CELEX: 62003CJ0495
Language: en
Date: 2005-09-15
Title: Judgment of the Court (First Chamber) of 15 September 2005.#Intermodal Transports BV v Staatssecretaris van Financiën.#Reference for a preliminary ruling: Hoge Raad der Nederlanden - Netherlands.#Common Customs Tariff - Tariff headings - Classification in the combined nomenclature - Heading 8709 - "Magnum ET120 Terminal Tractor" - Article 234 EC - Obligation of a national court to refer a question for a preliminary ruling - Conditions - Binding tariff information issued for a third party by the customs authorities of another Member State concerning a similar vehicle.#Case C-495/03.

Case C-495/03
      Intermodal Transports BV
      v
      Staatssecretaris van Financiën
      (Reference for a preliminary ruling from the Hoge Raad der Nederlanden)
      (Common Customs Tariff – Tariff headings – Classification in the combined nomenclature – Heading 8709 – ‘Magnum ET120 Terminal Tractor’ – Article 234 EC – Obligation of a national court to refer a question for a preliminary ruling – Conditions – Binding tariff information issued for a third party by the customs authorities of another Member State concerning a similar
         vehicle)
      
      Opinion of Advocate General Stix-Hackl delivered on 12 April 2005 
      Judgment of the Court (First Chamber), 15 September 2005 
      Summary of the Judgment
      1.     Common Customs Tariff — Classification of goods — Binding tariff information — Scope — Possibility of reliance by a third
            party in a dispute pending before a court of another Member State — Excluded
      (Council Regulation No 2913/92, Art. 12)
      2.     Preliminary rulings — Reference to the Court — Obligation to refer — National court before which proceedings relating to the
            tariff classification of goods are brought taking the view that a binding tariff information issued to a third party and submitted
            before it is wrong— No obligation to refer — Conditions
      (Art. 234 CE)
      3.     Common Customs Tariff — Tariff headings — Vehicles designed for moving semi-trailers on industrial premises and in industrial
            buildings — Classification in heading 8709 of the combined nomenclature relating to works trucks used for the transport of
            goods and tractors of the type used in railway stations — Excluded
      1.     It follows from Article 12 of Regulation No 2913/92 establishing the Community Customs Code that a binding tariff information
         creates rights only for the holder and in respect only of the goods described therein. In a dispute pending before a court
         of a Member State, the parties do not therefore have any personal right to rely on a binding tariff information relating to
         similar goods issued to a third party by the authorities of another Member State.
      
      (see para. 27)
      2.     Article 234 EC must be interpreted as meaning that when, in proceedings relating to the tariff classification of specific
         goods before a national court or tribunal, a binding tariff information relating to similar goods issued to a person not party
         to the dispute by the customs authorities of another Member State is submitted, and that court or tribunal takes the view
         that the tariff classification made in that information is wrong, those two circumstances cannot result, in respect of a court
         or tribunal against whose decisions there is a judicial remedy under national law, in the court or tribunal being under an
         obligation to refer to the Court questions on interpretation.
      
      In respect of a court or tribunal against whose decisions there is no judicial remedy under national law, those circumstances
         cannot, in themselves, automatically result in the court or tribunal being under an obligation to refer to the Court questions
         on interpretation. Such a court or tribunal is, however, required, where a question of Community law is raised before it,
         to comply with its obligation to make a reference, unless it has established that the question raised is irrelevant or that
         the Community provision in question has already been interpreted by the Court or that the correct application of Community
         law is so obvious as to leave no scope for any reasonable doubt. The existence of such a possibility must be assessed in the
         light of the specific characteristics of Community law, the particular difficulties to which its interpretation gives rise
         and the risk of divergences in judicial decisions within the Community. The existence of a binding tariff information issued
         by the authorities of another Member State must cause that court or tribunal to take particular care in its assessment of
         whether there is no reasonable doubt as to the correct application of the combined nomenclature, taking account, in particular,
         of the three criteria mentioned above.
      
       (see para. 45, operative part 1)
      3.     Heading 8709 of the combined nomenclature in Annex I to Regulation No 2658/87 on the tariff and statistical nomenclature and
         on the Common Customs Tariff, as amended by Regulation No 2261/98, must be interpreted as not covering a vehicle equipped
         with a diesel engine having an output of 132 kilowatts at 2 500 revolutions per minute and automatic transmission with four
         forward gears and one reverse gear, fitted with a closed cab and a fifth wheel allowing a lift height of 60 centimetres, which
         has a maximum carrying capacity of 32 000 kilograms, a very small turning circle and is designed for moving semi-trailers
         on industrial premises and in industrial buildings. Such a vehicle is neither a works truck used for the transport of goods
         nor a tractor of the type used in railway stations, within the meaning of that heading.   
      
       (see para. 64, operative part 2)
JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (First Chamber)
      15 September 2005 (*)
      
      (Common Customs Tariff – Tariff headings – Classification in the combined nomenclature – Heading 8709 – ‘Magnum ET120 Terminal Tractor’ – Article 234 EC – Obligation of a national court to refer a question for a preliminary ruling – Conditions – Binding tariff information issued for a third party by the customs authorities of another Member State concerning a similar
         vehicle)
      
      In Case C‑495/03,
      REFERENCE for a preliminary ruling under Article 234 EC from the Hoge Raad der Nederlanden (Netherlands), made by decision
         of 21 November 2003, received at the Court on 24 November 2003, in the proceedings
      
      Intermodal Transports BV
      v
      Staatssecretaris van Financiën,
      THE COURT (First Chamber),
      composed of P. Jann, President of the Chamber, K. Lenaerts, K. Schiemann (Rapporteur), E. Juhász and M. Ilešič, Judges,
      Advocate General: C. Stix‑Hackl,
      Registrar: R. Grass,
      having regard to the written procedure,
      after considering the observations submitted on behalf of:
      –       Intermodal Transports BV, by R. Tusveld and G. van Slooten, belastingadviseurs,
      –       the Netherlands Government, by H.G. Sevenster and C. ten Dam, acting as Agents,
      –       the Austrian Government, by H. Dossi, acting as Agent,
      –       the Commission of the European Communities, by J. Schieferer and D.W.V. Zijlstra, acting as Agents,
      after hearing the Opinion of the Advocate General at the sitting on 12 April 2005,
      gives the following
      Judgment
      1       The reference for a preliminary ruling concerns the interpretation of Article 234 EC and heading 8709 of the combined nomenclature
         in Annex I to Council Regulation (EEC) No 2658/87 of 23 July 1987 on the tariff and statistical nomenclature and on the Common
         Customs Tariff (OJ 1987 L 256, p. 1), as amended by Commission Regulation (EC) No 2261/98 of 26 October 1998 (OJ 1998 L 292,
         p. 1) (‘the CN’).
      
      2       The reference was made in proceedings between Intermodal Transports BV (‘Intermodal’), a company established in Rotterdam
         (Netherlands), and the Staatssecretaris van Financiën (State Secretary for Finance) concerning the classification in the CN
         of certain vehicles referred to as ‘Magnum ET120 Terminal Tractors’. Those vehicles are equipped with a diesel engine having
         an output of 132 kilowatts at 2 500 revolutions per minute and automatic transmission with four forward gears and one reverse
         gear, and are fitted with a closed cab and a fifth wheel allowing a lift height of 60 centimetres. They have a maximum carrying
         capacity of 32 000 kilograms, a very small turning circle and are designed for moving semi-trailers on industrial premises
         and in industrial buildings. 
      
      3       The first question referred for a preliminary ruling relates to the relevance of binding tariff information issued by customs
         authorities of a Member State for the purposes of assessing whether the national courts of another Member State before which
         a question of tariff classification is raised are under an obligation to make a reference to the Court for a preliminary ruling.
         The second question relates to the correct classification of the vehicles in question.
      
       Relevant provisions
       The combined nomenclature
      4       The CN is based on the worldwide Harmonised Commodity Description and Coding System (‘the HS’) drawn up by the Customs Cooperation
         Council (now the World Customs Organisation) and adopted by the International Convention concluded in Brussels on 14 June
         1983 (‘the HS Convention’) which was approved, together with the Protocol of Amendment thereto of 24 June 1986, on behalf
         of the Community by Council Decision 87/369/EEC of 7 April 1987 (OJ 1987 L 198, p. 1). 
      
      5       Headings 8701 and 8709 are listed in Chapter 87 in Section XVII of Part Two of the CN. That chapter relates to vehicles other
         than railway or tramway rolling-stock, and parts and accessories thereof. Note 2 to that chapter states that ‘(f)or the purposes
         of this chapter, “tractors” means vehicles constructed essentially for hauling or pushing another vehicle, appliance or load,
         whether or not they contain subsidiary provision for the transport, in connection with the main use of the tractor, of tools,
         seeds, fertilisers or other goods. …’
      
      6       When the customs debt in the main proceedings arose, heading 8701 was worded as follows: ‘tractors (other than tractors of
         heading No 8709)’. Sub-heading 8701 20 10 related to ‘new road tractors for semi-trailers’. Heading 8709 related to ‘works
         trucks, self-propelled, not fitted with lifting or handling equipment, of the type used in factories, warehouses, dock areas
         or airports for short distance transport of goods; tractors of the type used on railway station platforms; parts of the foregoing
         vehicles’. 
      
      7       The general rules for the interpretation of the CN, which are in Part One, Section I, A, of the CN, state in particular:
      ‘Classification of goods in the combined nomenclature shall be governed by the following principles:
      1.      The titles of sections, chapters and sub-chapters are provided for ease of reference only; for legal purposes, classification
         shall be determined according to the terms of the headings and any relevant section or chapter notes and, provided such headings
         or notes do not otherwise require, according to the following provisions.
      
      …’
      8       Under Article 6(1) of the HS Convention, a committee known as the ‘Harmonised System Committee’, composed of representatives
         from each of the Contracting Parties, was established within the Customs Cooperation Council. Under Article 7(1) of the HS
         Convention, the functions of the committee include proposing amendments to that convention and preparing Explanatory Notes,
         Classification Opinions and other advice as guides to the interpretation of the HS.
      
      9       The explanatory note on heading 8701 of the HS states:
      ‘For the purposes of this heading, tractors means wheeled or track-laying vehicles constructed essentially for hauling or
         pushing another vehicle, appliance or load. …
      
      The heading covers tractors (other than tractors of the type used on railway station platforms, falling in heading 87.09)
         of various types (tractors for agricultural or forestry work, road tractors, heavy duty tractors for constructional engineering
         work, winch tractors, etc.), whatever their mode of propulsion (internal combustion piston engine, electric motor, etc.) …
      
      The tractors of this heading … may be equipped with … a coupling device for trailers or semi-trailers (e.g., on mechanical
         horses and similar tractive units) …’
      
      10     The explanatory note on heading 8709 states:
      ‘This heading covers a group of self-propelled vehicles of the types used in factories, warehouses, dock areas or airports
         for the short distance transport of various loads (goods or containers) or, on railway station platforms, to haul small trailers.
      
      …
      The main features common to the vehicles of this heading which generally distinguish them from the vehicles of heading 87.01,
         87.03 or 87.04 may be summarised as follows: 
      
      (1)      Their construction and, as a rule, their special design features, make them unsuitable for the transport of passengers or
         for the transport of goods by road or other public ways.
      
      (2)       Their top speed when laden is generally not more than 30 to 35 km/h.
      (3)      Their turning radius is approximately equal to the length of the vehicle itself.
      Vehicles of this heading do not usually have a closed driving cab, the accommodation for the driver often being no more than
         a platform on which he stands to steer the vehicle. Certain types may be equipped with a protective frame, metal screen, etc.,
         over the driver’s seat.
      
      The vehicles of this heading may be pedestrian controlled.
      …
      Tractors of the type used on railway station platforms are designed primarily to tow or push other vehicles, e.g., small trailers.
         They do not themselves carry goods, and are generally lighter and less powerful than the tractors of heading 87.01. Tractors
         of this type may also be used on wharfs, in warehouses, etc.
      
      …’
       Tariff information
      11     Article 4 of Council Regulation (EEC) No 2913/92 of 12 October 1992 establishing the Community Customs Code (OJ 1992 L 302,
         p. 1), as amended by Regulation (EC) No 82/97 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 December 1996 (OJ 1997 L
         17, p. 1; corrigendum at OJ 1997 L 179, p. 11) (‘the CCC’) provides:
      
      ‘For the purposes of this Code, the following definitions shall apply:
      …
      (5)      “Decision” means any official act by the customs authorities pertaining to customs rules giving a ruling on a particular case,
         such act having legal effects on one or more specific or identifiable persons; this term covers, inter alia, binding information
         within the meaning of Article 12.
      
      …’
      12     Article 9(1) of the CCC states:
      ‘A decision favourable to the person concerned shall be revoked or amended where … one or more of the conditions laid down
         for its issue were not or are no longer fulfilled.’
      
      13     Under Article 12 of the CCC:
      ‘...
      2.       Binding tariff information or binding origin information shall be binding on the customs authorities as against the holder
         of the information only in respect of the tariff classification or determination of the origin of goods.
      
      …
      3.       The holder of such information must be able to prove that:
      –       for tariff purposes: the goods declared correspond in every respect to those described in the information,
      … 
      5.       Binding information shall cease to be valid:
      (a)      in the case of tariff information:
      (i)      where a regulation is adopted and the information no longer conforms to the law laid down thereby;
      (ii)  where it is no longer compatible with the interpretation of one of the nomenclatures referred to in Article 20(6):
      –       at Community level, by reason of amendments to the explanatory notes to the combined nomenclature or by a judgment of the
         Court of Justice of the European Communities,
      
      –       at international level, by reason of a classification opinion or an amendment of the explanatory notes to the Nomenclature
         of the [HS];
      
      (iii) where it is revoked or amended in accordance with Article 9, provided that the revocation or amendment is notified to the
         holder.
      
      The date on which binding information ceases to be valid for the cases cited in (i) and (ii) shall be the date of publication
         of the said measures or, in the case of international measures, the date of the Commission communication in the “C” series
         of the Official Journal of the European Communities;
      
      …’
      14     Article 5(1) of Commission Regulation (EEC) No 2454/93 of 2 July 1993 laying down provisions for the implementation of Regulation
         No 2913/92 (OJ 1993 L 253, p. 1), as amended by Commission Regulation (EC) No 12/97 of 18 December 1996 (OJ 1997 L 9, p. 1)
         (‘the CCC Implementation Regulation’), defines binding information as ‘tariff information … binding on the administrations
         of all Community Member States when the conditions laid down in Articles 6 and 7 are fulfilled’.
      
      15     Article 10 of the CCC Implementation Regulation states:
      ‘1.       Without prejudice to Articles 5 and 64 of the [CCC], binding information may be invoked only by the holder.
      …
      3.       The holder of binding information may use it in respect of particular goods only where it is established:
      (a)       tariff matters: to the satisfaction of the customs authorities that the goods in question conform in all respects to those
         described in the information presented;
      
      …’
      16     Article 11 of the CCC Implementation Regulation provides:
      ‘Binding tariff information supplied by the customs authorities of a Member State since 1 January 1991 shall become binding
         on the competent authorities of all the Member States under the same conditions.’
      
       The main proceedings and the questions referred for a preliminary ruling
      17     On 1 March 1999, Intermodal declared for the purposes of their release for free circulation motor vehicles referred to as
         ‘Magnum ET120 Terminal Tractors’. That declaration classified those vehicles under tariff heading 8709 of the CN.
      
      18     Following a check the Netherlands customs authorities took the view, however, that the vehicles fell under sub-heading 8701
         20 10 of the CN. They therefore sent Intermodal a notice of additional payment.
      
      19     In support of the action which it brought against that notice before the Gerechtshof te Amsterdam (Regional Court of Appeal,
         Amsterdam), Intermodal submitted a binding tariff information (BTI) issued on 14 May 1996 by the Finnish customs authorities.
         That document, which was still valid, specified Sisu Terminal Systems Oy, established in Tampere (Finland), as the holder
         and classified vehicles referred to as ‘Sisu-Terminaaltraktori’ under heading 8709 of the CN.
      
      20     The action was dismissed by that court by decision of 21 May 2002. Taking the view that it follows from the general rule for
         the interpretation of the CN in Part One, Section I, A, point 1, of the CN and from settled case-law of the Court of Justice
         that the decisive criterion for the classification of goods for customs purposes is in general to be found in their objective
         characteristics and properties as defined by the wording of the heading of the CN and the section or chapter notes in question,
         that court held that, as the vehicles were not designed to transport goods or suitable for towing trolleys on railway station
         platforms, they could not be classified under heading 8709.
      
      21     As it considered, therefore, that sub-heading 8701 20 10 was clearly applicable and found that the fact that the Finnish authorities
         had issued a divergent BTI for similar goods to a third party was not such as to affect that assessment, the Gerechtshof te
         Amsterdam held that it was inappropriate to seek a preliminary ruling from the Court of Justice.
      
      22     Intermodal appealed against that decision on a point of law before the Hoge Raad der Nederlanden (Supreme Court of the Netherlands).
      23     While it considers that it follows from Article 4(5) and Article 12(2) and (3) of the CCC and from Article 10 of the CCC Implementation
         Regulation that Intermodal cannot derive any right from a BTI of which it is not the holder and which relates to other goods,
         the Hoge Raad der Nederlanden is uncertain whether, in circumstances such as those in the main proceedings, a national court
         which takes the view that such a BTI issued to a third party makes a classification which is manifestly wrong under the CN
         is required to refer to the Court a question for a preliminary ruling. According to the Hoge Raad der Nederlanden, the fact
         that under the first indent of Article 12(5)(a)(ii) of the CCC, a BTI ceases to be valid where, by reason of a judgment of
         the Court of Justice, it is no longer compatible with the interpretation of the CN, could militate in favour of an answer
         to that question in the affirmative.
      
      24     The Hoge Raad der Nederlanden wishes, in addition, to know whether heading 8709 must be interpreted strictly, so as to exclude
         the vehicles in issue in the main proceedings on the ground that they do not transport goods and are not tractors of the type
         used on railway-station platforms or similar vehicles, or whether that heading must be interpreted more broadly, as suggested
         by the Explanatory Notes to the HS, which extend the term ‘tractors’ to include those which are used to haul or push other
         vehicles not only in railway stations, but also in dock areas, warehouses and so forth.
      
      25     It was in those circumstances that the Hoge Raad der Nederlanden decided to stay the proceedings and to refer to the Court
         the following questions for a preliminary ruling:
      
      ‘1.       Should a national court refer questions on the interpretation of the CN to the Court of Justice of the European Communities
         for a preliminary ruling where a party to a dispute brought before it concerning classification in the CN of a certain product
         invokes a decision by a customs authority laid down in a [BTI] issued to a third party in respect of a similar product and
         the national court takes the view that that BTI is at variance with the CN? 
      
      2.       Must heading 8709 of the CN be interpreted as covering vehicles such as those in issue in the present case?’
       Consideration of the questions referred for a preliminary ruling
       The first question
      26     By that question, the court making the reference asks whether a national court before which, in a dispute concerning the classification
         of goods under the CN, a BTI relating to similar goods issued by the customs authorities of another Member State to a person
         not party to that dispute is invoked, is under an obligation to refer to the Court questions on interpretation if it takes
         the view that that BTI is at variance with the CN and it intends to adopt a tariff classification different from the one in
         the BTI.
      
      27     It should be stated, first, that the referring court with good reason took the view that it follows from Article 12 of the
         CCC that a BTI creates rights only for the holder and in respect only of the goods described therein. As is clear from paragraph
         23 of this judgment, that court thus rightly deduced that, in the dispute pending before it, Intermodal did not have any personal
         right to rely on the BTI issued by the Finnish authorities.
      
      28     Regarding the question referred for a preliminary ruling, and in respect of, first, courts or tribunals of a Member State
         against whose decisions there is a judicial remedy under national law, under the second paragraph of Article 234 EC – as the
         Netherlands Government and the Commission of the European Communities have noted – such courts may, but are not under an obligation
         to, refer a question on interpretation to the Court for a preliminary ruling if they consider that a decision on the question
         is necessary in order to enable them to give judgment.
      
      29     In that regard, it should be observed, in particular, that the obligation to refer a question to the Court for a preliminary
         ruling laid down by the third paragraph of Article 234 EC in respect of national courts or tribunals against whose decisions
         there is no judicial remedy is intended in particular to prevent a body of national case-law that is not in accordance with
         the rules of Community law from being established in a Member State (see, in particular, Case C-393/98 Gomes Valente [2001] ECR I-1327, paragraph 17, and case-law cited).
      
      30     This objective is secured when, subject to the limits accepted by the Court (Case 283/81 Cilfit and Others [1982] ECR 3415), supreme courts are bound by that obligation to refer as is any other national court or tribunal against
         whose decisions there is no judicial remedy (see Case C-99/00 Lyckeskog [2002] ECR I‑4839, paragraphs 14 and 15, and case-law cited). 
      
      31     On the other hand, national courts or tribunals against whose decisions there is a judicial remedy under national law are,
         under the EC Treaty, free to assess whether or not a reference to the Court for a preliminary interpretative ruling is necessary.
      
      32     The fact that the customs authorities of another Member State have issued to a person not party to the dispute before such
         a court and in respect of similar goods to those at issue in that dispute a BTI as referred to by a provision of secondary
         legislation such as Article 12 of the CCC cannot limit the freedom of assessment thus vested in that court under Article 234
         EC.
      
      33     Secondly, in respect of national courts or tribunals against whose decisions there is no judicial remedy under national law,
         it should be remembered that the third paragraph of Article 234 EC must, following settled case-law, be interpreted as meaning
         that such courts or tribunals are required, where a question of Community law is raised before them, to comply with their
         obligation to make a reference, unless they have established that the question raised is irrelevant or that the Community
         provision in question has already been interpreted by the Court or that the correct application of Community law is so obvious
         as to leave no scope for any reasonable doubt. The existence of such a possibility must be assessed in the light of the specific
         characteristics of Community law, the particular difficulties to which its interpretation gives rise and the risk of divergences
         in judicial decisions within the Community.
      
      34     The fact that the customs authorities of another Member State have issued to a person not party to the dispute before such
         a court a BTI for specific goods, which seems to reflect a different interpretation of the CN headings from that which that
         court considers it must adopt in respect of similar goods in question in that dispute, most certainly must cause that court
         to take particular care in its assessment of whether there is no reasonable doubt as to the correct application of the CN,
         taking account, in particular, of the three criteria cited in the preceding paragraph.
      
      35     On the other hand, contrary to the contentions of Intermodal and the Commission, and as the Netherlands and Austrian Governments
         have rightly claimed, the existence of such a BTI cannot, in itself, prevent the national court from concluding, after an
         examination fulfilling the requirements noted in paragraphs 33 and 34 of this judgment, that the correct application, in a
         given case, of a CN tariff heading is so obvious as to leave no scope, particularly in the light of the settled interpretative
         criteria identified by the Court with regard to classification in the CN, for any reasonable doubt as to the manner in which
         the question raised is to be resolved or prevent it, in such a case, from deciding to refrain from seeking a preliminary ruling
         from the Court and to take upon itself the responsibility for resolving that question (Cilfitand Others, cited above, paragraph 16).
      
      36     First, any divergent application of the rules in certain Member States cannot influence the interpretation of the Common Customs
         Code which is based on the wording of the tariff headings (Case C-120/90 Post [1991] ECR I-2391, paragraph 24).
      
      37     Secondly, and without prejudice to the lessons to be drawn from the judgment in Case C-224/01 Köbler [2003] ECR I-10239, the case-law as stated in Cilfit and Others gives the national court sole responsibility for determining whether the correct application of Community law is so obvious
         as to leave no scope for any reasonable doubt and for deciding, as a result, to refrain from referring to the Court of Justice
         a question concerning the interpretation of Community law which has been raised before it (Case C-340/99 TNT Traco [2001] ECR I-4109, paragraph 35).
      
      38     Thirdly, that obligation to refer imposed by the third paragraph of Article 234 EC is based on cooperation, established with
         a view to ensuring the proper application and uniform interpretation of Community law in all the Member States, between national
         courts, in their capacity as courts responsible for the application of Community law, and the Court of Justice (see, inter
         alia, Cilfit and Others, paragraph 7, Case C-337/95 Parfums Christian Dior [1997] ECR I-6013, paragraph 25, and Gomes Valente, cited above, paragraph 17). As has been noted in paragraph 29 of the present judgment, that obligation is intended in particular
         to prevent a body of national case-law that is not in accordance with the rules of Community law from being established in
         any Member State.
      
      39     In that respect, the Court has, admittedly, held that, before the national court or tribunal comes to the conclusion that
         the correct application of a provision of Community law is so obvious that there is no scope for any reasonable doubt as to
         the manner in which the question raised is to be resolved and therefore refrains from submitting a question to the Court for
         a preliminary ruling, it must in particular be convinced that the matter is equally obvious to the courts of the other Member
         States and to the Court of Justice (Cilfit and Others,  paragraph 16). On the other hand, such a court cannot be required to ensure that, in addition, the matter is equally obvious
         to bodies of a non-judicial nature such as administrative authorities.
      
      40     Fourthly, the mechanism of the reference for a preliminary ruling created by Article 234 EC is intended, as the very wording
         of that provision makes clear, in particular to provide a means for a national court before which a dispute has been brought
         to obtain the clarification necessary for the purposes of deciding it. On the other hand, a national court cannot be required
         to have recourse to that mechanism on the sole ground that the interpretation that will be adopted by the Court concerning
         a given tariff heading might, under a provision of secondary legislation such as Article 12 of the CCC, invalidate a BTI issued
         by the customs authorities of another Member State or end a practice attributable to those authorities, where neither the
         BTI nor the practice are the subject-matter of the dispute before that court.
      
      41     With regard to the possibility that an administrative practice and case-law that diverge could co-exist in two Member States,
         a situation which, as the Commission states, would adversely affect the requirement for the uniform application of the common
         customs tariff and would mean, as Intermodal states, that similar products have different classifications depending on which
         of the two Member States the trader concerned imports them into, it should be pointed out, as the Netherlands and Austrian
         Governments have stated, that various mechanisms exist to ensure that such inconsistencies are of a temporary nature.
      
      42     First, under Article 9 and Article 12(5)(a)(iii) of the CCC, a BTI may be revoked if one or more of the conditions laid down
         for its issue were not or are no longer fulfilled. It follows that, where the customs authorities take the view that their
         initial interpretation is wrong, as the result of an error of assessment or evolution in the thinking in relation to tariff
         classification, they are entitled to consider that one of the conditions laid down for the issue of a BTI is no longer fulfilled
         and to revoke that BTI with a view to amending the tariff classification of the goods concerned (see, to that effect, Joined
         Cases C-133/02 and C-134/02 Timmermans Transport and Hoogenboom Production [2004] ECR I-1125, paragraphs 21 to 25).
      
      43     Next, under Article 12(5)(a)(i) of the CCC a BTI ceases to be valid, inter alia, where a classification regulation is adopted
         and the information no longer conforms to the law laid down thereby. Under Article 9(1) of Regulation No 2658/87, the Commission
         has the authority to adopt such classification regulations, in accordance with the procedure defined in Article 10 of that
         regulation.
      
      44     Finally, assuming that the divergences thus observed endure despite everything, proceedings could be brought before the Court
         on the basis of Article 226 EC. It should be remembered in particular that an administrative practice can be the subject-matter
         of an action for failure to fulfil obligations when it is, to some degree, of a consistent and general nature (see, inter
         alia, Case C-387/99 Commission v Germany [2004] ECR I-3751, paragraph 42, and Case C-494/01 Commission  v Ireland [2005] ECR I-0000, paragraph 28).
      
      45     Having regard to the foregoing, the answer to the first question must be that Article 234 EC must be interpreted as meaning
         that when, in proceedings relating to the tariff classification of specific goods before a national court or tribunal, a BTI
         relating to similar goods issued to a person not party to the dispute by the customs authorities of another Member State is
         submitted, and that court or tribunal takes the view that the tariff classification made in that BTI is wrong, those two circumstances:
      
      –       cannot result, in respect of a court or tribunal against whose decisions there is a judicial remedy under national law, in
         the court or tribunal being under an obligation to refer to the Court questions on interpretation;
      
      –       cannot, in themselves, automatically result, in respect of a court or tribunal against whose decisions there is no judicial
         remedy under national law, in the court or tribunal being under an obligation to refer to the Court questions on interpretation.
      
      A court or tribunal against whose decisions there is no judicial remedy under national law is, however, required, where a
         question of Community law is raised before it, to comply with its obligation to make a reference, unless it has established
         that the question raised is irrelevant or that the Community provision in question has already been interpreted by the Court
         or that the correct application of Community law is so obvious as to leave no scope for any reasonable doubt. The existence
         of such a possibility must be assessed in the light of the specific characteristics of Community law, the particular difficulties
         to which its interpretation gives rise and the risk of divergences in judicial decisions within the Community; the existence
         of the abovementioned BTI must cause that court or tribunal to take particular care in its assessment of whether there is
         no reasonable doubt as to the correct application of the CN, taking account, in particular, of the three criteria mentioned
         above.
      
       The second question
      46     By its second question, the national court asks, essentially, whether heading 8709 of the CN must be interpreted as covering
         a vehicle with the features of the vehicle at issue in the main proceedings.
      
      47     According to settled case-law, in the interests of legal certainty and ease of verification, the decisive criterion for the
         classification of goods for customs purposes is in general to be found in their objective characteristics and properties as
         defined in the wording of the relevant heading of the CN and of the notes to the sections or chapters (see, inter alia, Case
         C-396/02 DFDS [2004] ECR I-8439, paragraph 27, and case-law cited).
      
      48     The explanatory notes to the CN and those to the HS are an important aid to the interpretation of the scope of the various
         tariff headings but do not have legally binding force (see, inter alia, DFDS, cited above, paragraph 28). The content of those notes must therefore be compatible with the provisions of the CN and may
         not alter the meaning of those provisions (see, in particular, Case C-280/97 ROSE Electrotechnik [1999] ECR I-689, paragraph 23, and Case C-42/99 Eru Portuguesa [2000] ECR I-7691, paragraph 20).
      
      49     In this case, heading 8709 of the CN refers to ‘works trucks, self-propelled, not fitted with lifting or handling equipment,
         of the type used in factories, warehouses, dock areas or airports for short distance transport of goods’ and ‘tractors of
         the type used on railway station platforms’ and their parts.
      
      50     Such wording draws a distinction between the two categories of vehicles, each defined in terms of, in particular, certain
         of their physical features and/or the use which may be made of them.
      
      51     In respect of ‘works trucks’, that wording thus contains details which show that the vehicles at issue must be of the type
         used in factories, warehouses, dock areas or airports, which cannot be fitted with lifting equipment and which are used for
         the transport of goods. The Explanatory Notes to the SH state in the latter regard, in addition, that those works trucks are
         fitted with, for example, a platform or container on which the goods are loaded.
      
      52     Although they are used in industrial sites and warehouses, the vehicles at issue in the main proceedings clearly do not therefore
         meet those objective requirements since, as the Netherlands Government has rightly noted, according to the order for reference
         those vehicles cannot, as such, transport goods, but serve solely to tow semi-trailers with the aid of a fifth wheel.
      
      53     Regarding ‘tractors’, it should be noted, first, that heading 8701 on ‘tractors’, which are defined in Note 2 to Chapter 87
         as ‘vehicles constructed essentially for hauling or pushing another vehicle, appliance or load’, states that that heading
         covers all tractors thus defined other than tractors of heading 8709.
      
      54     As for heading 8709, its wording refers to tractors of the type used in railway stations. Some of the language versions, including
         the English and Dutch versions, refer specifically to railway station platforms.
      
      55     According to the Court’s case-law, the intended use of a product may constitute an objective criterion in relation to tariff
         classification if it is inherent in the product, and such inherent character must be capable of being assessed on the basis
         of the product’s objective characteristics and properties (see, inter alia, Case C-467/03 Ikegami [2005] ECR I-0000, paragraph 23, and case-law cited).
      
      56     The wording of heading 8709 accords decisive importance to the fact that the vehicles concerned must be of the type used for
         towing purposes in railway stations and, in particular, as some language versions make clear, on railway station platforms.
         
      
      57     That criterion refers to the objective characteristics of the tractor which have to be such that it is naturally capable of
         being used in railway stations, in particular on railway station platforms, and that it is identical or similar to the vehicles
         which are actually used in such places.
      
      58     As for the Explanatory Notes to the HS, they confirm that the vehicles thus referred to in heading 8709 are of the type used
         on railway station platforms to haul small trailers.
      
      59     In this case, as the national court found, the vehicles at issue in the main proceedings are equipped with a diesel engine
         having an output of 132 kilowatts at 2 500 revolutions per minute and automatic transmission with four forward gears and one
         reverse gear, and are fitted with a closed cab and a fifth wheel allowing a lift height of 60 centimetres. They have a maximum
         carrying capacity of 32 000 kilograms, a very small turning circle and are designed for moving semi-trailers.
      
      60     It is apparent from those objective characteristics that the vehicles in question in the main proceedings are clearly neither
         similar to vehicles actually used for towing purposes in railway stations, including on platforms, nor capable, by their nature,
         of being so used.
      
      61     It follows, as the Netherlands Government has rightly submitted, and contrary to the argument of Intermodal and the Commission,
         that such vehicles cannot fall within the field of application of heading 8709.
      
      62     Moreover, it may be observed that that conclusion is reinforced by other details contained in the Explanatory Notes to the
         HS. The latter indicate that the features which distinguish vehicles under heading 8709 from the tractors referred to in heading
         8701 are, inter alia, the limited top speed of the former which is generally not more than 30 to 35 km/h, their turning radius
         approximately equal to the length of the vehicle itself, the fact that, on account of their special design features and their
         construction, they cannot be used for the transport of goods by road, and also the fact that they are generally lighter and
         less powerful than the latter. Those notes also specify that the vehicles of heading 8709 do not usually have a closed driving
         cab, the accommodation for the driver often being no more than a platform on which he stands to steer the vehicle.
      
      63     It must be stated that these features listed in the Explanatory Notes to the HS are not found in the case of the vehicles
         at issue in the main proceedings.
      
      64     In the light of the foregoing, the answer to the second question must be that heading 8709 of the CN must be interpreted as
         not covering a vehicle equipped with a diesel engine having an output of 132 kilowatts at 2 500 revolutions per minute and
         automatic transmission with four forward gears and one reverse gear, fitted with a closed cab and a fifth wheel allowing a
         lift height of 60 centimetres, which has a maximum carrying capacity of 32 000 kilograms, a very small turning circle and
         is designed for moving semi-trailers on industrial premises and in industrial buildings. Such a vehicle is neither a works
         truck used for the transport of goods nor a tractor of the type used in railway stations, within the meaning of that heading.
         
      
       Costs
      65     Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action pending before the national court,
         the decision on costs is a matter for that court. Costs incurred in submitting observations to the Court, other than the costs
         of those parties, are not recoverable.
      
      On those grounds, the Court (First Chamber) hereby rules:
      1.      Article 234 EC must be interpreted as meaning that when, in proceedings relating to the tariff classification of specific
            goods before a national court or tribunal, a binding tariff information relating to similar goods issued to a person not party
            to the dispute by the customs authorities of another Member State is submitted, and that court or tribunal takes the view
            that the tariff classification made in that information is wrong, those two circumstances:
      –       cannot result, in respect of a court or tribunal against whose decisions there is a judicial remedy under national law, in
            the court or tribunal being under an obligation to refer to the Court questions on interpretation;
      –       cannot, in themselves, automatically result, in respect of a court or tribunal against whose decisions there is no judicial
            remedy under national law, in the court or tribunal being under an obligation to refer to the Court questions on interpretation.
      A court or tribunal against whose decisions there is no judicial remedy under national law is, however, required, where a
            question of Community law is raised before it, to comply with its obligation to make a reference, unless it has established
            that the question raised is irrelevant or that the Community provision in question has already been interpreted by the Court
            or that the correct application of Community law is so obvious as to leave no scope for any reasonable doubt. The existence
            of such a possibility must be assessed in the light of the specific characteristics of Community law, the particular difficulties
            to which its interpretation gives rise and the risk of divergences in judicial decisions within the Community; the existence
            of the abovementioned binding tariff information must cause that court or tribunal to take particular care in its assessment
            of whether there is no reasonable doubt as to the correct application of the combined nomenclature in Annex I to Council Regulation
            (EEC) No 2658/87 of 23 July 1987 on the tariff and statistical nomenclature and on the Common Customs Tariff, as amended by
            Commission Regulation (EC) No 2261/98 of 26 October 1998, taking account, in particular, of the three criteria mentioned above.
      2.      Heading 8709 of the combined nomenclature must be interpreted as not covering a vehicle equipped with a diesel engine having
            an output of 132 kilowatts at 2 500 revolutions per minute and automatic transmission with four forward gears and one reverse
            gear, fitted with a closed cab and a fifth wheel allowing a lift height of 60 centimetres, which has a maximum carrying capacity
            of 32 000 kilograms, a very small turning circle and is designed for moving semi-trailers on industrial premises and in industrial
            buildings. Such a vehicle is neither a works truck used for the transport of goods nor a tractor of the type used in railway
            stations, within the meaning of that heading. 
      [Signatures]
      * Language of the case: Dutch.