 of the contested decision, that the measures at issue were ‘selective from a sectoral point of view’ (see paragraphs 36 and 45 above), although it established that the investors were active in all sectors of the economy. Furthermore, the Commission stated, in recital 19 of the contested decision, that the investors retained under the STL only a small proportion (10% to 15%) of the advantage, as the main part (85% to 90%) was passed on to the shipping company that bought the vessel (see paragraph 21 above). In addition, with the aim of ‘re-establishing the competitive situation in the market(s) where the distortion has occurred’, the Commission called into question, in recitals 270 to 276 and Article 4(1) of the contested decision, certain clauses in the contracts between the investors, the shipping companies and the shipyards, under which the shipyards were obliged to compensate the other parties if they were unable to obtain the expected tax advantages (see paragraph 60 above). In other words, in the interest of restoring competition in the markets in which the investors were active and which were affected by the aid, the Commission required, in Article 4(1) of the contested decision, that the investors would not transfer the burden of recovery to other persons. At the hearing in Case T‑719/13, the Commission did not deny that such a requirement is not normally included in the operative part of a decision on State aid.
            
         
               200
            
            
               In those particular circumstances, it was incumbent on the Commission to supply further indications to explain how the advantage retained by the investors, and not by the shipping companies or the shipyards, was liable to distort or threaten to distort competition and affect trade within the meaning of Article 107(1) TFEU in the markets in which they were active.
            
         
               201
            
            
               The case-law on which the Commission relied at the hearings in both cases (judgments in DM Transport, cited in paragraph 157 above, EU:C:1999:332, and of 22 June 2006 in Belgium and Forum 187 v Commission, C‑182/03 and C‑217/03, ECR, EU:C:2006:416) does not call that finding into question.
            
         
               202
            
            
               In fact, in the cases examined in those judgments, the particular circumstances referred to in paragraph 199 above did not apply.
            
         
               203
            
            
               Furthermore, in the judgment in Belgium and Forum 187 v Commission, cited in paragraph 201 above (EU:C:2006:416), to which the Commission referred at the hearing in Case T‑515/13, the Court of Justice did indeed identify one of the competition problems that arose in that case. The advantages conferred on the multinational undertakings that established their ‘coordination centres’ in Belgium allowed those multinationals to organise those coordination services internally instead of making use of providers of services in the financial, trust, information technology and recruitment sectors (judgment in Belgium and Forum 187 v Commission, EU:C:2006:416, paragraph 132). As regards the judgment in DM Transport, cited in paragraph 157 above (EU:C:1999:332), on which the Commission relied at the hearing in Case T‑719/13, the Court of Justice ruled on certain advantages granted to a removal company. In the context of its analysis, the Court of Justice also took into account the specific situation of the recipient, in particular the cross-border nature of the market in which it was active (judgment in DM Transport, cited in paragraph 157 above, EU:C:1999:332, paragraph 29).
            
         
               204
            
            
               It follows from the foregoing that the first pillar of the Commission’s reasoning, concerning its analysis of the risk of distortion of competition and the effect on trade, is not sufficiently reasoned.
            
         The second pillar of the Commission’s reasoning
      
               205
            
            
               The Commission further stated, in recital 172 of the contested decision, that ‘in addition, via the operations benefiting from STL [the investors were] active through the EIGs in the markets for bareboat chartering and the acquisition and sale of sea-going vessels, which are open to intra-EU trade’.
            
         
               206
            
            
               As indicated in paragraphs 173 to 175 above, the Commission did not explain in the contested decision why the EIGs established for the purposes of the STL and their members formed a single legal or economic entity, so that the activities of the EIG could be attributed to their members. Quite to the contrary, the Commission states the opposite, in particular in recital 28 of the contested decision, where it asserts that ‘since the EIGs involved in STL operations are regarded as an investment vehicle by their members — rather than as a way of carrying out an activity jointly — this Decision refers to them as investors’.
            
         
               207
            
            
               In those circumstances, the second pillar of the Commission’s reasoning also fails to satisfy the requirements to state reasons laid down in Article 296 TFEU and in Article 41 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights.
            
         
               208
            
            
               In the light of the foregoing (see paragraphs 198 to 207 above), it must be concluded that the Commission breached its obligation to state reasons when it concluded, in recitals 171 to 173 of the contested decision, that the measures at issue were liable to distort competition and affect trade between Member States.
            
         2. Conclusion
      
               209
            
            
               Since the contested decision is vitiated by a number of errors and fails to state sufficient reasons concerning the classification of State aid within the meaning of Article 107(1) TFEU, the Court must uphold the first head of claim of the Kingdom of Spain, Lico and PYMAR in Cases T‑515/13 and T‑719/13 and annul the contested decision in its entirety, without there being any need to examine the other pleas and arguments put forward in the context of the two actions.
            
         
         Costs
      
      
               210
            
            
               Under Article 134(1) of the Rules of Procedure, the unsuccessful party is to be ordered to pay the costs if they have been applied for in the successful party’s pleadings. As the Commission has been unsuccessful in Cases T‑515/13 and T‑719/13, it must be ordered to pay the costs incurred by the Kingdom of Spain, Lico and PYMAR, in accordance with the forms of order sought by them.
            
          
            
               On those grounds,
               THE GENERAL COURT (Seventh Chamber)
               hereby:
            
          
            
               
                        
                           1.
                        
                     
                     
                        
                           Annuls Commission Decision 2014/200/EU of 17 July 2013 on the aid scheme SA.21233 C/11 (ex NN/11, ex CP 137/06) implemented by Spain — Tax scheme applicable to certain finance lease agreements also known as the Spanish Tax Lease System;
                        
                     
                  
          
            
               
                        
                           2.
                        
                     
                     
                        
                           Orders the European Commission to bear its own costs and to pay the costs incurred by the Kingdom of Spain, Lico Leasing, SA, and Pequeños y Medianos Astilleros Sociedad de Reconversión, SA.
                        
                     
                  
          
               
                  
                     
                        
                           Van der Woude
                        
                        
                           Wiszniewska-Białecka
                        
                        
                           Ulloa Rubio
                        
                     
                     Delivered in open court in Luxembourg on 17 December 2015.
                     [Signatures]
                  
               
            Table of contents
       
               
                  Background to the disputeII – 2
               
             
               
                  I – Administrative procedureII – 2
               
             
               
                  II – Contested decisionII – 2
               
             
               
                  A – Description of the STL systemII – 3
               
             
               
                  1. Legal and financial structure of the STL systemII – 3
               
             
               
                  a) Initial shipbuilding contractII – 4
               
             
               
                  b) New shipbuilding contract (novation)II – 4
               
             
               
                  c) Formation of an EIG by the bank and call for investorsII – 4
               
             
               
                  d) Leasing contractII – 5
               
             
               
                  e) Bareboat charter with option to purchaseII – 5
               
             
               
                  2. Tax structure of the STLII – 6
               
             
               
                  a) Measure 1: Accelerated depreciation of leased assets (Article 115(6) TRLIS)II – 7
               
             
               
                  b) Measure 2: Discretionary application of early depreciation of leased assets (Article 48(4) and Article 115(11) TRLIS and Article 49 RIS)II – 7
               
             
               
                  c) Measure 3: EIGsII – 7
               
             
               
                  d) Measure 4: Tonnage tax system (Articles 124 to 128 TRLIS)II – 8
               
             
               
                  e) Measure 5: Article 50(3) RISII – 8
               
             
               
                  B – Assessment by the CommissionII – 9
               
             
               
                  1. Examination of the STL as a scheme/examination of the various measuresII – 9
               
             
               
                  2. Existence of aid within the meaning of Article 107(1) TFEUII – 10
               
             
               
                  a) Undertakings within the meaning of Article 107 TFEUII – 10
               
             
               
                  b) Existence of a selective advantageII – 10
               
             
               
                  c) Transfer of State resources and imputability to the StateII – 13
               
             
               
                  d) Distortion of competition and effect on tradeII – 14
               
             
               
                  3. Compatibility with the internal marketII – 14
               
             
               
                  4. RecoveryII – 15
               
             
               
                  a) General principles of EU lawII – 15
               
             
               
                  b) Determination of the amounts to be recoveredII – 15
               
             
               
                  c) Contractual clausesII – 15
               
             
               
                  C – Operative part of the contested decisionII – 16
               
             
               
                  Procedure and forms of order soughtII – 17
               
             
               
                  LawII – 19
               
             
               
                  I – Admissibility of the action in Case T‑719/13II – 19
               
             
               
                  II – SubstanceII – 22
               
             
               
                  A – The scope of the first head of claim of Lico and PYMAR in Case T‑719/13II – 22
               
             
               
                  B – The pleas put forward in Cases T‑515/13 and T‑719/13II – 23
               
             
               
                  1. First plea, relating to the classification of State aid within the meaning of Article 107(1) TFEUII – 24
               
             
               
                  a) Identification of the beneficiaries of the economic advantagesII – 25
               
             
               
                  b) The condition relating to selectivityII – 26
               
             
               
                  Authorisations granted by the tax administration, on the basis of a discretionary power, solely to STL transactions for the financing of sea-going vesselsII – 29
               
             
               
                  – Advantage linked with a certain type of investmentII – 30
               
             
               
                  – Selectivity resulting from an alleged discretionary power of the tax administrationII – 35
               
             
               
                  Advantages linked with the pursuit of certain activitiesII – 36
               
             
               
                  Conclusion on selectivityII – 40
               
             
               
                  c) The analysis in relation to the risk of distortion of competition and the effect on trade between Member StatesII – 40
               
             
               
                  First pillar of the Commission’s reasoningII – 43
               
             
               
                  The second pillar of the Commission’s reasoningII – 45
               
             
               
                  2. ConclusionII – 45
               
             
               
                  CostsII – 46
               
            (
            *1
         )	Language of the case: Spanish.