CELEX: 62016CC0667
Language: en
Date: 2018-02-21 00:00:00
Title: Opinion of Advocate General Saugmandsgaard Øe delivered on 21 February 2018.#M.N.J.P.W. Nooren and J.M.F.D.C. Nooren v Staatssecretaris van Economische Zaken.#Request for a preliminary ruling from the College van Beroep voor het Bedrijfsleven.#Reference for a preliminary ruling — Common agricultural policy — EAFRD financing — Regulation (EC) No 1122/2009 — Support for rural development — Non-compliance with cross-compliance rules — Reductions and exclusions — Aggregation of reductions.#Case C-667/16.

OPINION OF ADVOCATE GENERAL
      SAUGMANDSGAARD ØE
      delivered on 21 February 2018 (
            1
         )
      
         Case C‑667/16
      
      M.N.J.P.W. Nooren, heir of M.N.F.M. Nooren,
      J.M.F.D.C. Nooren, heir of M.N.F.M. Nooren
      v
      Staatssecretaris van Economische Zaken
      
         (Request for a preliminary ruling from the College van Beroep voor het bedrijfsleven (Administrative Court of Appeal for Trade and Industry, Netherlands))
      
      (Reference for a preliminary ruling — Common agricultural policy — Direct payments — Regulation (EC) No 73/2009 — Articles 23 and 24 — Regulation (EC) No 1122/2009 — Articles 70 to 72 — Non-compliance with cross-compliance rules — Reductions and exclusions — Aggregation of reductions)
      
         I. Introduction
      
      
               1.
            
            
               The College van Beroep voor het bedrijfsleven (Administrative Court of Appeal for Trade and Industry, Netherlands) requested a preliminary ruling from the Court of Justice on interpretation of Articles 70 to 72 of Regulation (EC) No 1122/2009. (
                     2
                  )
            
         
               2.
            
            
               That request was made in the context of proceedings between the heirs of a cattle farmer and the staatssecretaris van Economische Zaken (State Secretary for Economic Affairs, Netherlands) concerning a reduction in the subsidies granted under the direct support scheme for farmers established by Regulation (EC) No 73/2009, (
                     3
                  ) on grounds of non-compliance with the cross-compliance rules relating to animal welfare.
            
         
               3.
            
            
               By its questions referred for a preliminary ruling, the referring court enquires, essentially, whether, in a situation such as that in issue in the main proceedings, in which there were found to be several instances of non-compliance within the same area of cross-compliance, Articles 70 to 72 of Regulation No 1122/2009 allow the reductions applicable for instances of negligent non-compliance, whether repeated or not, on the one hand, and the reductions applicable in the event of intentional non-compliance, on the other, to be added together.
            
         
               4.
            
            
               In this Opinion I will set out the reasons why I consider the answer to that question should be in the affirmative and why, in such a situation, Articles 70 to 72 of Regulation No 1122/2009, read in conjunction with Articles 23 and 24 of Regulation No 73/2009, not only allow but require those reductions to be added together.
            
         
         II. EU law
      
      
         
            A.
          
            Regulation No 73/2009
         
      
      
               5.
            
            
               Article 23, ‘Reduction of or exclusion from payments in the event of non-compliance with cross-compliance rules’, appears in Chapter 4 of Title II of Regulation No 73/2009, ‘Integrated administration and control system’, and provides as follows in paragraph 1:
               ‘Where the statutory management requirements or good agricultural and environmental condition are not complied with at any time in a given calendar year (hereinafter referred to as ‘the calendar year concerned’), and the non-compliance in question is the result of an act or omission directly attributable to the farmer who submitted the aid application in the calendar year concerned, the total amount of direct payments granted or to be granted, following application of Articles 7, 10 and 11 to that farmer, shall be reduced or excluded in accordance with the detailed rules laid down in Article 24.’
            
         
               6.
            
            
               Article 24, in the same chapter of Regulation No 73/2009 and entitled ‘Detailed rules on reductions and exclusions in the event of non-compliance with cross-compliance rules’, provides:
               ‘1.   Detailed rules for the reductions and exclusions referred to in Article 23 shall be laid down in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article 141(2). In this context, account shall be taken of the severity, extent, permanence and repetition of the non-compliance found as well as of the criteria set out in paragraphs 2, 3 and 4 of this article.
               2.   In the case of negligence, the percentage of reduction shall not exceed 5% and, in the case of repeated non-compliance, 15%.
               …
               3.   In the case of intentional non-compliance, the percentage of reduction shall not in principle be less than 20% and may go as far as total exclusion from one or several aid schemes and apply for one or more calendar years.
               4.   In any case, the total amount of reductions and exclusions for one calendar year shall not be more than the total amount referred to in Article 23(1).’
            
         
               7.
            
            
               Regulation No 73/2009 was repealed and replaced by Regulation (EU) No 1307/2013 (
                     4
                  ) with effect from 1 January 2015. (
                     5
                  ) Regulation No 73/2009 nevertheless remains applicable ratione temporis to the facts of the main proceedings, which concern 2011. (
                     6
                  )
            
         
         
            B.
          
            Regulation No 1122/2009
         
      
      
               8.
            
            
               Article 70, ‘General principles and definition’, appears in Chapter III of Title IV of Part II of Regulation No 1122/2009, ‘Findings in relation to cross-compliance’, and provides as follows in paragraph 6:
               ‘Where more than one case of non-compliance with regard to various acts or standards of the same area of cross-compliance have been determined, those cases shall, for the purposes of the fixing of the reduction in accordance with Articles 71(1) and 72(1), be considered as one non-compliance.’
            
         
               9.
            
            
               Article 71, contained in the same chapter of Regulation No 1122/2009 and entitled ‘Application of reductions in the case of negligence’ provides:
               ‘1.   Without prejudice to Article 77, where a non-compliance determined results from the negligence of the farmer, a reduction shall be applied. That reduction shall, as a general rule, be 3% of the total amount as referred to in Article 70(8).
               However, the paying agency may, on the basis of the assessment provided by the competent control authority in the evaluation part of the control report in accordance with Article 54(1)(c), decide either to reduce that percentage to 1% or to increase it to 5% of that total amount or, in the cases referred to in the second subparagraph of Article 54(1)(c), not to impose any reductions at all.
               …
               5.   Without prejudice to cases of intentional non-compliance in accordance with Article 72, where repeated non-compliances have been determined, a percentage fixed in accordance with paragraph 1 of this Article with regard to the repeated non-compliance shall, in respect of the first repetition, be multiplied by the factor three. For this purpose, the paying agency shall, in the case where that percentage was fixed in accordance with Article 70(6), determine the percentage that would have been applied to the repeated non-compliance with the requirement or standard concerned.
               In the case of further repetitions the multiplication factor three shall be applied each time to the result of the reduction fixed in respect of the previous repeated non-compliance. The maximum reduction shall, however, not exceed 15% of the total amount referred to in Article 70(8).
               Once the maximum percentage of 15% has been reached, the paying agency shall inform the farmer concerned that if the same non-compliance is determined again, it shall be considered that he has acted intentionally within the meaning of Article 72. Where a further non-compliance is determined thereafter, the percentage reduction to be applied shall be fixed by multiplying the result of the previous multiplication, where applicable, before the limitation to 15% as provided for in the last sentence of the second subparagraph has been applied, by a factor of three.
               6.   In the case where a repeated non-compliance is determined together with another non-compliance or another repeated non-compliance, the resulting percentage reductions shall be added together. Without prejudice to the third subparagraph of paragraph 5, the maximum reduction shall, however, not exceed 15% of the total amount referred to in Article 70(8).’
            
         
               10.
            
            
               Article 72, contained in the same chapter of Regulation No 1122/2009 and entitled ‘Application of reductions and exclusions in cases of intentional non-compliance’ provides in paragraph 1:
               ‘Without prejudice to Article 77, where the non-compliance determined has been committed intentionally by the farmer, the reduction to be applied to the total amount referred to in Article 70(8) shall, as a general rule, be 20% of that total amount.
               However, the paying agency may, on the basis of the assessment provided by the competent control authority in the evaluation part of the control report in accordance with Article 54(1)(c), decide to reduce that percentage to no less than 15% or, where appropriate, to increase that percentage to up to 100% of that total amount.’
            
         
               11.
            
            
               Regulation No 1122/2009 was repealed and replaced by Delegated Regulation (EU) No 640/2014 (
                     7
                  ) with effect from 1 January 2015. (
                     8
                  ) Regulation No 1122/2009 nevertheless remains applicable ratione temporis to the facts of the main proceedings, which concern 2011. (
                     9
                  )
            
         
         III. The main proceedings, the questions referred and the procedure before the Court of Justice
      
      
               12.
            
            
               During 2011, the Algemene Inspectiedienst (inspectors from the General Inspection Service, Netherlands) found on 10 occasions that Mr M.N.F.M. Nooren (Mr Nooren), a dairy and beef cattle farmer, had failed to comply with a number of cross-compliance rules relating to animal welfare. (
                     10
                  ) On the basis of those findings, a reduction was applied to the total amount of Mr Nooren’s direct payments for 2011. (
                     11
                  )
            
         
               13.
            
            
               By an order of 18 September 2014, the State Secretary for Economic Affairs fixed the reduction to be applied at 55%. (
                     12
                  ) That reduction comprised, on the one hand, a 15% reduction for several instances of repeated and unrepeated negligent non-compliance and, on the other, a 40% reduction for several cases of intentional non-compliance. In relation to the 40% reduction, the State Secretary for Economic Affairs took the view that, in the light of the aggravating circumstances, the 20% reduction normally applicable in cases of intentional non-compliance should be doubled. (
                     13
                  )
            
         
               14.
            
            
               Mr Nooren’s heirs, M.N.J.P.W. Nooren and J.M.F.D.C. Nooren, appealed to the College van Beroep voor het bedrijfsleven (Administrative Court of Appeal for Trade and Industry), against, inter alia, the order of 18 September 2014 of the State Secretary for Economic Affairs. (
                     14
                  )
            
         
               15.
            
            
               In support of their appeal, Mr Nooren’s heirs argue, in particular, that under Article 70(6) of Regulation No 1122/2009, the cases of non-compliance found should be considered as one non-compliance. According to them, this is a matter exclusively of repeated cases of non-compliance within a single area of cross-compliance. There can therefore be no question of adding together the percentage reductions under Article 71(6) of that regulation. The reduction therefore cannot, they claim, be more than 15%.
            
         
               16.
            
            
               The referring court has found that the State Secretary for Economic Affairs quite correctly established, on the one hand, the reduction of 15% for instances of negligent non-compliance, whether repeated or not, and, on the other, the 40% reduction for instances of intentional non-compliance. That court harbours doubts, however, about whether, by virtue of Articles 70 to 72 of Regulation No 1122/2009, those reductions can be added together, in a situation such as that in the main proceedings.
            
         
               17.
            
            
               The referring court finds, on that point, that the interpretation advocated by the State Secretary for Economic Affairs, according to which they can be added together, effectively allows the specific rule under Article 71(6) of Regulation No 1122/2009 (where there is a repeated non-compliance together with another non-compliance or another repeated non-compliance, the percentage reductions are added together) to oust the general rule in Article 70(6) of Regulation No 1122/2009 (multiple instances of non-compliance within the same area of cross-compliance are considered to be one non-compliance for the purposes of fixing the reduction). Furthermore, again according to the referring court, in that interpretation the State Secretary for Economic Affairs appears to be overlooking the fact that Article 71(6) of Regulation No 1122/2009 does not apply where a cross-compliance rule as such has been infringed intentionally. The rules of calculation for situations of intentional non-compliance are, according to the referring court, governed by Article 72 of Regulation No 1122/2009. However, that article contains no rule for the situation where repeated and unrepeated instances of negligent non-compliance, on the one hand, are found to overlap with instances of intentional non-compliance, on the other. Under the articles referred to it is not possible to determine clearly whether or how the reductions in question can be added together, or whether the State Secretary for Economic Affairs correctly set the total reduction at 55%.
            
         
               18.
            
            
               In those circumstances the College van Beroep voor het bedrijfsleven (Administrative Court of Appeal for Trade and Industry) stayed the proceedings and referred the following questions to the Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling:
               
                        ‘(1)
                     
                     
                        Has the EU legislature provided for the possibility, in Articles 70, 71 and 72 of [Regulation No 1122/2009], — in situations such as that in the main proceedings, in which there are multiple instances of non-compliance within the same area of cross-compliance — of aggregating the reductions of aid for repeated and unrepeated instances of negligent non-compliance with cross-compliance requirements, on the one hand, and for instances of intentional non-compliance with cross-compliance conditions, on the other?
                     
                  
                        (2)
                     
                     
                        If so, which article or article section provides the basis for this and what is the calculation rule for such aggregation?
                     
                  
                        (3)
                     
                     
                        If not, can a basis for this be found elsewhere under EU law?’
                     
                  
         
               19.
            
            
               The Netherlands Government and the European Commission filed written observations. They were each represented at the hearing on 7 November 2017.
            
         
         IV. Analysis
      
      
         
            A.
          
            Preliminary observations
         
      
      
               20.
            
            
               By the first and second questions referred, which I suggest the Court should examine together, the referring court is enquiring, essentially, whether, in a situation such as that at issue in the main proceedings, in which there were found to be several instances of non-compliance within the same area of cross-compliance, Articles 70 to 72 of Regulation No 1122/2009 allow the reductions applicable for instances of repeated and unrepeated negligent non-compliance, on the one hand, and the reductions and exclusions applicable for cases of intentional non-compliance, on the other, to be added together. If the answer is in the negative, the referring court asks, by the third question referred, whether there is any different legal basis in EU law which would allow them to be aggregated.
            
         
               21.
            
            
               Before embarking on examination of those questions, it is helpful briefly to set out the main characteristics of the system of reductions and exclusions for non-compliance with cross-compliance rules, laid down by Regulations No 73/2009 and No 1122/2009 (Section B).
            
         
               22.
            
            
               I will then examine the questions referred for a preliminary ruling. I will set out in that regard the reasons why, in my view, Articles 70 to 72 of Regulation No 1122/2009, read in conjunction with Articles 23 and 24 of Regulation No 73/2009, should be interpreted as meaning that in a situation such as that at issue in the main proceedings, the reductions applicable for instances of negligent non-compliance, whether repeated or not, on the one hand, and the reductions and exclusions applicable for instances of intentional non-compliance, on the other, should be added together (Section C).
            
         
         
            B.
          
            Main characteristics of the system of reductions and exclusions for non-compliance with cross-compliance rules, as laid down by Regulations No 73/2009 and No 1122/2009
         
      
      
               23.
            
            
               Under the ‘cross-compliance’ system, which forms an integral part of EU support granted under direct payments, farmers who do not comply with certain statutory requirements (known as ‘cross-compliance rules’) are subject to reductions of or exclusion from direct support. (
                     15
                  ) That system of reductions and exclusions is intended to encourage farmers to comply with already existing EU legislation in the various areas of cross-compliance, in order to incorporate standards relating, inter alia, to animal welfare into the common agricultural policy (CAP). (
                     16
                  )
            
         
               24.
            
            
               Article 23(1), first subparagraph, of Regulation No 73/2009 provides for a reduction of the total amount of direct payments granted or to be granted to a farmer who has submitted an aid application where the statutory management requirements or good agricultural and environmental conditions are not complied with during the calendar year in which the aid application was submitted. (
                     17
                  ) The reductions and exclusions are applied in accordance with the arrangements established in Article 24 of that regulation and Articles 70 to 72 of Regulation No 1122/2009, which establish more detailed rules relating to the reductions and exclusions. (
                     18
                  )
            
         
               25.
            
            
               Article 24 of Regulation No 73/2009 and Articles 70 to 72 of Regulation No 1122/2009 draw a distinction between the penalties applicable, on the one hand, where there is negligence and, on the other hand, where there is intentional non-compliance. (
                     19
                  ) Indeed, under those articles, those two types of infringements trigger very different penalties.
            
         
               26.
            
            
               As regards, first, the reductions applicable where there is (unrepeated) negligence, Article 24(2) of Regulation No 73/2009 caps the reduction at 5%. Article 71(1) of Regulation No 1122/2009 states that the percentage reduction applicable in the event of negligence is, as a general rule, 3%, but may be reduced to 1% and increased to 5%. (
                     20
                  )
            
         
               27.
            
            
               In terms more specifically of repeated negligence, Article 24(2) of Regulation No 73/2009 sets the maximum reduction at 15%. For those situations, Article 71(5) of Regulation No 1122/2009 lays down a rule of calculation, in respect of the first repetition, consisting essentially of multiplying by three the percentage fixed previously in accordance with Article 71(1) of that regulation. For subsequent repetitions, the percentage calculated for the previous repetition is each time multiplied by three, until the 15% ceiling is reached. (
                     21
                  )
            
         
               28.
            
            
               As regards, secondly, the reductions applicable where there is intentional non-compliance, Article 24(3) of Regulation No 73/2009 provides that the percentage reduction cannot, in principle, be less than 20% and may go as far as total exclusion (that is to say, a 100% reduction) from one or several aid schemes and apply for one or more calendar years. Article 72(1) of Regulation No 1122/2009 provides that the percentage reduction is between 15% and 100%, and is generally set at 20%. (
                     22
                  )
            
         
               29.
            
            
               Lastly, Article 24(4) of Regulation No 73/2009 establishes a ceiling whereby, in any event, the total amount of reductions and exclusions for a calendar year cannot be more than the total amount of the direct payments granted or to be granted.
            
         
               30.
            
            
               It emerges from the foregoing that the reductions and exclusions to be applied for non-compliance with the cross-compliance rules are governed both by Articles 23 and 24 of Regulation No 73/2009 and by Articles 70 to 72 of Regulation No 1122/2009, the former provisions establishing the principles and general criteria whilst the latter establish more detailed rules. On that basis I am of the view, in common with the Netherlands Government, that in order to respond to the questions the referring court is asking, it is necessary to take into account not only Articles 70 to 72 of Regulation No 1122/2009 but also Articles 23 and 24 of Regulation No 73/2009. (
                     23
                  )
            
         
         
            C.
          
            The first and second questions referred for a preliminary ruling
         
      
      
               31.
            
            
               It is worth noting, at the outset, that, in the present case, the referring court found that the State Secretary for Economic Affairs had quite correctly established, on the one hand, the reduction of 15% for cases of negligent non-compliance, whether repeated or not, and, on the other hand, the 40% reduction for cases of intentional non-compliance. (
                     24
                  )
            
         
               32.
            
            
               By the first and second questions referred, which I propose the Court should examine together, the referring court is asking, essentially, whether those reductions of 15% and 40% can be added together, with the effect that a total reduction of 55% is applied for the farmer concerned.
            
         
               33.
            
            
               In common with the Netherlands Government and the Commission, I am of the view that the reply to that question should be in the affirmative. I consider that Articles 70 to 72 of Regulation No 1122/2009, read in conjunction with Articles 23 and 24 of Regulation No 73/2009, should be interpreted as meaning that, in a situation such as that in the main proceedings, where there have been found to be several instances of non-compliance within the same field of cross-compliance, the reductions applicable for instances of negligent non-compliance, whether repeated or not, on the one hand, and those applicable for instances of intentional non-compliance, on the other, should be added together.
            
         
               34.
            
            
               I base that view on the following observations.
            
         
               35.
            
            
               First, as I have already indicated in this Opinion, Article 23(1) of Regulation No 73/2009 provides for a reduction in the total amount of the direct payments granted or to be granted where cross-compliance rules are not complied with. Article 24 of Regulation No 73/2009 and Articles 70 to 72 of Regulation No 1122/2009 draw a distinction between, on the one hand, instances of negligence and, on the other, instances of intentional non-compliance, and establish quite different penalties for those two types of infringement. (
                     25
                  )
            
         
               36.
            
            
               To my mind, it follows that, in a situation where there are found to be both instances of negligent non-compliance and instances of intentional non-compliance, the reductions to be applied for the instances of negligent non-compliance (determined in accordance with Article 24(2) of Regulation No 73/2009 and Article 71 of Regulation No 1122/2009), on the one hand, and the reductions and exclusions to be applied for instances of intentional non-compliance (determined in accordance with Article 24(3) of Regulation No 73/2009 and Article 72 of Regulation No 1122/2009), on the other, should be determined separately. Only with an approach of that kind is it possible to abide by the detailed rules attaching to each system of penalties, as regards, in particular, the reduction percentages and the ceilings to be applied for those two kinds of penalty. (
                     26
                  )
            
         
               37.
            
            
               Then, the reductions and exclusions established in that way must be added together up to the 100% ceiling under Article 24(4) of Regulation No 73/2009. The obligation to add them together is, in my submission, inherent to the system of reductions and exclusions established by Articles 23 and 24 of Regulation No 73/2009 and Articles 70 to 72 of Regulation No 1122/2009. Indeed, those articles would be deprived of any practical effect if the reductions determined for instances of negligent non-compliance were, so to speak, ‘absorbed’ by those determined for instances of intentional non-compliance (or vice versa). Furthermore, it should be noted that, if they are not added together, the ceiling under Article 24(4) of Regulation No 73/2009 would become completely meaningless. (
                     27
                  ) I believe I have in that way answered the question as to the legal basis for aggregating the percentages, which the referring court raised in its second question referred. (
                     28
                  )
            
         
               38.
            
            
               Secondly, it should be noted that none of the articles of Regulation No 73/2009 or No 1122/2009 allows for any derogation from that principle that the percentages are added together in a situation such as that in the main proceedings, where several instances of non-compliance are found, within the same area of cross-compliance, of which some are repeated and unrepeated cases of negligence, and others are cases of intentional non-compliance. Specifically, the rules laid down in Article 70(6) and Article 71(6) of Regulation No 1122/2009, on which Mr Nooren’s heirs (
                     29
                  ) rely, are not grounds for derogating from the principle that the reductions determined for instances of negligence, on the one hand, and the reductions and exclusions determined for instances of intentional non-compliance, on the other, must be added together.
            
         
               39.
            
            
               As regards, first, Article 70(6) of Regulation No 1122/2009, it should be noted that according to this article, where more than one case of non-compliance with regard to various acts or standards of the same area of cross-compliance have been determined, those cases shall, for the purposes of the fixing of the reduction in accordance with Article 71(1) and Article 72(1) of that regulation, be considered as one non-compliance. (
                     30
                  )
            
         
               40.
            
            
               In my view, that article establishes that infringements should be ‘combined’ for the purposes of determining the respective penalties for, on the one hand, instances of negligence, under Article 71(1) of Regulation No 1122/2009 and, on the other hand, instances of intentional non-compliance, under Article 72(1) of that regulation. In other words, I regard that article as implying that all cases of negligence must be considered as a single case of negligence and that all cases of intentional non-compliance must be considered as a single case of intentional non-compliance, when fixing the respective penalties. (
                     31
                  )
            
         
               41.
            
            
               On the other hand, nothing in the wording of Article 70(6) of that regulation indicates, to my mind, that a single penalty should be established for all the instances of non-compliance found, irrespective of their nature, as Mr Nooren’s heirs seem to be suggesting. (
                     32
                  ) Such an interpretation would, moreover, conflict with the distinction drawn in Article 24 of Regulation No 73/2009 and in Articles 70 to 72 of Regulation No 1122/2009 between the penalties applicable in the event of negligence and those applicable in the event of intentional non-compliance. I would point out, in that context, that according to the Court’s settled case-law an implementing regulation must be given, if possible, an interpretation that is consistent with the provisions of the basic regulation. (
                     33
                  )
            
         
               42.
            
            
               In addition, it is important to note that Article 70(6) of Regulation No 1122/2009 does not apply to cases of repeated negligence. The wording of that article in fact refers only to Article 71(1) and Article 72(1) of that regulation which concern the reductions applicable in the event of unrepeated instances of negligence and the reductions applicable in the event of intentional non-compliance respectively. In contrast, that article makes no reference to Article 71(5) of the same regulation, on repeated instances of negligence. It follows that, in a situation such as that in the main proceedings, Article 70(6) of Regulation No 1122/2009 does not apply to repeated instances of negligence. The reduction to be applied in those cases must therefore, in any event, be fixed separately.
            
         
               43.
            
            
               As regards, secondly, Article 71(6) of Regulation No 1122/2009, it should be noted that, as can be seen from its heading, Article 71 relates only to cases of negligence and that Article 71(6) concerns the specific situation in which a repeated non-compliance is determined together with another, repeated or unrepeated, non-compliance. Accordingly, that article does not apply to instances of intentional non-compliance and, in a situation such as that in the main proceedings, that article therefore cannot in any way affect the reductions and exclusions to be applied in respect of the cases found of intentional non-compliance.
            
         
               44.
            
            
               It can be seen from the foregoing that neither Article 70(6) nor Article 71(6) of Regulation No 1122/2009, nor the combined application of both those articles, can be grounds for setting a single penalty capped at 15%, in a situation such as that in the main proceedings, as Mr Nooren’s heirs claim. (
                     34
                  )
            
         
               45.
            
            
               Such an interpretation is furthermore, in my view, illogical. Indeed, it would mean that the reduction to be applied in a situation where several cases of negligent non-compliance and several cases of intentional non-compliance are found, would be less than the reduction to be applied for a single case of intentional non-compliance which is, as a general rule, 20%, in accordance with Article 72(1) of Regulation No 1122/2009. Such an outcome would also be contrary to the objective pursued by the system of reductions and exclusions established by Articles 23 and 24 of Regulation No 73/2009 and Articles 70 to 72 of Regulation No 1122/2009, which seeks to encourage farmers to comply with the already existing EU legislation in the various areas of cross-compliance. (
                     35
                  )
            
         
               46.
            
            
               In a situation such as that in the main proceedings, applying Articles 23 and 24 of Regulation No 73/2009 and Articles 70 to 72 of Regulation No 1122/2009, gives rise, as I see it, to the following reductions and exclusions.
            
         
               47.
            
            
               First of all, in accordance with Article 70(6) of Regulation No 1122/2009, it is necessary to combine, on the one hand, all the cases of unrepeated negligence and, on the other, all the cases of intentional non-compliance, and to establish separately for each of those two groups of infringements the reduction or exclusion to be applied under Article 71(1) (for the cases of unrepeated negligence), and Article 72(1) (for the cases of intentional non-compliance) of that regulation. Secondly, it is necessary to determine the reductions applicable for the cases of repeated negligence, under Article 71(5) of Regulation No 1122/2009. Thirdly, under Article 71(6) of that regulation, it is necessary to add together the percentage reductions determined, on the one hand, for the cases of unrepeated negligence and, on the other hand, for the cases of repeated negligence up to the 15% ceiling which that article lays down. Lastly, the reduction determined in that way for instances of negligence, whether repeated or not, on the one hand, and the reduction (or exclusion) determined for instances of intentional non-compliance, on the other, should be added together. According to Article 24(4) of Regulation No 73/2009, the total amount of the reductions and exclusions for one calendar year may not however be more than 100% of the total amount of the direct payments granted or to be granted. It is for the referring court to ascertain whether, in the present case, those procedures were followed when the 55% reduction was determined.
            
         
               48.
            
            
               By way of conclusion, I believe it is helpful to make a number of comments about the Commission’s proposed reply to the questions referred for a preliminary ruling. The Commission proposes replying globally to those questions that Articles 70 to 72 of Regulation No 1122/2009 do not prevent the competent national authorities from also taking into account, in a situation where there are cumulatively one or more cases of intentional non-compliance within the meaning of Article 72(1) of that regulation, the existence of other cases of negligent non-compliance, whether repeated or not, or from applying, within the limits of that article, a single global reduction which also takes the existence of those other cases of negligent non-compliance into account, for a specific portion of the overall reduction percentage.
            
         
               49.
            
            
               In other words, the Commission submits that, since Article 72(1) of Regulation No 1122/2009 establishes a reduction of up to 100% for cases of intentional non-compliance, the competent national authorities can, in a situation such as that in the main proceedings, where there are found to be both instances of negligent non-compliance, whether repeated or not, and cases of intentional non-compliance, fix a global reduction, under that article, which takes into account not only the cases of intentional non-compliance but also the cases of negligent non-compliance.
            
         
               50.
            
            
               I am not persuaded by the Commission’s approach, for the following reasons.
            
         
               51.
            
            
               First, that approach is not, in my view, consistent with the wording of Article 72(1) of Regulation No 1122/2009 according to which that article relates only to instances of intentional non-compliance. Furthermore, it also disregards the distinction drawn in Article 24 of Regulation No 73/2009 and in Articles 70 to 72 of Regulation No 1122/2009 between, on the one hand, the reductions to be applied in instances of negligence and, on the other hand, the reductions and exclusions to be applied in instances of intentional non-compliance. (
                     36
                  )
            
         
               52.
            
            
               Secondly, I consider that the Commission’s approach presents problems of legal certainty for the persons concerned, by leaving the national authorities too wide a margin of discretion to determine the ‘global reduction’ which should be applied in a situation such as that in the main proceedings. Indeed, were that approach to be adopted, it would be practically impossible for the persons concerned to predict the penalty which would be imposed on them in such a situation. (
                     37
                  ) It should be borne in mind here that Articles 70 to 72 of Regulation No 1122/2009 are intended to establish detailed rules on the reductions and exclusions to be applied in the event of non-compliance with cross-compliance rules. (
                     38
                  ) The Commission’s approach would have the effect of rendering those rules redundant, in a situation such as that in the main proceedings, in so far as they would, in reality, be ‘absorbed’ by the rule in Article 72(1) of Regulation No 1122/2009.
            
         
               53.
            
            
               In conclusion, I propose that the Court should find that Articles 70 to 72 of Regulation No 1122/2009, read in conjunction with Articles 23 and 24 of Regulation No 73/2009, should be interpreted as meaning that, in a situation such as that in the main proceedings, where there have been found to be several instances of non-compliance within the same area of cross-compliance, the reductions applicable for instances of negligent non-compliance, whether repeated or not, determined in accordance with Article 24(2) of Regulation No 73/2009 and Article 71 of Regulation No 1122/2009, on the one hand, and the reductions applicable for instances of intentional non-compliance, determined in accordance with Article 24(3) of Regulation No 73/2009 and Article 72(1) of Regulation No 1122/2009, on the other, should be added together. According to Article 24(4) of Regulation No 73/2009, the total amount of the reductions and exclusions for one calendar year may not however be more than 100% of the total amount of the direct payments granted or to be granted.
            
         
               54.
            
            
               In the light of that reply, it is not necessary to reply to the third question referred for a preliminary ruling.
            
         
         V. Conclusion
      
      
               55.
            
            
               In the light of the foregoing considerations, I propose that the Court should answer the questions referred for a preliminary ruling by the College van Beroep voor het bedrijfsleven (Court of Appeal for Trade and Industry, Netherlands) as follows:
               Articles 70 to 72 of Commission Regulation (EC) No 1122/2009 of 30 November 2009 laying down detailed rules for the implementation of Council Regulation (EC) No 73/2009 as regards cross-compliance, modulation and the integrated administration and control system, under the direct support schemes for farmers provided for that Regulation, as well as for the implementation of Council Regulation (EC) No 1234/2007 as regards cross-compliance under the support scheme provided for the wine sector, read in conjunction with Articles 23 and 24 of Council Regulation (EC) No 73/2009 of 19 January 2009 establishing common rules for direct support schemes for farmers under the common agricultural policy and establishing certain support schemes for farmers, amending Regulations (EC) No 1290/2005, (EC) No 247/2006, (EC) No 378/2007 and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1782/2003, must be interpreted as meaning that, in a situation such as that in the main proceedings, where there have been found to be several instances of non-compliance within the same area of cross-compliance, the reductions applicable for instances of repeated and unrepeated negligent non-compliance, on the one hand, and those applicable for instances of intentional non-compliance, on the other, should be added together. According to Article 24(4) of Regulation No 73/2009, the total amount of the reductions and exclusions for one calendar year may not however be more than 100% of the total amount of the direct payments granted or to be granted.
            
         (
            1
         )	Original language: French.
      (
            2
         )	Commission Regulation of 30 November 2009 laying down detailed rules for the implementation of Council Regulation (EC) No 73/2009 as regards cross-compliance, modulation and the integrated administration and control system, under the direct support schemes for farmers provided for that Regulation, as well as for the implementation of Council Regulation (EC) No 1234/2007 as regards cross-compliance under the support scheme provided for the wine sector (OJ 2009 L 316, p. 65).
      (
            3
         )	Council Regulation of 19 January 2009 establishing common rules for direct support schemes for farmers under the common agricultural policy and establishing certain support schemes for farmers, amending Regulations (EC) No 1290/2005, (EC) No 247/2006, (EC) No 378/2007 and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1782/2003 (OJ 2009 L 30, p. 16).
      (
            4
         )	Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 December 2013 establishing rules for direct payments to farmers under support schemes within the framework of the common agricultural policy and repealing Council Regulation (EC) No 637/2008 and Council Regulation (EC) No 73/2009 (OJ 2013 L 347, p. 608). The cross-compliance rules have since that time been laid down by Regulation (EU) No 1306/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 December 2013 on the financing, management and monitoring of the common agricultural policy and repealing Council Regulations (EEC) No 352/78, (EC) No 165/94, (EC) No 2799/98, (EC) No 814/2000, (EC) No 1290/2005 and (EC) No 485/2008 (OJ 2013 L 347, p. 549).
      (
            5
         )	See Article 72(2) and Article 74 of Regulation No 1307/2013.
      (
            6
         )	See point 12 of this Opinion.
      (
            7
         )	Commission Delegated Regulation of 11 March 2014 supplementing Regulation (EU) No 1306/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to the integrated administration and control system and conditions for refusal or withdrawal of payments and administrative penalties applicable to direct payments, rural development support and cross-compliance (OJ 2014 L 181, p. 48).
      (
            8
         )	See Article 43 of Delegated Regulation No 640/2014.
      (
            9
         )	See point 12 of this Opinion.
      (
            10
         )	It can be seen from the order for reference that the infringements found concerned, in particular, the obligations to provide calves with appropriate care, to provide calves with sufficient quantities of appropriate fresh water, to protect animals raised outside against poor weather conditions, predators and health risks, to provide animals with a sufficient, appropriate and wholesome diet, to comply with the minimum sizes for individual calf boxes, to isolate ill or injured animals in adequate accommodation and immediately to provide appropriate treatment for animals which appear to be ill or injured or to consult a veterinarian.
      (
            11
         )	See Article 2(d) of Regulation No 73/2009 in relation to the term ‘direct payment’.
      (
            12
         )	It emerges from the order for reference that the reduction had initially been set at 15%. Subsequently, it was recalculated, first as 65%, on a second occasion as 100% and, lastly, by the order of 18 September 2014, as 55%.
      (
            13
         )	It can be seen from the order for reference that it was found that a number of animals had suffered unnecessarily and been injured and that some of them had had to be euthanised as a result of the infringements found. It can also be seen that the State Secretary for Economic Affairs had found this to be ‘a constant long-term policy’ on the part of the farmer in question.
      (
            14
         )	In addition to the order of 18 September 2014, the appeal lodged by Mr Nooren’s heirs contests, in particular, the order of 23 September 2014 of the State Secretary for Economic Affairs in which the State Secretary recalculated the subsidy granted for 2011 taking into account the reduction fixed in his order of 18 September 2014.
      (
            15
         )	See, to that effect, recital 3 of Regulation No 73/2009.
      (
            16
         )	See, on Council Regulation (EC) No 1782/2003 of 29 September 2003 establishing common rules for direct support schemes under the common agricultural policy and establishing certain support schemes for farmers and amending Regulations (EEC) No 2019/93, (EC) No 1452/2001, (EC) No 1453/2001, (EC) No 1454/2001, (EC) 1868/94, (EC) No 1251/1999, (EC) No 1254/1999, (EC) No 1673/2000, (EEC) No 2358/71 and (EC) No 2529/2001 (OJ 2003 L 270, p. 1), and Commission Regulation (EC) No 796/2004 of 21 April 2004 laying down detailed rules for the implementation of cross-compliance, modulation and the integrated administration and control system provided for in Council Regulation (EC) No 1782/2003 establishing common rules for direct support schemes under the common agricultural policy and establishing certain support schemes for farmers (OJ 2004 L 141, p. 18), which were repealed and replaced, by Regulations No 73/2009 and No 1122/2009 respectively, judgments of 11 March 2008, Jager (C‑420/06, EU:C:2008:152, paragraph 71), and of 27 February 2014, van der Ham and van der Ham-Reijersen van Buuren (C‑396/12, EU:C:2014:98, paragraph 52). See also, to that effect, in relation to Regulation No 73/2009, judgment of 13 December 2012, Maatschap L.A. en D.A.B. Langestraat en P. Langestraat-Troost (C‑11/12, EU:C:2012:808, paragraphs 35 and 40).
      (
            17
         )	See judgment of 13 December 2012, Maatschap L.A. en D.A.B. Langestraat en P. Langestraat-Troost (C‑11/12, EU:C:2012:808, paragraph 22). See also Article 4(1) of Regulation No 73/2009, under which any farmer receiving direct payments must respect the statutory management requirements listed in Annex II to that regulation, and the good agricultural and environmental conditions referred to in Article 6 of that regulation. According to Article 5 of the same regulation, the statutory management requirements are laid down by EU legislation, in particular in the field of animal welfare.
      (
            18
         )	Under Article 24(1) of Regulation No 73/2009, the detailed rules for reductions and exclusions are laid down in accordance with Article 141(2) of Regulation No 73/2009. In this context, account is to be taken of the severity, extent, permanence and repetition of the non-compliance found as well as of the criteria set out in Article 24(2) to (4). Article 141(2) refers to Articles 4 and 7 of Council Decision 1999/468/EC of 28 June 1999 laying down the procedures for the exercise of implementing powers conferred on the Commission (OJ 1999 L 184, p. 23).
      (
            19
         )	I would point out that [referring to the French versions] Articles 23 and 24 of Regulation No 73/2009 use the term ‘non-respect’ (‘non-compliance’) whereas Articles 70 to 72 of Regulation No 1122/2009 use the term ‘non-conformité’ (‘non-compliance’). Furthermore, whereas Article 24(3) of Regulation No 73/2009 refers to instances of ‘non-respect délibéré’ (‘deliberate non-compliance’), Article 72 of Regulation No 1122/2009 uses the expression ‘non-conformité intentionnelle’ (‘intentional non-compliance’). However, those linguistic variations do not, to my mind, imply any difference in meaning between the terms used.
      (
            20
         )	Under the second subparagraph of Article 71(1) of Regulation No 1122/2009, in the situations to which the second subparagraph of Article 54(1)(c) refers, the paying agency may decide not to impose any reduction at all.
      (
            21
         )	The third subparagraph of Article 71(5) provides furthermore that once the 15% ceiling is reached, the farmer will be informed that if the same non-compliance is determined again, it shall be considered that he has acted intentionally within the meaning of Article 72 of Regulation No 1122/2009. See Article 47(1) of Regulation No 1122/2009 for the concept of ‘repeated non-compliance’.
      (
            22
         )	In respect of the concept of ‘intentional non-compliance’ within the meaning of Article 67(1) of Regulation No 796/2004 (corresponding to Article 72(1) of Regulation No 1122/2009), see judgment of 27 February 2014, van der Ham and van der Ham-Reijersen van Buuren (C‑396/12, EU:C:2014:98, paragraphs 27 to 37).
      (
            23
         )	According to the case-law of the Court, even if, formally, the referring court has limited its questions to the interpretation of certain provisions of EU law, that does not prevent the Court from providing it with all the elements of interpretation of EU law that may be of assistance in adjudicating in the case pending before it, whether or not the referring court has referred to them in the wording of its questions. It is, in this regard, for the Court to extract from all the information provided by the national court, in particular from the grounds of the decision to make the reference, the points of EU law which require interpretation in view of the subject matter of the dispute. See judgment of 19 October 2017, Otero Ramos (C‑531/15, EU:C:2017:789, paragraph 40).
      (
            24
         )	See point 16 of this Opinion.
      (
            25
         )	See points 24 to 28 of this Opinion.
      (
            26
         )	See points 26 to 28 of this Opinion.
      (
            27
         )	In relation to Article 24(4) of Regulation No 73/2009, see point 29 of this Opinion.
      (
            28
         )	See point 18 of this Opinion.
      (
            29
         )	See point 15 of this Opinion. For the sake of completeness, I would add that Article 71(4) of Regulation No 1122/2009 is irrelevant in a situation such as that in the main proceedings. As the referring court notes, that article in fact relates only to the situation in which several instances of non-compliance have been found which relate to different areas of cross-compliance, which is not what occurred in the present case.
      (
            30
         )	Regulation No 796/2004, the predecessor to Regulation No 1122/2009, contained a provision virtually identical to Article 70(6) of Regulation No 1122/2009, which nevertheless related only to the reductions applicable in the case of negligence (Article 66(2) of Regulation No 796/2004). It is not clear why, in Regulation No 1122/2009, that provision was moved to the article relating to ‘General principles and definition’ (Article 70(6) of that regulation) with the effect that its scope of application was extended to cases of intentional non-compliance.
      (
            31
         )	See, to that effect, recital 4 of Commission Regulation (EC) No 2184/2005 of 23 December 2005 amending Regulations (EC) No 796/2004 and (EC) No 1973/2004 laying down detailed rules for the application of Council Regulation (EC) No 1782/2003 establishing common rules for direct support schemes under the common agricultural policy and establishing certain support schemes for farmers (OJ 2005 L 347, p. 61), from which it can be seen that ‘in accordance with Article 66(2) of Regulation (EC) No 796/2004 [corresponding to Article 70(6) of Regulation No 1122/2009], the non-respect of various cross-compliance obligations, all falling within the same area of cross-compliance within the meaning of Article 2(31) of that Regulation, are to be considered as one non-compliance when fixing the respective sanctions’ (emphasis added).
      (
            32
         )	See point 15 of this Opinion.
      (
            33
         )	See judgment of 14 May 2009, Internationaal Verhuis- en Transportbedrijf Jan de Lely (C‑161/08, EU:C:2009:308, paragraph 38 and the case-law cited). Such an interpretation would also raise the question of which rule would be used to set the ‘single penalty’ (Article 71(1) or Article 72(1) of Regulation No 1122/2009). The fact that the regulation is silent on that point reinforces my view that the EU legislature did not intend that a single penalty should be set in a situation where both negligent and intentional instances of non-compliance are found.
      (
            34
         )	See point 15 of this Opinion.
      (
            35
         )	See point 23 of this Opinion. Under Article 24(1) of Regulation No 73/2009, in the context of laying down detailed rules relating to reductions and exclusions, the severity, extent, permanence and repetition of the non-compliance found, amongst other matters, are taken into account. See footnote 18 of this Opinion. See, also, recital 75 of Regulation No 1122/2009 which refers to the principle of proportionality.
      (
            36
         )	As regards that distinction, see points 25 to 28 and 35 to 37 of this Opinion.
      (
            37
         )	According to the Court’s case-law, the principle of legal certainty requires, amongst other matters, that rules of law be clear, precise and predictable in their effects, in particular where they may have negative consequences on individuals. See, amongst others, judgment of 18 December 2008, Altun (C‑337/07, EU:C:2008:744, paragraph 60).
      (
            38
         )	See Article 24(1) of Regulation No 73/2009. See, also, point 24 and footnote 18 of this Opinion.