CELEX: 62003CC0532
Language: en
Date: 2006-09-14
Title: Opinion of Advocate General Stix-Hackl delivered on 14 September 2006. # Commission of the European Communities v Ireland. # Failure of a Member State to fulfil obligations - Public procurement - Articles 43 EC and 49 EC - Emergency ambulance services. # Case C-532/03.

OPINION OF ADVOCATE GENERAL
      STIX-HACKL
      delivered on 14 September 2006 1(1)
      
      Case C-532/03
      Commission of the European Communities
      v
      Ireland
      (Public procurement – Articles 43 EC and 49 EC – Directive 92/50/EEC – Contract in writing – Award without a contract notice (advertising) – Emergency services – Transparency – Equality – Failure to fulfil obligations)I –  Introductory remarks
      1.     This action for failure to fulfil obligations, like another such action brought in parallel, (2) relates to the question of what requirements can be inferred from primary law as regards the transparency of award procedures.
         In particular, the present case concerns the obligations that can be derived from the fundamental freedoms and general principles
         of law for awards which are not covered by the public procurement directives. Finally, the case concerns the interpretation
         and further development of the Court’s case-law in Telaustria(3) and Coname. (4)
      
      2.     While Council Directive 92/50/EEC of 18 June 1992 relating to the coordination of procedures for the award of public service
         contracts, (5) which has been replaced in the meantime by the ‘legislative package’, covers awards in respect of emergency services, which
         are the services at issue in the present case, it covers only contracts in writing. 
      
      II –  Legal context
      A –    Community law
      3.     This case involves primarily the freedom to provide services, that is to say Article 49 EC. 
      4.     Article 86 EC is also to be noted. Article 86(1) imposes obligations on Member States with regard to particular undertakings.
         Article 86(2), on the other hand, lays down obligations for particular undertakings, above all for undertakings entrusted
         with the operation of services of general economic interest. 
      
      B –    National law
      5.     Section 65(1) of the Health Act 1953 provides: 
      ‘A health board may, subject to any general directions given by the Minister and on such terms and conditions as it sees fit
         to impose, give assistance in any one or more of the following ways to any body which provides or proposes to provide a service
         similar or ancillary to a service that the health board may provide:
      
      (a) by contributing to the expenses incurred by the body,
      …’
      6.     Section 25 of the Fire Services Act 1981 provides:
      ‘A fire authority [section 9 of the Act provides that local authorities are fire authorities] may carry out or assist in any
         operations of an emergency nature, whether or not a risk of fire is involved, and a fire authority may accordingly make such
         provision for the rescue or safeguarding of persons and protection of property as it considers necessary for the purposes
         of that function.’ 
      
      III –  Facts, pre-litigation procedure and proceedings before the Court
      7.     The Commission learnt following a complaint of the manner in which emergency ambulance services were allocated in Ireland.
         Since the Commission was of the view that the award should have been advertised in accordance with Directive 92/50, it entered
         into an exchange of correspondence with Ireland. The correspondence concerned the question whether there was a contract to
         which certain advertising requirements should have applied.
      
      8.     On 28 November 2001 the Commission requested from the Irish authorities information on the relationship between Dublin City
         Council (‘DCC’) and the Eastern Regional Health Authority (‘the Authority’). Since the Commission received no reply, it initiated
         the Treaty infringement procedure under Article 226 EC. 
      
      9.     In their response of 18 June 2002, the Irish authorities stated that the services provided by DCC and paid for by the Authority
         under section 65(1)(a) of the Health Act 1953 were provided by DCC independently as ‘principal’ and not pursuant to any contract
         with, or under any control or supervision of, the Authority. Moreover, such services had been provided for decades.
      
      10.   In its letter of 9 August 2002, the Commission requested from the Irish authorities all relevant documents in order to determine
         the relationship between DCC and the Authority. 
      
      11.   The Department of Health and Children replied on 19 September 2002, attaching a number of documents. 
      12.   The Commission maintained its position that there was a breach of Community law and on 17 December 2002 sent Ireland a reasoned
         opinion under Article 226 EC. By letter of 14 February 2003, the Irish authorities sent a detailed reply to the Commission.
         The Commission was not satisfied by this reply. 
      
      13.   In its application, the Commission claims that the Court should:
      1.      declare that, in permitting emergency ambulance services to be provided by Dublin City Council without the Eastern Regional
         Health Authority undertaking any prior advertising, Ireland has failed to fulfil its obligations under the Treaty;
      
      2.      order Ireland to pay the Commission’s costs.
      14.   Ireland contends that the Court should: 
      1.      dismiss the Commission’s application;
      2.      order the Commission to pay Ireland’s costs.
      IV –  Submissions of the principal parties and the intervener
      A –    The Commission
      15.   The Commission submits that although, in the absence of a contract in writing, the basis upon which the emergency ambulance
         services are performed does not fall within the scope of Directive 92/50, certain obligations do arise from the fundamental
         freedoms, in particular Articles 43 EC and 49 EC, and from general principles of law. Those general principles undoubtedly
         include the principle of transparency and the principle of equality or non-discrimination. The Commission refers in this connection
         to the decisions in Telaustria and Vestergaard. 
      
      16.   While the Member States are free to opt for a particular procedure, they must in so doing comply with the requirements of
         Community law. An appropriate form of advertising must therefore be undertaken. The advertising to be undertaken depends on
         the nature of the service and on the class of undertakings for which the service is of interest. 
      
      17.   The Commission considers that its interpretative communication on concessions under Community law (6) constitutes a guide in this regard. 
      
      18.   It is apparent from a number of letters, in particular one written by DCC’s Finance Officer and Treasurer dated 15 January
         1999, that certain arrangements regarding the services to be performed were entered into in June 1998. This also led to a
         contract being drafted, whose categorisation under national law is immaterial for the purposes of Community law. 
      
      19.   The Commission therefore rejects Ireland’s argument that the services have not been performed for the Authority. The tasks
         discharged by the Authority indeed involve, amongst others, monitoring the performance of the services. While DCC may be under
         no obligation to provide the services, the Authority must ensure their provision. This is clear, for example, from the draft
         contract mentioned above.
      
      20.   If Ireland argues that performance – without prior advertising – of the services is founded on section 65(1)(a) of the Health
         Act, this merely means that that provision infringes Articles 43 EC and 49 EC. In the Commission’s submission, however, that
         provision merely empowers the Authority to enter into an arrangement. It does not prevent the Authority from calling for tenders.
         The nature of the service and its lack of attraction for undertakings do not mean that all advertisement can be dispensed
         with. 
      
      21.   Nor is the approach adopted rendered lawful by the fact that the Authority would not outsource the services at issue if DCC
         did not provide them. 
      
      22.   It is also not correct that the exception in Article 6 of Directive 92/50 is applicable.
      23.   Finally, the argument according to which the provision of services of general economic interest within the meaning of Article
         86(2) EC is involved must be rejected. Compliance with the obligations arising under the EC Treaty does not obstruct performance
         of the particular tasks assigned. Besides, it is unclear whether DCC or the Authority is to be regarded as the undertaking
         entrusted with operation of the services. 
      
      24.   In arguing that emergency ambulance services are provided free of charge, Ireland confuses the services drawn on by individuals
         with those provided vis-à-vis the Authority.
      
      25.   The Commission observes with regard to Ireland’s submission that DCC is not reimbursed all its costs that that is immaterial,
         and moreover disputes the truth of the submission. 
      
      26.   The Commission submits with regard to the Netherlands Government’s view that application of the fundamental freedoms requires
         a cross-border element that that is the case here. 
      
      27.   The restriction referred to by the Netherlands Government relating to the precedence accorded to harmonising provisions rests
         on a false understanding of the case-law cited. Moreover, Directive 92/50 itself requires application of the principle of
         non-discrimination, in Article 3(2).
      
      28.   The view that the requirement of transparency applies only where a voluntary tendering procedure is conducted must be rejected,
         as must the view that in the present case grounds of justification exist or the requirements of Article 86(2) EC are met.
      
      29.   The Commission stresses with regard to the appropriate degree of publicity that advertisement nationally or internationally
         is not required in all cases, and that notification given to specific firms may suffice. The carrying out of an award procedure
         as under the directives is not required.
      
      B –    Ireland
      30.   Ireland disputes the need for advertising in respect of the services at issue. 
      31.   Fundamentally the Commission is challenging the existence of an arrangement and not a new award. The provisions relied upon
         by the Commission are, however, inapplicable thereto. The alteration of existing arrangements cannot be required.
      
      32.   Nor is there a contract or contractual arrangement of any kind between DCC and the Authority. The ‘arrangement’ of June 1998
         concerns an interinstitutional arrangement between two statutory bodies and negotiations on the contribution to DCC’s costs.
         
      
      33.   DCC acts pursuant to statutory powers of its own, and in its own name. Nor is it subject to the Authority’s control. The costs
         contribution made by the Authority does not constitute consideration and does not fully cover the costs.
      
      34.   Ireland points out that the services at issue fall under Annex I B to Directive 92/50. Even if a contract had been concluded
         in writing, under Article 9 of the directive only the less stringent regime would be applicable, that is to say Articles 14
         and 16. In the contrary case the Commission would have had to propose an appropriate amendment to the directive.
      
      35.   It follows from the fact that emergency ambulance services are provided free of charge in Ireland that they are not services
         normally provided for remuneration. Articles 43 EC and 49 EC are therefore also not applicable. Nor is there any discrimination
         against foreign private undertakings. 
      
      36.   Ireland further submits that the Court’s case-law in Telaustria and Bellini(7) which is cited by the Commission is not relevant. 
      
      37.   Article 295 EC leaves the Member States free to choose the rules governing the system of property ownership. 
      38.   Finally, reference should be made to the special provisions for services of general economic interest under Articles 16 EC
         and 86(2) EC. 
      
      C –    The intervener
      39.   The Kingdom of the Netherlands, which has intervened in the proceedings in support of Ireland, notes that the principle of
         transparency does not mean that there is an obligation to apply the requirements of Directive 92/50. Furthermore, a series
         of exceptions to that principle exists. First, here there is no connecting factor with the internal market. Freedom to provide
         services is not affected. There are no grounds for examining compliance with the principle of non-discrimination. If the threshold
         under the directives is not reached, the requirement of transparency is also inapplicable. 
      
      40.   Second, the requirement of transparency also does not apply in so far as secondary Community legislation lays down corresponding
         provisions. Nor does it operate in cases in respect of which the public procurement directives lay down an exception, such
         as Articles 4 and 6 of Directive 92/50. Since the directives provide for minimum harmonisation with regard to transparency,
         the Member States are of course free to go further. 
      
      41.   Third, a Member State is required to observe the principles of the EC Treaty only where a tendering procedure is initiated.
      42.   Fourth, it must be examined whether grounds of justification exist or the requirements of Article 86(2) EC are met.
      43.   With regard to the content of the requirement of transparency, the Netherlands Government submits that it must be determined
         what the appropriate degree of publicity is. That is to be left in every award procedure to the contracting authority. In
         October 2005 the Commission put forward a draft interpretative communication, which concerns the requirement of transparency.
         It is therefore high time that the Court determined more precisely the content of that requirement.
      
      V –  Appraisal
      A –    Preliminary remarks
      44.   It must be stated with regard to the form of order sought by the Commission that the latter has applied only for a declaration
         that the provision of certain services is contrary to Community law. That, by its nature, involves conduct of the defendant
         Member State in the past and, to be more precise, at a particular time, namely upon expiry of the period set in the reasoned
         opinion. In principle, therefore, the subsequent adherence to certain conduct, including toleration, can also be the subject-matter
         of a failure to fulfil obligations under Article 226 EC.
      
      45.   The form of order sought by the Commission does not concern the equally interesting issue of whether and how a particular
         contract or concession awarder has the obligation to terminate a contract that has been concluded. For Ireland, however, this
         question arises in so far as it will be obliged under Article 228(1) EC, if the arrangement is declared unlawful, to take
         the measures necessary to comply with the judgment of the Court. (8)
      
      46.   The Commission’s action is limited to an application for a declaration that the particular activity should have been advertised.
         By this, the Commission would appear to mean a form of contract notice. 
      
      47.   This action for failure to fulfil obligations is therefore not intended to determine the form which the approach adopted in
         respect of the particular award would have taken, but only that it was in any event impermissible for there to be no contract
         notice at all. 
      
      48.   According to the Court’s case-law, ‘Article 49 EC prohibits restrictions on freedom to provide services within the European
         Community in respect of nationals of Member States who are established in a State of the Community other than that of the
         person for whom the services are intended. Furthermore, it is settled case-law that that provision requires the elimination
         of any restriction, even if it applies to national providers of services and to those of other Member States alike, when it
         is liable to prohibit or impede the activities of a provider of services established in another Member State where he lawfully
         provides similar services’. (9)
      
      49.   With regard to the legal bases whose infringement is to be examined in the present proceedings, the broad formulation of the
         form of order sought by the Commission, which complains of a failure to fulfil ‘obligations under the Treaty’, means that
         not only Articles 43 EC and 49 EC may require consideration, but also general principles of law and Article 10 EC. The latter
         provision may require consideration in the form of the requirement for equivalence and effectiveness. (10)
      
      50.   According to the Court’s case-law, (11) provisions of primary law apply if the award is not governed by any of the directives. This precondition is met with regard
         to the award at issue here because, as the parties to the dispute correctly submit, in the absence of a contract in writing
         it is not covered by Directive 92/50.
      
      51.   The process which forms the basis for this action for failure to fulfil obligations relates to a specific mechanism concerning
         the use of public funds for specific services. Ireland itself acknowledges that a certain form of arrangement exists. 
      
      52.   As the judgment in Commission v Spain demonstrates, the public procurement directives also cover cooperation agreements between the public authorities and other
         public bodies. (12) The fact that that case concerned agreements that were in writing is of no consequence for the present action since it concerns
         not compliance with a condition laid down in the directives but the application of primary law. Even less strict requirements
         than under the directives apply in the case of primary law, so far as the nature of the relations is concerned. It is in any
         event not in dispute that the present proceedings also involve two mutually distinguishable bodies.
      
      53.   Application of the freedom to provide services stands at the heart of the present proceedings. That presupposes that the subject-matter
         of the contested award constitutes ‘services’ within the meaning of Article 50 EC.
      
      54.   The view could be taken that normally ambulance services or emergency ambulance services are not paid for directly by the
         person who avails himself of the service, but that the costs are met by insurance or borne directly by the State budget. Since
         it suffices under the Court’s case-law in the very area of health care (13) if the payment for a service is made by a third party, detailed examination of the accounting system for the services at
         issue is superfluous. It is in any event not in dispute that the East Coast Area Health Board pays a ‘contribution’. There
         is accordingly no need for the purpose of the present proceedings to clarify how great its share of the actual costs is.
      
      B –    Principle: requirement of transparency
      55.   The present action for failure to fulfil obligations is concerned with the question whether the requirement of transparency
         was infringed in a specific process. 
      
      56.   As already explained in my Opinion in Coname, transparency under just the directives encompasses a whole series of aspects. (14) The present proceedings concern only particular advertising obligations relating to the allocation of particular services.
      
      57.   According to the Court’s case-law, it is necessary to ensure, ‘for the benefit of any potential tenderer, a degree of advertising
         sufficient to enable the service concession to be opened up to competition and … procedures to be reviewed’. (15) This requirement indeed applies not only to awards which fall outside Directive 92/50 because they take the form of a concession
         but also to awards which are not covered by this, or another, public procurement directive for other reasons. It may be added
         here purely for the sake of clarification that the same standard does not apply to all awards irrespective of their subject-matter
         and their value. 
      
      58.   The criterion for assessing the legality of the defendant Member State’s action is whether an appropriate degree of transparency
         was ensured.
      
      59.   It must therefore be examined whether in the specific case the lack of a call for tenders infringes that requirement. As the
         Court stated in Coname, it must be determined whether ‘the award … complies with transparency requirements which, without necessarily implying an
         obligation to hold an invitation to tender, are, in particular, such as to ensure that an undertaking located in the territory
         of [another] Member State … can have access to appropriate information regarding that concession before it is awarded, so
         that, if that undertaking had so wished, it would have been in a position to express its interest in obtaining that concession’. (16)
      
      60.   It can thus be inferred from the case-law that what is appropriate is to be determined having regard to the persons interested
         in the particular award. In this connection, account is to be taken not only of persons who are actually interested: those
         interested also include all potentially interested persons in other Member States.
      
      61.   Thus, the degree of transparency which satisfies this requirement must be chosen. The question is, however, whether that must
         necessarily be in the form of a call for tenders (tender notice).
      
      1.      Need for a call for tenders?
      62.   It must be determined first of all whether primary law requires a call for tenders in all cases. 
      63.   That view might be supported by the judgments of the First Chamber in Parking Brixen and ANAV, (17) in which the Court held that ‘the Member States must not maintain in force national legislation which permits the award of
         public service concessions without their being put out to competition [‘ohne eine Ausschreibung’, that is to say ‘without
         a call for tenders’, in the German version] since such an award infringes Article 43 EC or 49 EC or the principles of equal
         treatment, non-discrimination and transparency’.
      
      64.   However, there would appear to be an inaccuracy in the German version of those judgments. The French version in both cases,
         and similarly the Italian version in ANAV, speak of ‘mise en concurrence’ and a ‘procedura concorrenziale’ respectively. Reference is therefore deliberately not being
         made to an ‘appel d’offres’ or a ‘bando di gara’, that is to say to a tender notice for the purposes of the public procurement
         directives. 
      
      65.   Besides, the Court expressly points out in the judgment delivered by the Grand Chamber in Coname that primary law does not in all cases require advertising in the form of a call for tenders (tender notice). (18)
      
      66.   That judgment of the Court is therefore to be regarded as the leading decision and thus forms the starting point for the assessment
         below. Apart from the fact that the judgment in Coname was delivered by the Grand Chamber and that the other judgments contain linguistic inaccuracies, this also follows from a
         consideration of principle.
      
      67.   The view that an award without a tender notice (call for tenders) and the direct contacting of specific undertakings are universally
         impermissible cannot be followed if only because even the public procurement directives provide for exceptions to such an
         obligation to advertise. The Commission itself expressly points out that, for it, it is not a question of transposing the
         obligations to advertise under Directive 92/50 into primary law. If a tender notice were always required under primary law,
         contracting authorities would be subject to stricter rules outside the public procurement directives than within their field
         of application. 
      
      68.   In addition, certain exceptions to the requirement to comply with the obligations of primary law were recognised by the Court
         in Coname. Those exceptions are still to be addressed separately. 
      
      69.   It therefore remains to be stated that there can be procurement for which no call for tenders (tender notice) is required
         to be issued. 
      
      70.   In this context, it appears to me necessary to recall the view that I have already expressed in my Opinion in Coname(19) that there is no uniform set of procurement rules under primary law and that instead it is appropriate to draw distinctions
         according to the circumstances of the particular award. The present proceedings offer the Court an opportunity to provide
         the necessary clarification.
      
      2.      Differentiation according to the particular award
      71.   The starting point must therefore be the principle that the details of the requirement of transparency depend on the circumstances
         of each particular case. 
      
      72.   The following observations concern, in accordance with the subject-matter of this action for failure to fulfil obligations,
         the conditions under which advertising may be dispensed with and whether they were met in this specific case. 
      
      73.   Guidance is provided by the principle that review must be possible and the principles of proportionality and equal treatment.
         Also, regard is to be had to the objectives of all Community procurement law, such as safeguarding competition and the internal
         market, and to the ‘effet utile’ of the provisions of primary law. 
      
      74.   The content of the obligation of transparency in each case depends on various factors, such as the subject-matter – that is
         to say whether services, the supply of goods, or works are involved – and the estimated value of the contract.
      
      75.   Since the present proceedings concern services falling within Annex I B to Directive 92/50, that is to say non-priority services,
         it must be examined whether the distinction drawn in the directive between priority and non-priority services is also relevant
         to primary law. 
      
      76.   This categorisation found in the directives would appear to be based on the idea, applicable to procurement generally, that
         some awards are of greater relevance to the internal market than others, that is to say they are of interest to a wider group
         of economic operators – to be more precise, also to undertakings from other Member States. This could be a matter relevant
         particularly to application of the fundamental freedoms, given that they require a cross-border element. (20)
      
      77.   While it is true that the Community legislature made only certain categories of services, namely priority services, subject
         to the full regime under Directive 92/50, that cannot automatically be taken to mean that other services, namely non-priority
         services, are not relevant to the internal market, that is to say that they essentially could not be provided from another
         State. Even though the Community legislature retained this split when the rules were amended, that is to say in Directive
         2004/18, and used the same reasoning, (21) that does not in itself preclude as a matter of principle the application of primary law. 
      
      78.   If a presumption were to be applied that non-priority services are of no interest to tenderers from other Member States, the
         Commission would have to furnish proof in an action for failure to fulfil obligations that the award at issue nevertheless
         does potentially have transnational interest. 
      
      79.   It is true that the Commission is in principle obliged in an action for failure to fulfil obligations to prove its submissions
         with regard to both the facts and the law. This might be taken to mean that the Commission must show, by way of a market analysis,
         which economic operators have an interest in the proposed award as potential competitors; in this connection the value and
         subject-matter of the contract play a decisive role.
      
      80.   Neither the written nor the oral submissions of the Commission satisfy those requirements. On the basis of this strict standard
         for allocation of the burden of proof, the Commission’s claims would have to be rejected as unfounded.
      
      81.   However, it is not to be overlooked in this context that hitherto the Court has not applied such a strict standard in relation
         to procurement. (22) Rather, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, it would probably proceed on the basis that awards of a certain order
         of magnitude are, in the event of doubt, potentially of interest to undertakings from other Member States.
      
      82.   Thus, the principle remains in the present proceedings that as much information is to be given as potentially interested undertakings
         need to enable them to decide whether to participate in the award procedure or to submit a tender. Under no circumstances
         does primary law require the details which the models laid down in the public procurement directives prescribe for notices.
         (23)
      
      83.   It is not to be inferred from the documents in the case or the hearing that the specific features of the particular award
         are such as to warrant no advertising at all. Neither the annual value nor the subject-matter of the services supports the
         conclusion that such an omission is in conformity with Community law.
      
      84.   It must therefore now be examined whether it was possible for that omission to be founded on exceptions expressly provided
         for in primary law, or on the grounds of justification recognised by the case-law on the fundamental freedoms generally or
         relating to procurement.
      
      85.   Since in the case in point no advertising at all of the planned services took place, there is, however, no need to examine
         in detail what publication medium should have been chosen and what the minimum content of the advertising should have been.
      
      C –    Exceptions and grounds of justification
      86.   It is now to be investigated whether, because the effects of the restrictions are slight, the fundamental freedoms are not
         affected, whether the defendant Member State can rely on one of the Treaty rules providing for a general exemption of measures
         of the Member States from the application of primary law, whether one of the grounds of justification expressly provided for
         in the Treaty or a ground of justification recognised by case-law applies, and whether Article 86(2) EC is applicable. Finally
         it must be examined whether the exceptions in the directives, in particular Article 6 of Directive 92/50, are to be applied
         as such or by analogy.
      
      1.      Slight effects of the award
      87.   In Coname, the Court took up again a line of case-law, developed in the context of the free movement of goods, in accordance with which,
         ‘because of special circumstances, such as a very modest economic interest at stake, it could reasonably be maintained that
         an undertaking located in [another] Member State … would have no interest in the concession at issue and that the effects
         on the fundamental freedoms concerned should therefore be regarded as too uncertain and indirect to warrant the conclusion
         that they may have been infringed’. (24)
      
      88.   Apart from the fact that it is open to question where the limit lies as to what is ‘modest’, the award at issue, having a
         value of several million Irish punts per year, in any event does not satisfy those requirements. In 2001 the annual value
         of the services is supposed already to have amounted to more than IEP 7 000 000. This indeed exceeded by far the threshold
         value under Directive 92/50.
      
      2.      Grounds of justification expressly laid down in the Treaty
      89.   First, the Treaty rules are to be noted that provide, even if subject to certain conditions, for a general exemption of measures
         of the Member States from the application of primary law. In relation to procurement, it is above all the exemptions relating
         to security that are relevant, to be more precise Articles 296 EC and 297 EC. These exemptions cannot, however, apply in the
         case in point, in the absence of any basis therefor. 
      
      90.   In addition, the Member States can rely on the grounds of justification expressly provided for in the Treaty under Article
         46 EC in conjunction with Article 55 EC, such as public policy or public health. In the case in point it is, however, to be
         observed that the defendant Member State has not defended itself in such a way as to have proved the presence of a ground
         of justification of this kind. (25)
      
      91.   A justification relating to official authority, that is to say one based on Article 45 EC, required that certain conditions
         be met. It is settled case-law that, ‘as derogations from the fundamental rule of freedom of establishment, Articles 45 EC
         and 55 EC must be interpreted in a manner which limits their scope to what is strictly necessary for safeguarding the interests
         which those provisions allow the Member States to protect’. (26)
      
      92.   According to settled case-law, derogation under those articles must be restricted to activities which in themselves are directly
         and specifically connected with the exercise of official authority. (27)
      
      93.   Here, however, the conditions specified in the case-law in order for these expressly prescribed grounds to apply are not met.
      3.      Grounds of justification not expressly laid down in the Treaty or requirements in the general interest
      94.   Under the Court’s case-law, (28) which in principle can also be applied in relation to procurement, (29) restrictions on freedom of establishment and freedom to provide services can be justified if they satisfy certain conditions.
      
      95.   According to that case-law, the restrictions must be justified by imperative requirements in the general interest, be suitable
         for achieving the objective which they pursue and not go beyond what is necessary in order to attain it. They must in any
         event be applied without discrimination.
      
      96.   However, the defendant Member State has been unable to demonstrate that grounds of justification, or requirements in the general
         interest, recognised by the Court, for example consumer protection, justify the approach chosen.
      
      97.   Finally, reference should be made to the ground of justification, developed by the Court, of ‘objective circumstances’. (30) It is unnecessary to conduct a detailed analysis of this possibility, not explained more precisely by the Court, of justifying
         certain Member State rules, and in particular of the conditions for the ground’s application, because Ireland has made no
         relevant submissions in this regard. 
      
      4.      Article 86 EC
      98.   In the present proceedings Article 86 EC has also been discussed.
      99.   It must be pointed out with regard to the award in question that strictly speaking it involves the grant of exclusive rights,
         in the field of emergency services, to be more precise emergency ambulance services. 
      
      100. The question arises in this regard whether the very entrustment with such rights, and not just further State measures in relation
         to undertakings to which the Member States grant special or exclusive rights, is covered by Article 86(1) EC. The Court’s
         case-law yields indications that the very grant of exclusive rights – to be more precise by way of creation of a dominant
         position – also falls within Article 86(1) EC in conjunction with Article 82 EC. That does not mean, however, that the grant
         of such rights is automatically prohibited. (31) The question whether their grant, for example grant of the right enabling emergency services to be provided by DCC, is consistent
         with Community law is to be determined by means of provisions other than Article 86(1) EC. The provisions of substantive law
         pertinent in this regard include Article 86(2) EC. This provision thus acquires a relevance that extends beyond measures of
         the undertakings covered by it to State measures.
      
      101. However, the present proceedings are concerned not with the vesting of rights in the Authority but with the Authority’s actions
         in the context of the provision of essential services, to be more precise the awards made by it, namely the assignment of
         emergency services to DCC. It is in relation to the conduct of the bodies in which specific rights have been vested that Article
         86(2) EC is of legal significance. 
      
      102. So far as concerns the assignment of emergency services to DCC, it must be examined whether the Authority satisfies the conditions
         of Article 86(2) EC, that is to say whether it is an undertaking that is entrusted with the operation of services of general
         economic interest and whether the application of the provisions of primary law would have obstructed the performance, in law
         or in fact, of the tasks assigned to it. 
      
      103. It must in principle be acknowledged that, because of the lead time involved and the period to be specified for the submission
         of tenders, the carrying out of an award procedure entailing a call for tenders can in certain cases obstruct the performance
         of tasks. That would be true, for example, in the case of a utility company if interruptions or delayed commencement of the
         energy or water supply were to result. 
      
      104. In light of the Court’s case-law, it must therefore be examined to what extent a restriction on competition or even the exclusion
         of all competition from other economic operators was necessary to enable the holder of the exclusive right to perform its
         task of general interest, and in particular to have the benefit of economically acceptable conditions. (32)
      
      105. Even though it is not necessary that the survival of the undertaking itself would have been threatened had a call for tenders
         been issued, it should at least be proved that the performance, in law or in fact, of the special obligations incumbent upon
         that undertaking would have been obstructed. (33)
      
      106. The defendant Member State has not been able to demonstrate that the approach adopted was necessary to enable DCC to perform
         its task in economically acceptable conditions. 
      
      107. There is accordingly no need to examine whether DCC is in fact an undertaking to which tasks of general economic interest were assigned.
      
      108. It should, moreover, be pointed out in this context that, being a provision permitting derogation from the Treaty rules, Article
         86(2) EC must be interpreted strictly. (34) Nor, in the present proceedings, does Article 16 EC change anything.
      
      5.      Application of exceptions under the directives
      109. Finally, consideration is to be given to the application of exceptions to the duty first to publish a (contract) notice which
         are laid down in the directives. 
      
      110. It is necessary to proceed on the basis of the principle that, within the field of application of primary law, precisely the
         same rules cannot apply in respect of the award procedure as under the directives. This admittedly does not prevent many requirements,
         for example the prohibition of discrimination, from also applying outside the directives – though pursuant to another legal
         basis, for example a general principle of law.
      
      111. As has already been pointed out a number of times, (35) exceptions corresponding to those which the directives (36) lay down ought in any event to be recognised in the context of primary law. It thus cannot be ruled out that there may also
         be cases in which an award procedure may be conducted without a prior contract notice, that is to say without advertising.
         
      
      112. It must, however, be stated here with regard to this kind of exception that the defendant Member State has not relied on any
         of the exceptions laid down in Directive 92/50 for conducting a negotiated procedure without a contract notice.
      
      6.      Article 6 of Directive 92/50
      113. In the proceedings the applicability of Article 6 of Directive 92/50 was discussed a number of times. This provision removes
         public service contracts from the directive’s field of application subject to certain conditions – inter alia the service
         provider must have an exclusive right. 
      
      114. It must be pointed out, as a matter of principle, with regard to the applicability of this exception that it can have effect
         only where the award actually falls within Directive 92/50. Since it is, however, not in dispute that other conditions required
         in order for Directive 92/50 to apply are already not met, there is no need to examine whether an exclusive right exists in
         the present case. 
      
      115. In an action for failure to fulfil obligations, it is for the defendant State to put forward possible reasons why the provisions
         of Community law do not apply. In the present proceedings, the discussion has, however, been limited to Article 6 of Directive
         92/50 in the strict sense.
      
      116. The parties have not discussed in any detail whether a comparable exception exists in primary law, possibly as a ground of
         justification or ‘objective circumstance’ within the meaning of Coname, with the effect that such processes are exempt even from the application of primary law. 
      
      D –    Conclusion
      117. Overall, examination of the process complained of by the Commission has shown that there were no circumstances which would
         have allowed the services at issue to be performed without any advertising being undertaken.
      
      118. It is true that there can be procurement procedures for which advertising can be entirely dispensed with, but in the case
         in point such circumstances were simply not present or at least have not been proved.
      
      VI –  Costs
      119. Under Article 69(2) of the Rules of Procedure, the unsuccessful party is to be ordered to pay the costs if they have been
         applied for in the successful party’s pleadings. Since Ireland is unsuccessful and the Commission has applied for Ireland
         to pay its costs, Ireland should accordingly be ordered to pay those costs. Pursuant to the first subparagraph of Article
         69(4) of the Rules of Procedure, the Kingdom of the Netherlands which has intervened in the proceedings should bear its own
         costs.
      
      VII –  Conclusion
      120. In accordance with all of the foregoing, I propose that the Court should: 
      (1)      declare that, in permitting emergency ambulance services to be provided by Dublin City Council without the Eastern Regional
         Health Authority undertaking any prior advertising, although there were no circumstances which would have permitted Ireland
         to proceed in such a way, Ireland has failed to fulfil its obligations under the Treaty;
      
      (2)      order Ireland to pay the Commission’s costs;
      (3)      order the Kingdom of the Netherlands to bear its own costs.
      1 –	Original language:  German.
      
      2 –	See my Opinion, also delivered today, in Case C‑507/03 Commission v Ireland.
      
      3 –	Case C‑324/98 Telaustria and Telefonadress [2000] ECR I-10745.
      
      4 –	Case C‑231/03 [2005] ECR I‑7287. 
      
      5 –	OJ 1992 L 209, p. 1. 
      
      6 –	OJ 2000 C 121, p. 2.
      
      7 –	Joined Cases 27/86, 28/86 and 29/86 CEI and Bellini [1987] ECR 3347.
      
      8 –	Case C‑126/03 Commission v Germany [2004] ECR I‑11197, paragraph 26, and judgment of 3 March 2005 in Case C-414/03 Commission v Germany, not published in the ECR, paragraph 11.
      
      9 –	Case C‑264/03 Commission v France [2005] ECR I‑8831, paragraph 66.
      
      10 –	My Opinion in Coname (cited in footnote 4), point 81, with further references to the case-law.
      
      11 –	Coname (cited in footnote 4), paragraph 16, and Commission v France (cited in footnote 9), paragraph 32.
      
      12 –	Case C‑84/03 Commission v Spain [2005] ECR I‑139, paragraph 38 et seq.
      
      13 –	Case C-158/96 Kohll [1998] ECR I-1931; Case C-368/98 Vanbraekel and Others [2001] ECR I‑5363; Case C-157/99 Smits and Peerbooms [2001] ECR I-5473; and Case C‑385/99 Müller-Fauré and van Riet [2003] ECR I‑4509. 
      
      14 –	My Opinion in Coname (cited in footnote 4), point 88 et seq.
      
      15 –	Case C‑410/04 ANAV [2006] ECR I-0000, paragraph 21, and Case C-458/03 Parking Brixen [2005] ECR I-8612, paragraph 49. 
      
      16 –	Coname (cited in footnote 4), paragraph 21.
      
      17 –	ANAV (cited in footnote 15), paragraph 23, and Parking Brixen (cited in footnote 15), paragraph 52.
      
      18 –	Coname (cited in footnote 4), paragraph 21. That is also shown by the French version of the judgment (‘un appel d’offres’).
      
      19 –	Opinion in Coname (cited in footnote 4), point 69 et seq.
      
      20 –	See my Opinion in Coname (cited in footnote 4), point 78.
      
      21 –	Nineteenth recital in the preamble. 
      
      22 –	See the judgment of 27 October 2005 in Case C‑158/03 Commission v Spain, not published in the ECR. 
      
      23 –	See my Opinion in Coname (cited in footnote 4), point 97.
      
      24 –	Coname (cited in footnote 4), paragraph 20.
      
      25 –	Commission v France (cited in footnote 9), paragraph  69.
      
      26 –	Case 147/86 Commission v Greece [1988] ECR 1637, paragraph 7; Case C-114/97 Commission v Spain [1998] ECR I‑6717, paragraph 34; and Case C-451/03 Servizi Ausiliari Dottori Commercialisti [2006] ECR I-0000, paragraph 45.
      
      27 –	Case 2/74 Reyners [1974] ECR 631, paragraph 45; Case C-42/92 Thijssen [1993] ECR I-4047, paragraph 8; Case C-114/97 Commission v Spain (cited in footnote 26), paragraph 35; Case C‑283/99 Commission v Italy [2001] ECR I-4363, paragraph 20; and Servizi Ausiliari Dottori Commercialisti  (cited in footnote 26), paragraph 46.
      
      28 –	See Case C‑19/92 Kraus [1993] ECR I‑1663, paragraph 32; Case C‑55/94 Gebhard [1995] ECR I‑4165, paragraph 37; and Case C-243/01 Gambelli and Others [2003] ECR I‑13031, paragraphs 64 and 65.
      
      29 –	See Case C-158/03 Commission v Spain (cited in footnote 22), paragraph 35.
      
      30 –	Coname (cited in footnote 4), paragraph 23: ‘with regard to the objective circumstances that could justify such a difference in
         treatment, it must be pointed out that the fact that the Comune di Cingia de’ Botti has a 0.97% holding in the share capital
         of Padania does not, by itself, constitute one of those objective circumstances’.
      
      31 –	See, for example, Case C‑41/90 Höfner and Elser [1991] ECR I‑1979, paragraph 29; Case C‑179/90 Merci Convenzionali Porto di Genova [1991] ECR I‑5889, paragraph 16; and Joined Cases C‑271/90, C‑281/90 and C‑289/90 Spain and Others v Commission [1992] ECR I‑5833, paragraphs 35 and 36. 
      
      32 –	Case C‑320/91 Corbeau [1993] ECR I‑2533, paragraph 16, and Case C‑475/99 AmbulanzGlöckner [2001] ECR I‑8089, paragraph 57.
      
      33 –	Case C-157/94 Commission v Netherlands [1997] ECR I‑5699, paragraph 43.
      
      34 –	Commission v Netherlands (cited in footnote 33), paragraph 37.
      
      35 –	See my Opinion in Coname (cited in footnote 4), point 93, and, following that, the Opinion of Advocate General Jacobs in Case C-525/03 Commission v Italy [2005] ECR I‑9405, paragraph 47.
      
      36 –	Article 11(3) of Directive 92/50 and Article 31 of Directive 2004/18.