CELEX: 62002TJ0038
Language: en
Date: 2005-10-25 00:00:00
Title: Judgment of the Court of First Instance (Fifth Chamber) of 25 October 2005. # Groupe Danone v Commission of the European Communities. # Competition - Cartels - Fines - Guidelines on the method of setting fines - Leniency Notice. # Case T-38/02.

Case T-38/02
      Groupe Danone
      v
      Commission of the European Communities
      (Competition – Cartels – Fines – Guidelines on the method of setting fines – Leniency Notice)
      Judgment of the Court of First Instance (Fifth Chamber), 25 October 2005 
      Summary of the Judgment
      1.     Competition – Administrative procedure – Access to the file – Purpose – Observance of the rights of the defence – Scope –
            Inculpatory evidence – Exclusion of evidence that was not disclosed 
      (Art. 81(1) EC)
      2.     Competition – Administrative procedure – Access to the file – Documents not included in the investigation file – Documents
            capable of assisting the defence of the parties – Obligation of the parties to ask for them to be made available 
      3.     Competition – Administrative procedure – Observance of the rights of the defence – Statement of objections – Necessary content
            
      (Council Regulation No 17)
      4.     Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Rights of the defence – Judicial review – Unlimited jurisdiction of the Community
            judicature 
      (Art. 229 EC; Council Regulation No 17, Art. 17)
      5.     Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Criteria – Gravity of the infringements – Aggravating circumstances – Obligation
            of the Commission to adhere to its previous decision-making practice – None 
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2))
      6.     Competition – Administrative procedure – Observance of the rights of the defence – Access to the file – Scope – Inculpatory
            evidence provided orally by a third party – Obligation to make it available to the undertaking concerned, if necessary by
            creating a written document 
      7.     Competition – Fines – Amount – Whether appropriate – Judicial review – Information which may be taken into account by the
            Community judicature – Information not contained in the decision imposing the fine and not required by the duty to state reasons
            – Included 
      (Arts 229 EC, 230 EC and 253 EC; Council Regulation No 17, Art. 17)
      8.     Acts of the institutions – Statement of reasons – Obligation – Scope – Decision imposing fines – Indication of the factors
            which led the Commission to assess the gravity and the duration of the infringement – Sufficient indication
      (Art. 253 EC; Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2), second para.; Commission Communications 96/C 207/04 and 98/C 9/03)
      9.     Competition – Agreements, decisions and concerted practices – Definition of the market – Object – Determination of the effect
            on trade between Member States
      (Art. 81(1) EC)
      10.   Competition – Community rules – Infringements – Fines – Determination – Criteria – Raising of the general level of fines –
            Whether permissible – Conditions 
      (Council Regulation No 17)
      11.   Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Method of calculation laid down by the guidelines drawn up by the Commission
            – Obligation of the Commission to comply with them – Consequences – Obligation to state reasons in respect of each infringement
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2); Commission Communication 98/C 9/03)
      12.   Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Infringements classified as very serious on the basis of their nature alone
            – No requirement to determine their impact and their geographical extent 
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2); Commission Communication 98/C 9/03)
      13.   Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Criteria – Gravity of the infringements – Taking into account of the overall
            turnover of the undertaking concerned and the turnover achieved from sales of the goods in respect of which the infringement
            was committed – Limits 
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2))
      14.   Competition – Agreements, decisions and concerted practices – Participation in meetings of undertakings having an anti-competitive
            object – Evidence from which, where the undertaking concerned has not distanced itself from the decisions adopted, it may
            be concluded that it participated in the ensuing cartel – Participation allegedly under pressure – Matter not providing a
            justification for an undertaking which did not make use of the possibility of lodging a complaint with the competent authorities
            
      (Art. 81(1) EC; Council Regulation No 17, Art. 3)
      15.   Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Criteria – Gravity of infringements coupled with the taking into account of
            a deterrent effect 
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2))
      16.   Competition – Administrative procedure – Commission decision finding an infringement adopted after another Commission decision
            referring to the same undertaking – No identity of the infringements forming the subject-matter of the two decisions – Breach
            of the principle ‘ non bis in idem’ – None 
      17.   Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Criteria – Gravity of the infringements – Assessment in the light of the absolute
            value of the sales concerned – Whether permissible
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2))
      18.   Competition – Administrative procedure – Commission decision finding an infringement – Evidence which must be gathered – Degree
            of evidential value required
      (Art. 81(1) EC)
      19.   Community law – Principles – Fundamental rights – Presumption of innocence – Procedure in competition matters – Whether applicable
      20.   Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Criteria – Gravity and duration of the infringement – Infringement committed
            by several undertakings – Gravity to be assessed individually 
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2))
      21.   Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Criteria – Gravity of the infringement – Aggravating circumstances – Threat
            of reprisals by one undertaking against another 
      22.   Competition – Administrative procedure – Commission decision finding an infringement – Use as evidence of statements of other
            undertakings which participated in the infringement – Whether permissible – Conditions 
      (Arts 81 EC and 82 EC)
      23.   Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Introduction of guidelines by the Commission – Method of calculation based
            on the inherent gravity and the duration of the infringement and complying with the maximum limit based on the turnover of
            each undertaking – Whether lawful
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2); Commission Communication 98/C 9/03)
      24.   Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Criteria – Gravity of the infringements – Aggravating circumstances – Recidivism
            – Meaning 
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2); Commission Communication 98/C 9/03)
      25.   Competition – Fines – No infringement of the principle of legal certainty where a limitation period has not been laid down
            
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15; Commission Communication 98/C 9/03)
      26.   Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Criteria – Gravity of the infringements – Attenuating circumstances – Agreement
            not implemented in practice – Assessment at the level of the individual conduct of each undertaking 
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15)
      27.   Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Criteria – Gravity of the infringements – Attenuating circumstances – Absence
            of measures to monitor the implementation of the cartel – Not included 
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2))
      28.   Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Criteria – Gravity of the infringements – Attenuating circumstances – Financial
            situation of the undertaking concerned – Not included 
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2))
      29.   Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Non-imposition or reduction of the fine in return for the cooperation of the
            undertaking concerned – Need for conduct which assisted the Commission to ascertain the infringement – Information concerning
            acts which could not give rise to fines under Regulation No 17 – Not to be taken into account
      (Council Regulation No 17, Arts 11(4), (5), and 15; Commission Communication 96/C 207/04)
      30.   Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Criteria – Attitude of the undertaking during the administrative procedure
            – Appraisal of the extent of the cooperation shown by each of the undertakings participating in the cartel – Respect for the
            principle of equal treatment – Different degrees of cooperation justifying different treatment 
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2); Commission Communication 96/C 207/04)
      31.   Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Non-imposition or reduction of the fine in return for the cooperation of the
            undertaking concerned – Reduction for not disputing the facts – Conditions 
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2); Commission Communication 96/C 207/04, Section D 2)
      1.     The right of access to the file in competition cases is intended, in particular, to enable the addressees of statements of
         objections to acquaint themselves with the evidence in the Commission’s file so that, on the basis of that evidence, they
         can express their views effectively on the conclusions reached by the Commission in its statement of objections. Access to
         the file is thus one of the procedural safeguards intended to protect the rights of the defence and to ensure, in particular,
         that the right to be heard can be exercised effectively. 
      
      The Commission is thus under a duty to make available to the undertakings involved in proceedings under Article 81(1) EC all
         documents, whether in their favour or otherwise, which it has obtained during the course of the investigation, save where
         the business secrets of other undertakings, the internal documents of the institution or other confidential information are
         involved
      
      If the Commission is found to have relied in the contested decision on inculpatory documents that were not in the investigation
         file and were not disclosed to the applicant, those documents should be excluded as evidence.
      
      (see paras 33-35, 65)
      2.     In the administrative procedure in competition matters, where documents which might have contained exculpatory evidence are
         contained in the Commission’s investigation file, any finding of an infringement of the rights of the defence is unconnected
         with the manner in which the undertaking concerned conducted itself during the administrative procedure and with the question
         whether that undertaking was obliged to ask the Commission for access to its file or have it send particular documents to
         it.
      
      By contrast, where documents which might have contained exculpatory evidence are not in the Commission’s investigation file,
         the undertaking concerned must expressly ask the institution for access to those documents, and failure to do so during the
         administrative procedure will mean that its right in that respect is barred in any action for annulment which may be brought
         against the final decision.
      
      (see paras 36-37, 42, 79)
      3.     Where the Commission expressly states in its statement of objections that it will consider whether it is appropriate to impose
         fines on the undertakings concerned and it also indicates the main factual and legal criteria capable of giving rise to the
         imposition of a fine, such as the gravity and the duration of the alleged infringement and whether that infringement was committed
         intentionally or negligently, it fulfils its obligation to respect the undertakings’ right to be heard. In doing so, it provides
         them with the necessary means to defend themselves not only against the finding of an infringement but also against the imposition
         of fines.
      
      (see para. 50)
      4.     So far as the setting of the amount of the fines imposed for infringement of the competition rules is concerned, the rights
         of defence of the undertakings in question are guaranteed before the Commission by virtue of the fact that they have the opportunity
         to make submissions on the duration, the gravity and the foreseeability of the anti-competitive nature of the infringement.
         Moreover, undertakings have an additional guarantee, as regards the setting of the amount of the fine, in that the Court of
         First Instance has, pursuant to Article 17 of Regulation No 17, unlimited jurisdiction within the meaning of Article 229 EC
         in proceedings brought against decisions in which the Commission has fixed the amount of a fine and may, accordingly, cancel,
         reduce or increase the fine imposed. In the exercise of its unlimited jurisdiction, the Court must consider whether the amount
         of the fine imposed is proportionate to the gravity and duration of the infringement and must weigh the seriousness of the
         infringement with the circumstances invoked by the undertaking.
      
       (see paras 51, 136)
      5.     The mere fact that the Commission has found in its previous decisions that certain factors did not constitute an aggravating
         circumstance for the purpose of determining the amount of the fine does not mean that it is obliged to do so also in a subsequent
         decision. Moreover, the opportunity afforded to an undertaking in another case to make known its views on the intention to
         make a finding of repeated infringement on its part does not mean that the Commission is obliged to do the same in all cases,
         or that, where such an opportunity is not afforded, the undertaking concerned is prevented from fully exercising its right
         to be heard.
      
      (see paras 57, 153, 395)
      6.     There is no general duty on the part of the Commission to draw up minutes of discussions which it has had, in the course of
         the application of the Treaty’s competition rules, with some only of the participants in an infringement in meetings held
         with them.
      
      However, the absence of such an obligation does not mean that the Commission is relieved of the obligations incumbent on it
         as regards access to the file. The practice of using information provided orally by third parties cannot be permitted to infringe
         the rights of the defence. Thus, if the Commission intends to use in its decision inculpatory evidence provided orally by
         another party it must make it available to the undertaking concerned so as to enable the latter to comment effectively on
         the conclusions reached by the Commission on the basis of that evidence. Where necessary, it must create a written document
         to be placed in the file.
      
      (see paras 66-67)
      7.     The Court of First Instance has jurisdiction in two respects over actions contesting Commission decisions imposing fines on
         undertakings for infringement of the competition rules. First, under Article 230 EC, it has the task of reviewing their legality.
         In that context, it must in particular review compliance with the duty to state reasons laid down in Article 253 EC, infringement
         of which renders a decision liable to annulment. Secondly, the Court has power to assess, in the exercise of the unlimited
         jurisdiction accorded to it by Article 229 EC and Article 17 of Regulation No 17, the appropriateness of the amounts of fines.
         That assessment may justify the production and taking into account of additional information which the duty to state reasons
         laid down under Article 253 EC does not as such require to be set out in the contested decision. 
      
       (see para. 95)
      8.     The scope of the duty to state reasons as it applies to the setting of a fine imposed for infringement of the Community competition
         rules falls to be fixed having regard to the terms of the second subparagraph of Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17, which
         states that ‘in fixing the amount of the fine, regard shall be had both to the gravity and the duration of the infringement’.
         The essential procedural requirement to state reasons is satisfied where the Commission indicates in its decision the factors
         which enabled it to determine the gravity of the infringement and its duration. Furthermore, the Guidelines on the method
         of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 and Article 65(5) of the ECSC Treaty, and the Notice
         on cooperation in cartel cases, indicate what factors the Commission is to take into consideration in measuring the gravity
         and duration of an infringement. That being so, the essential procedural requirement to state reasons is satisfied where the
         Commission indicates in its decision the factors which it took into account in accordance with the Guidelines and, where appropriate,
         the Leniency Notice and which enabled it to determine the gravity of the infringement and its duration for the purpose of
         calculating the amount of the fine.
      
      (see para. 97)
      9.     For the purposes of applying Article 81(1) EC, the reason for defining the relevant market is to determine whether an agreement
         is liable to affect trade between Member States and has as its object or effect the prevention, restriction or distortion
         of competition within the common market. Consequently, there is an obligation on the Commission to define the market in a
         decision applying Article 81(1) EC only where it is impossible, without such a definition, to determine whether the agreement,
         decision by an association of undertakings or concerted practice at issue is liable to affect trade between Member States
         and has as its object or effect the prevention, restriction or distortion of competition within the common market.
      
      (see para. 99)
      10.   In the context of Regulation No 17, the Commission possesses a wide margin of discretion when setting fines, in order that
         it may direct the conduct of undertakings towards compliance with the competition rules.
      
      The fact that in the past the Commission applied fines of a certain level to certain types of infringement does not mean that
         it is estopped from raising that level, within the limits set out in Regulation No 17, if that is necessary in order to ensure
         the implementation of Community competition policy. On the contrary, the proper application of the Community competition rules
         requires that the Commission may at any time adjust the level of fines to the needs of that policy.
      
      (see paras 134-135, 154, 395, 407, 415)
      11.   Given that the Commission has adopted the Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 15(2) of Regulation
         No 17 and Article 65(5) of the ECSC Treaty, which are consistent with the Treaty and are designed to specify the criteria
         which it intends to apply in the exercise of its discretion, it has limited that discretion in that it must comply with the
         guidelines which it has imposed upon itself. In determining the gravity of infringements once guidelines are adopted, the
         Commission is thus obliged to take into account, amongst other factors, the matters referred to in those guidelines, save
         where it specifically sets out the reasons justifying, should the case arise, its departure from them in a specific area.
      
      (see para. 138)
      12.   The Commission indicated in the Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 15(2) of Regulation
         No 17 and Article 65(5) of the ECSC Treaty that horizontal restrictions such as price cartels and market-sharing quotas or
         other practices which jeopardise the proper functioning of the single market will more often than not be classified as very
         serious infringements. It follows from that indicative description that agreements or concerted practices involving in particular
         price-fixing and customer-sharing may be classified in that way on the basis of their nature alone, without it being necessary
         for such conduct to have a particular impact or cover a particular geographic area. That conclusion is supported by the fact
         that, while the indicative description of the types of infringement liable to be considered as serious mentions that they
         comprise infringements of the same type as those defined as minor ‘but more rigorously applied, with a wider market impact,
         and with effects in extensive areas of the common market’, the description of very serious infringements makes, by contrast,
         no mention of a requirement that there be an impact or that there be effects in a particular geographic area.
      
       (see paras 150-151)
      13.   The criteria for assessing the gravity of an infringement may, depending on the circumstances, include the volume and value
         of the goods in respect of which the infringement was committed, the size and economic power of the undertaking and, consequently,
         the influence which it was able to exert on the market. It follows that, on the one hand, it is permissible, for the purpose
         of fixing a fine, to have regard both to the overall turnover of the undertaking, which gives an indication, albeit approximate
         and imperfect, of the size of the undertaking and of its economic power, and to the proportion of that turnover accounted
         for by the goods in respect of which the infringement was committed, which gives an indication of the scale of the infringement.
         On the other hand, it is important not to confer on one or other of those figures an importance which is disproportionate
         in relation to other factors and the fixing of an appropriate fine cannot be the result of a simple calculation based on overall
         turnover.
      
      (see paras 158, 367)
      14.   Once it has been established that an undertaking has taken part in meetings between undertakings having a manifestly anti-competitive
         nature, it is for that undertaking to put forward evidence to establish that its participation in those meetings was without
         any anti-competitive intention by demonstrating that it had indicated to its competitors that it was participating in those
         meetings in a spirit that was different from theirs. Failing such evidence of distancing, it may be concluded from participation
         in those meetings that the undertaking is participating in the cartel which results from them, even if it does not actively
         do so. In addition, the fact that an undertaking does not abide by the outcome of those meetings is not such as to relieve
         it of full responsibility for the fact that it participated in the cartel. Lastly, an undertaking which has participated in
         such meetings cannot rely on the fact that it did so under pressure from other participants which may have had greater economic
         power. It could have complained to the competent authorities about the pressure brought to bear on it and lodged a complaint
         with the Commission under Article 3 of Regulation No 17 rather than participating in the activities in question.
      
      (see paras 164, 245, 423)
      15.   The taking into account of the deterrent effect of fines imposed for infringements of the competition rules forms an integral
         part of the weighting of fines to reflect the gravity of the infringement, since the purpose of doing so is to ensure that
         a calculation method does not lead to fines which, for certain undertakings, would not be sufficiently high to ensure that
         the fine had a sufficiently deterrent effect.
      
      (see para. 170)
      16.   The principle non bis in idem, enshrined also in Article 4 of Protocol No 7 to the European Convention on Human Rights, is a general principle of Community
         law which will be upheld by the Community judicature.
      
      In the field of Community competition law, that principle prohibits an undertaking being punished or having proceedings brought
         against it by the Commission on a second occasion in relation to anti-competitive conduct in respect of which a penalty has
         been imposed on it or for which it has been declared not to be liable by an earlier decision of the Commission which is no
         longer capable of being appealed against. The application of the principle non bis in idem  is subject to the threefold condition of identity of the facts, unity of offender and unity of the legal interest protected.
      
      (see paras 184-185)
      17.   The gravity of an infringement of the competition rules does not depend only on its geographic extent and on the proportion
         which the sales covered by the infringement bears to sales made in the whole of the European Union. Irrespective of those
         criteria, the absolute value of the sales in question is also a relevant indication of the gravity of the infringement, since
         it is an accurate reflection of the economic importance of the transactions which the infringement seeks to remove from the
         normal interplay of competition.
      
      (see para. 191)
      18.   As regards proof of an infringement of Article 81(1) EC, the Commission must prove the infringements which it has found and
         adduce evidence capable of demonstrating to the requisite legal standard the existence of circumstances constituting an infringement.
         Any doubt in the mind of the Court must operate to the advantage of the undertaking to which the decision finding an infringement
         was addressed. The Court cannot therefore conclude that the Commission has established the infringement at issue to the requisite
         legal standard if it still entertains any doubts on that point, in particular in proceedings for annulment of a decision imposing
         a fine.
      
      It is necessary for the Commission to produce sufficiently precise and consistent evidence to support the firm conviction
         that the alleged infringement took place.
      
      However, it is important to emphasise that it is not necessary for every item of evidence produced by the Commission to satisfy
         those criteria in relation to every aspect of the infringement. It is sufficient if the body of evidence relied on by the
         institution, viewed as a whole, meets that requirement.
      
      (see paras 215, 217-218)
      19.   The principle of the presumption of innocence resulting in particular from Article 6(2) of the European Convention on Human
         Rights is one of the fundamental rights which, according to the settled case-law of the Court of Justice, reaffirmed in the
         Preamble to the Single European Act, by Article 6(2) of the Treaty on European Union and by Article 47 of the Charter of Fundamental
         Rights of the European Union, are protected in the Community legal order. Given the nature of the infringements in question
         and the nature and degree of severity of the ensuing penalties, the principle of the presumption of innocence applies in particular
         to the procedures relating to infringements of the competition rules applicable to undertakings that may result in the imposition
         of fines or periodic penalty payments.
      
      (see para. 216)
      20.   Where an infringement has been committed by several undertakings, it is appropriate, when setting the amount of the fines,
         to consider the relative gravity of the participation of each of them, which implies in particular that the roles played by
         each of them in the infringement for the duration of their participation in it should be established.
      
      That conclusion follows logically from the principle that penalties must fit the offence, according to which an undertaking
         may be penalised only for acts imputed to it individually. That principle applies in any administrative procedure that may
         lead to the imposition of sanctions under Community competition law.
      
      (see paras 277-278)
      21.   The fact that an undertaking which is a member of a cartel forces another member of that cartel to extend its scope by threatening
         that member with reprisals if it does not cooperate may represent an aggravating circumstance. Such conduct has the direct
         effect of aggravating the damage caused by the cartel and an undertaking which conducts itself in that way must bear a special
         responsibility.
      
      (see para. 281)
      22.   There is no provision or any general principle of Community law which prevents the Commission from relying, as against an
         undertaking, on statements made by other accused undertakings. If that were not the case, the burden of proving conduct contrary
         to Article 81 EC and Article 82 EC, which is borne by the Commission, would be unsustainable and incompatible with the task
         of supervising the proper application of those provisions which is entrusted to it by the EC Treaty. However, an admission
         by one undertaking accused of having participated in a cartel, the accuracy of which is contested by several other undertakings
         similarly accused, cannot be regarded as constituting adequate proof of an infringement committed by the latter unless it
         is supported by other evidence. Where the cartel comprises only two parties, it is sufficient for one of them to challenge
         the material contained in the statement of the other for other evidence to be required in support of it. That applies particularly
         to a statement which seeks to attenuate the responsibility of the undertaking in whose name it was made by emphasising the
         responsibility of another undertaking.
      
      Furthermore, as regards a document which establishes that a threat was made by one undertaking to another and the probative
         value of which is contested by the former, it is necessary, in order to assess the probative value of such a document, to
         have regard first and foremost to the credibility of the account it contains. Regard should be had in particular to the person
         from whom the document originates, the circumstances in which it came into being, the person to whom it was addressed and
         whether, on its face, the document appears sound and reliable.
      
      (see paras 285-286)
      23.   Under the method laid down in the Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 15(2) of Regulation
         No 17 and Article 65(5) of the ECSC Treaty, fines continue to be set according to the two criteria referred to in Article
         15(2) of Regulation No 17, namely the gravity of the infringement and its duration, and the maximum percentage of turnover
         of each undertaking as laid down in that provision is observed.
      
      Consequently, the Guidelines cannot be regarded as going beyond the legal framework relating to penalties set out in that
         provision.
      
      (see paras 343-344)
      24.   In assessing the seriousness of an infringement for the purpose of setting the fine, the Commission must take into consideration
         not only the particular circumstances of the case but also the context in which the infringement occurred and must ensure
         that its action has the necessary deterrent effect, especially as regards those types of infringement which are particularly
         harmful to the attainment of the objectives of the Community.
      
      In that respect, the analysis of the gravity of the infringement must take account of any repeated infringements. In the context
         of deterrence, repeated infringements are a matter which justifies a significant increase in the basic amount of the fine.
         It is evidence that the sanction previously imposed was not sufficiently deterrent.
      
      Furthermore, although repeated infringement relates to a characteristic specific to the perpetrator of the infringement, namely
         its propensity to commit such infringements, it is precisely, for that very reason, a very significant indication of the gravity
         of the conduct in question and, accordingly, of the need to increase the level of the penalty in order to achieve effective
         deterrence.
      
      The concept of repeated infringement, as understood in certain national legal systems, implies that a person has committed
         new infringements after having been penalised for similar infringements.
      
      However, bearing in mind the objective it pursues, the concept of repeated infringement does not necessarily imply that a
         fine has been imposed in the past, but merely that a finding of infringement has been made in the past. Repeated infringement
         is taken into account, for a particular infringement, so that a more severe penalty may be imposed on the undertaking responsible
         for the relevant facts when it transpires that a previous finding of infringement on its part has not been sufficient to prevent
         the repetition of unlawful conduct. It is not the previous imposition of a fine that determines that conduct constitutes repeated
         infringement, which is determinative of recidivism, but the fact that a previous finding of infringement has been made against
         the person concerned.
      
      (see paras 347-349, 362-363)
      25.   A limitation period can fulfil its function of ensuring legal certainty, and its infringement can constitute a breach of the
         principle of legal certainty, only if the period has been fixed in advance. Such a period is not specified, as regards a finding
         that an undertaking has committed repeated offences, under either Article 15 of Regulation No 17, which constitutes the legal
         framework for the penalties which may be imposed by the Commission for an infringement of the Community competition rules,
         or by the Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 and Article 65(5)
         of the ECSC Treaty.
      
      (see paras 352-353)
      26.   The attenuating circumstances referred to in Section 3 of the Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to
         Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 and Article 65(5) of the ECSC Treaty are based on the individual conduct of each undertaking.
      
      It follows that in order to assess any attenuating circumstances, including that relating to the non-implementation of agreements,
         it is necessary to take into account not the effects arising from the infringement as a whole, which must be taken into consideration
         in assessing the actual impact of an infringement on the market for the purposes of determining its gravity (first paragraph
         of Section 1.A of the Guidelines), but the individual conduct of each undertaking, for the purposes of examining the relative
         gravity of the participation of each undertaking in the infringement.
      
      (see paras 383-384)
      27.   The absence of measures to monitor the implementation of a cartel does not, of itself, constitute a mitigating factor.
      (see para. 393)
      28.   The Commission is not required, when determining the amount of the fine for infringement of the Community competition rules,
         to take account of an undertaking’s financial losses, since recognition of such an obligation would have the effect of conferring
         an unfair competitive advantage on the undertakings least well adapted to the conditions of the market.
      
      (see para. 413)
      29.   A reduction of the fine on grounds of cooperation during the administrative procedure is justified only if the conduct of
         the undertaking concerned enabled the Commission to ascertain the infringement more easily and, if appropriate, to put an
         end to it.
      
      In that regard, the cooperation of an undertaking in the investigation gives no entitlement to a reduction in a fine when
         that cooperation did not go further than that which it was required to provide under Article 11(4) and (5) of Regulation No
         17. By contrast, where the undertaking provides information in response to a request for information under Article 11 of Regulation
         No 17 which is well in excess of that which the Commission may require it to provide under that article, the undertaking concerned
         may benefit from a reduction in the fine.
      
      Similarly, where, in the course of the Commission’s investigation of a cartel, an undertaking makes available to it information
         concerning acts for which it could not in any event have been required to pay a fine under Regulation No 17, that does not
         amount to cooperation falling within the scope of the Notice on cooperation in cartel cases or, a fortiori, Section D thereof.
      
      (see paras 449, 451-452, 471)
      30.   In appraising the cooperation shown by undertakings during the administrative procedure initiated in respect of a prohibited
         cartel, the Commission is not entitled to disregard the principle of equal treatment, a general principle of Community law
         which is infringed only where comparable situations are treated differently or different situations are treated in the same
         way, unless such difference of treatment is objectively justified.
      
      In that regard, the appraisal of the extent of the cooperation shown by undertakings cannot depend on purely random factors.
         A difference in the treatment of the undertakings concerned must therefore be capable of being ascribed to differences in
         the degree of cooperation provided, particularly where different information was provided or that information was supplied
         at different stages in the administrative procedure or in dissimilar circumstances.
      
      It is also the case that where an undertaking providing cooperation does no more than confirm, in a less precise and explicit
         manner, certain information already provided by another undertaking by way of cooperation, the extent of the cooperation provided
         by the former undertaking, while possibly of some benefit to the Commission, cannot be treated as comparable to that provided
         by the undertaking which was the first to supply that information. A statement which merely corroborates to a certain degree
         a statement which the Commission already had at its disposal does not facilitate the Commission’s task significantly and therefore
         sufficiently to justify a reduction in the fine for cooperation.
      
      (see paras 453-455)
      31.   If it is to benefit from a reduction of the fine by reason of the absence of a challenge to the facts, pursuant to the second
         indent of Section D.2 of the Notice, on cooperation in cartel cases, an undertaking must expressly inform the Commission that
         it has no intention of substantially contesting the facts, after perusing the statement of objections.
      
      However, it is not sufficient for an undertaking to state in general terms that it does not contest the facts alleged for
         the purposes of the Leniency Notice if, in the circumstances of the case, that statement is not of any help to the Commission
         at all. In order for an undertaking to benefit from a reduction of the fine for its cooperation during the administrative
         procedure, its conduct must facilitate the Commission’s task of identifying and penalising infringements of the Community
         competition rules.
      
      (see paras 504-505)
      
JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE (Fifth Chamber)
      25 October 2005(*)
      
      (Competition – Cartels – Fines – Guidelines on the method of setting fines – Leniency Notice)
      In Case T‑38/02,
      Groupe Danone, established in Paris (France), represented by A. Winckler and M. Waha, lawyers, 
      
      applicant,
      v
      Commission of the European Communities, represented by A. Bouquet and W. Wils, acting as Agents, with an address for service in Luxembourg,
      
      defendant,
      APPLICATION for annulment of Commission Decision 2003/569/EC of 5 December 2001 relating to a proceeding under Article 81
         of the EC Treaty (Case IV/37.614/F3 PO/Interbrew and Alken-Maes) (OJ 2003 L 200, p. 1), and, in the alternative, for a reduction
         in the fine imposed on the applicant by Article 2 of that decision,
      
      THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCEOF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES (Fifth Chamber),
      
      composed of M. Vilaras, President, E. Martins Ribeiro and K. Jürimäe, Judges,
      Registrar: J. Plingers, Administrator,
      having regard to the written procedure and further to the hearing on 8 December 2004,
      gives the following
      Judgment
       Legal framework
      1       Article 15(2) of Council Regulation No 17 of 6 February 1962, First Regulation implementing Articles [81 EC] and [82 EC] (OJ, English
         Special Edition 1959-62, p. 87), provides:
      
      ‘The Commission may by decision impose on undertakings or associations of undertakings fines of from [EUR] 1 000 to [EUR] 1 000 000,
         or a sum in excess thereof but not exceeding 10% of the turnover in the preceding business year of each of the undertakings
         participating in the infringement where, either intentionally or negligently: 
      
      a)      they infringe Article [81](1) or Article [82] of the Treaty; or 
      b)      they commit a breach of any of the obligations imposed pursuant to Article 8(1) [of the regulation].
      In fixing the amount of the fine, regard shall be had both to the gravity and to the duration of the infringement.’
      2       The Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 and Article 65(5) of the
         ECSC Treaty (OJ 1998 C 9, p. 3) (‘the Guidelines’) lay down a method for determining the amount of such fines, ‘which start[s]
         from a basic amount that will be increased to take account of aggravating circumstances or reduced to take account of attenuating
         circumstances’ (second introductory paragraph of the Guidelines). According to the Guidelines, ‘the basic amount will be determined
         according to the gravity and duration of the infringement, which are the only criteria referred to in Article 15(2) of Regulation
         No 17’ (Section 1 of the Guidelines).
      
      3       The Commission Notice on the non-imposition or reduction of fines in cartel cases (OJ 1996 C 207, p. 4) (‘the Leniency Notice’)
         ‘sets out the conditions under which [undertakings] cooperating with the Commission during its investigation into a cartel
         may be exempted from fines, or may be granted reductions in the fine which would otherwise have been imposed upon them’ (Section
         A.3 of the notice). 
      
      4       Section D of the Leniency Notice is worded as follows:
      ‘D. Significant reduction in a fine
      1.       Where an [undertaking] cooperates without having met all the conditions set out in Sections B or C, it will benefit from a
         reduction of 10% to 50% of the fine that would have been imposed if it had not cooperated.
      
      2.       Such cases may include the following:
      –       before a statement of objections is sent, an [undertaking] provides the Commission with information, documents or other evidence
         which materially contribute to establishing the existence of the infringement;
      
      –       after receiving a statement of objections, an [undertaking] informs the Commission that it does not substantially contest
         the facts on which the Commission bases its allegations.’
      
       Facts
      5       At the time when the facts took place, Interbrew NV (‘Interbrew’) and Brouwerijen Alken-Maes NV (‘Alken-Maes’) were the largest
         and the second-largest suppliers on the Belgian beer market. Alken-Maes was a subsidiary of Group Danone SA (‘the applicant’),
         which also operated on the French beer market through another subsidiary, Brasseries Kronenbourg SA (‘Kronenbourg’). In 2000,
         the applicant ceased its activities on the beer market.
      
      6       In 1999, the Commission initiated an investigation under Case IV/37.614/F3 into possible infringements of the Community competition
         rules in the Belgian brewing sector. 
      
      7       On 29 September 2000, in the context of that investigation, the Commission initiated the procedure and adopted a statement
         of objections against the applicant and also Interbrew, Alken-Maes, NV Brouwerij Haacht (‘Haacht’) and NV Brouwerij Martens
         (‘Martens’). The procedure initiated against the applicant and the statement of objections addressed to it related solely
         to its alleged involvement in the cartel referred to as ‘Interbrew/Alken-Maes’ concerning the Belgian beer market.
      
      8       On 5 December 2001, the Commission adopted Decision 2003/569/EC relating to a proceeding under Article 81 of the EC Treaty
         (Case IV/37.614/F3 PO/Interbrew and Alken-Maes) (OJ 2003 L 200, p. 1), addressed to the applicant and also to Interbrew, Alken-Maes,
         Haacht and Martens (‘the contested decision’).
      
      9       The contested decision finds two separate infringements of the competition rules, namely, first, a complex set of agreements
         and/or concerted practices in respect of beer sold in Belgium (‘the Interbrew/Alken-Maes Cartel’) and, secondly, concerted
         practices in respect of private-label beer. The contested decision finds that Interbrew and Alken-Maes participated in the
         first infringement, while Interbrew, Alken-Maes, Haacht and Martens participated in the second.
      
      10     Although the applicant was, at the material time, the parent company of Alken-Maes, the contested decision makes only one
         finding of infringement on its part. In the light of its active involvement in the Interbrew/Alken-Maes Cartel, the applicant
         was held responsible both for its own involvement in the cartel and for that of Alken-Maes. By contrast, the Commission considered
         that there was no reason to attribute responsibility to the applicant for the participation of its subsidiary in the concerted
         practice relating to private-label beer, since the applicant was not itself involved in that cartel.
      
      11     The infringement found to have been committed by the applicant consists in its participation, both directly and through its
         subsidiary Alken-Maes, in a complex set of agreements and/or concerted practices relating to a general non-aggression pact,
         prices and promotions in the off-trade, customer sharing in the on-trade, including ‘national’ customers, the restriction
         of investment and advertising in the on-trade, a new pricing structure for the on-trade and the off-trade, and the exchange
         of information about sales in both the on-trade and the off‑trade.
      
      12     The contested decision finds that the infringement took place over the period from 28 January 1993 to 28 January 1998.
      13     Being of the view that a series of factors enabled it to conclude that the infringement had ceased, the Commission did not
         deem it necessary to require the undertakings concerned to bring the infringement to an end pursuant to Article 3 of Regulation
         No 17.
      
      14     However, the Commission considered it appropriate, pursuant to Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17, to impose a fine on Interbrew
         and the applicant for their participation in the Interbrew/Alken-Maes Cartel.
      
      15     In that regard, the Commission held in the contested decision that all the participants in the Interbrew/Alken-Maes Cartel
         had committed the infringement intentionally.
      
      16     For the purpose of setting the fines to be imposed, the Commission applied in the contested decision the method laid down
         in the Guidelines and the Leniency Notice decision.
      
      17     The operative part of the contested decision is worded as follows:
      ‘Article 1
      [Interbrew], [Alken-Maes] and [the applicant] have infringed Article 81(1) [EC] by taking part in a complex set of agreements
         and/or concerted practices relating to a general non-aggression pact, prices and promotions in the off-trade, customer sharing
         in the on-trade (both the “traditional” sector and national customers), the restriction of investment and advertising in the
         on-trade, a new pricing structure for the on-trade and the off-trade, and the exchange of information about sales in both
         the on-trade and the off‑trade during the period from 28 January 1993 to 28 January 1998. 
      
      Article 2
      The following fines are hereby imposed on [Interbrew] and [the applicant] in respect of the infringements found in Article
         1:
      
      a)      on [Interbrew]: a fine of EUR 45.675 million;
      b)      on [the applicant]: a fine of EUR 44.043 million.
      …’
       Procedure and forms of order sought 
      18     By application lodged at the Registry of the Court of First Instance on 22 February 2002, the applicant brought the present
         action.
      
      19     Upon hearing the report of the Judge-Rapporteur, the Court of First Instance (Fifth Chamber) decided to open the oral procedure.
         Pursuant to Article 64 of its Rules of Procedure, the Court requested the parties to produce certain documents and to answer
         a number of written questions. The parties complied with those requests within the prescribed period. 
      
      20     By letter of 30 November 2004, the applicant requested the Court, first, to place on the file the Commission Decision of 29
         September 2004 relating to a proceeding under Article 81 of the EC Treaty (Case COMP/C.37750/B2 – Brasseries Kronenbourg,
         Brasseries Heineken), notified under number C (2004) 3597 final (‘the Kronenbourg/Heineken Decision’), and, secondly, by way
         of measures of organisation of procedure under Article 64(4) of the Rules of Procedure, to invite the Commission to indicate,
         before or at the hearing, the results of its investigation into possible abuses of Interbrew’s dominant position on the Belgian
         beer market.
      
      21     By decision of 3 December 2004, the Court, first, added to the file the letter referred to above and informed the Commission
         that it would be invited at the hearing to put forward its observations on the applicant’s request that the Kronenbourg/Heineken
         Decision be added to the file. Secondly, it rejected the application for a measure of organisation of procedure directing
         the Commission to indicate the results of its investigation into possible abuses of Interbrew’s dominant position on the Belgian
         beer market.
      
      22     The parties presented oral argument and their answers to the questions put by the Court at the hearing on 8 December 2004.
         The Commission stated at the hearing that it did not object to the applicant’s request that the Kronenbourg/Heineken Decision
         be added to the file, which was done by decision of the Court. 
      
      23     The applicant claims that the Court should: 
      –       annul the contested decision in accordance with Article 230 EC or, in the alternative, reduce the fine imposed by Article
         2 of that decision in accordance with Article 229 EC;
      
      –       order the Commission to pay the costs.
      24     The Commission contends that the Court should:
      –       dismiss the action; 
      –       order the applicant to pay the costs.
       Law 
      25     In support of its application, the applicant raises eight pleas in law. Two pleas, which are raised as primary pleas, seek
         annulment of the contested decision and allege infringement of the rights of the defence and the principle of sound administration
         (first plea) and infringement of the obligation to state reasons (second plea). Six other pleas, raised in the alternative,
         seek a reduction in the amount of the fine. They allege: incorrect assessment of the gravity of the infringement for the purpose
         of setting the starting amount of the fine, in breach of the principles of proportionality, equal treatment and non bis in idem (third plea); incorrect assessment of the duration of the infringement (fourth plea); lack of basis for the finding that the
         pressure put on Interbrew constituted an aggravating circumstance (fifth plea); lack of basis for the taking account of the
         applicant’s repeated infringements as an aggravating circumstance against it (sixth plea), failure to take sufficient account
         of the applicable attenuating circumstances (seventh plea) and an incorrect assessment of the extent of the cooperation provided
         by the applicant, in breach of the principle of equal treatment and the Leniency Notice (eighth plea). 
      
      A –  The heads of claim seeking annulment of the contested decision
      1.     The plea alleging infringement of the rights of the defence and the principle of sound administration 
      26     The plea is divided into three parts. In the first part, the applicant submits that it was not given an opportunity to enquire
         into the circumstances in which a document used against it by the Commission was drawn up. In the second part, it states that,
         prior to the adoption of the contested decision, the Commission refused to inform it of the matters taken into account in
         setting the amount of the fine. Lastly, in the third part, the applicant submits that the fact that no records were kept of
         meetings between the Commission and Interbrew and the Commission’s refusal to send it Interbrew’s response to the statement
         of objections constitute not only an infringement of the rights of the defence but also an infringement of the principle of
         sound administration.
      
      a)     The first part, alleging that the applicant was not given an opportunity to enquire into the circumstances in which a document
         used against it by the Commission was drawn up
      
       Arguments of the parties
      27     The applicant maintains that the contested decision should be annulled on the ground that it was not given the opportunity
         to comment on and challenge a passage in a document a copy of which was originally taken by the Commission at the premises
         of Heineken NV (‘Heineken’) in the context of an investigation into a related matter in the Netherlands (‘the Heineken Document’).
         The Commission invoked that document in recital 55 to the contested decision in support of its finding that the applicant
         had put pressure on Interbrew by threatening it with reprisals on the French market in order to force it to widen the scope
         of the cartel. The other items taken into account in support of that finding, which are referred to in recital 54 to the contested
         decision, consist solely of unilateral statements by Interbrew.
      
      28     The applicant acknowledges that the Heineken Document is referred to in the statement of objections and that it read that
         document when it was given access to the file. In the contested decision, however, the Commission merely referred to the place
         where and the circumstances in which the Heineken Document was obtained, treating that document as reliable without further
         formalities, and failed to give the applicant an opportunity to investigate the circumstances in which it had been prepared.
      
      29     Thus, since they are not included in the file, the applicant did not have access to the letters or internal memoranda which
         preceded or followed that document. No material connected with that document which might have been obtained during the investigation
         in the Netherlands was placed on the file, despite the applicant having requested that this be done. Nor were any observations
         made by Heineken and Interbrew regarding the implications of the document placed on the file. Furthermore, the correspondence
         between the Commission and Heineken regarding the confidential nature of the Heineken Document, which the Commission did disclose,
         provided no new information and did not demonstrate that the Commission itself had the material which it needed in order to
         interpret the document.
      
      30     The applicant puts forward two alternative complaints in that regard. Either the material needed to interpret the document
         existed and was not on the file, in which case the applicant was not given proper access to the file, in breach of the rights
         of the defence, or that material did not exist, in which case it was for the Commission, under its duty to investigate all
         matters favourable to the applicant too, to ascertain the credibility of the information contained in the Heineken Document
         by seeking to determine the circumstances in which it had been drawn up. 
      
      31     The applicant submits that, in any event, if it had been aware of the identity of the author of the Heineken Document and
         of the circumstances in which it was drawn up, the outcome of the administrative procedure might well have been different,
         as it might have been in a position to establish that the document was not authentic or that it was inaccurate. Were that
         to have been the case, Interbrew’s individual statements would not have been sufficient to prove the alleged pressure put
         on that company. There was therefore an infringement of the rights of the defence, according to the case-law of the Court
         of First Instance (Joined Cases T‑25/95, T‑26/95, T-30/95, T-31/95, T-32/95, T‑34/95, T-35/95, T-36/95, T‑37/95, T-38/95,
         T-39/95, T-42/95, T‑43/95, T-44/95, T-45/95, T‑46/95, T-48/95, T-50/95, T-51/95, T‑52/95, T‑53/95, T-54/95, T‑55/95, T-56/95,
         T-57/95, T-58/95, T‑59/95, T‑60/95, T-61/95, T‑62/95, T-63/95, T-64/95, T-65/95, T‑68/95, T‑69/95, T-70/95, T‑71/95, T-87/95,
         T-88/95, T-103/95 and T‑104/95 Cimenteries CBR and Others  v Commission [2000] ECR II‑491 (‘Cement’), paragraph 247).
      
      32     The Commission observes that the applicant had access to the Heineken Document and was fully able to assess the ‘circumstances’
         in which it was drawn up and that it never claimed during that administrative procedure that there had been an infringement
         of the rights of the defence. In any event, the Heineken Document is not the only evidence of the threat made by the applicant
         against Interbrew.
      
      B –  Findings of the Court
      33     According to settled case-law, the right of access to the file in competition cases is intended, in particular, to enable
         the addressees of statements of objections to acquaint themselves with the evidence in the Commission’s file so that, on the
         basis of that evidence, they can express their views effectively on the conclusions reached by the Commission in its statement
         of objections (see Joined Cases T‑191/98 and T-212/98 to T-214/98 Atlantic Container Line and Others  v Commission [2003] ECR II-3275, paragraph 334 and the case-law cited). Access to the file is thus one of the procedural safeguards intended
         to protect the rights of the defence and to ensure, in particular, that the right to be heard can be exercised effectively
         (see Atlantic Container Line and Others, paragraph 334 and the case-law cited).
      
      34     The Commission is thus under a duty to make available to the undertakings involved in proceedings under Article 81(1) EC all
         documents, whether in their favour or otherwise, which it has obtained during the course of the investigation, save where
         the business secrets of other undertakings, the internal documents of the institution or other confidential information are
         involved (see Atlantic Container Line  v Commission, paragraph 33 above, paragraph 335 and the case-law cited). 
      
      35     If the Commission is found to have relied in the contested decision on inculpatory documents that were not in the investigation
         file and were not disclosed to the applicant, those documents should be excluded as evidence (see, to that effect, Case 107/82
         AEG v Commission [1983] ECR 3151, paragraphs 24 to 30; Cement, paragraph 31 above, paragraph 382; and Atlantic Container Line and Others  v Commission, paragraph 33 above, paragraph 338).
      
      36     As regards the documents which might have contained exculpatory evidence, where those documents are contained in the Commission’s
         investigation file, any finding of an infringement of the rights of the defence is unconnected with the manner in which the
         undertaking concerned conducted itself during the administrative procedure and with the question whether that undertaking
         was obliged to ask the Commission for access to its file or have it send particular documents to it (Case T-30/91 Solvay  v Commission [1995] ECR II-1775, paragraph 96, and Atlantic Container Line and Others  v Commission, paragraph 33 above, paragraph 340).
      
      37     By contrast, where the documents which might have contained exculpatory evidence are not in the Commission’s investigation
         file, the applicant must expressly ask the institution for access to those documents, and failure to do so during the administrative
         procedure will mean that its right in that respect is barred in any action for annulment which may be brought against the
         final decision (Cement, paragraph 31 above, paragraph 383, and Atlantic Container Line and Others  v Commission, paragraph 33 above, paragraph 340).
      
      38     It is in the light of those principles that the Court must determine whether the applicant’s claims are well founded.
      39     The first point to note is that there is no dispute that the Heineken Document originally came into the Commission’s possession
         in the course of an investigation carried out by it under Article 14(3) of Regulation No 17 in the premises of Heineken in
         the Netherlands on 22 and 23 March 2000, in a different case from the present one. The Commission subsequently demanded, on
         14 April 2000, in the administrative procedure relating to the present case and by means of a request for information under
         Article 11 of Regulation No 17, that Heineken send it a fresh copy of the document, which was placed on the file.
      
      40     It should also be noted that the applicant acknowledges that the Heineken Document is referred to in the statement of objections
         and that it read it when it had access to the file during the administrative procedure. As regards that particular document,
         the applicant was therefore actually able to exercise its right to be heard.
      
      41     However, the applicant maintains that it was not given access to any letters or internal memoranda which might have preceded
         or followed the drawing-up of the Heineken Document and which might have contained exculpatory evidence.
      
      42     The applicant’s claim that the Commission failed to disclose such letters or internal memoranda in its possession cannot be
         accepted. According to settled case-law, the applicant may rely on an infringement of the rights of the defence only if it
         submitted to the Commission during the administrative procedure an express request for access to the documents in question
         (see paragraph 37 above).
      
      43     The applicant made no such request. First, in its response to the statement of objections, the applicant merely asserted in
         relation to the Heineken Document that ‘the probative value of that document appears doubtful [and that] there is nothing
         in the [statement of objections] or in the document which allows the applicant to establish the author or to examine the circumstances
         in which it was written’. That assertion cannot be regarded as an express request for access to the letters or internal memoranda
         in question. Moreover, when questioned on that point by the Court at the hearing, the applicant confirmed that its request
         for access to the file during the administrative procedure was a general one. Secondly, in its letters of 24 and 28 January
         2002, the applicant merely makes, in very general terms and without any express reference to the documents in question, a
         second request for access to the file, which in any event was made after the administrative procedure had been closed.
      
      44     As regards the applicant’s claim that, if the Commission was not in possession of any letter or internal memorandum which
         preceded or followed the drawing-up of the Heineken Document, it was in breach of its duty of impartiality since it failed
         to investigate whether the contents of that document were true, it is sufficient to observe that that claim has no bearing
         on the problematic of the rights of the defence. The applicant is in effect asking the Court to determine whether the Commission
         established to the requisite standard what it intended to prove by means, inter alia, of the Heineken Document and whether,
         to the extent that that document was essential for such proof, the truth of the words reported in it is sufficiently established.
         The applicant is thus calling into question the probative value of the Heineken Document, an issue which is irrelevant to
         the consideration of the present plea alleging infringement of the rights of the defence (see, to that effect, Case T-37/91
         ICI  v Commission [1995] II-1901, paragraph 72) and which will be analysed in paragraphs 260, 261, 271 to 273 and 284 to 290 below. 
      
      45     The first part of the plea must accordingly be rejected.
       b)The second part, alleging that, prior to the adoption of the contested decision, the Commission refused to inform the applicant
         of the matters taken into account in setting the amount of the fine 
      
       Arguments of the parties
      46     The applicant alleges an infringement of the rights of the defence on the ground that at no time did the Commission give it
         the opportunity to be aware of or to express views on the matters the latter proposed to take into account in setting the
         amount of the fine. In the statement of objections, the Commission simply summarised in a few lines the method set out in
         the Guidelines and the statement of objections contained nothing to enable the applicant to foresee the particularly unfavourable
         treatment which the Commission had in store for it and that it would consequently receive unequal treatment by comparison
         with Interbrew.
      
      47     In particular, there was nothing in the statement of objections to indicate to the applicant that the Commission intended
         to rely on the fact that this constituted a repeated infringement by the applicant, while that aggravating circumstance has
         been applied only intermittently in the Commission’s decision-taking practice. Thus, in 2001, the Commission made findings
         of re-infringement against a number of undertakings but did not invoke that aggravating circumstance when setting the amount
         of the fine. That was the case with F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG (‘Hoffmann‑La Roche’) in Commission Decision 2003/2/EC of 21 November
         2001 relating to a proceeding pursuant to Article 81 of the EC Treaty and Article 53 of the EEA Agreement (Case COMP/E‑1/37.512
         – Vitamins) (OJ 2003 L 6, p. 1) (‘the Vitamins Decision’), and Commission Decision 2002/742/EC of 5 December 2001 relating
         to a proceeding pursuant to Article 81 of the EC Treaty and Article 53 of the EEA Agreement (Case COMP/E‑1/36.604 – Citric
         acid) (OJ 2002 L 239, p. 18) (‘the Citric Acid Decision’), and, although it was the addressee of the decision under another
         name, with Stora Kopparbergs Bergslags AB (‘Stora’) in the case which gave rise to Commission Decision 2004/337/EC of 20 December
         2001 relating to a proceeding under Article 81 of the EC Treaty and Article 53 of the EEA Agreement (Case COMP/E‑1/36.212
         – Carbonless paper) (OJ 2004 L 115, p. 1) (‘the Carbonless Paper Decision’), or again with Volkswagen AG (‘Volkswagen’) in
         Commission Decision 2001/711/EC of 29 June 2001 relating to a proceeding under Article 81 of the EC Treaty (Case COMP/F‑2/36.693
         – Volkswagen) (OJ 2001 L 262 p. 14) (‘the Volkswagen II Decision’). The applicant maintains that there is no justification
         for such a difference in treatment.
      
      48     The failure to give such an indication was all the more damaging since, in the case which culminated in Commission Decision
         2002/405/EC of 20 June 2001 relating to a proceeding under Article 82 of the EC Treaty (COMP/E-2/36.041/PO – Michelin) (OJ
         2002 L 143, p. 1) (‘the Michelin II Decision’), where the Commission also established a repeated infringement as an aggravating
         circumstance, the undertaking concerned was given an opportunity to submit arguments on that point prior to the adoption of
         the decision.
      
      49     The Commission contends that it has a discretion in setting the amount of a fine and that it set out in the statement of objections
         all the matters which it proposed to take into account for that purpose, including those necessary to comply with the requirement
         to state reasons. Furthermore, it was not required to indicate its intention to take into account the aggravating circumstance
         of a repeated infringement. In any event, the applicant could not fail to be aware that the Guidelines expressly refer to
         repeated infringement as an aggravating circumstance or that it had already been held to have committed an infringement on
         two previous occasions.
      
       Findings of the Court
      50     It is settled case-law that where the Commission expressly states in its statement of objections that it will consider whether
         it is appropriate to impose fines on the undertakings concerned and it also indicates the main factual and legal criteria
         capable of giving rise to the imposition of a fine, such as the gravity and the duration of the alleged infringement and whether
         that infringement was committed intentionally or negligently, it fulfils its obligation to respect the undertakings’ right
         to be heard. In doing so, it provides them with the necessary means to defend themselves not only against the finding of an
         infringement but also against the imposition of fines (Joined Cases 100/80 to 103/80 Musique diffusion française and Others v Commission [1983] ECR 1825, paragraph 21, and Case T-31/99 ABB Asea Brown Boveri  v Commission [2002] ECR II-1881, paragraph 78).
      
      51     So far as the setting of the amount of the fines is concerned, the rights of defence of the undertakings in question are guaranteed
         before the Commission by virtue of the fact that they have the opportunity to make submissions on the duration, the gravity
         and the foreseeability of the anti-competitive nature of the infringement. Moreover, undertakings have an additional guarantee,
         as regards the setting of the amount of the fine, in that the Court of First Instance has unlimited jurisdiction and may in
         particular cancel or reduce the fine pursuant to Article 17 of Regulation No 17 (Case T‑83/91 Tetra Pak v Commission [1994] ECR II-755, paragraph 235, and, to that effect, ABB Asea Brown Boveri  v Commission, paragraph 50 above, paragraph 79). 
      
      52     In the present case, it must be held, in the first place, that the Commission stated in point 213 of the statement of objections
         that its intention, in the light of the facts, was to impose fines on the undertakings to which the statement was addressed,
         including the applicant. In point 214 of the statement of objections, the Commission added that, in determining the amount
         of the fines to be imposed, it was required to take into account all the circumstances of the case and, in particular, the
         gravity and the duration of the infringement. Furthermore, the Commission stated in point 216 of the statement that, among
         the facts set out in the statement of objections, it would pay particular attention to the fact that the agreements in question
         constituted a deliberate infringement of Article 81(1) EC.
      
      53     The Commission also indicated in point 216 that the market-sharing and price-fixing agreements described in the statement
         of objections constituted by their very nature the most serious type of infringement of Article 81(1) EC. In point 215 of
         the statement of objections, it stated that in assessing the gravity of the infringement it would take account of its nature,
         its actual impact on the market, where that could be measured, and the size of the relevant geographic market. It also indicated
         in point 216 of the statement of objections that it would determine the role of each undertaking in the infringement by taking
         account, inter alia, of the role played by each of them in the secret agreements in question and the duration of their participation
         in the infringement.
      
      54     The Commission also stated in point 217 of the statement of objections that the amount of the fine to be imposed on each undertaking
         would reflect any aggravating or attenuating circumstances, and that it would apply, where relevant, the Leniency Notice.
         Lastly, the Commission indicated in point 218 that it proposed to set the amount of the fines at a sufficiently high level
         to ensure that they had a deterrent effect.
      
      55     It follows from the foregoing that, in accordance with the case-law referred to above, the Commission expressly indicated
         in the statement of objections (points 213 to 218) that it intended to impose fines on the undertakings to which the statement
         was addressed and the factual and legal matters which it would take into account in setting the fine that would be imposed
         on the applicant, so that its right to be heard was therefore observed in that regard.
      
      56     In the second place, with more particular regard to the aggravating circumstance of repeated infringement that was found in
         the applicant’s case, it must be observed that the Guidelines cite repeated infringement of the same type by the same undertaking
         as an example of an aggravating circumstance and also that the Commission indicated in the statement of objections that it
         would take account of the individual role played by each undertaking in the secret agreements in question and that the amount
         of the fine would reflect any aggravating or attenuating circumstances. The applicant could not therefore fail to be aware
         that the Commission would take that aggravating circumstance into account if it were to conclude that conditions for its application
         were satisfied.
      
      57     In the third place, as regards more specifically the argument that the applicant suffered discriminatory treatment by comparison
         with other undertakings which had committed repeated infringements and which had not had that aggravating circumstance taken
         into account against them, it must be pointed out that the mere fact that the Commission has found in its previous decisions
         that certain factors did not constitute an aggravating circumstance for the purpose of determining the amount of the fine
         does not mean that it is obliged to do so also in a subsequent decision (see, inter alia, by way of analogy, Case T-7/89 Hercules Chemicals  v Commission [1991] ECR II-1711, paragraph 357; Case T‑347/94 Mayr-Melnhof  v Commission [1998] ECR II-1751, paragraph 368; and Case T-23/99 LR AF 1998  v Commission [2002] ECR II-1705, paragraphs 234 and 337). Moreover, as the considerations set out in paragraph 56 above make clear, the
         opportunity afforded to an undertaking in another case to make known its views on the intention to make a finding of repeated
         infringement on its part does not mean that the Commission is obliged to do the same in all cases, or that, where such an
         opportunity is not afforded, the applicant is prevented from fully exercising its right to be heard.
      
      58     In those circumstances, the second part of the plea must be rejected.
      b)     The third part, based on the fact that no record was kept of meetings between the Commission and Interbrew and the Commission’s
         refusal to send the applicant a copy of Interbrew’s response to the statement of objections 
      
       Arguments of the parties
      59     The applicant claims, first, that neither the statement of objections nor the contested decision contains detailed information
         which would enable it to determine what was discussed at and the scope of the meetings between the Commission’s staff and
         representatives of Interbrew referred to in recital 34 of the contested decision. Nor was any minute of those meetings, which
         were not drawn to the applicant’s attention before the adoption of the contested decision in this case, placed on the Commission’s
         file. Secondly, in refusing, by letter of 7 February 2002, to grant the applicant access to Interbrew’s response to the statement
         of objections, the Commission infringed its rights of defence and the principle of sound administration.
      
      60     The applicant maintains, in the first place, that it was not given the opportunity of checking and, if appropriate, challenging
         any statements made by Interbrew at those meetings, which may nevertheless have had a significant influence on the Commission’s
         assessment of the facts at issue and of the cooperation provided by the undertakings under investigation.
      
      61     In that regard, the applicant submits in particular that the Commission displayed a generally favourable attitude towards
         Interbrew, in contrast to the severity shown to the applicant. Thus, the absence of any reference during the procedure to
         the dominant position held by Interbrew, which was none the less at the origin of the investigation, may be explained in the
         light of the matters discussed at the informal meetings in question. Furthermore, there is no support in the file for the
         reference in the contested decision to a telephone conversation between Mr L.B. (Alken-Maes) and Mr A.B. (Interbrew) on 9
         December 1996. The same is true of the summary of an internal meeting at Interbrew on 5 May 1994, where the Chief Executive
         Officer (‘CEO’) of Interbrew (Mr M.) described a scenario allegedly demanded by the applicant, under which Interbrew was to
         transfer 500 000 hectolitres of beer to Alken-Maes.
      
      62     The applicant claims, in the second place, that it did not have access to Interbrew’s response to the statement of objections,
         as access was refused by the Commission. By letters of 24 and 28 January 2002, the applicant again expressly requested the
         Commission to provide it with fresh access to the file, in particular access to Interbrew’s response to the statement of objections,
         which the Commission refused by letter of 7 February 2002. 
      
      63     The Commission contends that the applicant was aware that the informal meetings had taken place and that during the administrative
         procedure it never requested access to any minutes of those meetings, which, moreover, do not exist and which in any event
         would have served no purpose. All the factual information contained in the contested decision is based on the documents in
         the file, to which the applicant has never denied having had access. As regards the request for access to documents made under
         Regulation (EC) No 1049/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2001 regarding public access to European
         Parliament, Council and Commission documents (OJ 2001 L 145, p. 43), it was withdrawn.
      
       Findings of the Court
      64     With respect, in the first place, to the informal meetings with the parties, it should be noted that neither the applicant
         nor the Commission denies in its written pleadings that no minutes were taken of those meetings. This part of the first plea
         relating to those meetings thus amounts to a contention that observance by the Commission of the right of access to the file
         in competition cases requires that it draw up minutes of such meetings and make them available to the parties.
      
      65     It should be borne in mind in that regard that the case-law paragraphs 33 and 34 above establishes that the right of access
         to the file in competition cases is intended to enable the addressees of statements of objections to acquaint themselves with
         the evidence in the Commission’s file so that the right to be heard can be effectively exercised. Thus, the Commission has
         an obligation to make available to the undertakings involved all documents, whether in their favour or otherwise, which it
         has obtained during the investigation, with the exception of the business secrets of other undertakings, the internal documents
         of the Commission or other confidential information.
      
      66     It is also clear from case-law that there is by contrast no general duty on the part of the Commission to draw up minutes
         of discussions in meetings with the other parties which take place in the course of the application of the Treaty’s competition
         rules (see, to that effect, Atlantic Container Line and Others  v Commission, paragraph 33 above, paragraph 351).
      
      67     However, the absence of such an obligation does not mean that the Commission is relieved of the obligations incumbent on it
         as regards access to the file. The practice of using information provided orally by third parties cannot be permitted to infringe
         the rights of the defence. Thus, if the Commission intends to use in its decision inculpatory evidence provided orally by
         another party it must make it available to the undertaking concerned so as to enable the latter to comment effectively on
         the conclusions reached by the Commission on the basis of that evidence. Where necessary, it must create a written document
         to be placed in the file (see, to that effect, Atlantic Container Line and Others  v Commission, paragraph 33 above, paragraph 352).
      
      68     In the present case, with the exception of two specific allegations, the applicant’s arguments merely consist in generally
         asserting, first, that the informal meetings may have had a significant influence on the assessment of the facts and of the
         cooperation provided by the undertakings under investigation, secondly, that the Commission adopted a generally favourable
         attitude towards Interbrew during the procedure, in contrast to the severity with which the contested decision treats the
         applicant and, lastly, that if the information provided at the informal meetings was helpful to Interbrew, it could not fail
         to affect the applicant’s position. 
      
      69     Those general arguments, which do not explain how the inculpatory evidence relied on by the Commission in the contested decision
         is based on information provided at the informal meetings, are not of such a kind as to establish that there was, in fact,
         an infringement of the rights of the defence, which is a question to be examined in the light of the circumstances of each
         particular case (see, to that effect, Solvay  v Commission, paragraph 36 above, paragraph 60). As was stated in paragraph 33 above, the right of access to the file in competition cases
         is recognised solely so that the undertakings concerned can express their views effectively on the conclusions reached by
         the Commission in its statement of objections. Since the applicant has not, apart from the two specific allegations considered
         below, identified any objection taken into account in the statement of objections and subsequently in the contested decision
         which was based on evidence provided orally at the informal meetings and to which it did not have access, it cannot maintain
         that the Commission infringed the rights of the defence on that point (see, to that effect, Atlantic Container Line and Others  v Commission, paragraph 33 above, paragraphs 353 and 354).
      
      70     As regards the two specific allegations mentioned above, according to which the references in the contested decision to a
         telephone conversation of 9 December 1996 and the discussions that took place at an internal meeting of 5 May 1994 could only
         be based on discussions that took place during informal meetings, it is necessary to consider whether the facts in question
         are based on specific information in the file.
      
      71     With respect, first of all, to the telephone conversation of 9 December 1996, referred to in recital 91 of the contested decision,
         it must be noted that point 93 of the statement of objections states that ‘following a meeting which [took place] on 19 September,
         Mr L.B. (Alken-Maes) [had] a telephone conversation on 9 December 1996 with Mr A.B. (Interbrew)’. Those words are accompanied
         by footnote 116, which indicates: ‘Letter from Alken-Maes of 7 March 2000, and especially Annexes 42 and 44 to that letter
         ([pp.] 7884, 8513 and 8528 to 8530 [of the Commission’s file]), with references to the following documents: inspection at
         the offices of Alken-Maes, document AvW19 ([pp.] 150 to 153 [of the Commission’s file]) and document MV17 ([pp.] 532 to 541
         [of the Commission’s file])’. The same references appear in the contested decision, in footnote 123, corresponding to recital
         91.
      
      72     In answer to a written question from the Court asking it to specify the factors which led it to conclude that a telephone
         conversation took place on 9 December 1996 relating to Interbrew’s prices between Mr L.B. (Alken-Maes) and Mr A.B. (Interbrew),
         the Commission stated that it reached that conclusion on the basis of p. 8513 of the Commission’s file, which comprises the
         last page of Annex 42 to Alken-Maes’s letter to the Commission of 7 March 2000. 
      
      73     Examination of that document, which consists of handwritten notes by Mr L.B. (Alken-Maes), shows that, although no telephone
         conversation of 9 December 1996 is referred to in it, it does however include several annotations, plainly added after it
         was originally prepared, which appear to represent replies to questions, drawn up at the outset, relating to Interbrew’s pricing
         conditions. Three of those annotations include the date ‘(9/12/96)’ and two of them the abbreviation ‘IB’ (Interbrew), one
         also including the initials of Mr A.B. (Interbrew).
      
      74     Accordingly, it must first be held that the statement of objections does indeed refer to there having been contact on 9 December
         1996 between Interbrew and Alken-Maes relating to Alken-Maes’s pricing conditions and that the contact to which the Commission
         refers is supported by a document which, as it was included in the file, was accessible to the applicant, since its former
         subsidiary Alken-Maes itself supplied it to the Commission. Whether or not the contact took place by telephone is irrelevant
         as regards the right to be heard, since, although it is unfortunate that the Commission’s assertion on that point is not supported,
         the applicant’s right to be heard arises in relation to the question whether contact took place and not whether or not such
         contact took the form of a telephone conversation, a matter which is of no relevance to the determination of whether or not
         it constituted an infringement.
      
      75     As regards, next, the statement in recital 53 of the contested decision that the ‘scenario’ described by Interbrew’s CEO at
         an internal meeting of 5 May 1994 was ‘requested by Danone/Kronenbourg’, that is to say that ‘Interbrew was to transfer 500
         000 hectolitres to Alken-Maes, essentially in the off-trade’, it must be held that point 55 of the statement of objections
         states that ‘at an internal discussion within Interbrew, [Mr M.] described the following scenario, corresponding to Danone/Kronenbourg’s
         request. Interbrew was to transfer 500 000 hectolitres to Alken-Maes (essentially in the off-trade)’ and that if ‘Interbrew
         did not comply with that request, Interbrew France would be annihilated in France with Heineken’s assistance, and an attack
         would be mounted on Interbrew in Belgium by means of very low prices’. Point 56, which follows, states that ‘the scenario
         put forward by Kronenbourg [was] examined at an internal meeting of Interbrew on 5 May 1994’. Point 55 of the statement of
         objections is accompanied by footnotes 35 and 36, which refer to a letter from Interbrew of 28 February 2000 and Annex 18
         to that letter (p. 7683 of the Commission’s file). The same document references are given in the contested decision, in recital
         53.
      
      76     It must be noted in that regard that Annex 18 to Interbrew’s letter of 28 February 2000, which consists in a statement by
         Mr C. of Interbrew, contains, on p. 2 of that statement, the following comment:
      
      ‘During an internal meeting (held on 5 May 1994), [Mr M.] described to us the scenario requested by Kronenbourg. Essentially,
         KRO was using blackmail to persuade ITW to transfer 500 000 [hectolitres] to AM (especially in the off-sales sector). Otherwise,
         they would annihilate ITW-France with Heineken’s assistance and an attack would be mounted on ITW-Belgium by means of very
         low prices.’
      
      77     It is therefore plain that the statement set out in recital 53 of the contested decision and points 55 and 56 of the statement
         of objections essentially amounts to a repetition of information provided by Interbrew in writing, which is contained in the
         file and was, accordingly, available to the applicant. The applicant cannot therefore claim with respect to the statement
         referred to in recital 53 of the contested decision that it was unable effectively to exercise its right to be heard. 
      
      78     It follows from the foregoing, first, that the statements allegedly made at informal meetings with Interbrew were set out
         in the statement of objections and, secondly, that, in so far as they were necessary for the purpose of establishing an infringement
         of Article 81(1) EC, they had their basis in documents to which the applicant had access. It must therefore be held that the
         applicant had the opportunity of stating its position in relation to those statements and that its right to be heard was observed.
      
      79     With respect, in the second place, to the argument that, in breach of its rights of defence, the applicant was refused access
         to documents placed on the file after it had access to the file on 5 October 2002, including, in particular, Interbrew’s response
         to the statement of objections in so far as it might have contained evidence favourable to the applicant, it is sufficient
         to observe that the request for access to documents added to the file was made by letters of 24 and 28 January 2002, after
         the administrative procedure had been closed. A failure to make such a request during the administrative procedure will mean
         that an applicant’s right to do so in any subsequent action for annulment is barred (see, to that effect, Cement, paragraph 31 above, paragraph 383). That argument must accordingly be rejected.
      
      80     As regards the application for access made on 4 March 2002 under Regulation No 1049/2001, it is sufficient to observe that
         Article 7(2) of that regulation states that ‘in the event of a total or partial refusal, the applicant may, within 15 working
         days of receiving the institution’s reply, make a confirmatory application asking the institution to reconsider its position’.
         Following the Commission’s refusal of 26 March 2002 to consent to the applicant’s request for access, it must be held that,
         by failing to make a confirmatory application within the prescribed period, the applicant withdrew its request of 4 March
         2002, as it accepted at the hearing in answer to a question from the Court.
      
      81     It follows that the third part of the plea must be rejected, as, accordingly, must the plea in its entirety.
      2.     The plea alleging infringement of the obligation to state reasons
      a)     Arguments of the parties
      82     The applicant argues that the contested decision is inadequately reasoned in that, first, it contains no definition of the
         relevant markets, which is a necessary precondition for any assessment of anti-competitive conduct and, secondly, that, in
         setting the amount of the fine, it does no more than refer to the Guidelines, without indicating the precise impact of the
         criteria used in determining the amount of the fine imposed on it.
      
      83     Thus, in the first place, the contested decision is inadequately reasoned in that, contrary to what the Court’s case-law requires
         (Joined Cases T‑68/89, T‑77/89 and T-78/89 SIV and Others  v Commission [1992] ECR II-1403 ‘Flat Glass’, paragraph 159), it is not founded on an adequate definition of the market relevant to the case, but only on a finding that
         a ‘Belgian beer market’ existed. The Commission erred in failing to carry out an analysis of the precise geographic extent
         of the market or markets in question and of the potential substitutability of the various beer products. The use by the Commission
         in its defence of the expression ‘Belgian brewing industry’ in place of that of ‘Belgian beer market’ does not address the
         applicant’s complaint that in the present case the definition of the market was one and the same as the definition of the
         infringement. The geographic markets referred to, namely the Belgian and French markets, are defined in an insufficiently
         documented manner in the contested decision.
      
      84     Furthermore, the Commission took into account factual information relating to the French market without considering it necessary
         to analyse its significance against the yardstick of the actual characteristics of that market. In particular, the Commission
         relied on the argument of a threat of reprisals on the French market, allegedly made by the applicant to Interbrew, whereas
         the existence of such anti-competitive conduct can be established only when a certain power on a properly-defined market has
         been found.
      
      85     In the present case, the Commission took the view that the relevance of some of the material used in support of the finding
         of infringement in the contested decision, including the meeting of 11 May 1994, the telephone conversation of 6 July 1994
         and the meeting of 17 April 1997 was not limited to Belgium. Furthermore, the interrelationship between France and Belgium
         and the similarity of the conduct in both countries were, in the Commission’s view, important elements of the infringement,
         particularly as regards the alleged threat.
      
      86     In that regard, the Commission’s decision to deal separately with conduct which displays similarities differs from its customary
         practice of making findings of more than one infringement in a single decision where there is a connection between them owing
         to the identity of the parties to the cartel, the similarity of the mechanisms used by the cartel in different countries or
         the interrelationship between different territories or products (see, for example, Commission Decision 96/478/EC of 10 January
         1996 relating to a proceeding under Article 85 of the EC Treaty (IV/34.279/F3 – ADALAT) (OJ 1996 L 201 p. 1) (‘the ADALAT
         Decision’), and the Vitamins and Carbonless Paper Decisions).
      
      87     The adoption of several decisions places the applicant in a position of legal uncertainty and has the effect that the Commission,
         by the repeated application of starting amounts and possibly weightings, can artificially inflate the total amount of the
         fines imposed in respect of a given set of facts, without the undertakings in question having had the opportunity of knowing
         why the activities were treated separately and why they constituted separate infringements.
      
      88     In the second place, the contested decision is also inadequately reasoned as regards the calculation of the fine. In referring,
         in recital 294 of the contested decision, simply to the method set out in the Guidelines, when their purpose is to ‘ensure
         the transparency and impartiality of the Commission’s decisions, in the eyes of the undertakings and of the Court of Justice
         alike’, the Commission failed to fulfil its obligation to state adequate reasons and infringed the principle of legal certainty.
      
      89     As the basis of determining the amount of the fine consists in taking a figure as a starting point and applying adjustments
         to it, it is essential that the Commission sets out in sufficient detail the full significance of the criteria used in setting
         the fine in order to satisfy the objective of the obligation to state reasons, namely to allow the applicant to assess whether
         the fine has been set in a manner which is both consistent and lawful in order to defend its rights, to allow the Court of
         First Instance and the Court of Justice to exercise their power of review and to allow any party concerned to be aware of
         the manner in which the Commission applied the EC Treaty. 
      
      90     In the present case, notwithstanding the fact that the Commission is not tied to an arithmetical formula, the contested decision
         sets out neither the detail of the calculation of the fine imposed nor the precise significance of each of the criteria used
         in determining its amount. Thus, contrary to the procedure followed in other cartel decisions, such as the Vitamins and Carbonless
         Paper Decisions, the arbitrary selection of a fixed amount of EUR 25 million and the reasons underlying the attempt to ensure
         that the fine had a deterrent effect, invoked in recital 305 of the contested decision, are not supported by quantified criteria.
         The absence of an adequate definition of the relevant market also demonstrates the lack of sufficient reasoning in the calculation
         of the fine, as the Guidelines provide that the starting amount is to be fixed having regard to the size of the relevant geographic
         market, the impact of the cartel on that market and the turnover achieved there.
      
      91     In particular, in respect of the two aggravating circumstances found against the applicant, namely the fact that it put pressure
         on Interbrew and the fact that its conduct constituted a repeated infringement, the Commission applied only a single percentage
         increase of 50%, without indicating the extent to which each relevant aggravating circumstance gave rise to it. The absence
         of detailed information regarding the respective importance of the criteria used in setting the amount of the fine did not
         allow the applicant to assess the proportions in which the fine imposed should be reduced.
      
      92     Furthermore, that absence of clear and relevant information is all the more inexcusable since the Commission acknowledges
         the existence of documents prepared by its staff for internal consultation and discussion regarding the calculation of the
         fine and no access to those documents was provided. That suggests that the Commission took account in the contested decision
         of information other than that which was available to the applicant, but made no reference to it in the decision.
      
      93     More specifically, the applicant maintains that the Commission failed to provide adequate reasons for applying the aggravating
         circumstance of repeated infringement to the applicant. That failure to state proper reasons is particularly prejudicial to
         the applicant inasmuch as the Commission does not systematically increase the amount of the fine on that ground, but has shown
         evidence in its past decisions of some hesitation as to the role and importance to be attributed to it in the determination
         of the fine, and the adoption of the Guidelines has not been sufficient to remove the consequent uncertainty.
      
      94     The Commission disputes the applicant’s arguments.
      b)     Findings of the Court
      95     The Court of First Instance has jurisdiction in two respects over actions contesting Commission decisions imposing fines on
         undertakings for infringement of the competition rules. First, under Article 230 EC, it has the task of reviewing their legality.
         In that context, it must in particular review compliance with the duty to state reasons laid down in Article 253 EC, infringement
         of which renders a decision liable to annulment. Secondly, the Court has power to assess, in the exercise of the unlimited
         jurisdiction accorded to it by Article 229 EC and Article 17 of Regulation No 17, the appropriateness of the amounts of fines.
         That assessment may justify the production and taking into account of additional information which the duty to state reasons
         laid down under Article 253 EC does not as such require to be set out in the contested decision (Case C‑248/98 P KNP BT v Commission [2000] ECR I-9641, paragraphs 38 to 40, and Case T‑220/00 Cheil Jedang  v Commission [2003] ECR II-2473, paragraph 215).
      
      96     As regards the review of compliance with the duty to state reasons, it is settled case-law that the statement of reasons required
         by Article 253 EC must disclose in a clear and unequivocal fashion the reasoning followed by the institution which adopted
         the measure in such a way as to enable the persons concerned to ascertain the reasons for the measure and to enable the competent
         Community Court to exercise its power of review. The requirements to be satisfied by the statement of reasons depend on the
         circumstances of each case, in particular the content of the measure in question, the nature of the reasons given and the
         interest which the addressees of the measure, or other parties to whom it is of direct and individual concern, may have in
         obtaining explanations. It is not necessary for the reasoning to go into all the relevant facts and points of law, since the
         question whether the statement of reasons meets the requirements of Article 253 EC must be assessed with regard not only to
         its wording but also to its context and to all the legal rules governing the matter in question (Joined Cases 296/82 and 318/82
         Netherlands and Leeuwarder Papierwarenfabriek v Commission [1985] ECR 809, paragraph 19; Case C-56/93 Commission  v Belgium [1996] ECR I-723, paragraph 86; Case C-367/95 P Commission v Sytraval and Brink’s France [1998] ECR I‑1719, paragraph 63; and Cheil Jedang  v Commission, paragraph 95 above, paragraph 216).
      
      97     As regards the scope of the duty to state reasons as it applies to the setting of a fine imposed for infringement of the Community
         competition rules, it should be noted, first, that such a fine falls to be fixed having regard to the terms of the second
         subparagraph of Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17, which states that ‘in fixing the amount of the fine, regard shall be had
         both to the gravity and the duration of the infringement’. The essential procedural requirement to state reasons is satisfied
         where the Commission indicates in its decision the factors which enabled it to determine the gravity of the infringement and
         its duration (Case C-291/98 P Sarrió v Commission [2000] ECR I‑9991, paragraph 73, and Joined Cases C-238/99 P, C-244/99 P, C‑245/99 P, C-247/99 P, C-250/99 P to C‑252/99
         P and C-254/99 P Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij and Others  v Commission [2002] ECR I‑8375, paragraph 463). Secondly, the Guidelines and the Leniency Notice indicate what factors the Commission
         is to take into consideration in measuring the gravity and duration of an infringement (Cheil Jedang v Commission, paragraph 95 above, paragraph 217). That being so, the essential procedural requirement to state reasons is satisfied where
         the Commission indicates in its decision the factors which it took into account in accordance with the Guidelines and, where
         appropriate, the Leniency Notice and which enabled it to determine the gravity of the infringement and its duration for the
         purpose of calculating the amount of the fine (Cheil Jedang v Commission, paragraph 95 above, paragraph 218).
      
      98     In the present case, the Commission has satisfied those requirements.
      99     As regards, in the first place, the complaint alleging the absence of a prior definition of the relevant market by the Commission,
         it must be held that the Commission was, in the circumstances, under no duty to define the relevant market. It is clear from
         case-law that, for the purposes of applying Article 81 EC, the reason for defining the relevant market is to determine whether
         an agreement is liable to affect trade between Member States and has as its object or effect the prevention, restriction or
         distortion of competition within the common market (Case T-29/92 SPO and Others v Commission [1995] ECR II-289, paragraph 74; Cement, paragraph 31 above, paragraph 1093; and Case T-62/98 Volkswagen v Commission [2000] ECR II-2707, paragraph 230). Consequently, there is an obligation on the Commission to define the market in a decision
         applying Article 81(1) EC only where it is impossible, without such a definition, to determine whether the agreement, decision
         by an association of undertakings or concerted practice at issue is liable to affect trade between Member States and has as
         its object or effect the prevention, restriction or distortion of competition within the common market (Joined Cases T-374/94,
         T‑375/94, T-384/94 and T-388/94 European Night Services and Others v Commission [1998] ECR II-3141, paragraphs 93 to 95 and 105, and Volkswagen v Commission, paragraph 230). The applicant does not deny that the agreements or concerted practices in question were liable to affect
         trade between Member States and had as their object the restriction and distortion of competition within the common market.
         Accordingly, since the application by the Commission of Article 81 EC did not, in the present case, require a prior definition
         of the relevant market, it cannot be held that the duty to state reasons was infringed in that regard.
      
      100   For the same reasons, while the Commission’s finding, for the purposes of the application of the Guidelines, that a threat
         had been made by the applicant must disclose in a clear and unequivocal fashion the reasoning followed if it is to satisfy
         the requirements of Article 253 EC, by contrast, it is not an essential precondition that the reasoning followed define the
         market in question. The applicant’s argument to the contrary must therefore be rejected. 
      
      101   The same applies to the reasoning regarding the taking account of the size of the geographic market. In so far as the applicant
         maintains that the inadequate reasoning relating to the national nature of the market allowed the Commission to find, without
         any basis for doing so, that there had been separate infringements and hence artificially to increase the fines imposed on
         the applicant, it is sufficient to observe that the basis on which such an intention is ascribed to the Commission is entirely
         hypothetical as the allegation is founded on pure conjecture, without any prima facie  evidence to support it. The argument founded on it must therefore be rejected.
      
      102   As regards, in the second place, the allegation that the reasons given for the calculation of the amount of the fine are inadequate,
         it must be noted that in recitals 296 to 328 of the contested decision the Commission set out the factors which it took into
         account in calculating the fines imposed on each of the undertakings concerned. Those recitals of the contested decision plainly
         set out the reasoning followed by the Commission in a clear and detailed manner, thereby allowing the applicant to ascertain
         the factors taken into account in order to measure the gravity and duration of the infringement for the purposes of calculating
         the amount of the fine and the Court to exercise its power of review. It must therefore be held that the contested decision
         satisfies the duty to state reasons imposed on the Commission under Article 253 EC. 
      
      103   This plea must therefore be rejected, as, accordingly, must all of the submissions seeking annulment of the contested decision.
      3.     The heads of claim raised in the alternative seeking a reduction in the amount of the fine imposed 
      104   The applicant raises six pleas in law seeking a reduction in the amount of the fine. They allege, respectively, incorrect
         assessment of the gravity of the infringement for the purposes of setting the starting amount of the fine, in breach of the
         principles of proportionality, equal treatment and non bis in idem; incorrect assessment of the duration of the infringement; lack of basis for the finding that the pressure put on Interbrew
         constituted an aggravating circumstance; lack of basis for the taking account of the applicant’s repeated infringements as
         an aggravating circumstance; failure to take sufficient account of the applicable attenuating circumstances; and, lastly,
         incorrect assessment of the scope of the cooperation provided by the applicant, in breach of the principle of equal treatment
         and the Leniency Notice.
      
      4.     The plea alleging incorrect assessment of the gravity of the infringement for the purposes of setting the starting amount
            of the fine, in breach of the principles of proportionality, equal treatment and non bis in idem 
      a)     Arguments of the parties
       Arguments of the applicant
      105   The applicant submits that there is no basis for the specific starting amount set by the Commission for the gravity of the
         infringement on the basis of four successive complaints, namely incorrect assessment, in breach of the Guidelines and a number
         of general principles of Community law, first, of the gravity of the infringement; secondly, of the applicant’s effective
         economic capacity to cause significant damage to other operators, in particular consumers; thirdly, of the level which ensures
         that the fine has a sufficiently deterrent effect; and, fourthly, of the requirement to take account of the fact that the
         applicant had legal and economic knowledge and infrastructures which enabled it more easily to recognise that its conduct
         constituted an infringement and to be aware of the consequences stemming from it under competition law.
      
      106   The applicant contends that, in the light, in particular, of the very limited quantitative significance of the product covered
         by the cartel compared with total consumption of beer in the European Union, the very limited size of the geographic area
         covered by the cartel and the extremely modest level of turnover it achieved for the product concerned, the starting amount
         should not in any event have exceeded EUR 8 million.
      
      –       The assessment of the gravity of the infringement: infringement of the principles of equal treatment and proportionality
      107   As regards the Commission’s assessment of the gravity of the infringement for the purposes of the first subparagraph of Section
         1.A of the Guidelines, the applicant does not contest the characteristics of the infringement set out in recital 297 of the
         contested decision, which it asserts that it and Alken-Maes acknowledged and communicated to the Commission, but only the
         significance attributed by the Commission to the evidence, seen as a whole, set out in the part of the contested decision
         which deals with the gravity of the infringement and the ultimate classification of the infringement, on the basis of that
         evidence, as very serious. The applicant contends that by adopting such a classification, when it had never classified similar
         infringements as very serious, the Commission infringed the principle of equal treatment by treating comparable situations
         differently (Hercules Chemicals  v Commission, paragraph 57 above, paragraph 295). 
      
      108   The applicant maintains, first, that although it referred to the method for determining the gravity of infringements set out
         in the Guidelines, the Commission did not investigate the question of the actual impact of the cartel in question on the market.
      
      109   It next submits that the Commission’s finding that the infringement was very serious is inconsistent both with the examples
         it gives in the Guidelines and with the decision-making practice which followed their publication. A cartel is normally to
         be classified as very serious only when it is organised, or indeed institutionalised, which implies sophisticated systems
         of monitoring, organisation and surveillance which bear no relation to the conduct complained of in the present case, and
         operates worldwide or in a number of large Member States; the smallest territory covered by infringements classified as very
         serious comprised four of the largest Member States of the Community (Commission Decision 2003/382/EC of 8 December 1999 relating
         to a proceeding under Article 81 of the EC Treaty (Case IV/E‑1/35.860‑B – Seamless Steel Tubes) (OJ 2003 L 140, p. 1) (the
         ‘Seamless Steel Tubes Decision’).
      
      110   The applicant contends, first, that having regard to its unstructured nature, the infringement should have been classified
         as serious and not as very serious, particularly as the Commission has classified as serious infringements of a degree of
         sophistication at least equivalent to that of the infringement in the present case (Commission Decision 2003/25/EC of 11 December
         2001 relating to a procedure under Article 81 of the EC Treaty (Case COMP/E‑1/37.919 (ex 37.391) – Bank charges for exchanging
         euro‑zone currencies – Germany) (OJ 2003 L 15, p. 1) (‘the German Banks Decision’), Commission Decision 1999/271/EC of 9 December
         1998 relating to a proceeding under Article 85 of the EC Treaty (IV/34.466 – Greek Ferries) (OJ 1999 L 109 p. 24) (‘the Greek
         Ferries Decision’) and Commission Decision 1999/210/EC of 14 October 1998 relating to a proceeding under Article 85 of the
         EC Treaty (Case IV/F‑3/33.708 – British Sugar plc, Case IV/F‑3/33.709 – Tate & Lyle plc, Case IV/F‑3/33.710 – Napier Brown
         & Company Ltd and Case IV/F‑3/33.711 – James Budgett Sugars Ltd) (OJ 1999 L 76, p. 1) (‘the British Sugar Decision’)).
      
      111   Secondly, in the light of Belgium’s small size, the Commission displayed undue severity in the present case, in breach of
         the principles of proportionality and equal treatment, as its decision-making practice shows that has held on several occasions
         that an infringement fell to be classified as serious and not as very serious when it involved only a small or geographically-limited
         market (the Greek Ferries Decision, the British Sugar Decision and the German Banks Decision).
      
      112   Thirdly, the Commission’s argument that one of the criteria applied in assessing the gravity of the infringement was its direct
         impact on consumers lacks force. First, the cartels referred to in the German Banks Decision and the British Sugar Decision
         had the same characteristics, but were not classified by the Commission as very serious on that ground and, secondly, in the
         present case the distribution structure for the products concerned, both as regards supermarkets and the on-sales sector,
         represented, in view of the size of the warehouses, a powerful counterweight to the cartel, which allowed its negative effects
         on consumers to be mitigated in part.
      
      113   The applicant concludes that the Commission could not, without infringing the principle of equal treatment, classify the infringement
         established in the contested decision as very serious when it did not take the form of an organised cartel having sophisticated
         structures and systems to ensure compliance with commitments between undertakings and when it concerned only a limited area
         and a small proportion of beer production in the European Union. The fine should therefore be substantially reduced.
      
      114   In any event, even if the Commission did not infringe the principle of equal treatment in classifying the infringement as
         very serious, the starting amount of the fine should nevertheless be reduced so as to take account of the minimal impact of
         the infringement on the Community market and the low volume of sales of the products covered by the cartel, as the Commission
         did in the Seamless Steel Tubes Decision. In that decision, without changing the classification of the infringement, the Commission
         applied a starting amount of less than half that provided for in the Guidelines for very serious infringements, on the ground
         that the sales of the products concerned by the members of the cartel in the four Member States concerned represented only
         approximately 19% of Community consumption. In the present case, the products covered by the cartel represented less than
         2.5% of total consumption in the European Union. The specific starting amount applied by the Commission is thus disproportionate
         in relation to the volume and the value of those products and must therefore be reduced.
      
      –       The assessment of the applicant’s effective economic capacity to cause significant damage to other operators: infringement
         of the principle of proportionality 
      
      115   As regards the Commission’s assessment of its economic capacity to restrict competition, the applicant maintains that the
         Commission’s point of reference should be the market on which the infringement occurred, and that the amount of fine must
         be reasonably commensurate with the turnover achieved on that market (Case T-77/92 Parker Pen  v Commission [1994] ECR II-549, paragraph 94).
      
      116   Moreover, it is necessary to take account of the position of the undertakings concerned on the reference market in order to
         assess their capacity to influence competition.
      
      117   Although those two principles are referred to in the contested decision, the Commission did not observe them. While Interbrew’s
         turnover for sales on the market during the period in question was four times higher than the applicant’s, the specific starting
         amount determined for Interbrew was less than twice as high as that applied to the applicant. Such a lack of proportionality
         is contrary to the Commission’s recent practice, as illustrated by its Decision 2003/674/EC of 2 July 2002 relating to a proceeding
         under Article 81 of the EC Treaty and Article 53 of the EEA Agreement (Case C.37.519 - Methionine) (OJ 2003 L 255, p. 1) (‘the
         Methionine Decision’), in which it took the view that the difference between the fines imposed should reflect the imbalance
         between the market share of the leading producer on the market worldwide and one of its competitors having a market share
         that was five times smaller.
      
      118   In addition, the Commission failed to take account of Interbrew’s dominant position on the Belgian beer market, which of necessity
         severely restricted the applicant’s effective economic capacity to influence the market or indeed to cause significant damage
         to other operators. Moreover, the applicant was seeking merely to put an end to its gradual marginalisation.
      
      119   In considering that it was entitled to determine the starting amount of the fine on the basis of the applicant’s overall turnover,
         which constituted an indication of its ‘capacity to cause harm’, rather than on the basis of the turnover achieved on the
         market in question, the Commission lost sight of the criterion of the ‘capacity to cause significant damage to other operators’
         referred to in the contested decision. If it wished to take account of a higher turnover figure than that achieved on the
         Belgian market for beer, the Commission should both have defined the relevant markets and shown how the applicant’s activities
         on those other markets allowed it to cause damage on the beer market.
      
      120   Far from reflecting the glaring imbalance between their respective situations, the amounts of the fines imposed on Interbrew
         and the applicant are on the contrary evidence of the manifestly disproportionate nature of the specific starting point applied
         to the applicant by reference to its actual capacity to influence the market.
      
      121   Thus, while the fine of EUR 45 million imposed on Interbrew corresponds to less than 6.6% of its turnover for 1998, by imposing
         a fine of EUR 25 million on the applicant, the Commission set an amount which exceeded 20% of the turnover in 2000 of the
         undertaking which was really involved in the cartel, Alken-Maes, with the result that, if that company had been penalised
         for its own conduct, the limit of 10% of total turnover laid down under Regulation No 17 would have been greatly exceeded.
      
      –       The setting of the amount of the fine at a level which ensures that it has a sufficiently deterrent effect: infringement of
         the principle of proportionality 
      
      122   The applicant maintains, first, that the Commission failed to provide details of the element of deterrence involved in the
         calculation of the fine and that, although it stated in the contested decision that the applicant and Interbrew are large
         international undertakings and that the former is also a multi-product undertaking, the Commission did not specify the principles
         adopted in applying the criterion of deterrence.
      
      123   Secondly, the increase by the Commission of the amount of the fine to reflect the deterrent purpose of the penalty is based
         on reasoning which is irrelevant and disproportionate.
      
      124   The determination of the deterrent level of the fine should thus have a competitive object and, according to the applicant,
         that level should be assessed solely by reference to the size of the undertaking on the relevant market and its prospects
         of gaining from the offending conduct on that market. Factors such as the international dimension of the undertaking or the
         fact that this was a repeated infringement are irrelevant. Contrary to what the Commission found in relation to ABB Asea Brown
         Boveri in Decision 1999/60/EC of 21 October 1998 relating to a proceeding under Article 85 of the EC Treaty (Case No IV/35.691/E-4
         – Pre-insulated Pipe Cartel) (OJ 1999 L 24, p. 1) (‘the Pre-insulated Pipe Cartel Decision’), it was not even suggested in
         the present case that the applicant’s structure and the existence of foreign subsidiaries outside the beer sector facilitated
         the impugned conduct.
      
      125   Furthermore, economic theory shows that the amount of a fine is adequate when it exceeds the benefits which the parties to
         the cartel expected to achieve. In the present case, a significantly lower fine would have satisfied that condition, as the
         applicant’s profitability on the market concerned was negative throughout the infringement period.
      
      126   In addition, even if, as the Commission claims, the object of deterrence meant that the lower the probability of detection
         of an infringement, as is the case with secret cartels, the higher the fine should be, the applicant submits that its amount
         ought to have remained very significantly lower than the sum imposed by the Commission. Moreover, the cartel in question was
         not a secret one, as a number of meetings relating to it were held in the presence of competitors, such as the meetings of
         the working party known as ‘Vision 2000’, or of distributors, such as the meeting of 28 January 1993, the distributors having
         followed the activities of the parties to the cartel very closely, as is shown by a letter to the brewers from the wholesalers’
         federation.
      
      127   Lastly, the taking into account of any object of deterrence whatsoever served no purpose, as the effect of deterrence – illustrated
         by the fact that the exchange of sales information ceased immediately – was achieved in the present case as soon as the investigation
         started and the applicant began to cooperate, as is evidenced by the immediate exchange of sales information.
      
      –       The taking into account of the legal and economic knowledge and infrastructures that large undertakings usually possess: infringement
         of the principle non bis in idem 
      128   The applicant submits that, in taking account of the fact that it had legal and economic knowledge and infrastructures which
         enabled it more easily to recognise that its conduct constituted an infringement and be aware of the consequences stemming
         from it under competition law, the Commission infringed the principle non bis in idem  in that it also increased the amount of the fine in the contested decision on the ground of repeated infringement.
      
       Arguments of the Commission
      129   With respect to the assessment of the gravity of the infringement, the Commission refers to the gravity of the facts at issue
         and maintains that the classification of infringements limited to a single Member State as very serious is not inconsistent
         with its decision-making practice. Furthermore, the size of a sector should not be measured by reference only to its geographical
         extent, but must also be gauged in terms of economic importance. As the beer sector in Belgium accounts for some EUR 1 200
         million, the infringement was committed in a very important sector. Lastly, the infringement had a direct impact on consumers,
         which the characteristics of beer distribution did not mitigate in any way.
      
      130   As regards the criterion of the effective economic capacity to cause significant damage to other operators, in particular
         consumers, the Commission claims that the applicant’s overall turnover is much higher than Interbrew’s. Furthermore, the Commission
         is free to determine the type of turnover to be taken into account, namely overall turnover or that achieved in the relevant
         sector, and indeed to combine the two, where appropriate. Lastly, the fact that the specific starting amount represents 20%
         of Alken-Maes’s total annual turnover of is of no relevance, since the limit set by Regulation No 17 applies in the present
         case to the applicant’s turnover.
      
      131   As regards the identification of a sufficiently deterrent level of fine, the Commission observes that in the case of a secret
         infringement, the fine must be set at a much higher level than the expected benefit, size and the multi-product nature of
         the applicant’s activities being relevant criteria for the purpose of determining deterrence. Moreover, neither the cessation
         of the infringement nor the cooperation provided by the applicant permits the conclusion that an appropriate level of deterrence
         was achieved.
      
      132   Lastly, as regards the taking into account of the legal and economic knowledge and infrastructures which large undertakings
         usually have, the argument alleging infringement of the principle non bis in idem  has no factual basis. In determining the specific starting amount, the Commission based itself on the applicant’s recognition
         that its conduct constituted an infringement, while the fact that this was a repeat infringement was taken into account because
         the applicant had committed infringements in the past.
      
      b)      Findings of the Court
      133   It should be borne in mind at the outset that Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 states that ‘the Commission may by decision
         impose on undertakings or associations of undertakings fines of from [EUR] 1 000 to [EUR] 1 000 000, or a sum in excess thereof,
         but not exceeding 10% of the turnover in the preceding business year of each of the undertakings participating in the infringement
         where, either intentionally or negligently … they infringe Article [81](1) … of the Treaty’. The same provision states that
         ‘in fixing the amount of the fine, regard shall be had both to the gravity and to the duration of the infringement’ (LR AF 1998  v Commission, paragraph 57 above, paragraph 223).
      
      134   It is, moreover, settled case-law that, in the context of Regulation No 17, the Commission possesses a wide margin of discretion
         when setting fines, in order that it may direct the conduct of undertakings towards compliance with the competition rules
         (Case T‑150/89 Martinelli v Commission [1995] ECR II‑1165, paragraph 59; Case T‑49/95 Van Megen Sports v Commission [1996] ECR II‑1799, paragraph 53; and Case T-229/94 Deutsche Bahn v Commission [1997] ECR II‑1689, paragraph 127).
      
      135   Moreover, the fact that in the past the Commission applied fines of a certain level to certain types of infringement does
         not mean that it is estopped from raising that level, within the limits set out in Regulation No 17, if that is necessary
         in order to ensure the implementation of Community competition policy (Musique diffusion française and Others v Commission, paragraph 50 above, paragraph 109; Case T‑12/89 Solvay  v Commission [1992] ECR II-907, paragraph 309; and Case T‑304/94 Europa Carton  v Commission [1998] ECR II-869, paragraph 89). On the contrary, the proper application of the Community competition rules requires that
         the Commission may at any time adjust the level of fines to the needs of that policy (Musique diffusion française and Others  v Commission, paragraph 50 above, paragraph 109, and LR AF 1998  v Commission, paragraph 57 above, paragraphs 236 and 237).
      
      136   However, Article 17 of Regulation No 17 gives the Court unlimited jurisdiction within the meaning of Article 229 EC in proceedings
         brought against decisions in which the Commission has fixed the amount of a fine and may, accordingly, cancel, reduce or increase
         the fine imposed. In the exercise of its unlimited jurisdiction, the Court must consider whether the amount of the fine imposed
         is proportionate to the gravity and duration of the infringement (see, to that effect Deutsche Bahn v Commission, paragraph 134 above, paragraphs 125 and 127, and Cheil Jedang v Commission, paragraph 95 above, paragraph 93) and must weigh the seriousness of the infringement with the circumstances invoked by the
         applicant (see, to that effect, Case C-333/94 P Tetra Pak  v Commission [1996] ECR I‑5951, paragraph 48). 
      
      137   It should next be noted that it is settled case-law that the gravity of infringements has to be determined by reference to
         numerous factors, such as, in particular, the actual circumstances of the case, its context and the deterrent effect of fines;
         moreover, no binding or exhaustive list of the criteria which must be applied has been drawn up (order of the Court of Justice
         of 25 March 1996 in Case C‑137/95 P SPO and Others v Commission [1996] ECR I-1611, paragraph 54; Case C‑219/95 P Ferriere Nord v Commission [1997] ECR I‑4411, paragraph 33; Case T‑334/94 Sarrió v Commission [1998] ECR II‑1439, paragraph 328; and LR AF 1998  v Commission, paragraph 57 above, paragraph 236). In particular, the gravity of the infringement is to be appraised by taking into account
         the nature of the restrictions on competition (Case 45/69 Boehringer v Commission [1970] ECR 769, paragraph 53; and Joined Cases T-213/95 and T-18/96 SCK and FNK  v Commission [1997] ECR II-1739, paragraph 246). The Commission must also have regard to the deterrent effect of its action, especially
         as regards those types of infringement which are particularly harmful to the attainment of the objectives of the Community
         (Musique diffusion française and Others v Commission, paragraph 50 above, paragraphs 105 and 106, and ABB Asea Brown Boveri  v Commission, paragraph 50 above, paragraph 166).
      
      138   However, the case-law provides that, where the Commission adopts guidelines which are consistent with the Treaty and are designed
         to specify the criteria which it intends to apply in the exercise of its discretion, the Commission itself then limits that
         discretion in that it must comply with the guidelines which it has imposed upon itself (Hercules Chemicals  v Commission, paragraph 57 above, paragraph 53, upheld on appeal in Case C-51/92 P Hercules Chemicals v Commission [1999] ECR I-4235, paragraph 75). In determining the gravity of infringements once guidelines are adopted, the Commission
         is thus obliged to take into account, amongst other factors, the matters referred to in those guidelines, save where it specifically
         sets out the reasons justifying, should the case arise, its departure from them in a specific area (Case T-213/00 CMA CGM and Others v Commission [2003] ECR II-913 ‘FETTCSA’, paragraph 271).
      
      139   The Guidelines provide that the Commission is to take as its basis in setting the amount of the fine a general starting amount
         determined according to the gravity of the infringement. In assessing the gravity of the infringement, account must be taken
         of its nature, its actual impact on the market, where that can be measured, and the size of the relevant geographic market
         (first paragraph of Section 1.A). Within that framework infringements are put into one of three categories, namely ‘minor
         infringements’, where fines are likely to fall within the band EUR 1 000 and EUR 1 million, ‘serious infringements’, where
         fines are likely to fall within the band EUR 1 million to EUR 20 million, and ‘very serious infringements’, where fines are
         likely to exceed EUR 20 million (first to the third indents of the second paragraph of Section 1.A).
      
      140   The Commission states in that regard that minor infringements might for example be trade restrictions, usually of a vertical
         nature, but with a limited market impact and affecting only a substantial but relatively limited part of the Community market
         (first indent of the second paragraph of Section 1.A). Serious infringements will more often than not be horizontal or vertical
         restrictions of the same type as minor infringements, but more rigorously applied, with a wider market impact, and with effects
         in extensive areas of the common market. There might also be an abuse of a dominant position (second indent of the second
         paragraph of Section 1.A). Lastly, very serious infringements will generally be horizontal restrictions such as price cartels
         and market‑sharing quotas, or other practices which jeopardise the proper functioning of the single market, such as the partitioning
         of national markets and clear-cut abuse of a dominant position by undertakings holding a virtual monopoly (third indent of
         the second paragraph of Section 1.A).
      
      141   The Guidelines state that within each of those categories of infringement, and in particular as far as ‘serious’ and ‘very
         serious’ infringements are concerned, the proposed scale of fines will make it possible to apply differential treatment to
         undertakings according to the nature of the infringement committed (third paragraph of Section 1.A). It is also necessary
         to take account of the effective economic capacity of offenders to cause significant damage to other operators, in particular
         consumers, and to set the fine at a level which ensures that it has a sufficiently deterrent effect (fourth paragraph of Section
         1.A). In addition, account may also be taken of the fact that large undertakings usually have legal and economic knowledge
         and infrastructures which enable them more easily to recognise that their conduct constitutes an infringement and be aware
         of the consequences stemming from it under competition law (fifth paragraph of Section 1.A).
      
      142   Within each of those three categories defined above, it may be necessary in cases involving several undertakings, such as
         cartels, to apply weightings to the amount determined in order to take account of the specific weight and, therefore, the
         real impact of the offending conduct of each undertaking on competition, particularly where there is considerable disparity
         between the sizes of the undertakings committing infringements of the same type. Consequently, it may be necessary to adopt
         the general starting amount according to the specific nature of each undertaking (sixth paragraph of Section 1.A).
      
      143   The Guidelines also state that the principle of equal punishment for the same conduct may, if the circumstances so warrant,
         lead to different fines being imposed on the undertakings concerned without that differentiation being governed by arithmetic
         calculation (seventh paragraph of Section 1.A).
      
      144   It is in the light of those principles that it is necessary to consider, first, whether in its application in the present
         case of the method laid down in the Guidelines for the purposes of determining the gravity of the infringement, the Commission
         infringed the principles invoked by the applicant. It should next be determined whether – on the assumption that, as the applicant
         claims in the alternative, the infringement must classified as very serious – the specific starting amount of EUR 25 million
         ultimately applied in the applicant’s case is itself appropriate having regard to the circumstances invoked by the latter,
         namely the very limited impact of the infringement on the Community market and the low volume of sales of the products covered
         by the cartel.
      
       The assessment of the gravity of the infringement
      145   In the present case, the contested decision shows that the Commission assessed the gravity of the fine on the basis of the
         following factors: the actual nature of the infringement; the fact that the cartel concerned all segments of the beer market,
         that the discussions in question were conducted at the highest management level and that the agreements and consultations
         concerned a wide variety of competition parameters; the fact that it could not be concluded that the cartel had no, or only
         a limited effect on the market; and the fact that the geographic market was the whole territory of Belgium.
      
      146   In the first place, as regards the question whether the assessment of the gravity of the infringement complied with the Guidelines
         and the principle of proportionality, it is necessary to consider the manner in which the Commission assessed that gravity
         in the light of the three relevant criteria, namely the nature of the infringement, its actual impact on the market, where
         that can be measured, and the size of the relevant geographic market (see paragraph 139 above).
      
      147   With respect, first, to the actual nature of the infringement, it should be noted that the applicant does not challenge the
         points mentioned in recital 297 of the contested decision, namely that the agreement comprised a general non-aggression pact,
         the exchange of information about sales, the direct and indirect agreement of and consultation on prices and promotions in
         the off-trade, the sharing of customers on the on-trade market and the restriction of investment and advertising on that market.
         It is settled case-law that horizontal price agreements are particularly injurious under Community competition law and may,
         by reason of that fact alone, be classified as very serious (Joined Cases T-202/98, T‑204/98 and T-207/98 Tate & Lyle and Others v Commission [2001] ECR II-2035, paragraph 103, and FETTCSA, paragraph 138 above, paragraph 262). As well as representing a price-fixing agreement, the arrangements described by the
         Commission in recital 297 of the contested decision constitute one of the most serious forms of damage to competition, in
         that their aim is quite simply to eliminate competition between the undertakings which implement them. The Commission’s conclusion
         that the agreements and consultations at issue constitute, by their nature, a very serious infringement, cannot be disputed.
         Nor can that conclusion be called into question by the fact that the Commission also found that the agreements and consultations
         concerned a wide variety of competition parameters and related to all segments of the beer market, as those findings flow
         directly and logically from the points mentioned in recital 297 of the contested decision, which are not disputed by the applicant.
         Nor can the holding of meetings relating to the cartel at the highest level of responsibility, namely the senior managers
         of the applicant and its subsidiary, which, again, are not disputed, mitigate the extreme gravity of the actual nature of
         the infringement.
      
      148   As regards, next, the criterion of the impact of the cartel, it must be held that, although the Commission found in the contested
         decision that certain parts of the agreement were not, or were not fully, implemented, it held, by contrast, that it could
         not be concluded that there was no effect, or only a limited effect, on the market. In support of that finding, the Commission
         relied not only on the written evidence represented by the notes taken by a representative of Interbrew at the meeting of
         28 January 1998, which record a number of achievements, but also on the fact, determined by the Commission, that the arrangements
         for the exchange of information about sales between Alken-Maes and Interbrew were actually implemented. The fact that an agreement
         having an anti-competitive object is implemented, even if only in part, is sufficient to preclude the possibility that the
         agreement had no effect on the market.
      
      149   The applicant’s argument that the agreement was unstructured and informal, which is evidence of a low degree of intention
         to infringe, is disproved by the facts. The multiplicity and the simultaneity of the objectives pursued by the cartel, which
         are not disputed by the applicant, go to prove the existence of an anti-competitive plan, which is evidence, not of a low,
         but of a high degree of intention to infringe. Even if the cartel was relatively informal, it was none the less highly structured.
      
      150   As regards, lastly, the criterion of the size of the relevant geographic market, the Commission found in the contested decision
         that the agreement extended to the whole of Belgium, which the applicant does not dispute. It is clear from case-law that
         where a geographic market extends to the whole of a country, that market represents a substantial part of the common market
         (Case 322/81 Michelin  v Commission [1983] ECR 3461, paragraph 28). Moreover, the Commission indicated in the Guidelines that horizontal restrictions such as
         price cartels and market-sharing quotas or other practices which jeopardise the proper functioning of the single market will
         more often than not be classified as very serious infringements (see paragraph 140 above). It follows from that indicative
         description that agreements or concerted practices involving in particular, as in the present case, the price-fixing and customer-sharing
         may be classified in that way on the basis of their nature alone, without it being necessary for such conduct to have a particular
         impact or cover a particular geographic area. That conclusion is supported by the fact that, while the indicative description
         of the types of infringement liable to be considered as serious mentions that they comprise infringements of the same type
         as those defined as minor ‘but more rigorously applied, with a wider market impact, and with effects in extensive areas of
         the common market’, the description of very serious infringements makes, by contrast, no mention of a requirement that there
         be an impact or that there be effects in a particular geographic area.
      
      151   It follows from the foregoing that in classifying the infringement as very serious within the meaning of Section 1.A of the
         Guidelines, the Commission did not infringe the principle of proportionality.
      
      152   It should be noted in that regard that the Court has held in relation to a price cartel operated on a limited geographic market
         that the classification of the agreement as serious by reason of its limited impact on the market already represented an attenuated
         classification having regard to the criteria generally applied when fixing fines in price cartel cases, which should have
         led the Commission to classify the agreement as very serious (Tate & Lyle and Others  v Commission, paragraph 147 above, paragraph 103).
      
      153   With respect, in the second place, to the argument that the Commission failed to have regard in this case to its decision-making
         practice, in breach of the principle of equal treatment, it should be pointed out, first, that the Commission’s practice in
         previous decisions does not itself serve as a legal framework for the fines imposed in competition matters, (LR AF 1998  v Commission, paragraph 57 above, paragraph 234) and, secondly, that it is settled case-law (see paragraph 134 above) that the Commission
         possesses a wide margin of discretion under Regulation No 17 when setting fines, in order that it may direct the conduct of
         undertakings towards compliance with the competition rules. It is accordingly for the Commission, in the exercise of its discretion
         and in the light of the matters referred to in the third indent of the second paragraph of Section 1.A of the Guidelines,
         to determine whether the individual circumstances of the case under consideration call for the infringement to be classified
         as very serious. It is clear from paragraphs 146 to 152 above that that was the case.
      
      154   As has already been mentioned in paragraphs 134 and 135 above, the fact that in the past the Commission has applied fines
         of a certain level to certain types of infringement does not mean that it is estopped from raising that level, within the
         limits set out in Regulation No 17, if that is necessary in order to ensure the implementation of Community competition policy.
         On the contrary, the effective application of the Community competition rules means that the Commission must be able, at any
         time, to adapt the level of fines to the requirements of that policy. Such conduct does not constitute an infringement by
         the Commission of the principle of equal treatment by reference to its earlier practice (see, to that effect, Joined Cases
         T-305/94, T-306/94, T-307/94, T-313/94 to T-316/94, T-318/94, T‑325/94, T-328/94, T‑329/94 and T-335/94 Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij and Others  v Commission [1999] ECR II-931 (‘PVC II)’, paragraph 1232).
      
      155   It must therefore be held that in categorising the infringement in question as very serious within the meaning of Section
         1.A of the Guidelines, the Commission complied with its guidelines and did not infringe either the principle of proportionality
         or the principle of equal treatment.
      
       The appraisal of the effective economic capacity of the applicant to cause significant damage to other operators 
      156   The Guidelines provide that, where an infringement is sufficiently serious, it may be necessary in cases involving several
         undertakings, such as cartels, to apply weightings to the general starting amount in order to establish a specific starting
         amount taking account of the weight and, therefore, the real impact of the offending conduct of each undertaking on competition,
         particularly where there is considerable disparity between the sizes of the undertakings committing infringements of the same
         type (sixth paragraph of Section 1.A, see paragraph 142 above). In particular, it is necessary to take account of the effective
         economic capacity of offenders to cause significant damage to other operators, in particular consumers (fourth paragraph of
         Section 1.A, see paragraph 141 above).
      
      157   It is also evident from case-law that the Guidelines do not provide that fines are to be calculated according to the overall
         turnover of the undertakings concerned or their turnover in the relevant market. Nor, however, do they preclude the Commission
         from taking either figure into account in determining the amount of the fine in order to ensure compliance with the general
         principles of Community law and where circumstances demand it. In particular, turnover may be relevant when considering the
         various factors mentioned in paragraphs 141 to 143 above (LR AF 1998 v Commission, paragraph 57 above, paragraphs 283 and 284, and Cheil Jedang  v Commission, paragraph 95 above, paragraph 82).
      
      158   It is in addition settled case-law that the criteria for assessing the gravity of an infringement may, depending on the circumstances,
         include the volume and value of the goods in respect of which the infringement was committed, the size and economic power
         of the undertaking and, consequently, the influence which it was able to exert on the market. It follows that, on the one
         hand, it is permissible, for the purpose of fixing a fine, to have regard both to the overall turnover of the undertaking,
         which gives an indication, albeit approximate and imperfect, of the size of the undertaking and of its economic power, and
         to the proportion of that turnover accounted for by the goods in respect of which the infringement was committed, which gives
         an indication of the scale of the infringement. On the other hand, it is important not to confer on one or other of those
         figures an importance which is disproportionate in relation to other factors and that the fixing of an appropriate fine cannot
         be the result of a simple calculation based on overall turnover (Musique diffusion française and Others v Commission, paragraph 50 above, paragraphs 120 and 121; Parker Pen v Commission, paragraph 115 above, paragraph 94; Case T-327/94 SCA Holding v Commission [1998] ECR II-1373, paragraph 176; and Cheil Jedang  v Commission, paragraph 95 above, paragraph 83).
      
      159   In this case, the first point to note is the limited scope of the applicant’s argument that the difference in the proportion
         which the starting amounts applied to each undertaking bore to the market share of those undertakings on the Belgian beer
         market shows that the Commission disregarded the principle that the effective capacity to cause damage is adequately reflected
         by the volume and value of the goods sold by each party. It must be held that the starting amounts referred to by the applicant
         incorporate not only the adjustment applied to take account of the effective capacity to cause damage to competitors on the
         market, but also the adjustment applied to reflect the objective of a deterrent effect.
      
      160   In that regard, recital 305 of the contested decision shows that the adjustment of the amount of the fines with a view to
         ensuring their deterrent effect was made by the Commission in two stages. First, the applicant and Interbrew were placed on
         equal footing in that in setting the starting amounts in each case the Commission took account of the fact that they ‘[were]
         large international undertakings’. Secondly, the Commission indicated that it was ‘important that [the applicant was] a multi-product
         company’, thereby indicating that there was a need for a higher level of deterrence in its case. It is therefore clear that,
         as regards the objective of deterrence and without addressing at this point the validity of the conclusions reached by the
         Commission in that respect, the specific starting amount of the fine imposed on the applicant took account of a greater need
         to ensure deterrence than in Interbrew’s case.
      
      161   It must none the less be noted that the specific starting amount applied to the applicant is approximately 45% lower than
         that applied to Interbrew. Moreover, the Commission stated, in recital 303 of the contested decision, that it had taken account
         of the effective economic capacity of the offenders to cause significant damage to other economic operators and, in recital
         304, that there was a considerable difference in size between Interbrew, the market leader in Belgium with a market share
         of approximately 55%, and Alken-Maes, the number two on that market, with approximately 15%. 
      
      162   It therefore appears that the Commission took account, in accordance with the Guidelines, of the relative economic capacity
         of the two undertakings to cause damage to other operators when, in setting the specific starting point for the applicant,
         it applied a significant discount to the general starting amount corresponding to the gravity of the infringement, for the
         purposes of the first paragraph of Section 1.A of the Guidelines. The fact that recital 303 refers to the capacity to ‘cause
         material harm to competitors’, (1) rather than repeating verbatim the expression used in the Guidelines, is of no relevance. Likewise, the fact that the ratio
         of the starting amounts applied to each undertaking differs from the precise ratio of their respective market shares has no
         bearing on the validity of the Commission’s approach. The Commission has indicated in the seventh paragraph of Section 1.A
         of the Guidelines that the imposition of different fines need not be governed by arithmetical calculation.
      
      163   As regards, in the second place, the applicant’s arguments that the specific starting amounts imposed do not reflect the glaring
         imbalance resulting from Interbrew’s dominant position on the Belgian beer market, which led Alken-Maes to seek to put an
         end to its gradual marginalisation and is, in any event evidence of the applicant’s inability to restrict competition, it
         must be borne in mind that the infringement established in the contested decision is not denied by the applicant. That infringement,
         which consists in a set of agreements and/or concerted practices, implies both an agreement of wills between the parties and
         that the damage done to competition resulted from that agreement and, accordingly, from the will of each of the parties. Accordingly,
         the applicant cannot invoke pressure which it claims was on it and thereby avoid liability for the damage done to competition.
      
      164   For the sake of completeness, it should also be noted that it is settled case-law that an undertaking which participates with
         others in anti-competitive behaviour cannot rely on the fact that it did so under pressure from the other participants. It
         could have complained to the competent authorities about the pressure brought to bear on it and have lodged a complaint with
         the Commission under Article 3 of Regulation No 17 rather than participating in the activities in question (Case T‑9/89 Hüls v Commission [1992] ECR II-499, paragraphs 123 and 128; Case T‑141/89 Tréfileurope v Commission [1995] ECR II-791, paragraph 58; and LR AF 1998  v Commission, paragraph 57 above, paragraph 142).
      
      165   As regards, lastly, the argument that the specific starting amount applied to the applicant represents a much higher percentage
         of Alken-Maes’s turnover than the amount applied to Interbrew represents of the latter’s turnover, it should first be noted
         that those amounts, as already mentioned in paragraphs 159 and 160 above, reflect not only the actual damage caused by each
         of the parties to competition but also the objective of deterrence referred to in the Guidelines. The argument that the starting
         amount applied to Alken-Maes is higher than the limit laid down in Regulation No 17 in terms of percentage of turnover is,
         in any event, wholly irrelevant, as the contested decision was addressed to the applicant. 
      
      166   The arguments alleging incorrect appraisal by the Commission, in breach of the principle of proportionality, of the effective
         capacity of the participants to cause significant damage to other operators, in particular consumers, must accordingly be
         rejected in their entirety.
      
       The setting of the fine at a level which ensures that it has a sufficiently deterrent effect 
      167   The Guidelines provide that where an infringement involves several undertakings, such as cartels, a weighting may be applied
         to the general starting amount in order to establish a specific starting amount which takes account of the specific weight
         and, therefore, the real impact of the offending conduct of each undertaking on competition, particularly where there is considerable
         disparity between undertakings committing infringements of the same type (see paragraph 142 above). In particular, it is necessary
         to set the fine at a level which ensures that it has a sufficiently deterrent effect (see paragraph 141 above).
      
      168   The taking into account, for the purposes of determining the amount of the fine imposed in respect of the gravity of the infringement,
         of that objective of deterrence reflects settled case-law according to which the deterrent effect of fines constitutes one
         of the factors which the Commission is entitled to take into account in assessing the gravity of the infringement and, accordingly,
         in setting the level of the fine, as the gravity of infringements has to be determined by reference to numerous factors, such
         as the particular circumstances of the case, its context and the deterrent effect of fines; moreover, no binding or exhaustive
         list of the criteria which must be applied has been drawn up (order in SPO and Others v Commission, paragraph 137 above, paragraph 54; Ferriere Nord  v Commission, paragraph 137 above, paragraph 33; and Sarrió v Commission, paragraph 137 above, paragraph 328).
      
      169   Similarly, the case-law provides that the Commission’s power to impose fines on undertakings which, intentionally or negligently,
         commit an infringement of Article 81(1) EC is one of the means conferred on the Commission in order to enable it to carry
         out the task of supervision conferred on it by Community law. That task encompasses the duty to pursue a general policy designed
         to apply, in competition matters, the principles laid down by the Treaty and to guide the conduct of undertakings in the light
         of those principles. It follows that, in assessing the gravity of an infringement for the purpose of fixing the amount of
         the fine, the Commission must ensure that its action has the necessary deterrent effect, especially as regards those types
         of infringement which are particularly harmful to the attainment of the objectives of the Community (Musique diffusion française and Others v Commission, paragraph 50 above, paragraphs 105 and 106, and ABB Asea Brown Boveri v Commission, paragraph 50 above, paragraph 166). 
      
      170   In the light of the foregoing, the Commission was justified in taking account of the objective of deterrence in setting the
         specific starting amount of its fine, which precisely reflects the gravity of the infringement committed. The taking into
         account of the deterrent effect of fines forms an integral part of the weighting of fines to reflect the gravity of the infringement,
         since the purpose of doing so is to ensure that a calculation method does not lead to fines which, for certain undertakings,
         would not be sufficiently high to ensure that the fine had a sufficiently deterrent effect (ABB Asea Brown Boveri  v Commission, paragraph 50 above, paragraph 167).
      
      171   With respect to the applicant’s argument that there was a failure to specify the part played by the need to ensure a deterrent
         effect in the calculation of the fine, it must be pointed out that the Commission did not lay down in the Guidelines any method
         or specific criteria as to the manner in which the objective of deterrence was to be taken into account and which, had they
         been set out expressly, would have been capable of having binding effect. That argument must accordingly be rejected.
      
      172   The same is true of the argument that the principles adopted in the present case for the purposes of assessing the need to
         ensure a deterrent effect were not made explicit. The applicant itself accepts that the Commission stated in recital 305 of
         the contested decision that the applicant and Interbrew are large international undertakings and that the applicant is also
         a multi-product company. The Commission added in recital 306 that it took into account the fact that the applicant had legal
         and economic knowledge and infrastructures which enabled it more easily to recognise that its conduct constituted an infringement
         and be aware of the consequences stemming from it under competition law. It is therefore clear that, contrary to the applicant’s
         contention, the principles applied in assessing the need to have a deterrent effect were made explicit.
      
      173   It is necessary, lastly, to consider the various arguments whereby the applicant seeks to show that the Commission’s reasoning
         in support of its finding that there was a need for a specific deterrent effect is irrelevant and disproportionate.
      
      174   The argument that the fact that this constituted a repeat infringement cannot be deemed relevant must be rejected at the outset,
         since the Commission’s reasoning relating to the deterrence was not based on such an objection.
      
      175   With respect to the argument that the overall size of the undertaking and its international dimension are irrelevant as regards
         the object of competition which the Commission should pursue, it should first of all be noted that the fact that the applicant
         had legal and economic knowledge and infrastructures which enabled it more easily to recognise that its conduct constituted
         an infringement and be aware of the consequences stemming from it under competition law may be considered to reflect the overall
         resources of the undertaking and thus its size, of which its international dimension is one item of evidence amongst others.
         The Commission was therefore fully entitled to take account of it. The fact that the applicant participated in the cartel
         despite the fact that it had the resources to recognise that it constituted an infringement and to be aware of its consequences
         objectively indicates an additional need for deterrence by comparison with an undertaking without such resources.
      
      176   The argument that the taking account, for the purposes of determining the necessary level of deterrence, of the secret nature
         of the cartel is irrelevant, as the cartel was not kept secret, or, at least, not kept secret due to the applicant, is based
         on the claim that, in the context of the cartel, a number of meetings took place in the presence of competitors, for example
         the meetings of the working party known as ‘Vision 2000’, or distributors, such as the meeting of 28 January 1993, which included
         beer wholesalers. In addition, a letter of 4 August 1997 sent to the brewers by the federation of beer wholesalers shows that
         the latter followed the activities of the members of the cartel very closely.
      
      177   As regards, first, the meetings of the ‘Vision 2000’ working party, it should be pointed out that in recitals 128 to 155 of
         the contested decision the Commission does not contend that those meetings, which were official since they were held under
         the auspices of the Confédération des brasseries de Belgique (‘the CBB’) and included a large part of the trade, were, as
         such, constitutive of the infringement. The Commission found that Interbrew and Alken-Maes, in the context of their bilateral
         contacts, acted together in the CBB and saw the advantages of taking certain initiatives through the organisation and that
         Interbrew and Alken-Maes had agreed that part of the cartel, namely that which related to investment and advertising in the
         on‑trade and the new pricing system, could be implemented within the CBB. The Commission thus refers to the use of the CBB
         as a means of implementing, without the knowledge of the other participants in the meetings in question, an agreement between
         Interbrew and the applicant to influence certain pricing discussions conducted within that body to reflect the objects of
         their cartel, without suggesting that the other participants were informed of its existence. It must further be held that
         the objectives pursued by Interbrew and the applicant through the auspices of the CBB and the meetings of the ‘Vision 2000’
         working party, namely a restriction of investment and advertising in the on-trade and the development of a new pricing structure,
         represented in any event only a limited aspect of the cartel, which comprised other secret elements, such as a general non‑aggression
         pact, an agreement on prices and promotions in the off‑trade, customer-sharing on the on-trade market and also an exchange
         of sales information. The fact that the meetings of the ‘Vision 2000’ working party were held cannot therefore lead to the
         conclusion that the agreement was not secret.
      
      178   As regards, next, the meeting of 28 January 1993 (see paragraphs 126 and 131 above), it must be held that, although the minute
         of that meeting, prepared by a representative of Interbrew, refers to a ‘meeting of beer wholesalers’ and records the terms
         of an agreement to raise prices and impose minimum prices in respect of beer sold through certain distribution channels, it
         cannot in any way be inferred from that minute that full details of the anti-competitive arrangements included in the agreement
         were given to the beer wholesalers at the meeting of 28 January 1993. While those arrangements confirm that the trading policy
         of Alken-Maes and Interbrew were closely coordinated, they do not, by contrast, imply that the beer wholesalers were informed
         of the cartel.
      
      179   As regards the letter of 4 August 1997 sent by the federation of beer wholesalers to Alken-Maes, it is clear that it does
         no more than criticise the distribution policy of Alken-Maes for jeopardising the future of independent distributors. Accordingly,
         it does not imply in any way that the beer wholesalers were aware of the cartel.
      
      180   The argument that the cartel which the contested decision found to exist was not secret must therefore be rejected.
      181   The Commission was accordingly entitled, in carrying out the tasks set out in the case-law in paragraphs 134 and 135 above
         and in complying with the legal framework laid down in Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17, to take account of those matters
         in assessing the need to ensure a deterrent effect.
      
      182   The applicant’s argument that it is unnecessary to take an objective of deterrence into account since the Commission’s intervention
         put an end to the infringement must be rejected and it should be emphasised that the purpose of establishing a deterrent effect
         is to guide the future conduct of the undertaking and that the fact that an undertaking ceases its offending conduct immediately
         that conduct is exposed by the Commission, an initiative which the undertaking is objectively bound to take, does not constitute
         sufficient grounds for concluding that it will be effectively deterred from repeating such conduct in the future.
      
      183   All of the arguments alleging incorrect determination of the deterrent level of the fine, in breach of the principle of proportionality,
         must therefore be rejected.
      
       The taking account of the legal and economic knowledge and infrastructures which large undertakings usually have
      184   It is clear from case-law that the principle non bis in idem, enshrined also in Article 4 of Protocol No 7 to the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (‘the ECHR’)
         signed in Rome on 4 November 1950, is a general principle of Community law which will be upheld by the Community judicature
         (Joined Cases 18/65 and 35/65 Gutmann  v Commission [1966] ECR 103, 119; Case 7/72 Boehringer v Commission [1972] ECR 1281, paragraph 3; and PVC II, paragraph 154 above, paragraph 96, upheld on appeal in Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij and Others  v Commission, paragraph 97 above, paragraph 59).
      
      185   In the field of Community competition law, that principle prohibits an undertaking being punished or having proceedings brought
         against it by the Commission on a second occasion in relation to anti-competitive conduct in respect of which a penalty has
         been imposed on it or for which it has been declared not to be liable by an earlier decision of the Commission which is no
         longer capable of being appealed against. The application of the principle non bis in idem  is subject to the threefold condition of identity of the facts, unity of offender and unity of the legal interest protected
         (Joined Cases C-204/00 P, C-205/00 P, C-211/00 P, C-213/00 P, C-217/00 P and C-219/00 P Aalborg Portland and Others  v Commission [2004] ECR I‑123, paragraph 338).
      
      186   In the present case, it must be pointed out that in recital 306 of the contested decision, the Commission took as grounds
         for increasing the level of the fine to be imposed on the applicant the fact that it had legal and economic knowledge and
         infrastructures which enabled it more easily to recognise that its conduct constituted an infringement and be aware of the
         consequences stemming from it under competition law. In addition, in recital 314 of the contested decision, the Commission
         took as grounds for increasing the level of the fine to be imposed on the applicant the fact that it had already been found
         to have infringed Article 81 EC on two previous occasions.
      
      187   In that regard, it is clear, first, that the conditions governing the application of the principle non bis in idem, as laid down by the case‑law in the field of competition (see paragraph 185 above), are not satisfied in the present case,
         as, in setting the amount of the fine, the Commission did no more than take into account factual considerations, namely, first,
         that by reason of its economic and legal knowledge and infrastructures the applicant was in a position to recognise that its
         conduct constituted an infringement and be aware of its consequences and, secondly, that it had already been found to have
         infringed Article 81 EC on two previous occasions. In any event, it was on other grounds that the Commission increased the
         level of the fine in recitals 306 and 314 of the contested decision. The fourth part of the plea must accordingly be rejected.
      
       The appropriateness of the specific starting amount in the light of the circumstances invoked by the applicant 
      188   The applicant submits in the alternative that, even if it is accepted that the Commission did not contravene the principle
         of equal treatment in classifying the infringement as very serious, the starting amount of the fine should nevertheless be
         reduced in order to take account of the minimal impact of the infringement on the Community market and the low volume of sales
         of the products covered by the cartel.
      
      189   It should be borne in mind that, as required by the method set out in the Guidelines (see paragraphs 139 to 143 above), the
         Commission took as its starting-point in setting the fines a general starting amount determined according to the gravity of
         the infringement, that it next applied a weighting to that general starting amount by reference, first, to the effective capacity
         of the undertakings in question to cause significant damage to other operators, in particular consumers, secondly, to the
         requirement to set the fine at a level which ensures that it has a sufficiently deterrent effect and, thirdly, the requirement
         to take account of the fact that large undertakings usually have legal and economic knowledge and infrastructures which enable
         them more easily to recognise that their conduct constitutes an infringement and be aware of the consequences stemming from
         it under competition law.
      
      190   It was held in paragraphs 133 to 187 above that in classifying the infringement as very serious and in making the series of
         adjustments referred to above the Commission did not contravene any of the principles invoked by the applicant. Moreover,
         it should be borne in mind that the Guidelines contemplate that fines will be imposed in excess of EUR 20 million in cases
         of very serious infringements.
      
      191   As regards the applicant’s argument that the specific starting amount applied was in any event disproportionate having regard
         to the fact that the products covered by the cartel represented less than 2.5% of the total consumption of those products
         in the European Union, it must be held that the gravity of an infringement does not depend only on its geographic extent and
         on the proportion which the sales covered by the infringement bears to sales made in the whole of the European Union. Irrespective
         of those criteria, the absolute value of the sales in question is also a relevant indication of the gravity of the infringement,
         since it is an accurate reflection of the economic importance of the transactions which the infringement seeks to remove from
         the normal interplay of competition. It is not disputed in the present case that the approximate value of the sales concerned
         could be assessed at approximately EUR 1 200 million, which signifies that the sector is of considerable economic importance.
         In that context, the specific starting amount of EUR 25 million applied to the applicant cannot be regarded as excessive.
      
      192   As regards the reference to the Commission’s practice in the Seamless Steel Tubes decision, it is sufficient to note that
         it is irrelevant in the light of the case-law referred to in paragraph 153 above.
      
      193   It should, moreover, be pointed out that the Commission took account in that decision of the fact that the type of seamless
         steel pipes and tubes that were the subject of the infringement represented only 19% of all the seamless steel pipes and tubes
         which were capable of being used by the oil and gas industry, with the result that the impact of the infringement was limited
         since the industry could turn to other products that were unaffected by the cartel. In the present case, the infringement
         covered a much more significant share of the beer available in Belgium, since the Commission stated in recital 4 of the contested
         decision, without being challenged on the point, that the parties to the agreement brewed about 70% of the total beer sold
         in Belgium in 1998. 
      
      194   In the light of all the foregoing considerations, the applicant’s argument that the amount of the fine imposed was inappropriate
         must be rejected.
      
      195   The plea must therefore be rejected in its entirety.
      5.     The plea alleging incorrect assessment of the duration of the infringement 
      a)     Arguments of the parties
      196   While it states that it does not deny the substantive truth of the facts established against it, the applicant submits that
         the Commission incorrectly assessed the significance of certain facts in determining the duration of the infringement. In
         particular, reference was made by the Commission to a telephone conversation and two meetings between the applicant and Interbrew,
         which took place after July 1996 and several months apart and on which it relied in support of the conclusion that the infringement
         continued until 28 January 1998. However, the Commission failed to establish that the infringement continued after July 1996.
         It should therefore be accepted that the duration of the offending conduct did not exceed three years and six months, which
         justifies an increase in the specific starting amount of the fine considerably lower than 45%. In accordance with its case-law,
         the Court must accordingly reduce the fine imposed on the applicant, having regard to the actual duration of the infringement.
      
      197   As regards, in the first place, the telephone conversation of 9 December 1996 between Interbrew and the applicant, the applicant
         states that, contrary to what the Commission’s reference to other documents in the file implies, the handwritten and annotated
         notes of Alken-Maes’s management controller Mr L.B. dated 27 November 1996 were the only document on which the Commission
         based its findings. 
      
      198   The applicant does not deny that those handwritten notes were drawn up at an internal meeting which took place in November
         1996, the purpose of which, according to the applicant, was to consider Interbrew’s new prices, as a result of Alken-Maes
         having been given Interbrew’s new conditions of sale by its customers. By contrast, the applicant does challenge the Commission’s
         interpretation of the three sets of annotations subsequently added to those notes, each of which includes the date ‘9/12/96’
         and plainly represents a reply to three questions put in the original notes, regarding aspects of Interbrew’s pricing policy
         which were unclear at the time the original notes were drawn up. The Commission was wrong to hold that Mr A.B. of Interbrew
         should be asked for his opinion regarding them, which was done on 9 December 1996, when Interbrew gave one positive answer
         and two negative ones. According to the applicant, the other documents in the file which the contested decision refers to
         provide no support for that interpretation. The annotations made to the notes of 27 November 1996 could have been the result
         of enquiries made quite independently of any direct contact with Interbrew, made, for example, of distributors, who would
         only have echoed the interpretation given to them by Mr A.B. As one of the distributors of Interbrew’s products, it was natural
         for Alken-Maes to seek to understand Interbrew’s new prices for logistical reasons. The document in question accordingly is
         not sufficient to establish the truth of the Commission’s case.
      
      199   As regards, secondly, the meeting of 17 April 1997, the applicant submits that that meeting is not evidence of the cartel
         relating to the Belgian market, since its purpose, according to the statement of Mr J.D. of Interbrew referred to in recital
         96 of the contested decision, was to establish potential synergies between the two groups and an increase in the profitability
         of the two undertakings, in the event that Interbrew were to reacquire the applicant’s subsidiary Alken-Maes.
      
      200   The applicant contests the Commission’s conclusion that Mr J.D.’s statement demonstrates the anti-competitive nature of that
         meeting. That statement contains a summary of all the contacts between Interbrew and Alken-Maes. As regards, specifically,
         the meeting of 17 April 1997, Mr J.D. states only that those taking part in the meeting undertook a line-by-line analysis
         of Alken-Maes’s profit and loss account, that being a necessary part of any negotiations on the possible transfer of an undertaking.
         The five points referred to in the document are all matters having a bearing on Alken-Maes’s operating results or the method
         used to calculate them.
      
      201   The applicant also challenges the Commission’s finding that it is unlikely that Mr R.V., the head of Alken-Maes, would have
         been present at the meeting in question if the discussion had related to the disposal of Alken-Maes, since such a disposal
         might not have been to his benefit. According to the applicant, there was nothing out of the ordinary about his presence,
         particularly if the person concerned wished to retain a role in the company. Moreover, there was all the more reason for him
         to be present, as Interbrew envisaged an acquisition by way of a management buy-out, which implied an important role for the
         existing management, as is evidenced by two statements placed in the file, namely those of Mr C. and Mr T. 
      
      202   As regards, in the third place, the meeting of 28 January 1998 involving inter alia Mr A.D. of Interbrew and Mr N.V. of Alken-Maes,
         the applicant contends that the discussion essentially involved a summary of past relationships. It also observes that, according
         to Interbrew’s representative, the representative of Alken-Maes was wholly unaware of those events.
      
      203   The applicant maintains that there is nothing to support the Commission’s contention that Mr A.D.’s handwritten notes of 28 January
         1998 proves that the cartel existed at that date. In particular, there is nothing which leads to the conclusion that the content
         of those notes may be attributed to both parties, which the Commission wrongly does in identifying the material contained
         in Mr A.D.’s notes as representing an alleged conversation, when it is possible that the material contained in the notes reflects
         the views of Interbrew alone. It would be surprising in the circumstances if the representative of Alken-Maes, who had no
         knowledge of the matter, could have given a detailed description of the agreements concluded in 1994. Moreover, the contested
         decision does not deny that the meeting of 28 January 1998 was not followed up. It therefore follows that the notes in question
         do not prove the existence or the implementation of an agreement or a concerted practice at that date, but go simply to show
         a positive assessment by Interbrew of the agreement concluded in 1994 and its desire to renew it.
      
      204   The applicant accordingly argues that the period of the offending conduct did not exceed three years and six months and that
         the increase in the fine for duration should be reduced. 
      
      205   The Commission points out first that, in contending that the agreement ended in July 1996, the applicant is disputing its
         duration, whereas it claims that it does not substantially contest the facts. Next, the Commission established to the requisite
         legal standard that anti-competitive contacts between the applicant and Interbrew were in place until 28 January 1998. Lastly,
         as the applicant did not publicly distance itself from meetings which were shown to have an anti-competitive object and which
         it accepts that it participated in, its responsibility until 28 January 1998 is substantiated in any event.
      
      b)     Findings of the Court
      206   Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 provides that the duration of the infringement is one of the factors that must be taken
         into account in determining the amount of the fine to be imposed on undertakings which infringe the competition rules.
      
      207   The Guidelines distinguish between infringements of short duration (in general, less than one year), where no increase should
         be made to the starting amount determined for gravity, infringements of medium duration (in general, one to five years), where
         that amount may be increased by up to 50%, and infringements of long duration (in general, more than five years), where that
         amount may be increased by up to 10% per year (first to the third indents of the first paragraph of Section 1.B).
      
      208   In recital 281 of the contested decision, the Commission stated that it had evidence concerning the Interbrew/Alken-Maes Cartel
         from at least 28 January 1993 to 28 January 1998. It stated that ‘on 28 January 1993 a report was made of a first meeting
         with a clearly anti-competitive aim’ and that ‘on 28 January 1998 the last meeting within the framework of the cartel took
         place in respect of which the Commission has documentation’. The Commission concluded that ‘the duration of the infringement
         is thus five years and one day’. That finding was repeated in the operative part of the contested decision, in which the Commission
         stated that the infringement took place ‘during the period from 28 January 1993 to 28 January 1998’.
      
      209   In recital 282 of the contested decision, the Commission stated that the applicant disputed that the infringement had lasted
         as long as that and that it maintained that the discussions between Alken-Maes and Interbrew started only on 12 October 1994
         and ended in July 1996. However, the Commission rejected those arguments and found that the duration of the infringement had
         been established to the requisite legal standard.
      
      210   In this plea, the applicant’s arguments refer again to the fact that the Commission did no properly determine the duration
         of the infringement. The applicant disputes the increase in the fine solely in so far as, in its contention, the infringement
         did not continue beyond July 1996.
      
      211   Nor does the applicant expressly seek annulment of Article 1 of the contested decision, which defines the duration of its
         participation in the cartel. It invoked the plea relating to the duration of the infringement only in the alternative, in
         support of a request for a reduction in the amount of the fine imposed on it.
      
      212   Nevertheless, the applicant’s written pleadings in the present case show that it is essentially contesting the validity of
         the contested decision inasmuch as the decision finds, as Article 1 of its operative part states, that the infringement took
         place over the period from 28 January 1993 until 28 January 1998. Thus, the applicant stated in its application that ‘the
         [contested] decision is invalid, since it finds that the period of the infringement was from 28 January 1993 to 28 January
         1998’ and that the Commission ‘[has failed] to establish … to the requisite legal standard that the infringement continued
         beyond July 1996’. The applicant went on to state in its reply that ‘a correct reading of the file should have … led [the
         Commission] to find that the infringement was of a lesser duration and to draw the appropriate consequences as regards the
         level of the fine’. Moreover, it is common ground that the applicant disputed the duration of the infringement in the course
         of the administrative procedure, in particular in its response to the statement of objections, as is mentioned in paragraph
         512 below.
      
      213   In the light of the foregoing, it should therefore be held that by the present plea relating to the duration of the infringement,
         the applicant seeks not only a reduction in the fine but also the partial annulment of the contested decision, in particular
         Article 1 of its operative part, in that the Commission wrongly held that the infringement continued until 28 January 1998.
         
      
      214   It is accordingly necessary to determine, in the context of the present plea, whether the Commission established to the requisite
         legal standard, on the basis of the recorded facts, that the infringement continued until 28 January 1998.
      
      215   It should be noted in that regard that as regards proof of an infringement of Article 81(1) EC, the Commission must prove
         the infringements which it has found and adduce evidence capable of demonstrating to the requisite legal standard the existence
         of circumstances constituting an infringement (Case C-185/95 P Baustahlgewebe  v Commission [1998] ECR I-8417, paragraph 58, and Case C‑49/92 P Commission  v Anic Partecipazioni [1999] ECR I-4125, paragraph 86). Any doubt in the mind of the Court must operate to the advantage of the undertaking to which
         the decision finding an infringement was addressed. The Court cannot therefore conclude that the Commission has established
         the infringement at issue to the requisite legal standard if it still entertains any doubts on that point, in particular in
         proceedings for annulment of a decision imposing a fine.
      
      216   In the latter situation, it is necessary to take account of the principle of the presumption of innocence resulting in particular
         from Article 6(2) of the ECHR, which is one of the fundamental rights which, according to the settled case-law of the Court
         of Justice, reaffirmed in the Preamble to the Single European Act, by Article 6(2) of the Treaty on European Union and by
         Article 47 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (OJ 2000 C 364, p. 1), are protected in the Community
         legal order. Given the nature of the infringements in question and the nature and degree of severity of the ensuing penalties,
         the principle of the presumption of innocence applies in particular to the procedures relating to infringements of the competition
         rules applicable to undertakings that may result in the imposition of fines or periodic penalty payments (see Case C-199/92
         P Hüls  v Commission [1999] ECR I-4287, paragraphs 149 and 150, and Case C-235/92 P Montecatini  v Commission [1999] ECR I-4539, paragraphs 175 and 176).
      
      217   It is accordingly necessary for the Commission to produce sufficiently precise and consistent evidence to support the firm
         conviction that the alleged infringement took place (see Volkswagen  v Commission, paragraph 99 above, paragraphs 43 and 72 and the case-law cited). 
      
      218   However, it is important to emphasise that it is not necessary for every item of evidence produced by the Commission to satisfy
         those criteria in relation to every aspect of the infringement. It is sufficient if the body of evidence relied on by the
         institution, viewed as a whole, meets that requirement (see, to that effect, PVC II, paragraph 154 above, paragraphs 768 to 778, and in particular paragraph 777, confirmed on the relevant point by the Court
         of Justice, on appeal, in its judgment in Limburgse Vinyl Maatschaapij and Others v Commission, paragraph 97 above, paragraphs 513 to 523).
      
       The telephone conversation of 9 December 1996 
      219   As regards the alleged unlawful contact which took place on 9 December 1996, it should first be noted that the Commission
         stated in recital 91 of the contested decision that ‘following on from the meeting of 19 September, Alken-Maes’s management
         controller contacted Interbrew’s off-trade manager, on 9 December, to ask a number of questions Alken-Maes had with regard
         to the pricing study’. The Commission relies in support of that finding on the final page of a document which comprises Annex
         42 to the letter from Alken-Maes to the Commission of 7 March 2000 (see paragraph 72 above), a copy of which appears at page
         8513 of its file. The parties are agreed that that document contains handwritten notes taken by Mr L.B. of Alken-Maes at an
         internal meeting held to discuss Interbrew’s new prices and that annotations which represent replies to the questions the
         author had originally set out in his notes were subsequently added to the document by him.
      
      220   On being invited by the Court, by means of a written question, to specify the factors leading it to find in recital 91 of
         the contested decision that a telephone conversation had taken place on 9 December 1996 in relation to Interbrew’s prices
         between Mr L.B. (Alken-Maes) and Mr A.B. (Interbrew), the Commission first indicated that the background to the internal meeting
         of 27 November 1996, at which the handwritten notes were taken, was a meeting held on 29 July 1996 between Interbrew and Alken-Maes
         at which Interbrew’s intentions regarding the logistical element of its trading policy, as it was to be amended and implemented
         by the entry into force of the new prices from 1 January 1997, were discussed in detail.
      
      221   The Commission stated that the conclusion resulting from its consideration of the notes taken on 27 November 1996, which contain
         six dashes followed by handwritten text of one or two lines each containing a question mark, was that those notes contained
         questions which Mr L.B. (Alken-Maes) put to himself on that day regarding Interbrew’s prices and that the annotations subsequently
         made to the document gave either the place where the answer was to be found or the answer to those questions. In this instance,
         the annotations representing an answer to some of the questions go to establish that the replies to the questions were obtained
         from Interbrew on 9 December 1996.
      
      222   As the applicant has formally contested that interpretation, it is necessary to consider to what extent those additions result
         from, and accordingly represent evidence of, an anti-competitive contact between Alken-Maes and Interbrew.
      
      223   It should be noted in that regard that final page of the document dated 27 November 1996 and headed ‘Tariefstudie’ is presented
         as a list of six questions relating to Alken-Maes’s prices.
      
      224   It seems that each of the six questions called, in the mind of the author of the initial notes, for an answer that had not
         yet been given at the date they were framed. The document effectively suggests that steps had been taken in relation to each
         of the six questions with a view to finding an answer to them. Thus, the first and sixth questions, which refer to legal matters,
         expressly mention a person called ‘[P.V.D.]’ and refer in all probability to the then legal adviser of Alken-Maes. Similarly,
         the third question asks for a check to be carried out with customers through the distribution department (checken bij klanten via distributie).
      
      225   As regards the second, fourth and fifth questions, against which the three annotations under discussion were subsequently
         made, it is important to note that the second question begins with the words ‘check IB’, where ‘IB’ plainly signifies Interbrew.
         It was specifically against that second question that the subsequent handwritten note ‘Ja, volgen [Mr A. B.] (IB) 9/12/96’
         was made. That annotation suggests that Mr A.B. (Alken‑Maes) adopted that proposed method of dealing with the question and
         contacted Interbrew on 9 December 1996, speaking to Mr A.B., who replied in the affirmative. The two other handwritten additions
         dated 9 December 1996 should therefore be interpreted in the same way.
      
      226   As regards the applicant’s argument that it is possible that the replies referred to were obtained from distributors, it must
         be held that that suggestion is contradicted by the fact that the notes relating to the third question specifically seek an
         answer from customers and the distribution department and that no annotation of the kind made to the second, fourth and fifth
         questions was made to the third question. 
      
      227   It thus appears to be established that the answers to the third question, on the one hand, and the second, fourth and fifth
         questions, on the other, came from the sources referred to. In those circumstances, the fact that the third question specifically
         sought clarification from customers and that the second question expressly called for a check to be made with Interbrew confirms
         that it was intended to contact the latter for the purposes of obtaining the answer to certain questions. Furthermore, the
         fact that the three notes setting out replies to the questions carry the same date of 9 December 1996 confirms beyond reasonable
         doubt that an anti-competitive contact did indeed take place on 9 December 1996, whether by telephone or otherwise.
      
      228   It must therefore be held that evidence of unlawful contact on 9 December 1996 has been adduced.
       The meeting of 17 April 1997
      229   As regards the allegedly unlawful meeting of 17 April 1997, the Commission states in recital 95 of the contested decision
         that managers of Interbrew, the applicant and Alken-Maes met in Paris on 17 April 1997. The applicant does not deny that such
         a meeting took place.
      
      230   In addition, the Commission mentions in recital 96 of the contested decision the statement of the general manager of Interbrew
         at the time, Mr J.D., relating to the matters addressed at that meeting and concludes that the subject of that meeting was
         the coordination of the market behaviour of Interbrew and the applicant, which the applicant categorically denies.
      
      231   In that regard, it should be noted at the outset that the applicant does not dispute the probative nature of Interbrew’s statement
         in so far as it consists solely of the unilateral statement of an undertaking, but only to the extent that the minute of the
         meeting does not establish that it had an anti-competitive object.
      
      232   The passage from Interbrew’s statement relating to the meeting of 17 April 1997 is worded as follows: 
      ‘There were top-level meetings ... which I did not attend. After the top‑level meetings we had “instructions meetings” which
         we all attended (general managers and managers for the off-trade and the on‑trade) 
      
      ... 
      The meeting of [17 April 1997] was just one of these instructions meetings with [the applicant] ([the applicant] was represented
         by Mr K.). We (“Belgium” and “France”, but each separately) were to report on synergies. At that meeting we went through profit
         and loss line by line, and systematically examined how costs could be lowered and profitability improved. Subjects discussed
         were: (1) production; (2) joint distribution platforms; (3) discounts on price to be given before or after excise duties (this
         was also a CBB subject); (4) marketing and investment in advertising (“share of voice”); (5) growth of the beer market, and
         methods of increasing volume, based on the success achieved by the water business in France.
      
      In the off-trade we achieved a number of things, far more than in the on‑trade, where little or nothing happened.
      In the off-trade there were agreements on:
      –       rebates on promotions aimed at the consumer (e.g. 5 + 1 free)
      –       marketing issues (e.g. value of coupon at promotional events)
      –       advertising brochure frequencies (e.g. maximum 10 brochures for crates of beer at GIB).
      …’
      233   The reference in the statement to a ‘line-by-line’ review of the profit and loss account does not allow it to be determined
         with certainty whether it refers to a scrutiny of the combined profit and loss account of Kronenbourg and Alken-Maes or to
         a scrutiny of the latter’s profit and loss account and that of Interbrew in parallel.
      
      234   It should also be pointed out that, irrespective of the discrepancies in the written explanations provided by the parties
         to a written question put by the Court, the passage from the statement regarding the meeting of 17 April 1997 shows beyond
         reasonable doubt that the meeting was unlawful.
      
      235   The anti-competitive object of the meeting is clear, in the first place, from the particular points discussed. The mere fact
         that issues such as ‘production’, ‘discounts on price’ and ‘marketing and investment in advertising’ were the subject of consultation
         between the most senior managers of the two principal competitors on the beer market permits the conclusion that the meeting
         had an anti-competitive object.
      
      236   In the second place, it is clear from the passage from Interbrew’s statement set out in recital 96 of the contested decision
         that the meeting of 17 April 1997 is given as an example of the ‘instructions meetings’ intended to give effect to other higher-level
         cartel meetings, with the result that its anti-competitive nature is not in doubt.
      
      237   In the third place, and in that context, the use of the term ‘synergy’ in the passage from the statement set out in recital
         96 suggests that it refers generically to the results that those in authority at the highest level of the cartel expected
         of the ‘instructions meetings’, of which the meeting of 17 April 1997 is given as an example, and not to the specific question
         of the reacquisition of Kronenbourg/Alken-Maes. Furthermore, as the Commission rightly points out in its rejoinder, that term
         was previously used by the author of the statement to designate not the discussions on the possible reacquisition of Kronenbourg/Alken-Maes,
         but certain elements of the collaboration between Interbrew and Alken-Maes in France. Those points also go to support the
         finding that the meeting of 17 April 1997 was anti-competitive.
      
      238   In the fourth place, as the Commission points out, all of the points referred to above should be examined in the light of
         other statements made by Alken-Maes during the administrative procedure. In its reply of 27 December 1999 to the Commission’s
         request for information of 11 November 1999, Alken-Maes indicated, while seeking at the same time the benefit of the Leniency
         Notice, that ‘numerous meetings [had taken] place between executives of Alken-Maes, notably Mr R.V., who was managing director
         between 1992 and 1998, and executives of Interbrew, especially Mr T. and Mr J.D., at which there [had been] consultation about
         the distribution and sale of beer in Belgium’.
      
      239   With respect to the argument based on the presence of Mr R.V. at the meeting of 17 April, it must be held that his presence
         gives rise to no presumption in either direction, and that it should accordingly be disregarded.
      
      240   In the light of all of the foregoing considerations, it must be held that the unlawful nature of the meeting of 17 April 1997
         was established by the Commission to the requisite legal standard.
      
       The meeting of 28 January 1998. 
      241   With reference to the matters discussed at the meeting of 28 January 1998, which the applicant does not dispute took place,
         the significance to be ascribed to the handwritten notes of Interbrew’s Belgian marketing manager, Mr A.D., depends on the
         conclusions to be drawn from two points, namely the nature of their contents and the extent to which they were up-to-date.
      
      242   As regards, first, their contents, the coherent and structured nature of the notes made by Interbrew’s representative, Mr
         A.D., which contain no crossings-out, leads to the conclusion that they do not constitute a record of a conversation but an
         aide-mémoire.
      
      243   As regards, next, the extent to which the content of the notes was up‑to‑date, it appears that their originator regarded a
         number of issues as being current. That is the case, for example, with the first two points, headed respectively ‘organisation
         of consultations’ and ‘current issues’ in the first section, headed ‘Subjects’. In the same way, the third section, headed
         ‘consultation on on-trade’ appears to refer to the future arrangements relating to such consultations. Furthermore, the second
         section, headed ‘Points decided on 1.1.1994’ mentions ‘achievements’ and does not go to disprove the fact that, as far as
         the author was concerned, those achievements continued to have an effect.
      
      244   As there is no dispute that the meeting of 28 January 1998 between Interbrew and the applicant took place, the Court must
         examine, as it did in the case of the meeting of 17 April 1997 (see paragraph 237 above), the significance to be attributed
         to those notes in the light of Alken-Maes’s reply of 27 December 1999 to the Commission’s request for information of 11 November
         1999, in which it was stated that ‘numerous meetings took place between executives of Alken-Maes, notably Mr R.V., who was
         managing director between 1992 and 1998, and executives of Interbrew, especially Mr T. and Mr J.D., at which there was consultation
         about the distribution and sale of beer in Belgium’. That statement on its own constitutes an acknowledgement by the applicant
         that anti-competitive meetings in which it took part continued until 1998. Its content therefore means that Mr A.D.’s handwritten
         notes can be treated as establishing the anti-competitive nature of the meeting of 28 January 1998.
      
      245   In addition, it is clear from case-law that, once it has been established that an undertaking has taken part in meetings between
         undertakings having a manifestly anti-competitive nature, it is for that undertaking to put forward evidence to establish
         that its participation in those meetings was without any anti-competitive intention by demonstrating that it had indicated
         to its competitors that it was participating in those meetings in a spirit that was different from theirs (Hüls v Commission, paragraph 216 above, paragraph 155; Montecatini  v Commission, paragraph 216 above, paragraph 96; and Aalborg Portland and Others  v Commission¸ paragraph 185 above, paragraph 81). Failing such evidence of distancing, it may be concluded from participation in those
         meetings that the undertaking is participating in the cartel which results from them, even if it does not actively do so (Aalborg Portland and Others  v Commission¸ paragraph 185 above, paragraph 81, and Case T-9/99 HFB and Others  v Commission [2002] ECR II‑1487, paragraph 223). In addition, the fact that an undertaking does not abide by the outcome of those meetings
         is not such as to relieve it of full responsibility for the fact that it participated in the cartel (Aalborg Portland and Others  v Commission, paragraph 185 above, paragraph 85; Mayr-Melnhof vCommission, paragraph 57 above, paragraph 135; and Cement, paragraph 31 above, paragraph 1389).
      
      246   It is clear in the present case that the applicant has produced no evidence to establish that its participation in the meeting
         of 28 January 1998, which is not in dispute, had no anti-competitive intention by demonstrating in particular that it indicated
         to Interbrew’s representative that it was participating in those meetings in a spirit that was different from his.
      
      247   It follows from the foregoing that the Commission has established to the requisite legal standard that the infringement in
         question continued until 28 January 1998.
      
      248   In those circumstances, the plea must be rejected.
      6.     The plea alleging that there was no basis for the finding that the pressure put on Interbrew constituted an aggravating circumstance
            
      a)     Arguments of the parties
      249   The applicant maintains that, in finding that it put pressure on Interbrew at the meeting of 11 May 1994 which, in the form
         of a threat to force it off the French market if it refused to grant it a sales quota of 500 000 hectolitres on the Belgian
         market, led to an extension of the cartel after that date, the Commission is mistaken as to the impact of the facts in issue.
      
      250   In the first place, while it is true that, during the period prior to the meeting of 11 May 1994, discussions related essentially
         to prices, the introduction of additional factors after that period, namely respect for each party’s customer base together
         with new prices, could not be interpreted as a significant extension of the scope of the infringement. In particular, the
         concern that the mutual customer bases be respected arose only from the problems created by Interbrew’s failure to respect
         the exclusive agreements between Alken-Maes and a number of its customers. In addition, other topics were put on the agenda
         for the meetings, both before and after the meeting of 11 May 1994, so that it would be unreasonable to categorise the topics
         discussed by the parties as an extension of the cooperation in May 1994. 
      
      251   In the second place, while relations between the parties did indeed move towards a more structured cartel after 1994, that
         development was in the interests of both parties and indeed, as regards pricing, those of Interbrew in particular, and no
         aspect of the cartel was in the exclusive interest of the applicant.
      
      252   Accordingly, Interbrew’s interest in concluding, prior to May 1994, a non-aggression pact is shown by its concern that prices
         would tumble on the Belgian market. As the Commission acknowledges in the contested decision, Interbrew was very keen that
         there be consultations on prices in Belgium so as to protect itself against the aggressive policy of the applicant in that
         field, although at the same time it pursued an aggressive policy towards the exclusive agreements between Alken-Maes and a
         number of its customers, and so as to avoid low-priced parallel imports from France. Although its strong position would have
         allowed it to eliminate Alken-Maes from the market by means of a price war, Interbrew set itself the objective of restoring
         calm to a Belgian market which it dominated in order to be able to fund its international expansion through profits made in
         Belgium, where prices were higher. Alken-Maes stood in the way of that that desire to restore calm, at least initially, by
         conducting itself in a fiercely competitive manner with the admitted aim of achieving break-even. Interbrew thus had an immediate
         interest in concluding a non-aggression pact. 
      
      253   Interbrew also had an interest in reaching agreement with the applicant in relation to the reacquisition of its ‘beer’ division.
         Its cartel with Alken-Maes can also be explained by its desire to have a partner in imposing a new pricing structure on the
         market. Furthermore, as it risked a finding of infringement for the abuse of its dominant position, Interbrew might have had
         an interest in reaching agreement with Alken-Maes rather than eliminating it from the market.
      
      254   Moreover, the alleged reluctance on Interbrew’s part prior to 1994, on which the Commission relied in the contested decision
         and in its defence, with particular reference to an Interbrew internal memorandum of March 1993, results in the Commission
         misinterpreting the scope of that document. While the passage quoted by the Commission does indeed refer to reluctance, its
         use is however misleading inasmuch as that document shows not only that that reluctance related to a finding of infringement
         under Article 82 EC, but also that Interbrew’s CEO at the time had instructed the author of the memorandum to enter into discussions
         with Alken-Maes, thereby on the contrary demonstrating a willing and unhesitating participation in the cartel, decided upon
         at the time by Interbrew’s most senior manager. Lastly, the Commission failed to point out that the author of the memorandum
         mentioning reluctance in 1993 is the same person who, six months later, having become CEO of Interbrew, took steps which forced
         Alken-Maes to cooperate in achieving the price sought by Interbrew.
      
      255   The Commission also overlooked the fact that Interbrew set clear objectives for the cartel in 1994, as is evidenced by a number
         of recitals of the contested decision, thereby demonstrating that it played a leading role in the cartel prior to 1994, as
         the contested decision also mentions. The fact that Interbrew used a code name to refer to the cartel also confirms its structured
         approach to the practices in question. Lastly, the statement of the former managing director of Alken-Maes that the great
         majority of Interbrew’s managers wanted a cartel even before 1994 also shows that the alleged reluctance on Interbrew’s part
         did not exist.
      
      256   In the third place, while the applicant acknowledges that it did indeed warn Interbrew at the meeting of 11 May 1994 that
         the latter was involved in the breach of its distribution agreements in France, it none the less failed to ensure that those
         agreements were fully complied with, and thus did not, in fact, exert any pressure. Furthermore, the contention that threats
         were made against Interbrew is contradicted in the contested decision by the finding that Interbrew did not accept the applicant’s
         demand that it transfer 500 000 hectolitres to Alken-Maes.
      
      257   In addition, the imbalance between the relative strengths of the applicant and Interbrew in France and Belgium was extremely
         strong. As the applicant did not have a dominant position in France, it would in any event not have been capable of forcing
         Interbrew out of that country. Because sales outlets with distribution agreements with the applicant represented only 16%
         of the total outlets in France, there is plainly no basis for the view that Interbrew might take any threat of being forced
         out of the market seriously. Moreover, the possible consequences of a strict application by the applicant of its distribution
         agreements in France were out of all proportion to the risk incurred by the applicant’s subsidiary in Belgium, having regard
         to the real influence of Interbrew’s strength in Belgium. There is thus a manifest lack of proportionality between the alleged
         existence of a threat which would not have been implemented and the increase in the fine applied for that circumstance.
      
      258   Furthermore, although the Commission ascribed importance to the warning given to Interbrew, which, according to the applicant,
         contemplated only the use of lawful means (which in the event were not implemented) to put an end to Interbrew’s involvement
         in the breach of its agreements in France, the Commission ignored the threats and reprisals made by Interbrew against Alken-Maes
         during the whole of the period. Thus, Interbrew’s disproportionate reaction to the aggressive marketing policy of Alken-Maes
         in 1994, the reckless manner in which Interbrew sought to persuade Alken-Maes to follow its policy of raising prices in 1993
         and the attacks made by Interbrew on cafés tied to Alken-Maes are all evidence of the constant aggression shown to the applicant
         by Interbrew, a dominant undertaking which ‘terrorised the market’, thus threatening to exclude Alken-Maes.
      
      259   The satisfaction expressed by Interbrew in January 1998 regarding the cartel’s achievements, which is evidenced by the notes
         taken by its marketing manager for Belgium, is not consistent with the argument that Alken-Maes exerted pressure on Interbrew.
      
      260   Fourthly, and lastly, the applicant submits that in any event proof of the threat made by it has not been adduced. All of
         Interbrew’s statements were made in 2000 and supplied to the Commission at an advanced stage in the investigation procedure.
         They reflected Interbrew’s defence strategy and cannot accordingly be held by the Commission to be probative evidence. The
         only document from a third party which supports the Commission’s argument, namely the Heineken Document, also has no probative
         value.
      
      261   Inasmuch as that document records statements made by Interbrew, it does not constitute independent confirmation of the alleged
         pressure. As neither its author nor its date are known, the authenticity of the allegations made must also be in doubt, particularly
         as it is impossible to establish whether the document was framed by an employee of Heineken or Interbrew. Furthermore, its
         nature is difficult to determine and its content is obscure. The document is neither a letter nor a note, but rather a passage
         from a list which includes the misspelt name of a director of Interbrew who held office during the 1990s (Mr C.) and which
         appears to consist of three phrases linked by dashes, which give the impression of forming part of a list. The second dash
         is followed by the following words written in Dutch ‘Three years ago [Mr K.] left Interbrew a choice: either they gave [Maes]
         an extra 500 000 [hectolitres] or he would drive them out of France’. The word ‘gave’ is not used in the Dutch text and the
         words ‘Alken-Maes’ were added in manuscript. It is therefore impossible to give a clear meaning to the four lines, isolated
         from their proper context in the Heineken Document. As the Commission did not attempt to obtain further information about
         the Heineken Document and the meaning of its content, its content has no probative value whatsoever. 
      
      262   According to the Commission, it is clear from recitals 45 and 46 of the contested decision, which are not contested by the
         applicant, first, that before the meeting of 11 May 1994 Interbrew was reluctant to extend its cooperation with the applicant
         in Belgium and that it decided that its approach should be one ‘of not starting a war’ and, secondly, that after that date
         a non-aggression pact was entered into. The applicant’s contention that, prior to 1994, Interbrew had wanted to reach agreement
         with Alken-Maes in order to put an end to the latter’s aggressive marketing policy is only speculation, whereas the aggressive
         nature of Alken-Maes’s policy towards Interbrew is established. Given the significant change in Interbrew’s attitude, a causal
         link can be inferred between the threat made by the applicant, which, moreover, admits that the cooperation was in fact extended
         after 11 May 1994, and the change in Interbrew’s attitude.
      
      263   The fact that Interbrew is the most important player on the Belgian beer market does not mean that it was not reluctant to
         see the cartel extended, or that it was not subject to threats of a trade war from an economic actor that was larger than
         it in overall terms and especially powerful in France, a country in which Interbrew was, by contrast, in a weak position.
         Such a scenario is all the more credible, given that the threat in question consisted of concerted action on the part of the
         applicant and Heineken and that Alken-Maes was not an independent undertaking but a subsidiary of the applicant and thus of
         an international group. Lastly, the fact that Interbrew was able to declare itself satisfied, towards the end of the cartel,
         with the results achieved does not mean that there was no initial reluctance.
      
      264   As regards the applicant’s argument that the passage quoted from Mr M.’s note of 12 March 1993 is a misleading representation
         of the true position, the Commission maintains, first of all, that the use of that quotation in recital 45 of the contested
         decision does not in any way conceal the pressure applied by Interbrew’s management. In addition, it is clear from that passage
         that the applicant wished to strengthen that cooperation and that it had more to gain from doing so than Interbrew, a point
         which the applicant was careful not to mention. The fact that Interbrew’s reluctance could be based on a fear that proceedings
         might be taken against it for infringement of competition law does not mean that no such reluctance existed. The same is true
         of the initiative of which person who originally expressed Interbrew’s reluctance (Mr M.) undertook when he sought to force
         Alken-Maes to achieve the price levels desired by Interbrew. The statement by the former managing director of Alken-Maes that
         the great majority of Interbrew’s managers wanted a cartel to be entered into before 1994, was made after the facts and the
         use made of it was highly selective, there being no reference to some of its passages referring to the threat made against
         Interbrew.
      
      265   The Commission repeats that it never cast doubt on Interbrew’s interest in entering into a cartel, but simply established
         that the extension of the cartel was the result of the threat made by the applicant.
      
      266   There is no evidence to support the applicant’s argument that, prior to 1994, Interbrew wished to reach agreement on prices
         in order to put an end to Alken-Maes’s aggressive marketing policy and to prevent low‑priced parallel imports from France.
         The documents which are alleged to prove Alken-Maes’s aggressive marketing policy refer to a meeting between representatives
         of Alken-Maes and Interbrew after May 1994, from which it cannot be inferred that the extension of the cartel at that date
         was the result of Interbrew’s intention. The documents relating to parallel imports are not conclusive, nor are those which
         are alleged to show Interbrew’s desire to finance its international expansion through profits made in Belgium. The discussions
         relating to a possible reacquisition of Kronenbourg by Interbrew do not demonstrate a spontaneous interest on the latter’s
         part in the cartel, any more than the fear of proceedings relating to abuse of its dominant position was likely to encourage
         Interbrew to extend a cartel, which was equally illegal under competition law.
      
      267   The Commission contends next that the applicant’s explanation regarding the meeting of 11 May 1994 and the applicant’s reference
         to the 500 000 hectolitres is not credible, and points out at the same time that the applicant does not deny that it did indeed
         refer to that quantity and to a particular type of threat.
      
      268   As regards the applicant’s challenge to the evidence of that threat, the Commission argues first of all that the applicant
         mentioned in its response to the statement of objections that a representative of Alken-Maes (Mr R.V.) informed Interbrew,
         ‘which was annoyed by its aggressive policy, that he did not expect to get more than 500 000 hectolitres, which represented
         his break-even point’. In addition, Interbrew was informed that predatory practices in the on-trade in Belgium meant that
         the applicant ‘might adopt a tougher policy towards Interbrew in France if Interbrew did not put an end to its abuses in Belgium’.
         Those two statements reveal a certain threat, as asking a competitor to put an end to certain practices at the same time as
         informing it of the need to achieve a particular volume of sales in order to break even is tantamount to demanding the transfer
         of such a volume under threat of reprisals.
      
      269   The Commission also notes that a representative of Interbrew (Mr C.) stated that a representative of Alken-Maes (Mr K.) ‘repeated
         his demand that 500 000 [hectolitres] be transferred to Alken-Maes and threatened that otherwise Interbrew would be destroyed
         in France’. He also ‘wanted [Interbrew]/[Alken-Maes] to conduct themselves on the Belgian market in line with “the agreements
         in France”’, noting that the ‘French mechanism can be summarised as follows: Heineken’s and Kronenbourg’s off-trade sales
         managers consult together very often in order to check their respective market shares and to manipulate promotions, prices
         and conditions’.
      
      270   The Commission also produces in its rejoinder, in response to the applicant’s contention that it relied solely on the Heineken
         Document in order to demonstrate that a threat was made, a statement from Interbrew of 14 January 2000 in which the author
         of the statement wrote: ‘[the applicant’s] position was that the position of [Alken-Maes] was very difficult and that [Interbrew]
         should help it. The big stick they used to persuade us with was that Kronenbourg could make life very difficult for us in
         France’.
      
      271   Furthermore, the threat is demonstrated independently by the Heineken Document, which is referred to in the statement of objections
         and in the contested decision. That document, which is undated and unsigned but was discovered in a drawer in the desk of
         a member of Heineken’s board of directors, records that, three years earlier, a representative of Alken-Maes, a Mr K., ‘left
         Interbrew a choice: either they gave Alken-Maes an extra 500 000 hectolitres or they would be ejected from France. He referred
         to the details of the cooperation between Heineken and Kronenbourg in France’.
      
      272   The Commission contends that the probative value of that document, to which the applicant had access in its non-confidential
         version, is not affected by the lack of a date and identification of its author and the people who were aware of it. Given
         the place where it was found, there is every reason to believe that the document was drawn up for or by a member of Heineken’s
         board of directors. Moreover, Heineken’s lawyer confirmed that his client was indeed behind the document.
      
      273   According to the Commission, the consistency between the applicant’s admissions, Interbrew’s statements and the contents of
         the Heineken Document demonstrate that a threat was indeed made against Interbrew.
      
      274   As regards the arguments which the applicant puts forward in its reply in support of its contention that the threat produced
         no effects, the Commission observes first of all that they implicitly accept that a threat was made. Moreover, the statements
         of one of its managers at the material time, on which the applicant relies, are inconsistent. Although the person concerned
         indicated that ‘Kronenbourg was in no position to eject Interbrew’, that is inconsistent with his statement that ‘Danone could
         adopt a tougher policy towards Interbrew in France if Interbrew did not put an end to its abuses in Belgium’. It is not likely
         that a threat would be made in the full knowledge that it would be impossible to put it into effect. As regards the allegation
         that Interbrew paid no heed to the threat, the applicant is not in a position to establish it, whereas the file shows that,
         by contrast, Interbrew took the threats seriously.
      
      275   Furthermore, the possibility of a counter-attack by Interbrew as a result of the initiatives taken by Alken-Maes in relation
         to drinks outlets does not mean that Interbrew did not take seriously what it perceived to be a threat. The documents relied
         on to show Interbrew’s ‘reign of terror’ on the market are not decisive. None of them shows that Interbrew systematically
         attacked Alken-Maes’s sales outlets.
      
      276   Lastly, the Commission notes that, while the applicant denies having made a threat, it does not appear to dispute that a threat,
         even if it is not followed up, constitutes an aggravating circumstance.
      
      b)     Findings of the Court
      277   As is clear from the case-law, where an infringement has been committed by several undertakings, it is appropriate, when setting
         the amount of the fines, to consider the relative gravity of the participation of each of them (Joined Cases 40 to 48, 50,
         54 to 56, 111, 113 and 114/73 Suiker Unie and Others v Commission [1975] ECR 1663, paragraph 623), which implies in particular that the roles played by each of them in the infringement for
         the duration of their participation in it should be established (Commission  v Anic Partecipazioni, paragraph 215 above, paragraph 150, and Case T‑6/89 Enichem Anic v Commission [1991] ECR II‑1623, paragraph 264).
      
      278   That conclusion follows logically from the principle that penalties must fit the offence, according to which an undertaking
         may be penalised only for acts imputed to it individually. That principle applies in any administrative procedure that may
         lead to the imposition of sanctions under Community competition law (see, as regards fines, Joined Cases T-45/98 and T-47/98
         Krupp Thyssen Stainless et Acciai speciali Terni v Commission [2001] ECR II‑3757, paragraph 63).
      
      279   In accordance with those principles, Sections 2 and 3 of the Guidelines provide for the basic amount of the fine to be varied
         by reference to a number of aggravating and attenuating circumstances, which are specific to each undertaking involved. Section
         2 sets out, in particular, a non‑exhaustive list of aggravating circumstances which may be taken into account.
      
      280   In the present case, the Commission found in recital 315 of the contested decision that Alken-Maes ‘compelled Interbrew to
         extend the cooperation, by threatening to take measures against Interbrew if the latter did not cooperate’. 
      
      281   It should be noted at the outset that the Commission was correct to hold that the fact that an undertaking which is a member
         of a cartel forces another member of that cartel to extend its scope by threatening that member with reprisals if it does
         not cooperate may represent an aggravating circumstance. Such conduct has the direct effect of aggravating the damage caused
         by the cartel and an undertaking which conducts itself in that way must bear a special responsibility (see, by analogy with
         the assessment of the role of ‘ringleader’ of a cartel, Joined Cases 96/82 to 102/82, 104/82, 105/82, 108/82 and 110/82 IAZ and Others  v Commission [1983] ECR 3369, paragraphs 57 and 58; Case C-298/98 P Finnboard v Commission [2001] ECR I‑10157, paragraph 45; and Mayr-Melnhof v Commission, paragraph 57 above, paragraph 291).
      
      282   In support of the finding that such an aggravating circumstance existed, the Commission established that there was a causal
         link between the extension of the cooperation, summarised in particular in recitals 236, 239, 243 and 244 of the contested
         decision, which are based in turn on the facts relating to 1994 described in recitals 51 to 68, and the threat, made by the
         applicant, of reprisals against Interbrew if it refused to extend the cooperation.
      
      283   In order to determine whether the Commission’s finding of an aggravating circumstance against the applicant was well founded,
         it is necessary to consider in turn whether a threat of reprisals was actually made, whether the cooperation was extended
         and, if both of those points are confirmed, whether the threat made in fact resulted in the cooperation being extended. 
      
      284   As regards, in the first place, the evidence that a threat was made, the Commission reached its conclusion in that regard
         on the basis, first, of the statement of Mr C. of Interbrew of 12 January 2000 which is set out in Annex 18 to Interbrew’s
         letter to the Commission of 28 February 2000 and, secondly, the terms of the Heineken Document (see paragraph 271 above).
         According to the Commission, the accuracy of Interbrew’s statement that a threat was made at the meeting of 11 May 1994 is
         confirmed by the Heineken Document, which records that such a threat was made.
      
      285   As regards the applicant’s argument that Interbrew’s statement should not be regarded as probative, it should be noted that
         settled case-law provides that there is no provision or any general principle of Community law which prohibits the Commission
         from relying, as against an undertaking, on statements made by other accused undertakings. If that were not the case, the
         burden of proving conduct contrary to Article 81 EC and Article 82 EC, which is borne by the Commission, would be unsustainable
         and incompatible with the task of supervising the proper application of those provisions which is entrusted to it by the EC
         Treaty (PVC II, paragraph 154 above, paragraph 512). However, an admission by one undertaking accused of having participated in a cartel,
         the accuracy of which is contested by several other undertakings similarly accused, cannot be regarded as constituting adequate
         proof of an infringement committed by the latter unless it is supported by other evidence (see, to that effect, Case T-337/94
         Enso-Gutzeit v Commission [1998] ECR II‑1571, paragraph 91). As, in the present case, the cartel comprised only two parties, it is sufficient for the
         applicant to challenge the material contained in Interbrew’s statement for other evidence to be required in support of it.
         That applies particularly to a statement which seeks to attenuate the responsibility of the undertaking in whose name it was
         made by emphasising the responsibility of another undertaking. It must therefore be determined whether Interbrew’s statement
         is supported by other evidence. 
      
      286   As the Commission also based its finding that Interbrew’s statement was accurate on the Heineken Document, which establishes
         that the threat was made and the probative value of which is also contested by the applicant, it is necessary to determine
         whether that document establishes, in a sufficiently probative manner, that a threat was made so that, on the basis of that
         document and Interbrew’s statement, the making of a threat can be considered to be established. In that regard, it should
         be borne in mind that in order to assess the probative value of a document, regard should be had first and foremost to the
         credibility of the account it contains. Regard should be had in particular to the person from whom the document originates,
         the circumstances in which it came into being, the person to whom it was addressed and whether, on its face, the document
         appears sound and reliable (opinion of Judge Vesterdorf acting as Advocate General in Case T-1/89 Rhône-Poulenc v Commission [1991] ECR II‑867, II‑869 at II‑956; Cement, paragraph 31 above, paragraph 1838).
      
      287   In the present case, it should be held first of all that, according to the Heineken Document, the general manager of the applicant’s
         beer division at the time of the relevant facts ‘left Interbrew a choice: either they gave Maes an extra 500 000 [hectolitres]
         or he would drive them out of France [and] …the form of cooperation that existed between Heineken and Kronenbourg in France was
         referred to’. In that regard, inasmuch as it refers to the making of a demand coupled with possible reprisals, it is a record
         of a threat. 
      
      288   As regards, next, the degree of reliability of the document, it must be held, first, that, although undated, the Heineken
         Document must necessarily have come into being prior to 22 March 2000, since a copy of it was originally taken from Heineken’s
         premises in the course of an investigation carried out under Article 14(3) of Regulation No 17 on that date (see paragraph
         39 above) and it therefore precedes the initiation of the procedure and the sending of the statement of objections to the
         undertakings concerned. Secondly, it must be held that, although the Heineken Document is unsigned, its discovery in the drawer
         of a member of Heineken’s board of directors, namely in the office of a senior director of an unconnected undertaking, leads
         to the conclusion that the content of the document is reliable. Thirdly, the fact that the information in question may have
         been furnished to Heineken by Interbrew, as the applicant suggests, does not call the accuracy of that information into question.
         It is impossible to accept the only argument which could support such a challenge to the accuracy of the information contained
         in the document, namely that Interbrew might have intentionally passed on false information to Heineken for the sole purpose
         of providing a basis, in view of the possibility that the Commission might decide to impose a fine, for an argument that pressure
         had been put on it, thereby enabling it to minimise its role in the cartel. 
      
      289   Lastly, it must be noted that, while the applicant denies that the meeting of 11 May 1994 gave rise to the making of a threat,
         it does not, however, dispute that a warning was given on that occasion (see paragraph 256 above), or that a volume of 500 000 hectolitres
         was mentioned at the meeting, or, finally, that the Heineken Document refers to the meeting of 11 May 1994.
      
      290   It follows from the foregoing that the Heineken Document has a high degree of probative value and that, having regard to the
         factual background which the applicant does not dispute, the combination of the statement of Mr C. of Interbrew of 12 January
         2000 and the Heineken Document establishes that the applicant did indeed make a threat against Interbrew on 11 May 1994.
      
      291   As regards, in the second place, the question of whether the cooperation was in fact extended, it must first of all be pointed
         out that, while the applicant takes the view that it is unreasonable to categorise alterations to the subject-matter of discussions
         between the parties as an extension of the cooperation, it none the less acknowledges that the discussions after May 1994
         took a different course, even if those changes related, according to it, initially only to the ‘respect for each other’s customer
         base’ where those customers were tied by exclusive arrangements.
      
      292   It must also be pointed out that the applicant does not contest the findings in the contested decision that the cartel included
         a market‑sharing agreement in the form of a non-aggression pact. The applicant itself told the Commission that a non-aggression
         pact existed, as may be seen from the letter of 7 March 2000 from Alken-Maes to the Commission, which states: 
      
      ‘It appears in particular that at the end of 1994 an agreement was entered into between the two companies covering all the
         distribution channels in Belgium, but with particular attention being paid to the on‑trade channels. The agreement included
         … a non-aggression pact …’
      
      293   Lastly, it is clear that, in particular in recitals 56, 59 to 65, 73 and 104 of the contested decision, the Commission established
         to the requisite legal standard that from the second half of 1994 the cartel included a market‑sharing component. Furthermore,
         recitals 53 to 58 of the contested decision show that the process leading to that inclusion was under way in May 1994.
      
      294   It must therefore be concluded that the cooperation was extended to a sharing of the beer market by means of a non‑aggression
         pact from May 1994.
      
      295   It is necessary, in the third place, to consider whether the threat made by the applicant on 11 May 1994 was decisive in compelling
         Interbrew to agree to an extension of the cartel to a non-aggression pact. The Court’s examination must be based on a comparative
         analysis of the attitude adopted by the applicant and its subsidiary Alken-Maes, on the one hand, and by Interbrew, on the
         other, before, during and after the second half of 1994, when the extension of the cartel led to the non‑aggression pact concluded
         on 12 October 1994. In that regard, the examination of Interbrew’s attitude is particularly important.
      
      296   As a preliminary point, it should be noted that the Commission stated in recital 313 of the contested decision that both the
         applicant and Interbrew took initiatives concerning various parts of the cartel, with the result that none of the parties
         concerned took a leading role in the cartel as a whole.
      
      297   As regards, first of all, the attitude of each of the parties to the cartel before and during the second half of 1994, it
         should first be held that the contested decision shows that the applicant and its subsidiary Alken-Maes were indeed the originators
         of the extension of the cartel to include a non-aggression pact involving consultation on market shares or, at the very least,
         on customer-sharing. 
      
      298   While the cartel extended originally to prices and a reduction of marketing investments, the applicant’s approach, as expressed,
         according to Interbrew’s statements, at an internal meeting of Interbrew on 5 May and repeated at the meeting of 11 May 1994,
         with the latter point being supported by the Heineken Document, was to demand for the first time that sales volumes be taken
         into account as a criterion, which may be assimilated to a proposal to extend the cartel to market‑sharing. Furthermore, the
         Interbrew statement referred to in recitals 54 and 57 of the contested decision is supported by an internal memorandum from
         the author of that statement of 5 October 1994, which is referred to in recital 58 in the decision, that the proposal to share
         the market was put forward by Alken-Maes and understood by Interbrew as a desire to transpose to Belgium certain consultation
         mechanisms in which the applicant was participating in France. Those documents also show that Interbrew was reluctant to accept
         such a proposal. 
      
      299   It must however be pointed out that Interbrew’s attitude is evidence of its active conduct in the cartel until May 1994. Thus,
         the Commission states in recital 310 of the contested decision that Interbrew took the initiative concerning the exchange
         of information in 1992 and that it is clear from the written evidence that in August and November 1993 Interbrew played a
         leading role concerning the pricing agreements in the off-trade. It must also be held from Interbrew’s internal memorandum
         of 12 March 1993 that the most senior manager of that undertaking had played an active part in the first phase of the cartel
         by requiring his subordinates to participate in the consultation process. The memorandum contains the following passage: ‘they
         probably want to increase “cooperation” in Belgium. [The former CEO of Interbrew] forced us to talk as “we needed some money”,
         but we are most reluctant to do this as we want to avoid any problems under Articles [81 EC] and [82 EC]’. 
      
      300   It also appears that, five months later, the author of the memorandum, who had become Interbrew’s CEO, endorsed that positive
         attitude towards the cartel. In an Interbrew internal memorandum of 19 August 1993, Mr M. indicated his readiness to help
         to convince Alken-Maes to undertake a price increase of 4%. Moreover, in a memorandum of 3 November 1993, he recorded the
         contacts he had had with large distributors in the following terms: 
      
      ‘… would appreciate an initiative on the part of Interbrew to make contact with … and … (… are the three largest Belgian supermarket
         chains) in order to arrive at a gradual increase in the price of beer … to the level desired by [Interbrew]. … If a consensus
         begins to emerge, consideration will be given to the possibility of a three-way meeting … I think it would be no bad idea
         if I was invited along to the top-level meeting with … and … . … The initiative taken by Maes last year did not prove feasible:
         (a) there was a lack of trust, but certainly also (b) Maes was too small. This is something only [Interbrew] can do’.
      
      301   It follows from the foregoing that, although the conduct of the applicant and its subsidiary Alken-Maes in the second half
         of 1994 shows their willingness to extend the cooperation to market-sharing, Interbrew’s conduct during the first phase of
         the infringement was active, as is evidenced by the taking of initiatives the restrictive object of which cannot be disputed.
      
      302   As regards, secondly, the attitude of the parties to the cartel between 11 May 1994, when the threat was made, and 24 November
         1994, when the non-aggression pact concluded on 12 October 1994 was again discussed between the parties, it should first be
         held that, notwithstanding the threat made by the applicant, Interbrew’s attitude was not that of an undertaking compelled
         to accept, under pressure, the extension of the restrictive agreement to which it was a party.
      
      303   Thus, it should be noted that the CEO of Interbrew stated on 7 July 1994 that he had agreed with the chairman of the applicant
         that ‘we would not launch a war but instead try to gain time’ (recital 56 of the contested decision). The approach adopted
         by the applicant and Alken-Maes during the first phase of the cartel, which lasted from the beginning of 1993 to the end of
         the first half of 1994, was aggressive towards Interbrew, and the applicant’s position on 11 May 1994, although coupled with
         a threat, was adopted against a background of the possibility of the onset of commercial hostilities in France. Interbrew’s
         attitude can therefore be understood not only as one of compliance with the threat made by the applicant, but also as a refusal
         to enter into a price war, that is to say to act competitively. It should also be pointed out in that regard that the Commission
         stated in recital 51 of the contested decision, after referring to the making of the threat, that ‘Interbrew did not accept
         [the applicant’s] demand that it transfer 500 000 [hectolitres] of beer to Alken-Maes, but it did not want war either, and
         the parties stayed in close contact with one another’. 
      
      304   It therefore appears, first, that Interbrew paid only moderate attention to the threat and, secondly, that Interbrew’s conduct
         resulted from its desire not to enter into conflict with the applicant, which suggests that the extension of the cartel may
         have been the result not of pressure but rather of a choice on Interbrew’s part. Moreover, the Commission indicated in recital
         235 of the contested decision that no effect was given to the requirement to transfer 500 000 hectolitres to Alken-Maes, although
         it immediately qualified that finding by stating that Interbrew was nevertheless quite ready from that moment on to extend
         the agreements with Alken-Maes and no longer to limit them to the exchange of information and agreements on off-trade prices.
      
      305   Furthermore, the memorandum prepared by Interbrew’s marketing manager for the on-trade in Belgium for the meeting of 12 October
         1994 at which the non-aggression pact was concluded does not show that he was reluctant in principle to enter into such a
         market-sharing agreement or felt under the type of pressure which would lead to such an attitude. Rather, it reflects a reasoned
         assessment by its originator of the advantages and disadvantages of such an agreement for Interbrew, including a comparative
         assessment of the advantages that Alken-Maes might draw from it. It thus states that ‘because of its dominant position and
         the Law of April 1993 relating to that subject, [Interbrew] is incurring an additional risk’ and that ‘such agreements offer
         more advantages to the challenger than to the market leader’. The memorandum does not present the possibility of an agreement
         with Alken-Maes in a positive light, as its originator wrote: ‘Personal view: I do not believe in these agreements because
         they can never be put into practice and because they are fundamentally not to [Interbrew’s] benefit’. However, it is not necessarily
         evidence of pressure being put on Interbrew, since the points recorded can also be interpreted as being the outcome of a process
         of reflection within Interbrew as to the manner in which the anti-competitive agreements could be implemented effectively.
      
      306   It should also be noted that Interbrew’s internal memorandum of 14 October 1994, which records the outcome of the meeting
         of 12 October 1994, does not suggest that the non-aggression pact was imposed on Interbrew under pressure, but rather that
         Interbrew participated fully in the discussion, going so far as to impose its approach on Alken-Maes. Interbrew’s general
         manager for Belgium stated in the memorandum: ‘enclosed you will find a document from our friends as well as the one-page
         approach which I proposed. This was accepted by our friends in terms of principle’. The ‘one-page approach’ proposed by Interbrew,
         which is set out by the Commission in recital 60 of the contested decision, specifically refers to a ‘gentlemen[‘s] agreement’,
         including in particular the following points: ‘[n]o attack of obligations’ (that is to say, on-trade outlets with an exclusive
         purchasing agreement) and ‘[n]o systematic attack of brands in each other’s obligations’. 
      
      307   As regards, thirdly, the attitude of the parties after the second half of 1994, it should first of all be pointed out that
         the Commission stated in recital 77 of the contested decision, on the basis of certain documents of July 1995 which were internal
         to Interbrew, that its managers believed that they had complied with the agreement in Belgium. The Commission also notes in
         recital 310 of the contested decision that Interbrew took the initiative in 1995 concerning price discussions. The description
         in recitals 83 to 92 of the discussions held by the two parties in 1996 regarding their proposed new pricing systems confirms
         that a spirit of spontaneous cooperation prevailed. In recital 92, the Commission quotes, for example, from a fax of 11 October
         1996 from a manager of Interbrew to a shareholder in the company, which states: ‘we have been talking about … constructive
         competition in Belgium [for] one year now. Fundamentally, nothing has happened. And most probably the responsibility for this
         is shared. We will try to restart this process in the following week’.
      
      308   Lastly, it is clear that the notes of Interbrew’s marketing manager for the Belgian on-trade drawn up at the meeting of 28
         January 1998 show a positive attitude towards the cartel and include amongst the objectives of the cartel in relation to the
         on-trade a reference to ‘respect for ties and supply rights’. The notes also refer, as regards consultation relating to the
         on-trade, to ‘direct contact over difficult issues and competition for national customers’ (recital 104 of the contested decision).
      
      309   It follows from the foregoing that, over the whole of the infringement period, the parties to the cartel each took initiatives
         having an anti-competitive object and, in particular, that it cannot be concluded from the material in the file that it was
         only as the result of pressure that Interbrew agreed to the extension of the cartel to include a non-aggression pact. Although
         the Commission states in its written pleadings that the aggravating circumstance imputed to the applicant does not relieve
         Interbrew of its responsibility in relation to the cartel, Interbrew’s attitude over the whole of the infringement period
         does not permit the conclusion that there was a direct causal link between the threat made by the applicant on 11 May 1994
         and the extension of the cartel. 
      
      310   It follows that, having regard to the attitude of the parties to the cartel before and after the second half of 1994, and
         also to the impact which the threat may have had in the light of the context in which it was made, the Commission has failed
         to establish to an adequate standard the causal link between the threat and the extension of the cartel, as the causes of
         its extension may not have been confined to a threat but have resulted more generally from the objective of eliminating competition
         pursued in concert by the two parties to the cartel.
      
      311   It therefore follows from the foregoing that the Commission was wrong to find as against the applicant the aggravating circumstance
         consisting in forcing Interbrew to extend their cooperation by threatening it with reprisals if it were to refuse. 
      
      312   Questioned at the hearing as to the percentage increases applied by it in relation to each of the two aggravating circumstances
         found as against the applicant, given that an overall increase of 50% of the basic amount had been applied, the Commission
         stated that having regard, first, to the relative importance ascribed to each of the two aggravating circumstances in the
         reasons for the contested decision and, secondly, to its decision-making practice in the matter, it should be considered that
         the aggravating circumstance of repeated infringement played a predominant role and that the aggravating circumstance found
         in respect of the pressure put on Interbrew therefore played a lesser role.
      
      313   In those circumstances, the Court considers that it should exercise its unlimited jurisdiction under Article 17 of Regulation
         No 17 and fix the overall increase of the basic amount of the fine in respect of aggravating circumstances at 40%.
      
      7.     The plea that alleging there was no basis for the taking into account the aggravating circumstance of repeated infringement
            in the applicant’s case
      a)     Arguments of the parties
      314   The applicant submits in the first place that by taking into account an alleged repeated infringement on its part the Commission
         infringed the delegation of power conferred by Article 15 of Regulation No 17, inasmuch as the Commission has the power to
         determine the amount of the fines which it imposes only by reference to the intrinsic gravity of the infringement and its
         duration.
      
      315   Under the national laws of the Member States, a repeated infringement does not belong to the circumstances what aggravate
         an infringement, that is to say, to the objective assessment of the gravity of the facts, but to recognition of a fact specific
         to the perpetrator of the infringement, namely its tendency to commit such infringements.
      
      316   In reply to the Commission’s argument that repeated infringement features in the Guidelines as an aggravating circumstance,
         the applicant states that it does not seek to challenge the Commission’s entitlement to publicise its methodology in setting
         fines by way of an interpretative communication. However, it does challenge what it considers to be an abuse of power, namely
         the Commission’s arrogation of the power to increase the level of a penalty for repeated infringement, without having any
         authority at law to do so, and to assume a discretion as to the manner in which that concept is to be applied.
      
      317   As regards the Commission’s observation that the applicant did not raise a plea of illegality under Article 241 EC, the applicant
         argues that the existence of such a remedy does not prevent it from invoking the unlawfulness of the contested decision under
         Regulation 17, even where the decision applies the Guidelines. With respect to the rejection by the Court of the plea of illegality
         raised in HFB and Others  v Commission, paragraph 245 above, on which the Commission also relies, the applicant states that the plea was rejected in that case purely
         on the basis of a particular point in the Guidelines and accordingly does not have the wide significance which the Commission
         would ascribe to it.
      
      318   With respect to the Commission’s argument that the Court has accepted the concept of repeat infringement in several cases,
         the applicant replies that in none of them did the Court rule expressly on the lawfulness of the application of the concept
         of repeat infringement under Regulation No 17, or indeed under the general principles of Community law. Thus, in PVC II, paragraph 154 above, the Court relied on the fact that an undertaking had previously committed a similar infringement, not
         in order to increase the fine imposed, but only for the purposes of holding that the Commission was correct to reject the
         application of an attenuating circumstance. The Court has accordingly never affirmed the principle of repeat infringement.
      
      319   While the applicant acknowledges that the Commission may, in determining the starting amount of the fine, take previous infringements
         into consideration in support of a finding that the new infringement was knowingly committed by it, that does not mean that
         the fact that a previous infringement was committed may lead to a more onerous penalty being imposed for repeated infringement
         without an express power to do so being conferred by law. Such an increase would be tantamount to creating a new form of penalty,
         falling to be added to the main penalty, a point which goes to show that the concept of repeat infringement is considered
         in the national legal orders to being a matter for statute and as being of strict interpretation. Regulation 17 contains no
         express power which would allow the Commission to increase a fine on the ground of repeated infringement.
      
      320   With respect to the judgments in Case T-141/94 Thyssen Stahl  v Commission [1999] ECR II-347 and Enichem Anic v Commission, paragraph 277 above, the applicant maintains that while the Court did indeed refer to repeated infringement as an aggravating
         circumstance, the unlawfulness of the application of the concept under Regulation No 17 was not raised by the applicants.
      
      321   The applicant submits in the second place that the Commission infringed the principle nulla poena sine lege, since there is no legal basis in the Community legal order for taking the aggravating circumstance of repeated infringement
         into consideration. The Court of Justice has held that the general legal principle nulla poena sine lege imposes a limit on the discretionary power of the institutions inasmuch as a penalty, even of a non‑criminal nature, cannot
         be imposed unless it rests on a clear and unambiguous legal basis (Case 117/83 Könecke [1984] ECR 3291, paragraph 11). Furthermore, the European Court of Human Rights has also held that the general principles
         and the guarantees attached to the rights of the defence apply to every penalty having both a deterrent and punitive purpose,
         whatever the classification of the infringement under national law (see Eur. Court H.R., the Öztürk v Germany judgment of 21 February 1984, Series A No 73). Only the Council and the Parliament are empowered, by virtue of their legislative
         power, to confer on the concept of repeated infringement the legal basis necessary for its application as an aggravating circumstance
         by the Commission.
      
      322   The applicant also submits that the Court of Justice never had the opportunity to rule on the lawfulness of the principle
         of repeated infringement in the light of the principle nulla poena sine lege  in the cases cited by the Commission in its defence, namely PVC II, paragraph 154 above, Thyssen Stahl  v Commission, paragraph 320 above, and Enichem Anic v Commission, paragraph 277 above.
      
      323   An analysis of the national legal rules also highlights the very strict application of the concept of repeated offending in
         the Member States and the requirement that the acts establishing it are of a legislative nature. 
      
      324   In the third place, the applicant submits that the Commission infringed the principle of legal certainty and the principles
         nulla poena sine lege  and of respect for the rights of the defence (Joined Cases 42/59 and 49/59 SNUPAT v High Authority [1961] ECR 53, 87), as, in the absence of any provision specifying in particular the maximum period between two findings
         of infringement which allow the concept of recidivism to be applied, it took into account infringements penalised in 1984
         and 1974, respectively.
      
      325   An analysis of the national laws shows that one of the strict conditions for the taking of the concept of repeated offending
         into account is that of a maximum period, normally not exceeding 10 years, between the infringement under consideration and
         an earlier finding of infringement. The situation of which the applicant complains is untenable precisely because the Guidelines
         fail to specify any limitation period for the application of the concept of repeated infringement, on which the Commission
         relies in its defence, and in the applicant’s contention the Commission ought to have laid down such a limit in its Guidelines.
         It is unacceptable that the Commission should take account of infringements committed 40 years previously, or committed by
         a different legal entity.
      
      326   In the fourth place, the applicant submits that the contested decision infringes the general principle of Community law non bis in idem  on two occasions. The application of a higher penalty in the case of repeated infringement relies on two fundamental grounds,
         namely the need to deter the party committing a repeated infringement from infringing again in the future and the fact that
         that party was aware of the unlawfulness of its acts by reason of the previous finding of infringement against it. While acknowledging
         that those two grounds constitute the basis for its finding of repeated infringement, the Commission commits the error of
         invoking each of them for the second time in the contested decision and thus increasing the amount of the fine twice on the
         same grounds.
      
      327   Thus, the Commission had already taken account in the contested decision both of the need to have a deterrent effect, when
         it assessed the gravity of the infringement, and of the fact that the applicant was aware that its conduct constituted an
         infringement, when the Commission stated that it was taking into account the fact that the applicant had legal and economic
         knowledge and infrastructures which enabled it more easily to recognise that its conduct constituted an infringement and be
         aware of the consequences stemming from it under competition law. In going on to increase the amount of the fine for repeated
         infringement for the same reasons as those which formed the basis for setting the level of the fine in the light of the gravity
         of the infringement, the Commission accordingly contravened the principle non bis in idem.
      
      328   In the fifth place, the applicant argues that, in taking repeated infringement into consideration on the basis of facts going
         back almost 40 years, and therefore outside the period of five years laid down under Article 1 of Council Regulation (EEC)
         No 2988/74 of 26 November 1974 concerning limitation periods in proceedings and the enforcement of sanctions under the rules
         of the European Economic Community relating to transport and competition (OJ 1974 L 319, p. 1), the Commission contravened
         the limitation rules applying to proceedings and the enforcement of sanctions relating to competition.
      
      329   In the sixth, and last, place, the applicant submits in the alternative that the Commission adopted a manifestly excessive
         interpretation of the concept of repeated infringement. 
      
      330   First, the Commission’s reasoning is, in part, incorrect inasmuch as Commission Decision 74/292/EEC of 15 May 1974 relating
         to proceedings under Article 85 of the EEC Treaty (IV/400 – Agreements between manufacturers of glass containers) (OJ 1974
         L 160, p. 1) (‘the Glass Containers Decision’) did not constitute a finding of infringement against Boussois-Souchon-Neuvesel
         (BSN) SA (the applicant’s predecessor), but merely a refusal, following the notification of agreements, to exempt the agreements
         under Article 81(3) EC. Moreover, the Commission implicitly accepted the point, by stating in its defence that even if that
         decision ought not to be taken into account, the Benelux Flat Glass Decision provided adequate grounds for a finding of repeated
         infringement.
      
      331   The taking into account, for the purposes of making a finding of repeated infringement, of a decision taken on the basis of
         a notification is of itself evidence of unreasonable severity towards the applicant, as such a procedure is intended to provide
         legal certainty to undertakings until such time as the Commission has resolved the matter. It is therefore wrong to classify
         that decision as a ‘finding of infringement’ in order to justify increasing the fine imposed on the applicant.
      
      332   Secondly, even if there were to be no limitation period for the power of the Commission to make a finding of repeated infringement,
         the increase in the fine on the basis of very old facts, going back in the present case almost 40 years, not only gives rise
         to legal uncertainty, but is also manifestly unreasonable. It has the effect of imposing on the smaller of the two undertakings
         on the market a fine equivalent to that imposed on the undertaking which was the dominant player. It also gives the impression
         that the applicant is an undertaking which has committed infringements on a regular basis and has been contravening Community
         law for 40 years.
      
      333   The Commission submits that repeated infringement is mentioned in the Guidelines as an aggravating circumstance and that it
         could be properly taken into account. The Commission has found that aggravating circumstance on a number of occasions without
         being contradicted by the Court.
      
      334   The principle nulla poena sine lege  is a matter for criminal law and does not apply in the present case. The applicant also overlooks the fact that the legal
         basis of penalties imposed in competition law is Article 15 of Regulation No 17 and that the Commission possesses a wide margin
         of discretion in setting fines in order to direct the conduct of undertakings. In making repeated infringement an aggravating
         circumstance, the Guidelines did not create an additional penalty which lacks any legal basis.
      
      335   As regards the alleged infringement of the principle of legal certainty, the examples of national legal rules given by the
         applicant are restricted to the field of criminal law, and there is no limitation in Guidelines on the maximum period which
         may elapse between a previous finding of infringement and the taking into account of repeated infringement. Lastly, the applicant
         is wrong to refer to a finding of repeated infringement relating to 40-year-old facts, when the two findings of infringement
         concerned were made 19 and nine years respectively before the start of the infringement in question, and attempts to suggest
         that the findings related to legal entities other than the applicant, when it is only its name which has been changed.
      
      336   As regards the alleged infringement of the principle non bis in idem, the Commission contends that the taking into account of repeated infringement is not duplicated with the taking into account
         of the fact, relating to gravity, that the applicant could, given its legal and economic knowledge, be aware that its conduct
         constituted an infringement.
      
      337   As regards the alleged infringement of Regulation No 2988/74, the facts in question do not fall within the scope of the rules
         relating to limitation periods for the imposition of fines and it would be absurd to apply limitation on the basis of the
         date of the facts which were the subject of a previous finding of infringement. To take the facts underlying previous infringements
         as a starting point would in any event be irrelevant, as in a case of repeated infringement it is the finding of infringement
         resulting from the facts at issue that is decisive.
      
      338   Lastly, the Commission denies having interpreted the concept of repeat infringement in a manifestly unreasonable way and observes
         that repeat infringement is, in any event, established, having regard to the Benelux Flat Glass Decision.
      
      b)     Findings of the Court
      339   As regards the alleged infringement of Regulation No 17, it should first be noted that Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 provides
         that ‘the Commission may by decision impose on undertakings or associations of undertakings fines of from [EUR] 1 000 to [EUR] 1 000 000,
         or a sum in excess thereof, but not exceeding 10% of the turnover in the preceding business year of each of the undertakings
         participating in the infringement where, either intentionally or negligently … they infringe Article [81](1) … of the Treaty’.
         The same provision states that ‘in fixing the amount of the fine, regard shall be had both to the gravity and to the duration
         of the infringement’ (LR AF 1998  v Commission, paragraph 57 above, paragraph 223).
      
      340   The first paragraph of point 1 of the Guidelines states that in calculating the amount of fines, the basic amount is to be
         determined according to the gravity and the duration of the infringement, which are the only criteria referred to in Article
         15(2) of Regulation No 17 (LR AF 1998 v Commission, paragraph 57 above, paragraph 224).
      
      341   The Guidelines then set out, by way of example, a list of aggravating and attenuating circumstances which may be taken into
         consideration in order to increase or reduce the basic amount and refer to the Leniency Notice (LR AF 1998  v Commission, paragraph 57 above, paragraph 229).
      
      342   By way of general comment, the Guidelines state that the final amount calculated according to this method (basic amount increased
         or reduced on a percentage basis) may not in any case exceed 10% of the worldwide turnover of the undertakings, as laid down
         by Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 (Section 5(a)). The Guidelines further provide that, depending on the circumstances,
         account should be taken, once the above calculations have been made, of certain objective factors such as the specific economic
         context, any economic or financial benefit derived by the offenders, the specific characteristics of the undertakings in question
         and their real ability to pay in a specific social context, and that the fines should be adjusted accordingly (Section 5(b))
         (LR AF 1998  v Commission, paragraph 57 above, paragraph 230).
      
      343   It follows that, under the method laid down in the Guidelines, fines continue to be set according to the two criteria referred
         to in Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17, namely the gravity of the infringement and its duration, and the maximum percentage
         of turnover of each undertaking as laid down in that provision is observed (LR AF 1998  v Commission, paragraph 57 above, paragraph 231).
      
      344   Consequently, the Guidelines cannot be regarded as going beyond the legal framework relating to penalties set out in that
         provision (LR AF 1998  v Commission, paragraph 57 above, paragraph 232).
      
      345   In the first indent of Section 2 of the Guidelines, the Commission referred to the possibility of increasing the basic amount
         of the fine in cases involving an aggravating circumstance such as repeated infringement of the same type by the same undertaking
         or undertakings.
      
      346   It is settled case-law that the deterrent effect of fines constitutes one of the factors which the Commission is entitled
         to take into account in assessing the gravity of the infringement and, accordingly, in setting the level of the fine, as the
         gravity of infringements has to be determined by reference to numerous factors, such as the particular circumstances of the
         case, its context and the deterrent effect of fines; moreover, no binding or exhaustive list of the criteria which must be
         applied has been drawn up (see, to that effect, order in SPO and Others v Commission, paragraph 137 above, paragraph 54; Ferriere Nord  v Commission, paragraph 137 above, paragraph 33; Sarrió v Commission, paragraph 137 above, paragraph 328; and HFB and Others  v Commission, paragraph 245 above, paragraph 443 ).
      
      347   It is also clear from case-law that, in assessing the seriousness of an infringement for the purpose of setting the fine,
         the Commission must take into consideration not only the particular circumstances of the case but also the context in which
         the infringement occurred and must ensure that its action has the necessary deterrent effect, especially as regards those
         types of infringement which are particularly harmful to the attainment of the objectives of the Community (Musique Diffusion Française and Others  v Commission, paragraph 50 above, paragraphs 105 and 106, and ABB Asea Brown Boveri v Commission, paragraph 50 above, paragraph 166). 
      
      348   In that respect, the analysis of the gravity of the infringement must take account of any repeated infringements (Aalborg Portland and Others  v Commission, paragraph 185 above, paragraph 91). In the context of deterrence, repeated infringements are a matter which justifies a
         significant increase in the basic amount of the fine. It is evidence that the sanction previously imposed was not sufficiently
         deterrent (Case T‑203/01 Michelin  v Commission [2003] ECR II-4071, paragraph 293).
      
      349   Furthermore, contrary to the applicant’s contention, although repeated infringement relates to a characteristic specific to
         the perpetrator of the infringement, namely its propensity to commit such infringements, it is precisely, for that very reason,
         a very significant indication of the gravity of the conduct in question and, accordingly, of the need to increase the level
         of the penalty in order to achieve effective deterrence. 
      
      350   It must therefore be held that, since it is for the Commission to ensure that the fine has a sufficiently deterrent effect,
         particularly in cases involving the most harmful infringements and inasmuch as the objective of deterrence falls within the
         scope of the assessment by the Commission of the gravity of the infringement under Article 15 of Regulation No 17, the Commission
         did not infringe that article in applying the aggravating circumstance of repeated infringement in respect of the applicant.
      
      351   Nor did the Commission infringe the principle nulla poena sine lege  in finding that the applicant had committed a repeated infringement, since it is not disputed that it is entitled to do so
         by virtue of the first indent of Section 2 of the Guidelines and they cannot be regarded as going beyond the legal framework
         relating to penalties set out in Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 (LR AF 1998  v Commission, paragraph 57 above, paragraphs 231 and 232).
      
      352   As regards the alleged infringement of the principle of legal certainty, it must be borne in mind that a limitation period
         can only fulfil its function of ensuring legal certainty, and the infringement of the rules relating to limitation can only
         constitute a breach of that principle, if the period has been fixed in advance (see, to that effect, Case 41/69 ACF Chemiefarma  v Commission [1970] ECR 661, paragraph 19).
      
      353   Neither Article 15 of Regulation No 17, which constitutes the legal framework for the penalties which may be imposed by the
         Commission for an infringement of the Community competition rules (see paragraphs 133 to 135 above), nor the Guidelines, specify
         a maximum period in relation to the finding that an undertaking has committed repeated offences. It accordingly cannot be
         held that there has been an infringement of the principle of legal certainty in the present case. 
      
      354   In any event, in order to establish infringement, the Commission at least relied on the fact that the applicant had previously
         been found to have committed an infringement on 23 July 1984 in the Benelux Flat Glass Decision. Having regard to the objective
         pursued by the Commission in increasing the fine to take account of repeated infringement, namely to deter the offender from
         committing a similar infringement, the fact that a finding of infringement made 17 years earlier was taken into account to
         that end cannot infringe the principle of legal certainty. That is all the more the case since in the present case the infringement
         began on 28 January 1993, that is to say only eight years and six months after the adoption of the Benelux Flat Glass Decision.
         A policy of penalising repeated infringement can have no practical effect on a person who has committed a first infringement
         unless the threat of a more severe penalty for a new infringement can be effective over time and thus influence that person’s
         conduct.
      
      355   The validity of that reasoning cannot be called into question by the fact that the Commission also mentioned in the contested
         decision that the first infringement of the same type had been found in respect of the applicant on 15 May 1974 in the Glass
         Containers Decision, that is to say 27 years before the finding of infringement in the present case. That is all the more
         so since, as the Commission rightly observed at the hearing, the fact that on two occasions less than ten years have elapsed
         between the findings of infringement made on 15 May 1974 and 23 July 1984 and the applicant’s repetition of unlawful conduct
         shows its propensity not to draw the appropriate consequences from a finding that it has infringed the Community competition
         rules.
      
      356   As regards the alleged infringement of the principle non bis in idem, it should be pointed out that the Commission indicated, in the fourth paragraph of Section 1.A of the Guidelines, its intention
         to take account, in setting the starting amount of the fine on grounds of gravity, of the effective economic capacity of offenders
         to cause significant damage to other operators, in particular consumers, and to set the fine at a level which ensures that
         it has a sufficiently deterrent effect. Moreover, the Commission added in the fifth paragraph of the same section of the Guidelines
         that account may also be taken of the fact that large undertakings usually have legal and economic knowledge and infrastructures
         which enable them more easily to recognise that their conduct constitutes an infringement and be aware of the consequences
         stemming from it under competition law. Lastly, the Commission gave in Section 2 of the Guidelines, as an example of aggravating
         circumstances which may increase the starting amount, repeated infringement of the same type by the same undertaking.
      
      357   In the present case, the Commission indicated in recital 305 of the contested decision that, having regard to the need to
         ensure that fines are set at a level which ensures that they have a sufficiently deterrent effect, it was taking into account
         the fact that the applicant is a large international undertaking and, in addition, a multi-product company. The Commission
         went on to indicate in recital 306 that it was also taking into account the fact that the applicant and, on the date of adoption
         of the decision, its subsidiary Alken-Maes had legal and economic knowledge and infrastructures which enabled them more easily
         to recognise that their conduct constituted an infringement and be aware of the consequences stemming from it under competition
         law. Lastly, in recital 314 of the contested decision, the Commission stated, when developing its reasoning relating to the
         increase in the fine for aggravating circumstances, that the applicant had already been found to have committed similar infringements
         of Article 81 EC twice before.
      
      358   In that regard, it must be held, first, that the conditions governing the application of the principle non bis in idem, as laid down by the case-law on competition (see paragraph 185 above), are not satisfied in the present case, as, in setting
         the fine, the Commission did no more than take into account a number of factual considerations which were considered to be
         relevant for the purposes of setting the fine at a level which would ensure that it would have a sufficiently deterrent effect.
         
      
      359   In any event, it appears that each of those criteria for assessing gravity was taken into account for different reasons. Thus,
         in the first place, the fact that the applicant is an international and multi-product organisation was taken into account
         in order to reflect the need to set the fine at a level which has a sufficiently deterrent effect having regard to its economic
         and financial strength (see paragraphs 167 to 182 above). Next, the applicant’s possession of legal and economic knowledge
         and infrastructures which enabled it more easily to recognise that its conduct constituted an infringement and be aware of
         its consequences was taken into account because of the need for a higher level of deterrence having regard to the fact that
         the applicant committed the infringement notwithstanding the fact that it had resources at its disposal which enabled it to
         recognise that its conduct constituted an infringement and the consequences of that conduct (see paragraph 175 above). Lastly,
         the fact that this was a repeat infringement was taken into account owing to the need to ensure a higher level of deterrence,
         as demonstrated by the fact that two previous findings of infringement had not been sufficient to prevent the commission of
         a third.
      
      360   As regards the alleged infringement of Regulation No 2988/74, it is sufficient to hold that that regulation governs the limitation
         period which applies to the Commission’s power to impose fines in respect of an infringement of the competition rules, but
         that, by contrast, it contains no provision limiting the Commission’s power to take into account, as an aggravating circumstance
         and for the purpose of determining the amount of a fine for infringement of the competition rules, the fact that an undertaking
         has already been found to have infringed those rules. There can thus be no infringement of Regulation No 2988/74 by reason
         of the Commission’s finding of such an aggravating circumstance the applicant’s case.
      
      361   As regards the argument that the Commission adopted a manifestly unreasonable interpretation of the concept of repeated infringement,
         it must be noted that in Section 2 of the Guidelines the Commission defined the aggravating circumstance concerned as ‘repeated
         infringement of the same type by the same undertaking(s)’.
      
      362   It should also be noted that the concept of repeated infringement, as understood in certain national legal systems, implies
         that a person has committed new infringements after having been penalised for similar infringements (Thyssen Stahl v Commission, paragraph 320 above, paragraph 617, and Michelin  v Commission, paragraph 348 above, paragraph 284).
      
      363   However, it is important to state that, bearing in mind the objective it pursues, the concept of repeated infringement does
         not necessarily imply that a fine has been imposed in the past, but merely that a finding of infringement has been made in
         the past. Repeated infringement is taken into account, for a particular infringement, so that a more severe penalty may be
         imposed on the undertaking responsible for the relevant facts when it transpires that a previous finding of infringement on
         its part has not been sufficient to prevent the repetition of unlawful conduct. It is not the previous imposition of a fine
         that determines that conduct constitutes repeated infringement, which is determinative of recidivism, but the fact that a
         previous finding of infringement has been made against the person concerned.
      
      364   As regards the applicant’s argument that the Glass Containers Decision addressed to it in 1974 should not be taken into account
         for the purpose of determining repeated infringement in this case, on the ground that that decision originated in a notification
         and did not impose any fines, it must be observed that Article 3 of that decision states that ‘those undertakings which are
         party to the agreements referred to in Article 1 are required to bring the infringements established to an immediate end’.
         
      
      365   The applicant has therefore already been found to have committed an infringement on the basis of facts similar to those in
         the present case. That has not prevented the applicant from repeating its unlawful conduct. The Commission was therefore entitled
         to establish repeated infringement on the applicant’s part.
      
      366   In any event, it is plain that the Benelux Flat Glass Decision of 1984 imposed a pecuniary sanction and that repeated infringement
         is established in that regard. There is nothing in the contested decision to indicate that the Commission’s finding that repeated
         infringement followed on from two previous incidents led to a greater increase in the fine for an aggravating circumstance
         than that which would have been applied had only one previous incident been identified.
      
      367   As regards, lastly, the argument that the increase in the fine for repeated infringement is unreasonable in that it resulted
         in the fine imposed on the applicant being equivalent to that imposed on Interbrew, notwithstanding its smaller size on the
         market, it should be borne in mind that it is settled case-law that the criteria for assessing the gravity of an infringement
         may include the volume and value of the goods in respect of which the infringement was committed, the size and economic power
         of the undertaking and, consequently, the influence which it was able to exert on the market. It follows that it is permissible,
         for the purpose of fixing a fine, to have regard both to the overall turnover of the undertaking and to the proportion of
         that turnover accounted for by the goods in respect of which the infringement was committed, but that it is important not
         to confer on one or other of those figures an importance which is disproportionate in relation to other factors (see, to that
         effect, Musique diffusion française and Others v Commission, paragraph 50 above, paragraphs 120 and 121; Parker Pen v Commission, paragraph 115 above, paragraph 94; and SCA Holding v Commission, paragraph 158 above, paragraph 176).
      
      368   Furthermore, the deterrent effect of fines constitutes one of the factors which the Commission is entitled to take into account
         in assessing the gravity of the infringement and, accordingly, in setting the level of the fine, as the gravity of infringements
         has to be determined by reference to numerous factors, such as the particular circumstances of the case, its context and the
         deterrent effect of fines; moreover, no binding or exhaustive list of the criteria which must be applied has been drawn up
         (order in SPO and Others v Commission, paragraph 137 above, paragraph 54; Ferriere Nord  v Commission, paragraph 137 above, paragraph 33; and Sarrió v Commission, paragraph 137 above, paragraph 328).
      
      369   It follows that the fact that a fine may have been imposed on the applicant which was not proportionate to its size on the
         market in question does not arise from a manifestly unreasonable conception of the context of repeated infringement, but from
         all of the factors which the Commission rightly took into account in setting the amount of the fine to be imposed on the applicant.
      
      370   As all of the objections raised by the applicant under the present plea have been rejected, the plea must be rejected in its
         entirety.
      
      8.     The plea alleging failure to take proper account of the applicable attenuating circumstances 
      371   This plea is divided into four parts. In the first part, the applicant invokes the Commission’s refusal to take into account
         the fact that the infringement did not have any effects on the market. In the second part, it submits that the Commission
         erred in failing to take into account the influence which the price-control system and the long-standing tradition of collective
         action in the beer sector had on the relevant conduct. In the third part, the applicant invokes the crisis which prevailed
         at the relevant time. Lastly, in the fourth part, it invokes the threatening attitude adopted by Interbrew.
      
      a)     The first part, based on the Commission’s refusal to take into account the fact that the infringement did not have any effects
         on the market 
      
       Arguments of the parties
      372   The applicant maintains that the Guidelines, which reflect the Commission’s current practice in that regard, require the Commission
         to take into account, as an attenuating circumstance, the fact that the cartel had only a limited effect on competition. There
         are numerous cases in which the Commission took account, as an attenuating circumstance, of the absence of any effect on the
         market on the part of the agreements at issue and the fact that those agreements had not been implemented or had only been
         implemented in part. The fact that the Commission is not bound by its previous practice cannot justify its failure to follow
         that practice when faced with similar facts.
      
      373   Furthermore, the Commission failed to distinguish between the assessment of the gravity of the cartel and the taking into
         consideration of attenuating circumstances. Notwithstanding the requirement that the Commission was required to take the effects
         of the infringement on the market into consideration for the purposes of assessing its gravity, it was under a duty to take
         account, as an attenuating circumstance, of the fact that the unlawful agreements or practices in question were not in fact
         implemented.
      
      374   In concluding that the fact that the parties did not implement every aspect of the cartel did not mean that the cartel, as
         such, was not actually given effect to and that the fact that some elements of the offending conduct were not put into practice
         was not in itself equivalent to a finding of an attenuating circumstance, the Commission failed to have regard to the reality
         of the situation. 
      
      375   In fact, only a small part of the agreements reached between Interbrew and the applicant relating to pricing structure and
         product promotion were put into practice and the effect on the market was accordingly extremely limited.
      
      376   Next, Alken-Maes and Interbrew indicated on numerous occasions, including in the internal documents drawn up at the time of
         the consultations, that the discussions remained tentative and had no effect on competition. A number of the documents and
         statements cited by the Commission in the contested decision prove the lack of practical effect given to the discussions.
         Numerous aspects of the competitive situation remained intact, as may be seen in particular from the fierce struggle between
         the parties to the cartel to enter into contracts with tied cafés. In addition, the Commission’s file contains a number of
         other documents which show the absence of any effect on competition.
      
      377   Moreover, the sales statistics sufficiently demonstrate the lack of actual effect, or, at the very least, the low level of
         impact on the market, of the discussions between Interbrew and Alken-Maes. The parties continued to engage in fierce competition
         in all market sectors. In particular, it is clear from the file that Alken-Maes had an aggressive policy of commercial rebates
         in the food distribution sector in 1992 and 1993. Furthermore, Alken-Maes continued to lose market share between 1993 and
         1998 and was the main loser during the relevant period in both the Pils and the alcohol-free beer sectors.
      
      378   In addition, Alken-Maes continued during 1994 to carry out surveys on price elasticity for the purposes of its marketing policy,
         which established that Interbrew would have been the main loser if prices were to be reduced. Alken-Maes thus pursued a competitive
         policy, the primary object of which was to acquire sales from Interbrew, notwithstanding the discussions that took place in
         relation to prices, which were initiated by Interbrew.
      
      379   The applicant maintains, lastly, that there were no enforcement mechanisms that might have ensured that the agreement was
         complied with and implemented in practice, a circumstance which was taken into account by the Commission as an attenuating
         factor in the Polypropylene Decision.
      
      380   The Commission submits that the precedents cited by the applicant are irrelevant as they preceded the publication of the Guidelines
         and related to circumstances which are not always comparable to those of the present case. In this case, the anti-competitive
         arrangements were implemented and the fact that certain aspects were only partially put into practice was duly taken into
         account in assessing the gravity of the cartel.
      
      381   The argument that the fierce struggle between the parties to enter into contracts with licensed cafés shows that a situation
         of open competition continued to exist is irrelevant. The doubts expressed by a manager of Interbrew as to the effectiveness
         of the cartel are not sufficient to minimise the significance of the statement by the parties to the cartel at their meeting
         of 28 January 1998 that certain objectives had been achieved. Lastly, the reduction in Alken-Maes’s market share does not
         establish a lack of effects since that reduction would have been even greater had the cartel not existed. The surveys of price
         elasticity carried out by Alken-Maes were only of a preliminary nature and cast no doubt on the unlawful nature of the collusion.
      
       Findings of the Court
      382   As is clear from the case-law cited in paragraphs 277 and 278 above, where an infringement has been committed by a number
         of undertakings, the Court must examine the relative gravity of the participation in the infringement of each of them, which
         implies in particular that the role played by each of them in the infringement throughout the period of its participation
         must be established.
      
      383   Section 3 of the Guidelines lays down, under the heading attenuating circumstances, a non-exhaustive list of circumstances
         which may lead to a reduction in the basic amount of a fine. Reference is made to the exclusively passive or ‘follow-my-leader’
         role of undertakings in the infringement, to the non-implementation in practice of agreements or offending practices, to termination
         of the infringement as soon as the Commission intervenes, to the existence of reasonable doubt on the part of the undertaking
         as to whether the restrictive conduct does indeed constitute an infringement, to infringements committed by negligence and
         not intentionally and to effective cooperation by the undertaking in the proceedings, outside the scope of the Leniency Notice.
         Those circumstances are therefore based on the individual conduct of each undertaking.
      
      384   It follows that in order to assess any attenuating circumstances, including that relating to the non-implementation of agreements,
         it is necessary to take into account not the effects arising from the infringement as a whole, which must be taken into consideration
         in assessing the actual impact of an infringement on the market for the purposes of determining its gravity (first paragraph
         of Section 1.A of the Guidelines), but the individual conduct of each undertaking, for the purposes of examining the relative
         gravity of the participation of each undertaking in the infringement.
      
      385   In the present case, it is accordingly necessary to ascertain whether the arguments put forward by the applicant are capable
         of showing that during the period in which it adhered to the unlawful agreements it actually avoided applying them by adopting
         competitive conduct in the market (see, to that effect, Cement, paragraph 31 above, paragraphs 4872 to 4874).
      
      386   The applicant essentially puts forward five arguments in support of its reliance on the attenuating circumstance of non-implementation
         in practice of the agreements. 
      
      387   With respect to the first argument, alleging that only a small part of the discussions between Interbrew and the applicant
         were put into practice, it must be held that the applicant does not contend that the consultations on pricing structure and
         product promotion were not applied to, but simply that they were implemented only in part. It should, moreover, be noted that
         that consultation represents only a part of the infringement established, which included in particular a general non-aggression
         pact, an agreement on prices in the off‑trade, customer‑sharing in the on-trade sector, the restriction of investment and
         advertising on the on-trade market and an exchange of sales information in the on-trade and the off‑trade.
      
      388   As regards the second argument, which alleges that the discussions remained tentative and had no effect on competition, it
         is sufficient to observe that, even if that were so, such a matter would show not the non-implementation in practice of the
         agreements, but rather a desire, albeit unrealised in practice, to implement them. The same is true of the significance to
         be attributed to the correspondence between Interbrew and Alken-Maes relating to tied cafés. The mutual recriminations made
         in that regard must be seen in the light of the general non-aggression pact between those two undertakings (see paragraph
         147 above) and goes more to show a desire to ensure that that agreement was complied with than that it was not implemented
         in practice. In any event, the correspondence which is supposed to illustrate a fierce struggle over the contracts entered
         into with tied cafés covers a period of only six months, that is to say from August 1996 to January 1997.
      
      389   As regards the third argument, namely that statistics show that there were no effects on the market, it must be held that,
         even if that were shown, it would be irrelevant, as it would not prove that the agreements had not been implemented in practice.
         The same is true of the aggressive rebate policy alleged to have been pursued, as the applicant has failed to establish that
         such a policy represents an attempt on its part to avoid the agreements to which it was a party. In any event, it is clear
         that such conduct affected the implementation of the agreements to only a limited degree, as the scale of those agreements
         exceeds, both in substance and duration, the episodes of competitive struggle referred to. Thus, what is alleged to have been
         the aggressive commercial rebate policy pursued Alken-Maes in the food distribution sector was limited, as the applicant itself
         states, to 1992 and 1993. 
      
      390   As regards the fourth argument, it should be observed that the fact that Alken‑Maes continued in 1994 to carry out surveys
         on price elasticity, even if those surveys showed that Interbrew had more to lose from a reduction in the price of Maes beer,
         does not show in any way that the applicant and its subsidiary actually avoided applying the agreements by adopting competitive
         conduct in the market.
      
      391   Accordingly, none of the first four arguments put forward by the applicant permits the conclusion that during the period in
         which it was a party to the offending agreements, it actually avoided applying them by adopting competitive conduct in the
         market. 
      
      392   Moreover, the conclusion drawn by the applicant itself from its arguments, namely that the consultations had a limited impact
         on the market, shows in itself that those arguments do not relate to the problematics of attenuating circumstances but to
         the gravity of the infringement as a whole, which is not the subject of the present plea.
      
      393   The same is true of the fifth argument put forward by the applicant, namely that there were no enforcement mechanisms that
         might have ensured that the cartel was complied with in practice, since that characteristic, should it be proved, would have
         to be taken into account under the Guidelines in relation to the gravity of the infringement and could not constitute an attenuating
         circumstance based on the individual conduct of the applicant. It is settled case-law that the absence of measures to monitor
         the implementation of a cartel does not, of itself, constitute a mitigating factor (Case T-348/94 Enso Española v Commission [1998] ECR II‑1875, paragraph 318).
      
      394   It should also be pointed out that in the Polypropylene Decision, on which the applicant relies, the Commission did not consider
         the absence of enforcement mechanisms to be an attenuating circumstance, capable of being applied separately to the undertakings
         to which the decision was addressed, but on the contrary as a factor to be taken into account in assessing the gravity of
         the infringement taken as a whole.
      
      395   Lastly, with respect to the argument that both the absence of effects on the market and the absence of enforcement mechanisms
         have been taken into account by the Commission in the past as a mitigating factor, it must be stated that the mere fact that
         the Commission has found in its previous decisions that certain factors constituted attenuating circumstances for the purpose
         of setting the fine does not mean that it is obliged to do so also in a subsequent decision (see paragraph 57 above). The
         Commission’s previous decision-making practice does not constitute part of the legal framework relating to fines in competition
         matters (see the case- law cited in paragraph 153 above). It is clear from the case-law paragraphs 134 and 135 above that,
         in the context of Regulation No 17, the Commission possesses a wide margin of discretion when setting fines, in order that
         it may direct the conduct of undertakings towards compliance with the competition rules, and that the fact that the Commission
         may have applied fines of a certain level in the past to certain types of infringement does not mean that it is estopped from
         raising that level, within the limits set out in Regulation No 17, if that is necessary in order to ensure the implementation
         of Community competition policy. On the contrary, the proper application of the Community competition rules requires that
         the Commission may at any time adjust the level of fines to the needs of that policy.
      
      396   The first part of the plea should accordingly be rejected.
      b)     The second part, alleging that the Commission failed to take into account the influence of the system for controlling prices
         and the long-standing tradition of collective action in the beer sector 
      
       Arguments of the parties
      397   The applicant maintains that, following its practice in the Greek Ferries Decision, which, contrary to what it stated in recital
         320 of the contested decision, is comparable to the present case, the Commission should have taken the influence of long-standing
         practices in setting prices on the beer market into account as an attenuating circumstance.
      
      398   Thus, the Commission failed to take into account the fact that the Law on prices, which was in force from 1945 to 1993, required
         every undertaking subject to the legislation, including the applicant and the other brewers, to apply for authorisation to
         increase prices, either individually or collectively. That Law applied until May 1993 and thus forms part of a long-standing
         tradition of consultation and exchanges of information among brewers. The applicant also states that although two separate
         procedures existed, applications for price increases were brought collectively by the CBB, as that procedure was expressly
         preferred by the Minister of Economic Affairs for reasons of ease of administration. Furthermore, by requiring that the collective
         application brought by the CBB regarding prices and other conditions of sale be very detailed, the system of price controls
         necessarily favoured consultation on prices between brewers.
      
      399   The continuation of the offending conduct after May 1993 shows the continuing influence of a set of rules which served only
         to reinforce a long‑standing tradition of consultation among brewers. That tradition explains the difficulties faced by the
         parties in immediately departing from those traditional arrangements. That is why the price control system, which had encouraged
         an attitude of inertia, should be taken into account as an attenuating circumstance, as the Commission did in Decision 82/896/EEC
         of 15 December 1982 relating to a proceeding under Article 85 of the EEC Treaty (IV/29.883 – AROW/BNIC) (OJ 1982 L 379, p.
         1; ‘the BNIC Decision’, recital 77) and in Decision 86/596/EEC of 26 November 1986 relating to a proceeding under Article
         85 of the EEC Treaty (IV/31.204 – MELDOC, OJ 1986 L 348; p. 50; ‘the MELDOC Decision’, recital 77).
      
      400   Furthermore, the Commission was wrong to consider that, if it were to accept that the price control system influenced the
         consultations, that influence continued only until 23 December 1992, which was the date of the final application for a collective
         price increase brought by the CBB, whereas brewers were in fact and in law encouraged until 1 May 1993, the date on which
         the ministerial decree repealing the price control system entered into force, to consult on the prices of a number of beers.
         The Commission was accordingly wrong to conclude in recital 247 of the contested decision that, since the meeting of 28 January
         1993 took place after 23 December 1992, it could not be considered to be a meeting among brewers within the framework of the
         CBB regarding a collective application for a price increase. 
      
      401   Lastly, in referring in recital 247 of the contested decision to the fact that a meeting was held with beer wholesalers as
         a ground for its refusal to take price controls into account as an attenuating circumstance, the Commission failed to have
         regard to the fact that the price control system applied not only to brewers but also to importers of beer. 
      
      402   The Commission contends that it stated in the contested decision that, contrary to the facts underlying the Greek Ferries
         Decision, collective action by the brewers in order to notify a price increase was only a right and not an obligation. It
         is irrelevant in that regard that the Minister of Economic Affairs expressed a preference for collective measures. The Commission
         adds that, if the legislation on prices had had the impact which the applicant ascribes to it, all of the brewers would have
         been involved in the consultation, whereas it was only the two leading brewers that were involved.
      
      403   The Commission adds that, although the price controls ended on 1 May 1993, the last collective application for a price increase
         was in any event presented on 23 December 1992 and that the first incidences of consultation taken into account, which took
         place on 28 January 1993, came after that date. Even on the assumption that it is established, the ‘tradition of collective
         action’ cannot constitute a perpetual attenuating circumstance. As regards the BNIC and MELDOC Decisions, they preceded the
         publication of the Guidelines and did not find that the existence of a system of price controls constituted an attenuating
         circumstance.
      
       Findings of the Court
      404   As a preliminary point, it should be noted, first, that the applicant does not challenge the Commission’s finding as to the
         existence of an infringement from 28 January 1993. Next, it is apparent from the contested decision, and is not contested
         by the applicant, either that a price control mechanism applied to the brewery sector in Belgium until 1 May 1993, the date
         on which it ceased. It is accordingly necessary to determine whether the existence of that mechanism until that date constituted
         an attenuating circumstance which the Commission ought to have taken into consideration. In that regard, the applicant’s reasoning
         essentially amounts to invoking the applicability of the attenuating circumstance referred to in the fourth indent of Section
         3 of the Guidelines, namely the ‘existence of a reasonable doubt on the part of the undertaking as to whether the restrictive
         conduct does indeed constitute an infringement’.
      
      405   In the first place, it should be pointed out that, in reply to questions put by the Court at the hearing as to the exact scope
         of the price control system in place until 1 May 1993, the applicant stated that it is clear from the legislation relating
         to price controls that brewers could submit for approval by the Ministry of Economic Affairs either a collective application,
         preserving, if appropriate, price confidentiality, through the CBB, or separate applications.
      
      406   In the second place, it should be held that, having regard both to the very high degree of gravity which the facts in question
         inherently involve (see paragraphs 145 to 155 above) and to the material and intellectual resources available to the applicant
         and its subsidiary Alken-Maes, which enabled them to recognise the nature of their legislative environment and the consequences
         which might, as a consequence, stem from their conduct under Community competition law, it cannot validly be argued that the
         price control system in place until 1 May 1993 gave rise to a reasonable doubt on the applicant’s part as to whether the restrictive
         conduct did indeed constitute an infringement. That is all the more the case as previous findings were made against the applicant
         in relation to similar infringements of Community competition law.
      
      407   In the third place, as regards the decisions which the applicant claims constitute precedents for the taking into account
         by the Commission of the existence of a price control system as an attenuating circumstance, it must be held that, having
         regard to the case-law paragraph 395 above, the mere fact that the Commission has found in its previous decisions that certain
         factors constituted attenuating circumstances for the purpose of setting the fine does not mean that it is obliged to do so
         also in a subsequent decision (see paragraph 57 above). The Commission’s previous decision-making practice does not constitute
         part of the legal framework relating to fines in competition matters (see the case-law paragraph 153 above). It is clear from
         the case-law referred to in paragraphs 134 and 135 above that, in the context of Regulation No 17, the Commission possesses
         a wide margin of discretion when setting fines, in order that it may direct the conduct of undertakings towards compliance
         with the competition rules and that the fact that the Commission may have applied fines of a certain level in the past to
         certain types of infringement does not mean that it is estopped from raising that level, within the limits set out in Regulation
         No 17, if that is necessary in order to ensure the implementation of Community competition policy On the contrary, the proper
         application of the Community competition rules requires that the Commission may at any time adjust the level of fines to the
         needs of that policy.
      
      408   As the existence of a price control mechanism is not capable in the present case of constituting an attenuating circumstance
         in respect of the period from 28 January to 1 May 1993, it must be concluded that such a circumstance cannot a fortiori  be held to apply to the applicant for the period after 1 May 1993.
      
      409   The second part of the plea must therefore be rejected.
      c)     The third part, based on the Commission’s refusal to take account of the crisis in the sector 
       Arguments of the parties
      410   The applicant maintains that the Commission ought, in accordance with its practice until 1998 and the case-law of the Court
         of Justice, to have taken account of the fact that the cartel evolved when the market was in crisis and to have treated that
         situation as an attenuating circumstance. In fact, the Commission merely held that the position in the present case was not
         comparable to the situation in decisions where a crisis was taken into account and referred, without more, to the Cement,
         PVC II and Seamless Steel Tubes Decisions.
      
      411   However, the Belgian brewers were faced with a continuing decline in demand and overcapacity as well as with pressure from
         distributors in the off-trade on the price of Pils. Furthermore, the Commission itself recognised in the contested decision
         the difficulties arising on the market during the 1990s. In the event, the business of the applicant’s subsidiary in Belgium
         was in a very weak state financially in 1993. The applicant adds that, while it is true that it is a crisis in the sector
         and not in an individual undertaking which falls to be taken into account, it none the less wished to emphasise that the difficult
         financial situation in which Alken-Maes found itself was the direct result of the decline in the beer market, where, far from
         being ‘slight’, as the Commission asserts, the reduction in consumption came to 15% over the period from 1993 to 1998, generating
         excess capacity which should also have been taken into account by the Commission, following the example which it set in the
         PVC II and Cement Decisions.
      
      412   The Commission contends first of all that the financial situation of an undertaking is not evidence of a crisis in the economic
         sector concerned, which might be taken into account as an attenuating circumstance, and that the case-law of the Court of
         Justice has always refused to take into account the fact that an undertaking is making a loss. Furthermore, the decisions
         relied on by the applicant precede, for the most part, the publication of the Guidelines and are accordingly irrelevant. In
         any event, the crisis referred to is not in any way comparable to those which the Commission has hitherto taken into account.
      
       Findings of the Court
      413   It must first of all be noted that it is settled case-law that the Commission is not required, when determining the amount
         of the fine, to take account of an undertaking’s financial losses, since recognition of such an obligation would have the
         effect of conferring an unfair competitive advantage on the undertakings least well adapted to the conditions of the market
         (see, to that effect, IAZ and Others  v Commission, paragraph 281 above, paragraphs 54 and 55; Case T-319/94 Fiskeby Board  v Commission [1998] ECR II-1331, paragraphs 75 and 76; and Enso Española v Commission, paragraph 393 above, paragraph 316). The arguments based on Alken-Maes’s financial difficulties in 1993 cannot therefore
         be taken into account in the context of the assessment of the existence of an attenuating circumstance.
      
      414   Moreover, even if factors such as a continuing decline in demand – which, in any event, as the Commission stated, was originally
         assessed by the applicant in its response to the statement of objections at 15% over ten years and not over five years –,
         the resulting overcapacity and the pressure on prices from distributors in the off-trade were to be established, they would
         represent risks inherent in any economic activity which, as such, do not denote an exceptional structural or economic situation
         capable of being taken into account in determining the amount of the fine.
      
      415   As regards, lastly, the argument that the Commission is bound by its previous practice, it should be pointed out that, according
         to the case-law cited in paragraph 395 above, the mere fact that the Commission has found in its previous decisions that certain
         factors constituted attenuating circumstances for the purpose of setting the fine does not mean that it is obliged to do so
         also in a subsequent decision. The Commission’s previous decision-making practice does not constitute part of the legal framework
         relating to fines in competition matters. In the context of Regulation No 17, the Commission possesses a wide margin of discretion
         when setting fines, in order that it may direct the conduct of undertakings towards compliance with the competition rules
         and the fact that the Commission may have applied fines of a certain level in the past to certain types of infringement does
         not mean that it is estopped from raising that level, within the limits set out in Regulation No 17, if that is necessary
         in order to ensure the implementation of Community competition policy. On the contrary, the proper application of the Community
         competition rules requires that the Commission may at any time adjust the level of fines to the needs of that policy.
      
      416    The third part of the plea should therefore be rejected.
      d)     The fourth part, based on the aggressive attitude adopted by Interbrew
       Arguments of the parties
      417   The applicant contends that the Commission ought, in accordance with its decision-making practice and the case-law of the
         Court of Justice, to have taken into account as an attenuating circumstance the weak and dependent position of Alken-Maes
         in relation to Interbrew at the time of the cartel, as Interbrew had occupied a dominant position on the market since 1987.
      
      418   The aggressive attitude adopted by Interbrew is clearly demonstrated by the file. Thus in a memorandum of 19 August 1993 to
         Mr C., Mr M., then Interbrew’s CEO, stated that he was prepared to ‘convince’ Alken-Maes to follow Interbrew after Interbrew
         had unilaterally decided to increase prices. Furthermore, the correspondence between Interbrew and Alken-Maes following the
         latter’s protest against Interbrew’s canvassing of drinks outlets that were contractually tied to Alken-Maes, where Interbrew
         proposed to reimburse the costs of breeching the contracts in exchange for signing a new contract with it, shows Interbrew’s
         strategy of exclusion, which its increasing vertical integration served to fortify. Moreover, Interbrew’s disproportionate
         reaction to Alken-Maes’s new policy in 1994 showed that it had the ability to inflict harm, to such a degree that Alken-Maes
         feared for its survival.
      
      419   The applicant also maintains that the Commission is wrong to contend that the aggressive attitude allegedly adopted by Interbrew
         towards Alken-Maes is illogical and contrary to the nature of the infringement. The Commission is forgetting the interest
         which Interbrew had in setting up and proceeding with the cartel. Furthermore, it is astonishing that the Commission sees
         no inconsistency between submitting, on the one hand, that the applicant posed a threat to Interbrew and, on the other, that
         it entered into an agreement with Interbrew at the same time.
      
      420   Lastly, in accusing the applicant of overlooking its own participation in the cartel in alleging that Interbrew had adopted
         an aggressive position in relation to it, the Commission wrongly exaggerates its influence over Alken-Maes, whereas, far from
         playing an active role within Alken-Maes, the applicant sought, on the contrary to disengage itself from its ‘beer’ activities
         with as little damage as possible.
      
      421   The Commission contends that, in invoking the aggressive position adopted by Interbrew, the applicant forgets not only its
         own size and its strong position on the French beer market, but also the fact that an agreement would have served no purpose
         if the applicant or its subsidiary had been wholly dependent on Interbrew. Moreover, there is a difference in kind between
         the threat made by the applicant, which sought to have the cartel extended to the Belgian market, and the alleged threat made
         by Interbrew, which is supposed to have concerned the same market as that covered by the cartel. While it would be logical
         to accept that a threat in France should lead Interbrew to agree to extend the cartel to Belgium, it would be illogical, on
         the other hand, for Interbrew to have agreed to collude with an undertaking which was under its influence.
      
       Findings of the Court
      422   It should first of all be noted that, in the present case, the applicant does not deny having participated in an infringement
         of Article 81 EC, comprising in particular a set of agreements having an anti-competitive object. It is settled case-law that
         there will be an agreement within the meaning of Article 81(1) EC when the undertakings in question have expressed their joint
         intention to conduct themselves on the market in a specific way (see, to that effect, ACF Chemiefarma v Commission, paragraph 352 above, paragraph 112; Joined Cases 209/78 to 215/78 and 218/78 Van Landewyck and Others v Commission [1980] ECR 3125, paragraph 86; Hercules Chemicals v Commission, paragraph 57 above, paragraph 256; Case T-41/96 Bayer v Commission [2000] ECR II-3383, paragraph 67; and Case T-56/02 Bayerische Hypo- und Vereinsbank  v Commission [2004] ECR II-0000, paragraph 59). It follows that the concept of an agreement within the meaning of Article 81(1) EC, as
         interpreted by the case-law, centres around the existence of a concurrence of wills between at least two parties (Bayerische Hypo-und Vereinsbank v Commission, paragraph 61, and Bayer v Commission, paragraph 69 and the case-law cited). The applicant therefore cannot claim that it acted exclusively under pressure from
         Interbrew.
      
      423   It is also settled case-law that an undertaking which participates in meetings with an anti-competitive object, even under
         constraint from other participants with greater economic power, can always report the anti-competitive activities in question
         to the Commission rather than continue to participate in the meetings (HFB and Others v Commission, paragraph 245 above, paragraph 226).
      
      424   It follows from the foregoing that neither the applicant’s alleged dependence on Interbrew nor the aggressive position purportedly
         adopted by Interbrew in relation to the applicant can denote a situation capable of being taken into account by the Commission
         as an attenuating circumstance.
      
      425   The fourth part of the plea must therefore be rejected and, accordingly, the plea must be rejected in its entirety.
      9.     The plea based on an incorrect assessment of the extent of the cooperation provided by the applicant, in breach of the principle
            of equal treatment and the Leniency Notice 
      426   The applicant maintains that it ought to have been given, in application of Section D of the Leniency Notice, a reduction
         of 50% in the fine imposed on it. The plea is divided into two parts. In the first part, the applicant submits that the Commission
         incorrectly assessed its cooperation for the purposes of the first indent of Section D.2 of the Leniency Notice, by underestimating
         its extent by reference to its decision-making practice and in breach of the principle of equal treatment. In the second part,
         the applicant contends that, after receiving the statement of objections, it did not substantially contest the facts on which
         the Commission based its allegations and claims infringement of the Leniency Notice in that the Commission took the view that
         the applicant was not eligible for a reduction in the fine under the second indent of Section D.2 of the notice.
      
      a)     The first part, alleging an incorrect assessment by the Commission of the extent of the applicant’s cooperation, by reference
         in particular to its decision-making practice and in breach of the principle of equal treatment 
      
       Arguments of the parties
      427   The applicant submits in the first place that the Commission underestimated the extent of its cooperation before the statement
         of objections was sent. The Commission itself recognised that Alken-Maes had supplied information which went beyond answering
         the request for information concerning it. In addition, the applicant claims that, in order to give guidance to the Commission
         on the background to and the machinery of the cooperation between Alken-Maes and Interbrew, on 7 March 2000, its subsidiary
         supplied a summary of the facts involved based on the records held by the company at the time, including a chronological history
         of the meetings and contacts between it and Interbrew from 1990, referring to all relevant documents and included documents
         supplied by it. Information was also provided in the letters of 10 and 27 December 1999, on which the Commission does not
         comment.
      
      428   In reply to the Commission’s argument that that it was already aware of most of the information supplied, the applicant contends
         not only that that point is not referred to in the contested decision, but also that it reflects an incorrect application
         of the first indent of Section D.2 of the Leniency Notice. That provision is not intended to limit the benefit of leniency
         only to undertakings which have supplied evidence to the Commission of which it was unaware, but is also meant to provide
         favourable treatment to those which, in facilitating the Commission’s investigation, have allowed it to use its resources
         more effectively and, accordingly, to be more active in challenging infringements. Under the first indent of Section D.2 of
         the Leniency Notice, an undertaking is entitled to a reduction in a fine where it has supplied not only evidence of which
         the Commission was not aware, but also evidence which ‘materially contribute[s] to establishing the existence of the infringement’.
         In the event, the documents and information supplied by Alken-Maes were of considerable assistance to the Commission in establishing
         or confirming the existence of the infringement.
      
      429   The applicant maintains that the reduction granted to it is manifestly lower than the reductions normally granted by the Commission,
         as an analysis of a number of decisions taken by the Commission since 1998 shows.
      
      430   Thus, the Commission has awarded reductions in fines of between 40 and 50% to undertakings which, like the applicant, have
         been the first to accept that an infringement had taken place, which have provided the statements of former employees and
         have supplied their files for review. The Commission has awarded reductions of between 20 and 50% to undertakings which have
         supplied it with evidence allowing it to confirm that an infringement had taken place or to add to its knowledge of it, going
         so far, in the Pre-insulated Pipes Decision, as to grant a reduction of 20% to two undertakings merely because they had not
         challenged the substantive truth of the facts – and even a reduction of 50% to an undertaking which had clarified the meaning
         of documents already in the Commission’s possession in order to give it a clearer picture of the facts at issue.
      
      431   Not only was Alken-Maes the first to acknowledge formally that an infringement had taken place in its memorandum of 27 December
         1999, but it also undertook a detailed examination of its records, which enabled it to produce a number of new documents.
         Moreover, while the Commission wrongly denies that the applicant provided new information, it has, by contrast, never disputed
         that the information supplied in the letter of 10 December 1999 and, in particular, in the letter of 7 March 2000, which comprised
         a full chronological summary of the facts, on which the contested decision was based, provided detailed confirmation of the
         facts at issue.
      
      432   The applicant contends in the second place that, in granting it a smaller reduction in its fine than that received by Interbrew,
         the Commission contravened the principle of equal treatment.
      
      433   It notes that immediately after the investigations took place on 26 and 27 October 1999, its subsidiary Alken-Maes, with a
         view to assisting the Commission in its work, set up an internal inquiry, questioned each of the members of its management
         committee on possible contacts with Interbrew and initiated a survey of its records. While that work was made particularly
         difficult because of the complete replacement of its management team shortly before the start of the investigation, the reply
         of 10 December 1999 was provided within the period prescribed by the Commission and Alken-Maes provided the Commission with
         statements from all current and former members of staff referred to in the request.
      
      434   Thus, in the covering letter to its reply of 10 December 1999 to the request for information of 11 November 1999, which expressly
         referred to the investigation of its records, Alken-Maes provided detailed confirmation of the facts to which the request
         related, and included an annex setting out tables and notes regarding the meetings referred to in the request. Interbrew’s
         reply to the same request, 13 days later, on 23 December 1999, also confirmed material of which the Commission was already
         aware.
      
      435   By contrast, Interbrew, whose management team was nonetheless in place at the time of the facts at issue, did not reply to
         the Commission until 23 December 1999, following the latter’s refusal to allow it an extension of time until 10 January 2000.
         Interbrew’s reply did not, at the time, include any statement from the members of staff referred to in the Commission’s request,
         and it was only by letter of 14 January 2000 that Interbrew supplied the statements of seven of the 16 persons referred to
         in the request.
      
      436   Furthermore, Alken-Maes was the first to supply, on 27 December 1999, a memorandum containing an official statement of its
         former managing director formally acknowledging the existence and nature of the infringement which was the subject of the
         Commission’s investigation and more particularly: (a) the fact that the cartel originated in the ‘Vision 2000’ discussions
         instituted by the CBB; (b) the fact that an agreement was concluded at the end of 1994 between Alken-Maes and Interbrew covering
         all distribution channels in Belgium; (c) the fact that that agreement included a non-aggression pact, the restriction of
         marketing investments in the on-trade and in publicity and consultation on prices and (d) the fact that the proper implementation
         of the agreement required regular consultation between managers of Alken-Maes and Interbrew. While the Commission was already
         aware of point (d), the documents obtained at the time of the investigations and requests for information did not yet allow
         it to establish points (a) to (c) to the requisite legal standard.
      
      437   The applicant observes in that regard that although Interbrew also provided additional statements and documents in January
         and February 2000, it was unable, notwithstanding the alleged quality of its cooperation, to supply a statement to support
         the suggestion of threats made by the applicant, despite the participation at the meeting of 11 May 1994 of its CEO.
      
      438   In addition, on 7 March 2000, the applicant supplied a statement supplementing the information given on 10 December 1999,
         relating specifically, in accordance with the meeting with the Commission on 14 January 2000, to the context in which the
         documents communicated by Alken-Maes in reply to the request for information of 11 November 1999 had been drawn up and also
         to the CBB’s ‘Vision 2000’ project. Further documents, which had been found in the meantime in the files of the company’s
         former marketing manager, were also supplied.
      
      439   Those points demonstrate, first, that although the applicant and Alken-Maes cooperated quickly and fully, that cooperation
         was given unreasonably little credit by the Commission by reference to the treatment given to Interbrew and, secondly, that
         the Commission completely failed to take account of the fact that the applicant and its subsidiary were, despite their best
         efforts, handicapped by the presence of a new management team at the time of the investigation, whereas Interbrew had the
         advantage that those responsible for the anti-competitive practices in question remained in office. Such an attitude is characteristic
         of an infringement of the principle of equal treatment. 
      
      440   Lastly, and in the third place, although in the contested decision the Commission justified the different reductions in the
         amount of the fines for cooperation on the ground of the alleged challenges to the facts by the applicant after receipt of
         the statement of objections and not on the ground of a qualitative difference in the cooperation of the parties before the
         statement of objections was sent out, it relies on such a difference in its defence, thereby seeking to compensate for the
         lack of reasoning in the contested decision. In so doing, it impliedly acknowledged that the applicant had been the victim
         of unequal treatment.
      
      441   The Commission cannot, without contradicting itself, state in its defence that Interbrew supplied it with material information
         before the applicant did, by reference in particular to Interbrew’s letters of 14 and 19 January, and 2, 8 and 28 February
         2000, when those letters were written after Alken-Maes’s letter of 27 December 1999 containing a statement from its former
         managing director which expressly confirmed the essential points of the infringement.
      
      442   Furthermore, the Commission is wrong to claim that part of the information supplied related to a period prior to 28 January
         1993, which was not covered by the infringement, when the documents supplied as Annexes 3 to 23 and 26 to 29 to its letter
         of 10 December 1999 related to a period after 28 January 1993.
      
      443   In any event, the Commission errs in taking the view that the information relating to the period prior to 28 January 1993
         is not eligible to be taken into account under the Leniency Notice, when the request for information of 11 November 1999 related
         to the period between September 1992 and December 1999. In so doing, the Commission is confusing the period in relation to
         which it made a finding of infringement with the period covered by its investigation. According to the applicant, it is the
         latter period which should have been considered relevant for the purposes of assessing cooperation. In fact, the applicant
         provided information relative to the period from September 1992 to January 1993, which clarified the leading role played by
         Interbrew and the influence of the price control system.
      
      444   The Commission contends that the extent of the applicant’s cooperation was not underestimated and denies that the reduction
         awarded to it is manifestly smaller than the reductions it normally grants. The degree of cooperation afforded by the applicant
         cannot be compared to those referred to in the cases invoked by the applicant in support of its arguments. With respect to
         the alleged infringement of the principle of equal treatment, the Commission argues that Interbrew’s cooperation was quantitatively
         and qualitatively greater than that provided by the applicant, as is shown by a comparison between the documents supplied
         by each of the parties which are relied upon in support of the contested decision. The differentiation in the percentage reductions
         granted for cooperation is therefore fully justified and is by no means to be explained solely by the Commission’s finding
         that the applicant contested the facts.
      
      b)     Findings of the Court
      445   It should be noted at the outset that the Commission set out in the Leniency Notice the circumstances in which undertakings
         cooperating with it during its investigation into a cartel may be exempted from a fine or be granted a reduction in the fine
         which would otherwise have been imposed on them (Section A.3 of the Leniency Notice).
      
      446   As regards the application of the Leniency Notice to the applicant, it is not disputed that its conduct falls to be appraised
         by reference to Section D of the notice, headed ‘Significant reduction in a fine’.
      
      447   Section D.1 of the notice states that ‘where an [undertaking] cooperates without having met all the conditions set out in
         Sections B or C, it will benefit from a reduction of 10% to 50% of the fine that would have been imposed if it had not cooperated’.
      
      448   Section D.2 of the Leniency Notice provides:
      ‘Such cases may include the following:
      –       before a statement of objections is sent, an [undertaking] provides the Commission with information, documents or other evidence
         which materially contribute to establishing the existence of the infringement;
      
      –       after receiving a statement of objections, an [undertaking] informs the Commission that it does not substantially contest
         the facts on which the Commission bases its allegations.’ 
      
      449   It should be pointed out that, according to settled case-law, a reduction of the fine on grounds of cooperation during the
         administrative procedure is justified only if the conduct of the undertaking concerned enabled the Commission to ascertain
         the infringement more easily and, if appropriate, to put an end to it (SCA Holding  v Commission, paragraph 158 above, paragraph 156, and Krupp Thyssen Stainless and Acciai speciali Terni  v Commission, paragraph 278 above, paragraph 270).
      
      450   It must also be noted that Article 11(1) of Regulation No 17 allows the Commission, inter alia, in carrying out the duties
         assigned to it by Article 85 EC and by provisions adopted under Article 83 EC, to obtain all necessary information from undertakings
         and associations of undertakings, which are required by Article 11(4) to supply the information requested. Where an undertaking
         or association of undertakings does not supply the information requested within the period specified by the Commission, or
         supplies incomplete information, Article 11(5) of Regulation No 17 provides that the Commission may, by way of decision, require
         the information to be supplied; should the undertaking or association of undertakings persist in its refusal, it will be liable
         to a fine or periodic penalty payments.
      
      451   In that regard, the case-law provides that the cooperation of an undertaking in the investigation gives no entitlement to
         a reduction in a fine when that cooperation did not go further than that which it was required to provide under Article 11(4)
         and (5) of Regulation No 17 (Solvay  v Commission, paragraph 135 above, paragraphs 341 and 342). By contrast, where the undertaking provides information in response to a request
         for information under Article 11 of Regulation No 17 which is well in excess of that which the Commission may require it to
         provide under that article, the undertaking concerned may benefit from a reduction in the fine (see, to that effect, judgment
         of 14 May 1998 in Case T-308/94 Cascades  v Commission [1998] ECR II‑925, paragraph 262).
      
      452   It must also be noted that where, in the course of the Commission’s investigation of a cartel, an undertaking makes available
         to it information concerning acts for which it could not in any event have been required to pay a fine under Regulation No
         17, that does not amount to cooperation falling within the scope of the Leniency Notice or, a fortiori, Section D thereof.
      
      453   It should also be noted that it is clear from the case-law that in appraising the cooperation shown by undertakings the Commission
         is not entitled to disregard the principle of equal treatment, a general principle of Community law which, according to settled
         case-law, is infringed only where comparable situations are treated differently or different situations are treated in the
         same way, unless such difference of treatment is objectively justified (Krupp Thyssen Stainless and Acciai speciali Terni  v Commission paragraph 278 above, paragraph 237).
      
      454   It is clear in that regard that the appraisal of the extent of the cooperation shown by undertakings cannot depend on purely
         random factors. A difference in the treatment of the undertakings concerned must therefore be capable of being ascribed to
         differences in the degree of cooperation provided, particularly where different information was provided or that information
         was supplied at different stages in the administrative procedure or in dissimilar circumstances (see, to that effect, Krupp Thyssen Stainless and Acciai speciali Terni  v Commission, paragraph 278 above, paragraphs 245 and 246).
      
      455   It is also the case that where an undertaking providing cooperation does no more than confirm, in a less precise and explicit
         manner, certain information already provided by another undertaking by way of cooperation, the extent of the cooperation provided
         by the former undertaking, while possibly of some benefit to the Commission, cannot be treated as comparable to that provided
         by the undertaking which was the first to supply that information. A statement which merely corroborates to a certain degree
         a statement which the Commission already had at its disposal does not facilitate the Commission’s task significantly and therefore
         sufficiently to justify a reduction in the fine for cooperation.
      
      456   It is in the light of those principles that it should be determined in the present case whether the reduction in the fine
         which the Commission granted to the applicant under the first indent of Section D.2 of the Leniency Notice is the consequence
         of an incorrect assessment of the extent of the applicant’s cooperation, in particular in the light of the Commission’s decision-making
         practice, and infringes the principle of equal treatment.
      
      457   In the first place, it should be noted both that the Commission stated in the Leniency Notice that where an undertaking cooperates
         pursuant to Section D of the notice, it is to benefit from a reduction of 10 to 50% of the fine that would have been imposed
         if it had not cooperated and, secondly, that the applicant does not dispute that the extent of its cooperation had to be assessed
         by reference to Section D of the notice. The Commission has indicated with respect to the applicant that a reduction of 10%
         of the fine under the first indent of Section D.2 of the Leniency Notice was appropriate, having regard to the fact that the
         applicant’s subsidiary provided information relating to the existence and nature of the infringement which went beyond merely
         replying to the request for information under Article 11 of Regulation No 17. It must therefore be held that, in granting
         the applicant a reduction of 10% of the fine under the first indent of Section D.2 of the Leniency Notice, the Commission
         did not depart from the bracket of reductions of fines applicable to the type of cooperation provided by the applicant.
      
      458   As regards, in the second place, the argument based on the previous decision-taking practice of the Commission, it is sufficient
         to note that the mere fact that the Commission, in its previous practice when taking decisions, granted a certain rate of
         reduction for specific conduct does not mean that it is required to grant the same proportionate reduction when assessing
         similar conduct in a subsequent administrative procedure (Mayr-Melnhof v Commission, paragraph 57 above, paragraph 368, and ABB Asea Brown Boveri v Commission, paragraph 50 above, paragraph 239). That argument must accordingly be rejected.
      
      459   In the third place, it is necessary to determine whether the reduction in the fine granted by the Commission to the applicant
         under the first indent of Section D.2 of the Leniency Notice infringes the principle of equal treatment.
      
      460   It must be held in that regard that recital 324 of the contested decision, read together with recital 325, shows that the
         Commission granted a reduction of 30% of the fine imposed on Interbrew on two cumulative grounds, namely, first, that its
         cooperation in proving the relevant facts went beyond its obligations under Article 11 of Regulation No 17 (the first indent
         of Section D.2 of the Leniency Notice) and, secondly, that it did not substantially contest the facts which constituted the
         infringement (the second indent of Section D.2 of the Leniency Notice).
      
      461   By contrast, recital 326, read together with recital 327, leads to the conclusion that the Commission granted the applicant
         a reduction of 10% only on the ground that its cooperation in establishing the facts went further than its obligations under
         Article 11 of Regulation No 17 (the first indent of Section D.2 of the Leniency Notice). In effect, the Commission took the
         view that the applicant substantially contested the facts on which it had based its allegations and was accordingly not entitled
         to any reduction under the second indent of Section D.2 of the Leniency Notice.
      
      462   The difference between the reduction of fine granted to Interbrew and that granted to the applicant under the first indent
         of Section D.2 of the Leniency Notice is accordingly less than the final percentage reductions awarded of 30 and 10% suggest,
         as the reduction of 30% granted to Interbrew includes the reduction given to it under the second indent of Section D.2 of
         the Leniency Notice.
      
      463   As regards the reductions granted to the applicant and Interbrew in respect of their cooperation under the first indent of
         Section D.2 of the Leniency Notice, it must be pointed out that the Commission refers implicitly in the contested decision
         to a qualitative difference between the cooperation provided by Interbrew and that provided by the applicant. While the Commission
         acknowledged that both undertakings provided material in response to the request for information of 11 November 1999 which
         went further than simply replying to it, the Commission none the less found that Interbrew ‘contributed significantly to establishing
         the relevant facts’, whereas it mentioned that the applicant merely ‘[supplied] information about the existence and substance
         of the infringement which went further than answering the request for information under Article 11 of Regulation No 17’.
      
      464   In order to determine whether there was a material difference between the degree of cooperation provided by Interbrew and
         that provided by the applicant, it is necessary to compare the extent of their cooperation from both a chronological and a
         qualitative point of view.
      
      465   As regards, in the first place, a comparison between the cooperation provided by the undertakings concerned from a chronological
         perspective, it must be pointed out, with respect to the applicant and its subsidiary Alken-Maes, that the latter replied
         to the request for information of 11 November 1999 by letter of 10 December 1999. Next, Alken-Maes provided the Commission
         with a statement in which it invoked the Leniency Notice on 27 December 1999, which it supplemented and clarified on 7 March
         2000. Alken-Maes also replied on 5 April 2000 to a supplementary request for information by the Commission under Article 11
         of Regulation No 17 of 22 March 2000. Lastly, the applicant replied on 10 May 2000 to a supplementary request for information
         which had been sent to it on 14 April 2000. 
      
      466   As regards the cooperation provided by Interbrew, it should first be pointed out that Interbrew replied to the request for
         information of 11 November 1999 on 23 December 1999. Next, by letters of 14 and 19 January 2000, Interbrew provided information
         supplementing the information contained in its letter of 23 December 1999. In the light of that information, the Commission
         sent a fax to Interbrew on 21 January 2000 containing an informal supplementary request for information. Interbrew replied
         to it by letter of 2 February 2000 and sent additional information on 8 and 28 February 2000. In addition, on 29 February
         2000, Interbrew submitted a statement to the Commission relating to the Belgian market and invoked the Leniency Notice at
         the same time. Lastly, Interbrew also sent to the Commission on 21 December 2000, that is to say after the initiation of the
         procedure and the sending of the statement of objections adopted on 20 September 2000, two documents relating to two meetings
         held with Alken-Maes in connection with the bilateral agreements between them.
      
      467   It follows from the foregoing that the Commission’s argument that the information submitted by the applicant was of less value
         than that submitted by Interbrew, as it was provided at a later time, cannot be accepted. All the information submitted by
         the parties was supplied in a relatively short period of time, at substantially the same stage of the administrative procedure.
         There is thus nothing from a chronological point of view which can be held to be determinative for the purpose of a comparative
         assessment of the applicant’s cooperation and Interbrew’s.
      
      468   As regards, in the second place, the comparative analysis of the cooperation provided by the parties from a qualitative perspective,
         it must be held with respect to the applicant and its subsidiary Alken-Maes, that in its reply of 10 December 1999 to the
         request for information of 11 November 1999, Alken-Maes did not explicitly invoke the Leniency Notice. However, Alken-Maes
         stated that ‘the reply reflects the intention of the company to cooperate fully with the Commission on the basis of the documents
         kept at that date and the information available from the staff concerned who are still with the company’. It also stated that
         ‘Alken-Maes has also attempted to contact former employees of the company and the replies obtained are annexed’, and that
         ‘despite its best efforts, Alken-Maes is not in a position to guarantee the exhaustiveness of its reply and reserves the right
         to supplement or amend it’. The reference to the attempts made to gather information from former employees of the company
         provides initial support for the suggestion that the cooperation provided by Alken-Maes went beyond the obligations imposed
         on it by Article 11 of Regulation No 17. However, it is clear that the information and the documents provided by Alken-Maes
         cannot be regarded as falling outside the scope of those obligations. With the possible exception of that relating to the
         exchange of information between Alken-Maes and Interbrew, the material provided does not in any way reveal conduct having
         a manifestly anti‑competitive object, disclosure of which to the Commission is incriminating and therefore not covered by
         the obligations laid down in Article 11 of Regulation No 17.
      
      469   In its letter of 27 December 1999, Alken-Maes for the first time explicitly states that its cooperation is being provided
         in the context of the Leniency Notice. In that letter it also acknowledges the existence of unlawful practices, as the managing
         director of Alken-Maes states that it does not substantially contest the facts as described by the Commission in its request
         for information of 11 November 1999 and that, in particular, there was a concerted practice between Interbrew and Alken-Maes
         by virtue of which, first, information was exchanged each month regarding their respective sales of beer in Belgium and, secondly,
         numerous meetings took place between representatives of Alken-Maes and Interbrew, during which there was consultation concerning
         the distribution and sale of beer in Belgium. Lastly, Alken-Maes attaches a note as an annex to that letter in which it stated
         that it appeared that at the end of 1994 ‘an agreement was entered into between the two companies covering all of the distribution
         channels in Belgium but with particular emphasis on the on-trade channels’. That agreement ‘included in particular … a pact
         providing for non-aggression, the reduction of marketing investment in the on-trade and in outside advertising, and concerted
         pricing’ and ‘there were regular meetings between the senior managers of the two companies with a view to ensuring that the
         agreements were properly implemented’. 
      
      470   In the statement of 7 March 2000 Alken-Maes acknowledged the existence of matters that could be analysed as anti-competitive
         practices and which as such substantially contributed to establishing the existence of the infringement, as the Commission
         itself accepts. However, it is clear that the statement is essentially based on documents and information that was already
         in the possession of the Commission. Thus, while the document provided by Alken-Maes in Annex 42 to the statement of 7 March
         2000 proved extremely useful to the Commission, since it was on the basis of that document in particular that the Commission
         was able to establish that the cartel, contrary to the applicant’s contention, continued after July 1996, that document had
         already been provided to the Commission in Annex 37 to Alken-Maes’s reply of 10 December 1999 to the request for information
         of 11 November 1999, which reduces the value, from the aspect of cooperation, as its submission was covered by the obligations
         placed on that undertaking by Article 11 of Regulation No 17 (see paragraph 451 above).
      
      471   It is also clear that a substantial part of the information submitted by Alken-Maes in its statement of 7 March 2000 relates
         to a period before that in respect of which the infringement was found to have occurred. Contrary to the applicant’s contention,
         therefore, that information cannot be regarded as having made it easier for the Commission to establish the infringement referred
         to in the contested decision. In that regard, the fact that an undertaking makes information available to the Commission in
         the course of its investigation concerning acts for which it could not in any event have been required to pay a fine under
         Regulation No 17, does not amount to cooperation for the purposes of the Leniency Notice (see, to that effect, the case-law
         cited in paragraph 451 above).
      
      472   With respect to the replies of 5 April and 10 May 2000 to the requests for information of 22 March and 14 April 2000, it should
         be held, as regards the former, that it plainly concerned the private-label beer cartel and, as regards the latter, that while
         it is referred to on six occasions in the contested decision, it is not possible, since the parties to the proceedings have
         not adopted a position on the subject, to identify any contribution which went beyond the obligations arising under Article
         11 of Regulation No 17.
      
      473   As regards the cooperation provided by Interbrew, it must be held that while its reply of 23 December 1999 to the request
         for information of 11 November 1999 comes in part within its obligations under Article 11 of Regulation No 17, the reply none
         the less goes significantly further and plainly contributes to establishing the reality of facts constituting an infringement
         of Article 81 EC. In its reply, Interbrew described and explained the cartel to an extent which significantly exceeds its
         obligation under Article 11 of Regulation No 17.
      
      474   As regards the letters from Interbrew of 14 and 19 January 2000, the letters sent on 2, 8 and 28 February 2000 in reply to
         the informal request for information of 21 January 2000, the statement of 29 February 2000 and, lastly, the two final documents
         submitted on 21 December 2000, it must be held that those letters and the annexes to them provide detailed information of
         the contacts between Interbrew, Alken-Maes and the applicant, which clearly falls within the scope of the Leniency Notice.
      
      475   It follows from the foregoing that, from a qualitative point of view, Interbrew made a more decisive contribution to the establishment
         and the confirmation of the existence of the infringement.
      
      476   In the light of the foregoing, it must be held that the difference between the percentage reductions of fines granted by the
         Commission under the first indent of Section D.2 of the Leniency Notice does not constitute an infringement of the principle
         of equal treatment.
      
      477   The first part of the plea must accordingly be rejected.
      c)     The second part, alleging that the Commission erred in concluding that the applicant had substantially contested the facts
         on which the Commission based its allegations
      
       Arguments of the parties
      478   The applicant maintains that the Commission’s interpretation of the purpose and nature of the response to the statement of
         objections was manifestly incorrect, in so far as the Commission considered that the reply cast doubt on the existence of
         the infringement as described in the statement of objections. In its reply to the statement, the applicant merely raised points
         which it felt were necessary for a proper appraisal of the facts by the Commission and did not substantially contest the facts,
         but simply the significance or the classification ascribed to them by the Commission. The applicant indicated that, without
         substantially contesting the facts established by the Commission, it wished to clarify a number of points and to put the facts
         at issue into perspective, in order to show that they did not have the significance ascribed to them by the Commission. The
         applicant submits that it would be contrary to the most fundamental rights of the defence for the Commission to be entitled
         to require that undertakings seeking the benefit of the Leniency Notice waive the right to challenge not only the facts but
         also their classification, the level of the fine or legal reasoning employed by the Commission. The Commission had itself
         accepted the validity of that distinction in the Pre-insulated Pipe Cartel Decision, in which it did not penalise an undertaking
         which, while not denying the essential factual allegations made against it, had contested the significance given to them by
         the Commission, which had found that they constituted an infringement. As the applicant had done no more than provide a different
         classification of the facts, the Commission’s finding that its cooperation was not continuous and complete is therefore incorrect
         (Tate & Lyle and Others v Commission, paragraph 147 above, paragraph 162).
      
      479   Thus, in the first place, the applicant emphasises in its application the five points which it raised in its response to the
         statement of objections, and that does not require to be interpreted as casting doubt on the existence of the infringement
         as described by the Commission in the statement of objections.
      
      480   First, the applicant stressed the failure of the Commission to take account of Interbrew’s abuses of its dominant position
         in Belgium, when there was a link between those abuses and the cooperation which had evolved between the applicant and Interbrew
         and which, had they been taken into account, would have clarified the background to the infringement and the relative strengths
         of the parties concerned.
      
      481   Secondly, it drew attention to the special nature of the Belgian regulatory system at the time, which, far from casting doubt
         on the reality of the infringement, permitted a better assessment of the gravity of the facts and the existence of attenuating
         circumstances.
      
      482   Thirdly, it claimed that Interbrew had acted as the instigator, as it was the latter that had taken the initiative in relation
         to the various discussions and agreements with Alken-Maes.
      
      483   Fourthly, it contested the significance given to the discussions with Interbrew, which were not binding on it in any way.
      484   Fifthly, the applicant specified the significance and classification which it considered fell to be given to the facts complained
         of, which, although constituting an infringement of Article 81 EC, did not fall to be categorised as a bilateral agreement
         on prices and market sharing, but only as a non-aggression pact and a restriction of investment and advertising.
      
      485   Next, in its reply, the applicant provides a point-by-point response to the Commission’s reasoning in its defence relating
         to the facts which the Commission considered it to have challenged in the administrative procedure. Among those facts, the
         Commission maintains that two are still being challenged before the Court, while five others no longer appear to be challenged.
         Having regard to each of those points, the applicant repeats that it did not substantially contest the facts in question,
         but merely the significance or the classification ascribed to them by the Commission.
      
      486   In the first place, as regards the two facts challenged before the Court, namely the threat made against Interbrew and the
         duration of the infringement, the applicant asserts, in relation to the former, that while it does not deny that in discussions
         between the parties to the cartel regarding their respective policies in France it sent a lawful and commercially legitimate
         warning to Interbrew following the abuses the latter was found to have committed in Belgium, it continues, by contrast, to
         deny that those discussions, although referring to the figure of 500 000 hectolitres, may be taken as constituting pressure
         in the sense understood by the Commission, since, in particular, the warning had no coercive effect.
      
      487   As regards the duration of the infringement, the applicant confirms that it continues to deny that the cartel continued beyond
         July 1996. However, that does not represent the vigorous denial of a number of established facts, as the Commission wrongly
         maintains, but a challenge to the significance which the Commission ascribes to the contacts between the parties after July
         1996, which cannot be reconciled with the context and effects of those contacts, as after that date they no longer had an
         anti-competitive object. As Interbrew notified its customers of its pricing system during 1996 and applied it from 1 January
         1997, there was no longer any reason for such discussions to take place.
      
      488   In the second place, with respect to the five other facts which the Commission considered were being challenged in the response
         to the statement of objections but are no longer challenged in the application, the applicant makes the following observations.
      
      489   First, as regards its alleged challenge to the fact that the cartel also covered customer sharing and in particular price
         setting, the applicant confirms that it acknowledges the existence of the facts and does not deny that they constitute an
         infringement of Article 81 EC, but asserts that they cannot be classified as a bilateral agreement on prices, which affects
         not the existence of the infringement but its gravity. In particular, while it does not contest that prices were discussed
         at the meeting of 9 November 1994, the applicant still maintains that in deeming that those discussion constituted an effective
         agreement on prices, the Commission’s characterisation of the facts was particularly harsh. The applicant wished in particular
         to contest the significance attributed by the Commission to the handwritten formula ‘J=SA=A‑M=275,-’.
      
      490   Secondly, with regard to the time when the cartel began, the applicant acknowledges that it is true that in its response to
         the statement of objections it maintained that the cartel did not begin until October 1994. However, the Commission fails
         to point out that that response covered the discussions between the parties that had taken place since the end of 1992. Without
         denying that contacts and exchanges of information with its competitors regarding its pricing structure had taken place from
         the end of 1992, the applicant submits that they must be placed in context and taken for what they really are, in particular
         against the background of the role of the CBB in the regulation of price increases.
      
      491   Thirdly, as regards the argument that the object of the meeting of 11 May 1994 was not restricted to the introduction of the
         applicant’s new general manager of its beer division, the applicant maintains that it did indeed state that the primary purpose
         of the meeting was to allow that introduction to take place, but it also stated that the broader purpose of that meeting related
         to Interbrew’s proposal to enter into a non-aggression pact which included France.
      
      492   Fourthly, as regards the discussions of 6 July 1994, the applicant submits that, contrary to the Commission’s contention,
         it did not deny that those discussions concerned the cooperation between Interbrew and Alken-Maes. It indicated that the discussions
         related primarily to Interbrew’s market position in France, but nevertheless immediately went on to state that the conclusion
         of a non-aggression pact concerning France and Belgium was proposed by Interbrew in those discussions.
      
      493   Fifthly, as regards the question of Interbrew’s influence within the CBB, the applicant did not contest the fact established
         by the Commission that Interbrew did not determine the policy of the CBB. Furthermore, even if it had contested that fact,
         it would have contested the Commission’s interpretation of the influence exercised by Interbrew and not contested an established
         fact.
      
      494   Lastly, as regards the Commission’s contention that the applicant declared that it was refraining from contesting only the
         facts set out in the statement of objections that the applicant itself had acknowledged, the applicant claims that the Commission
         distorted its statements and thus misinterpreted their actual meaning.
      
      495   Thus, the Commission distorted the applicant’s words by adding the word ‘only’ to its statement, that is to say that by writing
         that the applicant had declared that ‘the facts [set out in the statement of objections] were not in dispute only in so far
         as they were based in part on information supplied to the Commission by Alken-Maes’. The applicant had in fact indicated that
         it did not deny ‘the existence of the events that occurred during the period in question, in so far as they [were] in part
         based on the information provided by representatives of Alken-Maes to the Commission’.
      
      496   Moreover, the Commission misconstrued the significance of the expression ‘in so far as’. The use of those words did not reflect
         an intention to restrict, even in part, the extent to which the essential factual allegations were accepted, but on the contrary
         to emphasise that it would have been particularly inappropriate for the applicant to have contested the accuracy of the facts
         established by the Commission where they were established in part on the basis of material provided by the applicant. That
         misunderstanding led the Commission to conclude, incorrectly, that the applicant had cast doubt on the existence of the infringement.
      
      497   The applicant submits in its reply that the Commission continues in its defence to adopt an incorrect, or even misleading,
         interpretation of the terms of the applicant’s response to the statement of objections, in indicating that the applicant ‘confined
         itself to acknowledging the facts “in so far as they are based in part on information provided by representatives of Alken-Maes
         itself to the Commission”’. In using the expression ‘confined itself’, the Commission introduced a qualification where the
         original text contained none. While the expression ‘in so far as’ may have a restrictive connotation when it is accompanied
         by a negation or a restrictive verb, it should by contrast be construed as having an explanatory connotation where it is used
         without any negation or restrictive verb.
      
      498   The applicant also contends that a finding that it had sought to contest the facts is all the more damaging in that it is
         clear from the Commission’s decision-making practice that the a mere failure to contest the facts, without submitting any
         new information, may lead to a reduction of almost 20% of the fine, as illustrated by the Greek Ferries and Pre-insulated
         Pipe Cartel Decisions. The Commission has even granted in the past a reduction equivalent to that granted to the applicant
         in the present case to an undertaking which did not cooperate (recital 98 of Commission Decision 98/247/ECSC of 21 January
         1998 relating to a proceeding pursuant to Article 65 of the ECSC Treaty (Case IV/35.814 – Alloy surcharge) (OJ 1998 L 100,
         p. 55)).
      
      499   The Commission first notes that it is settled case-law that a reduction of a fine for not substantially contesting the facts
         assumes that the facts established in the statement of objections have been expressly accepted. It is clear from both the
         applicant’s response to the statement of objections and the application that the latter sought vigorously to deny, and continues
         to deny, that a threat was made against Interbrew and that the cartel continued beyond July 1996. Moreover, in its response
         to the statement of objections the applicant originally contested certain essential facts which it did not persist in denying
         in the application.
      
      500   With respect to the argument that the Commission interpreted as a challenge to the facts what had in fact been a challenge
         to the significance attributed by it to those facts and its legal classification of them, the Commission observes that on
         the contrary the challenge related to the substance of a number of the facts.
      
      501   It is in any event incorrect to claim that the absence of a challenge to the facts justifies generally a reduction of the
         fine of 20%, as the reduction normally granted on that ground is of the order of 10%. As regards the allegation that parties
         which did not cooperate with the Commission have benefited from a reduction equivalent to that granted to the applicant, it
         is unfounded.
      
      502   Lastly, the Commission claims that, unless the rules of grammar are ignored, the purported acceptance of the facts by the
         applicant was only conditional. In the response to the statement of objections, the applicant confined itself to accepting
         the facts ‘in so far as they are based in part on information provided by representatives of Alken-Maes itself to members
         of the Commission’s staff’.
      
       Findings of the Court
      503   The second indent of Section D.2 of the Leniency Notice (see paragraph 448 above) states that where an undertaking cooperates
         in terms of Section D it is to benefit from a reduction of 10% to 50% of the fine that would have been imposed if it had not
         cooperated if, after receiving a statement of objections, it informs the Commission that it does not substantially contest
         the facts on which the Commission bases its allegations.
      
      504   If it is to benefit from a reduction of the fine by reason of the absence of a challenge to the facts, pursuant to the second
         indent of Section D.2 of the Leniency Notice, an undertaking must expressly inform the Commission that it has no intention
         of substantially contesting the facts, after perusing the statement of objections (Mayr-Melnhof v Commission, paragraph 57 above, paragraph 309).
      
      505   However, it is not sufficient for an undertaking to state in general terms that it does not contest the facts alleged for
         the purposes of the Leniency Notice if, in the circumstances of the case, that statement is not of any help to the Commission
         at all (Case T-48/00 Corus UK v Commission [2004] ECR II-0000, paragraph 193). In order for an undertaking to benefit from a reduction of the fine for its cooperation
         during the administrative procedure, its conduct must facilitate the Commission’s task of identifying and penalising infringements
         of the Community competition rules (see, to that effect, Mayr-Melnhof v Commission, paragraph 57 above, paragraph 309).
      
      506   In the light of those principles, it is necessary to determine whether, as the applicant claims, the Commission erred in finding
         in recital 326 of the contested decision that the terms of the applicant’s declaration that it did not contest the facts and
         the doubt cast by it on the existence of the infringement as described in the statement of objections did not warrant a reduction
         in the fine under the second indent of Section D.2 of the Leniency Notice.
      
      507   In that regard, it must be observed, with respect, in the first place, to the applicant’s general statements that it did not
         substantially contest the facts, that prior to the sending of the statement of objections, in its letter to the Commission
         of 27 December 1999, Alken-Maes stated that ‘it [did] not substantially contest the facts as described by the Commission in
         its request for information sent on 11 November 1999 and that, in particular, … there [had] been a concerted practice between
         Interbrew and Alken-Maes by virtue of which, first, information [had] been exchanged each month regarding their respective
         sales of beer in Belgium; … between 1992 and 1998 there had been numerous meetings between executives of Alken-Maes, and notably
         Mr R.V., the then managing director, and executives of Interbrew, especially Mr T. and Mr J.D., at which there [had been]
         consultation about the distribution and sale of beer in Belgium’. It added that ‘without prejudice to the mitigating circumstances
         which have been notified to the [Commission’s] staff, Alken-Maes acknowledges and will not deny that those facts represent
         an infringement of Article 81 … EC’.
      
      508   It must also be observed that in its response to the statement of objections the applicant stated that ‘without denying the
         existence of contacts and concerted practices between Interbrew and Alken-Maes in so far as they are in part based on the
         information provided by representatives of Alken-Maes itself to members of the Commission’s staff, [it wished] to … clarify
         a number of points and put the facts concerned into perspective in order to show that they do not have the significance ascribed
         to them by the Commission’. In p. 1 of its response to the statement of objections, the applicant rephrased its words slightly
         in stating that ‘without denying the existence of the events that occurred during the period in question, in so far as they
         are in part based on the information provided by representatives of Alken-Maes to members of the Commission’s staff on [the
         applicant’s] instructions, [the applicant] wishes in this reply to clarify a number of points and to put the facts concerned
         into perspective, in order to show that they did not have the significance ascribed to them by the Commission, or even, in
         some cases, that the Commission’s findings in law result from an incorrect classification of the relevant circumstances’.
      
      509   It is therefore clear from the applicant’s response to the statement of objections that, although it maintains that it did
         not contest the existence of ‘contacts and concerted practices between Interbrew and Alken-Maes’ or of ‘facts that occurred
         during the period in question’, it did not assert expressly and in a clear and precise manner that it did not substantially
         contest the facts on which the Commission had based its allegations. On the contrary, that assertion was accompanied by reservations
         relating to its intention to ‘clarify a number of points’, to ‘put the facts concerned into perspective’ in order to show
         that they ‘do not have the significance ascribed to them by the Commission’ and that the Commission’s legal findings ‘result
         from an incorrect classification of the relevant circumstances’.
      
      510   As regards, in the second place, the applicant’s observations relating to the specific facts recorded by the Commission in
         its statement of objections (see paragraphs 486 to 493 above), it is evident that the applicant did not confine itself to
         clarifying the significance attributed to them by Commission, but contested the content or the existence of a number of them.
      
      511   Thus, as regards the duration of the infringement, the Commission indicated in the statement of objections that it had evidence
         relating to the cartel for the period from at least 28 January 1993 to 28 January 1998 and that the cartel had accordingly
         continued until 28 January 1998. For the period after July 1996, the Commission relied, in reaching that conclusion, on three
         facts, namely, first, that a telephone conversation took place on 9 December 1996 between Alken-Maes (Mr L.B.) and Interbrew
         (Mr A.B.); secondly, that the meeting between Interbrew, the applicant and Alken-Maes held in Paris on 17 April 1997 had an
         anti-competitive object and, thirdly, that the meeting of 28 January 1998 between Interbrew and Alken-Maes concerned the cartel.
         
      
      512   In its response to the statement of objections, the applicant stated that it ‘[was] astonished that the Commission should
         take [28 January 1998] as marking the end of the unlawful practices, when all the material contained in the investigation
         file shows that all bilateral discussions had ceased by the second half of 1996’. In particular, the applicant maintained
         that ‘the discussions on pricing structure ended with Interbrew’s decision in July 1996 to introduce its new prices on 1 January
         1997’ and that ‘the lack of any discussions after July 1996’ could be seen, for example, from a note from a consultant with
         Alken-Maes comparing Interbrew’s new general terms with Alken-Maes’s draft terms, which would have been unnecessary ‘if there
         had been contacts between the two undertakings in relation to that matter’, that ‘the meeting [of 17 April 1997] did not form
         part of the discussions covered by the [statement of objections]’ and that the purpose of the meeting of 28 January 1998 was
         not to ‘reintroduce the former practices’.
      
      513   In the light of the foregoing, and in particular of the applicant’s observations regarding the duration of the infringement,
         it must be held that its statements that it does not substantially contest the facts do not justify a reduction of the fine
         under the second indent of Section D.2 of the Leniency Notice.
      
      514   First, as regards an agreement having an anti-competitive object, it must be pointed out that the establishment of the facts
         alone is sufficient, in principle, to establish two of the essential elements of an infringement of Article 81(1) EC, namely
         the existence of an agreement and its anti-competitive object. It is therefore clear that the applicant could not, in its
         response to the statement of objections, contest the significance of the relevant facts in July 1996, which the Commission
         has validly established and which themselves constitute the infringement in question, without substantially contesting the
         facts within the meaning of the second indent of Section D.2 of the Leniency Notice (see, by analogy, Corus UK v Commission, paragraph 505 above, paragraphs 195 and 197).
      
      515   In the second place, a declaration that a person does not substantially contest the facts, accompanied, as in the present
         case, by a series of observations by which the applicant allegedly seeks to clarify the significance of certain facts but
         which, in reality, amount to contesting those facts, cannot be considered to facilitate the Commission’s task of identifying
         and penalising the relevant infringement of the competition rules. 
      
      516   It is plain that, contrary to what the applicant maintains, it is not the incorrect significance attributed by the Commission
         to certain facts, namely the contacts which took place on 9 December 1996, 17 April 1997 and 28 January 1998, that the applicant
         contests, but the very nature of those facts. Thus, in its response to the statement of objections (see paragraph 512 above),
         the applicant did not merely contest the significance of the contact which took place on 9 December 1996 between Alken-Maes
         and Interbrew, but contested the very fact that there had been contact between the two competitors on that date. Similarly,
         the applicant denied the very fact that the meeting of 17 April 1997 had an anti‑competitive object and not the significance
         ascribed to that fact by the Commission or its legal analysis of it. Lastly, with respect to the meeting of 28 January 1998,
         the applicant did not merely submit that the fact that the cartel was perceived still to be in existence, as has been validly
         established by the Commission, did not have the significance or the legal classification attributed to it by the Commission,
         namely that of an infringement, but contested the very fact that the terms of the discussion relating to the cartel showed
         that it was still in existence.
      
      517   It must therefore be held, without there being any need to consider the other arguments developed by the applicant, that the
         Commission was correct to find in recital 326 of the contested decision that the applicant had cast doubt on the existence
         of the infringement as described in the statement of objections and that it considered that that did not justify a reduction
         of the fine within the meaning of the second indent of Section D.2 of the Leniency Notice.
      
      518   It is therefore necessary to reject the second part and accordingly the plea in its entirety.
       The method of calculation and the final amount of the fine
      519   As established in paragraph 313 above, the increase in the basic amount of the fine in respect of aggravating circumstances
         must be reduced from 50 to 40%. 
      
      520   As regards the calculation of the final amount of the fine resulting from that amendment, it should be pointed out that in
         calculating the fine imposed on the applicant the Commission departed from the method laid down in the Guidelines.
      
      521   Given the wording of the Guidelines, the percentages corresponding to increases or reductions applied to reflect aggravating
         or attenuating circumstances must be applied to the basic amount of the fine set by reference to the gravity and duration
         of the infringement, and not to the figure resulting from any initial increase or reduction to reflect an aggravating or attenuating
         circumstance (see, to that effect, Cheil Jedang v Commission, paragraph 95 above, paragraph 229).
      
      522   In the present case, it is clear that while the Commission adjusted the amount of the fine to take account of two aggravating
         circumstances and then of one attenuating circumstance, the final amount of the fine imposed shows that the Commission applied
         one of those two adjustments to the amount which resulted from the application of an initial increase of reduction. Such a
         method of calculation has the consequence that the final amount of the fine is altered by reference to the amount which would
         result from the application of the method laid down in the Guidelines.
      
      523   In that regard, while the method of calculating the amount of fines contained in the Guidelines is, admittedly, not the only
         permissible method, it is capable of ensuring a coherent decision-making practice in relation to the imposition of fines,
         which in turn guarantees equality of treatment for undertakings which are penalised for infringements of the rules of competition
         law. In the present case, the Court finds that the Commission has departed from the Guidelines with regard to the method of
         calculating the final amount of the fines, without providing any justification for doing so.
      
      524   It is therefore appropriate, in the exercise of the full jurisdiction conferred on the Court by Article 17 of Regulation No
         17, to apply the increase of 40% for the aggravating circumstance of repeated infringements to the basic amount of the fine
         imposed on the applicant.
      
      525   The final amount of the fine imposed on the applicant is therefore calculated as follows: the basic amount of the fine (EUR
         36.25 million) must first be increased by 40% of that basic amount (EUR 14.5 million) and then reduced by 10% of that amount
         (EUR 3.25 million), which gives an amount of EUR 47.125 million. Next, that figure is reduced by 10% for cooperation, which
         gives a final amount of the fine of EUR 42.4125 million. 
      
       Costs
      526   Under Article 87(3) of the Rules of Procedure, the Court of First Instance may order that the costs be shared or that each
         party bear its own costs where each party succeeds on some and fails on other heads. In the present case, it must be held
         that the applicant is to bear its own costs and pay three quarters of those incurred by the Commission.
      
      On those grounds,
      THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE (Fifth Chamber)
      hereby:
      1.      Sets the amount of the fine imposed on the applicant at EUR 42.4125 million;
      2.      Dismisses the remainder of the application;
      3.      Orders the applicant to bear its own costs and to pay three quarters of those incurred by the Commission and the Commission
            to bear one quarter of its own costs.
      
               Vilaras 
            
            
               Martins Ribeiro
            
            
               Jürimäe
            
         Delivered in open court in Luxembourg on 25 October 2005
      
               E. Coulon 
            
             
            
                     M. Vilaras
            
         
               Registrar 
            
             
            
                     President
            
         
      Table of contents
      
      Legal framework
      Facts
      Procedure and forms of order sought
      Law
      A –  The heads of claim seeking annulment of the contested decision
      1.  The plea alleging infringement of the rights of the defence and the principle of sound administration
      a)  The first part, alleging that the applicant was not given an opportunity to enquire into the circumstances in which a
         document used against it by the Commission was drawn up
      
      Arguments of the parties
      B –  Findings of the Court
      b)The second part, alleging that, prior to the adoption of the contested decision, the Commission refused to inform the applicant
         of the matters taken into account in setting the amount of the fine
      
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      b)  The third part, based on the fact that no record was kept of meetings between the Commission and Interbrew and the Commission’s
         refusal to send the applicant a copy of Interbrew’s response to the statement of objections
      
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      2.  The plea alleging infringement of the obligation to state reasons
      a)  Arguments of the parties
      b)  Findings of the Court
      3.  The heads of claim raised in the alternative seeking a reduction in the amount of the fine imposed
      4.  The plea alleging incorrect assessment of the gravity of the infringement for the purposes of setting the starting amount
         of the fine, in breach of the principles of proportionality, equal treatment and non bis in idem
      
      a)  Arguments of the parties
      Arguments of the applicant
      –  The assessment of the gravity of the infringement: infringement of the principles of equal treatment and proportionality
      –  The assessment of the applicant’s effective economic capacity to cause significant damage to other operators: infringement
         of the principle of proportionality
      
      –  The setting of the amount of the fine at a level which ensures that it has a sufficiently deterrent effect: infringement
         of the principle of proportionality
      
      –  The taking into account of the legal and economic knowledge and infrastructures that large undertakings usually possess:
         infringement of the principle non bis in idem
      
      Arguments of the Commission
      b)  Findings of the Court
      The assessment of the gravity of the infringement
      The appraisal of the effective economic capacity of the applicant to cause significant damage to other operators
      The setting of the fine at a level which ensures that it has a sufficiently deterrent effect
      The taking account of the legal and economic knowledge and infrastructures which large undertakings usually have
      The appropriateness of the specific starting amount in the light of the circumstances invoked by the applicant
      5.  The plea alleging incorrect assessment of the duration of the infringement
      a)  Arguments of the parties
      b)  Findings of the Court
      The telephone conversation of 9 December 1996
      The meeting of 17 April 1997
      The meeting of 28 January 1998.
      6.  The plea alleging that there was no basis for the finding that the pressure put on Interbrew constituted an aggravating
         circumstance
      
      a)  Arguments of the parties
      b)  Findings of the Court
      7.  The plea that alleging there was no basis for the taking into account the aggravating circumstance of repeated infringement
         in the applicant’s case
      
      a)  Arguments of the parties
      b)  Findings of the Court
      8.  The plea alleging failure to take proper account of the applicable attenuating circumstances
      a)  The first part, based on the Commission’s refusal to take into account the fact that the infringement did not have any
         effects on the market
      
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      b)  The second part, alleging that the Commission failed to take into account the influence of the system for controlling
         prices and the long-standing tradition of collective action in the beer sector
      
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      c)  The third part, based on the Commission’s refusal to take account of the crisis in the sector
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      d)  The fourth part, based on the aggressive attitude adopted by Interbrew
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      9.  The plea based on an incorrect assessment of the extent of the cooperation provided by the applicant, in breach of the
         principle of equal treatment and the Leniency Notice
      
      a)  The first part, alleging an incorrect assessment by the Commission of the extent of the applicant’s cooperation, by reference
         in particular to its decision-making practice and in breach of the principle of equal treatment
      
      Arguments of the parties
      b)  Findings of the Court
      c)  The second part, alleging that the Commission erred in concluding that the applicant had substantially contested the facts
         on which the Commission based its allegations
      
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      The method of calculation and the final amount of the fine
      Costs
      
      * Language of the case: French.
      
      1 –	Translator’s note: the French text of recital 303 of the contested decision refers to the capacity of offenders ‘to cause
         material harm to competition’ (‘porter gravement atteinte à la concurrence’), whereas the wording used in the Guidelines is
         ‘cause significant damage to other operators’ (‘créer un dommage important aux autres opérateurs’). The English text of the
         recital adopts the same wording as that used in the Guidelines.