CELEX: 62008CJ0182
Language: en
Date: 2009-09-17
Title: Judgment of the Court (First Chamber) of 17 September 2009.#Glaxo Wellcome GmbH & Co. KG v Finanzamt München II.#Reference for a preliminary ruling: Bundesfinanzhof - Germany.#Freedom of establishment and free movement of capital - Corporation tax - Acquisition of shares in a capital company - Conditions for taking into account, when determining the acquirer’s tax base, the reduction in value of the shares resulting from the dividend distribution.#Case C-182/08.

Case C-182/08
      Glaxo Wellcome GmbH & Co. KG
      v
      Finanzamt München II
      (Reference for a preliminary ruling from the Bundesfinanzhof)
      (Freedom of establishment and free movement of capital – Corporation tax – Acquisition of shares in a capital company – Conditions for taking into account, when determining the acquirer’s tax base, the reduction in value of the shares resulting
         from the dividend distribution)
      
      Summary of the Judgment
      1.        Free movement of capital – Provisions of the Treaty – Scope
      (EC Treaty, Arts 52 and 73b (now Arts 43 EC and 56 EC))
      2.        Free movement of capital – Restrictions – Tax legislation – Corporation tax
      (EC Treaty, Art. 73b (now Art. 56 EC))
      1.        Legislation of a Member State under which the reduction in value of shares as a result of a distribution of dividends does
         not affect the basis of assessment for a resident taxpayer when that taxpayer has acquired shares in a resident capital company
         from a non-resident shareholder whereas, had those shares been acquired from a resident shareholder, such a reduction in value
         would have reduced the acquirer’s basis of assessment, must be examined exclusively with regard to free movement of capital.
         The purpose of the legislation at issue in the main proceedings being to prevent non-resident shareholders from obtaining
         an undue tax advantage directly through the sale of shares with the sole objective of obtaining that advantage, and not with
         the objective of exercising freedom of establishment or as a result of exercising that freedom, it must be held that the free
         movement of capital aspect of that legislation prevails over that of the freedom of establishment. Consequently, even if that
         legislation has restrictive effects on the freedom of establishment, they are the unavoidable consequence of any restriction
         on the free movement of capital and, therefore, do not justify an independent examination of that legislation in the light
         of Article 52 EC.
      
      (see paras 50-52)
      2.        Article 73b of the EC Treaty (now Article 56 EC) must be interpreted as not precluding legislation of a Member State which
         excludes the reduction in value of shares as a result of the distribution of dividends from the basis of assessment for a
         resident taxpayer, when that taxpayer has acquired shares in a resident capital company from a non-resident shareholder, whereas,
         had the shares been acquired from a resident shareholder, such a reduction in value would have reduced the acquirer’s basis
         of assessment. This applies in cases where such legislation does not exceed what is necessary to maintain a balanced allocation
         of the power to impose taxes between the Member States and to prevent wholly artificial arrangements which do not reflect
         economic reality and whose only purpose is unduly to obtain a tax advantage. It is for the national court to examine whether
         that legislation is limited to what is necessary in order to attain those objectives.
      
      The grant to a resident taxpayer of the right to deduct from his taxable profits the losses relating to the partial reduction
         referred to above only when he acquires shares from a resident shareholder, indeed makes shares held by non-residents less
         attractive and is, therefore, likely to dissuade the resident taxpayer from acquiring them. Such a difference in treatment
         is also likely to dissuade non-resident investors from acquiring shares in the resident company and therefore to represent
         an obstacle to that company’s accumulation of capital from other Member States, with the result that such legislation constitutes
         a restriction on the free movement of capital which is prohibited, in principle, by Article 73b of the Treaty.
      
      That difference in treatment does not reflect an objective difference in the situations of resident shareholders because,
         with regard to the losses resulting from a reduction in value of the shares held in a resident company, those shareholders
         are in a comparable situation, whether the shares are acquired from a resident or acquired from a non-resident. The distribution
         of profits reduces the value of a share, whether it was previously acquired from a resident or a non-resident, and in both
         cases that reduction in value is borne by the resident shareholder.
      
      Furthermore, in the absence of a direct link between the tax advantage concerned and the offsetting of that advantage by a
         particular tax levy, the legislation at issue cannot be justified by the need to preserve the coherence of the full imputation
         taxation system. In that regard, the disadvantages resulting from that legislation are suffered directly by the resident shareholder
         who has acquired those shares from a non-resident. For that resident shareholder, the impossibility of deducting from his
         taxable profits the losses related to the reduction in the value of the shares held in the resident company, where the reduction
         in value of the shares results from the distribution of the profits, is not offset by any tax advantage. 
      
      However, such legislation may be justified by the need to maintain a balanced allocation of the power to impose taxes between
         the Member States, for transactions other than the distribution of dividends, allowing the non-resident shareholder to obtain
         the same result from an economic point of view as if he had been granted the tax credit in respect of the corporation tax
         paid by the company in which he holds the shares, could equally undermine the ability of the Member State where that company
         resides to exercise its right to tax a profit generated by an economic activity undertaken in its territory. By restricting
         the right of the new shareholder to deduct from his taxable profits the losses resulting from the reduction in value of the
         shares concerned, to the extent that they do not exceed the ‘blocked amount’, equal to the difference between the acquisition
         price paid by the resident shareholder and the nominal value of the shares, that legislation is capable of preventing practices
         which have no objective other than to obtain for the non-resident shareholder a tax credit for the corporation tax paid by
         the resident company. In addition, the increase in the basis of assessment of the new shareholder as a result of that limitation
         is designed to ensure that profits which would usually be taxed in the Member State concerned are not transferred, as part
         of the profit made by the non-resident former shareholder equal to the undue tax credit, without being taxed in that Member
         State. Consequently, such legislation is capable of achieving the objective of maintaining a balanced allocation of the power
         to impose taxes between the Member States and of preventing wholly artificial arrangements which do not reflect economic reality
         and whose only purpose is to obtain a tax advantage.
      
      Nevertheless, it is necessary to establish that such legislation does not go beyond what is necessary to attain the objectives
         thus pursued. In that regard, it is for the national court to determine whether, to the extent that the calculation of the
         blocked amount is based on the acquisition costs of the shares concerned, the consequences of that legislation exceed what
         is necessary to ensure that a sum equal to the tax credit is not unduly granted to the non-resident shareholder. It cannot
         be excluded that the shares were sold at more than their nominal value for reasons other than in order to obtain for the shareholder
         a tax credit for the corporation tax paid by the resident company or, in any case, that the undistributed profits and the
         possibility of obtaining a tax credit relating to those shares constitute only one element of their selling price. In addition,
         the taking into account of the blocked amount and the increase in the resident shareholder’s basis of assessment also have
         consequences for other taxes levied on the shareholder and, in particular, for the trade tax payable by him, being consequences
         which go beyond what is necessary to attain the objectives pursued by the legislation.
      
      It is also for the national court to establish whether the restriction on taking into account the reduction in value of the
         shares resulting from the distribution of the dividends as from the year of acquisition of those shares and during the following
         nine years, as provided for by the legislation, does not exceed what is necessary to attain the objectives pursued by it.
         Finally, in order to comply with the principle of proportionality, a measure pursuing the objective of preventing wholly artificial
         arrangements which do not reflect economic reality and whose only purpose is unduly to obtain a tax advantage, must enable
         the national court to carry out a case-by-case examination, taking into account the particular features of each case, based
         on objective elements, in order to assess the abusive or fraudulent conduct of the persons concerned. 
      
      To the extent that the legislation cannot be limited to wholly artificial arrangements, established on the basis of objective
         elements, but covers all cases in which a resident taxpayer has acquired shares in a resident company from a non-resident
         shareholder at a price which, for whatever reason, exceeds the nominal value of those shares, the effects of such legislation
         exceed what is necessary in order to attain the objective of preventing wholly artificial arrangements which do not reflect
         economic reality and whose only purpose is unduly to obtain a tax advantage.
      
      (see paras 56-59, 73-74, 78, 80-81, 84, 88, 91-94, 96-102, operative part)
JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (First Chamber)
      17 September 2009 (*)
      
      (Freedom of establishment and free movement of capital – Corporation tax – Acquisition of shares in a capital company – Conditions for taking into account, when determining the acquirer’s tax base, the reduction in value of the shares resulting
         from the dividend distribution)
      
      In Case C‑182/08,
      REFERENCE for a preliminary ruling under Article 234 EC from the Bundesfinanzhof (Germany), made by decision of 23 January
         2008, received at the Court on 30 April 2008, in the proceedings
      
      Glaxo Wellcome GmbH & Co. KG
      v
      Finanzamt München II,
      THE COURT (First Chamber),
      composed of P. Jann, President of the Chamber, M. Ilešič, A. Borg Barthet, E. Levits (Rapporteur) and J.-J. Kasel, Judges,
      Advocate General: Y. Bot,
      Registrar: R. Şereş, Administrator,
      having regard to the written procedure and further to the hearing on 2 April 2009,
      after considering the observations submitted on behalf of:
      –        Glaxo Wellcome GmbH & Co KG., by H.-M. Pott and T. Englert, Rechtsanwälte,
      –        the German Government, by M. Lumma and C. Blaschke, acting as Agents,
      –        the Commission of the European Communities, by R. Lyal and W. Mölls, acting as Agents,
      after hearing the Opinion of the Advocate General at the sitting on 9 July 2009,
      gives the following
      Judgment
      1        This reference for a preliminary ruling relates to the interpretation of Article 52 of the EC Treaty (now, after amendment,
         Article 43 EC) and Article 73b of the EC Treaty (now Article 56 EC).
      
      2        The reference was made in proceedings between Glaxo Wellcome GmbH & Co. KG, a limited partnership under German law, whose
         members are limited liability companies, and the Finanzamt München II (‘the Finanzamt’), concerning the assessment of its
         profits for the years 1995 to 1998.
      
       Legal framework
       National legislation
      3        Under the ‘full imputation’ taxation system in force in Germany at the material time double economic taxation of the profits
         distributed by companies established in Germany to German-resident taxpayers was avoided, pursuant to Paragraph 36(2)(3) of
         the Law on income tax (Einkommensteuergesetz; ‘the EstG’) and Paragraph 49 of the Law on corporation tax (Körperschaftsteuergesetz;
         ‘the KStG’), by giving those taxpayers the right to offset in full the corporation tax paid by the distributing companies
         against their own income tax or corporation tax liability.
      
      4        Under Paragraph 36(4)(2) of the EStG, the right to offset corporation tax enjoyed by resident shareholders was converted into
         a right to a refund to the extent that their own tax debt was lower than the advance corporation tax levied on the sum distributed.
         It followed from Paragraph 20(1)(3) of the EStG that that right was itself regarded as forming part of the income.
      
      5        If the holding in a legal person formed part of the resident taxpayer’s working capital, the taxpayer was entitled, when the
         dividend was received, to reduce the value of the holding in his tax balance sheet pursuant to Paragraph 6(1)(1) of the EStG.
         That reduction, the value of a holding as part of a going concern (Teilwert), was based on the idea that the distribution simply represented a substitution of assets. Thus, the value of a holding was
         reduced by the value of the distribution applicable to it.
      
      6        It followed that the gross sum distributed, which included the right under Paragraph 36 of the EStG to offset corporation
         tax, and the corresponding reduction in value of the holding, were usually the same and cancelled each other out.
      
      7        For that reason, the distributions did not ultimately generate income. Therefore, there was no tax debt corresponding to the
         tax credit which constituted part of the income generated by the distribution. Accordingly, if the taxpayer did not have any
         other income in the year in question, that tax credit was converted into a right to a refund.
      
      8        The profit on the sale of shares, being the amount by which the purchase price exceeded their nominal value, constituted income
         for the purposes of the tax legislation and was liable, in the case of resident taxpayers, to income tax under Paragraph 17
         of the EStG or to corporation tax under Article 8(2) of the KStG.
      
      9        With regard to non-resident taxpayers, their income from the distribution of profits of resident companies and the profits
         arising from the sale of shares in such companies were not liable to German income tax or corporation tax.
      
      10      Non-resident taxpayers were also unable to invoke the application of the full imputation system to the profits distributed
         to them by resident companies and, therefore, could not obtain a tax credit equal to the tax paid by the resident distributing
         company. 
      
      11      Paragraph 50c(1) and (4) of the EStG, in the version of the Law on the improvement of the taxation conditions to secure Germany
         as a business location in the European internal market (Gesetz zur Verbesserung der steuerlichen Bedingungen zur Sicherung
         des Wirtschaftsstandorts Deutschland im Europäischen Binnenmarkt (Standortsicherungsgesetz), BGBl. 1993 I, p. 1569), provided
         as follows:
      
      ‘(1)      A taxpayer with the right to offset corporation tax who acquires shares in a fully taxable capital company … from a shareholder
         who does not have such a right … may not, when determining profits, take into account reductions in profits arising from 
      
      1.       inclusion of the lower value as part of a going concern, or 
      2.       the transfer or withdrawal of the holding, 
      in the year of acquisition or in one of the following nine years, in so far as the inclusion of that lower value or any other
         reduction in profits is attributable solely to the distribution of profits or to a transfer of profits pursuant to a special
         control agreement, and the total reduction in profits does not exceed the blocked amount within the meaning of subparagraph
         4.
      
      …
      4)       The blocked amount is the difference between the acquisition costs and the nominal value of the holding. …’
      12      The Law of 28 October 1994 amending tax law on company conversions (Gesetz zur Änderung des Umwandlungssteuerrechts, BGBl.
         1994 I, p. 3267; ‘the UmwStG’) had made it possible under German law to convert a capital company into a partnership while
         maintaining the fiscal values of the assets transferred, without creating hidden profits.
      
      13      Under Paragraph 4(4) of the UmwStG, if, as a result of a change in its legal form, the assets of a company were transferred
         to a partnership, the profit or loss resulting from the acquisition had to be determined, as regards the partnership, by comparing
         the value at which the assets are to be acquired with the book value of the shares in the transferor company. Under Paragraph
         14 of the UmwStG, the same applied where a company was converted into a partnership.
      
      14      The profit or loss resulting from the acquisition thus established (‘first step’) was, under Paragraph 4(5) of the UmwStG,
         to be increased or reduced by the corporation tax to be set off pursuant to Paragraph 10(1) of the UmwStG and by a blocked
         amount within the meaning of Paragraph 50c of the EStG, in so far as the shares in the transferor company formed part of the
         business assets of the transferee partnership on the date of the transfer for tax purposes. 
      
      15      If there was still a loss on acquisition (‘second step’), the value of the tangible and intangible assets transferred was
         to be increased to their going concern value. Any amount still remaining would be applied in reducing the profits of the transferee
         partnership, under Paragraph 4(6) of the UmwStG.
      
      16      Paragraph 10(1) of the UmwStG provided as follows:
      
      ‘The corporation tax chargeable on the parts of the transferor company’s own capital within the meaning of Paragraph 30(1)(1)
         and (2) of the [KStG] which may be used for the distribution of profits shall, without prejudice to subparagraph 2, be imputed
         to the income tax or corporation tax payable by the members of the transferee partnership or to the income tax payable by
         a transferee who is a natural person.’
      
       The Convention between Germany and the United Kingdom 
      17      Article III of the Convention of 26 November 1964 between the Federal Republic of Germany and the United Kingdom of Great
         Britain and Northern Ireland for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion (BGBl. 1966 II, p.
         358) provides that ‘[t]he industrial or commercial profits of an enterprise of one of the territories shall be subjected to
         tax only in that territory unless the enterprise carries on a trade or business in the other territory through a permanent
         establishment situated therein.’
      
       The main proceedings and the question referred for a preliminary ruling
      18      The applicant in the main proceedings was formed in the course of the restructuring of the Glaxo Wellcome group, as a result
         of the conversion by change of legal form, on 1 July 1995, of Glaxo Wellcome GmbH (‘GW GmbH’), a limited liability company
         under German law.
      
      19      The steps in the restructuring of the Glaxo Wellcome group can be described as follows.
      
      20      On 26 June 1995, Glaxo Verwaltungs GmbH (‘GV GmbH’), a company formed under German law, which already held 95% of the shares
         in GW GmbH, acquired from Glaxo Group Limited (‘GG Ltd’), its parent company established in the United Kingdom, 5% of the
         shares in GW GmbH, and became GW GmbH’s sole parent company.
      
      21      On 27 June and 7 July 1995, GW GmbH (subsequently the applicant in the main proceedings) acquired all the shares in Wellcome
         GmbH (‘W GmbH’). The companies which sold the shares concerned were GG Ltd, which held 99.98% of the shares in W GmbH, and
         Burroughs Wellcome Ltd (‘W Ltd’), GG Ltd’s parent company, which held 0.02% of those shares.
      
      22      By merger agreement of 25 August 1995, W GmbH was merged with retroactive effect to 29 June 1995 into its sole shareholder,
         GW GmbH.
      
      23      On 30 June 1995, GV GmbH sold 1% of the shares which it held in GW GmbH to Seftonpharm GmbH (‘S GmbH’), which was wholly owned
         by it.
      
      24      On 1 July 1995, GW GmbH was converted into a limited partnership under German law and is now called Glaxo Wellcome GmbH &
         Co KG.
      
      25      On the day of that conversion, the GW GmbH shares appearing in the balance sheet of GV GmbH (including those in the name of
         S GmbH) were valued at DEM 500 million. Pursuant to Paragraph 4(4) and (5) of the UmwStG, the applicant in the main proceedings
         calculated a loss resulting from the acquisition of DEM 328 096 563, taking into account, under Paragraph 50c of the EStG,
         a blocked amount of DEM 22 887 706 created by the acquisition of 5% of the shares in GW GmbH from GG Ltd.
      
      26      The Finanzamt considered that GV GmbH’s acquisition from GG Ltd of the shares in GW GmbH was not the only acquisition to have
         given rise to a blocked amount in respect of the shares acquired. According to the Finanzamt, the W GmbH shares acquired by
         the applicant in the main proceedings from GG Ltd and W Ltd were also subject to a blocked amount of DEM 322 565 500. Following
         the merger of W GmbH into GW GmbH, that second blocked amount did not disappear but was carried over to the shares in GW GmbH
         held by GV GmbH. According to the Finanzamt, the loss on acquisition resulting from the change in the legal form of GW GmbH
         therefore fell, when the blocked amounts were taken into account, to DEM 5 531 063.
      
      27      The applicant in the main proceedings contests the Finanzamt’s position, in essence, on the issue whether the loss sustained
         by GW GmbH on that merger is reduced by a blocked amount, within the meaning of Paragraph 50c of the EStG, resulting from
         the acquisition by GW GmbH of the shares in W GmbH.
      
      28      Since the applicant was successful in its action before the Finanzgericht München (Finance Court, Munich), the Finanzamt appealed
         to the Bundesfinanzhof.
      
      29      Unlike the Finanzgericht München, the Bundesfinanzhof considers that, on the basis of German law alone, that loss must be
         reduced by the blocked amount resulting from the acquisition by GW GmbH of the W GmbH shares.
      
      30      However, according to the Bundesfinanzhof, the lawfulness of the taking into account of a blocked amount under Paragraph 50c
         of the EStG is not free from doubt under Community law, since the taxpayer is treated differently depending on whether he
         acquires the shares from a shareholder who is entitled to a tax credit or from one who does not.
      
      31      In those circumstances, the Bundesfinanzhof decided to stay the proceedings and to refer the following question to the Court
         of Justice for a preliminary ruling:
      
      ‘Do Article 52 … or 73b of the … Treaty preclude legislation of a Member State which, in the framework of a national imputation
         system for corporation tax, excludes the reduction in value of shares as a result of a distribution of dividends from the
         basis of assessment for that tax when a taxpayer who is entitled to a corporation tax credit has acquired shares in a capital
         company which is fully taxable from a shareholder who is not entitled to such a tax credit whereas, had the shares been acquired
         from a shareholder who was entitled to a tax credit, such a reduction in value would have reduced the acquirer’s basis of
         assessment?’
      
       The question referred for a preliminary ruling
      32      As a preliminary point, it should be noted that, according to the information provided by the German Government, non-resident
         shareholders had, in principle, only limited tax liability in Germany and did not have the right to offset corporation tax.
         Consequently, Paragraph 50c of the EStG was principally applicable to the sale of holdings in a capital company which was
         resident and, therefore, fully taxable in Germany, to a shareholder who was resident in Germany (and, therefore, had the right
         to offset tax), by a shareholder who was not resident in Germany (and therefore did not have such a right).
      
      33      Therefore, by its question, the Bundesfinanzhof is asking whether Articles 52 or 73b of the Treaty preclude legislation of
         a Member State under which the reduction in value of shares as a result of a distribution of dividends does not affect the
         basis of assessment for a resident taxpayer where that taxpayer has acquired shares in a resident capital company from a non-resident
         shareholder whereas, had those shares been acquired from a resident shareholder, such a reduction in value would have reduced
         the acquirer’s basis of assessment.
      
      34      It must be also be borne in mind that, according to settled case-law, although direct taxation is a competence of the Member
         States, they must none the less exercise it consistently with Community law (see, inter alia, Case C-446/03 Marks & Spencer [2005] ECR I-10837, paragraph 29; Case C-196/04 Cadbury Schweppes and Cadbury Schweppes Overseas [2006] ECR I-7995, paragraph 40; Case C-374/04 Test Claimants in Class IV of the ACT Group Litigation [2006] ECR I‑11673, paragraph 36; and Case C-379/05 Amurta [2007] ECR I-9569, paragraph 16). 
      
      35      Since the national court’s question refers both to Article 52 and Article 73b of the Treaty, it must first be determined whether,
         and if so to what extent, national legislation such as that at issue in the main proceedings is capable of affecting the freedoms
         guaranteed by those articles.
      
       The freedom in question in the main proceedings
      36      In that regard, it should be pointed out that, in order to determine whether national legislation falls within the scope of
         one or other of the freedoms of movement, it is clear from now well established case-law that the purpose of the legislation
         concerned must be taken into consideration (see Case C-157/05 Holböck [2007] ECR I‑4051, paragraph 22 and the case-law cited).
      
      37      It is also clear from the case-law that the Court will in principle examine the measure in dispute in relation to only one
         of those two freedoms if it appears, in the circumstances of the case, that one of them is entirely secondary in relation
         to the other and may be considered together with it (Case C-452/04 Fidium Finanz [2006] ECR I-9521, paragraph 34). 
      
      38      It must therefore be established, first, whether the acquisition, by a resident, of shares in a resident company from a non-resident
         shareholder, such as that referred to in the main proceedings, amounts to a movement of capital within the meaning of Article
         73b of the Treaty.
      
      39      In the absence of a definition in the Treaty of ‘movement of capital’, the Court has previously recognised the nomenclature
         annexed to Council Directive 88/361/EEC of 24 June 1988 for the implementation of Article 67 of the Treaty (an article repealed
         by the Treaty of Amsterdam) (OJ 1988 L 178, p. 5) as having indicative value, even though that directive was adopted on the
         basis of Articles 69 and 70(1) of the EEC Treaty (Articles 67 to 73 of the EEC Treaty were replaced by Articles 73b to 73g
         of the EC Treaty, now Articles 56 EC to 60 EC), subject to the qualification, contained in the introduction to the nomenclature,
         that the list set out therein is not exhaustive (see, in particular, Case C‑513/03 van Hilten‑van der Heijden [2006] ECR I‑1957, paragraph 39; Case C-386/04 Centro di Musicologia Walter Stauffer [2006] ECR I-8203, paragraph 22; Case C‑11/07 Eckelkamp [2008] ECR I‑0000, paragraph 38; and Case C-318/07 Persche [2009] ECR I-0000, paragraph 24).
      
      40      Movements of capital for the purposes of Article 73b(1) of the Treaty thus include in particular direct investments in the
         form of participation in an undertaking through the holding of shares which confers the possibility of participating effectively
         in its management and control (‘direct’ investments) and the acquisition of shares on the capital market solely with the intention
         of making a financial investment without any intention to influence the management and control of the undertaking (‘portfolio’
         investments) (see, to that effect, Case C‑222/97 Trummerand Mayer [1999] ECR I-1661, paragraph 21; Case C-483/99 Commission v France [2002] ECR I-4781, paragraphs 36 and 37; Case C-98/01 Commission v United Kingdom [2003] ECR I-4641, paragraphs 39 and 40; and Joined Cases C-282/04 and C-283/04 Commission v Netherlands [2006] ECR I‑9141, paragraph 19).
      
      41      The Court has also held that the resale of shares by a non-resident shareholder to the resident issuing company constitutes
         a capital movement within the meaning of Article 1 of Directive 88/361 and of the nomenclature of capital movements set out
         in Annex I to that directive (see Case C-265/04 Bouanich [2006] ECR I-923, paragraph 29).
      
      42      According to the fourth indent of the second paragraph of Annex I to Directive 88/361, the free movement of capital covers
         operations to liquidate or assign assets built up.
      
      43      Thus, the sale of holdings in resident companies by non-resident investors constitutes a capital movement within the meaning
         of Article 1 of that directive and of the nomenclature of capital movements set out in Annex I to that directive.
      
      44      Consequently, although the acquisition by a resident of shares in a resident company from a non-resident shareholder is not
         expressly mentioned, as the German Government points out, in the nomenclature of capital movements set out in Annex I to Directive
         88/361, that transaction constitutes a capital movement within the meaning of Article 1 of that directive and falls within
         the scope of the Community rules on the free movement of capital.
      
      45      With regard, second, to Article 52 of the Treaty, it is clear from the case-law of the Court that the freedom of establishment
         which that article grants to Community nationals and which includes the right for them to take up and pursue activities as
         self-employed persons and to set up and manage undertakings, under the conditions laid down for its own nationals by the law
         of the Member State where such establishment is effected, entails, for companies or firms formed in accordance with the law
         of a Member State and having their registered office, central administration or principal place of business within the European
         Community, the right to exercise their activity in the Member State concerned through a subsidiary, branch or agency (Case
         C-471/04 Keller Holding [2006] ECR I-2107, paragraph 29; Centro di Musicologia Walter Stauffer, paragraph 17; and Case C-451/05 ELISA [2007] ECR I-8251, paragraph 62).
      
      46      The concept of establishment within the meaning of the Treaty is a very broad one, implying that a Community national may
         participate, on a stable and continuous basis, in the economic life of a Member State other than his State of origin and profit
         therefrom, so contributing to economic and social interpenetration within the Community in the sphere of activities as a self-employed
         person (see, inter alia, Centro di Musicologia Walter Stauffer, paragraph 18, and ELISA, paragraph 63).  
      
      47      According to settled case-law, national provisions which apply to holdings by nationals of a Member State in the capital of
         a company established in another Member State, giving them definite influence on the company’s decisions and allowing them
         to determine its activities, come within the substantive scope of the provisions of the Treaty on freedom of establishment
         (see, inter alia, Case C‑251/98 Baars [2000] ECR I-2787, paragraph 22; Cadbury Schweppes and Cadbury Schweppes Overseas, paragraph 31; Case C-524/04 Test Claimants in the Thin Cap Group Litigation [2007] ECR I-2107, paragraph 27; and judgment of 17 July 2008 in Case C‑207/07 Commission v Spain, paragraph 60).
      
      48      According to the observations of the German Government, one of the situations envisaged for the application of the legislation
         at issue in the main proceedings is that in which a non-resident shareholder controls a number of subsidiaries established
         in Germany and sells its shares in one of them to another subsidiary controlled by it. 
      
      49      It is, however, common ground that the application of that legislation does not depend on the size of the holdings acquired
         from the non-resident shareholder and is not limited to situations in which the shareholder can exercise definite influence
         on the decisions of the company concerned and determine its activities.
      
      50      In addition, since the purpose of the legislation at issue in the main proceedings is to prevent non-resident shareholders
         from obtaining an undue tax advantage directly through the sale of shares with the sole objective of obtaining that advantage,
         and not with the objective of exercising the freedom of establishment or as a result of exercising that freedom, it must be
         held that the free movement of capital aspect of that legislation prevails over that of the freedom of establishment.
      
      51      Consequently, even if that legislation has restrictive effects on the freedom of establishment, they are the unavoidable consequence
         of any restriction on the free movement of capital and, therefore, do not justify an independent examination of that legislation
         in the light of Article 52 of the Treaty (see, to that effect, Case C‑36/02 Omega [2004] ECR I-9609, paragraph 27; Cadbury Schweppes and Cadbury Schweppes Overseas, paragraph 33; Test Claimants in the Thin Cap Group Litigation, paragraph 34; and Fidium Finanz, paragraph 48).
      
      52      It follows that the legislation at issue in the main proceedings must be examined exclusively in the light of the free movement
         of capital.
      
       The existence of a restriction on the free movement of capital
      53      As pointed out by the national court, where a resident taxpayer has acquired shares in a resident capital company from a non-resident
         shareholder, the effect of the legislation at issue in the main proceedings is that the reduction in value of those shares
         resulting from a distribution of dividends does not affect the acquirer’s basis of assessment, whereas, had such shares been
         acquired from a resident shareholder, that reduction in value would have reduced the acquirer’s basis of assessment.
      
      54      That restriction on taking into account the reduction in value of the shares resulting from the dividend distribution applies
         as from the year of their acquisition and for the next nine years, and concerns only the reductions in profits resulting from
         a distribution or from the transfer of profits pursuant to a special control agreement, and as long as the reductions in profits
         do not exceed a certain amount, known as a ‘blocked amount’.
      
      55      That blocked amount, which is equal to the difference between the acquisition price paid by the resident shareholder and the
         nominal value of the shares, thus applies to the shares acquired from a non-resident, effectively annulling the effects of
         the partial reduction in value of the shares resulting from the distribution of the profits.
      
      56      A taxpayer’s right to deduct from his taxable profits the losses relating to the partial reduction in value of the shares
         held in the company, where the reduction in value of the shares results from the distribution of the profits, undeniably constitutes
         a tax advantage. 
      
      57      The grant of that advantage to a resident taxpayer only where he acquires shares in a resident company from a resident shareholder
         makes shares held by non-residents less attractive and is, therefore, likely to dissuade the resident taxpayer from acquiring
         them.
      
      58      In addition, such a difference in treatment is also likely to dissuade non-resident investors from acquiring shares in the
         resident company and therefore to represent an obstacle to that company’s accumulation of capital from other Member States.
      
      59      It follows that legislation such as that at issue in the main proceedings constitutes a restriction on the free movement of
         capital which is prohibited, in principle, by Article 73b of the Treaty.
      
       The justification for the restriction on the free movement of capital
      60      It should however be examined whether such a restriction on the free movement of capital can be justified under the Treaty.
      
      61      According to the German Government and the Commission, the legislation at issue in the main proceedings aims to prevent a
         non-resident shareholder from obtaining, as a result of certain practices – notably those described by the Advocate General
         in point 100 of his Opinion – the same result from an economic point of view as if a tax credit had been granted to him.
      
      62      The legislation at issue in the main proceedings thus aims to maintain the coherence of the German full imputation system
         and is justified, since it follows from the judgment in Test Claimants in Class IV of the ACT Group Litigation and from Case C-284/06 Burda [2008] ECR I-4571 that the fact that a tax credit intended to prevent double economic taxation is not granted to non-resident
         shareholders who receive dividends from resident companies cannot be regarded as contrary to Community law.
      
      63      Both the German Government and the Commission contend that the grant of a tax credit, without a corresponding tax debt, to
         a non-resident shareholder who is not taxable in the Member State in which the distributing company is resident, would in
         effect oblige that Member State to forgo the taxation of some of the profits generated in its territory. The Commission adds,
         in that regard, that the payment of a tax credit to a non-resident shareholder would not be consistent with the function of
         that tax credit, which is to adjust the tax previously charged to the company to the individual rate payable by that taxpayer,
         but would result only in moving the national tax base to another Member State. 
      
      64      The applicant in the main proceedings considers, on the other hand, that the legislation at issue in the main proceedings
         cannot be justified either by the need to ensure the functioning of the imputation procedure or the need to preserve fiscal
         coherence or to ensure taxation in Germany alone. 
      
      65      It argues that the legislation does not establish any link between how the imputation system works and the penalty resulting
         from that legislation and, in addition, has the effect of increasing the trade tax payable by the resident acquirer, since
         the calculation of the profits also determines the amount of that tax, which likewise has no link with the offsetting of corporation
         tax.
      
      66      With regard to the arguments thus set out by the applicant in the main proceedings, the German Government and the Commission,
         it should be noted that, pursuant to Article 73d(1)(a) of the EC Treaty (now Article 58(1)(a) EC), the provisions of Article
         73b of the Treaty are without prejudice to Member States’ right to apply the relevant provisions of their tax law which distinguish
         between taxpayers who are not in the same situation with regard to their place of residence or with regard to the place where
         their capital is invested.
      
      67      However, Article 73d(1)(a) of the Treaty, which, as a derogation from the fundamental principle of the free movement of capital,
         must be interpreted strictly, cannot be interpreted as meaning that any tax legislation making a distinction between taxpayers
         by reference to their place of residence or the Member State in which their capital is invested is automatically compatible
         with the Treaty. The derogation in Article 73d(1)(a) of the Treaty is itself limited by Article 73d(3) of the Treaty, which
         provides that the national provisions referred to in Article 73d(1) ‘shall not constitute a means of arbitrary discrimination
         or a disguised restriction on the free movement of capital and payments as defined in Article 73b’ (see Case C-319/02 Manninen [2004] ECR I‑7477, paragraph 28; and Centro di Musicologia Walter Stauffer, paragraph 31).
      
      68      It is necessary, therefore, to distinguish between the unequal treatment permitted under Article 73d(1)(a) of the Treaty and
         the discriminatory treatment prohibited by Article 73d(3). It is clear from the case-law that for national tax legislation
         such as that at issue in the main proceedings to be regarded as compatible with the provisions of the Treaty relating to the
         free movement of capital the difference in treatment must relate to situations which are not objectively comparable or be
         justified by an overriding reason in the public interest (see Case C-35/98 Verkooijen [2000] ECR I-4071, paragraph 43; Manninen, paragraph 29; and C‑512/03 Blanckaert [2005] ECR I-7685, paragraph 42).
      
      69      The Court has already held that, as regards the application of the tax legislation of the Member State of residence of a company
         making the distribution which has a system for preventing or mitigating a series of charges to tax or economic double taxation
         for dividends paid to residents by resident companies, the situation of shareholders resident and receiving dividends in that
         Member State and of shareholders resident and receiving dividends in another Member State are not necessarily comparable (see,
         to that effect, Test Claimants in Class IV of the ACT Group Litigation, paragraphs 55 and 57).
      
      70      Where the company making the distribution and the shareholder receiving it are not resident in the same Member State, the
         Member State in which the company making the distribution is resident, that is to say the Member State in which the profits
         are derived, is not in the same position, as regards the prevention or mitigation of a series of charges to tax and of economic
         double taxation, as the Member State in which the shareholder receiving the distribution is resident (Test Claimants in Class IV of the ACT Group Litigation, paragraph 58).
      
      71      It must however be pointed out that the difference in treatment at issue in the main proceedings does not concern the situation
         of a shareholder on the basis of his residence or non-residence or, consequently, the possibility of his obtaining a tax credit
         on the basis of the tax paid by the company distributing the dividends.
      
      72      That difference in treatment concerns only resident shareholders depending on whether they acquired their shares in a resident
         company from a resident shareholder or from a non-resident shareholder.
      
      73      As pointed out by the Advocate General in point 139 of his Opinion, with regard to the losses resulting from a reduction in
         value of the shares held in a resident company, those shareholders are in a comparable situation, whether the shares are acquired
         from a resident or acquired from a non-resident. The distribution of profits reduces the value of a share, whether it was
         previously acquired from a resident or a non-resident, and in both cases that reduction in value is borne by the resident
         shareholder.
      
      74      Therefore, such a difference in treatment does not reflect an objective difference in the situations of those shareholders.
      
      75      It must also be determined whether a restriction such as that at issue in the main proceedings can be justified by the overriding
         reasons in the public interest relied upon by the German Government and by the Commission.
      
      76      The arguments put forward by the German Government and by the Commission, set out in paragraphs 61 to 63 of the present judgment,
         can be linked to the need to preserve the coherence of the German tax system, to ensure taxation of the revenue generated
         in German territory and to prevent artificial arrangements whose purpose is to circumvent German legislation.
      
      77      With regard, first, to the argument concerning the need to preserve the coherence of the German tax system, it should be recalled
         that the Court has already accepted that the need to preserve the coherence of a tax system may justify a restriction on the
         exercise of the freedoms of movement guaranteed by the Treaty (Case C-204/90 Bachmann [1992] ECR I-249, paragraph 28; Manninen, paragraph 42; and Case C-418/07 Papillon [2008] ECR I-0000, paragraph 43).
      
      78      For an argument based on such a justification to succeed, the Court requires, however, that a direct link be established between
         the tax advantage concerned and the offsetting of that advantage by a particular tax levy, with the direct nature of that
         link falling to be examined in the light of the objective pursued by the rules in question (see Papillon, paragraph 44 and the case-law cited).
      
      79      As pointed out by the German Government and the Commission, the purpose of the legislation at issue in the main proceedings
         is to prevent the possibility that, by means of an action other than the distribution of dividends, the non-resident shareholder
         may nevertheless attain the same result from an economic point of view as the obtaining of a tax credit on the corporation
         tax paid by the company in which he holds the shares.  
      
      80      It is common ground that the disadvantages resulting from the legislation at issue in the main proceedings are suffered directly
         by the resident shareholder who has acquired those shares from a non-resident. For that resident shareholder, the impossibility
         of deducting from his taxable profits the losses related to the reduction in the value of the shares held in the resident
         company, where the reduction in value of the shares results from the distribution of the profits, is not offset by any tax
         advantage. The argument that the profit made by the non-resident who has sold the shares to the resident shareholder is not
         subject to taxation in Germany is irrelevant with regard to the resident shareholder who suffers the disadvantage.
      
      81      Consequently, the direct link required by the case-law cited in paragraph 78 above is lacking in the present case and the
         legislation at issue in the main proceedings cannot be justified by the need to preserve the coherence of the full imputation
         taxation system. 
      
      82      With regard to the argument concerning the need to maintain the Federal Republic of Germany’s ability to exercise its tax
         jurisdiction in relation to activities carried out in its territory, it must be pointed out that, while it has been consistently
         held in the case-law that a reduction in tax revenue cannot be regarded as an overriding reason in the public interest which
         may be relied on to justify a measure which is, in principle, contrary to a fundamental freedom (see, inter alia, Manninen, paragraph 49 and the case-law cited), the Court has also accepted that there may be some conduct which is capable of undermining
         the Member States’ right to exercise their tax jurisdiction in relation to the activities carried out in their territory and
         thus of jeopardising a balanced allocation of the power to impose taxes between the Member States (see Marks & Spencer, paragraph 46) which can justify a restriction on the freedoms secured by the Treaty (see, to that effect, Cadbury Schweppes and Cadbury Schweppes Overseas, paragraphs 55 and 56; and Case C-347/04 Rewe Zentralfinanz [2007] ECR I-2647, paragraph 42).
      
      83      The Court has also held that to require the Member State in which the company making the distribution is resident to ensure
         that profits distributed to a non-resident shareholder are not liable to a series of charges to tax or to economic double
         taxation, either by exempting those profits from tax at the level of the company making the distribution or by granting the
         shareholder a tax advantage equal to the tax paid on those profits by the company making the distribution, would mean in point
         of fact that that State would be obliged to abandon its right to tax a profit generated by an economic activity undertaken
         on its territory (Test Claimants in Class IV of the ACT Group Litigation,  paragraph 59). 
      
      84      Transactions other than the distribution of dividends, which allow the non-resident shareholder to obtain the same result
         from an economic point of view as if he had been granted the tax credit in respect of the corporation tax paid by the company
         in which he holds the shares, could equally undermine the ability of the Member State where that company resides to exercise
         its right to tax a profit generated by an economic activity undertaken in its territory. 
      
      85      The inclusion in the sales price of those shares of an amount equal to the tax credit which the resident acquirer of the shares
         will be able to receive and the offsetting of the reduction in value of those shares, following the distribution of dividends,
         against the amount of dividends received by the acquirer of those shares, would lead, for that resident acquirer, either to
         the right to offset the tax credit against other taxes due by him or, if he has no other taxable income, to a refund of an
         amount equal to the tax credit for the tax on the profits paid by the company. 
      
      86      Since the price of the shares includes an amount equal to the tax credit, the grant of a tax credit or the refund of an amount
         equal to that tax credit to the new resident shareholder would result in indirectly granting the non-resident shareholder
         a tax credit for the tax charged to the company.
      
      87      Such consequences would not just reduce the Federal Republic of Germany’s tax revenues but would mean that, by indirectly
         granting the non-resident a financial advantage equal to the tax credit for the tax charged on the profits of a resident company,
         the profits normally taxable in that company’s Member State of residence would be transferred to the Member State with jurisdiction
         to tax the profits made by the non-resident, thus jeopardising a balanced allocation of the power to impose taxes between
         the Member States. 
      
      88      It follows that legislation such as that at issue in the main proceedings can be justified by the need to maintain a balanced
         allocation of the power to impose taxes between the Member States.
      
      89      With regard, finally, to the arguments concerning the need to prevent tax avoidance and to combat artificial arrangements
         designed to circumvent the German tax system, it must be held that a national measure restricting the free movement of capital
         can be justified where it specifically targets wholly artificial arrangements which do not reflect economic reality and whose
         only purpose is to obtain a tax advantage (see, to that effect, Cadbury Schweppes and Cadbury Schweppes Overseas, paragraphs 51 and 55; Test Claimants in the Thin Cap Group Litigation, paragraphs 72 and 74; and Case C-330/07 Jobra [2008] ECR I‑0000, paragraph 35).
      
      90      In the case in the main proceedings, as follows from the observations of the German Government, confirmed by the statement
         of reasons for the law which introduced into the German legal system the rules at issue in the main proceedings, the aim of
         the legislation is to thwart arrangements pursuant to which non-resident shareholders obtain, on the sale of those shares,
         an amount equal to the tax credit for the corporation tax paid by the resident company, by adopting practices such as those
         described in point 100 of the Advocate General’s Opinion, carried out with the sole objective of obtaining such a fiscal advantage.
      
      91      By restricting the right of the new shareholder to deduct from his taxable profits the losses resulting from the reduction
         in value of the shares concerned, to the extent that they do not exceed the ‘blocked amount’, the legislation at issue in
         the main proceedings is capable of preventing practices which have no objective other than to obtain for the non-resident
         shareholder a tax credit for the corporation tax paid by the resident company. In addition, the increase in the basis of assessment
         of the new shareholder as a result of that limitation is designed to ensure that profits which would usually be taxed in Germany
         are not transferred, as part of the profit made by the non-resident former shareholder equal to the undue tax credit, without
         being taxed in Germany. 
      
      92      Consequently, such legislation is capable of achieving the objective of maintaining a balanced allocation of the power to
         impose taxes between the Member States and of preventing wholly artificial arrangements which do not reflect economic reality
         and whose only purpose is to obtain a tax advantage.
      
      93      Nevertheless, it is necessary to establish that such legislation does not go beyond what is necessary to attain the objectives
         thus pursued.
      
      94      It is for the national court to determine whether, to the extent that the calculation of the blocked amount is based on the
         acquisition costs of the shares concerned, the consequences of the legislation at issue in the main proceedings exceed what
         is necessary to ensure that a sum equal to the tax credit is not unduly granted to the non-resident shareholder.
      
      95      That legislation applies, as the Advocate General has also stated in point 170 of his Opinion, where a resident taxpayer has
         acquired his shares in a resident company from a non-resident shareholder at a price which, for whatever reason, exceeds their
         nominal value.
      
      96      Therefore, such legislation is based on an assumption that any increase in the selling price necessarily takes account of
         the tax credit and is made solely for that reason. As stated by the Advocate General in point 172 of his Opinion, it cannot
         be excluded that the shares were sold at more than their nominal value for reasons other than in order to obtain for the shareholder
         a tax credit for the corporation tax paid by the resident company or, in any case, that the undistributed profits and the
         possibility of obtaining a tax credit relating to those shares constitute only one element of their selling price. 
      
      97      In addition, the applicant in the main proceedings has claimed before the Court that the taking into account of the blocked
         amount and the increase in the resident shareholder’s basis of assessment also have consequences for other taxes levied on
         the shareholder and, in particular, for the trade tax payable by him. It claims that those consequences go beyond what is
         necessary to attain the objectives pursued by the legislation at issue in the main proceedings. 
      
      98      It is also for the national court to establish whether the restriction on taking into account the reduction in value of the
         shares resulting from the distribution of the dividends as from the year of acquisition of those shares and during the following
         nine years does not exceed what is necessary to attain the objectives pursued by the legislation at issue in the main proceedings.
      
      99      Finally, with regard to the objective of preventing wholly artificial arrangements which do not reflect economic reality and
         whose only purpose is unduly to obtain a tax advantage, it must be pointed out, as the Advocate General stated in point 174
         of his Opinion, that in order to comply with the principle of proportionality a measure pursuing such an objective must enable
         the national court to carry out a case-by-case examination, taking into account the particular features of each case, based
         on objective elements, in order to assess the abusive or fraudulent conduct of the persons concerned.
      
      100    To the extent that the application of legislation such as that at issue in the main proceedings cannot be limited to wholly
         artificial arrangements, established on the basis of objective elements, but covers all cases in which a resident taxpayer
         has acquired shares in a resident company from a non-resident shareholder at a price which, for whatever reason, exceeds the
         nominal value of those shares, the effects of such legislation exceed what is necessary in order to attain the objective of
         preventing wholly artificial arrangements which do not reflect economic reality and whose only purpose is unduly to obtain
         a tax advantage.
      
      101    The answer to the question referred is therefore that Article 73b of the Treaty must be interpreted as not precluding legislation
         of a Member State which excludes the reduction in value of shares as a result of the distribution of dividends from the basis
         of assessment for a resident taxpayer, where that taxpayer has acquired shares in a resident capital company from a non-resident
         shareholder, whereas, had the shares been acquired from a resident shareholder, such a reduction in value would have reduced
         the acquirer’s basis of assessment.
      
      102    This applies in cases where such legislation does not exceed what is necessary to maintain a balanced allocation of the power
         to impose taxes between the Member States and to prevent wholly artificial arrangements which do not reflect economic reality
         and whose only purpose is unduly to obtain a tax advantage. It is for the national court to examine whether the legislation
         at issue in the main proceedings is limited to what is necessary in order to attain those objectives.
      
       Costs
      103    Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action pending before the national court,
         the decision on costs is a matter for that court. Costs incurred in submitting observations to the Court, other than the costs
         of those parties, are not recoverable.
      
      On those grounds, the Court (First Chamber) hereby rules:
      Article 73b of the EC Treaty (now Article 56 EC) must be interpreted as not precluding legislation of a Member State which
            excludes the reduction in value of shares as a result of the distribution of dividends from the basis of assessment for a
            resident taxpayer, where that taxpayer has acquired shares in a resident capital company from a non-resident shareholder,
            whereas, had the shares been acquired from a resident shareholder, such a reduction in value would have reduced the acquirer’s
            basis of assessment.
      This applies in cases where such legislation does not exceed what is necessary to maintain a balanced allocation of the power
            to impose taxes between the Member States and to prevent wholly artificial arrangements which do not reflect economic reality
            and whose only purpose is unduly to obtain a tax advantage. It is for the national court to examine whether the legislation
            at issue in the main proceedings is limited to what is necessary in order to attain those objectives.
      [Signatures]
      * Language of the case: German.