CELEX: 62009CC0275
Language: en
Date: 2010-11-17
Title: Opinion of Mr Advocate General Mengozzi delivered on 17 November 2010. # Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest and Others v Vlaamse Gewest. # Reference for a preliminary ruling: Raad van State - Belgium. # Directive 85/337/EEC - Assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment - Airports with a runway length of 2 100 metres or more - Concept of ‘construction’ - Renewal of operating consent. # Case C-275/09.

OPINION OF ADVOCATE GENERAL
      MENGOZZI
      delivered on 17 November 2010 (1)
      
      Case C‑275/09
      Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest
      P. De Donder
      F. De Becker
      K. Colenbie
      Ph. Hutsenbaut
      B. Kockaert
      VZW Boreas
      F. Petit
      V.S. de Burbure de Wezembeek
      L. Van Dessel
      v
      Vlaamse Gewest
      (Reference for a preliminary ruling from the Raad van State (Belgium))
      (Environmental impact assessment – Concept of ‘construction’ of airports)1.        As is well known, one of the major difficulties arising in connection with environmental impact assessments is that of interpreting
         the list of activities in the Annexes to the directive governing that area which may or must be subject to the procedure leading
         to such an assessment. In the present case, concerning Brussels Airport, the Court must rule on the concept of the ‘construction’
         of an airport. It must be ascertained, in particular, whether the operation of an existing airport may be said to fall within
         the definition of a ‘construction’ where it has not undergone any physical alterations.
      
      I –  Legislative context
      2.        Environmental impact assessments are governed by Directive 85/337/EEC (2) (‘the Directive’). In particular, the version of the Directive applicable to the facts of the present case is that resulting
         from the amendments made to it by Directive 97/11/EC. (3)
      
      3.        Article 1(2) of the Directive sets out the following definitions: 
      
      ‘…
      “project” means:
      –        the execution of construction works or of other installations or schemes,
      –        other interventions in the natural surroundings and landscape including those involving the extraction of mineral resources;
      …
      “development consent” means:
      the decision of the competent authority or authorities which entitles the developer to proceed with the project.
      …’. 
      4.        Annexes I and II to the Directive contain detailed lists of various types of project. Article 4 of the Directive, in general,
         provides that the projects listed in Annex I must always be made subject to an environmental impact assessment. On the other
         hand, as regards the projects listed in Annex II, the Member States must determine, on the basis of a case‑by‑case examination
         or thresholds or criteria, which projects are to be made subject to an environmental impact assessment. 
      
      5.        Annex I, which contains the list of projects for which an environmental impact assessment is always necessary, refers in point
         7(a) to the ‘construction of … airports with a basic runway length of 2 100 m or more’. (4)
      
      6.        Annex II, relating to projects for which an impact assessment may be required, but is not necessarily mandatory, refers in
         point 10(d) to the ‘construction of airfields (projects not included in Annex I)’ and, in point 13, to ‘any change or extension
         of projects listed in Annex I or Annex II, already authorised, executed or in the process of being executed, which may have
         significant adverse effects on the environment’.
      
      II –  Facts, the proceedings before the national court and the questions referred 
      7.        The dispute before the referring court concerns Brussels Airport. This airport has three runways and is located entirely within
         the territory of the Flemish Region (Vlaamse Gewest).
      
      8.        Under the legislation currently in force in the Flemish Region, the operation of an airport such as that in question requires
         an ‘environmental permit’ (milieuvergunning). This is an administrative authorisation of limited duration, valid at most for
         a period of 20 years, which has been mandatory for airports since 1999. There is no provision under European Union law for
         such an authorisation and it is therefore an instrument for environmental protection introduced independently by Belgium.
      
      9.        In other words, the present case concerns two separate authorisation procedures the purpose of which is to protect the environment:
         the environmental permitprocedure, provided for only under national law, and the environmental impact assessment procedure, provided for under European Union law and, therefore, also under the national law transposing the Directive. 
      
      10.      Brussels Airport, which has existed for many decades, was granted an initial environmental permit, for a period of five years,
         in 2000. That permit was renewed in 2004, without any change to the method of operation, for a period of 20 years. As is apparent from the order for reference and was confirmed at the hearing, during the administrative
         procedure the possibility of carrying out certain structural alterations to the airport was considered. (5) However, that possibility was ruled out by the national authorities, which therefore renewed the permit, leaving the airport’s
         method of operation unchanged. The measure contested before the national court is the decision to renew the permit.
      
      11.      In the proceedings before the referring court, the main argument relied on by the numerous applicants is that the renewal
         of the environmental permit should have been accompanied by an environmental impact assessment in accordance with the Directive.
         It is in these circumstances that the Raad van State (Belgian Council of State) decided to stay the proceedings and refer
         the following questions to the Court for a preliminary ruling: 
      
      ‘1.      When separate development consents are required for, on the one hand, the infrastructure works for an airport with a basic
         runway length of 2 100 metres or more and, on the other hand, for the operation of that airport, and the latter development
         consent – the environmental permit – is only granted for a fixed period, should the term “construction”, referred to in point
         7(a) of Annex I to [Directive 85/337/EEC], as amended by [Directive 97/11/EC], be interpreted as meaning that an environmental
         impact report should be compiled not only for the execution of the infrastructure works but also for the operation of the
         airport?
      
      2.      Is that mandatory environmental impact assessment also required for the renewal of the environmental permit for the airport,
         both in the case where that renewal is not accompanied by any change or extension to the operation, and in the case where
         such a change or extension is indeed intended?
      
      3.      Does it make a difference to the obligation to produce an environmental impact report, in the context of the renewal of an
         environmental permit for an airport, whether an environmental impact report was compiled earlier, in relation to a previous
         operational consent, and whether the airport was already in operation at the time when the requirement to produce an environmental
         impact report was introduced by the European or the national legislator?’
      
      12.      The order for reference was lodged at the Court Registry on 21 July 2009. The hearing was held on 6 October 2010.
      
      III –  Analysis
      A –    Preliminary observations
      13.      Although the Raad van State did not frame them in this manner, a reading of the questions clearly shows that Questions 2 and
         3 are subordinate to Question 1. 
      
      14.      By Question 1, as has been seen, the Court is asked to clarify whether the term ‘construction of airports’ also encompasses
         the simple operation of an airport. On the assumption that Question 1 has been answered in the affirmative and that, accordingly,
         in a case such as this, the environmental permit required under Belgian law for the operation of an airport must necessarily
         be accompanied by an environmental impact assessment in accordance with the Directive, Questions 2 and 3 ask whether the following
         may be of importance: 
      
      (a)      the fact that the application for an environmental permit is simply an application for renewal, without any change to the
         operating conditions (Question 2); 
      
      (b)      the fact that an environmental impact report was compiled in relation to a previous application for an operational permit
         (the first part of Question 3); 
      
      (c)      the fact that the airport was already in operation before the entry into force of the provisions requiring an environmental
         impact assessment (the second part of Question 3). 
      
      15.      If the answer to Question 1 is in the negative, that is, if it were to be found that the simple operation of an airport does
         not fall within the definition of ‘construction’ provided in Annex I to the Directive, it will not therefore be necessary
         to answer Questions 2 and 3. 
      
      B –    The first question 
      1.      The positions of the parties
      16.      The main argument relied on by the applicants for the annulment of the permit that is challenged before the referring court
         is, as has been seen, that an environmental impact assessment should have been carried out before the environmental permit
         to operate the airport was granted. To that end, both before the national court and this Court, the applicants in the main
         proceedings have placed particular emphasis on the requirement, which is also consistently confirmed by the case-law, to interpret
         the Directive broadly, in order to fully achieve the environmental objectives pursued by the legislator. Such a broad purposive
         interpretation would make it possible to regard a permit which, in itself, relates only to the operation of the airport as
         a permit for the ‘construction’ of an airport. 
      
      17.      In that connection, the applicants also refer to the case‑law of the Court on the need to ensure that the environmental impact
         assessment covers not only the environmental consequences of the specific activities covered by the permit but also those
         which may result from it indirectly. 
      
      18.      The defendants in the main proceedings, whose arguments are supported before this Court by the Austrian and Italian Governments
         and, to a large extent, by the Commission, stress that the activity of the ‘construction’ of an airport entails the execution
         of construction works in a physical sense, so that it cannot include the simple ‘operation’ of the airport itself. 
      
      2.      Assessment
      a)      Whether an environmental impact assessment is necessary
      19.      In general, in order to determine whether a given activity should be made subject to an environmental impact assessment in
         accordance with the Directive, it is necessary to carry out a two-stage assessment. It must first be determined whether the
         activity concerned constitutes a ‘project’ within the meaning of Article 1(2) of the Directive. If it does, it is then necessary
         to ascertain whether that activity is one of those listed in Annexes I and II to the Directive. An impact assessment must
         be carried out only in relation to the activities specifically indicated, which are listed exhaustively. (6)
      
      i)      Whether the authorised activity constitutes a ‘project’
      20.      In the present case, it should be recalled, the only activity authorised by the national authorities is the operation of Brussels Airport, which does not extend to any physical intervention to alter the existing structure of the airport. 
      
      21.      In my opinion, those activities do not constitute a ‘project’ within the meaning of the Directive. The very concept of a ‘project’,
         as defined in Article 1 of the Directive, entails the carrying out of activities which alter the physical reality of a specific place. This is also apparent from the case‑law, according to which ‘the term “project” refers to works or physical interventions’. (7)
      
      22.      Some of the parties have referred to, as a precedent which would permit a broader concept of ‘project’ to be accepted, the
         judgment in the ‘Waddenzee’ case (Case C‑127/02), in which the Court held that the activity of mechanical cockle fishing constituted a ‘project’ within
         the meaning of the Directive. (8) While that judgment appears prima facie to support the position of the applicants in the main proceedings, it does not alter
         my observation in the previous paragraph. In the ‘Waddenzee’ case, which did not, in any event, concern the environmental impact assessment Directive but the ‘Habitats’ Directive, (9) the parties did not dispute that mechanical cockle fishing could be regarded as a ‘project’ within the meaning of Directive
         85/337, apparently because of the effects on the seabed of that activity, which is comparable to the ‘extraction of mineral
         resources’ specifically referred to in Article 1(2) of the Directive. (10) Moreover, mechanical fishing of that kind entailed genuine physical changes to the environment, since it was carried out
         by scraping several centimetres from the seabed. (11)
      
      23.      On the other hand, as has been seen, nothing similar occurs in this case, since the permit does not entail any change to the
         physical aspect of Brussels Airport or its neighbouring areas. (12)
      
      24.      Consequently, it would already at this stage be possible to answer Question 1 in the negative, since there is nothing in the
         renewal of the environmental permit to operate Brussels Airport that enables it to be regarded as a ‘project’ within the meaning
         of the Directive. However, for the sake of completeness, and in the event that the Court should not concur with this first
         part of my reasoning, I shall now consider whether the activity of operating the airport can be classified as one of the activities
         listed in the Annexes to the Directive. 
      
      ii)    Whether it is possible to include the authorised activity among the activities listed in the Annexes to the Directive
      25.      Even on the absurd assumption that the operation of Brussels Airport could be regarded as a ‘project’ within the meaning of
         the Directive, it is clear, in my view, that it cannot be said to fall within the definition of ‘construction of airports’
         within the meaning of Annex I to the Directive. (13)
      
      26.      First, there is no ambiguity in the terminology used by the Directive and even a comparison of the different language versions (14) clearly shows that, in point 7(a) of Annex I, the legislator intended ‘construction’ to be understood as having its normal
         meaning. It refers to the carrying out of works not previously existing or of physical alterations to existing installations.
         
      
      27.      Second, an examination of the case‑law shows that the interpretation given by the Court of Justice of this provision is also
         to the same effect. It is true that the Court has construed the expression ‘construction of airports’ broadly. However, all
         this means in practice is that the Court has stated that, in addition to works relating to airport runways, that concept encompasses
         ‘all works relating to the buildings, installations or equipment of an airport’. (15) It is therefore apparent that the idea that ‘construction’ cannot mean anything other than ‘construction’ is also firmly
         rooted in the case-law. In another judgment, relating to point 7(b) and (c) of Annex I to the Directive, in which the same
         word ‘construction’ is used, the Court stated that it can also include a simple ‘project for refurbishment’ (albeit a significant
         one), but it has adhered closely to the idea that the activities denoted by the term are physical in nature. (16)
      
      28.      To bring even the simple operation of an airport within the definition of ‘construction’ would therefore amount to failing
         to have regard to the text of the Directive, as, moreover the Court has always interpreted it to date. Even though it is settled
         case‑law that the scope of Directive 85/337/EEC is rather broad, (17) a purposive interpretation of that provision cannot disregard the clearly expressed intention of the legislator. 
      
      29.      One final observation appears to me to be necessary here with regard to the references, made in particular by the applicants
         in the main proceedings, to the judgments of the Court in which it was stated that environmental impact assessments should
         address not only the direct consequences for the environment of the activities to be carried out, but also the indirect consequences.
         For example, in the case of works to double a railway track, the environmental impact assessment must have regard not only
         to the effects of the construction works themselves, but also the long-term effects which the increase in rail traffic may
         have on the environment. (18) From the perspective of the applicants in the main proceedings, since the renewal of a permit to operate an airport may have
         a significant environmental impact, such a permit should also always be preceded by an impact assessment.
      
      30.      It appears clear to me that the applicants’ position is not only – as has been seen – incompatible with the text of the Directive,
         but also vitiated by a fundamental error. It in fact confuses two separate aspects, namely thepurpose of the impact assessment on the one hand, and the conditions under which an impact assessment is required on the other. In other words, it is evident that in the case of the construction of or significant alteration to an airport, the obligation to carry out an impact assessment will be triggered, and not only the immediate effects of
         the construction works, but also the indirect effects which may be caused to the environment due to the subsequent activity
         carried on at the airport, will have to be examined. If, however, as in this case, the basic prerequisite for carrying out
         an impact assessment is not satisfied, since no physical activity involving construction or any alteration to the structure
         of the airport is being carried out, the problem of the scope of the impact assessment does not even arise, since it is devoid
         of purpose. 
      
      b)      The case-law on situations in which authorisation is granted ‘in stages’
      31.      One specific point that must be addressed, which was raised in particular in the written observations submitted by the Commission,
         concerns the applicability to the present case of the case‑law of the Court on situations in which authorisation is granted
         ‘in stages’. According to that line of case‑law, even a decision to grant authorisation that does not directly relate to an
         activity subject to an environmental impact assessment within the meaning of the Annexes to the Directive may require that
         an impact assessment be carried out, where it constitutes a ‘stage’ in a ‘consent procedure’. (19) Thus, where national law provides that the consent procedure is to be carried out in several stages, one involving a principal
         decision and the other an implementing decision, it is as a general rule the principal decision which must be accompanied
         by an impact assessment, even where the measure granting the right to proceed with activities which may have an effect on
         the environment is the implementing decision. (20)
      
      32.      There are no grounds for calling into question that case‑law and it is therefore clear that it will be for the referring court
         to determine whether the prerequisites for its application are met, on the basis of the examination of the consent procedure
         provided for under national law. 
      
      33.      However, it appears to me essential to make very clear an important aspect which could preclude the possibility of applying
         that line of case‑law in this case. I refer to the fact that, whenever it has determined whether a permit granted on the basis
         of national law could be regarded as a stage in a consent procedure carried out in several stages, the Court has always done
         so within the context of a procedure the ultimate purpose of which was to enable activities falling either under the definition of project or under one of the
            categories listed in the Annexes to the Directive to be carried out. 
      34.      In other words, the authorisation which must be accompanied by an environmental impact assessment is not simply any kind of
         authorisation whatsoever, but an authorisation that forms part of a procedure the final outcome of which is an activity which the Directive makes subject to the requirement to carry out an impact assessment. The Directive would be totally devoid of meaning if, as a result of the application of the case‑law on consent procedures
         carried out in several stages, an environmental impact assessment were required without the substantive conditions for requiring
         such an assessment being met, that is, in the absence of any of the projects for which the Directive requires an impact assessment.
         
      
      35.      The fundamental purpose of that case‑law is to prevent the various different national consent procedures from giving rise
         to genuine inconsistencies in the application of the Directive. This could occur if the impact assessment: (a) were to take
         place during a stage at which it no longer made any sense, since the decision to execute the works had in fact already been
         taken earlier; (b) were even avoided, on the basis that a certain authorisation for a project falling under the directive
         was in reality only an act implementing a previous decision adopted when the Directive was not yet applicable. (21) For these reasons, in the case of consent procedures carried out in several stages it may be necessary for the impact assessment
         to be carried out, for example, already at the preliminary planning stage, even though the actual authorisation is to be granted
         only at a later stage. 
      
      36.      The case‑law on consent procedures carried out in several stages therefore follows a well‑established line of decisions by
         which the Court has sought to prevent the Directive from being circumvented or, in any event, deprived of meaning. Other typical
         examples of observations following the same line of thought are to be found in judgments concerning the artificial splitting
         of projects with the intention of avoiding the size thresholds set by the Directive or national law being exceeded, (22) as well as the judgments clarifying the limited measure of discretion granted to the Member States with regard to the projects
         listed in Annex II to the Directive. (23)
      
      37.      In this case, however, as has been seen, the environmental permit granted for the operation of Brussels Airport did not entail
         any physical change to the airport itself, nor does it constitute a stage in a procedure which could lead to such a change. Brussels Airport has existed for many decades, since before both the provisions on environmental impact assessments and
         the national provisions on environmental permits were approved. Therefore, it would appear that there is no ‘project’ for
         which an impact assessment is required for the purpose of the Directive. 
      
      38.      Consequently, the case‑law on consent procedures carried out in several stages will not, in my opinion, be applicable in these
         proceedings, since the issue of the environmental permit at issue in does not relate to any of the projects listed in the
         Directive, whether present, past or future. 
      
      39.      Thus, concluding my analysis of Question 1, I propose that the Court should answer it to the effect that, in situations such
         as those in the present case, a permit to operate an airport which does not entail any physical change to the structure of
         the airport does not fall within the scope of the Directive on environmental impact assessments. 
      
      C –    Questions 2 and 3 
      40.      Since Question 1 has been answered in the negative, in view of both the absence of any ‘project’ within the meaning of the
         Directive and the fact that it is impossible to bring the simple ‘operation’ of an airport within the definition of the ‘construction’
         of an airport, Questions 2 and 3 need not in my opinion be examined. 
      
      41.      Those two questions, as has been seen, cease to have any relevance if the premiss is accepted that the operation alone of
         an airport, not accompanied by any activity involving any physical change thereto, does not amount to the ‘construction’ of
         an airport within the meaning of point 7 of Annex I to the Directive. 
      
      42.      Nevertheless, should however the answer to Question 1 be in the affirmative, the answer to the other two questions could easily
         be found in the case‑law of the Court. 
      
      43.      In particular, the fact that an activity constituting a project within the meaning of the Directive is subject to a periodic
         authorisation does not in general preclude the possibility that, on each occasion on which the authorisation is to be renewed,
         the necessary environmental impact assessment of the activity in question should be carried out. (24)
      
      44.      Furthermore, if it were accepted that the ‘operation’ of an airport is a ‘construction’ within the meaning of the Directive,
         the fact that the airport was operating before the provisions on environmental impact assessments became applicable would
         be irrelevant: in fact, the decisive issue would be the fact that the renewal of the permit for the activity which required
         the impact assessment (an activity which would, in such a case, be the operation of the airport) was subsequent to the date
         of entry into force of the provisions in question. (25) On the other hand, if the Directive is interpreted (as proposed above) as meaning that only activity involving physical changes
         may amount to the ‘construction’ of an airport, the fact that the structure already existed prior to the entry into force
         of the provisions on impact assessments will automatically exempt the activity from that requirement. This will naturally
         only be for as long as the structure itself is not subject to any type of construction and/or alteration works. (26)
      
      IV –  Conclusion
      45.      On the basis of the foregoing considerations, I propose that the Court answer the questions referred by the Raad van State
         for a preliminary ruling as follows: 
      
      A permit to operate an airport which does not entail any physical change to the structure of the airport does not fall within
         the scope of Council Directive 85/337/EEC of 27 June 1985 on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects
         on the environment.
      
      1 –	Original language: Italian.
      
      2 –	Council Directive 85/337/EEC of 27 June 1985 on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on
         the environment (OJ 1985 L 175, p. 40). 
      
      3 –	Council Directive 97/11/EC of 3 March 1997 amending Directive 85/337/EEC on the assessment of the effects of certain public
         and private projects on the environment (OJ 1997 L 73, p. 5). 
      
      4 –	A note to the text states that, for the purposes of the Directive, ‘“airport” means airports which comply with the definition
         in the 1944 Chicago Convention setting up the International Civil Aviation Organisation’. In any event, in this case the parties
         all agree that Brussels Airport falls under that definition of an ‘airport’.
      
      5 –	In particular, in its written observations and at the hearing, The Brussels Airport Company, which operates the airport,
         referred to the fact that, during an initial stage of the procedure, it was required to construct a taxiway and to install
         ILS instrument flight systems on pre-existing runways: however, both those requirements were withdrawn prior to the adoption
         of the final measure. For its part, as is apparent from the order for reference, that company applied for an extension of
         the surface area of the airport: this application was in turn rejected. It is for these reasons that, according to the national
         authorities, there was no need to carry out an environmental impact assessment.
      
      6 –	Order in Case C‑156/07 Aiello and Others [2008] ECR I‑5215, paragraph 34.
      
      7 –	Case C‑2/07 Abraham and Others [2008] ECR I‑1197, paragraph 23. Emphasis added.
      
      8 –	Case C‑127/02 Waddenvereniging and Vogelbeschermingsvereniging [2004] ECR I‑7405, paragraphs 24 to 25.
      
      9 –	Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora (OJ 1992
         L 206, p. 7).
      
      10 –	See, in that connection, the Opinion of Advocate General Kokott in Case C‑127/02 [2004] ECR I‑7405, paragraph 31.
      
      11 –	Ibid., paragraph 10.
      
      12 –	Moreover, as mentioned above, not even the method of operation of the airport was changed, since the environmental permit was renewed without any change.
      
      13 –	I have also disregarded in this Opinion the possibility that the operation of the airport may be classified under Annex
         II: such a possibility was in fact expressly precluded by the Raad van State in its order for reference (paragraph 6.11).
         Moreover, the only category in Annex II which could be of significance here is that mentioned in point 13, which refers inter
         alia to ‘[a]ny change or extension of projects listed in Annex I’: in other words, since there is no question here of any
         ‘change’ or ‘extension’ of the airport as a structure, we come back to the problem of defining the ‘construction of airports’
         referred to in Annex I.
      
      14 –	See, for example, the use of the French word ‘construction’, the Italian ‘costruzione’, the German ‘Bau’, etc.
      
      15 –	See Abraham and Others, cited in footnote 7, paragraph 36.
      
      16 –	Case C-142/07 Ecologistas en Acción-CODA [2008] ECR I‑6097, paragraph 36.
      
      17 –	See, for example, Case C‑72/95 Kraaijeveld and Others [1996] ECR I‑5403, paragraph 31; Case C‑435/97 WWF and Others [1999] ECR I‑5613, paragraph 40; and Ecologistas en Acción‑CODA, cited in footnote 16, paragraph 28.
      
      18 –	Case C‑227/01 Commission v Spain [2004] ECR I‑8253, paragraph 49. See also Abraham and Others, cited in footnote 7, paragraph 45, and Ecologistas en Acción-CODA, cited in footnote 16, paragraphs 39 to 42.
      
      19 –	See Abraham and Others, cited in footnote 7, paragraphs 25 to 26. This judgment draws together in this regard the logical consequences of a series
         of earlier decisions of the Court, in particular the judgments in Case C‑81/96 Gedeputeerde Staten van Noord-Holland [1998] ECR I‑3923, paragraph 20, and Case C‑201/02 Wells [2004] ECR I‑723, paragraph 52.
      
      20 –	See Wells, cited in footnote 19, paragraph 52. However, a national provision which required that an environmental impact assessment
         be carried out always and only during the initial consent stage, and never during the subsequent stage of the implementing decision, would not be compatible
         with European Union law: see Case C‑508/03 Commission v United Kingdom [2006] ECR I‑3969, paragraphs 104 to 105.
      
      21 –	This was the situation on which the Wells judgment, cited in footnote 19, was based.
      
      22 –	See, for example, Case C‑392/96 Commission v Ireland [1999] ECR I‑5901, paragraph 76.
      
      23 –	As is known, for projects listed in Annex II the Directive provides that the Member States must determine, on the basis
         of a case‑by‑case examination or thresholds or criteria, the cases in which an environmental impact assessment is necessary.
         The case‑law of the Court has, however, clarified that a Member State may not establish thresholds taking account only of
         the size of projects, without, for example, taking their nature and/or location into consideration: see Commission v Ireland, cited in footnote 22, paragraphs 65 to 67. Moreover, such thresholds cannot have the effect of exempting entire classes
         of projects in advance from the obligation to carry out an impact assessment: see WWF and Others, cited in footnote 17, paragraph 37.
      
      24 –	See, by analogy, Waddenvereniging and Vogelbeschermingsvereniging, cited in footnote 8, paragraph 28.
      
      25 –	See Case C‑431/92 Commission v Germany [1995] ECR I‑2189, paragraph 32, and Gedeputeerde Staten van Noord-Holland, cited in footnote 19, paragraph 27.
      
      26 –	The settled case‑law of the Court on the time-limits for the application of legislation on environmental impact assessments:
         see, for example, Case C‑396/92 Bund Naturschutz in Bayern and Others [1994] ECR I‑3717, and Gedeputeerde Staten van Noord-Holland, cited in footnote 19, paragraph 23. Moreover, according to the information provided at the hearing, Brussels Airport had
         already been subject to an environmental impact assessment in relation to previous changes to its structure.