CELEX: 62005TJ0354
Language: en
Date: 2009-03-11
Title: Judgment of the Court of First Instance (Fifth Chamber) of 11 March 2009. # Télévision française 1 SA (TF1) v Commission of the European Communities. # State aid - Financing of France Télévisions by the audiovisual licence fee - Constant review of existing aid - Recommendation for the adoption of appropriate measures - Member State's commitments accepted by the Commission - Decision declaring the aid compatible with the common market - Action for annulment - Period allowed for commencing proceedings - Nature of the contested measure - Interest in bringing proceedings - Admissibility - Rights of the defence - Obligation to state the reasons on which the decision is based - Altmark judgment. # Case T-354/05.

Case T-354/05
      Télévision française 1 SA (TF1)
      v
      Commission of the European Communities
      (State aid – Financing of France Télévisions by the audiovisual licence fee – Constant review of existing aid – Recommendation for the adoption of appropriate measures – Member State’s commitments accepted by the Commission – Decision declaring the aid compatible with the common market – Action for annulment – Period allowed for commencing proceedings – Nature of the contested measure – Interest in bringing proceedings – Admissibility – Rights of the defence – Obligation to state the reasons on which the decision is based – Altmark judgment)
      Summary of the Judgment
      1.      Actions for annulment – Time-limits – Point from which time starts to run – Date of publication
      (Art. 230, fifth para., EC; Council Regulation No 659/1999, Arts 17, 18, 19(1) and 26(1))
      2.      State aid – Administrative procedure –Obligation on the Commission to publish the proposal for appropriate measures accepted by the Member State providing the aid
            
      (Art. 88 EC; Council Regulation No 659/1999, Arts 18, 19(1) and 26(1))
      3.      Actions for annulment – Actionable measures – Measures producing binding legal effects –Commission decision to accept the
            commitments of a Member State providing aid 
      (Arts 88(1) and (2) EC and 230, fourth para., EC; Council Regulation No 659/1999, Arts 17 to 19 and 26(2))
      4.      Actions for annulment – Interest in bringing proceedings – Commission decision accepting the commitments of a Member State
            providing aid
      (Art. 230, fifth para., EC)
      5.      State aid – Administrative procedure – Obligation of the Commission to put the parties concerned on notice to submit their
            observations – Decision adopted following a proposal for appropriate measures adopted by the Member State providing the aid
            
      (Art. 88(2), EC; Council Regulation No 659/1999, Arts 6 and 19(1) and (2))
      6.      State aid – Concept – Measures seeking to compensate an undertaking for the costs associated with its public service mission
            
      (Arts 86(2), EC and 87(1) EC)
      7.      State aid – Existing aid – Measures intended to compensate an undertaking for the costs associated with its public service
            mission –Examination by the Commission of the compatibility of the aid with the common market
      (Arts 86(2) EC and 88(1) EC)
      8.      State aid – Existing aid – Examination by the Commission of the compatibility of the aid with the common market – Commitments
            given by the Member State providing the aid 
      (Council Regulation No 659/1999, Arts 18, 19(1) and 26(1))
      1.      It follows from the wording of the fifth paragraph of Article 230 EC that the criterion of the date on which the applicant
         became aware of the measure as the start of the period for bringing an action is subsidiary to the criterion of publication
         or notification of the measure.
      
      As regards measures which, according to the established practice of the Community institution concerned, are published in
         the Official Journal of the European Union even though that publication is not a condition for their applicability, the criterion of the date on which a measure came
         to the knowledge of the applicant is not applicable and it is the date of publication which makes the period in which to institute
         proceedings start to run. In such circumstances, the third party concerned may legitimately expect that the measure in question
         will be published. That approach, which seeks to ensure legal certainty and applies to all third parties concerned, is valid
         in particular where the interested third party who instituted the proceedings became aware of the measure before its publication.
      
      The fact that the Commission gives third parties full access to the text of a decision placed on its website, combined with
         publication of a summary notice in the Official Journal enabling interested parties to identify the decision in question and notifying them of that possibility of access via the
         internet, must be considered as publication for the purposes of the fifth paragraph of Article 230 EC.
      
      (see paras 33-35)
      2.      The expression ‘decisions which it takes pursuant to … Article 18 in conjunction with Article 19(1)’ contained in Article
         26(1) of Regulation No 659/1999 on the application of Article 88 EC means that the obligation to publish laid down by that
         provision does not apply at once and solely to the decision taken pursuant to Article 18 of that regulation to address to
         the Member State a recommendation proposing the adoption of appropriate measures, but that that obligation to publish arises
         only where the Commission’s recommendation is accepted by the Member State, which corresponds to the situation envisaged in
         Article 19(1) of that regulation.
      
      Article 26(1) of Regulation No 659/1999 therefore requires the Commission, if and when its recommendation proposing the adoption
         of appropriate measures referred to in Article 18 of that regulation is accepted by the Member State, to proceed with publication
         of the terms of that recommendation which the Commission had decided to address to the Member State and of the fact that the
         recommendation was accepted by the Member State. Third parties are thus informed not of a merely intermediate stage of the
         review procedure but of its final stage.
      
      (see paras 44-46)
      3.      Only measures with binding legal effects capable of affecting the interests of the applicant by bringing about a distinct
         change in his legal position are capable of being the subject-matter of an application for annulment under the fourth paragraph
         of Article 230 EC. In order to determine whether an act or decision produces such effects, it is necessary to look to its
         substance.
      
      In the field of State aid, the procedural rules laid down by the Treaty vary according to whether the measures constitute
         existing aid subject to Article 88(1) and (2) EC or new aid governed by Article 88(2) and (3) EC. As far as existing aid is
         concerned, Article 88(1) EC gives the Commission the power, in cooperation with the Member States, to keep that aid under
         constant review.
      
      According to Article 17(2) of Regulation No 659/1999 on the application of Article 88 EC, if the Commission considers that
         an existing aid scheme is not, or is no longer, compatible with the common market, it is to inform the Member State concerned
         of its preliminary view and give the Member State an opportunity to submit its comments within a period of one month.
      
      According to Article 18 of Regulation No 659/1999, if, in the light of the information submitted by the Member State under
         Article 17, the Commission concludes that an existing aid scheme is not, or is no longer, compatible with the common market,
         it is to issue a recommendation proposing appropriate measures to the Member State concerned. Such a recommendation, which
         is no more than a proposal, is not, taken in isolation, a challengeable act.
      
      According to Article 19(1) of Regulation No 659/1999, where the Member State accepts the proposed measures and informs the
         Commission thereof, the Commission is to record that finding and inform the Member State thereof.
      
      As regards the latter case, that procedure is, by its very nature, a decision-making procedure, which terminates with the
         ‘decision … [taken] pursuant to … Article 18 in conjunction with Article 19(1)’ referred to in Article 26(1) of Regulation
         No 659/1999. It is only where the Commission decides to accept the State’s commitments as answering its concerns that the
         investigation procedure is brought to an end by that decision. Such a decision produces binding legal effects, since, as laid
         down under Article 19(1) of Regulation No 659/1999, the Member State concerned which, at the time of the publication provided
         for in Article 26(1) of that regulation, has necessarily accepted the appropriate measures, is bound to implement those measures.
      
      (see paras 60-65, 67, 69-70, 73)
      4.      An action for annulment brought by a natural or legal person is not admissible unless the applicant has an interest in seeing
         the contested measure annulled. That interest must be vested and present and is evaluated as at the date on which the action
         is brought. Such an interest presupposes that the annulment of the measure must of itself be capable of having legal consequences
         or, to use a different form of words, the action must be liable, if successful, to procure an advantage for the party who
         has brought it. A decision which gives full satisfaction to the applicant is not, by definition, capable of adversely affecting
         it and such an applicant has no interest in seeking its annulment. Conversely, where the applicant claims that the measure
         in question, even though it may be partially favourable to him, none the less does not adequately protect his legal situation,
         it must be recognised that he has an interesting in bringing proceedings to have the legality of that decision verified by
         the Community judicature. The assessment as to whether or not the contested measure is favourable goes to the substance and
         not the admissibility of the application.
      
      A private commercial television channel will have an interest in bringing proceedings where it is faced with a decision of
         the Commission declaring compatible with the common market, having regard to the commitments given by the Member State concerned,
         a system involving the onward payment of the audiovisual licence fee received by that State to public television channels,
         and considers that those commitments are inappropriate for ensuring the compatibility of that system with the common market.
      
      (see paras 84-87, 92)
      5.      The procedure for reviewing State aid is, in view of its general scheme, a procedure initiated in respect of the Member State
         responsible, in the light of its Community obligations, for granting the aid. That consideration applies both to new aid and
         to existing aid. Thus, whilst there is nothing to prohibit a party from forwarding to the Commission information alleging
         the incompatibility of a State aid with the common market, whether it be a new aid or an existing aid, that entitlement does
         not confer on that party any right of defence. The Commission is under no obligation whatsoever to engage in discussions with
         that party. 
      
      Thus, while it is true that, in the context of the formal investigation procedure provided for in the first subparagraph of
         Article 88(2) EC and Article 6 of Regulation No 659/1999 on the application of Article 88 EC, a procedure which may be initiated,
         with regard to the examination of new aid, by a decision taken under Article 4(4) of Regulation No 659/1999 and, in the case
         of the constant review of existing aid, by a decision taken under Article 19(2) of that regulation, the Commission is to call
         upon the interested parties to submit comments in accordance with the second sentence of Article 6(1) of Regulation No 659/1999,
         that is not the case with a decision which was not adopted in the course of a formal investigation procedure, but was the
         outcome of a proposal for appropriate measures accepted by the Member State concerned, that is to say, in the context of Article 19(1)
         of Regulation No 659/1999. At that stage of the procedure for constant review of existing aid, the Commission is not required
         to invite interested parties to submit their comments to it.
      
      (see paras 99-103)
      6.      The sole purpose of the four conditions set out in paragraph 95 of the judgment in Case C-280/00 Altmark is the classification of the measure in question as State aid, and more specifically the determination of the existence of
         an advantage. The decisions of the Court of Justice and of the Court of First Instance referring to the conditions laid down
         in that judgment do not detract from the fact that those conditions relate to the classification of State aid within the meaning
         of Article 87(1) EC and they do not indicate that the Court of Justice wished, by enunciating those conditions, to cease applying
         Article 86(2) EC when assessing the compatibility with the common market of State measures for the financing of services of
         general economic interest. The Altmark test, which seeks to determine the existence of State aid within the meaning of Article 87(1) EC, should not be confused with
         the Article 86(2) EC test, which is used to determine whether a measure constituting State aid may be regarded as compatible
         with the common market.
      
      (see paras 130, 135, 140)
      7.      The examination of existing aids by the Commission can only lead to measures which produce effects in the future. Whilst it
         is possible that, as part of the constant review of an existing aid intended to compensate an undertaking for the costs associated
         with its public service mission, the examination of whether there has been any over-compensation of those costs in the past
         may possibly, depending on the particular circumstances of the case, be relevant to an assessment of the compatibility of
         that existing aid with the common market, the fact nevertheless remains that an examination of that kind is not, in itself,
         absolutely necessary for a proper assessment of the need to propose appropriate measures for the future and determination
         of what those measures should be. The risk or otherwise of over-compensation for the future depends essentially on the specific
         detailed arrangements of the financing scheme itself, and not on the fact that the scheme has, in practice, led to over-compensation
         in the past.
      
      (see paras 166-167)
      8.      It is clear from the wording of Article 18 of Regulation No 659/1999 on the application of Article 88 EC that the Commission
         enjoys a broad discretion in exercising its power to adopt, under Article 26(1) of that regulation, a decision ‘pursuant to
         … Article 18 in conjunction with Article 19(1)’ of that regulation and, in that context, to determine the appropriate measures
         to respond to its conclusion that an aid scheme is not, or is no longer, compatible with the common market. In those circumstances,
         it is not for the Court of First Instance to substitute its own assessment for that of the Commission: its review must be
         limited to checking that the institution has not committed a manifest error of assessment by considering that the commitments
         given by the Member State providing the existing aid are capable of resolving the competition problems raised by the aid scheme
         in question.
      
      (see paras 188-189)

      JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE (Fifth Chamber)
      11 March 2009 (*)
      
      (State aid – Financing of France Télévisions by the audiovisual licence fee – Constant review of existing aid – Recommendation for the adoption of appropriate measures – Member State’s commitments accepted by the Commission – Decision declaring the aid compatible with the common market – Action for annulment – Period allowed for commencing proceedings – Nature of the contested measure – Interest in bringing proceedings – Admissibility – Rights of the defence – Obligation to state the reasons on which the decision is based – Altmark judgment)
      In Case T‑354/05,
      Télévision française 1 SA (TF1), established in Boulogne-Billancourt (France), represented by J.‑P. Hordies and C. Smits, lawyers,
      
      applicant,
      v
      Commission of the European Communities, represented by C. Giolito, acting as Agent,
      
      defendant,
      supported by
      French Republic, represented by G. de Bergues and A.‑L. Vendrolini, acting as Agents,
      
      and by
      France Télévisions SA, established in Paris (France), represented by J.‑P. Gunther and D. Tayar, lawyers,
      
      interveners,
      APPLICATION for the annulment of Commission Decision C(2005) 1166 final of 20 April 2005 on aid granted to France Télévisions
         (aid E 10/2005 (ex C 60/1999) – France, Audiovisual licence fee),
      
      THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES (Fifth Chamber),
      composed of M. Vilaras (Rapporteur), President, M. Prek and V.M. Ciucă, Judges,
      Registrar: C. Kristensen, Administrator,
      having regard to the written procedure and further to the hearing on 15 October 2008,
      gives the following
      Judgment
       Legal context
      1        Article 86(2) EC provides:
      
      ‘Undertakings entrusted with the operation of services of general economic interest or having the character of a revenue-producing
         monopoly shall be subject to the rules contained in this Treaty, in particular to the rules on competition, in so far as the
         application of such rules does not obstruct the performance, in law or in fact, of the particular tasks assigned to them.
         The development of trade must not be affected to such an extent as would be contrary to the interests of the Community.’
      
      2        Article 87(1) EC provides:
      
      ‘Save as otherwise provided in this Treaty, any aid granted by a Member State or through State resources in any form whatsoever
         which distorts or threatens to distort competition by favouring certain undertakings or the production of certain goods shall,
         in so far as it affects trade between Member States, be incompatible with the common market.’
      
      3        Article 88 EC provides: 
      
      ‘1. The Commission shall, in cooperation with Member States, keep under constant review all systems of aid existing in those
         States. It shall propose to the latter any appropriate measures required by the progressive development or by the functioning
         of the common market.
      
      2. If, after giving notice to the parties concerned to submit their comments, the Commission finds that aid granted by a State
         or through State resources is not compatible with the common market having regard to Article 87, or that such aid is being
         misused, it shall decide that the State concerned shall abolish or alter such aid within a period of time to be determined
         by the Commission.
      
      ...
      3. The Commission shall be informed, in sufficient time to enable it to submit its comments, of any plans to grant or alter
         aid. If it considers that any such plan is not compatible with the common market having regard to Article 87, it shall without
         delay initiate the procedure provided for in paragraph 2. The Member State concerned shall not put its proposed measures into
         effect until this procedure has resulted in a final decision.’
      
      4        Article 1 of Council Regulation (EC) No 659/1999 of 22 March 1999 laying down detailed rules for the application of Article
         [88 EC] (OJ 1999 L 83, p. 1) provides:
      
      ‘For the purpose of this Regulation:
      ...
      (b) “existing aid” shall mean:
      (i) ... all aid which existed prior to the entry into force of the Treaty in the respective Member States, that is to say,
         aid schemes and individual aid which were put into effect before, and are still applicable after, the entry into force of
         the Treaty.
      
      …’
      5        Article 17 of Regulation No 659/1999 provides:
      
      ‘1. The Commission shall obtain from the Member State concerned all necessary information for the review, in cooperation with
         the Member State, of existing aid schemes pursuant to Article [88(1) EC].
      
      2. Where the Commission considers that an existing aid scheme is not, or is no longer, compatible with the common market,
         it shall inform the Member State concerned of its preliminary view and give the Member State concerned the opportunity to
         submit its comments within a period of one month. In duly justified cases, the Commission may extend this period.’
      
      6        Article 18 of Regulation No 659/1999 provides:
      
      ‘Where the Commission, in the light of the information submitted by the Member State pursuant to Article 17, concludes that
         the existing aid scheme is not, or is no longer, compatible with the common market, it shall issue a recommendation proposing
         appropriate measures to the Member State concerned. The recommendation may propose, in particular:
      
      (a) substantive amendment of the aid scheme,
      or
      (b) introduction of procedural requirements,
      or
      (c) abolition of the aid scheme.’
      7        Article 19 of Regulation No 659/1999 provides:
      
      ‘1. Where the Member State concerned accepts the proposed measures and informs the Commission thereof, the Commission shall
         record that finding and inform the Member State thereof. The Member State shall be bound by its acceptance to implement the
         appropriate measures.
      
      2. Where the Member State concerned does not accept the proposed measures and the Commission, having taken into account the
         arguments of the Member State concerned, still considers that those measures are necessary, it shall initiate proceedings
         pursuant to Article 4(4). Articles 6, 7 and 9 shall apply mutatis mutandis.’
      
      8        Article 26(1) of Regulation No 659/1999 provides:
      
      ‘The Commission shall publish in the Official Journal of the European Communities a summary notice of the decisions which it takes pursuant to … Article 18 in conjunction with Article 19(1). The summary notice
         shall state that a copy of the decision may be obtained in the authentic language version or versions.’
      
       Facts
      9        By letter of 10 March 1993, the applicant, Télévision française 1 SA, which owns the private commercial television channel
         TF1, complained to the Commission regarding the basis of the financing and operation of France 2 and France 3, two French
         public television channels. That complaint, which was supplemented by another of 10 March 1997, alleged infringements of Article
         81 EC, Article 86(1) EC and Article 87 EC. The applicant maintained in its complaint that, among other measures, the onward
         payment of the audiovisual licence fee by the French Republic to France 2 and France 3 constituted State Aid within the meaning
         of Article 87(1) EC.
      
      10      By decision of 27 September 1999, published in the Official Journal of the European Communities of 27 November 1999 (OJ 1999 C 340, p. 57), the Commission initiated the formal investigation procedure provided for in Article 88(2)
         EC with regard to the investment subsidies received by France 2 and France 3 and the capital contributions received by France
         2 between 1988 and 1994. That procedure did not concern the licence fee, that measure being considered, on a preliminary basis,
         an existing aid that should be examined separately under Article 17 et seq. of Regulation No 659/1999.
      
      11      In 2000, France 2 and France 3 were contributed as assets by the French Republic to the public holding company France Télévisions
         SA, created by French Law 2000-719 of 1 August 2000, amending Law 86-1067 of 30 September 1986, on freedom of communication
         (JORF No 177 of 2 August 2000, p. 11903), and entrusted with coordination of the activities of French public broadcasters.
      
      12      By Decision 2004/838/EC of 10 December 2003 on State aid implemented by France for France 2 and France 3 (OJ 2004 L 361, p. 21)
         (‘the 10 December 2003 decision’), the Commission decided that the investment grants received by France 2 and France 3 and
         the capital injections made in favour of France 2 between 1988 and 1994 constituted State aid compatible with the common market
         under Article 86(2) EC. The 10 December 2003 decision was the subject of an action for annulment brought by the applicant,
         registered in the Court of First Instance as Case T-144/04 and dismissed by order of the Court of First Instance of 19 May
         2008 (Case T-144/04 TFI v Commission [2008] ECR II‑761).
      
      13      By letter of 10 December 2003 addressed to the French Republic on the basis of Article 17 of Regulation No 659/1999 (‘the
         10 December 2003 letter’), the Commission, as part of the constant review of existing aid, gave details to the French Republic
         of its analysis of the French audiovisual licence fee system.
      
      14      By letters dated 20 February and 23 July 2004, the French authorities replied to the 10 December 2003 letter. They met Commission
         representatives on 21 October 2004. By letters dated 18 November 2004 and 4 January, 28 February and 15 April 2005, they gave
         commitments in response to the Commission’s analysis contained in the 10 December 2003 letter.
      
      15      By Decision C(2005) 1166 final of 20 April 2005 on aid granted to France Télévisions [aid E 10/2005 (ex C 60/1999) – France,
         Audiovisual licence fee] (‘the contested decision’), notified on 21 April 2005 to the French Republic, the Commission informed
         that Member State that, on the basis of the commitments given by the French authorities within the procedure for constant
         review of the licence fee scheme benefiting France Télévisions, it considered those rules to be compatible with the common
         market under Article 86(2) EC and therefore decided to close the procedure concerning those rules in relation to an existing
         aid (paragraphs 1 and 72 of the contested decision).
      
      16      On 29 June 2005, the Commission notified the contested decision to the applicant by fax.
      
      17      On 30 September 2005, the contested decision was published in summary form in the Official Journal of the European Union (OJ 2005 C 240, p. 20) and a reference was given to the Commission Internet site allowing access to the full text of that
         decision.
      
       Procedure and forms of order sought
      18      By application lodged at the Registry of the Court of First Instance on 9 September 2005, the applicant brought the present
         action. 
      
      19      By documents lodged at the Registry of the Court of First Instance on 5 and 25 January 2006, the French Republic and France
         Télévisions sought leave to intervene in support of the Commission. Their applications were granted by orders of the President
         of the Fifth Chamber of the Court of First Instance of 14 March 2006.
      
      20      In response to a request from the Court of First Instance of 25 January 2006 for the production of documents, the Commission,
         by letter of 21 February 2006, produced the 10 December 2003 decision but stated that it was unable to produce the correspondence
         exchanged with the French Republic in relation to constant review of the licence fee. By letters of 2 June 2006, the Court
         informed the parties that production of those documents might be ordered if the Court considered it necessary to do so.
      
      21      In reply to a question from the Court of 23 May 2008, the Commission, by letter of 29 May 2008, informed the Court of the
         measures taken by the French Republic to implement the contested decision.
      
      22      By letter of 9 October 2008 to the Registry of the Court of First Instance, which has been placed in the file, the applicant
         stated that it would, at the hearing, refer to new legal developments, namely the judgment of the Court of First Instance
         of 26 June 2008 in Case T‑442/03 SIC v Commission [2008] ECR II-1161 and Commission Decision C(2008) 3506 final of 16 July 2008 on the aid granted to France Télévisions (aid
         N 279/2008 – France, capital endowment for France Télévisions).
      
      23      The applicant claims that the Court of First Instance should:
      
      –        declare the action admissible; 
      –        annul the contested decision;
      –        order the Commission to pay the costs and give a decision on costs, regarding the interveners, in accordance with the Rules
         of Procedure.
      
      24      The Commission, supported by the French Republic and by France Télévisions, contends that the Court of First Instance should:
      
      –        dismiss the action as inadmissible;
      –        in the alternative, dismiss the action as manifestly without legal foundation;
      –        order the applicant to pay the costs.
       Admissibility 
       Observance of the time-limit for commencing proceedings
       Arguments of the parties
      25      The Commission, supported by France Télévisions, raises doubts as to whether, in view of the date on which it was brought,
         the action is admissible.
      
      26      The contested decision was sent to the applicant by registered letter with a return receipt on 20 June 2005 and received by
         it on 23 June 2005. The applicant thus had full knowledge of it on that date and, certainly, no later than 29 June 2005, the
         date on which it asked the Commission to re-fax the contested decision to it on the ground that the registered letter of 20
         June 2005 had gone astray.
      
      27      The application is therefore, it is maintained, out of time.
      
      28      The Commission states that it is not unaware of the case-law which provides that in the case of measures which, according
         to consistent practice and, a fortiori, in compliance with a legal obligation, are published in the Official Journal of the European Union, the period for bringing proceedings starts to run from the date of publication, but it notes that the contested decision
         does not fall precisely within the category of measures referred to by Article 26(1) of Regulation No 659/1999. The contested
         decision contains both a recommendation for the adoption of appropriate measures, as referred to in Article 18 of that regulation,
         and an acceptance by the Member State, as referred to in Article 19(1) of that regulation. The Commission therefore queries
         whether the contested decision had to be published under Article 26(1) of that regulation and relies on the wisdom of the
         Court on that point.
      
      29      The Commission nevertheless questions the relevance of that case-law to circumstances in which the measure has been notified
         to the applicant. To apply that case-law to the present case would render meaningless the communication provided for in Article
         20 of Regulation No 659/1999 and unjustifiably extend the period allowed to the principal interested parties, in this case
         the competitors of the undertakings receiving the aid, for bringing proceedings. 
      
      30      The applicant considers that the contested decision was notified to it in full not on 23 June 2005 but only on 29 June 2005.
         Since the application was lodged on 9 September 2005, the action is admissible. Moreover, if the time-limit were to commence
         only on publication of the contested decision, the application would certainly be admissible.
      
       Findings of the Court
      31      It must be observed at the outset that the contested decision, of which the Member State concerned, in this case the French
         Republic, is the sole addressee (see, to that effect, the order of the Court of First Instance of 13 May 2008 in Case T‑327/04
         SNIV v Commission, not published in the ECR, paragraph 33) was not notified, but merely communicated, to the applicant.
      
      32      Under the fifth paragraph of Article 230 EC, an action for annulment must be instituted within two months of the publication
         of the measure or of its notification to the applicant or, in the absence thereof of the day on which it came to the knowledge
         of the latter. 
      
      33      It follows from the wording itself of that provision that the criterion of the date on which the applicant became aware of
         the measure as the start of the period for bringing an action is subsidiary to the criterion of publication or notification
         of the measure (orders of the Court of First Instance in Case T‑426/04 Tramarin v Commission [2005] ECR II-4765, paragraph 48; SNIV v Commission, cited in paragraph 31 above, paragraph 21; and TFI v Commission, cited in paragraph 12 above, paragraph 19).
      
      34      Moreover, as regards measures which, according to the established practice of the institution concerned, are published in
         the Official Journal of the European Union even though that publication is not a condition for their applicability, the Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance
         have acknowledged that the criterion of the date on which a measure came to the knowledge of the applicant was not applicable
         and that it was the date of publication which made the period in which to institute proceedings start to run. In such circumstances,
         the third party concerned may legitimately expect that the measure in question will be published (orders in Tramarin v Commission, cited in paragraph 33 above, paragraph 49; SNIV v Commission, cited in paragraph 31 above, paragraph 22; and TF1 v Commission, cited in paragraph 12 above, paragraph 20). That approach, which seeks to ensure legal certainty and applies to all third
         parties concerned, is valid in particular where, as in this case, the interested third party who instituted the proceedings
         became aware of the measure before its publication.
      
      35      Finally, the fact that the Commission gives third parties full access to the text of a decision placed on its website, combined
         with publication of a summary notice in the Official Journal enabling interested parties to identify the decision in question
         and notifying them of that possibility of access via the internet, must be considered as publication for the purposes of the
         fifth paragraph of Article 230 EC (Case T-17/02 Olsen v Commission [2005] ECR II-2031, paragraph 80; orders of the Court of First Instance in Case T-321/04 Air Bourbon v Commission [2005] ECR II-3469, paragraph 34; and Tramarin v Commission, cited in paragraph 33 above, paragraph 53).
      
      36      Article 26(1) of Regulation No 659/1999 provides that the Commission is to publish in the Official Journal of the European Communities a summary notice of the ‘decisions which it takes pursuant to … Article 18 in conjunction with Article 19(1)’.
      
      37      In order to determine whether the contested decision, which is not based on any stated legal basis, corresponds to what Article
         26(1) of Regulation No 659/1999 means by the terms used in the foregoing paragraph, it is first necessary to review the stages
         of the procedure followed by the Commission in this case and, second, to clarify the meaning of those terms.
      
      38      First, it is clear from paragraph 64 of the contested decision that, by the 10 December 2003 letter, described by the Commission
         as an ‘Article 17 letter’ (paragraph 15 of the contested decision), the Commission did not confine itself to informing the
         French Republic of its preliminary conclusion that the licence fee scheme was not or was no longer compatible with the common
         market and inviting that Member State to submit its observations. 
      
      39      In that letter, the Commission indicated ‘that, as a preliminary step, modifications must be made to the existing system in
         order to guarantee the compatibility of the French licence fee system with the Community rules applicable to State aid’ (paragraph
         64 of the contested decision). The Commission ‘consider[ed] that the French authorities should adopt the measures necessary
         to ensure compliance with [certain] principles’ concerning, essentially, the proportionality of the State compensation in
         relation to the costs of the public service (paragraph 64, first indent, of the contested decision) and the carrying on by
         public service broadcasters of their commercial activities under market conditions (paragraph 64, second and third indents,
         of the contested decision).
      
      40      By so doing, the Commission, as early as the 10 December 2003 letter, decided to make to the Member State concerned a ‘recommendation
         proposing appropriate measures’, even though, in principle, such a recommendation is to be made only at the stage envisaged
         in Article 18 of Regulation No 659/1999, that is to say ‘in the light of the information submitted [to it] by the Member State’.
      
      41      In the contested decision, the Commission, after referring to the terms of that recommendation (paragraph 64 of the contested
         decision) and examining the commitments given by the French Republic in response thereto (paragraph 65 et seq. of the contested
         decision), ‘consider[ed] that the commitments given by the French authorities concerning the principle that there should be
         no over-compensation [were] satisfactory’ (paragraph 68 of the contested decision) and that those commitments ‘concerning
         the commercial conduct of the public channels satisfactorily respond[ed] to the recommendations which it [had] made’ (paragraph
         70 of the contested decision). It also took note of the French authorities’ commitment to proceed ‘within two years following
         the date of this letter’ to modify its legislation and rules as necessary for the fulfilment of those commitments and to provide
         the Commission, within the same period, with a report on that matter (paragraph 71 of the contested decision).
      
      42      On the basis of the various commitments thus given by the French authorities and its finding that they satisfied its recommendation,
         the Commission decided to close the procedure (paragraphs 1 and 72 of the contested decision), whilst at the same time pointing
         out that the contested decision did not in any way detract from its power to undertake the constant review of existing aid
         schemes provided for in Article 88(1) EC (first subparagraph of paragraph 73 of the contested decision).
      
      43      It is apparent from the foregoing that, in this case, the Commission, as early as the procedural stage provided for in Article
         17(2) of Regulation No 659/1999, decided to address to the French Republic the ‘recommendation proposing appropriate measures’
         provided for in Article 18 of that regulation. Then, on receiving commitments from the French Republic, the Commission examined
         them, considered them to be compliant with that recommendation and, consequently, accepted them. Such acceptance, which is
         based on a prior examination of the commitments and thereby goes beyond merely taking note of them, may nevertheless be assimilated,
         at least on a first analysis and in order to reflect, as far as possible, the procedural stages provided for in terms by Regulation
         No 659/1999, to the fact of ‘recording [its] finding’ within the meaning of Article 19(1) of that regulation.
      
      44      Second, it is necessary to determine the meaning of the expression ‘decisions which it takes pursuant to … Article 18 in conjunction
         with Article 19(1)’ contained in Article 26(1) of Regulation No 659/1999.
      
      45      That expression means that the obligation to publish laid down by that provision does not apply at once and solely to ‘decisions
         which it takes pursuant to … Article 18’ of Regulation No 659/1999 to address to the Member State a recommendation proposing
         the adoption of appropriate measures, but that the obligation to publish arises only where the Commission’s recommendation
         is accepted by the Member State, which corresponds to the situation envisaged in Article 19(1) of the same regulation. 
      
      46      Thus, Article 26(1) of Regulation No 659/1999 definitively requires the Commission, if and when its recommendation proposing
         the adoption of appropriate measures is accepted by the Member State, to proceed with publication of the terms of that recommendation
         which the Commission had decided to address to the Member State and of the fact that the recommendation was accepted by the
         Member State. Third parties are thus informed not of a merely intermediate stage of the review procedure but of its final
         stage.
      
      47      In this case, the contested decision, although made following a procedure in which the recommendation provided for in Article
         18 of Regulation No 659/1999 was made as soon as the Article 17 letter was sent (see paragraphs 38 to 40 above), corresponds
         in reality to what that regulation describes, in Article 26(1), by the terms ‘decisions which it takes pursuant to … Article
         18 in conjunction with Article 19(1)’.
      
      48      Since the contested decision does correspond with one of the measures covered by Article 26(1) of Regulation No 659/1999 and
         is therefore required to be published, it was, under Article 102(1) of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of First Instance,
         ‘from the end of the fourteenth day after publication thereof in the Official Journal of the European Union’, that is to say, from 14 October 2005 at midnight, that the period within which proceedings might be brought started
         to run. Thus, pursuant to the fifth paragraph of Article 230 EC in conjunction with Articles 101 and 102(2) of the Rules of
         Procedure, the period for bringing proceedings expired on Tuesday 27 December 2005 at midnight.
      
      49      The present action was brought on 9 September 2005 and is therefore admissible.
      
       The nature of the contested decision 
       Arguments of the parties
      50      The Commission, supported by the interveners, submits that the contested decision, containing as it does a recommendation
         accepted by the French authorities, has no binding effect and is not therefore challengeable.
      
      51      It is a letter addressed to the French Republic during the phase of constant review of an existing aid. According to the wording
         of Article 88(1) EC, the relevant measures are only proposals. It is only in cases where the Member State decides not to adopt
         those proposals that the Commission should, if it so considers fit, take a decision under Article 88(2) EC in order to require
         amendment of the aid scheme in question, and only that decision is of a binding character. The Commission has no coercive
         powers vis-à-vis the Member State when making a preliminary examination of a State measure. In support of its position, the
         Commission relies on the judgment of the Court of First Instance in Case T‑330/94 Salt Union v Commission [1996] ECR II‑1475, paragraph 35, and the order in Tramarin v Commission, cited in paragraph 33 above).
      
      52      The so-called ‘appropriate measures procedure’ thus displays similarities with a quasi-contractual process. If the Member
         State accepts the Commission’s proposals for appropriate measures, it is required to give effect to them. If it refuses, the
         Commission initiates the formal investigation procedure. 
      
      53      However, at that stage of the appropriate measures procedure, which moreover does not have suspensive effect, the French Republic
         could continue to pay the aid on the basis of the existing scheme for two further years as from notification of the contested
         decision. The only compulsion would consist in the threat of initiation of the formal investigation procedure in the event
         of non-fulfilment of the commitments and the fact that, if the two years pass and the commitments have not been fulfilled,
         the aid in question would no longer be existing aid but new aid. Only a decision to initiate the formal investigation procedure
         might possibly be binding in nature.
      
      54      Moreover, the only obligation on the Member State is to fulfil its commitments and that obligation derives from its own unilateral
         acceptance of the Commission’s proposals and not from the contested decision, which merely records those commitments.
      
      55      Furthermore, the Commission has no opportunity, merely on the basis of non-fulfilment of the commitments, to initiate Treaty-infringement
         proceedings under Article 88(2) EC or Article 226 EC. 
      
      56      The applicant’s argument alleging that the Member States are given an incentive not to cooperate with the Commission in good
         faith is specious. It is true that a Member State might decide not to cooperate and to reject all proposals of appropriate
         measures. But that would result in the immediate initiation of the formal investigation procedure, followed by a unilateral
         Commission decision requiring immediate alteration of the aid scheme. The cooperation procedure followed in this case made
         it possible to avoid initiating the formal investigation procedure, whilst at the same time allowing the Member State to fulfil
         its commitments at an agreed rate but not over longer periods. The system thus encourages cooperation between the Commission
         and the Member States without giving any incentive to the latter to behave in bad faith.
      
      57      As regards the argument alleging that there can be no judicial review of the Commission’s action where, on expiry of the period
         notified to the Member State, no decision has been taken to initiate the formal investigation procedure, it is incorrect.
         Failure by the French Republic to fulfil its commitments would enable the applicant to apply to the national courts for suspension
         of the payment of the new aid, which is what the licence fee would then become. Moreover, the applicant could submit a request
         that action be taken, and then bring an action for failure to act against the Commission if it did not immediately initiate
         the formal investigation procedure. Lastly, the formal procedure would culminate in a final Commission decision, which could
         be challenged by the applicant.
      
      58      Finally, the Commission did not, in the terms of paragraph 73 of the contested decision, create any confusion as to the nature
         of the contested decision, which depends on the substantive content of that document. 
      
      59      The applicant contests the Commission’s position.
      
       Findings of the Court
      60      According to settled case-law, only measures with binding legal effects capable of affecting the interests of the applicant
         by bringing about a distinct change in his legal position are capable of being the subject-matter of an application for annulment
         under the fourth paragraph of Article 230 EC (Case 60/81 IBM v Commission [1981] ECR 2639, paragraph 9; Case T‑87/96 Assicurazioni Generali and Unicredito v Commission [1999] ECR II-203, paragraph 37; Joined Cases T‑125/97 and T-127/97 Coca-Cola v Commission [2000] ECR II-1733, paragraph 77; Case T‑112/99 M6 and Others v Commission [2001] ECR II‑2459, paragraph 35; and order of the Court of First Instance of 5 November 2003 in Case T‑130/02 Kronoply v Commission [2003] ECR II‑4857, paragraph 43).
      
      61      In order to determine whether an act or decision produces such effects, it is necessary to look to its substance (IBM v Commission, cited in paragraph 60 above, paragraph 9; order of the Court of Justice in Case C‑50/90 Sunzest v Commission [1991] ECR I‑2917, paragraph 12; Coca-Cola v Commission, cited in paragraph 60 above, paragraph 78; and order in Kronoply v Commission, cited in paragraph 60 above, paragraph 44).
      
      62      In the field of State aid, the procedural rules laid down by the Treaty vary according to whether the measures constitute
         existing aid or new aid. Whilst the former is subject to Article 88(1) and (2) EC, the latter is governed by Article 88(2)
         and (3) EC (judgment of 30 June 1992 in Case C‑47/91 Italy v Commission [1992] ECR I-4145, paragraph 22). 
      
      63      As far as existing aid is concerned, Article 88(1) EC gives the Commission the power, in cooperation with the Member States,
         to keep aid under constant review. As part of that review, the Commission is to propose to the Member States any appropriate
         measures required by the progressive development or by the functioning of the common market. Paragraph 2 of the same article
         provides that if, after giving notice to the parties concerned to submit their comments, the Commission finds that aid is
         not compatible with the common market having regard to Article 87 EC, or that such aid is being misused, it is to decide that
         the State concerned must abolish or alter such aid within a period of time to be determined by the Commission (Italy v Commission, cited in paragraph 62 above, paragraph 23; Case C-44/93 Namur-Les assurances du crédit [1994] ECR I-3829, paragraph 11). 
      
      64      According to Article 17(2) of Regulation No 659/1999, if the Commission considers that an existing aid scheme is not, or is
         no longer, compatible with the common market, it is to inform the Member State concerned of its preliminary view and give
         the Member State an opportunity to submit its comments within a period of one month.
      
      65      According to Article 18 of Regulation No 659/1999, if, in the light of the information submitted by the Member State under
         Article 17, the Commission concludes that an existing aid scheme is not, or is no longer, compatible with the common market,
         it is to issue a recommendation proposing appropriate measures to the Member State concerned. It is incontestable that such
         a recommendation, which is no more than a proposal, is not, taken in isolation, a challengeable act (see, to that effect,
         the judgment in Salt Union v Commission, cited in paragraph 51 above, paragraph 35, first sentence).
      
      66      According to Article 19(2) of Regulation No 659/1999, where the Member State concerned does not accept the proposed measures
         and the Commission, having taken into account the arguments of the Member State concerned, still considers that those measures
         are necessary, it is to initiate proceedings pursuant to Article 4(4) of that regulation.
      
      67      According to Article 19(1) of Regulation No 659/1999, where the Member State concerned accepts the proposed measures and informs
         the Commission thereof, the Commission is to record that finding and inform the Member State thereof.
      
      68      As regards the latter case, which is relevant here, the Court rejects the approach essentially advocated by the Commission,
         which consists, on the basis of a literal reading of Article 19(1), taken in isolation, in maintaining that it takes no decision
         in the case of a procedure for review of an existing aid leading to acceptance by the Member State of the appropriate measures
         proposed or else limiting the procedure under Articles 17, 18 and 19(1) of Regulation No 659/1999 to a quasi-contractual procedure.
      
      69      That approach disregards the terms and purpose of that procedure which, by its very nature, is a decision-making procedure,
         as is moreover indicated in Article 26(1) of Regulation No 659/1999 by the words ‘decisions [taken] pursuant to … Article 18
         in conjunction with Article 19(1)’.
      
      70      It is true that the Commission and the Member State may discuss the proposed appropriate measures. But in fact it is only
         where the Commission decides, in the exercise of its exclusive power to assess the compatibility of State aid with the common
         market, to accept the State’s commitments as answering its concerns that the investigation procedure is brought to an end
         by the decision mentioned in the foregoing paragraph. 
      
      71      In this case, the Commission examined the French Republic’s commitments, considered that they answered its recommendation
         and thus enabled the compatibility of the licence fee scheme with the common market to be ensured and it therefore decided
         to close the procedure (paragraphs 1 and 72 of the contested decision), whilst at the same time pointing out that the contested
         decision did not detract in any way from its power to undertake the constant review of existing aid schemes provided for in
         Article 88(1) EC (first subparagraph of paragraph 73 of the contested decision). 
      
      72      By so doing, the Commission, far from passively recording the French Republic’s commitments, adopted a decision regarding
         them, without which the examination of the licence fee would not have come to an end but would have continued, either through
         further exchanges with a view to commitments satisfactory to the Commission being obtained or by initiation of the formal
         investigation procedure under Article 19(2) of Regulation No 659/1999.
      
      73      As regards the binding legal effects of the contested decision, suffice it to observe that, under the last part of Article 19(1)
         of Regulation No 659/1999, a Member State which, at the time of the publication provided for in Article 26(1) of Regulation
         No 659/1999, has necessarily accepted the appropriate measures is ‘bound … to implement’ those measures (see, regarding recognition
         by the Court of Justice of a legally binding effect of that kind, in cases prior to the entry into force of Regulation No 659/1999,
         Case C‑313/90 CIRFS and Others v Commission [1993] ECR I-1125, paragraph 36; Case C‑311/94 Ijssel-Vliet [1996] ECR I-5023, paragraphs 42 and 43; and Case C‑288/96 Germany v Commission [2000] ECR I-8237, final part of paragraph 65). 
      
      74      Those considerations are not undermined by the Commission’s reference to the order in Tramarin v Commission, cited in paragraph 33 above, and to Salt Union v Commission, cited in paragraph 51 above.
      
      75      As regards the case in which the order in Tramarin v Commission, cited in paragraph 33 above, was made, it concerned preliminary examination of a new aid. Such a preliminary examination must,
         under Article 4(1) of Regulation No 659/1999, lead to the adoption of a decision under Article 4(2), (3) or (4), and such
         a decision may, if appropriate, be the subject of an action for annulment. It was in that context that the Court of First
         Instance considered that the letter in which the Commission had, as part of its preliminary examination, called on the Italian
         Republic to abandon a proposal on the transition from the aid scheme then in force to the notified aid scheme constituted
         a measure preparatory to the final decision and could not therefore be the subject of an action for annulment. 
      
      76      However, in the context of the constant review of existing aid and where the Member State is fulfilling its commitments, the
         Commission no longer, after its decision under Article 26(1) of Regulation No 659/1999, has to adopt a further decision. The
         only measure then available to interested third parties – and, in this case, the applicant – is not, as in Tramarin v Commission, a measure preparatory to a final decision yet to be adopted but the decision referred to in the abovementioned provision of
         Regulation No 659/1999, a decision which has the binding legal effect mentioned in paragraph 73 above. 
      
      77      The reference to Salt Union v Commission, cited in paragraph 51 above, is likewise not capable of justifying the Commission’s position. The case expressly envisaged
         by the Court in paragraph 35 of that judgment was one of refusal by a Member State to accept a proposal from the Commission
         for appropriate measures, a proposal which does not in fact, taken in isolation and as observed in paragraph 65 above, constitute
         a challengeable act. However, the situation in this case is different since it involves acceptance of appropriate measures
         by the Member State. 
      
      78      It follows from the foregoing considerations that neither the order in Tramarin v Commission, cited in paragraph 33 above, nor the judgment in Salt Union v Commission, cited in paragraph 51 above, supports the Commission’s position.
      
      79      Finally, as regards the question whether the binding legal effects produced by the contested decision are capable of affecting
         the applicant’s interests, it must be observed that that decision, within a binding legal and temporal framework specific
         to the procedure of constant review of existing aid, endorsed commitments by the French Republic which might be regarded as
         inappropriate for ensuring compatibility of the licence fee regime with the common market. The contested decision thus allows
         the French Republic to continue to implement the aid scheme in question for two years. 
      
      80      Moreover, and above all, the contested decision allows that aid scheme to be maintained beyond that period of two years, subject
         to certain adjustments. 
      
      81      It follows from all the foregoing considerations that the contested decision produces binding legal effects capable of affecting
         the applicant’s interests and therefore constitutes a measure which may be the subject of an action for annulment under the
         fourth paragraph of Article 230 EC. 
      
       The applicant’s interest in bringing proceedings
       Arguments of the parties
      82      The Commission, supported by the interveners, does not in any way contest the applicant’s standing as such, but contends that
         the applicant, as a competitor of an undertaking receiving aid which has voluntarily been brought into conformity with Community
         law, has obtained satisfaction and therefore has no interest in bringing proceedings for annulment of the contested decision.
         If the decision were annulled, the applicant’s situation would be less satisfactory than it would be by virtue of the contested
         decision, which alters the aid scheme in a manner more conducive to the public interest.
      
      83      The applicant contests the Commission’s position
      
       Findings of the Court 
      84      According to settled case-law, an action for annulment brought by a natural or legal person is not admissible unless the applicant
         has an interest in seeing the contested measure annulled. That interest must be vested and present and is evaluated as at
         the date on which the action is brought (Case T-141/03 Sniace v Commission [2005] ECR II-1197, paragraph 25, and Case T-136/05 Salvat père & fils and Others v Commission [2007] ECR II-4063, paragraph 34).
      
      85      Such an interest presupposes that the annulment of the measure must of itself be capable of having legal consequences or,
         to use a different form of words, the action must be liable, if successful, to procure an advantage for the party who has
         brought it (see Case T‑310/00 MCI v Commission [2004] ECR II‑3253, paragraph 44 and the case-law there cited). A decision which gives full satisfaction to the applicant
         is not, by definition, capable of adversely affecting it (see to that effect Case C-242/00 Germany v Commission [2002] ECR I‑5603, paragraph 46, and Case T-138/89 NBV and NVB v Commission [1992] ECR II‑2181, paragraph 32) and such an applicant has no interest in seeking its annulment. 
      
      86      Conversely, where the applicant claims that the measure in question, even though it may be partially favourable to him, none
         the less does not adequately protect his legal situation, it must be recognised that he has an interest in bringing proceedings
         to have the legality of that decision verified by the Community judicature. The assessment as to whether or not the contested
         measure is favourable goes to the substance and not the admissibility of the application (see, to that effect, the Opinion
         of Advocate General Tesauro in Case 55/88 Katsoufros v Court of Justice [1989] ECR 3579, 3585 to 3587).
      
      87      In the contested decision, the Commission, to which the applicant had submitted a complaint concerning in particular the audiovisual
         licence fee rules, considered that certain commitments by the French Republic were capable of rendering the scheme compatible
         with the common market. The applicant, for its part, considers those commitments to be inappropriate for that purpose and
         challenges the contested decision precisely because it endorses those measures and, by so doing, allegedly infringes, to its
         detriment, the Treaty provisions on State aid. 
      
      88      It must be stated that the Commission’s argument that the applicant has no interest in seeking annulment of the contested
         decision on the ground that it is a decision favourable to it is based on the premiss that the applicant’s objections regarding
         the substance, that is to say, in particular, the manifestly unsuitable nature of those commitments, are incorrect.
      
      89      The applicant had, as a television company competing with France 2 and France 3, a clear interest in referring to the Community
         judicature the question whether it was lawful for the Commission to consider, in the contested decision, that the commitments
         given by the French Republic enabled the compatibility of the French licence fee rules with the common market to be ensured.
         
      
      90      Moreover, and contrary to the Commission’s contention, annulment of the contested decision, either because of a manifest error
         by that institution in determining appropriate measures to be implemented or because of an inadequate statement of reasons
         concerning the appropriateness of those measures to the problems identified, would not place the applicant in a less favourable
         situation than that resulting from the contested decision.
      
      91      Annulment on either of those grounds would mean that the contested decision was either characterised, or liable to be characterised,
         by inadequate commitments and was therefore unfavourable to the applicant. Following that annulment, it would be incumbent
         on the Commission, in the light of the present conditions for the financing of France 2 and France 3, to assess, as part of
         its constant review of existing aid, whether it was appropriate to propose other appropriate measures for the future.
      
      92      It follows that, contrary to the Commission’s contention, the applicant does have an interest in bringing proceedings for
         annulment of the contested decision.
      
      93      It follows from all the foregoing considerations that the action is admissible.
      
       Substance
      94      The present action comprises five pleas. The first plea alleges breach of the obligation to state reasons. The second alleges
         breach of the rights of the defence. The third alleges that the commitments given by the French Republic are inadequate. The
         fourth alleges abuse of procedure. The fifth alleges misinterpretation of the judgment of the Court of Justice of 24 July
         2003 in Case C-280/00 Altmark Trans and Regierungspräsidium Magdeburg [2003] ECR I‑7747 (‘the Altmark judgment’).
      
      95      It is appropriate to examine first the pleas alleging breach of the rights of the defence and abuse of procedure. Next, the
         plea alleging misinterpretation of the Altmark judgment, cited in Paragraph 94 above will be examined and then the two pleas alleging breach of the obligation to state reasons
         and the inadequacy of the commitments.
      
       The second plea: breach of the rights of the defence
       Arguments of the parties
      96      The applicant, whilst recognising that administrative proceedings on State aid are brought only against Member States, claims
         that, during the review procedure provided for in Article 88(2) EC, the Commission must formally give notice to interested
         parties that they may submit their observations. The applicant expresses surprise at not having been able to discuss with
         the Commission the appropriateness and scope of the French Republic’s commitments, since it was on the basis of them that
         the Commission approved the maintenance of a scheme constituting State aid contrary to Article 87 EC. Such discussion is particularly
         necessary since the dialogue between the applicant and the Commission, which would have led to the conclusion that the licence
         fee scheme was a State aid within the meaning of Article 87 EC, was suddenly interrupted at the stage of assessing the compatibility
         of that scheme with the common market.
      
      97      The applicant considers that the role assigned to it in the procedure in this case is hardly compatible with the case-law
         according to which, even in the absence of a written provision, the Community is not entitled to affect a person’s situation
         adversely if that person has not been given an opportunity to put forward his views. Having regard to the Commission’s discretion
         when adopting a decision under Article 88(1) EC, it is particularly important for the right to be heard to be upheld. Interruption
         of the dialogue between the Commission and the applicant constitutes a breach of the latter’s rights of defence.
      
      98      The Commission, supported by the interveners, rejects the applicant’s position.
      
       Findings of the Court
      99      It should be borne in mind that the procedure for reviewing State aid is, in view of its general scheme, a procedure initiated
         in respect of the Member State responsible, in the light of its Community obligations, for granting the aid (Case T-198/01
         Technische Glaswerke Ilmenau v Commission [2004] ECR II‑2717, paragraph 61, and Joined Cases T‑111/01 and T-133/01 Saxonia Edelmetalle v Commission [2005] ECR II‑1579, paragraph 47).
      
      100    That consideration, developed in the case-law in the context of the Commission’s examination of new aid, also applies to the
         constant review of existing aid.
      
      101    It follows that, whilst there is nothing to prohibit a party from forwarding to the Commission information alleging the incompatibility
         of a State aid with the common market, whether it be a new aid or an existing aid, that entitlement does not confer on that
         party any right of defence. The Commission is under no obligation whatsoever to engage in discussions with that party.
      
      102    It is true that, in the context of the formal investigation procedure provided for in the first subparagraph of Article 88(2)
         EC and Article 6 of Regulation No 659/1999, a procedure that may be initiated, with regard to the examination of new aid,
         by a decision taken under Article 4(4) of Regulation No 659/1999 and, in the case of the constant review of existing aid,
         by a decision taken under Article 19(2) of the same regulation, the Commission ‘shall call upon … the … interested parties
         to submit comments’ (second sentence of Article 6(1) of Regulation No 659/1999). However, it must be stated that, in this
         case, the contested decision was not adopted on completion of a formal investigation procedure of that kind, but was the outcome
         of a proposal for appropriate measures accepted by the Member State concerned, that is to say in the context of Article 19(1)
         of Regulation No 659/1999.
      
      103    At that stage of the procedure for constant review of existing aid, the Commission was not required to invite the applicant
         to submit its comments to it. The applicant is therefore wrong to claim the benefit of rights of defence and to allege that
         the Commission acted in breach of them. 
      
      104    Accordingly, the present plea must be rejected.
      
       The fourth plea: abuse of procedure 
       Arguments of the parties
      105    According to the applicant, the Commission appears to pass on to the national authorities the task – even though it is a matter
         of exclusive Commission competence – of detecting the existence of State aid. The applicant does not see how the Commission
         could delegate its competence in that way and, therefore, endow Article 87 EC with direct effect by means of a mere decision
         accepting the commitments, whereas a regulation would be required in order to give direct effect to Article 88(3) EC.
      
      106    The Commission rejects the applicant’s position
      
       Findings of the Court 
      107    First, it must be stated that, contrary to what appears to be alleged in the present plea, the purpose of the contested decision
         is certainly not to pass on to the national authorities the task, allegedly attributable exclusively to the Commission, of
         detecting the existence of possible State aid, it being clear, moreover, that, as the Court of Justice has held, the national
         court is in any event competent to make a finding, where appropriate, as to the existence of State aid (see, to that effect,
         Case 78/76 Steinike & Weinlig [1977] ECR 595, paragraph 14).
      
      108    Second, in so far as, by the present plea, the applicant complains of an alleged transfer by the Commission to the national
         authorities of its exclusive competence to assess the compatibility of a State aid with the common market, it must be pointed
         out that the contested decision plainly does not bring about any such transfer of competence. 
      
      109    On the contrary, it was in the exercise of its exclusive competence to assess the compatibility of State aid with the common
         market that the Commission, by the contested decision, obtained from the French Republic certain commitments designed to ensure
         the compatibility of the licence fee scheme with the common market. Moreover, the contested decision, as mentioned in paragraph 73
         thereof, in no way detracts from the Commission’s power, under Article 88(1) EC, to undertake the constant review of existing
         aid schemes and to propose appropriate measures required by the progressive development or by the functioning of the common
         market.
      
      110    Accordingly, the present plea must be rejected.
      
       The fifth plea: misinterpretation of the Altmark judgment
       Arguments of the parties
      111    The applicant considers that the Commission erred in law regarding the applicability of Article 86(2) EC to aid resulting
         from over-compensation for the cost of public service obligations.
      
      112    In the Altmark judgment, cited in paragraph 94 above, the Court of Justice opted for the so-called ‘compensatory’ approach. The choice of
         that compensatory approach has been further confirmed in the subsequent case-law of both the Court of Justice and the Court
         of First Instance.
      
      113    The applicant submits that, contrary to the Commission’s contention, the Court of Justice does not, in the Altmark judgment, cited in paragraph 94 above, implicitly confirm that an aid which compensates, or rather over-compensates, for the
         costs incurred by an undertaking in providing a service of general economic interest (‘SGEI’) may be declared compatible with
         the common market if the conditions laid down by Article 86(2) EC are fulfilled. 
      
      114    It is not incumbent on the Court of Justice, in preliminary ruling proceedings, to answer, even implicitly, a question which
         has not been referred to it. 
      
      115    Moreover, the Court of Justice referred to its judgment in Case C-53/00 Ferring [2001] ECR I-9067 (‘the Ferring judgment’). In that judgment, the Court expressly excluded the application of Article 86(2) EC, stating that an advantage
         exceeding the additional costs of tasks undertaken in the general interest ‘cannot, in any event, be regarded as necessary
         to enable [those operators] to carry out the particular tasks assigned to them’.
      
      116    Next, the application of Article 86(2) EC presupposes the fulfilment of conditions linked to the definition of, mandate for
         and monitoring of public service tasks and the proportionality of the financial compensation granted in return for that service.
         However, in the Altmark judgment, cited in paragraph 94 above, the Court treated those conditions as cumulative criteria for assessment not of the
         compatibility, but rather of the very existence, of the aid, on the basis of the first, second and third of the four conditions
         referred to in paragraph 95 and in the operative part of that judgment (together, ‘the Altmark conditions’). In other words, the examination of proportionality takes place, according to the Court of Justice, at the stage
         of classification of the aid, that is to say at an earlier stage than the one to which the Commission seeks to apply it.
      
      117    Finally, as a matter of practice, the Commission has applied Article 86(2) EC to situations in which the second and fourth
         Altmark conditions were not fulfilled, with the implicit consequence that, where the first and third Altmark conditions are not fulfilled, the measure cannot be saved through investigation of it under Article 86(2) EC. In this case,
         in so far as the Commission itself found that the third Altmark condition was not fulfilled, it should necessarily have been prompted to conclude that aid within the meaning of Article 87(1)
         EC was indeed involved, without the need to raise any question of its possible compatibility.
      
      118    The Commission therefore erred in law by seeking to establish whether a State measure granting compensation for public service
         costs could be justified under Article 86(2) EC, even though it had itself found that the measure in question did not fulfil
         the Altmark conditions for it to avoid being classified as State aid.
      
      119    In its reply, the applicant denies calling in question the Commission’s exclusive competence to decide as to the compatibility
         of an aid with the common market, as was moreover confirmed by the complaint which it lodged. It seeks rather to challenge
         the conditions under which the Commission undertook that examination.
      
      120    The applicant notes that the Court of Justice, in the Ferring judgment, cited in paragraph 115 above, does not refer to Article 86(2) EC as justification for the course followed. Indeed,
         after laying down the principle that compensation fulfilling the condition of equivalence is not aid, the Court adds that
         ‘if it is the case that the advantage for wholesale distributors in not being assessed to the tax on direct sales of medicines
         exceeds the additional costs that they bear in discharging the public service obligations imposed on them by national law,
         that advantage, to the extent that it exceeds the additional costs mentioned, cannot, in any event, be regarded as necessary
         to enable them to carry out the particular tasks assigned to them’. Consequently, according to the Court, ‘the answer must
         be that Article [86(2) EC] is to be interpreted as meaning that it does not cover a tax advantage enjoyed by undertakings
         entrusted with the operation of a public service such as those concerned in the main proceedings in so far as that advantage
         exceeds the additional costs of performing the public service’.
      
      121    It is therefore clear, according to the applicant, that the Court of Justice excludes any application of the derogation laid
         down by Article 86(2) EC in cases of compensation exceeding the additional costs linked to performance of public service obligations,
         with the result that such aid should be assessed solely on the basis of Article 87 EC. In this case, examination of the compatibility
         of the aid with the common market continues to be a matter for the Commission but, since the Article 86(2) EC derogation cannot
         be applied, that examination can in practice lead only to a negative outcome.
      
      122    Furthermore, the Court, in the Altmark judgment, cited in paragraph 94 above, does not undermine that analysis. The Court does not expressly exclude the application
         of Article 86(2) EC, but does not confirm it either. 
      
      123    The Commission, supported by the French Republic and by France Télévisions, rejects the applicant’s arguments. It contends,
         essentially, that, by this plea, the applicant is confusing two issues which are in fact distinct and which the Altmark judgment helped to clarify. The first is whether a State aid exists, within the meaning of the Treaty, and the second is when
         such an aid can be declared compatible with the common market.
      
       Findings of the Court
      124    By the present plea, the applicant maintains, essentially, that the Commission erred in law by concluding that the audiovisual
         licence fee system was compatible with the common market, despite considering that certain Altmark conditions were not satisfied.
      
      125    That argument cannot be upheld, deriving as it does from a misinterpretation of the Altmark judgment.
      
      126    In the Altmark judgment, cited in paragraph 94 above, the Court of Justice pointed out that, according to settled case-law, classification
         as aid requires that all the conditions set out in Article 87(1) EC are fulfilled (paragraph 74 of the judgment) and that
         that provision lays down the following conditions. First, there must be an intervention by the State or through State resources.
         Second, the intervention must be liable to affect trade between Member States. Third, it must confer an advantage on the recipient.
         Fourth, it must distort or threaten to distort competition (paragraph 75 of the judgment).
      
      127    As regards the condition concerning the existence of an advantage granted to the recipient, the Court of Justice observed
         that it is clear from the case-law, and in particular the Ferring judgment, cited in paragraph 115 above, that, where a State intervention must be regarded as compensation for the services
         provided by the recipient undertakings in order to discharge public service obligations, so that those undertakings do not
         enjoy a real financial advantage and the measure thus does not have the effect of putting them in a more favourable competitive
         position than the undertakings competing with them, such intervention is not caught by Article 87(1) EC (Altmark judgment, cited in paragraph 94 above, paragraph 87). 
      
      128    However, the Court added that, for such compensation to escape classification as State aid, a number of conditions must be
         satisfied (Altmark judgment, cited in paragraph 94 above; paragraph 88): 
      
      –        first, the recipient undertaking must actually have public service obligations to discharge and the obligations must be clearly
         defined (first Altmark condition);
      
      –        second, the parameters on the basis of which the compensation is calculated must be established in advance in an objective
         and transparent manner (second Altmark condition); 
      
      –        third, the compensation cannot exceed what is necessary to cover all or part of the costs incurred in the discharge of public
         service obligations, taking into account the relevant receipts and a reasonable profit for discharging those obligations (third
         Altmark condition); 
      
      –        fourth, where the undertaking which is to discharge public service obligations is not chosen pursuant to a public procurement
         procedure, the level of compensation needed must be determined on the basis of an analysis of the costs which a typical undertaking,
         well run and adequately provided with means of transport so as to be able to meet the public service requirements, would have
         incurred in discharging those obligations, taking into account the relevant receipts and a reasonable profit for discharging
         the obligations (fourth Altmark condition).
      
      129    The Court concluded that State intervention which does not meet one or more of those conditions must be regarded as State
         aid within the meaning of Article 87(1) EC.
      
      130    It is clear from the entirely unequivocal terms of the Altmark judgment, cited in paragraph 94 above, that the sole purpose of the four conditions mentioned above is the classification
         of the measure in question as State aid, and more specifically the determination of the existence of an advantage.
      
      131    The Court of Justice thereby adopted and clarified the approach taken in the Ferring judgment, cited in paragraph 115 above, to which the applicant refers several times in its pleadings, in order to enable the
         Member States better to assess whether their intervention in favour of an entity entrusted with the performance of public
         service obligations constitutes State aid, giving rise to an obligation to notify the measure to the Commission in the case
         of a new aid or to cooperate with the Commission in the case of an existing aid. 
      
      132    It must be emphasised that the applicant’s argument is also contradicted by paragraphs 104 and 105 of the Altmark judgment, cited in paragraph 94 above, in which the Court answers the second part of the question in which the national court
         asks in particular whether Article 73 EC may be applied to public subsidies that compensate for additional costs incurred
         in discharging public service obligations.
      
      133    In the abovementioned paragraphs, the Court of Justice indicated that, in so far as the subsidies at issue in the main proceedings
         were to be regarded as compensation for the transport services provided in order to discharge public service obligations and
         as satisfying the four Altmark conditions, those subsidies would not come under Article 87 EC, so that there would be no need to rely on the exception to
         that provision under Article 73 EC. It follows, according to the Court of Justice, that the provisions of primary law concerning
         State aid, namely those of Article 73 EC, would be applicable to the subsidies at issue only in so far as all the abovementioned
         conditions were not fulfilled and the subsidies in question did not come under the provisions of Regulation (EEC) No 1191/69
         of the Council of 26 June 1969 on action by Member States concerning the obligations inherent in the concept of a public service
         in transport by rail, road and inland waterway (OJ, English Special Edition 1969 (I), p. 276), as amended by Council Regulation
         (EEC) No 1893/91 of 20 June 1991 (OJ 1991 L 169, p. 1).
      
      134    It is thus clear that the Court of Justice draws a distinction between the question of classifying a measure as State aid,
         allegedly resulting in this case from non-satisfaction of the four Altmark conditions, and that of its compatibility with the common market. The Court’s reasoning, relating to the application of Article 73
         EC, can be fully transposed to the present case, concerning the applicability of Article 86(2) EC.
      
      135    The decisions of the Court of Justice and of the Court of First Instance which, since the Altmark judgment, cited in paragraph 94 above, refer to the conditions laid down in that judgment do not detract from the fact that
         those conditions relate to the classification of State aid within the meaning of Article 87(1) EC and they do not indicate
         that the Court of Justice wished, by enunciating those conditions, to cease applying Article 86(2) EC when assessing the compatibility
         with the common market of State measures for the financing of SGEIs (see, to that effect, Joined Cases C-34/01 to C‑38/01
         Enirisorse [2003] ECR I-14243, paragraphs 31 to 40; Case C-451/03 Servizi Ausiliari Dottori Commercialisti [2006] ECR I‑2941, paragraphs 61 to 72; Case C-526/04 Laboratoires Boiron [2006] ECR I‑7529, paragraphs 50 to 57; and Case C-206/06 Essent Netwerk Noord and Others [2008] ECR I-5497, paragraphs 79 to 88; Case T-157/01 Danske Busvognmaend v Commission [2004] ECR II-917, paragraphs 97 and 98; Case T‑274/01 Valmont v Commission [2004] ECR II‑3145, paragraphs 130 and 131; Case T-349/03 Corsica Ferries France v Commission [2005] ECR II-2197, paragraph 310; and Case T-289/03 BUPA and Others v Commission [2008] ECR II-81, paragraph 258).
      
      136    In particular, in the judgment in Servizi Ausiliari Dottori Commercialisti, cited in the foregoing paragraph, the Court of Justice gave a preliminary ruling on a question from the national court as
         to whether the remuneration received by tax advice centres for preparing and forwarding tax returns, in accordance with national
         legislation, constituted State aid within the meaning of Article 87(1) EC.
      
      137    In its judgment, the Court referred to the four Altmark conditions, emphasising that fulfilment of them allowed State intervention, regarded as compensation for the services provided
         by the recipients for discharging public service obligations, to escape classification as State aid. 
      
      138    After observing that examination of the last two conditions concerning the level of the remuneration in question called for
         an assessment of the facts of the main proceedings and indicating that it had no jurisdiction in that regard, the Court stated
         that it was therefore for the national court to assess, in the light of those facts, whether the remuneration in question
         constituted State aid within the meaning of Article 87(1) EC.
      
      139    It must be emphasised that the Court of Justice took care to add, in that context, that the national court had no jurisdiction
         to determine the compatibility of State aid measures or of a State aid scheme with the common market, that assessment falling
         within the exclusive competence of the Commission, subject to review by the Community judicature (Servizi Ausiliari Dottori Commercialisti, cited in paragraph 135 above, paragraph 71).
      
      140    That statement by the Court of Justice clearly shows that in the present plea the applicant is confusing the Altmark test, which seeks to determine the existence of State aid within the meaning of Article 87(1) EC, with the Article 86(2) EC
         test, which is used to determine whether a measure constituting State aid may be regarded as compatible with the common market.
      
      141    In those circumstances, it must be held that, in the present case, the Commission has not erred in law.
      
      142    In the contested decision, the Commission first considered whether the licence fee system constituted State aid. After finding
         that the condition for the existence of State aid regarding the use of State resources was fulfilled (paragraph 21 of the
         contested decision), the Commission examined the condition regarding the existence of a selective advantage (paragraphs 22
         to 25 of the contested decision) and concluded, in that context, that the second and fourth Altmark conditions were not fulfilled (paragraphs 24 and 25 of the contested decision), without giving any views on the other Altmark conditions. Finally, the Commission found that the audiovisual licence fee scheme affected trade between Member States (paragraph 26
         of the contested decision).
      
      143    Consequently, the Commission concluded that the system constituted State aid (paragraph 27 of the contested decision).
      
      144    The Commission then considered, as it had done on a preliminary basis in the decision of 27 September 1999 initiating the
         formal investigation procedure (see paragraph 10 above), whether the audiovisual licence fee system was in fact an existing
         State aid. After finding that the system had been introduced before the entry into force of the Treaty and had not undergone
         substantial changes (paragraphs 28 to 35 of the contested decision), the Commission concluded that it constituted an existing
         State aid, under Article 1(b)(i) of Regulation No 659/1999 (paragraph 36 of the contested decision). 
      
      145    Finally, the Commission quite properly examined the measure in question in the light of Article 86(2) EC, ultimately concluding
         that it should close the procedure having regard to the commitments given by the French authorities to amend the legislation
         so as to provide sufficient safeguards against possible over-compensation for costs incurred by the public service.
      
      146    By so doing, the Commission did not, contrary to the applicant’s contention, go against the terms of the Altmark judgment, cited in paragraph 94 above.
      
      147    It follows from all the foregoing considerations that the applicant’s fifth plea must be rejected as unfounded.
      
       The first plea: breach of the obligation to state reasons 
       Arguments of the parties
      148    The applicant claims that the contested decision gives no information to clarify the Commission’s decision to make compatibility
         of the measure complained of conditional upon the commitments proposed by the French Republic. Contrary to the Commission’s
         contention, the applicant is not confusing criticism of the statement of reasons with criticism of the merits of the contested
         decision but is merely claiming that the contested decision is, regarding the specific aspect of the commitments, not supported
         by an adequate statement of reasons. At most, the applicant then emphasises the fact that the defective statement of reasons
         is particularly regrettable since it is the culmination of a procedure commenced more than 10 years earlier. The applicant
         indicates that, without going into their merits, it is merely noting the scant nature of the explanations given in the contested
         decision, which, after 65 paragraphs devoted to the finding that the licence fee system does not provide sufficient guarantees
         to ensure its compatibility with the common market, accepts without further explanation, in seven paragraphs, the commitments
         given by the French Republic.
      
      149    In view of the fact that the requirement to state reasons must be appraised, in particular, in relation to the interest of
         the addressees or other persons concerned in receiving explanations, it was wrong for the Commission to try to confine its
         assessment of the adequacy of the statement of reasons of the contested decision solely to the relations between it and the
         French Republic. That amounts to negating the rights of third parties with a stake in the procedure for annulment of State
         aid decisions.
      
      150    The inadequacy of the statement of reasons is particularly serious in the light of the interest expressed by the applicant
         in this case, as reflected by the numerous contacts and exchanges of correspondence.
      
      151    A statement of reasons in which the Commission merely refers formally to the criteria for assessing the existence of State
         aid, going on to find, in paragraph 24 of the contested decision, that ‘the second condition laid down in the Altmark judgment is not fulfilled’ on the ground that ‘the 1986 Law does not identify objective and transparent parameters on the
         basis of which compensation for public service costs is calculated’, cannot be regarded as sufficient, since that defective
         statement of reasons affects the possibility of appraising the relevance of the commitments given by the French Republic.
         
      
      152    For the same reasons, an analysis which goes no further than to find that the French legislation is not capable of preventing
         over-compensation of public service obligations or anticompetitive cross subsidies, without at the same time determining the
         amount thereof, likewise cannot be described as sufficient.
      
      153    The fact that the Commission sent a letter proposing appropriate measures to the French Republic and followed the approach
         announced in the Communication from the Commission on the application of State aid rules to public service broadcasting (OJ 2001 C 320, p. 5)
         (‘the Communication on Broadcasting’) does not affect the applicant’s analysis. The inadequacy of the statement of reasons
         for the contested decision cannot be mitigated by the statement of reasons contained in the 10 December 2003 letter, of which
         the applicant was not an addressee. Moreover, the applicant is not challenging the Commission’s analysis culminating in its
         finding that the licence fee scheme constitutes a State aid which does not embody sufficient safeguards to ensure its compatibility
         with the common market. The applicant is nevertheless denied any opportunity to assess the merits of the commitments accepted
         by the Commission, because the latter did not explain why it chose to accept them. 
      
      154    The Commission, supported by the interveners, contests the applicant’s position.
      
       Findings of the Court 
      155    It is settled case-law that the statement of reasons required by Article 253 EC must be appropriate to the act at issue and
         must disclose in a clear and unequivocal fashion the reasoning followed by the institution which adopted the measure in question
         in such a way as to enable the persons concerned to ascertain the reasons for the measure and to enable the competent court
         to exercise its power of review. The requirements to be satisfied by the statement of reasons depend on the circumstances
         of each case, in particular the content of the measure in question, the nature of the reasons given and the interest which
         the addressees of the measure or other parties to whom it is of direct and individual concern may have in obtaining explanations.
         It is not necessary for the reasoning to go into all the relevant facts and points of law, since the question whether the
         statement of reasons meets the requirements of Article 253 EC must be assessed with regard not only to its wording but also
         to its context and to all the legal rules governing the matter in question (Joined Cases 296/82 and 318/82 Netherlands and Leeuwarder Papierwarenfabriek v Commission [1985] ECR 809, paragraph 19; Case C-350/88 Delacre and Others v Commission [1990] ECR I‑395, paragraphs 15 and 16; Case C‑56/93 Belgium v Commission [1996] ECR I‑723, paragraph 86; and Case C‑367/95 P Commission v Sytraval and Brink’s France [1998] ECR I-1719, paragraph 63).
      
      156    In the contested decision, the Commission, after first referring to the procedure giving rise to the decision (paragraphs 2
         to 16 of the contested decision), second, describing the licence fee scheme and concluding that it was existing State aid
         (paragraphs 17 to 36 of the contested decision), third, finding that the condition for the application of Article 86(2) EC
         regarding the existence of an SGEI (paragraphs 41 to 50 of the contested decision) and the condition concerning mandate and
         control (paragraphs 51 to 55 of the contested decision) were fulfilled and, fourth, examining the condition of the proportionality
         of the compensation in relation to the public service requirements (paragraph 56 et seq. of the contested decision), concluded,
         in the context of the latter examination, that ‘the French legislation [did] not embody sufficient safeguards against possible
         over-compensation of costs incurred by the public service’ (paragraph 60 of the contested decision).
      
      157    In paragraphs 61 to 63 of the contested decision, the Commission explained why, in its view, the French legislation did not
         incorporate such safeguards.
      
      158    In paragraph 64 of the contested decision, the Commission described the recommendation proposing the adoption of appropriate
         measures which it had, consequently, sent to the French Republic by the 10 December 2003 letter.
      
      159    The Commission then referred to its contacts with the French authorities and described and examined the commitments given
         by those authorities in response to its recommendation proposing the adoption of appropriate measures. Finding that those
         commitments conformed with the recommendation, the Commission decided to bring the procedure examining the licence fee to
         an end (paragraphs 65 to 72 of the contested decision).
      
      160    It must be stated, first, that the statement of reasons for the contested decision, as referred to above, clearly and comprehensively
         shows the reasoning on which the Commission based its decision to bring the procedure examining the licence fee to an end.
      
      161    Moreover, where, in its application, the applicant claims that the contested decision gives it no information enabling it
         to understand the Commission’s choice finally to make compatibility of the measure complained of conditional upon the commitments
         proposed by the French Republic, the applicant provides no precise evidence to support that assertion. Thus, although it several
         times mentions in its pleadings the existence of its complaint and its contacts with the Commission, the applicant does not
         give any indication as to how, in the light of certain precise elements of that complaint, those contacts or indeed other
         information which might have been in the Commission’s possession, the Commission was required to give more reasons for the
         contested decision than it actually gave. 
      
      162    The applicant merely refers in general terms to the fact that the procedure before the Commission lasted more than 10 years,
         that the Commission received an additional complaint and that it had numerous contacts with the applicant, that the Commission
         resorted to an external study, that it published the Communication on Broadcasting to which the contested decision merely
         referred, and, finally, that only 7 out of 72 paragraphs of the contested decision were devoted to the reasons for bringing
         the procedure to an end. In the light of those general observations, the applicant, in its own words, ‘confines itself … to
         pointing out the scant nature of the explanations given by the Commission’ in relation to the specific aspect of the commitments.
      
      163    It must be held that the applicant, in setting out those considerations, has provided no information of such a kind as to
         establish that the statement of reasons for the contested decision was inadequate with regard to that aspect.
      
      164    As regards, next, the complaint concerning the statement of reasons in paragraph 24 of the contested decision regarding the
         second Altmark condition, it must be borne in mind that the Commission, in that paragraph, found that that condition was not fulfilled, which
         the applicant does not contest. The Commission explained that finding by the fact that ‘the 1986 Law does not identify objective
         and transparent parameters on the basis of which compensation for the public service costs is calculated’. It must be concluded
         that that statement of reasons, given for the purpose of classifying the licence fee as a State aid, is sufficient. 
      
      165    In so far as the present complaint concerning the statement of reasons concerns the compatibility of the licence fee scheme
         with the common market, it must be rejected as irrelevant since, as has already been pointed out, the Altmark test and the statement of reasons contained in paragraph 24 of the contested decision concern the classification of the measure
         as State aid and not the compatibility of that aid with the common market.
      
      166    As regards, finally, the complaint alleging, in essence, that the Commission should have sought, in the contested decision,
         to determine the existence and the amount of the alleged over-compensation, a complaint which, in the light of the applicant’s
         claim that the licence fee system led to over-compensation, constitutes less of a complaint regarding reasoning than a substantive
         complaint alleging breach of the obligation to undertake an investigation, it must be pointed out that, according to settled
         case-law, an examination of existing aids can only lead to measures which produce effects in the future (see, to that effect,
         Joined Cases T‑298/97, T-312/97, T‑313/97, T-315/97, T-600/97 to T-607/97, T-1/98, T-3/98 to T-6/98 and T-23/98 Alzetta and Others v Commission [2000] ECR II-2319, paragraphs 147 and 148; Case T-288/97 Regione autonoma Friuli-Venezia Giulia v Commission [2001] ECR II-1169, paragraph 91; and Joined Cases T-127/99, T‑129/99 and T‑148/99 Diputación Foral de Álava v Commission [2002] ECR II‑1275, paragraph 172). Therefore, only if the Commission considers that the financing system in question presents
         a risk of over-compensation for the future may it be prompted to propose appropriate measures.
      
      167    In those circumstances, whilst it is possible that, as part of the constant review of an existing aid, examining whether there
         has been any over-compensation in the past may possibly, depending on the particular circumstances of the case, be relevant
         to an assessment of the compatibility of that existing aid with the common market, the fact nevertheless remains that an examination
         of that kind is not, in itself, absolutely necessary for a proper assessment of the need to propose appropriate measures for
         the future and determination of what those measures should be. The risk or otherwise of over-compensation for the future ultimately
         depends essentially on the specific detailed arrangements of the financing scheme itself, and not on the fact that the scheme
         has, in practice, led to over-compensation in the past.
      
      168    It is not apparent from the file and it has certainly not been established by the applicant that, in the circumstances of
         this case, the Commission should, for the purposes of examining the licence fee system under Article 88(1) EC, have, in addition
         to examining the specific characteristics of that system, compared all the sources of financing for the public service with
         the costs of that service with a view to determining whether, in the past, the French Republic might have over-compensated
         those costs.
      
      169    In that regard, it is common ground that the Commission had, moreover, already carried out, in the 10 December 2003 decision
         and following the applicant’s complaint, an examination of that kind for the period from 1988 to 1994 and that it had concluded
         that there was no over-compensation of public service costs for that period. 
      
      170    Furthermore, the applicant does not anywhere claim that it lodged any complaint alleging over-compensation for the period
         after 1994. 
      
      171    At most, the applicant lodged, in March 1997, a supplement to its complaint of 10 March 1993. Regardless of the fact that
         that additional complaint could, in any event, be relevant only to the period before the date on which it was lodged, it must
         be pointed out that the applicant, beyond a brief reference of no particular importance to that document in the application,
         makes absolutely no other mention of or reference to it, even in general terms, in its submissions to the Court and does not
         therefore derive from it any particular argument supporting its complaint that the Commission should, in the contested decision,
         have considered whether there had been over-compensation in the past.
      
      172    It follows that the applicant has plainly not established that, in the present circumstances, the Commission should, for the
         purposes of examining the licence fee as existing aid and possibly proposing appropriate measures, have examined whether that
         financing mechanism, together with the other sources of financing of France 2 and France 3, had led to over-compensation for
         public service costs during the period prior to the adoption of the contested decision. As the Commission observes, the applicant
         does not put forward in its application any evidence that the Commission failed in its obligation to undertake a diligent
         and impartial examination. 
      
      173    Moreover, and to the extent to which the applicant’s complaint must be construed as criticising the Commission for not seeking,
         in the contested decision, to determine the amount of over-compensation which might occur in the future in the absence of
         a proposal for appropriate measures, it must be held that such an approach, quite apart from its purely speculative character,
         is not in any event necessary in order to establish the existence of a risk of over-compensation and in order to formulate
         a proposal for appropriate measures. 
      
      174    It follows from the foregoing considerations that the Court must reject the present plea as to inadequacy of the statement
         of reasons and also the substantive complaint, made in connection with that plea, to the effect, in essence, that the Commission
         infringed its obligation to undertake an examination in relation to the existence and the amount of over-compensation as regards
         the past or the future.
      
       The third plea: the inadequacy of the French Republic’s commitments
       Arguments of the parties
      175    According to the applicant, the French Republic’s commitments are not conducive to guaranteeing compatibility of the French
         licence fee system with the Community State aid rules. The absence of any over-compensation for public service obligations,
         the carrying on of commercial activities by France Télévisions in accordance with market practices, the sale of advertising
         time at market price and the establishment of an independent authority to ensure compliance with those rules are all objectives
         which could already have been attained by other means or using other legal bases.
      
      176    Those commitments are, according to the applicant, purely formal and, essentially, are no more than legislative housekeeping
         which does not lead to any notable improvement by comparison with the existing instruments, which have proved insufficient
         to avoid over-compensation and engagement in commercial activities under conditions which do not reflect those prevailing
         in the market. The express reference, in the French law, to principles of Community law that are in any event already applicable
         cannot have any greater effect than those principles themselves. 
      
      177    The applicant expresses surprise, in particular, that the Commission, after finding, in paragraph 24 of the contested decision,
         that there were no objective and transparent parameters on the basis of which the compensation for public service costs should
         be calculated, omitted to state what those parameters ought to be or, at least, to obtain specific commitments from the French
         Republic in that regard.
      
      178    The Commission should, rather, have proposed the abolition of the licence fee, in that it over-compensated for the cost of
         public service obligations and constituted an anticompetitive subsidy. 
      
      179    That course of action was even more necessary since the French Republic’s commitments were still far from being implemented
         for 2006, giving rise to a breach of that Member State’s obligation of cooperation in good faith. In fact, for 2006, France
         Télévisions Publicité committed itself to setting one of its GRP (Gross Rating Point) costs at 25% of the applicant’s GRP
         cost and that of the commercial broadcaster M6, which is hardly compatible with the French Republic’s commitment to ensure,
         by introducing a legal provision to that effect, that France Télévisions respected the market conditions in its commercial
         activities.
      
      180    The Commission, supported by the interveners, infers from the applicant’s assertion that compliance with State aid rules is
         an objective that could already have been attained by recourse to other means or other legal bases, that the introduction
         of new safeguards through relevant measures was indeed necessary and observes that the applicant’s assertion does not in any
         way show that the French Republic’s commitments did not go far enough.
      
      181    According to the Commission, it is incorrect to state that the French Republic’s commitments are not effective because they
         are allegedly not necessary. 
      
      182    In the Commission’s view, the applicant is merely asserting, without producing even prima facie evidence, that those commitments
         are not capable of satisfying the requirements of Community law. 
      
      183    Those commitments do not merely amount to legislative housekeeping, but involve the inclusion in French law, in such a way
         as to render them binding in accordance with French legal rules, of provisions guaranteeing that the financing of French public
         service channels complies with the principles laid down in the Communication on Broadcasting.
      
      184    As regards the argument that numerous Community acts are already applicable within the national legal order, the Commission
         observes that, if that reasoning were to be followed through, the procedures for reviewing existing aid and new aid by means
         of individual decisions would become irrelevant, horizontal rules being sufficient. 
      
      185    Contrary to the applicant’s contention regarding the lack of objective and transparent parameters in the contested decision
         for checking that there is no over-compensation, the French authorities gave the necessary commitments. The Commission refers
         in that regard to paragraph 67 of the contested decision.
      
      186    The argument concerning the tariff-setting practices of the public channels in 2006, raised in the applicant’s reply, is new
         and therefore inadmissible. In any event, the alleged practices appear in all cases to fall within the scope of the procedure
         for examining existing aid in so far as the period of two years had not elapsed. Accordingly, they cannot be relied on to
         demonstrate the alleged ineffectiveness of the commitments. Above all, with regard to the substance, the applicant has not
         produced any evidence that the alleged practices involve price dumping. 
      
       Findings of the Court
      187    According to Article 18 of Regulation No 659/1999, the Commission, if it comes to the conclusion that an existing aid scheme
         is not, or is no longer, compatible with the common market, is to ‘issue a recommendation proposing appropriate measures to
         the Member State concerned’. According to the same provision, ‘the recommendation may propose, in particular … substantive
         amendment of the aid scheme, or … introduction of procedural requirements, or … abolition of the aid scheme’. According to
         Article 19(1) of the same regulation, ‘where the Member State concerned accepts the proposed measures and informs the Commission
         thereof, the Commission shall record that finding’.
      
      188    It is clear from the wording of Article 18 of Regulation No 659/1999 that the Commission enjoys a broad discretion in exercising
         its power to adopt, under Article 26(1) of that regulation, a decision ‘pursuant to … Article 18 in conjunction with Article 19(1)’
         of that regulation and, in that context, to determine the appropriate measures to respond to its conclusion that the existing
         aid scheme in question is not, or is no longer, compatible with the common market. 
      
      189    In those circumstances, it is not for the Court of First Instance to substitute its own assessment for that of the Commission:
         its review must be limited to checking that the institution has not committed a manifest error of assessment by considering
         that the commitments given were capable of resolving the competition problems raised by the aid scheme in question (see, to
         that effect, Case T-149/95 Ducros v Commission [1997] ECR II-2031, paragraph 63; Case T-35/99 Keller and Keller Meccanica v Commission [2002] ECR II-261, paragraph 77; see also, by analogy, Case T-119/02 Royal Philips Electronics v Commission [2003] ECR II‑1433, paragraph 78; Case T-158/00 ARD v Commission [2003] ECR II‑3825, paragraph 329; and Case T-177/04 easyJet v Commission [2006] ECR II‑1931, paragraph 128).
      
      190    By the present plea, the applicant asserts, in essence, that the commitments given by the French Republic in response to the
         Commission’s proposals for appropriate measures, accepted by that institution, do not involve any notable improvement over
         existing instruments which have proved to be incapable of avoiding over-compensation.
      
      191    It must be pointed out that, apart from the fact that the applicant’s assertion that the licence fee system led to over-compensation
         is not in any way supported, that assertion is in any event entirely irrelevant. 
      
      192    For the purposes of the Court’s review of the legality of the contested decision, the relevant question is not whether or
         not the licence fee system leads to over-compensation for the period prior to the adoption of that decision but only whether,
         in the particular circumstances of this case, the Commission should, in examining the system of financing and the proposal
         for appropriate measures, have investigated whether such over-compensation existed.
      
      193    As has already been held (see paragraphs 172 and 173 above), the Commission did not infringe its obligation to investigate
         by omitting, in the circumstances of this case, to examine that matter in the contested decision.
      
      194    In so far as the applicant relies, in its submissions (see paragraph 179 above) and also in its letter of 9 October 2008,
         on developments subsequent to the contested decision, these submissions must be rejected. According to settled case-law, the
         legality of a Community measure must be assessed on the basis of the elements of fact and of law existing at the time when
         the measure was adopted (Joined Cases 15/76 and 16/76 France v Commission [1979] ECR 321, paragraph 7; Joined Cases T‑177/94 and T–377/94 Altmann and Others v Commission [1996] ECR II‑2041, paragraph 119; and Case T-322/01 Roquette Frères v Commission [2006] ECR II‑3137, paragraph 325). Consequently, elements post-dating the adoption of the measure cannot be taken into account
         in assessing its legality (Roquette Frères v Commission, paragraph 325; see also, to that effect, Case T-229/94 Deutsche Bahn v Commission [1997] ECR II-1689, paragraph 102, and Case T‑165/04 Vounakis v Commission [2006] ECR I-A-2-155 and II-A-2-735, paragraph 114).
      
      195    Moreover, with regard more particularly to the documents produced by the applicant with its letter of 9 October 2008 and submitted
         by it as raising new points of law, it must be noted that, at the hearing, the applicant did not, on the basis of those documents,
         establish the existence of facts pre-dating the contested decision which were known to the Commission but unknown to the applicant
         and which would have been disclosed by those documents. Moreover, as regards, more particularly, the judgment in SIC v Commission, cited in paragraph 22 above, the applicant did not establish – and it does not appear to be the case – that that judgment
         clarified or specified the meaning of a Community law provision as it should have been construed since its entry into force,
         with the result that the contested decision would be seen, in the light of that provision and of its clarified meaning, to
         be unlawful. 
      
      196    It follows from the foregoing considerations that, contrary to the applicant’s contention, the question that arises is not
         whether the proposed measures constituted a notable improvement over existing instruments which allegedly proved incapable
         of avoiding over-compensation but whether those measures and the commitments given by the French Republic were an adequate
         response to the problems identified by the Commission in its examination of the compatibility of the licence fee with the
         common market, it being borne in mind that, in the absence of any indication that the Commission failed in its obligation
         to undertake a diligent and impartial examination (see paragraph 172 above), the quality of the Commission’s identification
         of the problems is not in issue.
      
      197    For that examination, it is necessary to go back to the terms of the contested decision.
      
      198    In paragraph 56 of the contested decision, the Commission commences its examination of proportionality by stating that it
         ‘must make certain that the [financing] mechanism incorporates guarantees against possible over-compensation for the costs
         incurred by the public service’.
      
      199    In paragraph 60 of the contested decision, the Commission announces that it ‘considers that the French legislation does not
         embody sufficient safeguards against possible over-compensation’, and then, in paragraphs 61 to 63 of the decision, it gives
         details of its concerns. 
      
      200    Essentially, the Commission criticises the French legislation, first, because it ‘does not contain any provision explicitly
         providing that the State compensation for the cost of public service activities of a channel entrusted with public service
         tasks must not exceed what is necessary to cover that cost, taking account of the net profit of the commercial activities
         of that channel’ (paragraph 61 of the contested decision), second, that it ‘does not ever explicitly indicate that [those]
         commercial activities … must be carried on in accordance with market practices’ (paragraph 62 of the contested decision),
         third, that it does not ‘explicitly provide that all commercial exploitation of a television programme falling within the
         scope of public service tasks and the sale of advertising time by a television channel entrusted with public service tasks
         must be carried out at market prices’ (paragraph 63 of the contested decision).
      
      201    It follows from the foregoing that the difficulties identified by the Commission, prompting its view that the French legislation
         did not display sufficient safeguards and therefore giving rise to its proposal for appropriate measures, relate to the fact
         that that legislation did not explicitly include, in its enacting terms, certain requirements laid down in Community law.
      
      202    It must be held that the proposals for appropriate measures set out by the Commission following the contested decision fully
         meet those concerns.
      
      203    Thus, where, in paragraph 64 of the contested decision, the Commission indicated that the French authorities should adopt
         the measures necessary to ensure the observance of certain principles, the Commission described those principles, of which
         there are three, in terms which exactly meet the three concerns expressed by it in paragraphs 61 to 63 of the contested decision.
      
      204    Moreover, in addition to that call for observance of certain principles and the adoption of the measures necessary to do so,
         the Commission indicated, in its proposal for appropriate measures, that an independent authority should periodically monitor
         compliance by the public service channels with their obligation to carry on their commercial activities in accordance with
         market practices and, in particular, not to engage in price dumping when selling advertising time (paragraph 64, second and
         third indents, final part, of the contested decision). 
      
      205    As regards the commitments proposed by the French authorities and described by the Commission in paragraphs 67, 69 and 71
         of the contested decision, they are designed to meet the Commission’s concerns and the proposals for appropriate measures.
         
      
      206    The first commitment is designed to meet the concern (see paragraph 61 of the contested decision) and the proposal (see paragraph 64,
         first indent, of the contested decision) relating to over-compensation for the net costs of the public service. Thus, the
         French authorities ‘undertook to ensure that, when drafting the Finance Law, the amount of financial resources that it is
         proposed … to grant to the France Télévisions Group covers only the cost of performing its public service obligations’ (paragraph 67
         of the contested decision). The French authorities ‘also indicated that “any profits which may be identified at the end of
         the financial year are to be … fully reinvested in [the] activities [of the public channels], and more specifically for the
         purposes of renewal or modernisation of their production facilities”‘and that any such profit would be taken into account
         in drawing up the budget for the following year (paragraph 67 of the contested decision). In the same paragraph, the French
         authorities gave a commitment to include in the French rules the principle that there should be no over-compensation of public
         service costs.
      
      207    The second commitment is designed to meet the concerns (see paragraphs 62 and 63 of the contested decision) and the proposals
         (see paragraph 64, second and third indents, of the contested decision) relating to the business conduct of the public channels
         and is intended, to that end, to amend the wording of the French legislation (paragraph 69 of the contested decision). 
      
      208    The French Republic also, in response to the proposal from the Commission for appropriate measures regarding periodical monitoring,
         gave a commitment to arrange for an annual verification by an independent auditing body whose report would be forwarded to
         the Parliament, of compliance by the public channels with their obligation to carry on their commercial activities under market
         conditions (see paragraph 69, last sentence, of the contested decision).
      
      209    In the light of the foregoing, there is thus a perfect match between the Commission’s concerns expressed in paragraphs 61
         to 63 of the contested decision and its proposals for appropriate measures, and also between those proposals and the commitments
         given by the French Republic.
      
      210    As regards the applicant’s complaint relating to paragraph 24 of the contested decision, raised for the first time at the
         stage of the applicant’s reply, although not based on matters of fact or law which came to light during the procedure or constituting
         a development of any plea set out in the application, it must be rejected as inadmissible pursuant to Article 48(2) of the
         Rules of Procedure. In any event, that complaint is unfounded, in so far as it relies on a paragraph of the contested decision
         which relates solely to the classification of the licence fee scheme as State aid.
      
      211    Therefore, the Commission did not commit any manifest error of assessment, either when formulating its proposals for appropriate
         measures or when accepting the French Republic’s commitments. 
      
      212    In those circumstances, the present plea must be rejected.
      
      213    Since the applicant has failed in all its pleas, the action must be dismissed as unfounded. 
      
       Costs
      214    Under Article 87(2) of the Rules of Procedure, the unsuccessful party is to be ordered to pay the costs if they have been
         applied for in the successful party’s pleadings. Since the applicant has been unsuccessful, it must be ordered to pay the
         Commission’s costs and those of France Télévisions, in accordance with the forms of order sought by the latter.
      
      215    Under the first subparagraph of Article 87(4) of the Rules of Procedure, Member States intervening in proceedings are to bear
         their own costs. The French Republic should therefore be ordered to pay its own costs.
      
      On those grounds,
      THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE (Fifth Chamber)
      hereby:
      1.      Dismisses the action;
      2.      Orders Télévision française 1 SA (TF1) to bear its own costs and to pay those incurred by the Commission and by France Télévisions
            SA;
      3.      Orders the French Republic to bear its own costs.
      
               Vilaras 
            
            
                Prek
            
            
               Ciucă 
            
         Delivered in open court in Luxembourg on 11 March 2009.
      [Signatures]
      Table of contents
      
      Legal context
      Facts
      Procedure and forms of order sought
      Admissibility
      Observance of the time-limit for commencing proceedings
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      The nature of the contested decision
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      The applicant’s interest in bringing proceedings
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      Substance
      The second plea: breach of the rights of the defence
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      The fourth plea: abuse of procedure
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      The fifth plea: misinterpretation of the Altmark judgment
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      The first plea: breach of the obligation to state reasons
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      The third plea: the inadequacy of the French Republic’s commitments
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      Costs
      * Language of the case: French.