CELEX: 62001TJ0111
Language: en
Date: 2005-05-11 00:00:00
Title: Judgment of the Court of First Instance (First Chamber, extended composition) of 11 May 2005. # Saxonia Edelmetalle GmbH (T-111/01) and Zeitzer Maschinen, Anlagen Geräte (ZEMAG) GmbH (T-133/01) v Commission of the European Communities. # State aid - Restructuring - Misuse of State aid - Recovery of aid - Article 88(2) EC - Regulation (EC) No 659/1999. # Joined cases T-111/01 and T-133/01.

Joined Cases T-111/01 and T-133/01
      Saxonia Edelmetalle GmbH and J. Riedemann as liquidator of ZEMAG GmbH
      v
      Commission of the European Communities
      (State aid – Restructuring – Misuse of State aid – Recovery of aid – Article 88(2) EC – Regulation (EC) No 659/1999)
      Judgment of the Court of First Instance (First Chamber, Extended Composition), 11 May 2005 
      Summary of the Judgment
      1.     State aid – Administrative procedure – Obligation for the Commission to put the parties concerned on notice to submit their
            observations – Form and content of the notice
      (Art. 88(2) EC; Council Regulation No 659/1999, Arts 6(1) and 16)
      2.     State aid – Administrative procedure – Obligation for the Commission, where the Member State has failed to comply with its
            injunction to supply information, to consult the parties concerned – None
      (Council Regulation No 659/1999, Arts 13(1), 14 and 16)
      3.     Actions for annulment – Pleas in law – Pleas that may be raised against a Commission decision on State aid – Pleas not raised
            in the administrative procedure – Distinction between admissible pleas in law and inadmissible pleas of fact
      (Arts 88(2) EC and 230 EC)
      4.     State aid – Aid authorised by the Commission – Misuse of the aid by the beneficiary – Burden of proof on the Commission –
            Refusal by the Member State concerned to obey the injunction to provide information – Consequences
      (Art. 88(2) EC; Council Regulation No 659/1999, Arts 1(g), 13 and 16)
      5.     State aid – Aid authorised by the Commission – Misuse of the aid by the beneficiary – Discretion of the Commission – Judicial
            review – Limits
      6.     State aid – Recovery of unlawful aid – Obligation resulting from the unlawfulness – Subject-matter – Restoration of the prior
            situation – Application mutatis mutandis in the event of misuse of aid
      (Art. 88(2) EC; Council Regulation No 659/1999, Arts 1(g), 14 and 16)
      7.     Acts of the institutions – Statement of reasons – Obligation – Scope – Refusal to take into consideration, in a decision ordering
            the reimbursement of unlawful aid, the information provided by the Member State concerned following an injunction
      (Art. 253 EC; Council Regulation No 659/1999, Arts 10(3) and 13(1))
      1.     The procedure for reviewing State aid is, in view of its general scheme, a procedure initiated in respect of the Member State
         responsible, in the light of its Community obligations, for granting the aid and not in respect of the beneficiary or beneficiaries
         of the aid.
      
      For the purposes of Article 88(2) EC ‘parties concerned’ refers to an undetermined group of addressees. It follows that Article
         88(2) EC does not require that specific parties be put on notice individually. Its sole purpose is to require the Commission
         to take steps to ensure that all parties potentially concerned are informed and given the opportunity to put forward their
         arguments. In that context, the publication of a notice in the Official Journal of the European Communities is an appropriate means of informing all the parties concerned that a procedure has been initiated. Consequently, that solution
         confers on the parties concerned essentially the role of information sources for the Commission in the administrative procedure
         instituted under Article 88(2) EC.
      
      Of course, the mere fact of being informed of the opening of a formal procedure does not suffice to enable a party to effectively
         make known its observations. The Court notes that Article 6(1) of Regulation No 659/1999 laying down detailed rules for the
         application of Article [88 EC], which is also applicable, by virtue of Article 16 of that regulation, to misused aid, provides
         that the decision to open the formal investigation procedure, despite the necessarily temporary nature of the assessment it
         entails, must be sufficiently precise to enable the parties concerned to participate in an effective manner in the formal
         investigation procedure during which they will have the opportunity to put forward their arguments. To that end, it suffices
         that the parties concerned may familiarise themselves with the reasoning relied on by the Commission.
      
      Since the Commission did, through the notice published in the Official Journal of the European Communities, invite the beneficiaries of aid initially authorised by a previous decision to submit their observations on possible violation
         of the decision in question due to use of that aid in a manner contrary to that decision and those beneficiaries did not take
         advantage of that opportunity, the Commission did not violate any of their rights.
      
      (see paras 47-48, 50-51, 53)
      2.     It follows from Article 13(1) of Regulation No 659/1999 laying down detailed rules for the application of Article [88 EC]
         that, where the Member State fails to respond to the Commission’s injunction decision ordering that certain information be
         provided, the Commission is empowered to end the formal investigation procedure and to adopt a decision declaring that the
         aid is or is not compatible with the common market on the basis of the information available. That decision may, subject to
         the conditions provided for in Article 14 of Regulation No 659/1999, order the recovery of previously-paid aid from its beneficiary.
         Under Article 16 of Regulation No 659/1999, Articles 13 and 14 apply mutatis mutandis in the event of misuse of aid. It follows
         from those provisions that the Commission is not under a duty to consult the parties concerned in cases where a Member State
         fails to comply with the Commission’s injunction to provide information.
      
      (see para. 58)
      3.     In the context of an action for annulment under Article 230 EC the legality of a Community measure falls to be assessed on
         the basis of the elements of fact and of law existing at the time when the measure was adopted. In particular, the assessments
         made by the Commission must be examined solely on the basis of the information available to the Commission at the time when
         those assessments were made.
      
      It follows that an applicant who has participated in the investigation procedure provided for by Article 88(2) EC cannot rely
         on factual arguments of which the Commission was unaware and of which it did not inform the Commission in the course of the
         investigation procedure. By contrast, nothing prevents the party concerned from formulating against the final decision a legal
         plea which was not raised at the stage of the administrative procedure.
      
      That solution may, subject to certain exceptional cases, apply by extension to cases where an undertaking has not participated
         in the investigation procedure provided for by Article 88(2) EC.
      
      (see paras 67-69)
      4.     A reading of Article 88(2) EC, together with Article 1(g) and Article 16 of Regulation No 659/1999 laying down detailed rules
         for the application of Article [88 EC], shows that it is in principle for the Commission to establish that all or part of
         the aid previously authorised by it by an earlier decision has been misused by the beneficiary. If it fails to do so, that
         aid is to be considered as being covered by its previous approval decision. 
      
      Nevertheless, the reference in Article 16 of Regulation No 659/1999 to Article 13 authorises the Commission, in cases where
         a Member State fails to comply with an order to provide information, to adopt a decision closing the formal investigation
         procedure on the basis of the information available. Thus, when a Member State fails to provide sufficiently clear and precise
         information on the use of the aid about which the Commission, on the basis of the information it has available, expresses
         doubts as to compliance with its earlier approval decision, the Commission is empowered to find that the aid in question has
         been abused.
      
      (see paras 86, 93)
      5.     When the assessment which the Commission must conduct involves the consideration and assessment of economically complex facts
         and circumstances, given that the Community Court may not substitute its assessment for that of the Commission, the Court’s
         review must be limited to verifying compliance with procedural rules and the obligation to state reasons, as well as the material
         accuracy of the facts, and ensuring that there has been no manifest error of assessment or misuse of powers. Such is the case
         when the Commission’s assessment is of whether all or part of the aid previously authorised by it was misused by the beneficiary.
      
      (see paras 90-91)
      6.     In accordance with Community law, when the Commission finds that aid is incompatible with the common market, it may require
         the Member State which paid the aid to recover it from the recipient. Removing unlawful aid by means of recovery is the logical
         consequence of a finding that it is unlawful and seeks to re-establish the previous situation. That purpose is achieved once
         the aid in question, together where appropriate with default interest, has been repaid by the recipient or, in other words,
         by the undertakings which actually benefited from it. By repaying the aid, the recipient forfeits the advantage which it had
         enjoyed over its competitors on the market, and the situation prior to payment of the aid is restored. Consequently, the main
         purpose of the repayment of unlawfully paid State aid is to eliminate the distortion of competition caused by the competitive
         advantage afforded by the unlawful aid.
      
      It cannot in principle be otherwise as regards the repayment of aid paid by a Member State which, pursuant to a decision adopted
         by the Commission, is considered to have been misused pursuant to Article 88(2) EC and Article 1(g) of Regulation No 659/1999
         laying down detailed rules for the application of Article [88 EC]. The Court notes in this respect that Article 16 of Regulation
         No 659/1999 provides inter alia that Article 14 of the same regulation, in so far as it requires recovery from the beneficiary
         of aid found to be illegal, applies mutatis mutandis in the event of aid being misused. Consequently, misused aid must, in
         principle, be recovered from the undertaking which has had the actual use thereof, which may be different from the undertaking
         listed as the beneficiary in the decision authorising the aid, in order to eliminate the distortion of competition caused
         by the competitive advantage afforded by it.
      
      (see paras 111-115, 125)
      7.     In order to satisfy the requirements of Article 253 EC, the statement of reasons for a decision must be appropriate to the
         act at issue and must disclose in a clear and unequivocal fashion the reasoning followed by the institution which adopted
         the measure in question so as to enable the persons concerned to ascertain the reasons for the measure and to enable the Community
         judicature to exercise its power of review. Although it is not necessary for the reasoning to go into all the relevant facts
         and points of law, it must be assessed with regard not only to its wording but also to its context and to all the legal rules
         governing the matter in question.
      
      Although when the Commission, acting pursuant to Article 10(3) of Regulation No 659/1999 laying down detailed rules for the
         application of Article [88 EC], issues an information injunction it may, pursuant to Article 13(1) of that regulation, ‘where
         … the Member State concerned does not provide the information requested’, adopt a decision to close the investigation procedure
         on the basis of the information available, it is not released from its obligation to state sufficiently the reasons which
         have led it to consider that the information provided by a Member State, in response to the information injunction, cannot
         be relied on in the final decision which it intends to adopt. Such a situation cannot be likened to one where a Member State
         fails to provide any information to the Commission in response to an injunction issued pursuant to Article 10(3) of Regulation
         No 659/1999, in which case the reasons may be limited to merely stating that the Member State has failed to respond to the
         injunction.
      
      (see paras 138, 145)
JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE (First Chamber, Extended Composition)
      11 May 2005 (*)
      
      (State aid – Restructuring – Misuse of State aid – Recovery of aid – Article 88(2) EC – Regulation (EC) No 659/1999)
      In Joined Cases T-111/01 and T-133/01,
      Saxonia Edelmetalle GmbH, established in Haslbrücke (Germany), represented by P. von Woedtke, lawyer,
      
      applicant in Case T-111/01,
      and
      J. Riedemann as liquidator of ZEMAG GmbH, established in Zeitz (Germany), represented by U. Vahlhaus, lawyer, with an address for service in Luxembourg,
      
      applicant in Case T-133/01,
      v
      Commission of the European Communities, represented by V. Kreuschitz and V. Di Bucci, acting as Agents, with an address for service in Luxembourg,
      
      defendant,
      APPLICATION for annulment of Commission Decision 2001/673/EC of 28 March 2001 on State aid implemented by Germany for EFBE
         Verwaltungs GmbH & Co. Management KG, now Lintra Beteiligungsholding GmbH, together with Zeitzer Maschinen, Anlagen Geräte
         GmbH, LandTechnik Schlüter GmbH, ILKA MAFA Kältetechnik GmbH, SKL Motoren- und Systembautechnik GmbH, SKL Spezialapparatebau
         GmbH, Magdeburger Eisengießerei GmbH, Saxonia Edelmetalle GmbH and Gothaer Fahrzeugwerk GmbH) (OJ 2001 L 236, p. 3),
      
      THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES (First Chamber, Extended Composition),
      composed of B. Vesterdorf, President, M Jaeger, P. Mengozzi, M.E. Martins Ribeiro and M.F. Dehousse, Judges,
      Registrar: D. Christensen, Administrator,
      having regard to the written procedure and further to the hearing on 29 June 2004,
      gives the following
      Judgment
       Legal framework
      1       Article 87(1) EC provides:
      ‘Save as otherwise provided in this Treaty, any aid granted by a Member State or through State resources in any form whatsoever
         which distorts or threatens to distort competition by favouring certain undertakings or the production of certain goods shall,
         in so far as it affects trade between Member States, be incompatible with the common market.’ 
      
      2       Article 88(2) EC provides:
      ‘If, after giving notice to the parties concerned to submit their comments, the Commission finds that aid granted by a State
         or through State resources is not compatible with the common market having regard to Article 87, or that such aid is being
         misused, it shall decide that the State concerned shall abolish or alter such aid within a period of time to be determined
         by the Commission ...’
      
      3       On 22 March 1999 the Council adopted Council Regulation (EC) No 659/1999 laying down detailed rules for the application of
         Article [88] of the EC Treaty (OJ 1999 L 83, p. 1).
      
      4       According to Article 1(g) of Regulation No 659/1999, ‘misuse of aid’ means ‘aid used by the beneficiary in contravention of
         a decision taken pursuant to Article 4(3) or Article 7(3) or (4) of this Regulation’, that is, in violation of a decision
         not to raise objections to the granting of aid, or a decision declaring aid to be compatible with the common market, that
         decision possibly including, where applicable, conditions and obligations. 
      
      5       Article 6(1) of Regulation No 659/1999 provides:
      ‘The decision to initiate the formal investigation procedure shall summarise the relevant issues of fact and law, shall include
         a preliminary assessment of the Commission as to the aid character of the proposed measure and shall set out the doubts as
         to its compatibility with the common market. The decision shall call upon the Member State concerned and upon other interested
         parties to submit comments within a prescribed period which shall normally not exceed one month. In duly justified cases,
         the Commission may extend the prescribed period.’ 
      
      6       According to Article 10 of Regulation No 659/1999:
      ‘1. Where the Commission has in its possession information from whatever source regarding alleged unlawful aid, it shall examine
         that information without delay. 
      
      2. If necessary, it shall request information from the Member State concerned. Article 2(2) and Article 5(1) and (2) shall
         apply mutatis mutandis. 
      
      3. Where, despite a reminder pursuant to Article 5(2), the Member State concerned does not provide the information requested
         within the period prescribed by the Commission, or where it provides incomplete information, the Commission shall by decision
         require the information to be provided (hereinafter referred to as an “information injunction”). The decision shall specify
         what information is required and prescribe an appropriate period within which it is to be supplied.’
      
      7       Article 13(1) of Regulation No 659/1999 provides:
      ‘The examination of possible unlawful aid shall result in a decision pursuant to Article 4(2), (3) or (4). In the case of
         decisions to initiate the formal investigation procedure, proceedings shall be closed by means of a decision pursuant to Article
         7. If a Member State fails to comply with an information injunction, that decision shall be taken on the basis of the information
         available.’
      
      8       Article 14 of Regulation No 659/1999 provides:
      ‘1. Where negative decisions are taken in cases of unlawful aid, the Commission shall decide that the Member State concerned
         shall take all necessary measures to recover the aid from the beneficiary (hereinafter referred to as a “recovery decision”).
         The Commission shall not require recovery of the aid if this would be contrary to a general principle of Community law. 
      
      2. The aid to be recovered pursuant to a recovery decision shall include interest at an appropriate rate fixed by the Commission.
         Interest shall be payable from the date on which the unlawful aid was at the disposal of the beneficiary until the date of
         its recovery. 
      
      3. Without prejudice to any order of the Court of Justice of the European Communities pursuant to Article [242] of the Treaty,
         recovery shall be effected without delay and in accordance with the procedures under the national law of the Member State
         concerned, provided that they allow the immediate and effective execution of the Commission’s decision. To this effect and
         in the event of a procedure before national courts, the Member States concerned shall take all necessary steps which are available
         in their respective legal systems, including provisional measures, without prejudice to Community law.’
      
      9       Article 16 of Regulation No 659/1999, entitled ‘Misuse of aid’, states:
      ‘Without prejudice to Article 23, the Commission may in cases of misuse of aid open the formal investigation procedure pursuant
         to Article 4(4). Articles 6, 7, 9 and 10, Article 11(1), Articles 12, 13, 14 and 15 shall apply mutatis mutandis.’
      
       Background to the dispute
      10     In 1993, eight undertakings in the former German Democratic Republic (Zeitzer Maschinen, Anlagen Geräte (ZEMAG) GmbH, LandTechnik
         Schlüter GmbH, ILKA MAFA Kältetechnik GmbH, SKL Motoren- und Systembautechnik GmbH, SKL Spezialapparatebau GmbH, Magdeburger
         Eisengießerei GmbH, Saxonia Edelmetalle GmbH and Gothaer Fahrzeugwerk GmbH) were reorganised into a holding company, EFBE
         Verwaltungs GmbH & Co. Management KG, held by the Treuhandanstalt (subsequently changed to the Bundesanstalt für vereinigungsbedingte
         Sonderaufgaben, ‘the BvS’) with a view to restructuring and privatisation.
      
      11     Pursuant to a privatisation contract signed on 25 November 1994, the BvS made a block sale of the eight abovementioned undertakings
         to a partnership governed by German law, Emans & Partner GbR. The eight undertakings and the holding company EFBE Verwaltungs
         GmbH & Co. Management KG, later Lintra Beteiligungsholding GmbH (‘the Lintra holding company’), then formed the Lintra group.
      
      12     Since the privatisation project, as well as the related restructuring project, included aid measures, they were notified by
         the Federal Republic of Germany to the Commission by letter of 19 January 1995. 
      
      13     By decision SG (96) D/4218 of 13 March 1996, a brief summary of which was published in OJ 1996 C 168, p. 10 (‘the decision
         of 13 March 1996’), the Commission authorised the payment of the notified aid measures, considered as being compatible with
         Article 92(3)(c) of the EC Treaty (now, after amendment, Article 87(3)(c) EC). That decision was notified to the German authorities
         by letter of 23 April 1996. The total amount of authorised aid to be paid to the Lintra group amounted to DEM 824 200 000.
      
      14     Although originally it was planned that the subsidiaries of the Lintra holding company (‘the Lintra subsidiaries’ or ‘the
         subsidiaries’) would become profitable in 1998, at the end of 1997 the BvS had to intervene in order to prevent the entire
         group from going bankrupt. Under the terms of the contract signed on 6 January 1997 with the investors, the BvS released them
         from all liability relating to the privatisation contract. In return, BvS obtained the right to repurchase at any time any
         of the Lintra subsidiaries for the symbolic amount of DEM 1. Under the same contract, the Lintra holding company had as its
         principal objective the transfer of the Lintra subsidiaries in their entirety or in part to new investors.
      
      15     After having retaken control of the Lintra group by contract of 6 January 1997, the BvS decided to sell the only company in
         the group which at that time was already profitable without the grant of new aid, namely Saxonia Edelmetalle. The applicant
         in Case T‑111/01, which is involved in the striking of coins, was acquired by the company Vereinigte Deutsche Nickelwerke
         AG in 1997. 
      
      16     At the same time, the BvS decided to pursue the restructuring of several other subsidiaries, including the company ZEMAG,
         with a view to preparing those potentially profitable companies for sale to industrial partners as soon as possible. ZEMAG,
         the applicant in Case T‑133/01, which is involved in machines for lignite mines, was sold to the investors Jacobi & Lobeck
         at the end of 1997.
      
      17     Pursuant to a contract signed in September 1999 by the BvS, the Lintra holding company and the remaining investors, the BvS
         repurchased the Lintra holding company for the symbolic amount of DEM 1. That company has been in liquidation since 1 January
         2000.
      
      18     After receiving notification from the Federal Republic of Germany of new restructuring aid in 1998, the Commission sent a
         list of questions to the German authorities by letter of 25 June 1998.
      
      19     By letter of 22 June 1999, the Commission informed the Federal Republic of Germany of its decision to open the procedure provided
         for in Article 88(2) EC. By that decision (OJ 1999 C 238, p. 4), the Commission found that the amount of aid actually paid
         since the first notification from the German authorities was lower than that authorised by the decision of 13 March 1996.
         It noted, however, that some parts of the aid paid, including a liquidity loan of DEM 12 000 000, were not covered by the
         decision of 13 March 1996. The Commission also expressed doubts on the following points:
      
      –       whether the information obtained prior to the decision of 13 March 1996 was complete and accurate;
      –       the use of the aid approved by the decision of 13 March 1996; 
      –       the granting of other aid to the Lintra group.
      20     By letters of 18 October 1999 and 10 March 2000, the German authorities responded to the questions and findings made by the
         Commission in its decision to open the procedure provided for by Article 88(2) EC. That correspondence indicates that: 
      
      –       since the first notification from the German authorities, the total amount of aid paid by the BvS to the Lintra group was
         DEM 658 200 000; 
      
      –       as at 31 December 1997, DEM 34 978 000 stood in the accounts of the Lintra holding company;
      –       the liquidity loan of DEM 12 000 000 had been granted in 1997 to the Lintra subsidiaries, the restructuring of which in particular
         that of ZEMAG, was to continue.
      
      21     On 1 August 2000, the Commission, considering that information to be insufficient and acting pursuant to Article 10(3) of
         Regulation No 659/1999, requested the German authorities to provide it, within one month from receipt of the information injunction
         decision (‘the information injunction decision of 1 August 2000’), with all information necessary in order to be able to determine
         the breakdown of the expenditure of the Lintra holding company amongst the different subsidiaries and allocate appropriately
         the amount of aid remaining in the accounts of the Lintra holding company. The Commission also requested the Federal Republic
         of Germany to state whether the fees paid by the subsidiaries to the Lintra holding company had been financed by aid and stated
         that, if it did not receive that information, it would make its decision on the basis of the information it did have. Lastly,
         the Commission requested the German authorities to forward immediately a copy of the information injunction decision of 1
         August 2000 to any aid recipients.
      
      22     The German authorities replied to that information injunction decision by letter of 2 October 2000, supplemented by a letter
         of 31 October 2000, to which was attached a report from a chartered accountant concerning a possible request for recovery
         of the aid from the Lintra group. In those documents, the German authorities confirmed that, as at 31 December 1997, the amount
         of DEM 34 978 000, granted by the Federal Republic of Germany to the Lintra group, stood in the accounts of the Lintra holding
         company. Moreover, it stated that that amount was composed, on the one hand, of an outstanding balance of DEM 22 978 000 which
         was part of the equity capital of the Lintra holding company, most of which (DEM 18 638 000) was made up of group fees paid
         by the subsidiaries to the holding company and, on the other, of an amount of DEM 12 000 000 intended to cover expenses incurred
         by the Lintra holding company in order to restructure the Lintra subsidiaries which could become profitable after 1997.
      
      23     On 1 March 2001, J. Riedemann was appointed receiver of the company ZEMAG, which had been put into liquidation.
      24     By Commission Decision 2001/673/EC of 28 mars 2001 on State aid implemented by Germany for EFBE Verwaltungs GmbH & Co. Management
         KG (now Lintra Beteiligungsholding GmbH, with the companies Zeitzer Maschinen, Anlagen Geräte GmbH, LandTechnik Schlüter GmbH,
         ILKA MAFA Kältetechnik GmbH, SKL Motoren- und Systembautechnik GmbH, SKL Spezialapparatebau GmbH, Magdeburger Eisengießerei
         GmbH, Saxonia Edelmetalle GmbH and Gothaer Fahrzeugwerk GmbH) (OJ 2001 L 236, p. 3) (‘the contested decision’), the Commission
         found that aid amounting to DEM 623 224 000 was granted in conformity with the decision of 13 March 1996 (Article 1 of the
         contested decision). However, in Article 2 of the contested decision, the Commission found that aid amounting to DEM 34 978 000,
         which it had authorised for the restructuring of the Lintra subsidiaries, had been misused within the meaning of Article 88(2)
         EC. The Commission therefore requested the Federal Republic of Germany to take all necessary measures to recover the amount
         of DEM 34 978 000 from the Lintra holding company and the Lintra subsidiaries as follows. First, the partial amount of DEM
         12 000 000, which was granted in the form of liquidity loans to certain Lintra subsidiaries and considered as not being covered
         by the decision of 13 March 1996, was to be recovered from those subsidiaries, including a share of DEM 4 077 000 from ZEMAG.
         Second, the remaining aid in the amount of DEM 22 978 000 was to be recovered from the Lintra holding company, which was liable
         for the full amount as joint and several debtor, and from all of the Lintra subsidiaries, according to a given apportionment
         formula. Under that apportionment formula, Article 3 of the contested decision requires the Federal Republic of Germany to
         recover an amount of DEM 3 195 559 from Saxonia Edelmetalle and an amount of DEM 2 419 271 from ZEMAG. Thus the Federal Republic
         of Germany was required to recover from the latter undertaking a total amount of DEM 6 496 271. The aid to be recovered was
         to be supplemented by interest as from the date from which the misused aid was made available to the beneficiaries until it
         was actually recovered.
      
       Procedure and forms of order sought
      25     By applications lodged at the Registry of the Court of First Instance on 23 May 2001 and 12 June 2001, registered as T‑111/01
         and T‑133/01 respectively, the applicants brought the present actions.
      
      26     By separate document, lodged at the Registry of the Court of First Instance on 14 June 2001, the applicant in Case T‑111/01
         also applied for a stay of execution of the contested decision. 
      
      27     By order of 2 August 2001 in Case T‑111/01 R Saxonia Edelmetalle v Commission [2001] ECR II‑2335, the President of the Court of First Instance dismissed the application for interim measures.
      
      28     The written procedure was closed on 10 January 2002 in Case T‑111/01 and on 11 January 2002 in Case T‑133/01.
      29     On hearing the report of the Judge-Rapporteur, the Court of First Instance (First Chamber, Extended Composition), by way of
         measures of organisation of procedure, requested the parties to reply to certain questions and to produce certain documents.
      
      30     By order of 17 December 2003 of the President of the First Chamber, Extended Composition, of the Court of First Instance,
         Cases T‑111/01 and T‑133/01 were joined for the purposes of the oral procedure and judgment, in accordance with Article 50
         of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of First Instance.
      
      31     Following the decision of the Court of First Instance to open the oral procedure, the arguments of the parties were heard
         as were their replies to the questions put by the Court of First Instance at the hearing on 29 June 2004.
      
      32     The applicant in Case T‑111/01 claims that the Court of First Instance should:
      –       annul the contested decision;
      –       order the Commission to pay the costs.
      33     The applicant in Case T‑133/01 claims that the Court of First Instance should:
      –       principally, annul the contested decision in so far as it relates to it;
      –       in the alternative, annul the contested decision in its entirety;
      –       order the Commission to pay the costs.
      34     The Commission contends that the Court of First Instance should in Cases T‑111/01 and T‑133/01:
      –       dismiss the actions;
      –       order the applicants to pay the costs.
       Law 
      35     In support of their forms of order seeking annulment, the applicants each put forward five pleas, including four common pleas,
         which the Court of First Instance considers appropriate to examine in the following order: first, the common plea relating
         to violation of the applicants’ rights in the procedure provided for by Article 88(2) EC; second, the plea relating to factual
         errors in the contested decision (Case T‑133/01); third, the plea relating to the alleged error in the finding of misuse of
         aid authorised by the decision of 13 March 1996 (Case T‑111/01); fourth, the common plea relating to the error committed by
         the Commission in the determination of the beneficiary of the disputed aid; fifth, the common plea relating to the arbitrary
         nature of the manner in which the recovery of the partial amount of DEM 22 978 000 was apportioned amongst the subsidiaries;
         lastly and sixthly, the common plea relating to the alleged error of assessment of the imputability of the obligation to repay
         the disputed aid owing to the termination of the respective partnership shares of Saxonia Edelmetalle and ZEMAG.
      
       The common plea relating to violation of the applicants’ rights in the procedure provided for in Article 88(2) EC
       Arguments of the parties
      –       In Case T‑111/01
      36     The applicant in Case T‑111/01 states that the considerations behind the decision to open the procedure provided for in Article
         88(2) EC did not concern it or were not directed to it. Moreover, recital 36 of the contested decision confirms that the restructuring
         plan pertaining to it was implemented successfully. The fact that in that context the German authorities did not provide the
         information and documents requested by the Commission cannot operate to the detriment of the applicant. First of all, the
         applicant states that the Commission is required by Regulation No 659/1999 to carry out its own checks. Second, the applicant
         observes that the Commission is seeking to recover previously approved aid. That approval gave rise to a legitimate expectation
         on the part of the applicant that the aid was lawful. It adds that it was not informed of the risk of having to repay the
         disputed aid because it was not familiar with the content of the approval decision and had not been invited to participate
         in the investigation which preceded the opening of the procedure under Article 88(2) EC. The applicant adds that the Lintra
         holding company left it completely in the dark as to which amounts were to be considered as aid. Lastly, the applicant states
         that had it known of the risk of having to repay the aid, it would have carried out its own checks and would have signed an
         agreement with the Lintra holding company with a view to precluding that risk.
      
      37     The Commission observes first that, in the administrative procedure concerning State aid, only the Member States enjoy all
         of the rights conferred on parties. With respect to potential or actual aid beneficiaries, the Commission states that it is
         obliged merely to put the parties concerned on notice to submit their observations. It states that it is not in any way required
         to have the parties concerned check the information provided by the Member States. In the present case, the Commission states
         that it based its decision on the information provided by the Federal Republic of Germany, and that the applicant did not
         deem it necessary to intervene in the administrative procedure, even though the parties concerned were invited to submit their
         observations when the procedure was opened. It follows, in the Commission’s view, that the applicant cannot now criticise
         it for having adopted the contested decision on the basis of insufficient information. The Commission states that it acted
         in accordance with the Court of Justice’s case-law and the relevant provisions of Regulation No 659/1999. 
      
      38     Next, the Commission challenges the applicant’s statement that it was not informed of the decision of 13 March 1996. According
         to the Commission, since the applicant does not deny that it received considerable financial assistance from the State, it
         is inconceivable that it did not notice that it received that aid. In the Commission’s view, by virtue of the duty of diligence
         incumbent on any economic operator, the applicant should have ascertained that the disputed aid had been the subject of the
         necessary authorisation from the Commission. In those circumstances, the Commission submits that the applicant cannot rely
         on its own ignorance in order to avoid repaying the aid. 
      
      39     Lastly, in the Commission’s view, the applicant is wrong to consider that it is required to repay aid only when it has committed
         a ‘fault’. Nothing prevents the beneficiary of the aid from having to suffer the consequences of the fact that information
         provided by the State concerned to the Commission may not have been sufficient.
      
      –       In Case T‑133/01
      40     The applicant in Case T‑133/01 maintains that, before adopting the contested decision, the Commission should have determined
         and assessed the facts by conducting a more thorough investigation. The applicant considers that the Commission was required
         to question it, particularly after the Commission had admitted that the German authorities were not able to provide all of
         the relevant information. In the applicant’s view, only the Federal Republic of Germany was put on notice and interested third
         parties were not, contrary to what is provided for in Article 88(2) EC.
      
      41     In response to the Commission’s statement that it invited parties concerned to submit their observations when the administrative
         procedure was opened, the applicant, while acknowledging that its receiver did not participate in that procedure, states that
         he was not able to do so at the time, since the liquidation procedure for ZEMAG had not yet commenced. In any event, contrary
         to what the Commission maintains, the applicant considers that it cannot refrain from pointing to an inaccuracy in the contested
         decision on the ground that it did not participate in the administrative procedure. In its view, such a conclusion would render
         meaningless the rights of action of third parties.
      
      42     The Commission states that, in the present case, one cannot speak of a ‘hasty procedure’, since the procedure provided for
         in Article 88(2) EC was commenced on 22 June 1999 and was closed only 21 months later, by the adoption of the contested decision
         on 28 March 2001. Accordingly, ZEMAG had sufficient time to participate in that procedure. The Commission also reiterates
         the position expressed in paragraph 37 above. 
      
      43     With respect to the applicant’s argument that its receiver was unable to submit his observations because insolvency proceedings
         had not yet been opened, the Commission replies that the applicant thereby disregards the fact that the receiver does not
         act in his own name and that the applicant could have submitted its observations when the formal investigation procedure was
         opened.
      
      44     Lastly, the Commission states that the applicant cannot rely on facts or circumstances of which it had knowledge at the time
         of the formal investigation procedure but which it did not communicate to the Commission after having been invited to submit
         its observations. Contrary to what the applicant alleges, the Commission considers that such an approach does not compromise
         the rights of action of interested parties, since they always have the possibility of relying on a plea not put forward during
         the assessment procedure or an error of assessment on the part of the Commission.
      
       Findings of the Court
      45     By this plea, the applicants essentially criticise the Commission for not having put them on notice individually to submit
         their observations before adopting the contested decision.
      
      46     That plea cannot be accepted.
      47     First, it should be borne in mind that the procedure for reviewing State aid is, in view of its general scheme, a procedure
         initiated in respect of the Member State responsible, in light of its Community obligations, for granting the aid (Case 234/84
         Belgium v Commission (Meura) [1986] ECR 2263, paragraph 29, and Case T‑109/01 Fleuren Compost v Commission [2004] ECR II‑127, paragraph 42), and not in respect of the beneficiary or beneficiaries of the aid (Joined Cases C‑74/00 P
         and C‑75/00 P Falck and Acciaierie di Bolzano  v Commission [2002] ECR I‑7869, paragraph 83, and Fleuren Compost v Commission, paragraph 44).
      
      48     Moreover, according to settled case-law, for the purposes of Article 88(2) EC ‘parties concerned’ refers to an undetermined
         group of addressees. It follows that Article 88(2) EC does not require that specific parties be put on notice individually.
         Its sole purpose is to require the Commission to take steps to ensure that all parties potentially concerned are informed
         and given the opportunity to put forward their arguments. In that context, the publication of a notice in the Official Journal of the European Communities is an appropriate means of informing all the parties concerned that a procedure has been initiated (Case 323/82 Intermills  v Commission [1984] ECR 3809, paragraph 17, and Joined Cases T‑371/94 and T‑394/94 British Airways and Others  v Commission [1998] ECR II‑2405, paragraph 59). That case-law confers on the parties concerned essentially the role of information sources
         for the Commission in the administrative procedure instituted under Article 88(2) EC (Case T‑266/94 Skibsværftsforeningen andOthers v Commission [1996] ECR II‑1399, paragraph 256, and British Airways and Others v Commission, paragraph 59).
      
      49     In the present case, although it is common ground that the applicants did not participate in the formal investigation procedure,
         it is clear from the wording of the notice published in the Official Journal of the European Communities  on 21 August 1999 (OJ 1999 C 238, p. 4) that the parties concerned were invited to submit their observations within one month
         from the date of publication of the letter of 22 June 1999 from the Commission by which it notified the Federal Republic of
         Germany of its decision to open the procedure provided for in Article 88(2) EC. By that notice, which contained a summary
         of the aforementioned letter and the text thereof, the parties concerned were therefore informed of the Commission’s decision
         to open the formal investigation procedure in the context of aid having been paid for the restructuring of eight undertakings,
         including Saxonia Edelmetalle and ZEMAG. 
      
      50     Of course, the mere fact of being informed of the opening of a formal procedure does not suffice to enable a party to effectively
         make known its observations. The Court notes that Article 6(1) of Regulation No 659/1999, which is also applicable, by virtue
         of Article 16 of that regulation, to misused aid, provides that ‘[t]he decision to initiate the formal investigation procedure
         shall summarise the relevant issues of fact and law, shall include a preliminary assessment of the Commission as to the aid
         character of the … measure and shall set out the doubts as to its compatibility with the common market’. It follows that the
         decision to open the formal investigation procedure, despite the necessarily temporary nature of the assessment it entails,
         must be sufficiently precise to enable the parties concerned to participate in an effective manner in the formal investigation
         procedure during which they will have the opportunity to put forward their arguments. To that end, it suffices that the parties
         concerned may familiarise themselves with the reasoning relied on by the Commission.
      
      51     The Court notes, however, that the applicants have not pleaded that the decision to open the procedure did not contain sufficient
         reasons to enable them to exercise effectively their right to submit observations.
      
      52     Even if the applicants had relied on such an argument, the Court notes that, by the notice referred to in paragraph 49 above,
         the Commission set out in a sufficiently clear manner its doubts as to the compliance with the conditions laid down in the
         decision of 13 March 1996 and thus enabled the applicants to effectively exercise their right to submit observations. The
         Commission found, first, that the key elements of the restructuring plans, as they had been approved, had not been implemented.
         It found, second, that the decision of 13 March 1996 no longer covered the aid in question and gave several specific examples,
         including aid intended to cover the undertakings’ losses and to finance investment after the failure of the restructuring
         plans. The Commission also stated that it was possible that supplementary aid had been granted to the undertakings in the
         Lintra group in an amount totalling over DEM 82 000 000. It also expressed doubts as to the compatibility of that aid with
         the common market, particularly because some of the aid may have been used for purposes other than restructuring of the Lintra
         subsidiaries and because the restructuring plans had not been fully implemented. In addition, the Commission specifically
         drew the attention of the German authorities and potential parties concerned to the fact that aid found to have been granted
         illegally would have to be recovered from the beneficiary. 
      
      53     Since the Commission did, through the notice published in the Official Journal of the European Communities, invite the beneficiaries of aid initially authorised by a previous decision to submit their observations on possible violation
         of the decision in question due to use of that aid in a manner contrary to that decision and those beneficiaries did not take
         advantage of that opportunity, the Commission did not violate any of their rights (Falck and Acciaierie di Bolzano  v Commission, paragraph 84, and Fleuren Compost v Commission, paragraph 47). Moreover, the Commission cannot be held liable for the alleged failure by the Member State concerned or,
         as claimed by the applicant in Case T‑111/01, by the Lintra holding company to inform it of the initiation of the formal investigation
         procedure.
      
      54     This finding is not affected by the allegation of the applicant in Case T‑133/01 that the liquidation procedure pertaining
         to it had not yet occurred at the time the procedure provided for in Article 88(2) EC was opened. As rightly pointed out by
         the Commission, it is clear from the application initiating proceedings that the receiver acts only in that capacity and not
         on his own behalf. Moreover, as discussed in paragraph 49 above, at the time of publication of the decision to open the formal
         investigation procedure, the company ZEMAG, explicitly referred to in that decision, had sufficient time at its disposal to
         respond to the invitation to submit observations. 
      
      55     Likewise, the Court cannot accept the arguments of the applicant in Case T‑111/01 that it was not concerned by the decision
         to open the formal procedure and was unaware of the risk of having to repay the aid. In the first place, since the applicant
         is referred to explicitly several times in the decision and the Commission expressed at the very least doubts whether all
         of the aid that it had authorised for the restructuring of the Lintra subsidiaries in the decision of 13 March 1996 had been
         used correctly, the applicant in Case T‑111/01 was necessarily concerned by that decision. The Commission cannot be criticised
         for the fact that the applicant chose not to submit observations following the invitation made by the notice from the Commission
         referred to in paragraph 49 above. 
      
      56     In the second place, as stated in paragraph 52 above, the decision to open the formal investigation procedure stated in a
         sufficiently clear manner that the aid to which it referred would, if appropriate, be recovered from the beneficiary thereof,
         in accordance with Article 14 of Regulation No 659/1999. Accordingly, once the decision to open the formal procedure had been
         published, the applicant in Case T‑111/01 could not be unaware of the risk of having to repay the aid in question. Consequently,
         it also could not rely on an alleged legitimate expectation that the aid in question was compatible with the common market,
         an allegation which is moreover contradicted by the applicant itself when it alleges that it was not informed of the decision
         of 13 March 1996.
      
      57     Second, the applicants’ argument that, following the failure by the Federal Republic of Germany to respond to the information
         injunction decision of 1 August 2000 to provide certain information, they should have been questioned directly by the Commission
         before the Commission adopted the contested decision must likewise be rejected. 
      
      58     Even if the Federal Republic of Germany did actually fail to comply with the aforementioned information injunction decision,
         it follows from Article 13(1) of Regulation No 659/1999 that, in such a situation, the Commission is empowered to end the
         formal investigation procedure and to adopt a decision declaring that the aid is or is not compatible with the common market
         on the basis of the information available. That decision may, subject to the conditions provided for in Article 14 of Regulation
         No 659/1999, order the recovery of previously-paid aid from its beneficiary. Under Article 16 of Regulation No 659/1999, Articles
         13 and 14 apply mutatis mutandis in the event of misuse of aid. Consequently, it follows from those provisions that, contrary
         to what the applicants allege, the Commission is not under a duty to consult the parties concerned in cases where a Member
         State fails to comply with the Commission’s injunction to provide information.
      
      59     The Court also notes that, in the present case, the applicants do not state that, acting pursuant to Article 20(3) of Regulation
         No 659/1999, they asked for a copy of the decision ordering the Federal Republic of Germany to provide information, or even
         that, despite the request from the Commission to the Federal Republic of Germany in the information injunction decision of
         1 August 2000 to forward that invitation to all potential recipients of the aid in question, they provided the Commission
         with information which the latter did not take into consideration before adopting the contested decision.
      
      60     Lastly, the applicant in Case T‑111/01 criticises the Commission for not having carried out on-site checks, as required by
         Regulation No 659/1999. 
      
      61     That complaint, which does not concern the rights which parties concerned have in the procedure provided for by Article 88(2)
         EC, but rather the scope of the investigations undertaken by the Commission in its assessment of State aid, will be examined
         in paragraphs 98 to 100 below, as part of the plea alleging error in finding that there had been misuse of the aid authorised
         by the decision of 13 March 1996. 
      
      62     In those circumstances, it follows that the common plea alleging violation of the applicants’ rights in the procedure provided
         for by Article 88(2) EC cannot be accepted.
      
       The plea relating to factual errors in the contested decision (Case T‑133/01)
       Arguments of the parties
      63     The applicant in Case T‑133/01 criticises the Commission for having adopted the contested decision on the basis of four erroneous
         pieces of information. First, contrary to what is stated in recital 39 of the contested decision, the investments made by
         the company ZEMAG between 1994 and 1997 were not lower than what was initially planned. Second, the applicant received a lower
         amount (DEM 44 977 000) than that relied on by the Commission in recital 40 of the contested decision (DEM 65 617 000). Third,
         as to the aid referred to in the recovery order, it did not receive a liquidity loan but rather liquidity aid. Lastly, in
         the reply, the applicant challenges the Commission’s statements relating, first, to the failure to adapt the production programme
         of the Lintra subsidiaries to market conditions and, second, to the qualifications and professional skills of the managers
         of the Lintra holding company.
      
      64     The Commission considers that the first three allegations of error of fact cannot be accepted. In the Commission’s view, the
         findings in the contested decision are based on the information provided by the German authorities in response to the information
         injunction decision of 1 August 2000. According to the Commission, since the applicant did not participate in the administrative
         procedure, it waived its right to invoke any factual inaccuracies. The Commission also states that, by virtue of the case-law
         of the Court of Justice and the provisions of Regulation No 659/1999, the Commission is empowered to end the procedure and
         to take a decision on the basis of the particulars in its possession when a Member State, despite the Commission’s injunction,
         fails to provide the information requested. Even if the Commission had committed the errors alleged by the applicant, that
         would not, in its view, affect the accuracy of the contested decision, which states that the aid was used essentially in accordance
         with the approved restructuring plan. As to the disputed aid, the recovery of that aid was ordered not because of the unlawful
         use thereof by the subsidiaries, but because, first, it was kept by the Lintra holding company and, second, because liquidity
         loans were granted after the manifest failure of the first restructuring.
      
      65     As to the fourth error of fact relied on by the applicant, the Commission maintains that, since it was put forward for the
         first time at the stage of the reply and does not support any legal argument such as to establish the unlawfulness of the
         contested decision, it is inadmissible. In the Commission’s view, the content of the allegations is in any event unfounded,
         because the Commission ascertained the veracity of the information in question with the German authorities.
      
       Findings of the Court
      66     The Commission states essentially that the applicant in Case T‑133/01 may not put forward the factual arguments referred to
         in paragraph 63 above because it did not rely on them in the investigation procedure relating to the disputed aid. It considers,
         moreover, that the fourth alleged error of fact is inadmissible because it was put forward late, that is, only at the stage
         of the reply.
      
      67     According to settled case-law, in the context of an action for annulment under Article 230 EC the legality of a Community
         measure falls to be assessed on the basis of the elements of fact and of law existing at the time when the measure was adopted.
         In particular, the assessments made by the Commission must be examined solely on the basis of the information available to
         the Commission at the time when those assessments were made (British Airways and Others  v Commission, paragraph 81; Case T‑110/97 Kneissl Dachstein v Commission [1999] ECR II‑2881, paragraph 47; and Case T‑123/97 Salomon  v Commission [1999] ECR II‑2925, paragraph 48).
      
      68     It follows that an applicant who has participated in the investigation procedure provided for by Article 88(2) EC cannot rely
         on factual arguments of which the Commission was unaware and of which it did not inform the Commission in the course of the
         investigation procedure. By contrast, nothing prevents the party concerned from formulating against the final decision a legal
         plea which was not raised at the stage of the administrative procedure (see, to that effect, Kneissl Dachstein v Commission, paragraph 102, and Salomon  v Commission, paragraph 55).
      
      69     That case-law does not necessarily apply by extension to all cases where an undertaking has not participated in the investigation
         procedure provided for by Article 88(2) EC. Although that case-law may be held to be inapplicable to certain exceptional cases,
         the Court finds that it applies to the present case. 
      
      70     It should be borne in mind that the applicant did not exercise its right to participate in the investigation procedure, even
         though it is common ground that it was referred to specifically several times in the decision to open the investigation procedure,
         particularly in the title and in points 2.1 and 2.4 of that decision, and that doubts were expressed in that decision as to
         the correct use of all of the aid intended for the restructuring of the Lintra subsidiaries having regard to the decision
         of 13 March 1996. It is equally common ground that the facts relied on by the Commission in recitals 39 and 40 of the contested
         decision are based on information provided by the German authorities in the investigation procedure. In those circumstances,
         the applicant’s arguments relating to the amount of investments and the amount of aid received are factual arguments of which
         the Commission was unaware at the time it adopted the contested decision and which therefore cannot be raised for the first
         time before the Court of First Instance as a means of contesting that decision.
      
      71     The same holds true for the alleged errors of fact committed by the Commission concerning the failure to adapt the production
         programme of the Lintra group subsidiaries to the conditions of the market and to the qualifications and professional skills
         of the managers of the Lintra holding company, referred to in recital 16 of the contested decision, without its being necessary
         to examine the objection raised by the Commission as to the tardiness of those arguments elaborated in the reply. In any event,
         the Court finds that, even if there were factual errors, those statements, which were of a general nature, are irrelevant
         to the choice made by the Commission in the contested decision.
      
      72     Lastly, as to the legal – and not purely factual – issue of whether the ZEMAG company obtained liquidity aid instead of liquidity
         loans following the failure of the first restructuring plan, as indicated in the contested decision, the applicant, when questioned
         specifically by the Court on this point, merely stated that that distinction arose merely from a difference in the terms used
         by the Lintra holding company, but was unable to clarify what consequences that classification could have on the recovery
         of the disputed aid. It follows that that argument is irrelevant.
      
      73     Consequently, the plea alleging errors of fact in the contested decision cannot be accepted. 
       The plea alleging errors in the finding of misuse of aid authorised by the Commission’s decision of 13 March 1996 (Case T‑111/01)
       Arguments of the parties
      74     First, the applicant in Case T‑111/01 states that the aid paid to it until 1996 was used in accordance with the decision of
         13 March 1996, as is apparent from the documents forwarded to the German authorities by the BvS. Although the contested decision
         does not give a breakdown of the amount of DEM 3 195 559 which the applicant has been ordered to repay as a share of the partial
         amount of DEM 22 978 000, which in itself, in the applicant’s view, constitutes an illegality, the breakdown of the payments
         made shows that they were in accordance with the restructuring plan and had been authorised by the decision of 13 March 1996.
         
      
      75     Thus, contrary to what the Commission states in the contested decision, the applicant maintains that the partial amount of
         DEM 22 978 000 was not used to pay for certain management services provided by the Lintra holding company, but solely to finance
         restructuring measures. The applicant states in that respect that the German Government, in its correspondence to the Commission
         dated 2 October 2000, stated that the services provided by the Lintra holding company to the subsidiaries were intended to
         ensure the restructuring of those subsidiaries, without which the restructuring would not have been possible. Moreover, even
         if the aid had been used to pay for services provided by the Lintra holding company, which it does not agree is the case,
         the applicant submits that that would not constitute misuse. The applicant points out that the Commission was aware of the
         group structure chosen by the German authorities, in particular the fact that Lintra was a mere holding company, the services
         of which were billed to its subsidiaries using an internal apportionment formula. Since the Commission signalled its agreement
         for the use of the aid to pay for services provided by the Lintra holding company, that aid should be considered as covered
         by the decision of 13 March 1996. 
      
      76     Second, the applicant complains that the contested decision was based solely on assumptions as to the alleged misuse of the
         aid, assumptions which themselves are based on vague statements obtained from the German authorities. Referring to recital
         42 of the contested decision, the applicant states that the Commission relies on the Federal Republic of Germany’s statement
         that it could not exclude the possibility that the aid was used to pay for services provided by the Lintra holding company.
         In the applicant’s view, it was necessary to demonstrate that that aid was actually used to pay for those services.
      
      77     The Commission states, first, that the use of aid by the Lintra holding company was not provided for in the decision of 13
         March 1996. Nor could this have been the case, since that company was not an undertaking in difficulty. The same holds true
         for the use of the aid by the Lintra subsidiaries to pay for services provided by the Lintra holding company. The Commission
         points out that, first, since the amount of DEM 22 978 000 remained in the accounts of the Lintra holding company and the
         German authorities were unable to provide specific information as to how it was used and, second, since the subsidiaries were
         responsible for the correct use of that amount, the entire sum should have been recovered from the Lintra holding company
         and its subsidiaries. The fact that the Commission was aware of the nature of the Lintra holding company does not mean that
         services provided by that company could be paid for using State aid which had been authorised to restructure the subsidiaries.
      
      78     Second, the Commission submits that the applicant contradicted itself several times in relation to the management services
         provided by the Lintra holding company. The applicant has stated that the services provided by the Lintra holding company
         to its subsidiaries were necessary for their restructuring and that they should therefore be considered as aid covered by
         the decision of 13 March 1996. However, although the applicant received those services using State subsidies, that is, free
         of charge, it none the less states that it paid for those services using the aid granted. In the Commission’s view, it follows
         that the applicant cannot seriously maintain that it obtained for consideration the aid which it is now being asked to repay.
         The Commission submits that, in any event, the aid must be recovered because it cannot be established with certainty that
         it was used in accordance with the decision of 13 March 1996. The reason for the recovery is therefore not the abstract group
         structure, but rather the fact that, pursuant to the decision of 13 March 1996, the Lintra subsidiaries were the beneficiaries
         of the aid.
      
      79     Lastly, regarding the assumptions alleged by the applicant, the Commission replies that it did not rely on such suppositions.
         The contested decision merely had the effect of finding that the German authorities could not exclude the possibility that
         the subsidiaries had actually used the aid to pay for services provided by the Lintra holding company. The Commission adds
         that, in the event that the aid was spent by the Lintra holding company, it must be recovered from the subsidiaries which
         received management services from the holding company. If the applicant had evidence that it had not received such services
         free of charge, it should have provided that evidence to the Commission during the administrative procedure, in response to
         the Commission’s invitation to submit observations.
      
       Findings of the Court
      80     The applicant in Case T‑111/01 essentially denies that the partial amount of aid of DEM 22 978 000, on the basis of which
         the amount of DEM 3 195 559 the repayment of which is claimed from it by the contested decision was calculated, was misused.
         In its view, that aid was used for its restructuring in accordance with the decision of 13 March 1996.
      
      81     The Court finds that this plea must be examined in two stages. First, it is necessary to ascertain the precise scope of the
         decision of 13 March 1996. Next, in the light of that examination, the Court will ascertain whether the Commission, in the
         contested decision, could make a finding of misuse within the meaning of Article 88(2) EC of the amount of the aid on the
         basis of which the amount to be repaid by the applicant in Case T‑111/01 was calculated.
      
      –       The scope of the decision of 13 March 1996
      82     In the decision of 13 March 1996, the Commission first examined the economic and social aspects of the individual situations
         of the eight subsidiaries managed by the Lintra holding company, including the applicant in Case T‑111/01, and their presumed
         viability having regard to the restructuring planned by the German authorities. It also stated that, following a tendering
         procedure launched with a view to the restructuring and privatisation of the undertakings, the acquisition offer made by Emans
         & Partners GbR for all of the undertakings was the one accepted by the German authorities, since that offer was considered
         to be the best one, particularly in terms of maintenance of employment, the investment plan, the personal commitment of the
         purchaser, the financial obligation to the Treuhandanstalt and the prospects for each of the undertakings. Consequently, the
         Treuhandanstalt (subsequently the BvS) transferred to the purchasers 100% of the shares in the undertakings held by the Lintra
         holding company. The Commission then gave a breakdown of the financial measures planned by the German authorities for the
         restructuring and privatisation in due course of the undertakings in the Lintra group, including aid in the amount of DEM
         970 200 000, subsequently reduced to DEM 824 200 000. In its analysis of the compatibility of the aid, the Commission stated
         that ‘despite the tendering procedure, it was not possible to find an investor willing to take on the economic risk of restructuring
         the undertakings in question without State aid’ and that ‘because the undertakings were sold to the highest bidder, the State
         aid provided for in the privatisation contract was limited to what was strictly necessary, in order to give the undertakings
         the opportunity to re-establish their long-term competitiveness’. It stated that ‘the undertakings as a whole are involved
         in growing markets where there is no structural overcapacity’ and that ‘the financial aid was limited in time’. The Commission
         inferred therefrom that ‘the aid complies with the conditions imposed for restructuring (competitivity, proportionality, reduction
         of capacity)’.
      
      83     The Commission concluded at the end of its assessment, first, that ‘if one considers together all of the restructuring aid,
         [its] view is that that aid is compatible with the common market within the meaning of Article 92(3)(c) of the Treaty … because
         it is limited to what is strictly necessary and does not confer any advantage on the undertakings in relation to competitors’.
         Second, the Commission also found that ‘because the undertakings are all established in a region coming within the exception
         provided for by Article 92(3)(a) of the Treaty …, in the light of the number and the size of the undertakings aided, because
         their range of products is varied and it is therefore not possible to obtain a synergy effect, and given the relatively low
         amount of the aid, the aid in question is declared compatible with the common market within the meaning of Article 92(3)(a)
         of the Treaty’.
      
      84     A reading of the decision of 13 March 1996 shows that the beneficiaries of the authorised aid were the eight Lintra subsidiaries,
         including the applicant in Case T‑111/01, whose economic and social situation and viability were described specifically in
         pages 1 to 5 of the decision, although not that of the Lintra holding company, whose functions consisted of ensuring the management
         of the group with a view to enabling the restructuring and privatisation of the subsidiaries as soon as possible. Although
         the financial measures envisaged by the German authorities were intended for the recapitalisation of the companies and the
         financing of the restructuring measures, particularly through the participation of the BvS in the losses, investment aid and
         the covering of the liquidity needs of the companies, the decision of 13 March 1996 did not authorise the aid to be used by
         the Lintra holding company in order to finance its own activities. Moreover, the fact that that aid may have been paid by
         the German authorities to the Lintra holding company as part of the management activities of the Lintra group does not prevent
         the subsidiaries of that group from being considered as deriving a benefit therefrom (see, to that effect, Joined Cases 172/83
         and 226/83 Hoogovens Groep v Commission [1985] ECR 2831, paragraph 34) and being, in reality, the beneficiaries of the aid authorised by the decision of 13 March
         1996. It follows that, in its decision of 13 March 1996, the Commission authorised only the aid intended for the restructuring
         of the Lintra subsidiaries, including the applicant in Case T‑111/01.
      
      –       The finding of misuse of the amount of aid which the applicant in Case T‑111/01 is being asked to repay
      85     The Court notes, as a preliminary point, that under Article 88(2) EC, if the Commission finds that aid is being misused, it
         is to decide that the State concerned must abolish or alter it within the period of time determined by it.
      
      86     A reading of Article 88(2) EC together with Article 1(g) and Article 16 of Regulation No 659/1999 shows that it is in principle
         for the Commission to establish that all or part of the aid previously authorised by it by an earlier decision has been misused
         by the beneficiary. If it fails to do so, that aid is to be considered as being covered by its previous approval decision.
         Nevertheless, the reference in Article 16 of Regulation No 659/1999 to Article 13 authorises the Commission, in cases where
         a Member State fails to comply with an order to provide information, to adopt a decision closing the formal investigation
         procedure on the basis of the information available. Thus, when a Member State fails to provide sufficiently clear and precise
         information on the use of the aid about which the Commission, on the basis of the information it has available, expresses
         doubts as to compliance with its earlier approval decision, the Commission is empowered to find that the aid in question has
         been abused.
      
      87     Moreover, it should be borne in mind that, in the present case, the Commission stated in recital 42 of the contested decision
         that:
      
      ‘In so far as aid granted to the Lintra group was not used for the purposes envisaged under the approved restructuring plan,
         it falls outside the scope of the decision of 13 March 1996. It follows from that decision that all aid should have been used
         directly for the purpose of restructuring the Lintra subsidiaries. Neither the notified restructuring plan nor the decision
         explicitly provides for any use of aid in [the] Lintra [holding company], which, moreover, would not even have been eligible
         for restructuring aid as it was not a company in difficulty. Nor was any use of aid by the subsidiaries for the purpose of
         purchasing services from [the] Lintra [holding company] expressly provided for in the restructuring plan or the decision of
         13 March 1996. Germany has confirmed that it cannot rule out that aid may in fact have been used by the subsidiaries to pay
         for services provided by that company. In addition, in reply to the information request Germany provided only a very rough
         set of figures on the overall expenses of [the] Lintra [holding company] (personnel costs, legal costs, office rents, etc.)
         without demonstrating exactly what services the company provided at what time to which subsidiaries in return for payment.
         As Germany has been unable to provide enough evidence in this respect, the Commission must consider that the amount of DEM
         34 978 000 which remained within [the] Lintra [holding company] is not covered by its decision of 13 March 1996.’
      
      88     From that it concluded, in recital 43 of the contested decision, that:
      ‘The part of the aid granted that remained in [the] Lintra [holding company], namely DEM 34 978 000, has not been used in
         accordance with the provisions of the approved restructuring plan. It was therefore used by the recipient in contravention
         of the decision of 13 March 1996 and constitutes misuse of aid within the meaning of Article 88(2) of the EC Treaty, read
         in conjunction with Article 1(g) of Regulation (EC) No 659/1999. ...’
      
      89     Regarding the partial amount of DEM 22 978 000, the Commission found in recital 44 of the contested decision that ‘Germany
         was unable, in its answer to the request for information, to give a detailed account’ of the use thereof. It also stated in
         recital 45 of the contested decision that ‘Germany has not proved that the amount was passed on to the subsidiaries’, and
         went on to state that ‘on the basis of the information provided by Germany, [the] Lintra [holding company] has undoubtedly
         received the whole aid amount’. Consequently, the Commission asked that the entire sum be recovered from the Lintra holding
         company and its subsidiaries, in the manner described in recital 46 of the contested decision. According to that recital,
         the Federal Republic of Germany is required to demand reimbursement of the amount of DEM 3 195 559 from the applicant in Case
         T‑111/01.
      
      90     In the light of the aforementioned recitals of the contested decision and on the basis of the evidence in the file, it is
         common ground that the partial aid amount of DEM 22 978 000 remained in the accounts of the Lintra holding company. It is
         equally common ground that, as part of its management activities within the Lintra group, the Lintra holding company provided
         various services for the Lintra subsidiaries. The point in dispute in the present plea, however, is whether the Commission
         was able to find that the amount of DEM 22 978 000 had been misused, despite the fact that it was not able to determine the
         actual use of that amount, given the lack of detailed evidence provided by the German authorities following the information
         injunction decision of 1 August 2000. 
      
      91     It should be borne in mind that the assessment which the Commission must conduct involves the consideration and assessment
         of economically complex facts and circumstances. Since the Community Court may not substitute its assessment of economically
         complex facts and circumstances for that of the Commission, the Court’s review must be limited to verifying compliance with
         procedural rules and the obligation to state reasons, as well as the material accuracy of the facts, and ensuring that there
         has been no manifest error of assessment or misuse of powers (Case 138/79 Roquette Frères v Council [1980] ECR 3333, paragraph 25; Case C‑225/91 Matra  v Commission [1993] ECR I‑3203, paragraph 25; Case T‑17/93 Matra Hachette v Commission [1994] ECR II‑595, paragraph 104; Case T‑9/93 Schöller v Commission [1995] ECR II‑1611, paragraph 140; Skibsværftsforeningen and Others  v Commission, paragraph 170; and Case T‑243/94 British Steel v Commission [1997] ECR II‑1887, paragraph 113).
      
      92     In the present case, the Commission’s finding that the amount of DEM 22 978 000 was misused is not vitiated by a manifest
         error of assessment. 
      
      93     The Commission cannot be criticised for having adopted the contested decision in spite of the fact that it was not in a position
         to determine the actual use of the amount in question. In the light of paragraph 86 above, although in principle it is for
         the Commission to establish that aid previously authorised by it was misused, it nevertheless remains for the Member State
         to provide all the information requested by the Commission following an information injunction, failing which the Commission
         is empowered to adopt its decision closing the formal investigation procedure on the basis of the information available.
      
      94     It is, moreover, apparent from the evidence in the file that the German authorities, despite being instructed by the Commission
         to provide ‘all information for determining how the expenses of the Lintra holding company were apportioned amongst the subsidiaries’,
         ‘all information relating to other possible allocations of the amount [DEM 22 978 000] remaining in the holding company to
         the subsidiaries, that is, specific information concerning the turnover and the total aid obtained by the subsidiaries during
         the first restructuring phase (1994-1996)’, as well as ‘all information necessary in order to determine to what extent the
         group fees paid by the subsidiaries were financed by aid’, did not provide the necessary information. In their letter of 2
         October 2000 in response to the information injunction decision of 1 August 2000, the German authorities merely gave overall
         figures as to the allocation of the amount of DEM 22 978 000, which had remained in the accounts of the Lintra holding company,
         to various services provided by that company, without giving specific information on the exact apportionment of that amount
         amongst the subsidiaries. 
      
      95     In those circumstances, the fact that the amount of DEM 22 978 000 was in the accounts of the Lintra holding company could
         be interpreted by the Commission in only one of two ways: either the Lintra holding company, to which the BvS was paying the
         restructuring aid for the subsidiaries, had not passed on the amount of DEM 22 978 000 to the subsidiaries, in which case
         there was a violation of the decision of 13 March 1996 authorising the payment of restructuring aid in favour of the Lintra
         subsidiaries; or the subsidiaries had paid the Lintra holding company for services which, although they may have been provided
         for the purpose of restructuring the subsidiaries, had not been the subject of any specific evidence provided by the German
         authorities as to their nature, purpose and date of payment, which could then lead the Commission to consider, as it stated
         in recital 45 of the contested decision, that the amount of DEM 22 978 000 had not been passed on to the subsidiaries, which
         was also in violation of the decision of 13 March 1996. 
      
      96     It is true that under Regulation No 659/1999 aid cannot be considered to have been misused unless that practice may be attributed
         to the beneficiary thereof. 
      
      97     A combined reading of recitals 43 and 44 of the contested decision shows that the Commission considered that the beneficiary
         to which the misuse of the amount of DEM 22 978 000 was to be attributed was the Lintra group as a whole, as initial beneficiary
         of the aid approved by the decision of 13 March 1996. Moreover, as found in paragraph 84 above, the initial beneficiaries
         of the aid approved by the decision of 13 March 1996 could only be the Lintra subsidiaries and not the group as a whole. However,
         since the amount of DEM 22 978 000 remained in the accounts of the Lintra holding company, the Commission, in the light of
         the information in its possession at the time of adoption of the contested decision, could rightly consider that that aid
         had not been used in accordance with the decision of 13 March 1996.
      
      98     Lastly, contrary to what the applicant maintains, the Commission was also not required to conduct on-site checks pursuant
         to Article 22(1) of Regulation No 659/1999 before being able to adopt the contested decision.
      
      99     It should be borne in mind that, under that provision, ‘where the Commission has serious doubts as to whether decisions not
         to raise objections, positive decisions or conditional decisions with regard to individual aid are being complied with, the
         Member State concerned, after having been given the opportunity to submit its comments, shall allow the Commission to undertake
         on-site monitoring visits’. Article 22(1) of Regulation No 659/1999 must be read in the light of recital 20, according to
         which ‘on-site monitoring visits are an appropriate and useful instrument, in particular for cases where aid might have been
         misused’.
      
      100   In the present case, the Court finds that in the response of the German authorities of 2 October 2000 to the information injunction
         decision of 1 August 2000, the Commission, faced with the two possibilities discussed in paragraph 95 above, could no longer
         have serious doubts as to non-compliance with the decision of 13 March 1996 as regards the use of the amount of DEM 22 978 000 .
         In those circumstances, it was not under any alleged obligation to carry out an on-site monitoring visit in order to ascertain
         whether the decision of 13 March 1996 was being complied with.
      
      101   For all of the foregoing reasons, the plea alleging error in the finding that there had been misuse of aid authorised by the
         Commission’s decision of 13 March 1996 cannot be accepted.
      
       The common plea alleging error by the Commission in the determination of the beneficiary of the disputed aid
       Arguments of the parties
      –       In Case T‑111/01
      102   The applicant in Case T‑111/01 states that the aid authorised by the Commission’s decision of 13 March 1996 was paid directly
         by the Federal Republic of Germany to the Lintra holding company. The applicant, like all of the Lintra subsidiaries, therefore
         received the aid only indirectly. According to the applicant, this is confirmed by the Commission itself. In its information
         injunction decision of 1 August 2000 addressed to the German authorities, the Commission recognised that, according to the
         information available, there was no reason to consider that the amount of DEM 34 978 000 had been paid to the subsidiaries.
         In the applicant’s view, it follows that only the Lintra holding company may be ordered to repay the disputed aid. The applicant
         invites the Court to consider whether the sole shareholder of Lintra between 1994 and 1997, as well as the BvS and the Federal
         Republic of Germany itself, should not be required to repay the aid.
      
      103   The applicant also challenges the attribution of joint and several liability to the Lintra holding company and its subsidiaries
         in the contested decision. Such joint and several liability has no legal basis and is tantamount to allowing ‘reverse group
         liability’, under which a subsidiary is liable for the debts of the parent company. The applicant submits that such a concept
         does not exist either in German law or, to the best of its knowledge, in Community law. Moreover, such joint and several liability
         was accepted by the Commission only on grounds of convenience relating to the insolvency of the Lintra holding company. 
      
      104   The Commission replies that the decision of 13 March 1996 designated the Lintra subsidiaries as being the beneficiaries of
         the approved aid. It follows, in the Commission’s view, that those subsidiaries are jointly responsible for the correct use
         of the aid. It is therefore not arbitrary on the part of the Commission to order that the misused aid be recovered from them
         as well if it is not possible to recover from the Lintra holding company. The Commission explains that, in the present case,
         since the German authorities were not able to provide reliable information on the end-use of the aid granted, joint and several
         liability of all the subsidiaries seemed to be the only possible solution. 
      
      105   According to the Commission, the applicant is not therefore being held liable for the obligations of the parent company by
         virtue of ‘reverse group liability’, but rather because of its own obligation which it has in its capacity as beneficiary
         of aid. In the Commission’s view, the only reason why the contested decision provides for joint and several liability is that,
         because it was aware of the structure of the group and their plans to channel the aid through the Lintra holding company,
         the Commission could not exclude the possibility that aid might end up partly in the accounts of the Lintra holding company.
         The Commission adds that, in any event, it does not matter that the legal situation described in the statement in defence
         is ‘foreign to German law’, since Community law does not fall to be assessed in the light of national law. The Commission
         adds that the applicant’s invitation to the Court to consider whether the repayment of the disputed aid by the Federal Republic
         of Germany or by the BvS was necessary makes no sense and that the issue of whether the sole shareholder of the Lintra holding
         company should be required to repay the aid is a matter falling within the scope of national law.
      
      –       In Case T‑133/01
      106   The applicant in Case T‑133/01 maintains that the Commission misused its powers of assessment in requiring the recovery of
         aid from it. In the applicant’s view, only the Lintra holding company received aid. Moreover, by the decision of 13 March
         1996, the Commission gave its agreement for aid intended for restructuring measures in the context of the privatisation of
         the Lintra holding company. In those circumstances, the applicant challenges the attribution of joint and several liability
         to the Lintra holding company and its subsidiaries in a contested decision as regards the partial amount of DEM 22 978 000,
         as well as its partial liability (in the amount of DEM 4 077 000) for the repayment of the aid in the form of liquidity loans.
         The applicant states that there can be no question of repaying, even partially, the amount of DEM 4 077 000 determined in
         the contested decision, and in any event it does not know how that amount was determined by the Commission.
      
      107   The Commission states first that, according to the decision of 13 March 1996, the beneficiaries of the aid granted were the
         eight Lintra subsidiaries. It is in that capacity that they are responsible for the correct use of the aid. 
      
      108   It states next that it is for the Commission, when it finds that State aid is incompatible with the common market, to order
         that it be repaid. The Commission has no margin of discretion in that connection, as laid down in Article 14 of Regulation
         No 659/1999. The objective of re-establishing the earlier situation, which is the reason for the obligation of the State to
         cancel aid, is achieved when the aid, including, where applicable, default interest, has been repaid by the beneficiary.
      
      109   Regarding the partial amount of DEM 12 000 000, the Commission submits that that amount did not come within the scope of the
         decision of 13 March 1996 and should therefore be repaid. The Commission states that the aid authorised by the decision of
         13 March 1996 was intended for the group made up of the subsidiaries with a view to joint restructuring and privatisation.
         The Commission adds that the amount of DEM 12 000 000 was paid in April and June 1997, following the failure of the first
         restructuring and at a time when the group was virtually in a situation of being re-nationalised, since the BvS had reassumed
         control of the group. In those circumstances, the Commission submits that it is obvious that the amount of DEM 12 000 000
         could not be covered by the decision of 13 March 1996 and that the instructions to repay the aid were fully justified.
      
      110   Lastly, regarding the issue of joint and several liability, the Commission states that that issue was referred to in the contested
         decision only because the Commission could not exclude the possibility that part of the aid might be in the accounts of the
         Lintra holding company. The Commission states that, contrary to what the applicant alleges, the applicant is not being held
         liable for the debts of the Lintra holding company. On the contrary, it is the Lintra holding company which is being held
         as a joint and several debtor for the debts of the subsidiaries.
      
       Findings of the Court
      111   As a preliminary observation, it should be pointed out that, in accordance with Community law, when the Commission finds that
         aid is incompatible with the common market, it may require the Member State to recover that aid from the recipient (Case 70/72
         Commission v Germany [1973] ECR 813, paragraph 20; Joined Cases C‑328/99 and C‑399/00 Italy and SIM 2 Multimedia v Commission [2003] ECR I‑4035, paragraph 65; and Case C‑277/00 Germany  v Commission [2004] ECR I‑3925, paragraph 73). 
      
      112   Removing unlawful aid by means of recovery is the logical consequence of a finding that it is unlawful and seeks to re-establish
         the previous situation (Germany  v Commission, paragraph 74).
      
      113   That purpose is achieved once the aid in question, together where appropriate with default interest, has been repaid by the
         recipient or, in other words, by the undertakings which actually benefited from it. By repaying the aid, the recipient forfeits
         the advantage which it had enjoyed over its competitors on the market, and the situation prior to payment of the aid is restored
         (see, to that effect, Case C‑350/93 Commission  v Italy [1995] ECR I‑699, paragraph 22; Case C‑457/00 Belgium  v Commission [2003] ECR I‑6931, paragraph 55; and Germany  v Commission, paragraph 75).
      
      114   Consequently, the main purpose of the repayment of unlawfully paid State aid is to eliminate the distortion of competition
         caused by the competitive advantage afforded by the unlawful aid (Germany  v Commission, paragraph76).
      
      115   It cannot in principle be otherwise as regards the repayment of aid paid by the State which, pursuant to a decision adopted
         by the Commission, is considered to have been misused pursuant to Article 88(2) EC and Article 1(g) of Regulation No 659/1999.
         The Court notes in this respect that Article 16 of Regulation No 659/1999 provides inter alia that Article 14 of the same
         regulation, in so far as it requires recovery from the beneficiary of aid found to be illegal, applies mutatis mutandis in
         the event of aid being misused. Consequently, misused aid must, in principle, be recovered from the undertaking which has
         had the actual use thereof, in order to eliminate the distortion of competition caused by the competitive advantage afforded
         by that aid. 
      
      116   It is in the light of those considerations that it is appropriate to consider the lawfulness of the order to recover the disputed
         aid contained in Article 3 of the contested decision. The Court will assess, first, the lawfulness of the recovery order concerning
         the partial aid amount of DEM 22 978 000 addressed to both the company Saxonia Edelmetalle, for the amount of DEM 3 195 559,
         and the company ZEMAG, for the amount of DEM 2 419 271. Second, the Court will examine the repayment order for the amount
         of DEM 12 000 000 addressed to the company ZEMAG for the amount of DEM 4 077 000. 
      
      –       The order to recover disputed aid as regards the partial aid amount of DEM 22 978 000 contained in Article 3 of the contested
         decision (Cases T‑111/01 and T‑133/01)
      
      117   The Court notes as a preliminary point that, as found in the consideration of the previous plea put forward by the applicant
         in Case T‑111/01, the Commission did not make a manifest error of assessment in finding that the partial aid amount of DEM
         22 978 000 had been misused. Moreover, the applicant in Case T‑133/01 has not seriously contested the Commission’s findings
         regarding the misuse of that amount in so far as it is concerned. 
      
      118   Next, the Court recalls that the Commission found, first, in recital 44 of the contested decision, that:
      ‘Since the aid was originally granted to the Lintra group as a whole and since that group no longer exists, the Commission
         is not required to examine to what extent the individual companies within the group benefited from the aid. The repayment
         obligation should accordingly be imposed on all the companies which belonged to the group at the time the aid was granted.’
      
      119   Next, the Commission stated in recital 45 of the contested decision:
      ‘On the basis of the information provided by Germany, [the] Lintra [holding company] undoubtedly received the whole aid amount.
         As regards the DEM 22 978 000, Germany has not proved that the amount was passed on to the subsidiaries. Under these circumstances
         the whole amount must be recovered from [the] Lintra [holding company] and the subsidiaries.’
      
      120   The Commission then stated how the amount of DEM 22 978 000 was to be recovered from the Lintra subsidiaries, according to
         an apportionment formula based on the level of aid that those undertakings had received and which were declared, by the contested
         decision, as having been used in accordance with the decision of 13 March 1996.
      
      121   In the contested decision, the Commission therefore found that, in the absence of information to the contrary from the German
         authorities, the amount of DEM 22 978 000 which had remained in the accounts of the Lintra holding company had not been passed
         on to the subsidiaries. In its written pleadings, as highlighted in paragraph 64 above, the Commission also acknowledged that
         the recovery of the amount DEM 22 978 000 from the applicants had been required not because of the unlawful use of that aid
         by the subsidiaries, but rather because it had been kept by the Lintra holding company.
      
      122   In those circumstances, the Court finds that the Commission could not require the Federal Republic of Germany to recover from
         the applicants the amounts indicated in the second table in Article 3 of the contested decision since, according to the contested
         decision itself and the Commission’s own written pleadings, those undertakings were not beneficiaries of the amount of DEM
         22 978 000, since they had not had actual use of that amount which had been misused. 
      
      123   This finding is not affected by the statement in recital 44 of the contested decision to the effect that it was to the Lintra
         group as a whole that the aid had initially been granted by virtue of the decision of 13 March 1996 and that, consequently,
         the Commission was not required to ascertain to what extent the different undertakings in the group had been able to benefit
         from that aid. Suffice it to note that, as stated in paragraph 84 above, although the Lintra group, through the Lintra holding
         company, received the aid paid by the BvS, the initial beneficiary of all of the aid was not the Lintra group, composed of
         the subsidiaries and the Lintra holding company, but could only be the subsidiaries for the purpose of their restructuring
         and their privatisation. Moreover, the Court notes that the Commission, particularly by stating in recital 42 of the contested
         decision that the Lintra holding company could never have used the aid because it was not a company in difficulty, acknowledged
         that it was not just the group as such which was to be the initial beneficiary of the aid approved by the decision of 13 March
         1996. In those circumstances, the premiss on which the Commission relied in order to find that it was not required to ascertain
         to what extent the different undertakings in the group had been able to benefit from the amount of DEM 22 978 000 is mistaken.
      
      124   However, in the light of the circumstances of the present case, the Commission was not required to determine in the contested
         decision to what extent each undertaking had benefited from the amount of DEM 22 978 000, but could merely instruct the German
         authorities to recover that aid from the beneficiary or beneficiaries thereof, that is, from the undertaking or undertakings
         which had had actual use thereof. It was thus for the Federal Republic of Germany, pursuant to its Community obligations,
         to proceed to recover the amount in question. If a Member State encounters unforeseen difficulties in implementing an order
         for recovery, it can submit those problems for consideration by the Commission. In such a case the Commission and the Member
         State concerned must, in accordance with the duty of genuine cooperation, as expressed inter alia in Article 10 EC, work together
         in good faith with a view to overcoming the difficulties whilst fully observing the Treaty provisions, in particular the provisions
         on aid (see inter alia Case C‑303/88 Italy  v Commission [1991] ECR I‑1433, paragraph 58, and Case C‑382/99 Netherlands  v Commission [2002] ECR I‑5163, paragraph 50).
      
      125   By contrast, in the absence of more specific information and given that the amount of aid was in the accounts of the Lintra
         holding company, the Commission is not entitled to impose automatically the obligation to repay the disputed aid on the applicants
         on the sole ground that they were designated as the initial beneficiaries of the aid authorised by the decision of 13 March
         1996, as it maintained in the pleadings. That approach in effect disregards the rule that it is for the undertaking which
         had actual use of the misused aid to give back the advantage conferred on it.
      
      126   Consequently, the Commission erred in requiring the repayment of DEM 3 195 559 by the company Saxonia Edelmetalle and the
         amount of DEM 2 419 271 by the company ZEMAG. 
      
      127   It follows that Article 3 of the contested decision must be annulled in so far as it requires the Federal Republic of Germany
         to recover from the applicant in Case T‑111/01 the amount of DEM 3 195 559 and from the applicant in Case T‑133/01 the amount
         of DEM 2 419 271.
      
      –       The order to recover the disputed aid as regards the partial amount of DEM 12 000 000 contained in Article 3 of the contested
         decision (Case T‑133/01)
      
      128   According to recital 29 of the contested decision:
      ‘The amount of DEM 12 million was granted after the known failure of the first restructuring operation in the form of liquidity
         loans to the Lintra subsidiaries in preparation for further restructuring. … It was used to repay overdue bills and was granted
         between April and June 1997 to those subsidiaries for which a second restructuring seemed feasible. As this aid was granted
         by the BvS after the known failure of the first restructuring of the Lintra group and in preparation for the second restructuring,
         it cannot be regarded as being covered by the decision of 13 March 1996.’
      
      129   According to recital 45 of the contested decision, the amount of DEM 12 000 000 can ‘clearly be linked to those subsidiaries
         to which it was granted after the failure of the first attempt to restructure the Lintra group came to light’. On the basis
         of the information supplied by the German authorities, the repayment of the amount of DEM 12 000 000 was demanded from the
         different subsidiaries concerned according to the table contained in the same recital, which is reproduced in Article 3 of
         the contested decision.
      
      130   Next, the Court notes that the applicant in Case T‑133/01 does not deny that the disputed aid was misused, as found in the
         contested decision. The Court also notes that, according to the letter of 10 March 2000 from the German authorities to the
         Commission, the amount of DEM 12 000 000 was not covered by the Commission’s decision of 13 March 1996. The German authorities
         did not contradict that position in the letter of 2 October 2000 in response to the information injunction decision of 1 August
         2000. Consequently, at the time of adopting the contested decision, the Commission was entitled to consider that the amount
         of DEM 12 000 000 was neither covered by the decision of 13 March 1996 nor even legal, because it had not been formally notified
         to the Commission. 
      
      131   The applicant in Case T‑133/01 challenges, however, first, the finding that it received part of the amount of DEM 12 000 000
         the repayment of which is now claimed by the Commission, and questions the manner in which the amount of DEM 4 077 000 being
         claimed from it was determined.
      
      132   Regarding the issue of whether the company ZEMAG had actual use of part of the amount of DEM 12 000 000, the Court considers,
         in the light of the information which the Commission had in its possession at the time of adopting the contested decision,
         that it certainly did. 
      
      133   The Court notes that, in the letter of 10 March 2000 referred to above, the German authorities confirmed that the amount of
         DEM 12 000 000 had been paid to the subsidiaries in April and June 1997 because a second privatisation was planned for those
         undertakings. The German authorities presented a ‘preliminary distribution of those funds’ amongst the subsidiaries concerned,
         which was the subject of an annex to that letter. The company ZEMAG is referred to three times in the table annexed to the
         letter of 10 March 2000, each time next to an amount, with the total amounting to DEM 4 077 000. 
      
      134   On 1 August 2000, the Commission, acting pursuant to Article 10(3) of Regulation No 659/1999, instructed the Federal Republic
         of Germany to provide inter alia ‘all information enabling it to determine how the expenses of the [Lintra holding company]
         have been distributed amongst the subsidiaries’. The Commission also stated that if not all the relevant information, figures
         and documents for assessing the legality of the aid were provided, it would be obliged to adopt a decision on the basis of
         the information in its possession. 
      
      135   The German authorities responded to the information injunction decision of 1 August 2000 by letter of 2 October 2000, to which
         they annexed the report of a chartered accountant. According to that information, DEM 7 910 000 DEM (out of a partial amount
         of DEM 12 000 000) was to be ascribed to the subsidiaries who had had actual use of the aid. As to the company ZEMAG, the
         synoptic table forwarded by the German authorities (also contained in the report of the charted accountant) stated an amount
         of DEM 107 000 to be ascribed to that undertaking. For the remainder of DEM 4 090 000 (12 000 000 – 7 910 000), the German
         authorities explained that that amount was to be ascribed only to the Lintra holding company because that amount had in part
         (in the amount of DEM 421 000) been allocated to other privatisation activities in 1998, with the rest (DEM 3 669 000) having
         gone to finance the Lintra holding company for plant and personnel expenditure. The German authorities added that the amount
         to be ascribed to the subsidiaries had been notified to the Commission as part of the second round of privatisation of the
         undertakings concerned. 
      
      136   The aforementioned items of information sent by the German authorities to the Commission show that the Commission was able
         to find, at the time of adopting the contested decision, that the company ZEMAG had had actual use of part of the partial
         amount of DEM 12 000 000 considered to have been misused.
      
      137   However, regarding the applicant’s argument alleging essentially that there was an insufficient statement of reasons for recovery
         of the amount of DEM 4 077 000 from it, the Court considers that, for the reasons set out below, that complaint is well founded.
      
      138   According to settled case-law, in order to satisfy the requirements of Article 253 EC, the statement of reasons for a decision
         must be appropriate to the act at issue and must disclose in a clear and unequivocal fashion the reasoning followed by the
         institution which adopted the measure in question so as to enable the persons concerned to ascertain the reasons for the measure
         and to enable the Community judicature to exercise its power of review. Although it is not necessary for the reasoning to
         go into all the relevant facts and points of law, it must be assessed with regard not only to its wording but also to its
         context and to all the legal rules governing the matter in question (Case C‑56/93 Belgium  v Commission [1996] ECR I‑723, paragraph 86; Case C‑5/01 Belgium  v Commission [2002] ECR I‑11991, paragraph 68; Skibsværftsforeningen and Others  v Commission, paragraph 230; and Case T‑158/96 Acciaierie di Bolzano v Commission [1999] ECR II‑3927, paragraph 167).
      
      139   In the present case, the only reason for the obligation imposed on the Federal Republic of Germany to recover the amount of
         DEM 4 077 000 from the company ZEMAG, as set out in recital 45 of the contested decision, is based on ‘information which Germany
         has supplied’. 
      
      140   Given the context of which the contested decision forms a part, the Court finds that such reasoning is inadequate.
      141   As noted in paragraph 133 above, the Court observes that in their letter of 10 March 2000, referred to above, the German authorities
         had stated expressly that the information they were forwarding to the Commission was only a ‘preliminary distribution’ of
         the amount of DEM 12 000 000 amongst the subsidiaries. In their letter of 2 October 2000, the German authorities, in response
         to the information injunction decision of 1 August 2000 requesting them to provide ‘all information enabling it to determine
         how the expenses of the [Lintra holding company] were distributed amongst the subsidiaries’, provided calculations, referred
         to in paragraph 135 above, according to which an amount of DEM 107 000 (out of a partial amount of DEM 12 000 000) was to
         be ascribed to the company ZEMAG, that allocation being, in the view of the German authorities, the ‘actual use of the aid’.
      
      142   When questioned by the Court about the reasons for which the amount of DEM 4 077 000 had been ascribed to the company ZEMAG
         by Article 3 of the contested decision, the Commission stated that the information provided by the German authorities in response
         to the information injunction decision of 1 August 2000 did not explain how the remainder of DEM 107 000, made up of claims
         based on payments made by the Lintra holding company to the subsidiaries and claims allegedly held by the subsidiaries against
         the holding company, was calculated. Nor is the figure obtained explained in further detail by the German authorities. The
         Commission added, however, that it is indisputable that the liquidity loan of DEM 12 000 000 must be recovered in its entirety
         and that it is the apportionment indicated in the letter of 10 March 2000 from the German authorities referred to above which
         served as a basis for the Commission’s recovery order, issued in the absence of more specific and comprehensible information.
      
      143   It follows from the foregoing that the Commission ordered the recovery of the amount DEM 4 077 000 from the company ZEMAG
         without having proven or even explained why such an amount was being claimed. 
      
      144   It is true that, as stated by the Commission, the objective of recovering the amount of DEM 12 000 000 must be achieved. However,
         the manner in which the aid is distributed amongst actual beneficiaries cannot be established without stating adequate reasons
         in the contested decision and on the basis of mere suppositions.
      
      145   Although when the Commission, acting pursuant to Article 10(3) of Regulation No 659/1999, issues an information injunction
         it may, pursuant to Article 13(1) of that regulation, ‘where … the Member State concerned does not provide the information
         requested’, adopt a decision to close the investigation procedure on the basis of the information available, it is not released
         from its obligation to state sufficiently the reasons which have led it to consider that the information provided by a Member
         State, in response to the information injunction, cannot be relied on in the final decision which it intends to adopt. Such
         a situation cannot be likened to one where a Member State fails to provide any information to the Commission in response to
         an injunction issued pursuant to Article 10(3) of Regulation No 659/1999, in which case the reasons may be limited to merely
         stating that the Member State has failed to respond to the injunction. In the present case therefore, the Commission was required
         to state in the contested decision the reasons for which it considered that the information provided by the German authorities
         in response to the information injunction decision of 1 August 2000 could not be taken into consideration for the purposes
         of determining the amount of aid to be repaid by the company ZEMAG.
      
      146   The Court also notes that the Federal Republic of Germany, in its letter of 2 October 2000 referred to in paragraph 135 above,
         had drawn the Commission’s attention to the fresh notification of aid granted to the subsidiaries concerned as part of their
         second restructuring, an observation moreover included in recital 41 of the contested decision. The Commission could not have
         been unaware, at the time it adopted the contested decision, that it had decided on 1 February 2001, that is, approximately
         two months before the adoption of the contested decision, to open a formal investigation procedure with respect to restructuring
         aid for the company ZEMAG, the text of which is included in the invitation to submit observations published in the Official Journal of the European Communities (OJ 2001 C 133, p. 3), in which it stated that of the amount of aid to that company as from 1 January 1997, ‘aid amounting
         to DEM 107 000 is assessed as part of the decision on the Case C‑41/99 Lintra Beteiligungsholding GmbH’’, as part of the procedure having led to the adoption of the contested decision. In those circumstances, it was for the
         Commission at least to state the reasons for the difference between that amount ascribed to the company ZEMAG and the amount
         used in the contested decision.
      
      147   It follows that the statement of reasons on which the contested decision is based is inadequate having regard to Article 253
         EC in so far as it relates to the obligation for the Federal Republic of Germany to recover aid in the amount of DEM 4 077 000
         from the company ZEMAG.
      
      148   In the light of the foregoing, Article 3 of the contested decision must be annulled in so far as it instructs the Federal
         Republic of Germany to recover, first, aid in the amount of DEM 3 195 559 from the applicant in Case T‑111/01, including the
         appurtenant interest and, second, aid totalling DEM 6 496 271 from the applicant in Case T‑133/01, including the appurtenant
         interest. 
      
      149   In those circumstances, it is not necessary to rule on the applicants’ common plea relating to the arbitrary nature of the
         manner in which the apportionment formula was set amongst the applicants for the amount of DEM 22 978 000 to be repaid, since
         the order to repay the disputed aid, calculated on the basis of the aforementioned amount, has been annulled in so far as
         regards the applicants. Nor is it necessary to rule on the common plea relating to the alleged error as to the imputability
         of the obligation to repay the disputed aid, owing to the transfer of the shares of the applicant in Case T‑111/01 and the
         applicant in Case T‑133/01 respectively, since the order to repay the disputed aid in both cases is to be annulled. 
      
       Costs
      150   Under Article 87(2) of the Rules of Procedure, the unsuccessful party is to be ordered to pay the costs if they have been
         applied for in the successful party’s pleadings. Since the Commission has been unsuccessful, it must, having regard to the
         form of order sought by the applicants, be ordered to pay the costs, including those relating to the interim proceedings in
         Case T‑111/01. 
      
      151   On those grounds,
      THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE (First Chamber, Extended Composition)
      hereby:
      1.      Annuls Article 3 of Commission Decision 2001/673/EC of 28 March 2001 on State aid implemented by Germany for EFBE Verwaltungs
            GmbH &Co. Management KG (now Lintra Beteiligungsholding GmbH, together with Zeitzer Maschinen, Anlagen Geräte GmbH; LandTechnik
            Schlüter GmbH; ILKA MAFA Kältetechnik GmbH; SKL Motoren- und Systembautechnik GmbH; SKL Spezialapparatebau GmbH; Magdeburger
            Eisengießerei GmbH; Saxonia Edelmetalle GmbH and Gothaer Fahrzeugwerk GmbH) in so far as it requires the Federal Republic
            of Germany to recover an amount of DEM 3 195 559, including the appurtenant interest, from the company Saxonia Edelmetalle
            GmbH and a total aid amount of DEM 6 496 271, including the appurtenant interest, from the company Zeitzer Maschinen, Anlagen
            Geräte (ZEMAG) GmbH;
      2.      Dismisses the remainder of the action;
      3.      Orders the Commission to pay the costs, including those relating to the interim proceedings in Case T‑111/01.
      
      
      
               Vesterdorf 
            
            
               Jaeger 
            
            
               Mengozzi 
            
         
      
               Martins Ribeiro 
            
            
                
            
            
               Dehousse 
            
         Delivered in open court in Luxembourg on 11 May 2005.
      
      
      
               H. Jung 
            
             
            
                     B. Vesterdorf
            
         
               Registrar
            
             
            
                     President 
            
         
      Table of contents
      
      Legal framework
      Background to the dispute
      Procedure and forms of order sought
      Law
      The common plea relating to violation of the applicants’ rights in the procedure provided for in Article 88(2) EC
      Arguments of the parties
      – In Case T‑111/01
      – In Case T‑133/01
      Findings of the Court
      The plea relating to factual errors in the contested decision (Case T‑133/01)
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      The plea alleging errors in the finding of misuse of aid authorised by the Commission’s decision of 13 March 1996 (Case T‑111/01)
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      – The scope of the decision of 13 March 1996
      – The finding of misuse of the amount of aid which the applicant in Case T‑111/01 is being asked to repay
      The common plea alleging error by the Commission in the determination of the beneficiary of the disputed aid
      Arguments of the parties
      – In Case T‑111/01
      – In Case T‑133/01
      Findings of the Court
      – The order to recover disputed aid as regards the partial aid amount of DEM 22 978 000 contained in Article 3 of the contested
         decision (Cases T‑111/01 and T‑133/01)
      
      – The order to recover the disputed aid as regards the partial amount of DEM 12 000 000 contained in Article 3 of the contested
         decision (Case T‑133/01)
      
      Costs
      * Language of the case: German.