CELEX: 32009R0070
Language: en
Date: 2009-01-23 00:00:00
Title: Commission Regulation (EC) No 70/2009 of 23 January 2009 amending Regulation (EC) No 1126/2008 adopting certain international accounting standards in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1606/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards Improvements to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) (Text with EEA relevance)

24.1.2009   
            
            
               EN
            
            
               Official Journal of the European Union
            
            
               L 21/16
            
         
      COMMISSION REGULATION (EC) No 70/2009
   of 23 January 2009
   amending Regulation (EC) No 1126/2008 adopting certain international accounting standards in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1606/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards Improvements to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs)
   (Text with EEA relevance)
   THE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,
   Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community,
   Having regard to Regulation (EC) No 1606/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 July 2002 on the application of international accounting standards (1), and in particular Article 3(1) thereof,
   Whereas:
   
               (1)
            
            
               By Commission Regulation (EC) No 1126/2008 (2) certain international standards and interpretations that were extant at 15 October 2008 were adopted.
            
         
               (2)
            
            
               In May 2008, the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) published Improvements to International Financial Reporting Standards, hereinafter ‘the Improvements’, in the framework of its annual improvement process which aims at streamlining and clarifying the international accounting standards. The Improvements include 35 amendments to the existing international accounting standards divided into two parts, Part I contains amendments that result in accounting changes for presentation, recognition or measurement purposes, Part II relates to changes in terminology or to amendments of editorial nature.
            
         
               (3)
            
            
               The consultation with the Technical Expert Group (TEG) of the European Financial Reporting Advisory Group (EFRAG) confirms that the Improvements meet the technical criteria for adoption set out in Article 3(2) of Regulation (EC) No 1606/2002. In accordance with Commission Decision 2006/505/EC of 14 July 2006 setting up a Standards Advice Review Group to advise the Commission on the objectivity and neutrality of the European Financial Reporting Advisory Group's (EFRAG’s) opinions (3), the Standards Advice Review Group considered EFRAG's opinion on endorsement and advised the Commission that it is well-balanced and objective.
            
         
               (4)
            
            
               Regulation (EC) No 1126/2008 should therefore be amended accordingly.
            
         
               (5)
            
            
               The measures provided for in this Regulation are in accordance with the opinion of the Accounting Regulatory Committee,
            
         HAS ADOPTED THIS REGULATION:
   Article 1
   The Annex to Regulation (EC) No 1126/2008 is amended as follows:
   
               1.
            
            
               International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) 5 is amended as set out in the Annex to this Regulation;
            
         
               2.
            
            
               International Accounting Standard (IAS) 1, IAS 8, IAS 10, IAS 16, IAS 19, IAS 20, IAS 23, IAS 27, IAS 28, IAS 29, IAS 31, IAS 34, IAS 36, IAS 38, IAS 39, IAS 40; IAS 41 are amended as set out in the Annex to this Regulation;
            
         
               3.
            
            
               IFRS 1 is amended in accordance with the amendments to IFRS 5 as set out in the Annex to this Regulation;
            
         
               4.
            
            
               IAS 7 is amended in accordance with the amendments to IAS 16 as set out in the Annex to this Regulation;
            
         
               5.
            
            
               IFRS 7 and IAS 32 are amended in accordance with the amendments to IAS 28 and IAS 31 as set out in the Annex to this Regulation;
            
         
               6.
            
            
               IAS 16 is amended in accordance with the amendments to IAS 40 as set out in the Annex to this Regulation;
            
         
               7.
            
            
               IAS 41 is amended in accordance with the amendments to IAS 20 as set out in the Annex to this Regulation;
            
         
               8.
            
            
               IFRS 5, IAS 2 and IAS 36 are amended in accordance with the amendments to IAS 41 as set out in the Annex to this Regulation.
            
         Article 2
   Each company shall apply the amendments to the standards referred to in points (2) and (4) to (8) of Article 1, at the latest, as from the commencement date of its first financial year starting after 31 December 2008.
   Each company shall apply the amendments to the standards referred to in points (1) and (3) of Article 1, at the latest, as from the commencement date of its first financial year starting after 30 June 2009.
   Article 3
   This Regulation shall enter into force on the third day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union.
   
      This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States.
      Done at Brussels, 23 January 2009.
      
         
            For the Commission
         
         Charlie McCREEVY
         
         
            Member of the Commission
         
      
   
   
      (1)  OJ L 243, 11.9.2002, p. 1.
   
      (2)  OJ L 320, 29.11.2008, p. 1.
   
      (3)  OJ L 199, 21.7.2006, p. 33.
   
      ANNEX
      INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
      
                   
               
               
                  Improvements to International Financial Reporting Standards
               
            
         Reproduction allowed within the European Economic Area. All existing rights reserved outside the EEA, with the exception of the right to reproduce for the purposes of personal use or other fair dealing. Further information can be obtained from the IASB at www.iasb.org
      
      IMPROVEMENTS TO IFRSs
      PART I
      Amendments to International Financial Reporting Standard 5
      Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations
      
         Paragraphs 8A, 36A and 44C are added.
      
      CLASSIFICATION OF NON-CURRENT ASSETS (OR DISPOSAL GROUPS) AS HELD FOR SALE
      
                  8A
               
               
                  An entity that is committed to a sale plan involving loss of control of a subsidiary shall classify all the assets and liabilities of that subsidiary as held for sale when the criteria set out in paragraphs 6-8 are met, regardless of whether the entity will retain a non-controlling interest in its former subsidiary after the sale.
               
            Presenting discontinued operations
      
                  36A
               
               
                  An entity that is committed to a sale plan involving loss of control of a subsidiary shall disclose the information required in paragraphs 33–36 when the subsidiary is a disposal group that meets the definition of a discontinued operation in accordance with paragraph 32.
               
            EFFECTIVE DATE
      
                  44C
               
               
                  Paragraphs 8A and 36A were added by Improvements to IFRSs issued in May 2008. An entity shall apply those amendments for annual periods beginning on or after 1 July 2009. Earlier application is permitted. However, an entity shall not apply the amendments for annual periods beginning before 1 July 2009 unless it also applies IAS 27 (as amended in May 2008). If an entity applies the amendments before 1 July 2009 it shall disclose that fact. An entity shall apply the amendments prospectively from the date at which it first applied IFRS 5, subject to the transitional provisions in paragraph 45 of IAS 27 (amended May 2008).
               
            Appendix to Amendments to IFRS 5
      
         
            Amendments to IFRS 1
         
      
      
         Entities shall apply these amendments to IFRS 1 when they apply the related amendments to IFRS 5.
      
      
         IFRS 1   
            First-time Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards
         
      
      Paragraph 34C(c) is amended and paragraph 47L is added.
      
         RECOGNITION AND MEASUREMENT
      
      Exceptions to retrospective application of other IFRSs
      Non-controlling interests
      
                  34C
               
               
                  A first-time adopter shall apply the following requirements of IAS 27 Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements (as amended in 2008) prospectively from the date of transition to IFRSs:
                  
                              (a)
                           
                           
                              …
                           
                        
                              (c)
                           
                           
                              the requirements in paragraphs 34–37 for accounting for a loss of control over a subsidiary, and the related requirements of paragraph 8A of IFRS 5.
                           
                        …
               
            
         EFFECTIVE DATE
      
      
                  47L
               
               
                  Paragraph 34C was amended by Improvements to IFRSs issued in May 2008. An entity shall apply those amendments for annual periods beginning on or after 1 July 2009. If an entity applies IAS 27 (amended 2008) for an earlier period, the amendments shall be applied for that earlier period.
               
            Amendments to International Accounting Standard 1
      Presentation of Financial Statements (as revised in 2007)
      
         Paragraphs 68 and 71 are amended. Paragraph 139C is added.
      
      
         Statement of financial position
      
      
         Current assets
      
      
                  68
               
               
                  The operating cycle of an entity is the time between the acquisition of assets for processing and their realisation in cash or cash equivalents. When the entity's normal operating cycle is not clearly identifiable, it is assumed to be 12 months. Current assets include assets (such as inventories and trade receivables) that are sold, consumed or realised as part of the normal operating cycle even when they are not expected to be realised within 12 months after the reporting period. Current assets also include assets held primarily for the purpose of trading (examples include some financial assets classified as held for trading in accordance with IAS 39) and the current portion of non-current financial assets.
               
            
         Current liabilities
      
      
                  71
               
               
                  Other current liabilities are not settled as part of the normal operating cycle, but are due for settlement within 12 months after the reporting period or held primarily for the purpose of trading. Examples are some financial liabilities classified as held for trading in accordance with IAS 39, bank overdrafts, and the current portion of non-current financial liabilities, dividends payable, income taxes and other non-trade payables. Financial liabilities that provide financing on a long-term basis (ie are not part of the working capital used in the entity's normal operating cycle) and are not due for settlement within 12 months after the reporting period are non-current liabilities, subject to paragraphs 74 and 75.
               
            TRANSITION AND EFFECTIVE DATE
      
                  139C
               
               
                  Paragraphs 68 and 71 were amended by Improvements to IFRSs issued in May 2008. An entity shall apply those amendments for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2009. Earlier application is permitted. If an entity applies the amendments for an earlier period it shall disclose that fact.
               
            Amendments to International Accounting Standard 16
      Property, Plant and Equipment
      
         Paragraphs 6 and 69 are amended. Paragraphs 68A and 81D are added.
      
      DEFINITIONS
      
                  6
               
               
                  The following terms are used in this Standard with the meanings specified:
                  …
                  
                     Recoverable amount is the higher of an asset's fair value less costs to sell and its value in use.
                  …
               
            DERECOGNITION
      
                  68A
               
               
                  However, an entity that, in the course of its ordinary activities, routinely sells items of property, plant and equipment that it has held for rental to others shall transfer such assets to inventories at their carrying amount when they cease to be rented and become held for sale. The proceeds from the sale of such assets shall be recognised as revenue in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue. IFRS 5 does not apply when assets that are held for sale in the ordinary course of business are transferred to inventories.
               
            
                  69
               
               
                  The disposal of an item of property, plant and equipment may occur in a variety of ways (eg by sale, by entering into a finance lease or by donation). In determining the date of disposal of an item, an entity applies the criteria in IAS 18 for recognising revenue from the sale of goods. IAS 17 applies to disposal by a sale and leaseback.
               
            EFFECTIVE DATE
      
                  81D
               
               
                  Paragraphs 6 and 69 were amended and paragraph 68A was added by Improvements to IFRSs issued in May 2008. An entity shall apply those amendments for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2009. Earlier application is permitted. If an entity applies the amendments for an earlier period it shall disclose that fact and at the same time apply the related amendments to IAS 7 Statement of Cash Flows.
               
            Appendix to Amendments to IAS 16
      
         
            Amendments to IAS 7
         
      
      
         Entities shall apply these amendments to IAS 7 when they apply the related amendments to IAS 16.
      
      
         IAS 7   
            Statement of Cash Flows
         
      
      
         Paragraph 14 is amended. Paragraph 55 is added.
      
      
                  14
               
               
                  Cash flows …
                  …
                  Some transactions, such as the sale of an item of plant, may give rise to a gain or loss that is included in recognised profit or loss. The cash flows relating to such transactions are cash flows from investing activities. However, cash payments to manufacture or acquire assets held for rental to others and subsequently held for sale as described in paragraph 68A of IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment are cash flows from operating activities. The cash receipts from rents and subsequent sales of such assets are also cash flows from operating activities.
               
            
         EFFECTIVE DATE
      
      
                  55
               
               
                  Paragraph 14 was amended by Improvements to IFRSs issued in May 2008. An entity shall apply that amendment for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2009. Earlier application is permitted. If an entity applies the amendment for an earlier period it shall disclose that fact and apply paragraph 68A of IAS 16.
               
            Amendments to International Accounting Standard 19
      Employee Benefits
      
         Paragraphs 7, 8(b), 32B, 97, 98, 111 and 160 are amended. Paragraphs 111A and 159D are added.
      
      DEFINITIONS
      
                  7
               
               
                  …
                  
                     Short-term employee benefits are employee benefits (other than termination benefits) that are due to be settled within 12 months after the end of the period in which the employees render the related service.
                  …
                  
                     Other long-term employee benefits are employee benefits (other than post-employment benefits and termination benefits) that are not due to be settled within 12 months after the end of the period in which the employees render the related service.
                  …
                  The return on plan assets is interest, dividends and other revenue derived from the plan assets, together with realised and unrealised gains or losses on the plan assets, less any costs of administering the plan (other than those included in the actuarial assumptions used to measure the defined benefit obligation) and less any tax payable by the plan itself.
                  …
                  
                     Past service cost is the change in the present value of the defined benefit obligation for employee service in prior periods, resulting in the current period from the introduction of, or changes to, post-employment benefits or other long-term employee benefits. Past service cost may be either positive (when benefits are introduced or changed so that the present value of the defined benefit obligation increases) or negative (when existing benefits are changed so that the present value of the defined benefit obligation decreases).
               
            SHORT-TERM EMPLOYEE BENEFITS
      
                  8
               
               
                  Short-term employee benefits include items such as:
                  
                              (b)
                           
                           
                              short-term compensated absences (such as paid annual leave and paid sick leave) where the compensation for the absences is due to be settled within 12 months after the end of the period in which the employees render the related employee service;
                           
                        
            POST-EMPLOYMENT BENEFITS: DISTINCTION BETWEEN DEFINED CONTRIBUTION PLANS AND DEFINED BENEFIT PLANS
      Multi-employer plans
      
                  32B
               
               
                  IAS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets requires an entity to disclose information about some contingent liabilities. In the context of a multi-employer plan, a contingent liability may arise from, for example:
                  
                              (a)
                           
                           
                              …
                           
                        
            POST-EMPLOYMENT BENEFITS: DEFINED BENEFIT PLANS
      
         Past service cost
      
      
                  97
               
               
                  Past service cost arises when an entity introduces a defined benefit plan that attributes benefits to past service or changes the benefits payable for past service under an existing defined benefit plan. Such changes are in return for employee service over the period until the benefits concerned are vested. Therefore, the entity recognises past service cost over that period, regardless of the fact that the cost refers to employee service in previous periods. The entity measures past service cost as the change in the liability resulting from the amendment (see paragraph 64). Negative past service cost arises when an entity changes the benefits attributable to past service so that the present value of the defined benefit obligation decreases.
               
            
                  98
               
               
                  Past service cost excludes:
                  
                              (a)
                           
                           
                              the effect of differences between actual and previously assumed salary increases on the obligation to pay benefits for service in prior years (there is no past service cost because actuarial assumptions allow for projected salaries);
                           
                        
                              (b)
                           
                           
                              underestimates and overestimates of discretionary pension increases when an entity has a constructive obligation to grant such increases (there is no past service cost because actuarial assumptions allow for such increases);
                           
                        
                              (c)
                           
                           
                              estimates of benefit improvements that result from actuarial gains that have been recognised in the financial statements if the entity is obliged, by either the formal terms of a plan (or a constructive obligation that goes beyond those terms) or legislation, to use any surplus in the plan for the benefit of plan participants, even if the benefit increase has not yet been formally awarded (the resulting increase in the obligation is an actuarial loss and not past service cost, see paragraph 85(b));
                           
                        
                              (d)
                           
                           
                              the increase in vested benefits when, in the absence of new or improved benefits, employees complete vesting requirements (there is no past service cost because the entity recognised the estimated cost of benefits as current service cost as the service was rendered); and
                           
                        
                              (e)
                           
                           
                              the effect of plan amendments that reduce benefits for future service (a curtailment).
                           
                        
            Curtailment and settlements
      
                  111
               
               
                  A curtailment occurs when an entity either:
                  
                              (a)
                           
                           
                              is demonstrably committed to make a significant reduction in the number of employees covered by a plan; or
                           
                        
                              (b)
                           
                           
                              amends the terms of a defined benefit plan so that a significant element of future service by current employees will no longer qualify for benefits, or will qualify only for reduced benefits.
                           
                        A curtailment may arise from an isolated event, such as the closing of a plant, discontinuance of an operation or termination or suspension of a plan, or a reduction in the extent to which future salary increases are linked to the benefits payable for past service. Curtailments are often linked with a restructuring. When this is the case, an entity accounts for a curtailment at the same time as for a related restructuring.
               
            
                  111A
               
               
                  When a plan amendment reduces benefits, only the effect of the reduction for future service is a curtailment. The effect of any reduction for past service is a negative past service cost.
               
            EFFECTIVE DATE
      
                  159D
               
               
                  Paragraphs 7, 8(b), 32B, 97, 98 and 111 were amended and paragraph 111A was added by Improvements to IFRSs issued in May 2008. An entity shall apply the amendments in paragraphs 7, 8(b) and 32B for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2009. Earlier application is permitted. If an entity applies the amendments for an earlier period it shall disclose that fact. An entity shall apply the amendments in paragraphs 97, 98, 111 and 111A to changes in benefits that occur on or after 1 January 2009.
               
            
                  160
               
               
                  IAS 8 applies when an entity changes its accounting policies to reflect the changes specified in paragraphs 159–159D. In applying those changes retrospectively, as required by IAS 8, the entity treats those changes as if they had been applied at the same time as the rest of this Standard. The exception is that an entity may disclose the amounts required by paragraph 120A(p) as the amounts are determined for each annual period prospectively from the first annual period presented in the financial statements in which the entity first applies the amendments in paragraph 120A.
               
            Amendments to International Accounting Standard 20
      Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance
      
         Paragraph 37 is deleted. Paragraphs 10A and 43 are added.
      
      GOVERNMENT GRANTS
      
                  10A
               
               
                  The benefit of a government loan at a below-market rate of interest is treated as a government grant. The loan shall be recognised and measured in accordance with IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement. The benefit of the below-market rate of interest shall be measured as the difference between the initial carrying value of the loan determined in accordance with IAS 39 and the proceeds received. The benefit is accounted for in accordance with this Standard. The entity shall consider the conditions and obligations that have been, or must be, met when identifying the costs for which the benefit of the loan is intended to compensate.
               
            GOVERNMENT ASSISTANCE
      
                  37
               
               
                  [Deleted]
               
            EFFECTIVE DATE
      
                  43
               
               
                  Paragraph 37 was deleted and paragraph 10A added by Improvements to IFRSs issued in May 2008. An entity shall apply those amendments prospectively to government loans received in periods beginning on or after 1 January 2009. Earlier application is permitted. If an entity applies the amendments for an earlier period it shall disclose that fact.
               
            Amendment to International Accounting Standard 23
      Borrowing Costs (as revised in 2007)
      
         Paragraph 6 is amended. Paragraph 29A is added.
      
      DEFINITIONS
      
                  6
               
               
                  Borrowing costs may include:
                  
                              (a)
                           
                           
                              interest expense calculated using the effective interest method as described in IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement;
                           
                        
                              (b)
                           
                           
                              [deleted]
                           
                        
                              (c)
                           
                           
                              [deleted]
                           
                        
                              (d)
                           
                           
                              finance charges in respect of finance leases recognised in accordance with IAS 17 Leases; and
                           
                        
                              (e)
                           
                           
                              exchange differences arising from foreign currency borrowings to the extent that they are regarded as an adjustment to interest costs.
                           
                        
            EFFECTIVE DATE
      
                  29A
               
               
                  Paragraph 6 was amended by Improvements to IFRSs issued in May 2008. An entity shall apply that amendment for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2009. Earlier application is permitted. If an entity applies the amendment for an earlier period it shall disclose that fact.
               
            Amendment to International Accounting Standard 27
      Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements
      
         Paragraph 37 is amended. Paragraph 43A is added.
      
      ACCOUNTING FOR INVESTMENTS IN SUBSIDIARIES, JOINTLY CONTROLLED ENTITIES AND ASSOCIATES IN SEPARATE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
      
                  37
               
               
                  When an entity prepares separate financial statements, it shall account for investments in subsidiaries, jointly controlled entities and associates:
                  
                              (a)
                           
                           
                              at cost, or
                           
                        
                              (b)
                           
                           
                              in accordance with IAS 39.
                           
                        The entity shall apply the same accounting for each category of investments. Investments accounted for at cost shall be accounted for in accordance with IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations when they are classified as held for sale (or included in a disposal group that is classified as held for sale) in accordance with IFRS 5. The measurement of investments accounted for in accordance with IAS 39 is not changed in such circumstances.
               
            EFFECTIVE DATE AND TRANSITION
      
                  43A
               
               
                  Paragraph 37 was amended by Improvements to IFRSs issued in May 2008. An entity shall apply that amendment for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2009, prospectively from the date at which it first applied IFRS 5. Earlier application is permitted. If an entity applies the amendment for an earlier period it shall disclose that fact.
               
            Amendments to International Accounting Standard 28
      Investments in Associates
      
         Paragraphs 1 and 33 and the heading above paragraph 41 are amended. Paragraph 41C is added.
      
      SCOPE
      
                  1
               
               
                  This Standard shall be applied in accounting for investments in associates. However, it does not apply to investments in associates held by:
                  
                              (a)
                           
                           
                              venture capital organisations, or
                           
                        
                              (b)
                           
                           
                              mutual funds, unit trusts and similar entities including investment-linked insurance funds
                           
                        that upon initial recognition are designated as at fair value through profit or loss or are classified as held for trading and accounted for in accordance with IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement. Such investments shall be measured at fair value in accordance with IAS 39, with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss in the period of the change. An entity holding such an investment shall make the disclosures required by paragraph 37(f).
               
            APPLICATION OF THE EQUITY METHOD
      Impairment losses
      
                  33
               
               
                  Because goodwill that forms part of the carrying amount of an investment in an associate is not separately recognised, it is not tested for impairment separately by applying the requirements for impairment testing goodwill in IAS 36 Impairment of Assets. Instead, the entire carrying amount of the investment is tested for impairment in accordance with IAS 36 as a single asset, by comparing its recoverable amount (higher of value in use and fair value less costs to sell) with its carrying amount, whenever application of the requirements in IAS 39 indicates that the investment may be impaired. An impairment loss recognised in those circumstances is not allocated to any asset, including goodwill, that forms part of the carrying amount of the investment in the associate. Accordingly, any reversal of that impairment loss is recognised in accordance with IAS 36 to the extent that the recoverable amount of the investment subsequently increases. In determining the value in use of the investment, an entity estimates:
                  
                              (a)
                           
                           
                              …
                           
                        
            EFFECTIVE DATE AND TRANSITION
      
                  41C
               
               
                  Paragraphs 1 and 33 were amended by Improvements to IFRSs issued in May 2008. An entity shall apply those amendments for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2009. Earlier application is permitted. If an entity applies the amendments for an earlier period it shall disclose that fact and apply for that earlier period the amendments to paragraph 3 of IFRS 7 Financial Instruments: Disclosures, paragraph 1 of IAS 31 and paragraph 4 of IAS 32 Financial Instruments: Presentation issued in May 2008. An entity is permitted to apply the amendments prospectively.
               
            Amendment to International Accounting Standard 31
      Interests in Joint Ventures
      
         Paragraph 1 and the heading above paragraph 58 are amended. Paragraph 58B is added.
      
      SCOPE
      
                  1
               
               
                  This Standard shall be applied in accounting for interests in joint ventures and the reporting of joint venture assets, liabilities, income and expenses in the financial statements of venturers and investors, regardless of the structures or forms under which the joint venture activities take place. However, it does not apply to venturers' interests in jointly controlled entities held by:
                  
                              (a)
                           
                           
                              venture capital organisations, or
                           
                        
                              (b)
                           
                           
                              mutual funds, unit trusts and similar entities including investment-linked insurance funds
                           
                        that upon initial recognition are designated as at fair value through profit or loss or are classified as held for trading and accounted for in accordance with IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement. Such investments shall be measured at fair value in accordance with IAS 39, with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss in the period of the change. A venturer holding such an interest shall make the disclosures required by paragraphs 55 and 56.
               
            EFFECTIVE DATE AND TRANSITION
      
                  58B
               
               
                  Paragraph 1 was amended by Improvements to IFRSs issued in May 2008. An entity shall apply that amendment for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2009. Earlier application is permitted. If an entity applies the amendment for an earlier period it shall disclose that fact and apply for that earlier period the amendments to paragraph 3 of IFRS 7 Financial Instruments: Disclosures, paragraph 1 of IAS 28 and paragraph 4 of IAS 32 Financial Instruments: Presentation issued in May 2008. An entity is permitted to apply the amendment prospectively.
               
            Appendix to Amendments to IAS 28 and IAS 31
      
         
            Amendments to other IFRSs
         
      
      
         Entities shall apply the amendments to IFRS 7 and IAS 32 in this appendix when they apply the related amendments to IAS 28 and IAS 31.
      
      
         IFRS 7   
            Financial Instruments: Disclosures
         
      
      
         Paragraph 3(a) is amended. Paragraph 44D is added.
      
      
         SCOPE
      
      
                  3
               
               
                  This IFRS shall be applied by all entities to all types of financial instruments, except:
                  
                              (a)
                           
                           
                              those interests in subsidiaries, associates or joint ventures that are accounted for in accordance with IAS 27 Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements, IAS 28 Investments in Associates or IAS 31 Interests in Joint Ventures. However, in some cases, IAS 27, IAS 28 or IAS 31 permits an entity to account for an interest in a subsidiary, associate or joint venture using IAS 39; in those cases, entities shall apply the requirements of this IFRS. Entities shall also apply this IFRS to all derivatives linked to interests in subsidiaries, associates or joint ventures unless the derivative meets the definition of an equity instrument in IAS 32.
                           
                        
            
         EFFECTIVE DATE AND TRANSITION
      
      
                  44D
               
               
                  Paragraph 3(a) was amended by Improvements to IFRSs issued in May 2008. An entity shall apply that amendment for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2009. Earlier application is permitted. If an entity applies the amendment for an earlier period it shall disclose that fact and apply for that earlier period the amendments to paragraph 1 of IAS 28, paragraph 1 of IAS 31 and paragraph 4 of IAS 32 issued in May 2008. An entity is permitted to apply the amendment prospectively.
               
            
         IAS 32   
            Financial Instruments: Presentation
         
      
      
         Paragraph 4(a) and the heading above paragraph 96 are amended. Paragraph 97D is added.
      
      
         SCOPE
      
      
                  4
               
               
                  This Standard shall be applied by all entities to all types of financial instruments except:
                  
                              (a)
                           
                           
                              those interests in subsidiaries, associates or joint ventures that are accounted for in accordance with IAS 27 Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements, IAS 28 Investments in Associates or IAS 31 Interests in Joint Ventures. However, in some cases, IAS 27, IAS 28 or IAS 31 permits an entity to account for an interest in a subsidiary, associate or joint venture using IAS 39; in those cases, entities shall apply the requirements of this Standard. Entities shall also apply this Standard to all derivatives linked to interests in subsidiaries, associates or joint ventures.
                           
                        
            
         EFFECTIVE DATE AND TRANSITION
      
      
                  97D
               
               
                  Paragraph 4 was amended by Improvements to IFRSs issued in May 2008. An entity shall apply that amendment for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2009. Earlier application is permitted. If an entity applies the amendment for an earlier period it shall disclose that fact and apply for that earlier period the amendments to paragraph 3 of IFRS 7, paragraph 1 of IAS 28 and paragraph 1 of IAS 31 issued in May 2008. An entity is permitted to apply the amendment prospectively.
               
            Amendments to International Accounting Standard 29
      Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies
      
         Paragraphs 6, 15 and 19 are amended. These amendments shall be applied for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2009. Earlier application is permitted.
      
      THE RESTATEMENT OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
      
                  6
               
               
                  Entities that prepare financial statements on the historical cost basis of accounting do so without regard either to changes in the general level of prices or to increases in specific prices of recognised assets or liabilities. The exceptions to this are those assets and liabilities that the entity is required, or chooses, to measure at fair value. For example, property, plant and equipment may be revalued to fair value and biological assets are generally required to be measured at fair value. Some entities, however, present financial statements that are based on a current cost approach that reflects the effects of changes in the specific prices of assets held.
               
            
                  15
               
               
                  Most non-monetary items are carried at cost or cost less depreciation; hence they are expressed at amounts current at their date of acquisition. The restated cost, or cost less depreciation, of each item is determined by applying to its historical cost and accumulated depreciation the change in a general price index from the date of acquisition to the end of the reporting period. For example, property, plant and equipment, inventories of raw materials and merchandise, goodwill, patents, trademarks and similar assets are restated from the dates of their purchase. Inventories of partly-finished and finished goods are restated from the dates on which the costs of purchase and of conversion were incurred.
               
            
                  19
               
               
                  The restated amount of a non-monetary item is reduced, in accordance with appropriate IFRSs, when it exceeds its recoverable amount. For example, restated amounts of property, plant and equipment, goodwill, patents and trademarks are reduced to recoverable amount and restated amounts of inventories are reduced to net realisable value.
               
            Amendment to International Accounting Standard 36
      Impairment of Assets
      
         Paragraph 134(e) is amended. Paragraph 140C is added.
      
      DISCLOSURE
      Estimates used to measure recoverable amounts of cash-generating units containing goodwill or intangible assets with indefinite useful lives
      
                  134
               
               
                  An entity shall disclose the information required by (a)-(f) for each cash-generating unit (group of units) for which the carrying amount of goodwill or intangible assets with indefinite useful lives allocated to that unit (group of units) is significant in comparison with the entity's total carrying amount of goodwill or intangible assets with indefinite useful lives:
                  
                              (e)
                           
                           
                              if the unit's (group of units') recoverable amount is based on fair value less costs to sell, the methodology used to determine fair value less costs to sell. If fair value less costs to sell is not determined using an observable market price for the unit (group of units), the following information shall also be disclosed:
                              
                                          (i)
                                       
                                       
                                          a description of each key assumption on which management has based its determination of fair value less costs to sell. Key assumptions are those to which the unit's (group of units') recoverable amount is most sensitive;
                                       
                                    
                                          (ii)
                                       
                                       
                                          a description of management's approach to determining the value (or values) assigned to each key assumption, whether those values reflect past experience or, if appropriate, are consistent with external sources of information, and, if not, how and why they differ from past experience or external sources of information.
                                       
                                    If fair value less costs to sell is determined using discounted cash flow projections, the following information shall also be disclosed:
                              
                                          (iii)
                                       
                                       
                                          the period over which management has projected cash flows;
                                       
                                    
                                          (iv)
                                       
                                       
                                          the growth rate used to extrapolate cash flow projections;
                                       
                                    
                                          (v)
                                       
                                       
                                          the discount rate(s) applied to the cash flow projections.
                                       
                                    
                        
            TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS AND EFFECTIVE DATE
      
                  140C
               
               
                  Paragraph 134(e) was amended by Improvements to IFRSs issued in May 2008. An entity shall apply that amendment for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2009. Earlier application is permitted. If an entity applies the amendment for an earlier period it shall disclose that fact.
               
            Amendments to International Accounting Standard 38
      Intangible Assets
      
         Paragraphs 69, 70 and 98 are amended. Paragraphs 69A and 130D are added.
      
      RECOGNITION OF AN EXPENSE
      
                  69
               
               
                  In some cases, expenditure is incurred to provide future economic benefits to an entity, but no intangible asset or other asset is acquired or created that can be recognised. In the case of the supply of goods, the entity recognises such expenditure as an expense when it has a right to access those goods. In the case of the supply of services, the entity recognises the expenditure as an expense when it receives the services. For example, expenditure on research is recognised as an expense when it is incurred (see paragraph 54), except when it is acquired as part of a business combination. Other examples of expenditure that is recognised as an expense when it is incurred include:
                  
                              (a)
                           
                           
                              …
                           
                        
                              (c)
                           
                           
                              expenditure on advertising and promotional activities (including mail order catalogues);
                           
                        
                              (d)
                           
                           
                              …
                           
                        
            
                  69A
               
               
                  An entity has a right to access goods when it owns them. Similarly, it has a right to access goods when they have been constructed by a supplier in accordance with the terms of a supply contract and the entity could demand delivery of them in return for payment. Services are received when they are performed by a supplier in accordance with a contract to deliver them to the entity and not when the entity uses them to deliver another service, for example, to deliver an advertisement to customers.
               
            
                  70
               
               
                  Paragraph 68 does not preclude an entity from recognising a prepayment as an asset when payment for goods has been made in advance of the entity obtaining a right to access those goods. Similarly, paragraph 68 does not preclude an entity from recognising a prepayment as an asset when payment for services has been made in advance of the entity receiving those services.
               
            INTANGIBLE ASSETS WITH FINITE USEFUL LIVES
      Amortisation period and amortisation method
      
                  98
               
               
                  A variety of amortisation methods can be used to allocate the depreciable amount of an asset on a systematic basis over its useful life. These methods include the straight-line method, the diminishing balance method and the unit of production method. The method used is selected on the basis of the expected pattern of consumption of the expected future economic benefits embodied in the asset and is applied consistently from period to period, unless there is a change in the expected pattern of consumption of those future economic benefits.
               
            TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS AND EFFECTIVE DATE
      
                  130D
               
               
                  Paragraphs 69, 70 and 98 were amended and paragraph 69A was added by Improvements to IFRSs issued in May 2008. An entity shall apply those amendments for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2009. Earlier application is permitted. If an entity applies the amendments for an earlier period it shall disclose that fact.
               
            Amendments to International Accounting Standard 39
      Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement
      
         Paragraphs 9, 73 and AG8 are amended. Paragraphs 50A and 108C are added.
      
      DEFINITIONS
      
                  9
               
               
                  The following terms are used in this Standard with the meanings specified:
                  …
               
            
         Definitions of four categories of financial instruments
      
      A financial asset or financial liability at fair value through profit or loss is a financial asset or financial liability that meets either of the following conditions.
      
                  (a)
               
               
                  It is classified as held for trading. A financial asset or financial liability is classified as held for trading if:
                  
                              (i)
                           
                           
                              it is acquired or incurred principally for the purpose of selling or repurchasing it in the near term;
                           
                        
                              (ii)
                           
                           
                              on initial recognition it is part of a portfolio of identified financial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent actual pattern of short-term profit-taking; or
                           
                        
                              (iii)
                           
                           
                              it is a derivative (except for a derivative that is a financial guarantee contract or a designated and effective hedging instrument).
                           
                        
            
                  (b)
               
               
                  …
               
            MEASUREMENT
      Reclassifications
      
                  50A
               
               
                  The following changes in circumstances are not reclassifications for the purposes of paragraph 50:
                  
                              (a)
                           
                           
                              a derivative that was previously a designated and effective hedging instrument in a cash flow hedge or net investment hedge no longer qualifies as such;
                           
                        
                              (b)
                           
                           
                              a derivative becomes a designated and effective hedging instrument in a cash flow hedge or net investment hedge;
                           
                        
                              (c)
                           
                           
                              financial assets are reclassified when an insurance company changes its accounting policies in accordance with paragraph 45 of IFRS 4.
                           
                        
            HEDGING
      Hedging instruments
      Qualifying instruments
      
                  73
               
               
                  For hedge accounting purposes, only instruments that involve a party external to the reporting entity (ie external to the group or individual entity that is being reported on) can be designated as hedging instruments. Although individual entities within a consolidated group or divisions within an entity may enter into hedging transactions with other entities within the group or divisions within the entity, any such intragroup transactions are eliminated on consolidation. Therefore, such hedging transactions do not qualify for hedge accounting in the consolidated financial statements of the group. However, they may qualify for hedge accounting in the individual or separate financial statements of individual entities within the group provided that they are external to the individual entity that is being reported on.
               
            EFFECTIVE DATE AND TRANSITION
      
                  108C
               
               
                  Paragraphs 9, 73 and AG8 were amended and paragraph 50A added by Improvements to IFRSs issued in May 2008. An entity shall apply those amendments for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2009. An entity shall apply the amendments in paragraphs 9 and 50A as of the date and in the manner it applied the 2005 amendments described in paragraph 105A. Earlier application of all the amendments is permitted. If an entity applies the amendments for an earlier period it shall disclose that fact.
               
            Amendment to application guidance on IAS 39
      Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement
      DEFINITIONS (PARAGRAPHS 8 AND 9)
      Effective interest rate
      
                  AG8
               
               
                  If an entity revises its estimates of payments or receipts, the entity shall adjust the carrying amount of the financial asset or financial liability (or group of financial instruments) to reflect actual and revised estimated cash flows. The entity recalculates the carrying amount by computing the present value of estimated future cash flows at the financial instrument's original effective interest rate or, when applicable, the revised effective interest rate calculated in accordance with paragraph 92. The adjustment is recognised in profit or loss as income or expense. If a financial asset is reclassified in accordance with paragraph 50B, 50D or 50E, and the entity subsequently increases its estimates of future cash receipts as a result of increased recoverability of those cash receipts, the effect of that increase shall be recognised as an adjustment to the effective interest rate from the date of the change in estimate rather than as an adjustment to the carrying amount of the asset at the date of the change in estimate.
               
            Amendments to International Accounting Standard 40
      Investment Property
      
         Paragraphs 8, 9, 48, 53, 54 and 57 are amended. Paragraph 22 is deleted and paragraphs 53A, 53B and 85B are added.
      
      DEFINITIONS
      
                  8
               
               
                  The following are examples of investment property:
                  
                              (a)
                           
                           
                              …
                           
                        
                              (e)
                           
                           
                              property that is being constructed or developed for future use as investment property.
                           
                        
            
                  9
               
               
                  The following are examples of items that are not investment property and are therefore outside the scope of this Standard:
                  
                              (a)
                           
                           
                              …
                           
                        
                              (d)
                           
                           
                              [deleted]
                           
                        
                              (e)
                           
                           
                              …
                           
                        
            MEASUREMENT AT RECOGNITION
      
                  22
               
               
                  [Deleted]
               
            Fair value model
      
                  48
               
               
                  In exceptional cases, there is clear evidence when an entity first acquires an investment property (or when an existing property first becomes investment property after a change in use) that the variability in the range of reasonable fair value estimates will be so great, and the probabilities of the various outcomes so difficult to assess, that the usefulness of a single estimate of fair value is negated. This may indicate that the fair value of the property will not be reliably determinable on a continuing basis (see paragraph 53).
               
            
         
            Inability to determine fair value reliably
         
      
      
                  53
               
               
                  There is a rebuttable presumption that an entity can reliably determine the fair value of an investment property on a continuing basis. However, in exceptional cases, there is clear evidence when an entity first acquires an investment property (or when an existing property first becomes investment property after a change in use) that the fair value of the investment property is not reliably determinable on a continuing basis. This arises when, and only when, comparable market transactions are infrequent and alternative reliable estimates of fair value (for example, based on discounted cash flow projections) are not available. If an entity determines that the fair value of an investment property under construction is not reliably determinable but expects the fair value of the property to be reliably determinable when construction is complete, it shall measure that investment property under construction at cost until either its fair value becomes reliably determinable or construction is completed (whichever is earlier). If an entity determines that the fair value of an investment property (other than an investment property under construction) is not reliably determinable on a continuing basis, the entity shall measure that investment property using the cost model in IAS 16. The residual value of the investment property shall be assumed to be zero. The entity shall apply IAS 16 until disposal of the investment property.
               
            
                  53A
               
               
                  Once an entity becomes able to measure reliably the fair value of an investment property under construction that has previously been measured at cost, it shall measure that property at its fair value. Once construction of that property is complete, it is presumed that fair value can be measured reliably. If this is not the case, in accordance with paragraph 53, the property shall be accounted for using the cost model in accordance with IAS 16.
               
            
                  53B
               
               
                  The presumption that the fair value of investment property under construction can be measured reliably can be rebutted only on initial recognition. An entity that has measured an item of investment property under construction at fair value may not conclude that the fair value of the completed investment property cannot be determined reliably.
               
            
                  54
               
               
                  In the exceptional cases when an entity is compelled, for the reason given in paragraph 53, to measure an investment property using the cost model in accordance with IAS 16, it measures at fair value all its other investment property, including investment property under construction. In these cases, although an entity may use the cost model for one investment property, the entity shall continue to account for each of the remaining properties using the fair value model.
               
            TRANSFERS
      
                  57
               
               
                  Transfers to, or from, investment property shall be made when, and only when, there is a change in use, evidenced by:
                  
                              (a)
                           
                           
                              …
                           
                        
                              (c)
                           
                           
                              end of owner-occupation, for a transfer from owner-occupied property to investment property; or
                           
                        
                              (d)
                           
                           
                              commencement of an operating lease to another party, for a transfer from inventories to investment property.
                           
                        
                              (e)
                           
                           
                              [deleted]
                           
                        
            EFFECTIVE DATE
      
                  85B
               
               
                  Paragraphs 8, 9, 48, 53, 54 and 57 were amended, paragraph 22 was deleted and paragraphs 53A and 53B were added by Improvements to IFRSs issued in May 2008. An entity shall apply those amendments prospectively for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2009. An entity is permitted to apply the amendments to investment property under construction from any date before 1 January 2009 provided that the fair values of investment properties under construction were determined at those dates. Earlier application is permitted. If an entity applies the amendments for an earlier period it shall disclose that fact and at the same time apply the amendments to paragraphs 5 and 81E of IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment.
               
            Appendix to Amendments to IAS 40
      
         
            Amendment to IAS 16
         
      
      
         Entities shall apply the amendment to IAS 16 in this appendix when they apply the related amendments to IAS 40.
      
      
         IAS 16   
            Property, Plant and Equipment
         
      
      
         Paragraph 5 is amended. Paragraph 81E is added.
      
      
                  5
               
               
                  An entity using the cost model for investment property in accordance with IAS 40 Investment Property shall use the cost model in this Standard.
               
            
         EFFECTIVE DATE
      
      
                  81E
               
               
                  Paragraph 5 was amended by Improvements to IFRSs issued in May 2008. An entity shall apply that amendment prospectively for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2009. Earlier application is permitted if an entity also applies the amendments to paragraphs 8, 9, 22, 48, 53, 53A, 53B, 54, 57 and 85B of IAS 40 at the same time. If an entity applies the amendment for an earlier period it shall disclose that fact.
               
            Amendments to International Accounting Standard 41
      Agriculture
      
         Paragraphs 5, 6, 17, 20 and 21 are amended. Paragraph 60 is added.
      
      DEFINITIONS
      Agriculture-related definitions
      
                  5
               
               
                  The following terms are used in this Standard with the meanings specified:
                  
                     Agricultural activity is the management by an entity of the biological transformation and harvest of biological assets for sale or for conversion into agricultural produce or into additional biological assets.
                  …
               
            
                  6
               
               
                  Agricultural activity covers a diverse range of activities; for example, raising livestock, forestry, annual or perennial cropping, cultivating orchards and plantations, floriculture and aquaculture (including fish farming). Certain common features exist within this diversity:
                  
                              (a)
                           
                           
                              …
                           
                        
                              (c)
                           
                           
                              
                                 Measurement of change. The change in quality (for example, genetic merit, density, ripeness, fat cover, protein content, and fibre strength) or quantity (for example, progeny, weight, cubic metres, fibre length or diameter, and number of buds) brought about by biological transformation or harvest is measured and monitored as a routine management function.
                           
                        
            RECOGNITION AND MEASUREMENT
      
                  17
               
               
                  If an active market exists for a biological asset or agricultural produce in its present location and condition, the quoted price in that market is the appropriate basis for determining the fair value of that asset. If an entity has access to different active markets, the entity uses the most relevant one. For example, if an entity has access to two active markets, it would use the price existing in the market expected to be used.
               
            
                  20
               
               
                  In some circumstances, market-determined prices or values may not be available for a biological asset in its present condition. In these circumstances, an entity uses the present value of expected net cash flows from the asset discounted at a current market-determined rate in determining fair value.
               
            
                  21
               
               
                  The objective of a calculation of the present value of expected net cash flows is to determine the fair value of a biological asset in its present location and condition. An entity considers this in determining an appropriate discount rate to be used and in estimating expected net cash flows. In determining the present value of expected net cash flows, an entity includes the net cash flows that market participants would expect the asset to generate in its most relevant market.
               
            EFFECTIVE DATE AND TRANSITION
      
                  60
               
               
                  Paragraphs 5, 6, 17, 20 and 21 were amended and paragraph 14 deleted by Improvements to IFRSs issued in May 2008. An entity shall apply those amendments prospectively for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2009. Earlier application is permitted. If an entity applies the amendments for an earlier period it shall disclose that fact.
               
            PART II
      
         The amendments in Part II shall be applied for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2009. Earlier application is permitted.
      
      Amendments to International Accounting Standard 8
      Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors
      
         Paragraphs 7, 9 and 11 are amended.
      
      ACCOUNTING POLICIES
      Selection and application of accounting policies
      
                  7
               
               
                  When an IFRS specifically applies to a transaction, other event or condition, the accounting policy or policies applied to that item shall be determined by applying the IFRS.
               
            
                  9
               
               
                  IFRSs are accompanied by guidance to assist entities in applying their requirements. All such guidance states whether it is an integral part of IFRSs. Guidance that is an integral part of IFRSs is mandatory. Guidance that is not an integral part of IFRSs does not contain requirements for financial statements.
               
            
                  11
               
               
                  In making the judgement described in paragraph 10, management shall refer to, and consider the applicability of, the following sources in descending order:
                  
                              (a)
                           
                           
                              the requirements in IFRSs dealing with similar and related issues; and
                           
                        
                              (b)
                           
                           
                              the definitions, recognition criteria and measurement concepts for assets, liabilities, income and expenses in the Framework.
                           
                        
            Amendment to International Accounting Standard 10
      Events after the Reporting Period
      
         Paragraph 13 is amended.
      
      
                  13
               
               
                  If dividends are declared (ie the dividends are appropriately authorised and no longer at the discretion of the entity) after the reporting period but before the financial statements are authorised for issue, the dividends are not recognised as a liability at the end of the reporting period because no obligation exists at that time. Such dividends are disclosed in the notes in accordance with IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements.
               
            Amendments to International Accounting Standard 20
      Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance
      
         A footnote is added to the title of the Standard above paragraph 1, and paragraphs 2(b), 12–18, 20–22, 26, 27 and 32 are amended.
      
      Footnote to title
      
                  *
               
               
                  As part of Improvements to IFRSs issued in May 2008 the Board amended terminology used in this Standard to be consistent with other IFRSs as follows:
                  
                              (a)
                           
                           
                              ‘taxable income’ was amended to ‘taxable profit or tax loss’;
                           
                        
                              (b)
                           
                           
                              ‘recognised as income/expense’ was amended to ‘recognised in profit or loss’;
                           
                        
                              (c)
                           
                           
                              ‘credited directly to shareholders’ interests/equity' was amended to ‘recognised outside profit or loss’; and
                           
                        
                              (d)
                           
                           
                              ‘revision to an accounting estimate’ was amended to ‘change in accounting estimate’.
                           
                        
            SCOPE
      
                  2
               
               
                  This Standard does not deal with:
                  
                              (a)
                           
                           
                              the special problems … similar nature;
                           
                        
                              (b)
                           
                           
                              government assistance that is provided for an entity in the form of benefits that are available in determining taxable profit or tax loss, or are determined or limited on the basis of income tax liability. Examples of such benefits are income tax holidays, investment tax credits, accelerated depreciation allowances and reduced income tax rates;
                           
                        
                              (c)
                           
                           
                              government … the entity;
                           
                        
                              (d)
                           
                           
                              …
                           
                        
            GOVERNMENT GRANTS
      
                  12
               
               
                  Government grants shall be recognised in profit or loss on a systematic basis over the periods in which the entity recognises as expenses the related costs for which the grants are intended to compensate.
               
            
                  13
               
               
                  There are two broad approaches to the accounting for government grants: the capital approach, under which a grant is recognised outside profit or loss, and the income approach, under which a grant is recognised in profit or loss over one or more periods.
               
            
                  14
               
               
                  Those in support of the capital approach argue as follows:
                  
                              (a)
                           
                           
                              government grants are a financing device and should be dealt with as such in the statement of financial position rather than be recognised in profit or loss to offset the items of expense that they finance. Because no repayment is expected, such grants should be recognised outside profit or loss;
                           
                        
                              (b)
                           
                           
                              it is inappropriate to recognise government grants in profit or loss, because they are not earned but represent an incentive provided by government without related costs.
                           
                        
            
                  15
               
               
                  Arguments in support of the income approach are as follows:
                  
                              (a)
                           
                           
                              because government grants are receipts from a source other than shareholders, they should not be recognised directly in equity but should be recognised in profit or loss in appropriate periods;
                           
                        
                              (b)
                           
                           
                              government grants are rarely gratuitous. The entity earns them through compliance with their conditions and meeting the envisaged obligations. They should therefore be recognised in profit or loss over the periods in which the entity recognises as expenses the related costs for which the grant is intended to compensate;
                           
                        
                              (c)
                           
                           
                              because income and other taxes are expenses, it is logical to deal also with government grants, which are an extension of fiscal policies, in profit or loss.
                           
                        
            
                  16
               
               
                  It is fundamental to the income approach that government grants should be recognised in profit or loss on a systematic basis over the periods in which the entity recognises as expenses the related costs for which the grant is intended to compensate. Recognition of government grants in profit or loss on a receipts basis is not in accordance with the accrual accounting assumption (see IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements) and would be acceptable only if no basis existed for allocating a grant to periods other than the one in which it was received.
               
            
                  17
               
               
                  In most cases the periods over which an entity recognises the costs or expenses related to a government grant are readily ascertainable. Thus grants in recognition of specific expenses are recognised in profit or loss in the same period as the relevant expenses. Similarly, grants related to depreciable assets are usually recognised in profit or loss over the periods and in the proportions in which depreciation expense on those assets is recognised.
               
            
                  18
               
               
                  Grants related to non-depreciable assets may also require the fulfilment of certain obligations and would then be recognised in profit or loss over the periods that bear the cost of meeting the obligations. As an example, a grant of land may be conditional upon the erection of a building on the site and it may be appropriate to recognise the grant in profit or loss over the life of the building.
               
            
                  20
               
               
                  A government grant that becomes receivable as compensation for expenses or losses already incurred or for the purpose of giving immediate financial support to the entity with no future related costs shall be recognised in profit or loss of the period in which it becomes receivable.
               
            
                  21
               
               
                  In some circumstances, a government grant may be awarded for the purpose of giving immediate financial support to an entity rather than as an incentive to undertake specific expenditures. Such grants may be confined to a particular entity and may not be available to a whole class of beneficiaries. These circumstances may warrant recognising a grant in profit or loss of the period in which the entity qualifies to receive it, with disclosure to ensure that its effect is clearly understood.
               
            
                  22
               
               
                  A government grant may become receivable by an entity as compensation for expenses or losses incurred in a previous period. Such a grant is recognised in profit or loss of the period in which it becomes receivable, with disclosure to ensure that its effect is clearly understood.
               
            Presentation of grants related to assets
      
                  26
               
               
                  One method recognises the grant as deferred income that is recognised in profit or loss on a systematic basis over the useful life of the asset.
               
            
                  27
               
               
                  The other method deducts the grant in calculating the carrying amount of the asset. The grant is recognised in profit or loss over the life of a depreciable asset as a reduced depreciation expense.
               
            Repayment of government grants
      
                  32
               
               
                  A government grant that becomes repayable shall be accounted for as a change in accounting estimate (see IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors). Repayment of a grant related to income shall be applied first against any unamortised deferred credit recognised in respect of the grant. To the extent that the repayment exceeds any such deferred credit, or when no deferred credit exists, the repayment shall be recognised immediately in profit or loss. Repayment of a grant related to an asset shall be recognised by increasing the carrying amount of the asset or reducing the deferred income balance by the amount repayable. The cumulative additional depreciation that would have been recognised in profit or loss to date in the absence of the grant shall be recognised immediately in profit or loss.
               
            Appendix to Amendments to IAS 20
      
         
            Amendments to IAS 41
         
      
      
         Entities shall apply the amendments to IAS 41 in this appendix when they apply the related amendments to terminology used in IAS 20.
      
      
         IAS 41   
            Agriculture
         
      
      
         Paragraphs 34-36 are amended.
      
      
         GOVERNMENT GRANTS
      
      
                  34
               
               
                  An unconditional government grant related to a biological asset measured at its fair value less costs to sell shall be recognised in profit or loss when, and only when, the government grant becomes receivable.
               
            
                  35
               
               
                  If a government grant related to a biological asset measured at its fair value less costs to sell is conditional, including when a government grant requires an entity not to engage in specified agricultural activity, an entity shall recognise the government grant in profit or loss when, and only when, the conditions attaching to the government grant are met.
               
            
                  36
               
               
                  Terms and conditions of government grants vary. For example, a grant may require an entity to farm in a particular location for five years and require the entity to return all of the grant if it farms for a period shorter than five years. In this case, the grant is not recognised in profit or loss until the five years have passed. However, if the terms of the grant allow part of it to be retained according to the time that has elapsed, the entity recognises that part in profit or loss as time passes.
               
            Amendments to International Accounting Standard 29
      Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies
      
         A footnote is added to the title of the Standard above paragraph 1, and paragraphs 8, 14, 20, 28 and 34 are amended.
      
      Footnote to title
      
                  *
               
               
                  As part of Improvements to IFRSs issued in May 2008, the Board changed terms used in IAS 29 to be consistent with other IFRSs as follows: (a) ‘market value’ was amended to ‘fair value’, and (b) ‘results of operations’ and ‘net income’ were amended to ‘profit or loss’.
               
            THE RESTATEMENT OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
      
                  8
               
               
                  The financial statements of an entity whose functional currency is the currency of a hyperinflationary economy, whether they are based on a historical cost approach or a current cost approach, shall be stated in terms of the measuring unit current at the end of the reporting period. The corresponding figures for the previous period required by IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements (as revised in 2007) and any information in respect of earlier periods shall also be stated in terms of the measuring unit current at the end of the reporting period. For the purpose of presenting comparative amounts in a different presentation currency, paragraphs 42(b) and 43 of IAS 21 The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates apply.
               
            Historical cost financial statements
      
         
            Statement of financial position
         
      
      
                  14
               
               
                  All other assets and liabilities are non-monetary. Some non-monetary items are carried at amounts current at the end of the reporting period, such as net realisable value and fair value, so they are not restated. All other non-monetary assets and liabilities are restated.
               
            
                  20
               
               
                  An investee that is accounted for under the equity method may report in the currency of a hyperinflationary economy. The statement of financial position and statement of comprehensive income of such an investee are restated in accordance with this Standard in order to calculate the investor's share of its net assets and profit or loss. When the restated financial statements of the investee are expressed in a foreign currency they are translated at closing rates.
               
            
         
            Gain or loss on net monetary position
         
      
      
                  28
               
               
                  The gain or loss on the net monetary position is included in profit or loss. The adjustment to those assets and liabilities linked by agreement to changes in prices made in accordance with paragraph 13 is offset against the gain or loss on net monetary position. Other income and expense items, such as interest income and expense, and foreign exchange differences related to invested or borrowed funds, are also associated with the net monetary position. Although such items are separately disclosed, it may be helpful if they are presented together with the gain or loss on net monetary position in the statement of comprehensive income.
               
            Corresponding figures
      
                  34
               
               
                  Corresponding figures for the previous reporting period, whether they were based on a historical cost approach or a current cost approach, are restated by applying a general price index so that the comparative financial statements are presented in terms of the measuring unit current at the end of the reporting period. Information that is disclosed in respect of earlier periods is also expressed in terms of the measuring unit current at the end of the reporting period. For the purpose of presenting comparative amounts in a different presentation currency, paragraphs 42(b) and 43 of IAS 21 apply.
               
            Amendment to International Accounting Standard 34
      Interim Financial Reporting
      
         Paragraph 11 is amended and a footnote is added.
      
      FORM AND CONTENT OF INTERIM FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
      
                  11
               
               
                  In the statement that presents the components of profit or loss for an interim period, an entity shall present basic and diluted earnings per share for that period when the entity is within the scope of IAS 33 Earnings per Share
                      (1).
               
            Amendments to International Accounting Standard 40
      Investment Property
      
         Paragraphs 31 and 50 are amended.
      
      MEASUREMENT AFTER RECOGNITION
      Accounting policy
      
                  31
               
               
                  IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors states that a voluntary change in accounting policy shall be made only if the change results in the financial statements providing reliable and more relevant information about the effects of transactions, other events or conditions on the entity's financial position, financial performance or cash flows. It is highly unlikely that a change from the fair value model to the cost model will result in a more relevant presentation.
               
            Fair value model
      
                  50
               
               
                  In determining the carrying amount of investment property under the fair value model, an entity does not double-count assets or liabilities that are recognised as separate assets or liabilities. For example:
                  
                              (a)
                           
                           
                              …
                           
                        
                              (d)
                           
                           
                              the fair value of investment property held under a lease reflects expected cash flows (including contingent rent that is expected to become payable). Accordingly, if a valuation obtained for a property is net of all payments expected to be made, it will be necessary to add back any recognised lease liability, to arrive at the carrying amount of the investment property using the fair value model.
                           
                        
            Amendments to International Accounting Standard 41
      Agriculture
      
         Paragraphs 4 and 5 are amended and paragraph 14 is deleted. The terms ‘estimated point-of-sale costs’ and ‘point-of-sale costs’ are replaced by ‘costs to sell’ where they appear as follows:
      
      
                  —
               
               
                  
                     Standard (paragraphs 12, 13, 26-28, 30-32, 34, 35, 38, 40, 48, 50 and 51)
                  
               
            SCOPE
      
                  4
               
               
                  The table below provides examples of biological assets, agricultural produce, and products that are the result of processing after harvest:
                  
                              Biological assets
                           
                           
                              Agricultural produce
                           
                           
                              Products that are the result of processing after harvest
                           
                        
                              …
                           
                           
                               
                           
                           
                               
                           
                        
                              Trees in a plantation forest
                           
                           
                              Felled trees
                           
                           
                              Logs, lumber
                           
                        
                              …
                           
                           
                               
                           
                           
                               
                           
                        
            DEFINITIONS
      Agriculture-related definitions
      
                  5
               
               
                  The following terms are used in this Standard with the meanings specified:
                  …
                  
                     Costs to sell are the incremental costs directly attributable to the disposal of an asset, excluding finance costs and income taxes.
               
            RECOGNITION AND MEASUREMENT
      
                  14
               
               
                  [Deleted]
               
            Appendix to Amendments to IAS 41
      
         
            Amendments to other IFRSs
         
      
      
         Entities shall apply these amendments to IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations, IAS 2 Inventories, and IAS 36 Impairment of Assets when they apply the related amendments to IAS 41.
      
      
         IFRS 5   
            Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations
         
      
      
         Paragraph 5 is amended.
      
      
         SCOPE
      
      
                  5
               
               
                  The measurement provisions of this IFRS (2) do not apply to the following assets, which are covered by the IFRSs listed, either as individual assets or as part of a disposal group:
                  
                              (a)
                           
                           
                              …
                           
                        
                              (e)
                           
                           
                              non-current assets that are measured at fair value less costs to sell in accordance with IAS 41 Agriculture;
                           
                        
                              (f)
                           
                           
                              …
                           
                        
            
         IAS 2   
            Inventories
         
      
      
         Paragraph 20 is amended.
      
      
                  20
               
               
                  In accordance with IAS 41 Agriculture inventories comprising agricultural produce that an entity has harvested from its biological assets are measured on initial recognition at their fair value less costs to sell at the point of harvest. This is the cost of the inventories at that date for application of this Standard.
               
            
         IAS 36   
            Impairment of Assets
         
      
      
         Paragraphs 2 and 5 are amended.
      
      
         SCOPE
      
      
                  2
               
               
                  This Standard shall be applied in accounting for the impairment of all assets, other than:
                  
                              (a)
                           
                           
                              …
                           
                        
                              (g)
                           
                           
                              biological assets related to agricultural activity that are measured at fair value less costs to sell (see IAS 41 Agriculture);
                           
                        
                              (h)
                           
                           
                              …
                           
                        
            
                  5
               
               
                  This Standard does not apply to financial assets within the scope of IAS 39, investment property measured at fair value in accordance with IAS 40, or biological assets related to agricultural activity measured at fair value less costs to sell in accordance with IAS 41. However, this Standard applies to assets that are carried at revalued amount (ie fair value) in accordance with other IFRSs, such as the revaluation model in IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment. Identifying whether a revalued asset may be impaired depends on the basis used to determine fair value:
                  
                              (a)
                           
                           
                              …
                           
                        
            
         (1)  This paragraph was amended by Improvements to IFRSs issued in May 2008 to clarify the scope of IAS 34.
      
         (2)  Other than paragraphs 18 and 19 which require the assets in question to be measured in accordance with other applicable IFRSs.