CELEX: 51991PC0496
Language: en
Date: 1992-02-26
Title: Proposal for a COUNCIL REGULATION ( EEC ) ON THE BRAKING OF TWO AND THREE-WHEEL MOTOR VEHICLES

i f e
         COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
                                          C0M(91) 496 final - SYN 373
                                          Brussels, 26 February 1992
                             Proposal for a
                       COUNCIL REGULATION (EEC)
                                 ON THE
                     BRAKING OF TWO AND THREE-WHEEL
                              MOTOR VEHICLES
sfifi
                     (presented by the Commission)
 ---pagebreak---                             EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM
This proposal relates to the braking of two or three-wheel motor vehicles and
forms part of the approval procedure for said vehicles covered by a proposal
for a regulation (framework regulation) sent by the Commission to the Council
on 3 ApriI 1991.
These are requirements concerning the braking of the vehicles concerned which,
together with the other factors and characteristics provided for in Annex I to
the proposal for the framework regulation, are requirements which must be met
if those vehicles are to be approved and placed on the Community market.
In drawing up this proposal the Commission has widely drawn upon the
requirements adopted in this area by the United Nations Economic Commission
for Europe in its Regulation 78.
The requirements set out in this proposal apply to the design, construction
and fitting of braking devices and include tests and performance figures
intended to ensure that the efficiency required from said devices, based on
braking distance, is met by the various categories of vehicle (two-wheel
mopeds, three-wheel mopeds, solo motorcycles, motorcycle combinations, and
tr icycles).
Provision is also made for requirements concerning the performance of braking
systems incorporating an anti-lock device (ABS ...) fitted to two-wheel
mopeds, solo motorcycles and tricycles.
 ---pagebreak---                                       - 3 -
                                    PROPOSAL FOR A
                        COUNCIL REGULATION (EEC) ON THE
                        BRAKING OF TWO AND THREE-WHEEL
                                 MOTOR VEHICLES
THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,
Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, and
in particular Article 100A thereof,
Having regard to Regulation (EEC) No ... of ... on the type approval of two
and three-wheel motor vehicles,1
Having regard to the proposal from the Commission,
In cooperation with the European Parliament,
Having regard to the opinion of the Economic and Social Committee,2
Whereas it is necessary to adopt measures intended gradually to introduce the
internal market over a period expiring on 31 December 1992;  whereas the
internal market comprises an entity without internal frontiers within which
the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital is guaranteed;
Whereas, in respect of braking, two and three-wheel vehicles must, in each
Member State, display certain technical characteristics laid down by means of
mandatory requirements which differ from one Member State to another;
whereas, owing to their differences, they constitute barriers to trade within
the Community;
Whereas those barriers to the introduction and operation of the internal
market may be removed if the same requirements were adopted by all of the
Member States instead of their national regulations-,
1    OJ No L
2    OJ No C
 ---pagebreak---                                      - 4 -
Whereas it is necessary to draw up harmonized requirements concerning the
braking of two and three-wheel motor vehicles in order to enable type-approval
and component type-approval procedures as covered by Regulation (EEC) No ...
to be applied to each type of said vehicle;
HAS ADOPTED THIS REGULATION
                                   Art icle 1
This Regulation shall apply to the braking of all types of vehicle as defined
in Article 1 of Council Regulation (EEC) No ... of ... on the type approval of
two and three-wheel vehicles.
                                   Art icle 2
The procedure for the granting of component type approval  in respect of the
braking of a type of two or three-wheel motor vehicle and the conditions
governing the free movement of vehicles shall be those introduced by
Regulation (EEC) No ...
                                   Article 3
Any changes needed for the purposes of adaptation of the annex to technical
progress shall be adopted in accordance with the following procedure :
A committee of an advisory nature shall be set up for the adaptation to
technical progress of the regulations concerning the two or three-wheel
vehicle sector, hereinafter referred to as the "Committee", which shall
comprise representatives of the Member States and be chaired by a
representative of the Commission.
In all cases where reference is made to the procedure set out in this article,
the matter shall be laid before the Committee by its chairman, either on his
own account or at the request of a representative of a Member State. The
representative of the Commission shall submit to the Committee a draft of
measures to be taken. The Committee shall deliver its opinion on the draft
within a time limit which the chairman may lay down according to the urgency
of the matter, if necessary by taking a vote.
 ---pagebreak---                                    - 4 bis -
The opinion shall be recorded in the minutes; in addition, each Member State
shall have the right to ask to have its position recorded in the minutes.
The Commission shall take the utmost account of the opinion delivered by the
Committee. It shall inform the Committee of the manner in which its opinion
has been taken into account.
                                   Article 4
This Regulation shall enter into force on 1 January 1993.
This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in
all of the Member States.
                                                            Done at Brussels,
                                                            For the CounciI,
 ---pagebreak---                                  - 5 -
                                 ANNEX
1.     DEFINITIONS
       For the purposes of this Regulation,
1.1.   "Type of vehicle with respect to its braking" means
       vehicles which do not differ in such essential respects as
1.1.1. the vehicle category, as defined in Article 1 of this Regulation
1.1.2. the maximum mass, as defined in Item 1.13.
1.1.3. the distribution of mass among the axles
1.1.4. the maximum design speed
1.1.5. a different type of braking system
1.1.6. number and arrangement of the axles
1.1.7. engine type
1.1.8. the number of gears and their overall ratio
1.1.9. the tyre dimensions
1.2.   "Braking device"
       means the combination of parts other than the engine whose function
       is progressively to reduce the speed of a moving vehicle or to
       bring it to a halt, or to keep it stationary if it is already
       halted; these functions are specified in item 2.1. below. The
       device consists of the control, the transmission and the brake
       proper;
1.3.   "Control*
       means the part actuated directly by the driver furnish to the
       transmission the energy required for braking, or for controlling
       it. This energy may be the muscular energy of the driver, or energy
       of another source controlled by the driver, or a combination of
       these various kinds of energy;
 ---pagebreak---                                  - 6 -
1.4.   "Transmission1
       means the combination of components comprised between the control
       and the brakes and linking them functionally. Where the braking
       power is derived from or assisted by a source of energy independent
       of the driver but controlled by him, the reserve of energy in the
       device is likewise part of the transmission;
1.5.   "Brake"
       means the parts of the braking device in which the forces opposing
       the movement of the vehicle are developed.
1.6.   "Different types of braking devices"
       means devices which differ in such essential respects as:
1.6.1  components having different characteristics,
1.6.2. a component made of materials having different characteristics, or
       a component differing in shape or size;
1.6.3. a different assembly of the components;
1.7.   "Component(s) of a braking device"
       means one or more of the individual parts which, when assembled,
       constitute the braking device;
1.8.   "Combined braking system"
       means
1.8.1. in the case of two-wheel mopeds and two-wheel motorcycles, a system
       whereby at least two brakes on different wheels are actuated in
       combination by the operation of a single control. This method of
       actuation requires a control that is separate from the second
       braking device;
1.8.2. in the case of three-wheel mopeds and tricycles, a braking device
       which operates on all the wheels;
1.8.3. in the case of motorcycles with sidecar, a braking device which
       operates at least on the front and on the rear wheel. Therefore a
       braking device which operates simultaneously on the rear wheel and
       on the sidecar wheel is regarded as a rear brake;
1.9.   "Progressive and graduated braking"
       means braking during which, within the normal operating range of
       the device, and whether during the application or during release of
       the brakes,
1.9.1. the driver can at any moment increase or decrease the braking force
       by acting on the control,
 ---pagebreak---                                  - 5 -
                                 ANNEX
1.     DEFINITIONS
       For the purposes of this Regulation,
1.1.   "Type of vehicle with respect to its braking" means
       vehicles which do not differ in such essential respects as
1.1.1. the vehicle category, as defined in Article 1 of this Regulation
1.1.2. the maximum mass, as defined in Item 1.13.
1.1.3. the distribution of mass among the axles
1.1.4. the maximum design speed
1.1.5. a different type of braking system
1.1.6. number and arrangement of the axles
1.1.7. engine type
1.1.8. the number of gears and their overall ratio
1.1.9. the tyre dimensions
1.2.   "Braking device"
       means the combination of parts other than the engine whose function
       is progressively to reduce the speed of a moving vehicle or to
       bring it to a halt, or to keep it stationary if it is already
       halted; these functions are specified in item 2.1. below. The
       device consists of the control, the transmission and the brake
       proper;
1.3.   "Control"
       means the part actuated directly by the driver furnish to the
       transmission the energy required for braking, or for controlling
       it. This energy may be the muscular energy of the driver, or energy
       of another source controlled by the driver, or a combination of
       these various kinds of energy;
 ---pagebreak---                                  - 6 -
1.4.   "Transmission1
       means the combination of components comprised between the control
       and the brakes and linking them functionally. Where the braking
       power is derived from or assisted by a source of energy Independent
       of the driver but controlled by him, the reserve of energy in the
       device is likewise part of the transmission;
1.5.   "Brake"
       means the parts of the braking device in which the forces opposing
       the movement of the vehicle are developed.
1.6.   "Different types of braking devices"
       means devices which differ in such essential respects as:
1.6.1  components having different characteristics,
1.6.2. a component made of materials having different characteristics, or
       a component differing in shape or size;
1.6.3. a different assembly of the components;
1.7.   "Component(s) of a braking device"
       means one or more of the individual parts which, when assembled,
       constitute the braking device;
1.8.   "Combined braking system"
       means
1.8.1. in the case of two-wheel mopeds and two-wheel motorcycles, a system
       whereby at least two brakes on different wheels are actuated in
       combination by the operation of a single control. This method of
       actuation requires a control that is separate from the second
       braking device;
1.8.2. in the case of three-wheel mopeds and tricycles, a braking device
       which operates on all the wheels;
1.8.3.  in the case of motorcycles with sidecar, a braking device which
       operates at least on the front and on the rear wheel. Therefore a
       braking device which operates simultaneously on the rear wheel and
       on the sidecar wheel is regarded as a rear brake;
1.9.   "Progressive and graduated braking"
       means braking during which, within the normal operating range of
       the device, and whether during the application or during release of
       the brakes,
1.9.1. the driver can at any moment increase or decrease the braking force
       by acting on the control,
 ---pagebreak---                                    - 7 -
1.9.2.   the braking force varies proportionally to the action on the
         control (monotonie function), and
1.9.3.   the braking force can be easily regulated with sufficient
         precision;
1.10.    "Maximum design speed"
         means the speed which the vehicle cannot exceed, on the level and
         without undue external influence, taking into account any special
         limitations imposed on the design and construction of the vehicle;
1.11.    "Laden vehicle"
         means, except where otherwise stated, a vehicle so laden as to
         attain its "maximum mass";
1.12.    "Unladen vehicle"
         means the vehicle alone, as submitted for the tests, plus the
         driver alone and any necessary test equipment or instrumentation;
1.13.    "Maximum mass"
         means the maximum mass stated by the vehicle manufacturer to be
         technically permissible (this mass may be greater than the
         "permissible maximum mass" laid down by the national
         administrât ion);
1.14.    "Wet brake"
         means a brake or brakes which has/have been treated in accordance
         with item 1.3 in Appendix 1 of this Regulation.
2.       CONSTRUCTION AND FITTING REQUIREMENTS
2.1.     General
2.1.1.   Braking device
2.1.1.1. The braking device shall be so designed, constructed and fitted as
         to enable the vehicle in normal use, despite the vibration to which
         it may be subjected, to comply with the provisions of this
         Régulât ion.
2.1.1.2. In particular, the braking device shall be so designed, constructed
         and fitted as to be able to resist the corroding and aging
         phenomena to which it is exposed.
2.1.2.   Functions of the braking device
         The braking device defined in item 1.2. must fulfil the following
         conditions :
 ---pagebreak---                                    - 8-
2.1.2.1. Service braking
         The service braking must make it possible to control the movement
         of the vehicle and to halt it safely, speedily and effectively,
         whatever its speed and load, on any up or down gradient. It must
         be possible to graduate this braking action. The driver must be
         able to achieve this braking action from his driving seat without
         removing his hands from the steering control.
2.1.2.2. Secondary (emergency) braking (where applicable)
         The secondary (emergency) braking must make it possible to halt the
         vehicle within a reasonable distance in the event of failure of the
         service braking. It must be possible to graduate this braking
         action. The driver must be able to obtain this braking action from
         his driving seat while keeping at least one hand on the steering
         control. For the purposes of these provisions it is assumed that
         not more than one failure of the service braking can occur at one
         t ime.
2.1.2.3. Parking braking (if fitted)
         The parking braking must make it possible to halt the vehicle
         stationary on up or down gradient even in the absence of the
         driver, the working parts being then held in the locked position by
         a purely mechanical device. The driver must be able to achieve
         this braking action from his driving seat.
2.2.     Characteristics of braking devices
2.2.1.   Every two-wheel moped or two-wheel motorcycle shall be equipped
         with two service braking devices, with independent controls and
         transmissions, one acting at least on the front wheel and the other
         at least on the rear wheel.
2.2.1.1. The two service braking devices may have a common braking so long
         as a failure in one braking device does not affect the performance
         of the other. Certain parts, such as the brake itself, the brake
         cylinders and their pistons (except the seals), the push rods and
         the cam assemblies of the brakes, shall not be regarded as liable
         to breakage if they are amply dimensioned, are readily accessible
         for maintenance and exhibit sufficient safety features.
2.2.1.2. A parking braking device shall not be compulsory.
2.2.2.   Every motorcycle with sidecar shall be equipped with the braking
         devices which would be required if it had no sidecar; if these
         devices enable the required performance to be achieved in tests of
         the vehicle with sidecar, a brake on the sidecar wheel shall not be
         required; a parking braking device is not compulsory.
2.2.3.   Every two-wheel moped and tricycle shall be equipped
 ---pagebreak---                                    - 9 -
:.2.3.1. with ©ither two independent service braking devices which toghether
         actuate the brakes on all of the wheels, or;
2.2.3.2. with a service braking device which operates on all the wheels, and
         a secondary (emergency) braking device which may be the parking
         brake.
k,2.4.   In addition, every tricycle shall be equipped with a parking
         braking device acting on the wheel or wheels of at least one axle.
         The parking braking device, which may be one of the two devices
         specified in item 2.2.3.1. above, must be independent of the device
         acting on the other axle or axles.
2.2.5.   The braking devices must act on brake surfaces permanently
         connected to the wheels either rigidly or through components
         uni ike I y to faiI.
2.2.6.   The component parts of all braking devices, where attached to the
         vehicle, shall be so secured that the braking devices do not fail
         in their function under normal operating conditions.
2.2.7.   The braking devices shall operate freely when correctly lubricated
         and adjusted.
2.2.7.1. Wear of the brakes must be capable of being easily taken up by
         means of either manual or automatic adjustment. The brakes shall
         be capable of being adjusted to an efficient operating position
         until the brake linings have worn to the point of requiring
         replacement.
2.2.7.2. The control and the components of the transmission and of the
         brakes must possess a reserve of travel such that when the brakes
         become heated and the brake linings have reached maximum permitted
         degree of wear, effective braking is ensured without immediate
         adjustment being necessary.
2.2.7.3. When correctly adjusted the components of the braking device shall
         not, when operated, contact anything other than the intended parts.
2.2.8.   In braking devices where the transmission is hydraulic, the
         receptacles containing the reserve fluid must be so designed and
         constructed that the level of the reserve fluid can be easily
         checked.
 ---pagebreak---                                      - 10 -
                                   APPENDIX 1
                BRAKING TESTS AND PERFORMANCE OF BRAKING DEVICES
1.         BRAKING TESTS
1.1.       General
1.1.1.     The performance prescribed for braking devices shall be based on
           the stopping distance. The performance of a braking device shall
           be determined either by measuring the stopping distance in relation
           to the initial speed or by measuring the response time of the
           device and the mean fully developed deceleration in normal
           operat ion.
1.1.2.     The stopping distance is the distance covered by the vehicle from
           the moment when the driver begins to actuate the control of the
           device until the moment when the vehicle stops. The initial speed
           is the speed at the moment when the driver begins to actuate the
           control of the device. In the formula given below, for measurement
           of braking performance,
           V - initial speed in km/h, and
           S - stopping distance, in metres.
1.1.3.     For the approval, the braking performance shall be measured during
           road tests conducted under the following conditions
1.1.3.1.   the vehicle's condition as regards its mass shall be as prescribed
           for each type of test and shall be specified in the test report;
1.1.3.2.   the test shall be carried out at the speed and in the manner
           prescribed for each type of test : if the maximum speed of the
           vehicle does not conform to the speed prescribed, the test shall be
           carried out under the special, alternative conditions provided
1.1.3.3.   the prescribed performance shall be obtained without locking of the
           wheel(s), without deviation of the vehicle from its course, and
           without any abnormal vibration;
1.1.3.4.   during the tests the force applied to the brake control in order to
           obtain the prescribed performance shall not exceed the maximum laid
           down for the test vehicle's category.
1.1.4.     Test conditions
1.1.4.1    The service braking tests shall be carried out under the following
           condit ions
1.1.4.1.1. at the start of the test or any series of tests the tyres must be
           cold and at the pressure prescribed for the load actually borne by
           the wheels when the vehicle is stationary;
1.1.4.1.2. the vehicle shall be loaded, when required to be tested in the
            laden condition, with the load distributed in accordance with the
           manufacturer's prescription;
 ---pagebreak---                                      - 11 -
1.1.4.1.3. for all of the type-0 tests the brakes must be cold : a brake is
           deemed to be cold when the temperature measured on the disc or on
           the outside of the drum is < 100°C;
1.1.4.1.4. the driver shall be seated on the saddle as for normal driving and
           shall maintain the same position throughout the test
1.1.4.1.5. the test area shall be level, dry and have a surface affording good
           adhesion;
1.1.4.1.6. the tests shall be performed when there is no wind liable to affect
           the test result.
1.2.       Type-0 test
           (performance test with brakes cold)
1.2.1.     General
1.2.1.1.   The limits prescribed for service braking performance shall be
           those laid down for each category of vehicle.
1.2.2.     Type-0 test with engine disconnected
1.2.2.1.   The test shall be carried out at the speed prescribed for the
           category to which the vehicle belongs, the figures prescribed in
           this connection being subject to a certain margin of tolerance.
           In the case of vehicles where the two service brakes can be applied
           separately, the braking devices shall be tested separately. The
           minimum performance for each braking device for each category of
           vehicle must be attained.
1.2.2.1.1. In the case of a vehicle with a manual gear box or an automatic
           transmission where the gear box can be disengaged manually, the
           tests shall be carried out with the gear box inoperative and/or the
           engine disconnected by clutch disengagement or otherwise
1.2.2.1.2. In the case of a vehicle with other types of automatic
           transmission, the tests shall be carried out under the normal
           operating conditions.
1.2.3.     Type-0 test with engine connected for motorcycles (with or without
           sidecar) and tricycles
1.2.3.1.   Tests shall be carried out in the unladen condition at various
           speeds, the lowest being equal to 30 per cent of the maximum speed
           of the vehicle and the highest being equal to 80 per cent of that
           speed or 160 km/h whichever is the lower.
           The maximum practical performance figures shall be measured and
           together with the behaviour of the vehicle must be recorded in the
           test report. In the case where two service braking devices can be
           applied separately, both these braking devices shall be tested
           together and simultaneously, with the vehicle unladen.
 ---pagebreak---                                       12 -
1.2.4.   Type-0 test with engine disconnected : with wet brakes
1.2.4.1. This test shall (subject to the exemption contained in item 1.3.1
         hereunder) be carried out on mopeds and motorcycles (but not
         tricycles). The test procedure is identical to that for the type-0
         test with engine disconnected, except for the provisions for
         wetting the brakes described in item 1.3 of this Appendix.
1.3.     Special provisions relating to testing with wet brakes
1.3.1.   Enclosed brakes: it shall not be necessary to carry out this series
         of type-0 tests on vehicles equipped with conventional drum brakes
         or with fully enclosed disc brakes which are not subject to water
         penetration under normal running conditions.
1.3.2.   The test with brakes subject to wetting shall be carried out under
         the same conditions as the test with dry brakes. There shall be no
         adjustment or alteration of the braking device other than fitting
         the equipment to allow brake wetting.
1.3.3.   The test equipment shall continuously wet the brakes for each test
         run at a flow rate of 15 l/h for each brake. Two disc brakes on
         one wheel will be considered as two brakes.
1.3.4.   For exposed or partly exposed disc brakes, the prescribed amount of
         water shall be directed on to the roating disc in such a manner
         that it is equally distributed on the surface or surfaces of the
         disc swept by the friction pad or pads.
1.3.4.1. For fully exposed disc brakes, the water shall be directed on to
         the surface(s) of the disc 45° in advance of the friction pad(s).
1.3.4.2. For partly exposed disc brakes, the water shall be directed on to
         the surface(s) of the disc 45° in advance of the shield or baffle.
1.3.4.3. The water shall be directed on to the surface(s) of the disc(s) in
         a continuous Jet, in a direction perpendicular to the surface of
         the disc, from single jet nozzles so positioned as to be between
         the inner extremity and a point two thirds of the distance from the
         outer extremity of that part of the disc swept by the friction
         pad(s) (see f igure).
1.3.5.   For fully enclosed disc brakes, where the provisions of item 1.3.1
         above do not apply, the water shall be directed on to both sides of
         the shield or baffle at a point and in a manner corresponding with
         that described in items 1.3.4.1 and 1.3.4.3 of this Appendix.
         Where the nozzle would be coincident with a ventilation or
          inspection port, the water shall be applied one quarter of a
         revolution in advance of the said port.
1.3.6.   Where in the preceding   items 1.3.3 and 1.3.4, it is not possible to
         apply the water in the  position specified owing to the presence of
         some fixed part of the  vehicle, the water shall be applied at the
         first point, exceeding  45° where uninterrupted application is
         possible.
 ---pagebreak---                                 - 13 -
1.3.7. For drum brakes, where the provisions of item 1.3.1 above do not
       apply, the prescribed amount of water shall be distributed equally
       on either side of the braking device (that is, on the stationary
       back plate and the rotating drum) from nozzles so positioned as to
       be two-thirds of the distance from the outer circumference of the
       rotating drum to the wheel hub.
1.3.8. Subject to the requirements of the preceding sub-paragraph and to
       the requirement that no nozzle shall be within 15° of or coincident
       with a ventilation or inspection port on the stationary back plate,
       the test equipment for drum brakes shall be so positioned as to
       obtain the optimum uninterrupted application of water.
1.3.9. To ensure the correct wetting of the brake(s), the vehicle shall be
       driven, immediately before the commencement of the test series
       -  with the wetting equipment functioning continuously, as
          prescribed in the present annex
       -  at the prescribed test speed
       -  without the operation of the braking device(s) to be tested
       -   for a distance of no less than 500 m prior to the point at which
          the test is to be carried out.
 ---pagebreak---                                       - 14 -
                            METHOD OF WATER APPLICATION
           direction of
           rotation of disc
                                                                Spray point
                                                                (2/3 I from the
                                                               outer edge)
                                                              -01
To water tank
                                                        Friction
                                                        surface
                                             Spray pipe
 ---pagebreak---                                      - 15 -
1.4.       Type-I test
           (fade test)
1.4.1.     Spec i a I prov i s i ons
1.4.1.1.   The service brakes of all motorcycles (with or without sidecar) and
           tricycles shall be tested by a series of repeated stops, the
           vehicle being in the laden condition, in accordance with the
           requirements set out below. For vehicles equipped with a combined
           braking system, it shall be sufficient to submit this service
           braking device to the type-I test.
1.4.1.2.   The type-l test shall be carried out in three parts.
1.4.1.2.1. A single type-0 test as required by items 2.1.2. or 2.2.3.1. of
           this Appendix.
1.4.1.2.2. A series of ten repeated stops carried out in accordance with the
           requirements of item 1.4.2. below.
1.4.1.2.3. A single type-0 test, carried out in the same conditions (and in
           particular at a control force as constant as possible of which the
           mean value is no greater than the mean force actually used in item
           1.4.1.2.1.) as those used for the test in item 1.4.1.2.1. as soon
           as possible after the completion of the test specified in item
           1.4.1.2.2. above but, in any case, within one minute thereof.
1.4.2.     Test conditions
1.4.2.1.   The vehicle and the brake(s) to be tested shall be substantially
           free from moisture and the brake(s) shall be cold («MOO°C).
1.4.2.2.   The initial test speed shall be
1.4.2.2.1. for testing the front brake(s)
           whichever is the lower of 70 per cent of the vehicle's maximum
           speed and 100 km/h;
1.4.2.2.2. for testing the rear brake(s)
           whichever is the lower of 70 per cent of the vehicle's maximum
           speed and 80 km/h;
1.4.2.2.3. for testing a combined braking system
           whichever is the lower of 70 per cent of the vehicle's maximum
           speed and 100 km/h.
1.4.2.3.   The distance between the initiation of one stop and the initiation
           of the next shall be 1.000 metres.
1.4.2.4.   The use of the gear box and/or clutch shall be as follows :
 ---pagebreak---                                       - 16
1.4.2.4.1. In the case of a vehicle with a manual gear box or an automatic
           transmission where the gear box can be disengaged manually, the
           highest gear, consistent with attaining the initial test speed,
           shall be engaged during the stops.
           When the vehicle speed has fallen to 50 per cent of the initial
           test speed, the engine shall be disengaged.
1.4.2.4.2. In the case of a vehicle with a fully automatic transmission, the
           test shall be carried out under the normal operating conditions for
           such equipment.
           For the approach, the gear suitable to the initial test speed shall
           be used.
1.4.2.5.   After each stop, the vehicle shall immediately be subjected to
           maximum acceleration to reach the initial test speed and maintained
           at that speed until the initiation of the next stop. If
           appropriate, the vehicle may be turned round on the test track
           before acceleration.
1.4.2.6.   The force applied to the control shall be so adjusted as to
           maintain a mean deceleration of 3 m/sec 2 or the maximum
           deceleration achievable with that brake, whichever is the lower, at
           the first stop : this force must remain constant throughout the
           succeeding stops required by item 1.4.1.2.2 above.
1.4.3.     Residual performance
1.4.3.1.   At the end of the type-l test the residual performance of the
           service braking device shall be measured in the same conditions
           (and in particular at a control force as constant as possible the
           mean value of which is not greater than the mean force actually
           used) as for the type-0 test with the engine disconnected (the
           temperature conditions may be different).
1.4.3.2.   This residual performance must not be:
1.4.3.2.1. if expressed as a deceleration, less than 60 per cent of the
           deceleration figure achieved during the type-0 test,
           or,
1.4.3.2.2. if expressed as a stopping distance, more than the stopping
           distance figure, calculated in accordance with the following
           formula
           S 2 <. 1.67 ST - 0.67 aV
           where
           5 1 - the stopping distance achieved in the type-0 test
           52 - the stopping distance as recorded in the residual
                 performance test,
           a - 0.1
           V - the initial speed at the beginning of braking as defined in
                  item 2.1.1. or 2.2.2. in this Appendix.
 ---pagebreak---                                         - 17 -
2.         PERFORMANCE OF BRAKING DEVICES
2.1.       Provisions relating to tests of vehicles with braking devices
           operating on the wheel or wheels of the front or rear axle only
2.1.1.     Test speed V - 40 km/h* for mopeds;
           Test speed V - 60 km/h* for motorcycles (with or without sidecar)
                                       and tricycles
2.1.2.     Braking performance with the vehicle laden
2.1.2.1.   For the purposes of the type-I residual performance test
           (motorcycles with or without sidecar) and tricycles, the recorded
           performance levels in terms of stopping distances, mean fully
           developed deceleration, as well as the control force used, shall be
           recorded.
2.1.2.2    Braking with the front brake only
                  Category               Stopping            Corresponding
                                         distance(S)         mean developed
                                                             decelerat ion
                                             m                    m/s2
            Two-wheel mopeds           S<0.1.V + V 2 /90          3.4
            Three-wheel mopeds         S<0.1.V + V 2 /70          2.7**
            Two-wheel                  S<0.1.V + V 2 /115         4.4**
            motorcycles
            Motorcycles with           S<0.1.V + V 2 /95          3.6
            sidecar
            Tricycles                  S<0.1.V + V 2 /75          2.9**
     Vehicles the maximum speed (Vmax) of which is lower than 45 km/h in the
     case of mopeds, or 67 km/h in the case of motorcycles (with or without
     sidecar) and tricycles shall be tested at a speed equal to 0.9 Vmax.
     If these values for single braking devices cannot be achieved because
     of limited adhesion, the following values shall be substituted for a
     test with the vehicle laden using both braking devices together :
     three-wheel mopeds: 4.4 m / s 2 ; two-wheel motorcycles : 5.8 m/s 2 ;
     tricycles : 5.0 m/s 2 .
 ---pagebreak---                                        - 18
2.1.2.3.    Braking with the rear brake only
                     Category           Stopping            Corresponding
                                        distance(S)         mean developed
                                                            decelerat ion
                                            m                    m/s 2
              Two-wheel mopeds        S<0.1.V + V 2 /70          2.7
              Three-wheel mopeds      S<0.1.V + V 2 /70          2.7s
              Two-wheeI               S<0.1.V + V 2 /75          2.9*
              motorcycles
              Motorcycles with        S<0.1.V + V 2 /95          3.6
              sidecar
              Tr ieye I es            S<0.1.V + V 2 /75          2.9^
2.1.3.      Braking performance with the vehicle unladen
2.1.3.1.    A practical test of the vehicle driven by the driver alone shali
            not be required if a calculation shows that the distribution of the
            mass on the braked wheels allows a mean fully developed
            deceleration of at least 2.5 m/s 2 or a stopping distance
            S <_0.1 . V + V 2 /65 to be achieved with each of the single axle
            braking devices.
2.2.        Provisions relating to tests of vehicles of which (at least) one of
            the braking devices is a combined braking system
2.2.1.      For the purposes of the type-l residual performance test motorcyles
            (with or without sidecar) and tricycles, the recorded performance
             levels in terms of stopping distance, mean fully developed
            deceleration, as well as the control force used, shall be recorded.
      If these values for single braking devices cannot be achieved because
     of limited adhesion, the following values shall be substituted for a
     test with the vehicle laden using both braking devices together :
     three-wSioe! mopeds: 4.4 m/s 2 ; two-wheel motorcycles : 5.C E;Î/S2;
     trieye I es : 5.0 m/s 2 .
 ---pagebreak---                                          - 19 -
2.2.2.     Test speed V - 40 km/h for mopeds
           Test speed V - 60 km/h* for motorcycles (with or without sidecar)
                                        and tricycles
2.2.3.     The vehicle shall be tested both unladen and laden.
2.2.3.1.   Braking with the combined braking system only.
                  Category                Stopping         Corresponding
                                          distance(S)      mean developed
                                                           deceleration
                                              m                 m/s2
            Mopeds                      S<0.1.V + V 2 /115      4.4
            Two-wheels                  S<0.1.V + V 2 /132      5.1
            motorcycles
            Motorcycles with            S<0.1.V + V 2 /140      5.4
            sidecar
            Tricycles                   S<0.1.V + V 2 /130      5.0
2.2.3.2.   Braking with the second service or the secondary (emergency)
           braking device, all categories:
           the stopping distance shall be :
           S <^0.1 . V + V 2 /65 (corresponding mean fully developed
           deceleration 2.5 m / s 2 ) .
2.3.       Braking performance with the parking braking device (if applicable)
2.3.1.     The parking braking device shall, even if it is combined with one
           of the other braking devices, be capable of holding the laden
           vehicle stationary on an 18 per cent up or down gradient.
2.4.       Provisions relating to forces applied to brake controls :
2.4.1.     Forces applied to service brake controls :
           hand control <_ 200 N
           foot control <^350 N [mopeds and motorcycles (with or without
                                    sidecar)]
                        < 500 N (tr icycles)
     Vehicles the maximum speed (Vmax) of which is lower than 45 km/h in the
     case of mopeds, or 67 km/h in the case of motorcycles (with or without
     sidecar) and tricycles shall be tested at a speed equal to 0.9 Vmax.
 ---pagebreak---                                  - 20 -
2.4.2. Forces applied to the parking brake control (if applicable)
       with manual control <_400 N
       with foot control   <_ 500 N
2.4.3. In the case of hand brake levers, the point of application of the
       manual force shall be assumed to be 50 mm from the outer end of the
       lever.
2.5.   Performance levels (minimum and maximum) to be attained with wet
       brakes
2.5.1. The mean deceleration to be attained with wet brake(s) between 0.5
       and 1.0 second after application of the brake shall be at least 60
       per cent of that attained with dry brake(s) when the same control
       force is applied.
2.5.2. The control force used, which must be applied as quickly as
       possible, shall be equivalent to that required to attain a
       deceleration of 2.5 m/s 2 with dry brake(s).
2.5.3. At no time during the type-0 test with wet brake(s) shall the
       deceleration exceed 120 per cent of that attained with dry
       brake(s).
 ---pagebreak---                                - 21 -
                             APPENDIX 2
       REQUIREMENTS APPLICABLE TO TWO-WHEEL MOPEDS, TWO-WHEEL
     MOTORCYCLES AND TRICYCLES EQUIPPED WITH ANT I-LOCK DEVICES.
1.    GENERAL
1.1.  The purpose of these provisions is to define the minimum
      performances for braking systems with anti-lock devices fitted to
      two-wheel mopeds, two-wheel motorcycles and tricycles. This does
      not make it compulsory to fit vehicles with anti-lock device but if
      such devices are fitted to a vehicle they must meet the
      requirements below.
1.2.  The devices known at present comprise a sensor or sensors, a
      controller or controllers and a modulator or modulators. Any
      devices of a different design will be deemed to be anti-lock
      devices within the meaning of this Appendix if they provide
      performances at least equal to those prescribed by this Appendix.
2.    DEFINITIONS
2.1.  "Anti-lock device"
      means a component of a service braking system which automatically
      controls the degree of slip, in the direction of rotation of the
      wheel(s) on one or more wheels of the vehicle during braking;
2.2.  "Sensor"
      means a component designed to identify and transmit to the
      controller the conditions of rotation of the wheel(s) or the
      dynamic conditions of the vehicle.
2.3.  "Controller"
      means a component designed to evaluate the data transmitted by the
      sensor(s) and to transmit a signal to the modulator;
2.4.  "Modulator"
      means a component designed to vary the braking force(s) in
      accordance with the signal received from the controller.
 ---pagebreak---                                      - 22 -
3.         NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SYSTEM
3.1.       Each controlled wheel shall be such that it can bring at least its
           own device into operation.
3.2.       Any break in the supply of electricity to the device and/or in the
           wiring external to the electronic controller(s) shall be signalled
           to the driver by an optical warning signal, which must be visible
           even in daylight; it must be easy for the driver to check that it
            is in working order.*1*
3.3.        In the event of a failure in an anti-lock device, the braking
           efficiency of the laden vehicle shall not be less than that
           prescribed for whichever is the lower of the two requirements for
           the vehicle defined in item 2.1.2.2. or item 2.1.2.3. of Appendix 1
           of the present Regulation.
3.4.       The operation of the device must not be affected adversely by
           electro-magnetic fields.*2*
3.5.       Anti-lock devices shall maintain their performance when the brake
            is fully applied for the duration of any stop.
4.         UTILIZATION OF ADHESION
4.1.       General
4.1.1.      In the case of two-wheel motorcycles and tricycles, braking systems
           equipped with an anti-lock device shall be deemed acceptable when
           the condit ion
           £>_0.70 is satisfied where<£, represents the adhesion utilised as
           defined in the Addendum to this Appendix.*3*
4.1.2.     The coefficient of adhesion utiIisation&shalI be measured on road
           surfaces with a coefficient of adhesion not exceeding 0.45 and of
           not less than 0.8.
4.1.3.     Tests shall be carried out with the vehicle unladen.
4.1.4.     The test procedure to determine the coefficient of adhesion (K) and
           the formula for calculating the adhesion utilisation ( ) shall be
           those prescribed in the Addendum to this Appendix.
(1)  The Technical Service should examine the electronic controller and/or
     any drive system with regard to possible failure modes.
(2)  Until uniform test procedures have been agreed, the manufacturers shall
     provide the Technical Services with their test procedures and results.
(3)  For two-wheel mopeds, until a minimum value foré have been established,
     the measured value shall be recorded in the test report.
 ---pagebreak---                                        - 23 -
5.           ADDITIONAL CHECKS
5.1.         The following additional checks shall be carried out with the
             vehicle unladen.
5.1 .1       Any wheel controlled by an anti-lock device must not lock when the
             full force*4* is suddenly applied to its control device, on the
             two kinds of road surface specified in item 4.1.2 above at initial
             speeds of up to 0.8 Vmax but not exceeding 80 km/h.*5*
5.1.2        Where a wheel controlled by an anti-lock device passes from a high-
             adhesion surface to a low-adhesion surface as described in item
             4.1.2 above with the full force * 4 * applied to the control
             device, the wheel must not lock. The running speed and the instant
             of applying the brakes shall be so calculated that, with the anti-
             lock device fully cycling on the high-adhesion surface, the passage
             from one surface to the other is made at about 0.5 Vmax not
             exceeding 50 km/h.
5.1 .3       Where a vehicle passes from a low-adhesion surface to a high-
             adhesion surface as described in item 4.1.2. above with the full
             force *4* applied to the control device, the deceleration of the
             vehicle must rise to the appropriate high value within a reasonable
             time and the vehicle must not deviate from its initial course. The
             running speed and the instant of applying the brakes shall be so
             calculated that, with the anti-lock device fully cycling on the
              low-adhesion surface, the passage from one surface to the other
             occurs at about 0.5 Vmax not exceeding 50 km/h.
5.1.4        Where both independent braking devices are equipped with an anti-
              lock device the tests prescribed in items 5.1.1, 5.1.2 and 5.1.3
             shall also be performed using both independent braking devices
             together whereupon the stability of the vehicle shall be maintained
             at all t imes.
5.1.5        However, in the tests provided for in items 5.1.1., 5.1.2., 5.1.3.
             and 5.1.4. above periods of wheel locking or of extreme wheel slip
             shall be allowed provided that the stability of the vehicle is not
             adversely affected. Below vehicle speeds of 10 km/h wheel locking
              is permitted.
(4)    "Full force" means the maximum force prescribed in item 2.4, Appendix 1
       for the cathegory of vehicle : a higher force may be used if required
       to activate the anti-lock device.
(5)    On low adhesion surfaces (<^0.35) the initial speed may be reduced for
       safety reasons : in such cases, the K vaiue and the initial speed shall
       be noted in the test report.
 ---pagebreak---                                      - 24 -
                                    ADDENDUM
1.         DETERMINATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF ADHESION (K)
1.1.       The coefficient of adhesion shall be determined from the maximum
           braking rate, without wheel lock, of the vehicle with the anti-lock
           device(s) disconnected and braking all wheels simultaneously.*1*
1.2.       The braking tests shall be carried out by applying the brakes at an
           initial speed of 60 km/h (or, in the case of vehicles which are
           unable to reach 60 km/h, a speed of roughly 0.9 Vmax), the vehicle
           being unladen (apart from the test instruments and/or the necessary
           safety equipment). The effort exerted on the brake control must be
           constant throughout the tests.
1.3.       A series of tests may be carried out up to the critical point
           reached immediately before the wheel(s) lock by varying both the
           front and the rear brake forces, in order to determine the maximum
           braking rate of the vehicle.*2*
1.4.       The braking rate (Z) shall be determined by reference to the time
           taken for the speed of the vehicle to reduce from 40 km/h to 20
           km/h, using the formula
           Z - 0.56
                 t
           where t is measured in seconds.
           Alternatively, for vehicles unable to attain 50 km/h, the braking
           rate shall be determined by reference to the time taken for the
           speed of the vehicle to reduce from 0.8 Vmax to (0.8 Vmax - 20)
           where Vmax is measured in km/h.
           The maximum value of Z - K.
2.         DETERMINATION OF THE ADHESION UTILIZATION (£)
2.1.       The adhesion utilized is defined as the quotient of the maximum
           braking rate with the anti-lock device in operation (Zmax) and the
           maximum braking rate with the anti-lock device disconnected (Zm).
           Separate tests shall be carried out on each wheel equipped with an
           anti-lock device.
2.2.       Zmax shall be based on the average of the three tests using the
           time taken for the speed of the vehicle to achieve the reductions
            in speed specified in item 1.4 above.
2.3.       The adhesion utilised is given by the formula
             & - Zmax
                   Zm
(1)  Additional requirements may have to be established in the case of
     vehicles equipped with combined braking systems.
(2)  As an initial step, to facilitate these preliminary tests, the maximum
     control force applied before the critical point may be obtained for
     each individual wheel.
 ---pagebreak---                                        25 -
                                  APPENDIX 3
                               INFORMATION SHEET
                      IN RESPECT OF THE BRAKING OF A TYPE
                      OF TWO OR THREE-WHEEL MOTOR VEHICLE
(To be attached to the component type-approval application where this is
submitted separately from the vehicle type-approval application)
Reference number (allocated by the applicant)
The application for component type approval in resepct of the braking of a
type of two or three-wheel motor vehicle shall be accompanied by the
information set out in Annex II to Regulation No ..., of ..., under letter A,
in the following items:
0.1
0.2
0.4 to 0.6
2.1 to 2.2.1
3.0 to 3.1.1
5.2
5.2.2
7.1 to 7.4
 ---pagebreak---                                      - 26 -
                                   APPENDIX 4
                                        Name of Administration
APPROVAL CERTIFICATE IN RESPECT OF THE BRAKING OF A TYPE OF TWO OR THREE-WHEEL
MOTOR VEHICLE
                                     MODEL
Report No ...   issued by testing body      on ... (date)
Approval No ... Extension No ...
1. Trade mark or name of vehicle ...
2.  Type of vehicle ...
3.  Name and address of manufacturer ...
4.  Name and address of manufacturer's authorized representative (if any)
5. Vehicle submitted for test on ...
6.  Approval has been granted/refused*
7.  Place ...
8.  Date ...
9.  Signature ...
*     Delete as appropriate.
 ---pagebreak---                                  -2}-
                                FINANCIAL STATEMENT
                         Section 1; financial implications
1. Title of operation
       Proposal for a Council Regulation (EEC) on the braking of two and three-
       wheel motor vehicles.
2. Budget headings involved
-   A 2510: Expenditure on meetings of committees whose consultation is
             compulsory in the procedure for drafting Community acts
-   A 250:   Meetings in general
3. Legal basis
-   Art icle 100a
-   Proposal for a Council Regulation (EEC) on the type-approval of two and
    three-wheel motor vehicles (COM(90)669 final - SYN 331)
4. Description of operation
4.1    Harmonization of national laws. Setting-up of a component type-approval
       procedure in respect of the braking of two and three-wheel motor
       vehicles.
4.2     Indeterminate duration (there is no time limit on the validity of the
       régulât ion).
4.3    Manufacturers of two or three-wheel motor vehicles and producers of
       components for the said vehicles.
5. Classification of expenditure or revenue
5.1    NCE
5.2    NDA
6. Type of expenditure or revenue
6.4    Cost of committee meetings
6.5    No
6.6    No
 ---pagebreak---                                 -2£-
7. Financial impact on appropriations for operations (Part B of the budgot)
       Nil, except where all of the DG I I I allocation is used up on Part A of
       the budget; this would call for additional financing under heading
       B8-530 (Completing the internal market - support expenditure).
8. What anti-fraud measures are planned in the proposal for the operation?
       Ordinary monitoring of the commitee meetings.
           Section 2: administrative expenditure (Part A of the budget)
1. Will the proposed operation involve an increase in the number of Commission
    staff?
       No
2. Indicate the amount of staff and administrative expenditure involved in the
    proposed operation. Explain the method of calculation.
The financial statement annexed to the proposal for a Council Regulation (EEC)
on the type-approval of two or three-wheel vehicles (COM(90)669 final of
3 April 1991) (the framework regulation) put expenditure involving the
advisory Committee on the adaptation to technical progress of the regulations
concerning the two or three-wheel vehicle sector, set up by Article 16 of the
proposal, at an estimated ECU 16 860 per year from 1994 onwards. This sum
includes expenditure relating to the procedures for the adaptation to
technical progress of all the specific regulations provided for in Annex I to
the framework regulation.
                Section 3: Elements of cost-effectiveness analysis
1. Objectives and coherence with financial programming
1.1    Setting-up of a component type-approval procedure in respect of the
       braking of two and three-wheel motor vehicles.
1.2    Yes
1.3    Completion of the internal market
       Subsidiary objective 1: removal of technical barriers
2. Grounds for the operation
2.1    White Paper: setting-up of a procedure for the type-approval of two and
       three-wheel motor vehicles and adaptation of Community regulations.
       No viable alternative to attain the same goals.
3. Monitoring and evaluation of the operation
3.1    Progress report on the completion of the internal market.
 ---pagebreak---                                   -Z3 -
                    IMPACT STATEMENT ON COMPETITIVENESS AND JOBS
             Proposal for a Council Regulation (EEC) on the braking of
                         two- or three-wheel motor vehicles
I. What is the main Justification of the measure?
           Setting-up a component type-approval procedure in respect of the
           braking of two-or three-wheel motor vehicles
           Harmonization of national laws
            Improvements to road safety.
II.        Characteristics of the companies involved
    More particularly:
           Do they include a large number of small- and medium-sized businesses?
           No
           Are there any significant concentrations in regions:
           - eligible for Member State regional aid? No
           - eligible under the European Regional Development Fund? No
III.       What obligations are imposed on those companies?
    Compliance with the regulation, thus ensuring free access of their vehicles
    throughout the Community.
IV.        What obligations are likely to be imposed indirectly upon those
           companies via the local authorities?
    No additional obligation.
V. Do any special measures apply to small- and medium-sized businesses? No
    -wh i ch?
VI.        What is the foreseeable outcome:
           on company productivity?    No foreseeable effect,
           on Jobs? No foreseeable effect.
VII.       Have both sides of industry been consulted?   Yes
           Opinion of both sides of industry: favourable.
 ---pagebreak---                                      - 3o
                                                                     ÏSSN 02S4-1475
                                                              COM(91) 496 final
                                                      DOCUMENTS
EN                                                                              07
                                 Catalogue number : CB-CO-91-547-EN-C
                                                             ISBN 92-77-78134-3
Office foi Official Publications of the European Communities
L-298S I zixembourg