CELEX: 51985DC0350
Language: el
Date: 1985-06-25 00:00:00
Title: Υπόμνημα προς μια Κοινότητα της τεχνολογίας

ARCHIVES HISTORIQUES
DE LA COMMISSION
COLLECTION RELIEE DES
DOCUMENTS "COM"
COM (85) 350
Vol. 1985/0141
 ---pagebreak--- Disclaimer
Conformément au règlement (CEE, Euratom) n° 354/83 du Conseil du 1er février 1983
concernant l'ouverture au public des archives historiques de la Communauté économique
européenne et de la Communauté européenne de l'énergie atomique (JO L 43 du 15.2.1983,
p. 1), tel que modifié par le règlement (CE, Euratom) n° 1700/2003 du 22 septembre 2003
(JO L 243 du 27.9.2003, p. 1), ce dossier est ouvert au public. Le cas échéant, les documents
classifiés présents dans ce dossier ont été déclassifiés conformément à l'article 5 dudit
règlement.
In accordance with Council Regulation (EEC, Euratom) No 354/83 of 1 February 1983
concerning the opening to the public of the historical archives of the European Economic
Community and the European Atomic Energy Community (OJ L 43, 15.2.1983, p. 1), as
amended by Regulation (EC, Euratom) No 1700/2003 of 22 September 2003 (OJ L 243,
27.9.2003, p. 1), this file is open to the public. Where necessary, classified documents in this
file have been declassified in conformity with Article 5 of the aforementioned regulation.
In Übereinstimmung mit der Verordnung (EWG, Euratom) Nr. 354/83 des Rates vom 1.
Februar 1983 über die Freigabe der historischen Archive der Europäischen
Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft und der Europäischen Atomgemeinschaft (ABI. L 43 vom 15.2.1983,
S. 1), geändert durch die Verordnung (EG, Euratom) Nr. 1700/2003 vom 22. September 2003
(ABI. L 243 vom 27.9.2003, S. 1), ist diese Datei der Öffentlichkeit zugänglich. Soweit
erforderlich, wurden die Verschlusssachen in dieser Datei in Übereinstimmung mit Artikel 5
der genannten Verordnung freigegeben.
 ---pagebreak--- EnlTPOnH TON EYPOnATKON KOINOTHTON
                                                      C0M(85) 350   1"8A.l.UO
                                                      BpuElAAe:~, 25 Iow(ou 1985
                           YIDMNHMA
             DPO:E MIA KOINOTHTA TH:E TEXN::>i\Of'IA:E
                                .
                                  :Z 8 JU1N g~OJ
                                             I \>I~{"!(')~
                                   s~_rli d.i Secrelari.d\
                                   .      G~mfr-11
C0M(85) 350 1"8A.l.UO
 ---pagebreak---                             nEPIEXOMENA
I.   H nPOKAHrH rIA THN EYPQnH
II.  H EYPQnAlKH KOINOTHTA THr TEXNOAOrIAr
     1. Noµ1KE~ Kai nOAITIKE~ ~aOEI~
     2. h6xo1
     3. Tuno1 Epywv KOi npoypaµµaTWV TEXVOAOytKn~ 'EpEUVa~ KOi
        Avanu~n~ (TEA)
     4. 01 op1~6VTIE~ anOOTOAE~ UnOOTnp1~n~
     5. Tp6no1 ouvEpyaoia~ Km µE80601 xpnµaTo66Tnon~
     6. Kp1Tnp1a KOi µE80601 ERIAOYn~ TWV npoypaµµaTWV TEA
        npOTEpa16TnTa~
                                  *
                             *       *
 nAPAPTHMA -   rxt61a nou Eiva1 6uvaT6v va EVEPvnoouv w~ KivnTpa
 ---pagebreak---                               ! i
                   nPor MIA K01NOTHIA THr TEXNOAOrIAr
I. H nPOKAHrH rIA THN EYPQnH
   A6yw TDt Eniopaont TDt OTDV OIKOV0µ1Kn avanTu~n Kai TD onµ1oupyia
   VEWV 8EOEWV anaox6Xnont, OTDV KOIVWVIKn KOi ITOAITIOTIKn np6o6o,
   Ka8wt KOi OTO ITEp1BaXXov KOi TDV ao.aXE1a, n TEXVOAoy1Kn np6o6ot
   KOTEXEI OEOn6~ouoa 8ton OTlt KOIVWVIEt µat.    En1aaXAETOI OE OAOEVa
   KOi µEyaAUTEPO aaeµ,6 Wt µta OTpaTny1Kn np6KXnon Tnv onoia n Ko1v6-
   TDTO, 6nwt EiXE unoypaµµiOEI D En1Tponn OTDV avaKoivwon TDt TOU
   MapTiou 1985, npot TO EupwnaiK6 ruµaouAIO TWV Bpu~EAAWV, o•EiAEI
   Va OVTlµETWniOEl µE EITITUXia, a•EV6t y1a VO OITOKOTOOTnOEl TDV OVTa-
   yWVl0TlK6TnTa Tnt Kai va 8EOEI Tit BaOElt y1a µ1a µEyOAUTEPD KOi
   oTa8Ep6TEPn avanTu~n, Kat a•ETEpou via va En1TuxE1 µEyaXuTEPn ouy-
   KX1on TWV OIKOV0µ1wv TDt EVIOXUOVTOt TO 6uvaµ1K6 KOIVOTOµIWV 6Xwv
   TWV KPOTWV µEAWV.
   H Ko1v6TnTa, µoXov6Tt 61a8ETEI EOWTEPtKn ayopa avaXoyou µEyE80ut
   µE auTEt TD~ Ianwvia~ Kai TWV Hvwµtvwv noX1TE1wv, avTtµETwni~EI
   TOV avTayWVIOµo TOU~ µE KOTOTEµax1oµEVD TDV ayopa TD~ an6 n0Aua-
   p18µa Eµn661a, Kai xwpi~ K01vn OTPOTDYIKD OTOV TOµEa Tn~ TEXVO-
   Xoyia~. EKT6~ EXaxioTWV ITEPIITTWOEWV, 01 HOAITIKEt E&A Ka8w~ KOi
   Ta µtoa E.apµoyn~ TOU~, 6nw~ EK.PO~OVTOI OTa KPOTD µeXn, OEV ann-
   xouv µia OUVOAtKn OVTiXn,n TOU p6AOU TOUt.
   'Hon apxi~ouv va Eiva1 Eµ•avEit 01 EntnTWOEl~ an6 TDV KaTaOTaon
   auTn. An6 TO 1972, 0 pu8µ6~ TD~ ETn01a~ au~non~ (OE npayµaTIKO
   µEyE8n) Tn~ napaywyn~ npoi6VTWV u,nXnt TEXVOAOyia~ OTnv Eupwnn
   6Ev EXEi unEPBEi To 5%, evavT1 7,6t OTtt HvwµevEt noXtTEIE~ Kai
   14% oTnv Ianwvia (1).
   01 µETPIE~ aUTE~ B1oµnxav1KEt En1660Ett Tn~ Eupwnn~ µETa.pa~OVTOI
   OE ouppiKvwon TOU EµnOplKOU ITAEOVaoµaT6t TDt 6oov a.opa Ta npoi6-
   VTO u,nXn~ TEXVOAOyia~. LE 61a0Tnµa 20 ETWV, TO ITOOOOTO KOAu,nt
   TWV KOIVOTIKWV ElOaywywv npoi6VTWV u,nXn~ TEXVOAOyiat µEtw8nKE an6
   190% OE 110% (1983).
   Mnnw~ n Eupwnn, n onoia anETEAEOE TO OTUAoaaTn TWV ouo ITPWTWV B10-
   µnxav1KWV EnavaoTaOEwv, µtvEt OTO nep18wp10 Tnt TPiTnt; MnopEi
   apayE va apKEOTEi OTn OEOn6~ouoa Stan nou aK6µn KOTEXEI OTO npoi-
   6vTa µton~ TEXVOAoyiat, EVW 01 vn6 EKa1oµnxav1on XWPEt Tnt Aoiat
   Kai Tn~ AaTlVlKnt AµEptKnt ETOlµO~OVTOI va napaXaaouv TD OKUTaXn;
   nptttEl TEAIKO va napaKOAOU8EI µE OTaupwµeva Ta xtp1a Tn 61appon
   TWV KOAUTEPWV EYKE.OAWV Tn~ npo~ Tit HvwµEVE~ noAlTEiEt KOi Tnv
   KaTaKTnon Twv 61Kwv TD~ ayopwv an6 Tnv Ianwvta;
   (1)   METa~6 TOU 1973 KOi 1983, 0 OEiKTDt E~ElOtKEUODt Tn~ EOK OTO
         Eµn6p10 npoi6vTWV u,nxn~ TEXVOAoylat EITEOE an6 1,01(00IA•1)
         OE 0,82, Evw o avTIOT01xo~ 6EIKTDt Twv Hvwµtvwv noX1TE1wv
         napEµEIVE 0Ta8Ep6t (1,26) KOi TD~ Ianwvlat au~nSnKE an6
         0,72 OE 1,26.      .
 ---pagebreak---                                                     - 1a -                ·"·
                    Eiva1 OE eton va 6taTnpnOEI TO ~IOTIK6 Tn~ EnlnE6o, va avaTpE~EI
                    Tnv E~EA1~n Tn~ avepyla~, va KaToxupwoe1 Tnv auTovoµla Tn~ xwpi~
                    va anavTnOEI OTI~ TEXVOAOYIKE~ npOKAnOEI~ TOU nEp(yupou Tn~;
                    MnpoOTa OTI~ npOKAnOEI~ QUTE~, n Eupwnn 61a8ETEI, TOUAOXIOTOV OE
                    6uvnT1K6 EnlnE6o, OUVOT6TnTE~:
.:..:::.::.:.,,._..
 ---pagebreak---                                                                         -I-
                                     - '2 -
    O~IOTioinon~ an6 Tnv EUPWTIOtKn ~1oµnxavta TWV OIOOTOOEWV Tn~
    µEyaAn~ ayopa~, annAAOyµEvn~ an6 Ta Eµn601a TIOU Tn 61a1pouv
    OE µ1Kpa UTIOOUVOAa·
    OUTE~ TIOU anoppEOUV an6 TI~ E8VIKE~ npoona8EIE~ E&A, xap1~
    OTI~ OTIOiE~ n EUPWTIOIKn ETIIOTnµn OlaTnpn8nKE OE u~nAa ETiiTIEOa,
    0 OOUVT6VIOTO~ 6µw~ XOPOKTnpa~ TWV OTIOiWV OTEpEi Tnv Ko1v6TnTa
    an6 TI~ ouvEpy1KEt En1nTWOE1t Kai an6 Tnv npayµaTonoinon 01Ko-
    voµ1wv OE µEyaAn KXiµaKa, ROU 8a npOEKURTOV an6 µia OUAAOVIKn
    npoona8EIO µE alova op10µEVEt OTpaTnYIKEt RPOTEpa16TnTEt, an6
    K01vou Ka8op10µEVEt"
    auTE~ TWV EupwnalKWv En1xE1p~aewv, TWV onotwv n ouvepyao(a ano-
    6E1KVUETa1 Kapno~6pa E~6aov avanTUOOETa1 o'tva Ev8appuvTtK6
    y1'auTnv TIAOiOlO, OaV OUT6 ROU TIOPEXOUV TO EpEuvnTIKO npoypaµµaTa
    6nw~ TO ESPRIT, TO ~1oµnxav1Ka npoypaµµaTa 6nw~ TO AIRBUS, TO
    OTpaTnYtKa npoypaµµaTa ORWt OUT6 Tnt EupwnatKnC Opyavwon~ a1a-
    OTnµaTOt.
H Ko1v6TnTa o~EiAEI Ao1n6v ERE1y6vTWt va opyavwoE1 KaTaXAnAa TI~
6uvaµE1~ Tnt npoKE1µtvou va avaTpE~E• µia E~EX1~n Tn~ onoiat 01
ETIITITWOEI~ ouviOTOVTOI OTnv ORWAEIO ayopwv, OTn µE1wµevn onµ1oup-
yia 8EOEWV anaox6Anon~, OTnv nulnµevn TEXVOAOy1Kn E~apTnon KOi OTn
µETOVOOTEuon TWV KOAUTEPWV EpEuvnTwv.
H En1Tponn TilOTEUEI OTI n npoona8E1a auTn y1a Tn OUAAOVIKn EK µEpOut
TWV Eupwnaiwv eton un6 EAEVXO TWV VEWV TEXVOAOVlWV npouno8ETEI onµEpa
Tn 6nµ1oupyla µtat aXnB1vnt EUpwnaiKnt KOIVOTnTa~ Tnt TEXVOAoylat,
OUTW~ WOTE:
    VO O~IOROln8Ei OTO µEylOTO ~a8µ6 n KOIVOTIKn OIOOTaOn,
    va E~aO~OAlOTEi n µEyaAUTEPn 6uvaTn OUVEPYEIO µETO~U TWV npo-
    onaBEIWV Twv KPOTWV µEAwv Kai TWV npoona8E1wv Tn~ Ko1v6TnTat.
    EyyuaTOI OTI n ~nTnon y1a Ta npoi6vTa KOi Tit unnpEOIE~ nou Ta
    EupwnaiKa epya KOAURTOUV ea E~EAIX0Ei 6uvaµ1Ka AOYW TOU avoiyµa-
    TO~ y1a OVTiOTOIXEt 6nµOOIEC OUµ~OOEtt, K00Wt KOi Tn~ 8EOR10nt
    01E8VWV npOTUTIWV TO onoia Eµno6f~OUV TOV ERlµEp10µ6 TWV ayopwv
    KOi TOV TIEplOptOµO TOU OVTOyWVIOµOU.
    YnapXEI AOIROV OTEvn OXEOn µETalu TWV npOTOOEWV Tnt En1Tponn~
    YIO Tn 6nµ1oupyia Tnt µEyaXn~ ayopat KOi TWV npOTOOEWV y1a Tn
    6nµ1oupyia µtat EupwnatKnt Ko1v6TnTat Tn~ TEXVOXoyiat.
 ---pagebreak---                                   - 2a -
 H Kot~6TnTa 6tao~aAi~EI Tn ouvap8pwon Tn~ TEXVOAOy1Kn~ npo-
ona8E1a~ µE TI~ KOIVE~ TTOAITIKE~ Kai t6iw~ µE Tnv Eµnop1Kn
TTOAITIKn Kai Tnv TTOAtTIKn TOU avTayWVIOµou.
Xapt~ OTD OUVEpyooio Kai TI~ OVTOAAayE~, EVIOXUEI TO 6uvaµ1K6
TWV OTTOKAEIOTIKW~ E8VtKWV npoypaµµaTWV KOi TTEptopi~EI TI~ OOKo-
TTE~ OTTaTOAE~ TTOU O~EiAOVTat OE TTEPITTE~ ETTOVOAn~EI~ KOi ETTIKO-
AU~EI~.
 ---pagebreak--- I I                                      -i3 -
        81avoiyE1 µEyaXuTEpE~ TTPOOffTIKE~ y1a TO TTOVETTIOT~µ1a, TOU~
        avE~apTnTOU~ EpEuvnTE~ Kai Tl~ E~EIOIKEUµEVE~ µtKPE~ Kat µE-
        oaiE~ ETTlXE1pnoEI~ an'6,Tt 01 Ka8apa 61aKUPEPVnT1KEs ouvEp-
        yaOiEs" OTnv npaKTtKn TWV TEAEUTaiwv UTTOPXEl µEPIKEs ~OPEs n
        Taon va ano~EUYOVTal, A6yw Tn~ ffOAUTIAOKoTnTas TWV P1oµnxav1KWV
        KOi 0EOµIKWV 6oµwv.
        TEAO~, Ta KOIVOTIKO µeoa E&A Eiva1 aµEOWs 61a8to1µa KOi µnopouv,
        avaAoya µE TO ETIEiyov TWV nEptOTOOEWV, va npoaapµoOTOUV OTls
        avayKE~ TWv 61a~6pwv tpywv. Op1aµtva TPEXOVTa npoypaµµata
        (ESPRIT, BRITE, Ka0w~ KOi n ~aon 61aµ6p~wons TOU RACE) µnopouv
        va npoO~Epouv TO KOTOAAnAo TIAaioto uno6oµns y1a Ta Epya nou
        anOTEAOUV ~u01Kn npoEKTOOn TOU~, 6nw~ Ol TEXVOAOYiEs TIAnpo~o-
        ptwv, TO 6iKTUO tnAETTIKOIVWVia~ EUpEias ~wvns, KOi TO VEa
        UAIKQ.
    En161WKETOI va auvouaOTOUV, ~aOEI oa~Ws Ka0optoµevwv OTOXWV:
        n npOO~uyn OE K080UTO KOIVOTIKQ npoypaµµOTO,
        n avanTu~n Ka8apa E0VIKWV npoypaµµatwv,
        n an6 KOIVOU uXonoinon, an6 op1oµeva Kpatn, ouµnEplAaµPavoµEVWV
        KOi TpiTWV XWPWV, E8VIKWV npoypaµµaTWV, µE EVOEXOµEvn auµpoXn
        tn~ Kotv6tntas otn XPnµato66tnon TOUs,
        n ETIIOiw~n OUVEpytKn~ aXXnXEniopaons TWV E0VIKWV KOl KOIVOTIKWV
        npoypaµµaTWV.
     ·onws OEV Eiva1 6uvat6, aXXa OUT€ KOi OKOTTlµO va KOIVOTIKOTTOln8ouv
    Ta navta, Sa ntav E~iaou atono va TTEPIOplOTOUV 01 npoona8EtEs
    Tn~ Ko1v6tntas OTO Tµnµa TWV onµooiwv oanavwv E&A TTOU XPnµatOOOTEI
    µEOW TWV 16iwv n6pwv tns, aK6µn KOi ,av TO tµnµa aut6 au~n8Ei onµa-
    VTtKa. npETTEI va 6nµ1oupyn8ouv 61aouvo€OEI~ µETO~U npoypaµµatwv,
    OE 61a~opa EninE6a -E8VtK6, 61aKuPEPVnt1K6 KOi KOIVOTIKO- 01 onoiE~
    va ouµPaAAOUV Otnv ETTiTEu~n KOIVWV ETIIOTnµovlKWV KOi TEXVOAOVIKWV
    OTOXWV, KOTa tp6nov WOTE va TOUs EvowµaTWVOUV OE µia aXn81vn KOtvo-
    TtKn ETIIOtnµoVtKn KOi TEXVOAOYIKn OTpatnYtKn.
                                          *
                                       *    *
    Xwpis aµ~1~0Xia TTOAAOi ea avTtTa~ouv Ota TTAEOVEKTDµata tns KOIVOTI-
    KD~ 616otaons, tnv TIOAUTIAOKOTnTa KOi tn OUOKtvnoia TWV 61a61KOOlWV
    61axEip1ons Kar X~~Ews ano~aoEwv, nou Tn xapaKtnpi~Et. Avti0ETa
    6µws, TIPETTEI va ETIIOIWX0Ei n a~tonoinon OAWV TWV 6uvatotntwv TWV
    ruv0nKwv, KOi, E~OOOV Kpt0El avayKaio, va tponono1n8ouv 01 6tata~Els
 ---pagebreak---                                    - 4 -
T~~, ouTw~ WOTE va E~ao~aX10Touv Ta ouµ~EpovTa 6Xwv Kai va rrapa-
OXE0ouv Ta EXEyyua y1a Tn yp~yopn A~~n arro~aOEWV, T~V EUKaµnTn
KOi anoKEVTpWµEvn 61axEip1on, KOi Tn 61aµ6p~won KaTOAAnXwv xpn-·
µaTo60TIKWV ooµwv.
npo~ TnV KOTEU8uvon auTn TEiVEI n npOTaOn Tn~ ErrtTponn~, µE Tnv
rrErroi0non 6T1 TO 0Eoµ1K6 ouoTnµa Tn~ Ko1v6TnTa~, TO onoio npenE1
va KaTaOTEi anOTEAEoµaT1K6TEPO Kat 6nµ1oupy1KoTEPo, napaµEvE1, OE
TEAEUTaia av6Xuon, 0 µova61K6t EyyunT~t Tnt EUpWna~Knt TOUT6TnTa~
KOi TWV KOIVWV ouµ~EPOVTWV EVOVTI TWV E8VIKWV apxwv, 01 onoiE~
-voµiµw~, OAAWOTE- µEptµvouv y1a Tnv KaToxupwon, npwTiOTW~, TWV
E0vtKWV auµ~Ep6vTwv.
 ---pagebreak---                                - 4 a -
II. H EYPQnAiKH KOINOTHTA THr TEXNOAOrIAr
    H EupwnaiKD 01Kovoµ1KD Ko1v6TnTa Eiva1 OE Stan va napaoxE1
    Tnv ~vayKaia aaon y1a Tn 6nµ1oupyia µlot aXn81VD~ EupwnoiKD~
    KOIVOTDTO~ TDs TEXVOAoyiat, 61oµop~wµtvnt KaTa Tp6nov WOTE
    va 6i6ET01 n 6uvoT6TnTa OTa KpaTn µtXn vo E~ao~oXi~ouv D va
    nEp1opi~ouv Tn ouµµETOXD Tout OE op1oµtva an6 TO npoypaµµaTa
    TDs•
    ME aaon Ta avWTEpw, µnopouv va E~ETOOTOUV 61a~OPEs 8EOµIKEt
    µop~Es, Tit onoiEt 61aXoµaavE1 ~E~WplOTO tyypa~o, WOTE va
    XaaEI oapKa Kai OOTa n EupwnoiK~ Ko1v6TnTa Tns TEXVOAoy(as.
    BaOIKOs a~ovas 6Xwv TWV nopanavw µop~wv Eivat µ(a ouµaaTIKD
    noX1T1K~ 6toµEuon Twv KpaTwv µEXwv va 6woouv OTnv Ko1v6TnTa
    TOUs opµo616TDTEs Kai µtoo y1a va 6paOEI OTO OUVKEKplµEVO
    TOµfo.
    2. h6xo1
    KuplOs OTOXOs Eiva1 n Evioxuon TWV tEXVOAOVIKWV aaoEWV TDs
    Eupwna1Kns B1oµnxavios KOi n avanTu~n TDs 61E8vo6t OVTaywv1-
    0TIKOTDTCls TDs-
    r1a va npoxwpnOEI npot TDV KOTEU8uvon auTnv, n Ko1v6TnTa TDt
    TEXVOAoyias npEnEI VO EXEi TDV EVToXn Kai ta µtoa va ~EPEi
    Eis nEpas ap18µ6 6paOEWV KOIVOTIKOU EV6ta~EPOVTOs, 6nws va
    uXono1noE1 npoypaµµOTO TEXVOAOVIKDt EPEUVa~ KOi avanTu~nt
    µE TDV - KUµa1v6µEvn, avaXoya µE Ta EKOOTOTE npoypaµµaTa -
    ouµµETOXn TWV KpaTWV µEAWV, TWV EfflXEIPnOEWV Kai EpEuvnTIKWV
    KEVTpwv, Kai va npayµaTOffOIDOEI op10µEVEs KOIVE~ 6pa0Elt
    uno0Tnp1~ns Twv npoypaµµaTwv TEA.
    Xwpis Va rrpOTEtVETat, OTO 0T00lO auT6, £Va OplOTIKO oxnµo,
    Ol aaotKOl TUITOI rrpOTEtvoµtvwv 6paOEWV (nou EtTE 61E~ayovTa1
    µE Tnv rrpWToBouXia TDt Ko1v6TnTa~, EtTE 6x1) Etva1 01 aK6-
    Xou8o 1 :
 ---pagebreak---                                      - 5 -
3.   Tuno1 OXEOiwv Kai npoypaµµaTWV TEXVOAOVIKn~ EpEuva~ KOi ava-
     TTTU~rg; CTEA)
3.1.    'EpEUVE~ OTOV TOµEa TWV TEXVOAOVIWV KOtvn~ xpnon~
          AUTO~ o TUTTO~ OXEOiou EXEi w~ KUPIO OTOXO va oonvnoEI TOU~
a1oµnxavou~ VO OUVEVWOOUV TI~ OUVOµEI~ TOU~ KOi VO OUVEpyaOTOUV
µE Ta EpEuvnT1Ka KEVTpa nou E~apTWVTOI an6 Ta navEntoTnµ1a KOi TI~
6nµ601E~ apxt~, y1a va anOKTnoouv nAnPn yvwon, EW~ TO OTOOIO Tn~
a1oµnxav1Kn~ avanTu~n~, TWV TEXVOAOylWV EKEIVWV nou 01 EIOIKE~ E~ap-
µoyE~ TOU~ npoopi~OVTOI va KaAu~ouv TO ouvoAo TOU a1oµnxav1KOU IOTOU
OVOVEWVOVTO~ TI~ TEXVIKE~ µE8000U~ n KOTaAnyovTa~ OTnv napaywyn
VEWV npoi6vTWV. np6KEITOI n.x. y1a TI~ TEXVOAoylE~ TWV ouv8ETWV
UAIKWV, Tn~ µ1KponAEKTpOVtKn~ KOi TWV OTTTIKWV IVWV n aK6µn y1a EKEi-
VE~ nou unayovTat OTOV Eupu TOµEa Tn~ a10TEXVOAoyia~ (ouyKpivaTE
µE napapTnµa).
E~a1Tia~ Tau io1ou TOU nEp1Exoµevou Tau~ Ta oxto1a auTa, KaTa yEv1K6
Kav6va, ncp1opi~ovTa1 OTO npoavTaywv1-0TtK6 OT6610, aAAa npenE1,
nepav TWV avaµEVOµEVWV OTTOTEhEOµOTWV OTOU~ TOµEi~ Tn~ ETTIOTnµoVtKn~
KOi TEXVIKn~ EpEuva~, va aonBnoouv OTn OTOOIOKn OUOTaon OIEUpwnaiKWV
OIKTUWV EVOnoinon~ nou va AEITOupyouv µETO~U TWV ETTIXEIPnOEWV, TWV
EpEuvnTIKWV KEVTPWV KOi TWV 6nµooiwv apxwv, OIKTUWV OTO onoia ea
µnopEI VO aaOIOTE( n OIKOOOµnon Tn~ a1oµnxav1xn~ OUVEpyaoia~, OTnv
KUPIOAo~{a, OTO ETTITTEOO TWV OOµWV Tn~ napaywyn~ KOi Tn~ Eµnopia~.
3.2.    AvanTu~n KOi EKµETaAAEuon ouAXoylKOU ETTIOTnµovlKOU E~onA10µ06_
        µE 0KOn6 Tn pao1Kn lpEUVO
          H Eupwnn -OTO KOIVOTIKO n µn nAaio1a- EXEi non apxloEt va
OIEIOOUEI OTOV TOµEa auT6: OTnv K01vn EKµETOAAEuon µnxavwv µEyaAou
µEyEBou~ KOi EIOIKEUµEVWV EpyaoTnpiwv an6 TO onoia Sa nTav napaAoyo
 va KOTOOKEUOOTOUV KOl OAAO iota OTOV EupwnatK6 xwpo. AuTn nTav
 n Aoy1Kn TTOU o6nynOE OTnv KOTOOKEun TOU CERN OTn rEvEun KOi TOU
JET OTO GULHAM. ME TO iota TIVEuµa E~ETO~OVTat KOi OAAa OXEOta au-
 TOU TOU TUTTOU: (ruyxpoTpO, WKEavoypa~IKO KEVTpO, K.A.n.). To av8pw-
 n1vo KOi UAIK6 KE~aAato nou Ta KpaTn µtAn non ouvEaaAav an6 KOIVOU
 OTO Ko1v6 KEvTpo EpEuvwv (KKEp) µnopEi va EKT1µn8Ei OTa nAaio,a
 µ1a~ 6nµ601a~ anooToAn~ µE µop~n n.x. npoypaµµaTO~ npooavaTOAIOµEvou
 npo~ TnV OO~OhEIO TOU nEp1aaAAOVTO~ un6 Tnv EUpEia EVVOIO TOU 6pou
 KOi npo~ TOV Ka8op10µ6 npOTUTTWV ava~opa~ OTOV TOµEa OUTO.
3.3.     Ta OTpaTny1Ka npoypaµµaTa
          npoKElTOl yta npoypaµµaTa n y1a µEyaAa KIVnTnpta OXE6ta µE
 u~nAou aaSµou TEXVOAOVIKn EVTaon TWV onoiwv 101aiTEpO~ TEhlKO~ OKOTTO~
 µnopEi va Elva, EiTE n npayµaTonoinon Ev6~ OT6xou ouXXoy1Ko6 Ev61a-
 ~tpovTo~ (n E~EpEuvnon TOU OIOOTnµaTO~ n.x.) n n napoxn 6nµoOtWV
 unnpEOIWV nponyµtvn~ TEXVOAoy!a~ (TnAETTIKOIVWViE~). LTOV TUTTO OUTO
 TWV npoypaµµOTWV n·~aon Tn~ EpEuva~ KOi avanTu~n~ OEV anOTEAEI napa
 ~aon npoET01µaoia~ y1a TI~ ~60E1~ Tn~ onµ601a~ Entvouon~ Kai Tn~
 EKµETahAEuon~.
 ---pagebreak---                                            - 6 -
ntpav TOU 161aiTEpou TEAIKOU OKonou TOU~, TO OTpaTnYtKO OUTO
npoypaµµaTa txouv w~ tpyo va avoi~ouv tva Kpio1µ0 6yKo 6nµooiwv
ayopwv OTOU~ TOµEi~ OTpaTny1Kn~ onµaola~ y1a va ouv6uaoouv tva
 ,a1v6µEVO EX~n~ X6yw ~nTnon~ (demand pulU µE TO ,a1v6µEVO w0non~
X6yw TEXVOAOy1Kn~ avanTu~n~ (technological push) nou 6nµ1oupyEiTat
an6 Ta npoypaµµaTa tpEuva~.
To np6ypaµµa Tn~ EupwnaiKn~ a1a0Tnµ1Kn~ YnnpEOla~ (ESA)avaµ,taoXa
anOTEAEi TO np6Tuno TOU Ei6ou~. ME Tit ETTITUXiE~ TOU, TO np6ypaµµa
OUT6 anOKOTEOTnOE TnV EµTTt0T09UVn npo~ Tnv Eupwnn W~ npo~ TI~ TEX-
VOAOVIKE~ KOi aoµnxavlKE~ Tn~ IKOV6TnTEt KOi EOEl~E TI Elvat 6uvaT6
VO ERITEUX0Ei 6TOV TO EupwnatKO KpaTn npoOnAWVOVTOI OE €Va 0TpaTn-
YtK6 OT6xo KOi ano6EXOVTOI va 61a8toouv an6 KOIVOU TO µEyaAUTEPO
µtpo~ TWV E0VtKWV Tou~ n6pwv nou a,1Epwvouv OTOV Toµta auT6.
To np6ypaµµa RACE nou TTPOTaenKE an6 Tnv EntTponn ea µnopoUOE va
anOTEAEOEI Eva aXXo np6Tuno TOU Ei6ou~ OTOV TOµEa TWV TnAETTIKOIVWVlWV.
To np6ypaµµa IRIS nounpoTaenKE an6 Tnv ITOAtKn npoE6pia Kai anoaXtnEt
 I 6 i W~ OTnV av(rnTU~I") Tn~ Eupwna 'j Kn~ ayopa~ 11 KO I VWV l KWV TTPO 'j 6vTWV 11
RAl")po,optKn~ ea µnopouOE Enion~ va TTEp1Xn,eE( OTnv KaTnyopia auTn.
4.1.       a1Eevn~ OUVEpyaoia
            H EupwnaiKn Ko1v6TnTa Tn~ TEXVOXoyia~ ea npETTEI va OiE~ayayEI
61aaouXEUOEl~ µE TpiTE~ XWPE~ KOi µE 6tE0VEi~ opyav1oµou~ 6oov a,opa:
       TOU~ Tp6nou~ Tn~ EV6EX6µEvn~ OUµµETOXn~ Tn~ OTO npoypaµµaTa TWV
       EpEUVWV KOi TOU~ Tp6nou~ Tn~ OUVEpyaoia~ TWV OTO 6tKO Tn~ npoypaµ-
      µaTa TEA"
       Ta 6tE0vn np6Tuna OTOV TOµEa TWV TEXVOAOVlKWV avTaAXaywv (nvEuµa-
       TtKn t6lOKTl")Oia, KOVOVE~ OVTOyWVlOµou, npoontXaon OTl~ nXnpo,op(E~,
       TTEp1op1oµoi OTl~ µETa,opt~ TEXVOAoyia~, KATT.).
4.2.       ruvTov10µ6~ TWv E0v1Kwv Kai Ko1voT1Kwv noX1TtKwv OTov Toµta
           Tn~ TEXVOAOytKn~ EpEUVO~ KOi OVOTTTu~n~
H KotVOTl")Ta ea EXEi napoµolw~ w~ tpyo, ntpav TWV OIKWV TI")~ npoypaµµaTWV,
va npow8noE1 TO OUVTOVI0µ6 TWV E0VtKWV Kai KOIVOTIKWV TTOAITIKWV
Kai va npoTEivE1 Ta op06 µtoa Evioxuon~ Twv xapaKTnp10T1Kwv aXXnXo-
ouµnXnpwon~ TWV. 0a ava6Ei~EI y1a TO OKOTTO auTO EVapµOVIOµEVE~ 6paOEI~
nou ea UTTOOTnpi~EI avaXaµaavoVTO~ Tnv EU0UVI") TOU OUVTOVIOµou KOi, OE
TUXOUOa nEpiOTOOI"), ouµµETEXOVTO~ µE Tn µ1KpOTEPI") µEpi6a OTI~ 6anavE~
OUTWV TWV 6paOEWV.
4.3.       a166oon Twv yvwoEwv Kat a~1onoinon Twv anoTEAEOµaTwv nou ano-
           ,tpouv TO KOIVOTIKO npoypa~JaTa
            H 6paOTl")p16TnTa TI")~ Ko1v6TnTa~ 6Ev npEnEI va TTEPIOPIOTEi OTnv
avanTu~n TI")~ EpEuva~. MnopEi va KaX6~e1 Enlon~ Tnv a~1onoinon Twv
anOTEAEOµOTWV nou ETTIOEXOVTOI E~apµoyE~ OE Eµnop1Kn KAiµaKa. LE
optOµEVE~ TIEPlTTTWOEI~ µnopEi va ano6E1xeel xpno1µ0 n KotVOTl")TO va
 ---pagebreak---                                     - 7 -
EXEi Tn 6uvaT6TnTa va avaAaPEI -TOUAaXIOTOV EV µEpe1- op10µEV€~
6anavE~ npOKOTOPKTIKn~ avanTu~n~, 16iw~ 6Tav 01 6anOVE~ OUTE~
avaAaµpavOVTOI an6 KOIVOT6µE~ MME.
4.4.    Evioxuon Tou En10Tnµov1Kou Kai TEXVIKOu 6uvaµ1Kou Tn~
        Ko1voTnTa~
         AuT6~ 0 TUno~ op1~6VTIO~ anOOTOAn~ npenEI Va avnKEI OTI~
µ6v1µE~ En1Taye~ µ1a~ EupwnaiKn~ Ko1v6TnTa~ Tn~ TEXVOAOyia~. Ta
µa8nµaTa nO'J An~BnKaV an6 TO un6 EKTEAEOn nE1paµaT1K6 npoypaµµa
OTO nAalo1a TOU TETPOETOU~ npoypaµµaTO~ Ba EnlTPE~OUV Tn 61Eu-
Kpiv1on TWV OT6xwv KOi µEB66wv.
rE OUTO Ta nAaio1a, Ba µnopoUOE va 6oBEi OUVEXEIO OTI~ OUOTaOEI~
Tn~ 01KOV0µ1KnQ KOi KOIVWVIKn~ En1Tponn~ (2) nEpi OUOTaon~ OTnv
Ko1v6TnTa EVO~ 61KTUOU KEVTPWV ap10Tonoinon~, Ta onoia ea TUXOUV
avayvwp1on~ KOi unooTnP•~n~ an6 Tnv Ko1v6TnTa. Ta KEVTpa auTa
Ba anootxovTav va ouvEpyaoTouv OTa npoypaµµaTa avTaAAaywv nAnpo-
~op1wv KOi KIVnTIKOTnTa~ EpEuvnTWV nou npoo61opf~OVTOI an6 Tnv
Ko1v6TnTa, K08W~ En{on~ Kai Ba unOOTnp1~aV TOV KOBop10µ6 TWV
avayKaiwv EKna16EuT1Kwv nOAITIKWV y1a va KaAu~0ouv Ta EV6Ex6µEva
KEVa Tn~ KOIVOTnTa~ OE El61KEUµEVO EnlOTnµOVIK6 npOOWnlKO.
0 OTOXO~ TWV npoTaOEWV nou OKOAOUBo6~ Elva, va ouµP1PaOEI Tnv
EV6TnTa TWV anO~EWV KOi Tn OTpaTny1Kn OUVOXn OE KOIVOTIKO EninE-
60 µE Tn µEyaAuTEPn EUEA1~ta oTou~ Tp6nou~ 61axEip1on~ Kai xpn-
µaTo66Tnon~ TWV npoypaµµaTWV KaBw~ KOi OTO PaBµ6 OUµµETOXn~
OTO npoypaµµaTa auTa TWV KpOTWV µEAWV KOi TWV opy6vwv nou una-
 YOVTOI OTn 61Ka106ooia TWV.
5.1.    'Eva nAaio10 ouvoxn~
              H KOIVOTIKn OTpaTnYtKn OTOV TOµEa TEA KaBopi~ETOI onµE-
 pa OE tva noAUETE~ np6ypaµµa-nAaio10. To np6ypaµµa auT6 Ba µno-
 pouoE va anoTEAtOEI eva nAaio10 ouvoxn~ y1a TI~ nOAITIKE~ nou
 avanTUOOOVTOI an6 Ta KpaTn µEAn KOi Tnv Ko1v6TnTa y1a Tnv avT1-
 µETWn1on Twv avayKwv 01 onoiE~ avayvwpi~ovTal an6 Ko1vou OE op1-
 oµevo ap18µ6 TOµEWV. H 8eon1on EVO~ TETOIOU npoypaµµaTo~-nAa1-
 oiou KOi n EnavE~ETaon TOU ava TaKTa XPOVtKa 61aOTnµaTa Ba EOIVE
 OE OAa Ta KpaTn µEAn Tnv EUKa1pia va EnaAnBEuOouv, OE KaBE TOµEa,
 Eav11Eupwnn 61a8ETEI EnapKn ETTIOTnµov1Kn Kai TEXVOAOVIKn Paon
 Kai av Ta µeoa nou E~apµ6oTnKav Eiva1 TETOIO~ ~uon~ WOTE va En1-
 TPE~OUV oTn P1oµnxavia va avT1µETwnioE1 TOV E~WTEPIKO avTaywv10µ6.
              rTo nAaio10 TOU 8EOµIKOU OUOTnµaTO~ TWV Ko1voTnTWV (3),
 EVan6KEITOI OTnv En1Tponn va aoKnOEI nAnpw~ TOV K1vnTnp10 POAO
 Tn~ naipvovTa~ Tnv npwToPouAia unoPoAn~ npoT60EWV nou o6nyouv OTn
 Bton1on KOi OTnv ava8Ewpnon TOU npoypaµµaTo~-nAa1oiou, E~ao~aAi-
 ~OVTa~ OUVEXEIO otnv E~apµoyn TOU.
            1                             1
 (2) OKE, EKBEon NORMANN, EvnµEpWTtKn EKBEon Eni TWV npoypaµµa-
      TWV EpEuva~ Tn~ EOK K01vn~ 6anavn~, Bpu~EAAE~, 1985.
 (3) To onoio 8a nTaV Enion~ TO OUOTnµa Tn~ Ko1v6TnTa~ Tn~ TEXVO-
      AOyia~ OTO uno8ETtK6 nAalo10 nou 8EwpnBnKE OTnv apxn.
 ---pagebreak---                                   - 8 -
             Evorr6KEITOI OTO ruµ@ouAto, µE aaon TI~ rrpOTOOEI~ Tn~
 ErrtTporrn~ KOi µETO Tnv EK,paon Tn~ yvwµn~ TOU Ko1voaouAlou, va
 8EOTTIOEI TO rrp6ypoµµa-rrAalo10 KOi va Ka8op(OEI µE TO Ko1voaou-
 AIO TO OUVuAO TWV rr6pwv TOU TTPOUTTOAOy1aµou OE TTOAUETn aaon, 01
 onoio1 OVTIOTOIXOUV aTn ouµµEToxn Tn~ Ko1v6TnTo~ yta Tn xpnµa-
 To66Tnon TWV npoypaµµaTWV TEA (4).
 0a nTav KOTOVOnT6 VO AaµaavOVTOI oµ6,wva 01 arro,aOEIC TOU [uµ-
 aouAiOu TTOU 8EOTTi~ouv µEyOAO EIOIKO rrpoypaµµaTa, OAAO 01 Tp6rro1
 Tnt E,apµoync TOUC 0a ETTPETTE OTn OUVEXEIO VO ano,aoi~OVTOI µE
 EIOIKn TTAEIOfn,La KOi OTO TTAOiOIO E~OUOto6oTnOEWV µE EUpEit ap-
 µOOIOTnTEC rrpoc Tnv ETTITporrn y1a Tnv EKTEAEOn TOUC •
(4)   H KOIVOTIKn XPnµaTOOoTnon EffEµaaiVEI Wt KOTOAUTnC TWV E8v1-
      KWV XPnµoTOOOTIKWV OUVEIO,opwv KOi TWV OUVE10,opwv on6 TIC
      ETTIXEtpnOEtt. AuTEC 01 OUO TEAEUTOiEt XPnµaTOOOTIKE~ nnyt~
      OEV E~OPTWVTOI an6 TIC 61a61KoOiEC TOU TTPOUTTOAOytoµou TnC
      Ko1v6TnTac.
 ---pagebreak---                              - 8a -
5.2. EuEAtKTE~ µop~E~ auvEpyaala~
npoKEtµEvou va uAono1n806v npoypaµµaTa ~1A66o~a, npEnEt va   ~
ava~nTnBo6v µop~E~ auvEpyaala~ 01 onoiE~:
   va ouy~EvTpwvouv y6pw att6 KOBE OXE610 Tou~ ETaipou~ - KpaTn,
   ERIXEt~nOEI~ Kai EPEUVnTtKa KEVTpa - nou EntBuµo6v va 6EOµEu-
   Bo6v oTn Baon µia~ oa~o6~ avTlAn~n~ Tou K6oTou~ Kat Twv w~E-
   AnµaTwv Tn~ ouvEpyaola~ Tou~,
- va o6nyo6v oTn o6µnn~n B1oµnxav1Ko6 Kovo6pT01ouµ Kai Tn 61op-
   yavwon TWV 6iaKuBEPVnTIKWV ouvEpyao1wv KaTa Tp6nov WOTE va
   K1vnTono106vTa1 01 nEp1ao6TEpo E~E161KEuµEvE~ napaywy1KE~
   OUVOµEI~,
   va OTnPi~ovTa1 OE Eva EupwnaiK6 6iKTuo EpEuvnT1Kwv KEvTpwv
   Kai naVERIOTnµ(wv ROU 6taTnpo6v OTaBEpn Ena~n µETa~u TOU~
   Kai µnopouv va anoTEAEOOUV n6AOU~ avanTu~n~ Kai 61a6oon~
   Tn~ EpEuva~ Kai Tn~ TEXVOAOyia~,
   va ERITpEnouv Tn OuµµETOXn ETaipwv an6 TpiTE~ XWPE~.
Xwpi~ va unE10EABouµE OT1~ AEnToµEpEtE~ Tn~ 61axEip1on~ Ka1
TWV µEB66wv XPnµaT006Tnon~, RPEREI Va onµEtWBE( n µEyaAn no1-
KIA(a TWV µop~wv nou avanTuxBnKaV OTO nAaio10 TWV EpEuvnTtKWV
6paOTnptoTnTWV Tn~ KOtV6TnTa~.
LTOV TOµEa Tn~ npoavTaywvtOTtKn~ EPEUva~, n RAEOV xpno1µono1-
ouµEvn anµEpa µop~n 61axEip1on~, 6nw~ E~OAAOU Kai n RAEOV tKa-
vono1nT1Kn (5), E(VOI EKE(vn Tn~ Opaon~ K01vn~ Oanavn~, n ono(a
ERITPEREI OTnv Ko1v6TnTa va auva~El EpEuvnTtKE~ ouµBaOEI~ <xpn-
µaTOOOT06µEvE~ KaTa 50% an6 TOV KOIV0TtK6 npounOAOy10µ6) µE
ROAUEBVIKE~ oµa6E~, OUYKPOTOUµEVE~ an6 navEntoTnµ1aKa EpEuvn-
TIKa KEVTpa, Epya0Tnp1a TOU 6nµoo(ou Kai t61WTIKE~ ERIXEIPDOEI~-
 (4) H KOIVOTIKn XPnµaT006Tnon 6pa W~ KaTaAuTn~ TWV E0VtKWV
      EIO~OpWV, KaBw~ Kai TWV EIO~OpWV TWV ERIXEtpnOEWV. Ot
      660 TEAEUTaie~ auTE~ nnvt~ xpnµaTo66Tnon~ 6ev EvTaooo-
      vTat OTI~ 61a61KaO(E~ TOU npounOAOy10µ06 Tn~ Ko1v6TnTa~.
 (5) KpivovTa~ an6 Tnv EpEuva nou Ole~nyayE n OtKOVOµtKn Kat
      Ko1vwv1Kn En1Tponn OTOU~ ouµ~aAA6µEVOU~ (npBA. CES, EK-
      Bean Normann, nou EXEi npoava~Ep8Ei).
 ---pagebreak---                               - 9 -
[To rrXaio10 TOU rrpoypaµµaTo~ ESPRIT, TO orroio rrpwTiOTw~ rrpoo-
p(~ETat va EvSappUVEl Tn 6tEUpwrraiKn OUVEpyao(a, n EV X6yw
µop~n 61axE(p1on~ E6El~E Tnv arrOTEAEOµaTtKOTnTa Tn~.
Mta aXXn µop~n OUVEpyao(a~ EtVal n OUVTOVlOµEvn 6paon TWV 61a-
~6pwv ~optwv rrou rrpoayouv Tnv rrpayµaTorroinon tpywv, xpnµaTo6o-
TWvTa~ To. H Ko1v6TnTo, orr6 rrXEupa~ Tn~, KOAUrrTEI µ6vo TI~
OIOtKnTtKE~ OOITOVE~ 61oaouAEUOEWV KOi OUVTOVlOµou OTO ITAOlOlO
OuµaaOEWV OTl~ orro(E~ ouµµETEXOUV TO EVOlO~EpoµEVO KpaTn µEAn
Kat op1oµtvE~ TPtTE~ XWPE~.
nptrrEl TEAO~ va onµEtWSEi n µop~n TWV "ouµrrXnpwµaTIKWV rrpo-
ypaµµaTwv", Ta orro(a XPnµoT060TOUVTOI KOT OITOKAEIOTIKOTnTa
arr6 TO Kp&Tn µtAn rrou StXouv vo ouµµETaoxouv, Kai TWV orroiwv
n E~apµoyn OEV Sa rrEp1op10TEi ITAEOV OTOV rrupnv1K6 TOµEa µ6-
AI~ n vto arr6~aon y1a Tou~ (61ou~ rr6pou~ opxioEt va 1oxuE1.
01 Ev X6yw µop~t~ 61oxEip1on~ EVOEXETat vo Tporrorro1nSouv rrE-
pa1Ttpw rrpOKEtµtvou va An~Souv OE µEyOAUTEpO aaSµ6 urr6~n Ol
TUXOV El6lKE~ avayKE~ Kal va E~aO~OAlOTEl n µEyaAUTEPn OUVOTn
EUEAl~lO OTn ouµµETOXn TWV KpaTWV µEAWV KOi TWV ITOAITWV TOU~
OTl~ Ola~opE~ OUVlOTWOE~ TWV EpEuvnTtKWV rrpoypaµµaTWV.
 'ETOl, Ol OUVTOVlOµEVE~ OpOOEI~ 8a µrropouoav va EVlOXU80UV,
WOTE vo 61EupuvSEi TO rrEolo rrou KaAurrTouv Kat va au~n0Ei n
OUVTOVIOTIKn arrOTEAEOµOTIKOTnTa TOU~, µEOW µ(a~ µlKPn~ XPn-
µOTOOOTtKn~ OUµµETOXn~ tn~ KOtV6TnTo~.
0a nTaV OUVOTOV Va rrpoaXE~SE( Errion~ µ(a ouµµETOXn KaTa µE10-
~n~(a Tn~ Ko1v6TnTa~ OE ESVtKE~ n ITOAUµEpE(~ opaOEl~ KOIVO-
TlKOU EV6lO~EPOVTO~, ElTE TOU onµoo(ou ElTE TOU lOIWTlKOU To-
µta. H ouµµEToxn auTn Sa OUViOTOUOE O!Eupuµtvn E~apµoyn EVO~
TPOTIOU 6paon~ rrou EXEi non E~apµOOTEi OTO TIAOiOIO TWV rrpoypoµ-
µaTWV T6vwon~ TOU ETilOTnµoVIKOU KOi TEXVlKOU 6uvaµtKOU Tn~
Ko1v6TnTa~.
npoKElµEVOU E~aXXou yta Tn aon8Eta OTnv a~torroinon, rrou arro-
axtrrEI OTnv rrapaTaon Tn~ EVlOXUOn~ Tn~ rrpOOVTOYWVIOTtKn~ EpEu-
va~ (rrpo-avarrTu~n, rrpWTOTurro), KOSW~ Kat otnv rrpoaywyn Tn~
E~apµoyn~ TWV OTIOTEAEOµOTWV Tn~, lOlW~ arr6 TI~ KOlVOTOµOUOE~
µ1Kp€~ Kal µEOaiE~ ETIIXEtpnOEI~, TIPEITEl VO 008Ei n OUVaT6TnTa
ornv Kotv6TnTo vo rrapEµaolvEt µE µtoo EKT6~ rrpo0rr0Xoy10µ06
(OOVElO yta Tnv rrpoaywyn Tn~ KatVOTOµ(a~, ouµµETOXn µE KE~a-
AOtO u~nXo6 ErrtXEtpnµaTtKOU Ktvouvou).
To 6taXElptOTtKO "EPYOAEio" TIOU xpnotµorrotEITat OTO rrp6ypoµµa
JET - n KOtvn ETilXEipnon rrou npoaAETIEl n ouv8nKn EYPATOM -
µnopEi vo xpno1µEuoE1 w~ rrp6Turro yta aXXo tpya rrou oroxEuouv
OTnv KOtvn avanru~n KOt EKµETOAAEuon E~OTIAlOµwv µEyaXn~ KAi-
µaKa~ y1a ETilOTnµovtKOU~ OKOTIOU~. Ta TIAEOVEKrnµaro TIOU no-
pouo1a~El Eivat TIOAAa:
 ---pagebreak---                            - 9a -
• nOIKIAia 6uvaToTnTWV ouµµETOXn~ TWV KpaTWV
• 6uvaT6TnTE~ OuµµETOXn~ TptTWV XWPWV
• VOµtKn Kai XPnµaTOOIKOVOµtKn aUTOVOµia
• KUµa1v6µEVO U~O~ Tn~ ouµµETOXn~ TOU KOIVOTIKOU npounOAO-
  y10µou.
 ---pagebreak---                               - 10 -
r,a Tnv E~apµoyn, TEAOC, µEyOAWV OTpaTnYtKWV rrpoypaµµOTWV
TEXVOAOVIKnC avarrTu~nC, rrptrrEI Va E~ETOOTEi TO EV6Ex6µEVO
6nµ1oupyiac, KaTa ITEpirrTwan, EupwrraiKWV opyav1oµwv, auT6voµwv
arr6 voµ1KnC Kai xpnµaTOOIKOVOµtKnC ITAEUpac. AuTn Eivat n µE-
8o6oc rrou aKOAOuSnSnKE µE EITITUXia arr6 Tnv EupwrraiKn Opyavw-
an ~,aaTnµaTOC (ESA) y1a Tn auyKEVTpwan TWV ESVIKWV rr6pwv
rrou rrpoopi~ovTa1 y1a rrpoypaµµaTa Ko1vou Ev61a~epovToc.
        Tnv KOlVOTIKn ~U01oyvwµia TWV opyavtOµWV Sa rrpo06WOEl
n OUV6Ean TOUC µE TO rrp6ypaµµa-rrAatOIO KOi n KOTO µEto~n~(a
EV6EX6µEvn auµµETOXn TnC Ko1v6TnTaC OTOV rrpOUITOAOVI0µ6 TOU
opyav1oµou urr6 Tn µop~n Err166Tnanc (xpnµaT060TOUµEvnc att6
Touc i61ouc rr6pouc), Evw E~urraKouETa1 6Tt :
- 01 opyav1aµo( Sa xpnµaTo6oTouvTat KaTa Kup10 A6yo arr6 TtC
   EIO~OPEC TWV auµµETEX6VTWV KPQTWV µEAWV. 01 ElO~OPEC au-
   TEC 6EV Sa EVTOOOOVTOI OTOV rrpourr0Aoy1aµ6 TnC Ko1v6TnTac.
- npoaAEITETQl n 6uvaT6TnTa Tnc KQTO µEto~n~la ouµµETOXnc TOU
   KOlVOTIKOU rrpourr0Aoy1oµou OTIC AEITOUPYlKEC 6arraVEC TWV
   opyav1aµwv KOi TnC Eyyunanc TOU rrpourroAoytaµou TnC EOK yta
   6avE1a ITOU OUV01TTOUV 01 opyav10µ0(, EVW Tn OXETIKn arr6~aon
   KQTO ITEPlITTWOn AaµaavEI TO ruµaoUAlO PE E161Kn ITAEIO~n~(a.
5.3.    K1vnTorroinon Twv xpnµaT060T1Kwv rr6pwv
       'Orrwc EXEl avayvwp(OEI TO EupwrraiK6 ruµaoUAIO Kata TIC
6ta60XIKEC auv66ouc TOU arr6 TOV Io6vto TOU 1983, TO µEyE8oc
TWV xpnµato60TIKWV µEOWV nou Eiva1 avayKaia y1a Tnv rrpoaywyn
TnC TEXVOAOVtKnC npo66ou KOi Tnv aVTlµETWrrtan TOU avTaywv1oµou
OAAWV µEyOAWV xwpwv, anatTEl onµavTtKn au~non TWV µEOWV 1TOU
npoopi~OVTQI y1a tnv KOIVOTtKn E&A.
EVTOUTOlC, aK6µn Kai av EITITEUXSEi n au~non auTn KOi An~Souv
urr6~n Ta OAAa µeoa xpnµaTo66Tnonc TnC Ko1v6TnTac (haµaav6µEva
Ka1 xopnyouµEva 6avE1a), ouµrrAnpwµat1Ka rrpoypaµµaTa (6), ••• ),
TO Tµnµa TWV KOIVOTIKWV rr6pwv rrou Sa rrpoopi(ETQI y1a Tnv E&A
Sa rrapaµEiVE1 eva µ1Kp6 KAaaµa TOu auv6Aou TWV avaAoywv 6arra-
vwv rrou npoaAerrouv 01 rrpourroAOytoµoi TWV KPQTWV µEAWV.
Yrr6 TIC ouvSnKEC auTEC Eiva, arrapa(Tnto, OTO ITAa(oto TWV ESv1-
KWV npoorra8Etwv, rrou Sa K1vnTorro1noouv TO µEyaAUTEPO µepoc
TWV 6ta0EOtµwv yta Tnv TEXVOAOVIKn EpEuva KQl avarrTu~n rr6pwv,
va KaSoptOTouv Ko1vol OT6xo1 Kat va arroaa~nv10Touv 01 rrpoTE-
pat6TnTEC y1a KaSeva arr6 TOUC ETa(pouc. npoKElµEVOU ITEpi
KaSauT6 KOlVOTlKWV 6paaEwv, Ol Tp6rro1 61axElp1onc KOi Ol µe-
So601 xpnµato66tnonc <nou auvo~((ovta1 rrapaKaTw) rrapexouv
µEyOAEC 6uvaT6TnTEC npooapµovnc OE EIOlKEC KaTaOTOOElC, OTnv
KUµatv6µEvn ouµµEToxn TWV KPOTWV µEAWV KOi TWV TIOAlTWV TOUC,
KOl OTn OUVEpyaaia TPITWV XWPWV n 6tESVWV opyavtoµwv.
(6) npoaAEITOVTOI OTn VEQ arr6~aon ITEp(  16{wv n6pwv.
 ---pagebreak---                            - 11 -
To npoTE1v6µEvo ox~µa npouno8tTEI Ao1n6v:
  Tn ~ouAnon TWV KpaTWV µEAWV va Ka8opioouv, OTO KOlVOTtK6
  nAa(o,o, TOUt OTpaTny1KOUt OT6XOUt TWV 6paOEWV nou TTPETTEl
  Va avaAn~8ouv T600 OE E8VtK6 600 Kai OE KOlVOTtK6 EntnE6o,
- Tnv ~rr,~E~aiwon Tnt np68Eont nou txE1 EK~paoE1 TO Eupwnai-
  K6 Euµ~OUAIO Va au~~OEl TO µtpot TOU KOlVOTlKOU npOUTTOAO-
  y1oµou nou npoopl~ETa1 y1a Tn xpnµaTo66Tnon Twv npoypaµµa-
  Twv E&A.
 ---pagebreak---                             - 12 -
                 TPOnOI 8IAXEIPI[H[ KAI TEXNIKE[ XPHMAT080TH[H[
  Ko1voT1K6 np6ypoµµo-rrAoio10
     rev1K6 rroXueTE~ xpnµaT060T1K6 rrp6ypoµµo y10 Tnv KaAu~n Tau ou-
     v6Aou TWV rrapEµ~aOEWV TOU KOIVOTIKOU rrpourr0Aoy10µ06 rrou rrpo~AE-
     ROVTOI arr6 TO rrp6ypaµµa-rrXaio10.
1.   npoypaµµaTa €pEUVa~
         EvEpyEIE~ Kotvn~ 6arravn~ (rr.x.: 50% rrpourr0Aoy10µ6~ EOK, 50%
         ouµ~aAX6µEvo1 arr6 TO 6nµ6010 Kat Tov 161wT1K6 ToµEa).
         ruvTov1oµEvE~ EVEPVEIE~ (nou arrooKorrouv OTO ouvTov10µ6 TWV
         TPEXOUOWV 6paOTnptoTnTWV EpEuva~ OTa KpaTn µEA~). H rrapEµ-
         ~ao~ TOU rrpounOAOYIOµOU TWV KOIVOTnTWV REptopi(ETOI OTnv ava-
         A~~~ TWV yEvtKWV E~66wv yea TO ouvTov10µ6 (+ 2% Tou ouvoX1Ko6
         KOOTOU~) OE op1oµEVE~ rrEptrrTWOEI~ Elvat 6uvaTOV va EVIOXU0Ei
         WOTE:
            va au~~80UV TO KiVDTPO yta OUVEpyaoia, 16[w~ OTOV n EPEUV~-
            TtKn 6paOTDpt6TDTO Eiva1 ROAU OtaOKOprrtOµEV~ (rr.x. taTptKn
            EpEuvo)"
            va ERITEUX0EI KOT~ nEp1006TEpO arr6 TOV arrX6 OUVTOVI0µ6
            µETa~u u~toTaµEvwv rrpoypaµµaTWV Kat vo Ev8appuv8EI n 61E-
            ~aywvn VEWV EPEUVWV.
2.   AvarrTU~~ KOi EKµETOAAEuon OUAAOYIKWV E~orrXtoµwv
        KotvE~ ERIXEIPnOEI~ µEn XWPi~ OuµµETOXn TD~ KOIVOT~Ta~, OAWV
         TWV KpaTWV µEAWV, TPlTWV xwpwv •
     • 'AµEo~ EVEpyE1a av0Aaµ~ov6µEvn arr6 TO KKEp KOi XP~µaTo6oTouµEv~
        on6 TOV rrpourr0Aoy10µ6 TWV Ko1voTnTwv nou, EV6Ex6µEvo, ouµrrA~-
        pWVETOI arr6
        ruµrrXnpwµaTIKa rrpoypaµµa;a xpnµa;o6o;ouµEva an6 E8vtKo6~ rrpo-
        un0Xoy10µ06~.
3.  [Tpa;ny1K6 rrpoypaµµo;a
     EiTE      E161KEUµEvo1 KOtVOTtKoi opyov1oµoi
    ElTE.      8tµEpEi~, TplµEpEi~ n ITOAUµEpEi~ EVWOEI~ Eupwna~KWV 6~µ6-
               0IWV n IOIWTIKWV EITIXEtpnOEWV (;urrou AIRBUS).
 ---pagebreak---                                    - 13 -
   nnvE~ xpnµoTo66Tnon~:
      ruµµETOXD KOTO µE1o~n~io TOU npoun0Xoy1oµou TWV KOIVOTDTWV
      OTI~ OOnOVE~ AEITOUpylo~ TWV opyOVIOµWV
      ruµµETOXD (KXiµOKO ad hoe) TWV KPOTWV µEAWV <n TWV En1xE1pn-
      OEWV TOU~)
      EµnoplKO EOOOO TWV opyov,oµwv KOi TtµoX6ynon TWV nopooxE8EIOWV
      OTO KpaTn µEXn unnpEOIWV
      nopEµ~oon TOU npoun0Xoy1oµou EOK un6 µop~n Eyyunon~ yto Tnv
      Eyypo~n TWV opyOVIOµWV OE OOVEla.
4. METpo T6vwon~ Tbu En10Tnµov1Kou Kot TEXVIKou 8uvaµ1Kou Tn~
   Ko,voTnTa~
      napEµ~aon TOU KOIVOTIKOU npoun0Xoy1oµou VIO Tnv EpEuva nou,
      EVOEX6µEva, ouµnXnpwvETat µE TI~ nopEµ~OOEl~ TWV 81ap8pWTIKWV
      ToµEiwv.
5. Ev1oxuoE1~ y1a Tnv 0~1onoinon <avaXn~n Twv E~66wv KOTa To 0Ta610
   nou nponyEtTOI Tn~ OVOnTU~IOKD~ ~aOn~)
      8avEta nou xopnyouvTat OTI~ M1KpOµEooiE~ EntXEIPDOEl~ (E~op-
      µoyn TWV VEWV TEXVOAOytWV KOi Tn~ KOIVOTOµio~) (NKM IV)
       napEµ~oon un6 µop~n EntXEtpnµoTtKOU KE~aXoiou (Ev E~EAi~EI
       np6Tuno nEipaµa)
       npoun0Xoy10µ6~ EOK KE~aXoto 75
      T1µ0X6ynon nopooxE8E1owv unnpE01wv.
 ---pagebreak---                                   - 14 -   I
6.    Ta KptTnpta KOi 01 µE0o6ot ETIIAOyn~ TWV rrpoypaµµOTWV TEX-
      VOAOYIK~~ E&A TIPOTEpo16TnTo~
H OVETIOPKEIO xpnµoT060TIKWV rr6pwv KOi OKOµo rrEp1000TEPO av8pw-
rrtVOU 6uvaµ1KOU -KaTa TO rrapa6E1yµa Tn~ Iarrwvia~- UTI06EIKVUEI
w~ OK6rr1µn Tnv TauT6xpovn avaAn~n Tn~ uAorroiDOD~ µ1Kpo6 µ6vo
ap1eµo6, rrpoOEKTIKO EITIAEyµEVWV rrpoypaµµaTWV. KaTa TDV ETIIAO-
vn TWV rrpoypaµµaTWV, TipEITEI VO Eivat KaeoplOTIKn, D yvwµn TWV
~OPEWV TIOU ea KADeouv va anaoxoAnoouv TO 6uvaµtK6 TOU o'auTa
Ta rrpoypaµµaTa KOi TWV orroiwv n eEADOD va avaAaaouv auTnv TD
6EOµEuon ea anOTEAEOEI TO KAEl6i TD~ TEAIKn~ P1oµnxav1Kn~
ETIITUXIO~. Kt'auTO y1aTi O OTOXO~ 6EV EiVal D ETIIOTnµovtKn
61EpEuvnon rrou KaA6rrTE1 6Ao To E~tKT6 rrE6io tpEuva~ aAAa D
EVIOXUOD TWV TEXVOAOYIKWV aaoEWV TD~ EupwrraiKn~ a1oµDxavia~.
Ta YEVIKO KPtTnpta nou ea nTaV 6uvaT6V va TIPOE~apxouv KOTO
Tnv ETitAoyn EVO~ TIPWTOU KOTOAoyou rrpoypaµµOTWV TIOU EVEpyouv w~
KIVDTPO Kat avTarroKpivovTal OE ouyKEKptµEvou~ oT6xou~ 0a µrro-
pouoav va Eivat TO OKOAOU8a:
    TO VO OuµaaAAOUV TO rrpoypaµµaTa OUOIOOTIKO OTDV EVIOXUOD TOU
    ETIIOTDµOVIKOU KOi TEXVOAOYIKOU 6uvaµ1KOU TD~ Eupwrrn~, 161ai-
    TEpa OTOU~ TOµEi~ OTIOU QTIEIAEiTat D 61E8vn~ OVTOYWVIOTIKO-
    TDTO TD~ a1oµDxavia~ TD~•
    TO va rrapouo16~ouv 01Kovoµ1K6 Kai Ko1vwv1K6 ev61a~Epov µEi-
    ~ovo~ ODµaoia~, TIOU va OVTOHOKpiVETOI OTI~ OVTIOTOtXiE~ KOi
    OTa yvwpioµaTa rrou xapaKTDPi~ouv Tnv Ko1vwvia µa~
    TO va EVTOOOOVTOI µETQ~U TWV 6paoewv y1a TI~ onoiE~ n Eupw-
    rraiKn 6160TOOD anOTEAEi Eva avavTippnTo TIAEOVEKTnµa, av 6x1
    µ1a avayKat6TDTa·
    TO va eiva1 errapKw~ ev61a~EpovTa w~ rrpo~ TOU~ OT6xou~ rrou
    Err161wKouv Kai TO rrep1ex6µEv6 TOU~ WOTE va rrpoOEAKuoouv TI~
    KOAAiTEPE~ 616vo1E~-
    TO va Eµ~avi~OVTOI ErrapKW~ Ev61a~EPOVTO OTO µaTta      Tn~ KOtvn~
    yvwµn~-
r,a TnV ETitAoyn KOi TOV Kaeop10µ6, µE Oa~n TPOTIO, TWV rrpoypaµ-
µOTWV Kot Twv oxEoiwv rrpoTEpa16TDTa~, y1a TOV rrpoo61op10µ6 oTn
OUVEXEta, yta KaeEva an'auTa, TWV AETITOµEpEIWV TD~ ouµµETOXn~,
TD~ XPnµaT060TDDn~ KOi TD~ 61axeip1on~, ea nTaV 6UVOTOV va
OKOAou8n8ei O E~n~ Tpono~:
    LUOTOOD µ1as oµa6a~ noXu U~DAOU EHITIE6ou, urr6 TDV E~ouoia
    Tn~ EntTporrn~, TIOU 8a OTIOTEAEiTOI OTIO OVTITipOOWTIOU~ TWV KU-
    aepvnOEWV KOi 8a avaXaae1 TD XOPO~D TWV OTpOTDYIKWV ETIIAOYWV,
    TD ETIIAOYn TWV 8EµOTWV KOi TWV OXEOiWV rrpOTEpOIOTDTO~, TOV
    rrpoo61op10µ6 Twv 6pwv ava~opa~ y1a TO AETIToµepetaK6 Ka80-
    p10µ6 Kaee TipoypaµµaTO~ KOi TDV E~aywyn TWV OUµTIEpaoµaTWV.
 ---pagebreak---                               - 14a -
H EKTEAEOTIKn auTn oµaoa 8a nTav OUVaTOV va TUXEI Tnt
OUVOpoµnt u,nAWV npOOWfflKOTnTWV an6 TOV KOOµo Tnt tpEUVat
C1oiwt µEAwv Tnt CODEST) Kai Tnt ~1oµnxaviat.
r1a Ka8E 8tµa, oµa6Et EµnE1poyvwµ6vwv an6 TOV KOOµo Tnt
~1oµnxavia~ Kai Tn~ EpEuva~, nou ouyKEVTpwvovTat arr6 Tnv
EITIT~orrn, Sa npEnEI va Ka8opi~OUV Ta aKpt~n rrpoypaµµaTa,
Tou~ OT6xou~ Tou~, TO KOOTo~ Tou~, Tt~ rrpo8EoµiE~ y1a Tnv
UAOnoinon TOU~ Kai TOUt 6pou~ OuµµETOXn~. Ka8E oµa6a 8a
rrpoE6pEuETa1 an6 tva TWV µEAWV Tnt.
 ---pagebreak---                                            - 15 -
      ME ~aon, OUTE~ TI~ Epyao(E~, n, ErrtTporrn       KOTOpTi~El TI~ rrpo-
      TOOEI~ rrou ea a~opouv E{TE TO OXE6ta rrou ea E~apµ6~0VTOI
      µE rrpWTO~OUAia Tn,~ Ko1v6Tn,Ta~, €[TE TI~ AETfTOµEpEIE~ ouµrrpa~n,~
      Tn,~ KOIVOTn,Ta~ OE rrpWTO~OUAiE~ rrou ea nTav 6uvaT6v va EXOUV
      An,~8Ei arr6 op1oµEva KpaTn, µEAn,, µE OT6xo Tn,v UAorroin,on, OXE6iwv
       IKOVWV va ouµ~aAAOUV OTn,V ETTiTEU~n, TWV KOIVWV OT6xwv.
      Ot EV AOYW rrpoTaOEI~ ea 61a~1~a~OVTa1, a~ou ea EXEi rrpon,you-
      µEvW~ ~n,Tn,8Ei n, yvwµn, Tn,~ Oµa6a~ Y~n,AOU Err1rrt6ou, OTO ruµ~OUAIO
      rrou ea 8Eorri~E1 TI~ voµ1KE~ Ka1 xpn,µaTOOOTIKE~ AETTTOµEpEtE~
      E~apµoyn~ K00E ETflAEyµEVOU rrpoypaµµaTO~.
  H ErrtTporrn EXEi arr6 TOU6E rrpoxwpnOEI OE µ1a rrpwTn, E~ETaOn, TWV
  0EµaTWV rrou Eiva1 6uvaT6v va ETflAEyouv. Ta eEµaTa rrou ava~tpovTal
  KaTWTEPW, Kai y1a Ta orroia n ETT!Tporrn EXEi KaTapTiOEI, ouvn,µµtva
  OTO rrap6v, AETTTOµEpn OEAT!a, rrpETTEI va EKAn,~eouv µaAAOV w~ rrapa-
  6EiyµaTa rrapa W~ rrpOTOOEI~:
  1.    TEXVOAOy(E~ TTAn,po~optWV KOi on,µaVTIKOi TOµE(~ E~apµoywv OTTW~
        n, EVOTTOtn,µEvn, rrapaywyn µE Tn, ~onec1a UTTOAOylOTn, n, TEXVn,Tn
        von,µoouvn, Kot OUTTEPUTfOAOY I OTn~
  2.    TEXVOAOyiE~ TWV ~WVTWV opyav1oµwv, 16iw~ YEVETIKE~ KOi ~10-
        µoplOKE~ TEXVOAoyiE~ KOi 01 E~apµoyt~ Tau~ OTn,v uyEia Kat
        OTO yEwpyo~1oµn,xav1K6 TOµEa
  3.    Nta UAIKa, 6rrw~ 01 UTTEpaywyoi Kai TO KEpaµtKO
  4.    OrrTtKn KOi AEitEP
  5.    Err10Tn,µov1Ka 6pyava µEyaAou µEyE8ou~, 6rrw~ 01 rrn,yt~ owµaTt6iwv
        /aKTIVO~OAia~ KOi 01 rrpon,yµEVE~ OEpoonpayyE~
  7.    Nta yEvEa µETa~opiKWV µtowv
  8.    Xpn,01µorroin,on, TOU 61aoTnµaTO~
  9.    KaTOKTn,on, TOU 0aAaOOIOU TfEpl~OAAOVTO~
10.     TEXVOAOy(E~ Tn,~ EKrraiOEUOn,~ KOi Tn,~ KOTOpTtOn,~.
'Eva aµEOO ~nµa Sa rrpETTEI VO yiVEI µE TO va ETfl~OPTt00EI n, ErrtTporrn
va E~apµ60E1, xwpl~ Ka0uoTEpn,on,, Tn, 61a61Kaoia rrpoo61op10µ06 auTwv
TWV OXEOiwv rrpOTEpa16Tn,Ta~, µE OTOXO Tn,V EYKPtOn, optoµtvwv OXE6iwv
rrp1v arr6 TO TEAO~ Tau xp6vou.
 ---pagebreak---                                                                          - 16 -
                                 rYNEPfEIA KAI rYN0ETEr EninTQtEir
                                 01 napaKaTw 6paoE1<; ouvapTWVTa1 µETa~u Touc; noAAanAwc; Kai aAAnAo-
                                 ouµnAnpwvovTa1. 0 nlvaKac; 1 OEiXVEI TO aaaµ6 aAAnAEni6paon<; TWV
                                 tpywv.                                                        ·
                                 r1a   va ouµrrAnpw0EI n nEp1ypa~~ Kai va 6o0EI µla ouv0ETIK~ E1K6va
                                 Tou   ouv6Aou, OTOV rrivaKa 2 napouo1&~ovTa1 Ta µtoa E~apµoy~c;
                                 TWV   npOTEIV6µEVWV OpaOEWV, 01 ErrtnTfuOEI<; TOU<; OTnv avTayWVIOTIK6tnTa
                                 Kai   Tnv arraox6Anon, Ka1 n OXET1Kti aton Tnc; Eupwrrnc; OE Ka0E Toµta.
                                                                                                 nINAKAr 1
     XXX ITOAU    µEyaN7
      XX µEYCWl
        X µIKPn
        • noAu µ1KPn
                                                                    ,                               :   [     I    I
    T~Err1Ko1vwviEc;
1--_;__------'-------------1-1--t--t--+--+--t---t---11-
                                                                   l• xx x xx xx ~ • \ x 1xxx /xxx:            I   I
                                                                                                                      xx x :I • !! • F~x •x • • 1
                                                                                                                                             _
                                                                                                                                             1          1     ,
    ME:y&Ao I urroAoy IOTE<;                                        1
                                                                      • I X X X KXX • i XX ;XXX iXXXj XX XX , X , I XX XXX XXX        0              O
   N~-YEV_E_a_µ_ET_<lljlq)
                       __1K~wv-µtow__v_ _ _ _ _ _ _,_+-_-,+-             •-1+-.-1--.-+x-x-+-·__,l_x-+-1xx-+xx-l~x-x~xxx-~;xx-r:,xx---1xi~x-t,-.--.-xxx-·
                                                                                                              1
I TEXvoAoyiEc;       Tn<; uyEiac;                                            •     x x x \ x xx lxx                I•     xxx I • i • I xx \ • xx          •  i
    fcUPvo-f31qJ11xav1K6 axto10
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: KaT&KTnOn TOU 8aMOC11ou ITEPl~OVTO<;                                                              : • XX                                         I •  i•     i
I TEXvoAoyiEc;
I     \           •
                    J    µ1KPQ- Kai orr_=T-=-IK=Ol")AEK-:-:=::-T-::po=v~,~=::±---1--t---1--J--+--1-~
                         TEXVn-rri VC>rf.JOOl.Nn Ka I l:.llcl;EPYcr
  __IT/\rpcxpq:llWV ·-· ~: .... -\-- ·- ·-
    Evorro1nµtvn rrapayw~ µE Tn aonaE1a UITOAOVIOTrj
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i M£y&Ao1                Ml~       TWV  EVEPVEIWV,:.~n>.ou
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 ---pagebreak---                          nrNAKAr 2
,-------- - ·- ---- ----
                                   crne:p l q'.) l OTT) ESPRIT
                                                        ESPRIT
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 ---pagebreak---                                 nAPAPTHMA
EXE8IA nay EINAI 8YNATON NA ENEPrHrOYN Qr KINHTPA
Ta oxt61a nou   napouo1a~ovTa1 KaTWTEPW txouv EntAEyEi E~a1Tia~ Twv
~1oµnxav1Kwv Kai Ko1vwv1Koo1Kovoµ1Kwv EntnTWOEwv Tou~. r•auT6 TO
OTa610 TWV Epyao1wv Ba npEnEI va BEwpnBouv nEp1006TEPO w~ napa-
6EiyµaTa napa w~ op10T1Kono1nµtvE~ npoTaOEt~, nou Ba ana1Touoav
AERTOµEpEOTEPn E~ETaon Kai ~aBUTEPn OKE~n Kai OUVTOVI0µ6 OTOV
onoio va ouµµETEXOUV 01 61a~opo1 nOAITIKOi, OIKOVOµIKOi Kai En1-
0Tnµov1Ko( npwTayWVIOTE~ TWV xwpwv µEAWV Tn~ EOK.
1. TEXVOAOyiE~ nAnpo~op1wv Kai onµaVTIKOi TOµEi~ E~apµoywv 6nw~ n
   EVOno1nµtvn napaywyn µE Tn ~onBEta UROAOYIOTn, n TEXVnTn vonµo-
   ouvn Kai O unEpunoAoy10Tn~
2. TEXVOAOyiE~ TWV ~WVTWV opyav1oµwv, 16iw~ YEVETIKE~ Kai ~1oµop1a-
   KE~ TEXVOAOyiE~ Kai 01 E~apµoyt~ iOU~ OTnv uyEia Kai OTO yEwpyo-
   ~1oµnxav1K6 Toµta
3. NEa UAIKa, 6nw~ 01 UnEpaywyoi Kai Ta KEpaµ1Ka
4. OnTtKn Kai Ati~Ep
5. En10Tnµov1Ka 6pyava µEyaAou µEytBou~, 6nw~ 01 nnvt~ owµaT16iwv
    /aKTIVO~OAiO~ KOi 01 nponyµEVE~ aEpoonpayyE~
6. TnAERIKOIVWViE~ EUpEia~ ~wvn~
7. Nea YEVEO µETa~OPIKWV µeowv
8. Xpno1µonoinon TOU 6taOTnµaTO~
9. Ka,aKT~on Tau 8aAaoo1ou nEp1~aAAovTo~ Kai E~EpEuvnon Tou ~Ao1ou
   Tn~ vn~
 ---pagebreak---                                         1-1
 1. TEXNOAOfIEr nAHPO~OPIQN KAI rHMANTIKOI TOMEir E~APMOfQN
 01 EV A6yw TEXVOAoyiEC ITEPIAOµPavouv Tn µ1KponAEKTPOV1Kn KOi Tnv
 OITTIKOnAEKTPOVIKn, Tn Pioµnxovio TOU AOylKOU Kai TO OUVOAO TWV
 aAAWV KAa6wv rrou ouv6EOVTal µE Tnv ErrE~Epyaola TWV rrAnpo~op1wv
orrwc n TEXVnT ti Nonµoouvn KA rr., µE aHa A6y Ia, 6AEC TIC TEXV I KEC
 rrou 61a6paµaTi~ouv ouo100T1K6 p6Ao y10 Tnv orr6KTnon, Tnv ErrE-
 ~Epyooio, Tn 610PiPoon KOi Tnv arro8tiKEuon TWV rrAnpo~op1wv.
 ETOV TOµEO OUT6 KOTaPaAAETOI µEyaAn rrpoorra8EIO T60o OE KOIVO-
TIK6 600 KOi E8VIK6 ErrirrE60 y1a TnVEPEUVa Kai avarrTu~n(E&A) OTO OTa610 rrou
rrfX)nYEiTal Tn½ avTayWVIOTIKn½ 4J00n½• LE KOIVOTIKO rnirrEOO, y1a TO_rrpo-
 ypaµµa ESPRIT (European Strategic Programme for Research and
 Development in Information Technologies) txouv ouyKEVTpw8EI ErrEv-
6uoE1½, arr6 TO 6nµ6010 Kai TOV 161WTIK6 TOµEo, OUVOAIKOU U~OUC
 1,5 610EKaToµµuplwv ECU y1a Tnv rrEpio6o 84-88.
 METa~u TWV TOµewv OTOUC orroiouc XPno1µorro1ouvTOI KaTa KUPIO A6yo
01 TEXVOAoyiE½ TWV rrAnpo~op1wv, KOi rrou              KOTa OUVEITEIO, E~apTw-
VTOI OTEVa orr6 Tnv rrp6o6o KOi Tnv ovarrTu~ti TOUC, EiVal 6UVOT6V
 VO avo~Ep8ouv Oi TnAEITIKOIVWViEC (y1a TIC avayKEC TWV orroiwv EXEi
urroPAn8EI OTO ruµPouA10 161alTEpo Ko1voT1K6 rrp6ypoµµa), n aµuvo,
 n KaTOOKEuti µE Tn Po98e1a urr0Aoy10Tti           Kai n rrAnpo~op1Kti ypa~Elou
 (6uo TOµEiC, KOAUITT6µEVOI Errlonc arr6 TO ESPRIT rrou rrapouo1a~ouv
µEi~ova 0Tpmny1Kti onµoola y10 Tnv rrapoxti rrpo'i6vTwv Kai urrnpE01wv)
xwplc va rropoAElrrETat n nAEKTpov1Kti EUpEio½ 61a6oonc                  Tn½ orrolac
 n ovarrTu~n Eivo1 onµovT1Kti.
 ETO TrAaio10 auTOU TOU ouv6AOU Sa tiTav OK6rr1µ0 va Ev1oxu8ouv 01
 rrpoorra8EIE½ rrou KaTaPaAAOVTal OE 61a~opo ETrirrE6a OTnv Ko1v6TnTa
OTOUC aK6Aoueouc 660 TOµElc: M1KponAEKTpov1Kti Kai OrrTtKonAEKTpo-
 VIKfi.
MIKPOHAEKTPONIKH KAI OnTIKOHAEKTPONIKH
  H µIKPOnAEKTPOVIKti pp(OKETal OTn paon             XIA1a6wv rrpoi6VTWV rrou Ka-
 ---pagebreak---                                         1-1 Co)
AUTTTOUV EVO EUpu q>aoµo OTT6 TO UTfe:paJY)(poVO     OUOTnµoTO 6nwc;; o I TnAETT 1-
KO l VWV l OKO { 6opuq>opo1 n 01 6opuq>6po1 YIO TTOpoTnpnOEI<;; n OK6µa 01
UTTOAOVIOTE<;; (EnoyyEAµOTtKn<;; n npoOWTTtKn<;; XPnonc;;) EW<;; TO po}-6y10
KOi TO no1yvi61a.
EE TTOyK60µ10 ETTiTTE6o, 0 KUKAO<;; Epyao1wv OUTOU TOU ~1oµnxav1KOU
TOµEa EiVOI µEV onµEpa Tn<;; Ta~nc;; TWV 30 6tOEKOToµµupiwv 60}-apiWV
HnA, 0 TOµEac;; 4,.aiJc;; OUT6c;; pu0µi~El. µ10 TT~ TTOU UTTEp~oiVEI TO 660
610EKOT0µµ6p1a       $  HnA.
 ---pagebreak---                                    1-2
H onT1KonXEKTpov1Kri ouvioTaTa1 oTn xpno1µonoinon Tou opaTou Tµr')-
µaTo~ TOU nXEKTpoµayvnTtKOU ,aoµaTO~ y1a Tnv ETTITEu~n TWV i61wv
AEITOUPYIWV TTOU ETTITUYXOVOVTOI µE Tnv napa6001aKri nXEKTPOVtKri
 (61aPiPaon, EnE~Epyaoia Kai anoµvnµ6vEuon 6E6oµtvwv) txovTa~ na-
paXXnXa, TO TTAEOVEKTnµa va 61a8ETEI µ1a IKOV6TnTa 61aPiPaon~ Ka-
TO x1X166E~ ,opt~ µEyaXuTEPn Kai µ10 TaxuTnTa nou 8EwpnT1Ka Ei-
va1, Enion~, 1000 ,opt~ µEyaXuTEPn-
H ouµµEToxri Tn~ EupwnaiKri~ P1oµnxavia~ oTnv nayK60µ1a ayopa OTO
OTPaTny1K6 auT6 Toµfo Eiva1 noXu µ1Kpr'): KaXunTEt ne:pinou TO 5% Tn~ na-
yK60µ1a~ ayopa~ y1a Ta TTEPI006TEPO nponyµEva npoi6vTa Kai TO
10% y1a TO ouvoXo TWV npoi6VTWV.
o µ1Kp6~ 6yKo~ Tn~ napaywyri~ OE ouv6uaoµ6 µE Tnv Ka8uoTtpnon Tn~
a,1~n~ OTnv ayopa TWV npoi6VTWV µ1KponXEKTPOV1Kri~,(Kupiw~ OAOKXn-
pwµEva KuKXwµaTa ), anooTEPEi Tnv EupwnaiKri P1oµnxavia an6 µ1a
nnyri E066wv, E,aµ I AAWV µE EKE i Va TWV KUp 1·6T EPWV OVT I TTOAWV Tn~,
y1a Tn xpnµaTo66Tnon TWV ETTEVOUOEWV TTOU Eiva1 avayKaiE~ y1a Tn
OUVEXtOn TOU aywva 6p6µou, r') EVVOEiTat, y1a Tn OuµµETOXr'J O'auT6V
µE µEyaAuTEPE~ n18av6TnTE~ En1Tuxia~.
KaTa Tn 61apKE1a TWV 6uo TEAEUTaiwv ETWV 01 EupwnaiKE~ ETTEVOUOEI~
KUµav8nKaV µETa~u 300 Kai 400 EKOTOµµupiwv 6oXXapiwv HnA EVW Ka-
TO TO i610 XPOVtK6 6iaoTnµa 01 aµEplKOVIKE~ KOi Di IOTTWVIKE~ E-
TatpiE~ npayµaTonoinoav EnEv660E1~ 4 Ew~ 5 ,opt~ µEyaXuTEPE~-
·onw~ ano6E1KvuETa1 or')µEpa an6 TI~ HnA Kai Tnv Ianwvia n ouvEpya-
TtKri OpOOEyy1on  Tn~ EpEUVQ~ KOi OVOTTTU~n~ Ka8{0TOTQI ETTITOKTIKr')
avayKn OTnv Eupwnn. To ESPRIT EOEl~E TO 6p6µo y1a µ1a OUVTOVIOµE-
vn EpEuva oTnv Ko1v6TnTa: Sa r')Tav En18uµnTri µ1a KaTaXXnXn Evioxu-
on Twv xpnµaT060T1Kwv TOU µtowv OE ouv6uaoµ6 µE op1oµtva onµa-
vT1Ka OXEOIQ TTOU EVEpyOUV W~ KivnTpa KOi TTPOW80UV Tn OUVEVWOn
OTOV TOµEa TWV E~onX1oµwv KOi OTOV ~oµEa TWV UAIKWV. n~ayµOTI
n EupwnaiKri napaywyri E~apTaTa1 TOV nEp1006TEpo Ka1p6, 6oov a,o-
pa Ta Pao1Ka UAIKO Ka8w~ KOi TOU~ (WTIK6TEpou~ E~onX1oµou~, an6
 ---pagebreak---                                1-2Ca)
ElOOywyt~ npoEpx6µEVE~ on6 Tl~ HnA KOi TTlO np60~0TO on6 Tnv Ionwvio.
H E~OPTnon OUT~ OUVETTOyETOI, µE op10µEVE~ E~OIPEOEI~, Ka8uOTEpnan
TouAox10Tov Ev6~ ETou~ y1a Tnv EupwnotKD TEXVOAoylo. EvTouT01~,
6nw~ To anE6E1~E np6a~aTo n Ionwvia, Eiva1 6uvaT~ n EnavaK081t-
pwan (~ n Ka81tpwon) µ1a~ 0KA6vnTn~ Stan~ (KOi µaAIOTO En18ETIK~~
OT~V TTEPlTTTWO~ Tn~ Ionwvia~) OE EVO TOµEa Tn~ ayopa~ nou ETTIAEyE-
TOI npoOEKT1Ka Kai µETa·an6 auT6, Elva1 6uvaT6    va onµE1w8Ei vta
np6o6o~ KOi avanTu~n OUTOU TOU TOµEa.
 ---pagebreak---                                       1-3
 To au~cxv6µEVO   ETrl TTE60 EVOTTO i none;;, VI a Tnv TOUT 6xpovn arr6KH)On KOAA i-
 TEpWV ETT I 660EWV KO I XaµT]AOTe:p(XJ       K60TOU<;; rrapaywy{)<;;, o6nyE i OTO
 va TTEptXaµa6vETOI         6Xo KOi TTEpt006TEPn TEXVOyvwoia TWV KOTOOKEUa-
 OTWV ouoTnµ6Twv OTO µ1KpOKUKXwµa rrup1Tiou, orr6TE Ta oXoKXnpwµtva
 KUKXwµaTa yivovTa1 µ6>.Xov urroouvoXa u~nXti<;; rrpooT18£µEvn<;; a~ia<;;
 rrap6 "arrXt<;;" ouv10TWOE<;; TWV orroiwv n rrpoµ{)8E1a         ii n KaTaOKEuii
 a60El 66Et0<;; ~a1v6TaV OIKOVOµIKr) KOi OKiv6uvn.
~UO     rrapa6EiyµaTa E(VOI 6uvaT6 Va ETTE~ny{)OOUV TO OVWTEpW:
- 01 µv{)µE<;; µE r,µ1aywyou<;;
- 01 µ1KpOETTE~EpyaoTE<;;
01 6uo OUTOi TOµEi<;; 8a µrropoUOaV aVETO Va OTTOTEAEOOUV TO OVTIKEi-
µEVO Ev6c;; EUpwrra'iKou rrpoyp6µµaTo<;;, ytaTi arroTEAouv TI<;; 1<1vnTti-
p1Ec;; 6uv6µEt<;; Tn<;; av6TTTU~f1<;; Tn<;; a1oµnxavia<;; TWV OAOKAnpwµEVWV
KUKAWµ6T WV Ka I Tn<;; ETTE~Epyao ( a<;; TWV TTAl")l:)O~OP I WV OTT OU n Eupwrrn
E~apT6Tat o{)µEpa arr6 TI<;; HvwµEVE<;; noXtTEiE<;; ii Tf1V Iarrwvia. H
arrwXEta TOU EXEyXou av6Xoywv urroouv6Xwv 8a o6nyouoE OE OTEipw-
on TWV IKOVOTr)TWV KOIVOTOµ{ac;; y1a TO OXE61aoµ6 OUV8ETWV OUOTnµ6-
TWV, 6rrou rrapa6001aK6 n Eupwrrn KOTEXEI 1oxup{) 8€0f1, µE ETTOK6Xou-
8o Tn 61appo{) EyKE~6AWV KOi Tf1 OuppiKVWOn TOU ap18µou TWV 8EOEWV
arraox6Xnon<;;.
    Mv{)µE<;; Tuxaiac;; npoorrtXaor,<;;. 0 OT6Xo<;; Sa µrropouoE va Eiva1 n uXo-
    rroinon µ1a<;; µv{)µr,c;; 64 megabits TO 1995, 6r,Xa6ii Ev6c;;                µ1-
    KpoKuKXwµaro<;; µE arr66oon 100 ~opEc;; µEyaXuTEPn arr6 EKEivn Twv
   onµEp1vwv rrponyµEVWV KUKAWµ6TWV. AUTO µrropEi va yiVEI µ6vo µE
   Tn µEiwon TWV rrXEup1Kwv 61aoT60Ewv Twv KaTaOKEuwv (KaTwTEPEc;;
   arr6 0,5 µm), rrou 6Ev Eiva1 rrpayµaTorro1{)01µn µE Touc;; or,µEp1vouc;;
   E~OTTAIOµou<;;, Ka8wc;; KOi µE Eva VEO OXE61aoµ6 TOU onµEiou µv{)µnc;;,
   rr18av6 Tp106160TOTOU. npETTEI Va rrpoaAE~8Ei TTpOOTT68Eta Tn<;; TO~r,c;;
   TWV 2000 av8pWTTOETWV.
- nponyµEVO<;; µ1t<pOETT~cpyaorft{;. 0 oraxoc;;- 8a r)TOV n ETTtV6non KOi n uXo-
 ---pagebreak---                                                                         1-3(a)
nolnon OE 61a0Tnµa nEVTE ETWV, EV6~ KUKAWµaTO~ µtKPOEnE~Epya-
OT ot'., Eupwna 'i Kri~ e:µnvEuon~, OTO ono i o ea unripxav ouyKEVT pwµe:va
Ta TEAEUTaia anoTEAEOµaTa OE ee:µaTa avToxri~ OTt~ BAaBE~, apx1-
TEKTov1Kri~ KOi Eyypa~rJ~ 61EueuvOEWV. Mia an6 KOIVOU avanTu~n
napa6ElyµaTo~ xapn µE Tn xpno1µonolnon op1oµe:vwv TEXV0Aoy1wv
µ1KpoµETp1Kri~ napaywyri~ KOi TWV ouoTnµaTWV OXE61aoµot'., nou Bpi-
OKOVTOI OrJµEpa OTO 0Ta6to Tn~ µEAETn~ OTO ffAOiOtO TOU npoypaµ-
µaTO~ ESPRIT, ea riTav 6uvaT6v va 06nvrioE1, µE Tn BorieE1a µ1a~
KaTOAAnAn~ 0TpaTny1Kri~, oTn 6nµ1oupyia Ev6~ npoTunou. H ava-
yKaia npoona9E1a y1'auT6 To oxe:610 unoAoyi~ETat OE 1000 avepw-
nohn.
                    • .• _,.._,,,,._ • . . •,; +----'. '•~>' ,... ,..-.
 ---pagebreak---                                        ,~
napaXXnXa µE auTa Ta oXoKXnpwµtva KuKXwµaTa EupEia~ 6166oon~, 01
KaTaOKEuaOTE~ OUOTnµaTWV Err18uµouv va EAaTTWOOUV TO xp6vo Errwaon~
Ev6~ nXEKTPOVIKOU ouv6Xou y1a va aEATIWOOUV Tnv avTayWVlOTIK6TnTa
TOU.   r1a Va yiVEI auT6, ,aiVETal 6Tt Ta ITPWT6Turra EpyaOTnp1a E,ap-
µoywv y1a Tnv uXorrolnon OAOKXnpwµEVWV KUKAWµaTWV (foundries)arrOTE-
AOUV Tnv KaTaXXnXn Xuan.       8E6oµEvn~ Tn~ rrapouoa~ 0TEV6TnTa~ Tn~
Eupwrra1Kn~ ayopa~, auT6 Sa µrropOUOE va arrOTEAEOEl TO avTIKEiµEVO
y1a 660 UAOrro1nOEI~:
-   KUKAWµaTa EITE~Epyaola~ onµaTO~ µE rrupiTIO
-   KuKXwµaTa rroX6 µEyaXn~ TaxuTnTa~ arr6 GaAs
-   To Err6µEVO anµa rrou rrpEITEI va ylvEI y1a TO oxt610 "Silicon
    Foundry" Ba nTav n ypnyopn 6nµ1oupyla (rrEpirrou 2 ETn) Ev6~ Ko1-
    vo6 Eupwrra1Kou EpyaoTnplou E,apµoywv rrou va xpno1µorro1El apx1Ka,
   µ1a EYKEKplµEvn TEXVOAOyia CMOS Kat, OTn OUVEXEla µta µtKTn
    61a61Kaola 61rroX1Kou CMOS, KaXa rrpooapµooµtvn OTI~ E,apµoyE~
   auTou TOU Turrou, 6rrw~ auTE~ nou txouv avarrTUXBEi OTO rrXa1010
    TOU ESPRIT.    To onµaVTIK6TEPO onµElo rrapaµEVEI, EVTOUTOI~ n
   avarrTu~n EpyaXElwv OXE61aoµou µE Tn aon8E1a UITOAOYIOTWV Kai
   n 6nµ1oupyla     a,ax108nKn~ TUnorro1nµEvwv KU~EXl6wv, y1a ypnyopo
   Kat arro6oT~K6 dXE61aoµ6 TOU oXoKXnpw~tvou KUKXwµaTo~.       Kpivo-
   VTat avayKala µ1a rrpoorr68E1a Tn~ Ta~n~ Twv 1000 av0pwrroETwv
   Kai µ1a EITEV6uon y1a µ,a rrpooapµooµtvn µov66a rrapaywyn~ (150
   EKaToµµup1a ECU).
-  r,a Ta rrpoi6vTa Tn~ "GaAs foundry", n rrapouoa ayopa Elva, aK6-
   µa rroX6 nEp1op1oµtvn, EVTOUTOI~ 01 E,apµoyt~ Eiva1 rroXXt~
          EV61aµEOE~ rrpOOWPIVE~ µvnµE~ Kai UITEpTaXEiE~ ap18µnTIKE~
          µov66E~ y1a urrepap18µoµnxavt~.
          EITE~Epyaoia Taxtwv onµaTWV Kai Tuxala Xoy1Kn rr.x. y1a Tn-
          AEITIKOIVWVIE~ EUpE!a~ ~wvn~   n y1a  OAOKAnpwµEvn pa610TnXE-
          ,wvla.
 ---pagebreak---                                    1-4a
Ot £n£v660£1~ nou Elva, avayKalE~ T6oo y1a Tnv tpEuva 600 Kat
y1a Tnv avanTu~n TWV TEXVOAOYIWV napaywy~~ KOi OXE6taoµou TWV
KUKAwµ6Twv noAu µEy6An~ TaxuTnTa~ Elva, TET01ou µEyt0ou~, y1a
To uA1K6 Kat y1a Tn ,a,6 ouola, WOTE n 16ta Ev6~ EupwnaiKou
P1oµnxav1Kou ouvETa1p1oµou Elva1 6EAEOOTtK~ y1a Tn 6nµ1oupyla
Tn~ TEXVOAoyla~ KOi µ1a~ TIElpaµaTtKn~ µova6a~.   Mta npwTn EKTl-
µnon Tn~ ana1TouµEvn~ npoon60Eta~ ea µnopouoE va Eiva1 1000
av0pwnotTn y1a 5 xp6v1a.
Ta 4 nponyouµEva oxt61a anoOKOTIOUV OTn 6taTnpnon n Tn PEArtwon
Tn~ 0ton~ Tn~ Eupwnn~ OTOV TOµEa Tn~ EnayyEAµOTtKn~ nAEKTpOVIKn~.
H EupwnaiKn P1oµnxavla y1a va KOTOAaPEI Tnv npwTn eton OTI~ ayo-
pt~ Tn~ TnAE6paon~   TOU µEAAOVTO~ u$nA~~ TIIOT6TnTa~ avanapaywy~~
EIKOVa~,    Kai, KOTO OUVETIEta, OE tva onµavTtK6 rµnµa TOU TOµta
Tn~ nAEKTPOVIKn~ EUpEla~ 61aooon~, npETIEI va npoPAE$El 600
 ---pagebreak---                                              1-5
y I VETO t YPllVOPOTEpa µETO TOV Ka8op I oµ6 TWV ttpOTl'.mwv, Tl']V avattTU~l']
µ1a~ OElpO~ El6tKWV OAOKAl']pWµEVWV KUKAWµOTWV y1a Tl']V ap18µl']TIKn
KW61KOTTOll']Ol'] Kai attOKW61KOTTOll']Ol'] Ol']µOTWV Ouµ~wva µe: OUOTnµaTa
ttaparrXno1a EKEiVWV TTOU OUVIOTWVTat onµe:pa y1a TI'] 6opu~op1Kn Tl']-
AE6paOI'] ( D2-MAC-.Paquet),     µ:xZ'; { µe; Tl']V avattTU~l'] UA I KOU ttapaywyn~
Kai KaTaxwpriori~ rrpoypaµµaTwv, ri arra1Touµe:v11 rrpoorr68e:1a e:tva1 6u-
vaT6v va e:iva1 -rri~ Ta~ri~ Twv 1500 av8pwrroe:Twv y1a 7 xp6v1a.
 ---pagebreak--- TEXNHTH NOHMOrYNH KAI nPoHrMENH EnE:EPrArIA TQN nAHPO~OPIQN
H TEXVnTn vonµoouvn arroTEAEi tva OXETIKQ VEO KAOOO, rrou yvwpi~El
TIOAU ypnyopn avanTu~n-   Ka0E µtpa ~eavouv OTnv ayopa vta, rrEp10-
06TEPO E~EhtyµEva Kat IOXUPO OUOTnµaTa EµITEtpoyvwµoouvn~-
Ta OUOTnµaTa auTa rraptxouv a108nTa PEATIWµEVE~ unnpEOiE~ OE noA-
AOU~ TOµEI~ E~apµoywv: taTptKn, PtoXoyla, xnµEla, yEwXoyla, Pon-
0Eta o~o OXE61aoµ6, avlxvEuon TWV PXaPwv OE P1oµnxav1K6 rrXaio10,
Kai OE TIOAAOU~ 0AA0U~ TOµEt~.   0 avTiKTUrr6~ TOU~ ytvETat a108nT6~
OE 6AOU~ TOU~ TOµEI~ Tn~ OIKOVOµia~ Kai txouv aµEon EttittTwon OTn
P1oµnxav1Kn avTaywvt0TtK6TnTa.
Evw n EupwrratKn TEXVOAoyia KaTEXEI OTOV TOµEa auT6v KaAn 0ton
(EV µEpEt xapn OTO ESPRIT Kai OE µEplKO'E0VtKa OXEOta), 01 IarrWVE~
arrt6Et~av OTO rrapEX06v 6Tt n KaTaPoAn rrpoorra0Etwv nou va ouv6ua-
~ouv Tn pao1Kn TEXVOAOyta Kai Tnv rrpOOEKTtKn ErrtXoyn TWV ayopwv,
£iva1 6uvaT6v va oonvnoEt OE µ1a 1oxupn napouola OTOU~ VEOU~ TO-
µEi~ u~nXn~ TEXVOXoyia~ (rrapa6Etyµa 01 µvnµE~).     Ta TPEXOVTa Ku-
PEPVnTtKa rrpoypaµµaTa oTnv Iarrwvia Kat OTt~ HvwµtvE~ noAtTEiE~
Ka0w~ Kai 01 OUVTOVIOµEVE~ rrpoorra0EtE~ TWV aµEptKaVtKWV ETatptWV
OE 0eµaTa EKA, EOTIO~OVTOI OTnv TEXVnTn vonµoouvn Kai OTnv TEXVO-
AOyta TOU XoytKou· auT6 apKEi WOTE n Eupwnn va apxtoEt va OKETITE-
Tat µ1a Evioxuon TWV rrpoorra8E1wv Tn~ y1a va arro~EuX0Ei (apy6TEpa)
µ1a Errt6Eivwon Tn~ avTaywv10TtK6TnTa~ Twv P1oµnxav1wv Tn~ o'auTou~
TOU~ 0EµEhtW6Et~ TOµEi~.
To OUVOAO TOU TOµEa TEXVnTn vonµoouvn Kai rrponyµEvn EITE~Epyaoia
TWV ITAnpo~optWV arroTEhEi onµEpa aVTIKElµEVO Evaox6Xnon~ OTO nXaioto
TOU KOIVOTIKOU rrpoypaµµaTO~ ESPRIT.    0a nTav EVTOUTOI~, OK6rr1µ0
va EVtoxu0ouv 01 rrpoona0EtE~ rrou KaTaPaAXOvTat WOTE
-   va EVIOXU0Ei'n EVOWµOTWOn TWV aITAWV OUOTnµaTWV TEXVnTn~ von-
    µoouvn~ OTa 0UV0ETa OUOTnµaTa, TIOU rrAnOta~OUV ITEPI006TEpO TOV
    av8pwn1vo Tp6rro OUAAOYl~µou Kai OVTanoKpivovTal KOAUTEpa OTI~
    EVOEX6µEVE~ avayKE~ TWV XPnOTWV
-   va PEATtw0ouv 01 ouv0nKE~ OIKOVOµtKn~ rrapaywyn~ y1a va EAaT-
    TW0EI TO TEAIK6 K60TO~ auTWV T~V OUOTnµaTWV.
 ---pagebreak---                                           1-7
 npayµaTl, n TTOIKIAia TWV TOµ€WV E(j)apµoync;, n n£p1op10µ€vn ~1oµn-
 xav1Kn nElpa OTn xpna,µonolnan aUTWV TWV OUOTnµaTwv, n OXETIKn
 11
    anA6TnTa" KaeEv6c; µEµovwµEva an6 Ta anµEp1va OUOTnµaTa (j)aVEpw-
 VOUV 6Tt XPEIQ~ETal va y(vouv aK6µa TTOAAE<; ETTEV6UOEI<; y1a Tnv
 EVOWµaTwan Tnc; TEXVnTnc; vonµoauvnc; OE Ot.xni'unTa TTOU µncpouv va XPrJOIIJ01TOln0ouv
 an6 EnayyEAµaTiEc; nou 6EV Elva, TEXVLKOI nAnpo(j)op1Knc;.
 AUT€c; 01 EnEV6UOEI<; npEnEt va a(j)Opouv
 1.    Tn ~1oµnxavonoinon TWV npwTwv onµEp1vwv anoTEAEoµaTwv, µE
       e:µ(l)aon:
           oTnv TEXVOAoyla Tou Aoy1Kou, y1aTI, 6nwc; aAAWOTE Kat KaeE
           AOVIKO, Ta OUOTnµaTa EµnEtpoyvwµoouvnc; ea npETTEI Va avTa-
           noKplvOVTal OE KPITnp1a B1oµnxav1Knc; napaywync;"
       -   OTnv apXITEKTOVIKn OuveETWV OUOTnµaTWV, yta Va 6oeE{ n
           6uvaT6TnTa OUVEpyao(ac; TWV OUOTnµaTWV EµnEtpOyVWµOOUVnc;
           µET~~u TOU<; Kai va TOU<; 6oeE( np6aBaan OE µEyaAouc; 6yKouc;
           6e6oµtvwv.     Ot apx1TEKTOVIKE<; auTe:c; ea npe:nE1 E~aAAOU, va
           avTanOKplvovTal OE E~WTEPIKOU<; nep1op1oµouc; OXETtKa µE TOV
           EµntOTEUTIKO xapaKTnpa, µE TO XPOVO an6Kptonc;, µE Tn 61a-
           auv6Eon avepwnou/µnxavnc; ••• •
       -   OTnv EVO~µaTwan aUTWV TWV OUVIOTWOWV OE Et6tKEUµEva auaTn-
           µaTa µe:aw EpyaAEIWV napoxnc; BoneE1ac; OTO OXE61aaµ6.
 2.    Tnv Evlaxuan Twv µEAETwv yta Ttc; Baa1Ke:c; TEXVtKe:c;, 16iwc; µE
       Tnv avanTu~n TOU TµnµaTO<; "KaTapTtOn µOVTEAwv": µOVT€Aa yvw-
       OEWV, µovTEAa EKµaenonc;, µovTEAa 6taA6you, µovTEAa auAAoy1-
       aµou.     H avanTu~n auTn unoBon0Ei t6tatTEpa Tnv
       np6o6o     Twv TExvoAoy1wv Tnc; EKnal6Euanc;.
3.     Tnv eua,aen,onoinan Twv B1oµnxav1Kwv KUKAwv aTn xpna1µonolnan
       auTwv TWV ve:wv TEXVIKWV.      AuT6 Eivat 6uvaT6v va 61EUKOAUV0EI
       161alTEpa µE Tn 61a0Ean El61KEUµe:vwv KE:VTPWV <BAe:nE napaypa(j)O
       via   Touc; µeyaAouc; unoAoytaTe:c;).
 ---pagebreak---                                      1-8
~uo napa6EtyµaTa oxE6iwv µnopo6v va xpno1µE6oouv y1a Tnv Ka~
A6TEPn KaTav6non Twv En18uµnTwv EvEpyE1wv.
          -   r6oTnµa   EµnE1poyvwµoo6vn~ yta TI~ µETEWpOAOYIKE~
              npo~AE~El~ KOi TO nEpt~aAAOV
          -   r6oTnµa noAua108rJTnPiwv   ~ao I oµbo OT 1~ yvwoE 1~
Ka8tva an6 auTa Ta oxt61a EnE~nyEI tva an6 Ta 660 npwTa onµEia
nou ava~tpovTat avwTEpw.
To npWTO OXEOIO anoOKOnEi OTn xpno1µonotnon TWV U~IOTaµEVWV
~aOtKWV TEXVIKWV KOi OTnv E~apµoyn TOU~ OE µta OUyKEKptµevn
EnapKw~ o6v8ETn nEptnTwon, y1a Tn ~EATiwon TWV ~1oµnxav1Kwv
tKaVoTnTWV OE BtµaTa Evonolnon~ KOi OPXITEKTOVtKn~ o6v8ETWV
OUOTnµaTWV.     H UAonolnon auTn E~apTaTal an6 TO anOTEAEOµa TWV
onµEptvwv µEAETWV yta Tnv an6KTnon, Tnv avanapaOTaon KQI TO
XEtp10µ6 TWV YVWOEWV KaBw~ KOi an6 6iKTUa aAAnAoo6v6Eon~ ou-
OTnµaTWV.    H avanTu~n 9a ava~EpETOI OTOV npoypaµµaTt0µ6        EVO~
OUV8ETOU OUOTnµaTO~, OTnV KOTQOKEun YVWOTtKn~ ~aon~ 6E6oµEVWV,
OTOV OXEOtaoµ6 KOi TDV E~apµoyn OPXITEKTOVIKWV npooapµooµEVWV
OTn OUVEpyaoia OUOTnµaTWV EµnEtpoyvwµoo6vn~-         0a npEnEt Va
npo~AE~8Ei npoona8EtQ Tn~ Ta~n~ TWV 1000 av9pWnOETWV yta 5
tw~ 6 bn.
To 6E6TEpo   oxto,o  Elva, an6 TD ~6on Tou tKav6 va Ev1ox60E1
TI~ µEAETE~ OTI~ ~aOtKt~ TEXVIKE~• n Epyaoia auTn, 6nµ1oup-
yWVTa~ VE~UPE~ µETO~U 660 0EµaTWV, -a108nTnPE~ KOi YVWOE1~-
ea nTaV 6uvaT6V Va Ent~aAEI TDV EViOXUOD TWV 6paoTnp10TnTWV
avanTu~n~ µOVTEAWV YVWOEWV y1a va TI~ KaVEI npoOITE~ OE ou-
OTnµaTa    €t066ou 6E60µEVWV µEOW 61ao6v6Eon~ µnxavn~-µnxavn~
n av9pwnou-µnxavn~-     H EVEPVEta auTn ea nTav 6uvaT6v va 61E-
~ax8Ei OTD 61apKE(a 3 TOUAaXtOTOV ETWV anatTWVTa~ µla npo-
ona9Eta 250 av9pwnoETWV.
 ---pagebreak---                                  1-9
 ENOnOIHMENH nAPArQrH ME TH BOH0EIA YnOAOrIETH
H PIO (EVOlTOtnµtvn napaywyn µE Tn ~on0Eta UTTOAOytOTn), W~ OUVOAO
TEXVOAOYIWV lTOU Ka0tOTOUV 6uvarn Tnv npayµaTonoinon TOU EVOTT01n-
µEVOU auToµaTtOµou Epyooraoiwv OE Eva yEvtKOTEPO 1TAaio10 61oiKn-
on~ Kat 61axEip1on~ Tn~ ETTIXEipnon~, ~piOKETal OTO KEVTPO µ1a~
ayopa~ TTOU yivETal OAO Kai µEyaAUTEpn, a1TTOµEvn OTO E~n~ ~1oµn-
xav1KWV TOµEWV TTOU OTO napEA06v rn~ nTav ayvWOTOI (n.x. Ot ~1oµn-
xaviE~ Ev6uon~ Kai 6taTpo~n~).     Ta ap18µnT1Ka OEOOµEva, TTOU TTEp10-
pi~ovTat OTOV TOµEa TOU OXEOtaoµou Kai rn~ ~1oµnxav1Kn~ napaywyn~
µE Tn ~on8Eta UlTOAOytorn ("CAD/CAM"), anoKaAUTTTOUV µta Eupwna'iKrJ
ayopa 320 EKaToµµupiwv    $ Kara TO 1982, TTPO~AETTOµEVO 6yKO 1.050
EKaToµµupiwv   $ y1a TO 1985 Kai npo~AETT6µEvo pu8µ6 avanru~n~ yta
TO 1986 TTEPlTTOU 507. (1.550 EKaTOµµupta $).
H PIO OTO OUVOAO rn~, ETTEt6n aKpt~W~ TTEPIAaµ~aVEI TTOAAOU~ npounap-
XOVTE~ roµEi~, Eivat, npo~ ro nap6v, TTOAU 6uoKOAO va npoo61op1orEi
TTOOOTIKO µE aKpi~Eta.
0 TTAOUTO~ rn~ Eupwnn~, TTOU E~apr16Tav OAAOTE an6 Tnv IKav6rnTa
Tn~ va napayEt aya0a u~nAn~ 1TP00Tt0EµEvn~ a~ia~ OE avTaywvtOTIKE~
TtµE~, a1TEIAEiTa1 onµEpa OTTO TOV avTaywv10µ6 lTOU aOKOUV 01 Tpi-
TE~ XWPE~ o'auT6v TOV roµta E~a1Tia~:
- Tou xaµnA6TEpou KOOTou~ Twv EpyaT1Kwv (Aoia Kat N6Tta AµEp1KrJ)
- Tou EVTaTIKOTEpou no10T1Kou EAEVXOU (Ianwvia)
- TWV lTOAU onµaVTIKWV EOWTEPIKWV ayopwv (HnA)
- Kai TWV aµEOWV xpnµaTOOOTnOEWV an6 TO KPOTO~ (HnA Kat Ianwv[a).
H np6o6o~ lTOU ETTITEAEOTnKE OTI~ TEXVOAOVlE~ Tn~ ~toµnxavtKrJ~ na-
paywyn~, xapn OTnv E~apµoyfi TWV TEXVOAOVIWV TWV lTAnpo~OplWV (Tn),
lTPOKEITat OUVTOµa va ElTIOpadEI onµavTIKO OTOU~ napayOVTE~ lTOU
EnnpEa~OUV Tnv napaywyn (aµEon ElTilTTWOn TOU EpyaTIKOU KOOTOU~
OTO OUVOAIKO KOOTO~ Tn~ napaywyn~ n onµaoia Tn~ napaywyn~ µEya-
An~ KAiµaKa~, TTOU aµ~,o~nTEiTat EV µEpEI an6 Ta EUEAIKTa OUOTn-
µaTa napaywyfi~  n FMS).
 ---pagebreak---                               1-9 a
01 yEv1KE~ ~EATIWOE1~ Tn~ anoTEAEOµaT1K6TnTa~, Tn~ a~1on10Tia~
KOi Tn~ 6UVOTOTnTa~ npoOapµoyn~ TWV OUOTnµaTWV napaywyn~ ROU
npoo,tpouv 01 Tn, anOTEAOOv. µova61Kn EUKa1pia y,a Tnv Eup~nn
Va OVOKTnOEI Tnv UREPOXn Tn~ OTnv KOTOOKEU00T1Kn ~1oµnxavia, un6
TOV opo Va KOTO~OAEI TI~ avayKatE~ npoona0EIE~.
 ---pagebreak---                                  1-10
[Tnv Ianwvia Kai OTls HnA, KaTa Tn 61apKEla TWV TEAEUTaiwv ETWV
xpnµaTo6oTn8nKaV arr6 TO KpaTOs 6paOTIKEs EVEPVElEs OTOV TOµEa
Tns E&A µE TTOAU ae1oonµEiWTa anOTEAEOµaTa: µ'auTOV TOV Tp6no
6arravn8nKaV OTnV Ianwv(a µETa~U TOU 1972 Kat TOU 1982 KPOTIKO
KE,aAata U~OUs 444 EKaToµµupiwv    $  yta Tnv npow8non Tns a1oµn-
xavias Twv EpyaAE1oµnxavwv.     KaTa Tn 61apKE1a Tns 16,as nEp166ou,
01 E~avwvts o·auT6v TOV Toµea nou avT1npoownEuav TO 501.     nEpinou
TWV E~aywywv TWV HnA, auenSnKav WOTE va ,aaoouv TO TPITTAOOIO
EKEivwv TWV Hvwµevwv noAlTElWV.
01 IanwVEs ,povTi~ouv µE 161aiTEpa anOTEAEOµaTtK6 TPOTTO WOTE Ol
 16EEs Kai 01 EVEPYEIEs va xpno1µonotOUVTat an6 KOIVOU, va unap-
XEl a~tonolnon TWV 6taOTaupouµEVWV nAnpo,op1wv µETaeu TWV 61a-
,apwv KAa6wv, Ka, va E~ao,a\i~ETat n ouvtx1on Twv oxE6iwv.
LTls HvwµEVE~ noAlTEiE~, 01 6anavE~ TOU YnoupyEiou Aµuvn~ (Y.A.)
TTpOOT(8EVTal OTls XPnµaT06oTnOEls TOU µn OTpaTtWTIKOU TOµEa Kai
En16pouv onµaVTlKa OTnv PIO.     H us  Air Force OTnpl~EI an6 KOlp6
Kat µE EVEpy6 TPOTTO Tnv avanTuen OTnv PIO, npayµa TTOU ETTETPE~E
va 6o8Ei ano,aOtOTtKn XPnµaT060TlKn Otnp1~n OE TTOAAO OXE61a o'
auT6v Tov Toµta.   An6 Tn OEKaETia Tou 70, TO Ev61a,tpov OTls
HvwµEVEs noAtTEiE~ y1a Tl s npoonyµEVEs TEXVOAoyiEs napaywvns
                           1
auen8nKE OE onµaVTIKO    aa0µ6.   rEVIKO, unnp~E EVas OUVTOVIOµOs
OTO TTAaioto TOU npoypaµµaTo~ MANTECH EK µEpOUs TOU Y.A.     To
np6ypaµµa !CAM y1a Tnv EVOno1nµtvn napaywyn µE Tn aon8E1a uno-
XoytOTn TTOU apx10E TO 1977-78 an6 Tnv US Air Force ETUXE XPnµa-
T06oTnOEWV TTOU aKOAou0noav TaXU pu0µ6.
01 TEXVOAOyiEs Tns napaywyn~ 61EPXOVTOl µ1a µETaaaTtKn TTEpiooo.
H Eupwnn 6EV npETTEI va a,noEt VO X00Ei n EUKatp(a TTOU Tn~ 6ivE-
Tal va KE,aAono1noE1 Tls ETTEVOUOEls OE u,10TaµEVO E&A.     npETTEI
Va aEATIOTOTTOtnOEl TI~ 6uvaµEts Kat TOU~ TTOpOUs TTOU UTTapXOUV
OTnv Ko1v6TnTa.   H nayK60µ1a ayopa a,oµnxavtKOU aUTOµat1oµou
 ---pagebreak---                                1-10  a
ea KUµaivETat TO 1989 µETa~u 65 Kal 75 EKaToµµupiwv $, EVW TO
1983 avTtnpoawnEUE µ6vo 15 EKaToµµupta  $.  H OlKOVOµlKD npoana-
ecta yta Tn OTnpt~n µta~ avanTu~n~ auTOU TOU µEyEeou~ <n Eupw-
na1Kn ayopa Tn~ PIO ea npETIEl va 6tnAaa1aOTEi OE 6taaTnµa 4
ETWV) npETIEl va EiVal TIOAU µEyaAn.
 ---pagebreak---                                  1-11
 EvTOUTOl½, xwpi½ µ1a 6paOTlKD EVEPYElO TUTIOnornon½ KOl OUVTOVl-
 oµou, TO OTIOTEAEOµaTa nou AOµ~aVOVTOl OTl½ 61a,opE½ XWPE½ 6Ev Sa
 DTOV 6uvaT6v va OTIOTEAEOOUV EVtalo OUVOAO KOl    Sa unnPXE µEyOAO½
 Kiv6uvo½ TIEPlTTD½ EnavaAn~n½ Tn½ EPEUVO½-
 H PIO nEp1~aAAETa1 µE ano,ao10T1Kn 01Kovoµ1Kn Kat Ko1vwv1Kn on-
 µaora, OTIW½ ,aiVETOl an6 TO napaOElyµa Tn~ FIAT.    Mta OUTOK1vnTo-
 ~1oµnxavia Tou µEytSou½ Tn½ FIAT o,EiAEt, npayµaT1, Tnv t~oo6 Tn½
 an6 Tnv Kpion (nou KlVOUVEUE va oonvnoEt OTnv KOTappEuon Tn½ En1-
 XEipnon~ KOTO Tn OEKaETia TOU 70) OE µEyOAO ~a8µ6 OTn µa~lKD El-
 oaywyn Tn½ PIO OTl½ napaywytKE½ Tn½ 61ao1KaOiE½-     AUTO ETIE.EPE,
 npo,avw½, onµavTlKO KOlVWVlKO KAOVl0µ6, a,ou n E,apµoyn OUOTnµa-
 TO½ PIO anatTEI Tn OlEAEUOn an6 µ1a µETa~aTtKn ,aon KaTa Tnv onoia
 n ~EATfwon Tn½ avTayWVlOTlKOTnTa½ TWV µEyOAWV ETIIXEtpnoEwv, Tnv
ono[av K08lOTa 6uvaTn, OEV EXEi w½ aµEOO avTIKpuoµa Tn 6nµ1oupy1a
 vtwv StoEwv anaox6Anon½-    np6KE1Ta1 tow via tva noAu AEnT6 onµEio
 nou nptnEt va An,SEf un6~n KaTa Tnv E~ETaon Twv EupwnaiKwv oxEoi-
 wv naptµ~aon½ OTOV TOµEa Tn½ PIO.
E~aAAOU µ1a TEXVOAOVlKn E~OPTnon an6 Tl½ HnA Kal Tnv Ianwvra Sa
EµTIOOl~E Tnv Eupwnn VO apXIOEl µta OlaOtKaO[a SETtKn½ aVTIOpaon½
nou Sa Tn½ ETIETPETIE va avTADOEl TO µEyaAUTEpa o,tAn an6 Tn 61Kn
Tn½ TEXVOAOVlKn np6ooo.     Eivat, rrpayµaTt, non OUVaT6 Va aVTlµE-
TWTilOTEI TO EV6ExoµEVO UAOno(non~ OUOTnµaTWV rrapaywyn½ ~OOlOµEVWV
OE µEyOAO ~aSµ6 OTl½ EupwnaiKE½ TEXVOAoyiE½, OTa orroia TO Epya-
TIKO KOOTO~ avT1rrpoowrrE6E1 nooooT6 µ1Kp6TEpo arr6 101 TOU ouvoA1-
Ko6 KOOTOU½ TOU npoi6vTO½-
Arr6 auTE½ Tl½ OKE~El½ Eiva1 ouvaT6 va ouvaxSEi TO ouµrrtpaoµa 6T1
µta EupwrraiKn npoonaSEta o'auT6v TOV TOµEa Eivat, EKTO½ arr6 En1-
SuµnTn, anapaiTnTn KaSw½ µOAlOTa urrapxouv KOl napa6EiyµaTa nou
,avEpWVOUV Tnv opS6TnTa auTn~ Tn½ npOOEyy10n½: OTTO TO TilO rrpo-
,avn EIVOI TO napa6Etyµa TOU rrpoypaµµaTO½ ESPRIT 6rrou n Ko1v6TnTa
 ---pagebreak---                              1-11 a
ano6EiXBnKE tKav~ va 61a6paµaTiaE1 anµavT1K6 KaTaAuT1K6 p6Ao
OTnv npowBnan Tn~ E&A y1a TI~ TEXVOAoyiE~ nou Eiva, anapaiTnTE~
OTnv avanTu~n Tn~ PIO.  o, EV AOVW TEXVOAoyiE~ EiVat 6uvaT6v,
nap'6Aa auTa, va µnv ano~Epouv an6 µ6vE~ Tou~ nAouTn,  y1a
600 61aaTnµa 6Ev Ba E~apµ6~0VTal µE anOTEAEOµaTIKO Tp6no.
 ---pagebreak---                                  1-12
r1 'auT6v TO \6yo OTO n\aioto Twv EVEPYEtwv Twv onoiwv avTtµE-
Twni(ETat n OIE~aywyn OTOV TOµEa Tns PIO TTPOTEiVOVTat ouo oxt-
6ta TTOU TTEptypa~OVTat TTIO KOTW.  To Eva ouvioTaTat OTnv avanTu-
~n KEVTPWV EVOTToinons TWV OUOTaTtKWV OTOlXEiwv Tns EVOTT01nµEvns
napaywvns µE Tn BonSEta UTTOAOytOTn, TTPOEPXOµEVWV an6 Tls EPEU-
VEs TTOU :01E~OyOVTat an6 TO OUVOAO TWV EUPWTTaiwv napaywywv, Kai
Sa nptnE1 va ouµBa\Et oTn BE\Tiwon Tns SEons Taus OTts EvT6s
Kat EKTOs Eupwnns ayopts.     To OAAO a~opa µ1a TTIO OUYKEKptµtvn
UAOTToinon, a~ou TTPOKEtTat y1a Tnv avanTu~n EVOs poµn6T, OXEOOV
auT6voµou, nou Sa µnopEi va EAiOOETat OE EXSPtK6 TTEPtBaA\ov.
To OEUTEpo auT6 oxto10 anoTEAEi anT6 napa6Etyµa, OE tva ETTtAEyµt-
vo Stµa, TWV ouvaToTnTWV TWV VEWV TEXVOAOYIWV.
 ---pagebreak---                              1- 13
                         vnEPYnO/\OrIHHr
Ot VEE~ OPXITEKTOVIKE~ unOAOVIOTWV Eiva1 EKE(VE~ nou anoaAEnouv
E(TE OTnv au~non Tn~ IOXUO~ TOU UROAOytOµou yta Tnv ERE~Epyaoia
ap18µnTtKWV 6E6oµEVWV (unEpap18µoµnxavE~) E(TE OTO va KaTaOTnoouv
6uvaTn Tnv EnE~Epyaoia 6E6oµEVWV nou naptOTOVOVTOI µE ouµ~OAa
(µn ap18µnT1Ka 6E60µEva), napa6EiyµaTO~ xapn OTI~ E~apµoyE~
Tn~ TEXVnTn~ vonµoouvn~-
H ayopa TWV UREpap18µoµnxavwv OVTtnpOOWREUE 15 6tOEKaToµµup1a
60Aap1a TO 1984 Kai 8a npEnEI va OUVEX(OEI va au~aVETOI µE ETno10
pu8µ6 20 %.   To µovonWAIO o'auTnv Tnv ayopa KOTEXOUV 01 HvwµEVE~
noAtTEiE~ (IBM Kat 3 aAAE~ ETatpiE~), Evw op1oµEvE~ 1anwv1KE~
ETatpiE~ ERIXElpouv an6 Ta TEAn TOU 1983 va KaTaAaaouv op10µEva
"KEva".   H EupwnaiKn a1oµnxav{a anouOtatEI an6 aUT~V Tnv ayopa
EXOVTa~ EOTl60EI TI~ npoona8EIE~ Tn~ OTOU~ unOAOVIOTE~ µton~
KOi xaµnAn~ IOXUO~.    01 XPno1µono1ouvTE~ ~OpEi~ OTnv Eupwnn
E~apTwvTa1 OAOKAnpwTtKa an6 Tt~ Hv~µEvE~ noAtTEiE~ Kai, OE Ai-
yo, iow~ Kat an6 Tnv Ianwvia.    Kai 6µw~ 01 EV A6yw ~opEi~
npoEpxovTa1 an6 61a~opou~ TOµEi~ Tn~ a1oµnxavia~ : nETPEAaiKn
EPEUVa, XnµtK~ a1oµnxavia, aEpo61aOTnµ1K~ a1oµnxavia 16iw~ y1a
TI~ E~apµoyE~ TWV aEpoonpayywv <aA. oxt610 nponyµEVE~ aEpocn-
payyE~), µETEwpoAoyia, y1a va nEp1op10TouµE oTnv ava~opa op1oµt-
vwv µOVOV napa6EtyµOTWV.    AKoµa Kai O ap18µ6~ TWV UnEpap18µoµnxa-
VWV nou EXOUV Tono8ETn8Ei OTnv Eupwnn Eiva, µ1Kp6~, E~alTia~ TOU
U~OU~ TWV avayKaiwv EREV6UOEWV.     KaTa OUV€REla, 8iyETal TO OUVO-
AO TOU a1oµnxav1KOU (nvEuµaTIKOi 6nµ1oupyoi, XP~OTE~) Kai navE-
n10Tnµ1aKOU 10Tou (KaTapT1on, EpEuva).
 ·ooov a~opa Tnv EnE~Epyaoia Twv 6E6oµEvwv nou nap10TavovTa1 µE
OuµaoAa, n ayopa apiOKETat OTI~ apxE~ Tn~• 8a     avanTUX8Ei, 6µw~,
                                                          •• I • ••
 ---pagebreak---                             1 - 13a
onµaVTIKO µE Tnv Eµ~OVtOn TWV E~apµoywv     Tn~ TEXVnTn~ vonµoouvn~.
MEAETE~ Tn~ ayopa~ 6Elxvouv OTI n avanTu~n auTn~ Tn~ ayopa~ Sa
npETIEI va aKOAou8noE1 TOUAOXIOTOV TOV 1610 Taxu pu8µ6 TIOU aKo-
Aou8noE n    ayopa TWV UTIEpap18µoµ~xavwv.  01 laTIWVE~ unnp~av 01
TIPWTOI TIOU avayyE1Aav TI~ npo8EOEI~ TOU~ ava~op1Ka µE aUTE~ TI~
µnxavE~, µE TO oxt610   T~~ s~~  YEVEa~, EVW TOU~ OKOAou8noav xw-
pi~ ~pa6unopia 01 HvwµEvE~ no\1TEtE~ 6nou noAAE~ ETatpiE~ µ1-
KponAEKTpov1Kn~ Kai n\npo~op1Kn~ OUVEvwoav TI~ 6uvaµEl~ TOU~ •
                                                       • • • I •• •
 ---pagebreak---                                   1 - 14
[To ESPRIT Aaµ~aVETal urr6~n o OX£61aoµ6~ Kain avarrTu~n µnxavwv
auTou Tou Ei6ou~ oTnv Eupwrrn· 6£v rrpo~AErr£Ta1 6µw~ n 61a8£on
TETOIWV µn:avwv y1a XPnon arr6 TOU~ XPnOTE~ OTO ~1oµnxaVIKO n
rrav£rr10Tnµ1aK6 TOµEa.    AuT6~ o rr£1paµaT10µ6~ OE ~1oµnxav1K6
ITAOIOIO EIVOI avayKaio~ yta Va ~on0nOEI OTn ~EATiwon TOU OXE-
61aoµou.
 'Eva oxE610 rrou ea EVEPVOUOE w~ KivnTPO y1a TI~ VEE~ OPXITEKTO-
VIKE~ UITOAOVIOTWV Sa nTaV 6uvaTOV va KQTOPTIOTEi µ£ TOV aK6Aou8o
Tp6rro:
1.    rxc61aoµ6~ Kai avarrTu~n VEWV apx1TEKTOVIKWV.
Ta xpnµaT060TIKO µEoa KOi TO av8pwrrtvo 6uvaµtK6, Ka8w~ KOi TO Erri-
rr£6o IKOVOTnTWV ITOU arratTOUVTQI y1a Tnv avarrTu~n µta~ UITEpap18µ0-
µnxavn~ ouvnyopouv urrEp µta~ ouyKEVTpwon~ TWV 6uvaµEWV KOi µ1a~
 ouvEpyaoia~ OE EupwrraiK6 errirr£6o.
 01 µEAETE~ OT1~ apxtTEKTovtKE~ y1a Tnv ErrE~Epyaoia ouµ~6Awv
 txouv avaAn~8£1 arr6 TO ESPRIT Kat op1oµEvE~ arr6 auTE~ Tt~
 EVEPYEIE~ ~piOKOVTOI n6n OTO OTa610 Tn~ 6t£~aywyn~.       H µEAETn,
 rrapaAAnAa, Tn~ Evorroinon~ auTWV TWV 660 TUITWV apxtTEKTOVIKWV
 W~ ~aon yta Tnv UAorroinon OUOTnµaTWV KOTOOKEUaOµEVWV yta TO XEl-
 p10µ6 Twv yvwoEwv Sa ~Tav 6uvaT6v va oTnPtX8Ei Kat va ouµ~aAEt
 OTI~ apXITEKTOVIKE~ OUOTnµaTWV      EµrrEtpoyvwµoouvn~-
                                                             •• I • ••
 ---pagebreak---                                 1 - 14 a
T"1~  EKµETOAAEua~s   Twv anoTEAEOµaTwv nou npoKunTouv an6 TO ESPRIT
Kai an6 To avwTEPW axt610, Eivat 6uvaT6v va 6nµ1oupyn0o6v E161-
KEUµEva KEVTpa E~unnpETnan~-
Ta EV A6yw KEVTpa 0a aAAnAoauv6EovTa1 WOTE va yivETat EnotKo6oµn-
TIK~ EKµETOAAEuan Tn~ auµnAnpwµaTtK6TnTa~ TWV unnpEa1wv, va En1-
TaxuvETa1 n avTaAAay~ nAnpo~optwv Kat va     EUVOEtTat n xpna1µonoi-
nan vEwv nponyµEvwv EPYOAEiwv un0Aoy1aµou.
Ta KEVTpa auTa 0a KaTaOT~OOUV OUVaT~ Tnv napox~:
-    OTOU~ nvEuµaTIKOU~ 6nµ1oupyou~ VEWV apxtTEKTOVIKWV, TWV PaaEWV
     y1a Tnv EKTiµnan TWV TPEXOUOWV Epyaa1wv TOU~
                                                     •• I • ••
 ---pagebreak---                                              1- 15
          Orn TTOVETT IOTrJI.J IOKCX OTEAEXri., TWV µe:owv e:pEuvac; Ka8wc; Ka I TOU nE6 i OU
         TTE1paµaT10µ06 y1a TrjV EKnai6Euari KOi TrjV KOTCXPTIOrj
         OTtc; a, >µrixaviEc; AOYIKOU, TWV Epya>..Eiwv aaoric; TTOU Eivat avayKaia
         y1a Trj aEATiWOrj Trjc; 8e:anc; TOUc; OTrjV TEXVOAOy{a TOU AOYlKOU
     -   OTouc; XPnOTEc;, TWV UTTrtPEOIWV nou XPEICX~OVTOI.
     KEVTpa OUTOU TOU Ei6ouc; 8a nTaV 6uvaT6V Va 6riµ1oupyrj80UV OE OArj
     TrjV Eupwnn µE, EV6EXO~Eva, op1aµe:vEc; El6tKEUOElc;
         unripEaia unEpap18µoµnxavwv, nou AEITOUPYEi we; µova6a KOTavo-
         µnc; Epyaa1wv (1) (service bureau)
         KEVTPO OTnpt~rjc; TWV E,apµoywv, yta TrjV EUOI08rjTOTTOirjOrj KOi TrjV
         KaTapT1ori Twv Ev6Exoµe:vwv XEtptoTwv, OXETtKa µE Trt xpria1µonoi-
         riori Twv ve:wv auTwv µe:owv uno>..oy10µ06, KOi y1a va Touc; 6waE1
         Trj 6uvaT6TrtTa va EKTtµnaouv TOV avTiKTUTTO Touc; OTlc; napouOEc;
         µE866ouc; Epyaaiac;
       - KEVTpa OTnpt~nc; TWV OXE6iwv, µE Trj OuµµETOXn TWV a1oµnxavwv
         KOi Trjc; EntTponnc;, yta Va EUVOrj0Ei rj 6tac500rj TWV wpwna'iKWV
         npoiOVTWV KOi rj OUYKAIOrj TWV auµ,Ep6VTWV TWV OuµµETEXOVTWV
          (Ka8op10µ6c; npoTvnwv •••• ).
     To u~oc; Trjc; OPXtKnc; Ene:v6uaric; nou ana1TEiTal y1a e:va axe:610 auTOU
     TOU TUTTOU Ka810Ta 6uOKOArj, av 6x1 a66vaTri, µ1a npwToaou>..ia npoEp-
     xoµEvri anOKAEIOTIKO an6 Trj a,oµrixavia.                   H 6riµ1oupyia µ1oc; Eupw-
     naiKnc; OUVEpyaaiac; OXETIKCX µE OUTO TO 0e:µa 8a e:6tVE Trj 6uvaT6TrjTO
     VO UTTEpnrj6rj80UV OUTCX TO Eµn66ta.
                                                                                    • • I •••
( 1) Mova6a KaTavoµnc;; Epyao IWV (service bureau) :                     6 I a8EOrj, OE e:va 6 i -
     KTUO, µtac; El6tKEUµEVrjc; UTTrjpEOiac; yta TrjV E~UTTrjpETrjOrj µEya>..ou
     ap18µ06 XPrtOTWV.
 ---pagebreak---                                     1- 16
r'auT6 TO nAaio10 6uo OXE61a Eiva1 6uvaT6v va xpno1µEuoouv y1a
Tnv ETTE~~vnon µE napa6EiyµaTa TWV EVEPYEIWV OXETIKO µE TOU~
UTTEPU'ITOAOVIOTE~-
          - YnEpap18µoµnxavn y1a Tnv ap18µnT1Kn ETTE~Epyaoia
          - Ap18µoµnxavt~ u~nAWV ETTIOOOEWV nou TTEPIAaµaavouv
              ETTE~EpyaoiE~ ouµaoAWV KOi ap18µwv
To npwTO oxe:6 to anooKonE i OTO ne:paaµa   OE avWTEPO ,aoµa 1oxuo~
y1a Tnv ap1eµnT1Kn ETTE~Epyaoia (100        GFL0PS).  'Eva~ TETOIO~
OTOXO~ OEV µnopEi va ETTITEUX0Ei napa µ6vo av aao10TEi KavEi~
dE Eva dUVOAO ouµnAnpwµaTIKWV TOµEWV : µ1KponAEKTpov1Kn (Ta-
XE i E~ ouv I dTWdE~ As   Ga aA. a. 1-4), TEXVOAOY i a TOU AOY I KOU
 (EpyaAEia npoypaµµaTIOµou), EpyaAEia uno~on8ouµEVOU OXE01aoµou,
Ka8w~ KOi TTOAAOi TOµEi~ y1a TI~ E,apµoye:~ (nETPEAaiKn EpEUVa,
a1oµnxavia xnµ1KWV npotOVTWV, OEPOVOUTIKn, µETEWPOAoyia •••• ).
 'Eva TETOIO oxe:610, Aaµaavoµe:vou uno,n TOU YEYOVOTO~ OTI 01
oµa6E~ anTOVTOI TTOAAWV ETTIOTnµoVIKWV KAOOWV, analTEi EVTOVO
OUVTOVI0µ6" npe:nEI va npoaAE,8Ei npbona8E1a 2.500 av8pwnOETWV
y1a 5 e:w~ 6 bn.
To OEUTEpo OXEOIO TTOU EVOTTOIEi TI~       EnE~EpyaoiE~ ouµaoAWV KOi
ap1eµwv Eiva1 µia µEAETn OPXITEKTOVIKn~ n µaAAOV µ1a~ KaTnyo-
pia~ OPXITEKTOVIKWV Tn~ onoia~ 01 OUVIOTWOE~ ea Eiva1 01 unap-
XOVTE~ un0Aoy10Te:~ (unEpunoAoy10T~~, µnxave:~ non-von Neumann)"
ea EiVOI OUVOTOV VO npooapµOOTEI OE ,aoµaTa E,apµoywv.             To EV
AOYW dXEOIO ea EnW,EAneEi an6 TI~ µEAETE~ apXITEKTOVIKn~ dUdTn-
µcXTWV noAuEµnE t poyvwpoauvn~ Ka t Ba npoapEf)Et To µe:oo EKTEAEan~
yta T!~ E~apµoye:~ nou anatTOUV u,nAe:~ e:m660EI~        EiTE µ£ TOU~
avayKaiou~ xp6vou~ an6Kp1an~, EiTE µE Tov 6yKo TWV 6E6oµe:-
vwv nou u,ioTaVTal ETTE~Epyaoia.       npe:nEt va npoaAE,eEi npoana-
0Eta Tr,~ Ta~n~ TWV 2.000 av8pwnoETWV yta 6 e:Tn.
 ---pagebreak---                                    2.1
                  2 - TEXNOAOfIEE TQN IDNTQN OPfANIEMQN
       01 npwTE~ KOIVOTIKE~ npwToPouAiE~ y1a TOV EAEVXO Kai Tnv
EKµETQAAEuan TWV ouyxpovwv PtOTEXVOAOVIWV XPOVOAOVOUVTOI an6 TO
1982, on6TE apx10E eva np6ypaµµa EpEuva~ Kai En1µ6p~wan~ OTov
Toµta Tn~ 81oµop1aKn~ MnxaviKn~, OKOAOU8ouµEVOU TO 1985 ano Tnv
EyKp1an onµavTtK6TEpou npoypaµµaTO~ PtOTEXVOAoyia~. 01 opaOEI~
auTt~ xapaKTnpi~OVTOI an6 TETOla ETIIAOVn 8EµOTWV KOi Tp6nwv
E~apµoyn~, nou Sa KaStOTOUOav OUVaTn Tnv apon OE1pa~ npoOKoµ-
µaTWV nou nEp1opi~ouv onµavT1Ka TI~ ouvaT6TnTE~ a~1onotnon~
OTnv Eupwnn TWV np6a~aTWV EnlTEUyµOTWV Tn~ µoptaKn~ ~IOAOyia~,
6nw~ Tnv avEnapKEIO Tn~ unoooµn~ Tn~ EPEUVa~, Tnv KaSUOTtpnon
OTI~ PaOIKE~ YVWOEI~ yupw an6 TO vta EpEuvnTtKa µtaa, Tnv avE-
napKEta OE EIOIKEuµtvo avSpWTIIVO 6uvaµ1K6, TOV KOTOKEpµOTI0µ6
(Kai Tnv an6KA1an) TWV npoanaSEIWV nou KOTaPaAAOVTOI OTI~ 616-
~0PE~ XWPE~, an6 EpEuvnTtKOU~ ~OpEi~ TOU onµoaiou Kat an6 Tn
P1oµnxavia, Kai TtAo~ Tn ouaKoAia EniTEu~n~ Twv En1ntowv EKElvwv
nou Sa ETIETpEnav µia TOXEla avanTu~n- 01 npWTE~ auTE~ Ko1vo-
T1Kt~ EVEPVEIE~ OVTlnpOOWTIEUOUV tva 6yKO npoanaSEIWV, n nAnpn~
a~1onolnon TWV onolwv Sa auviOTOTO OTnv avaAn~n µEyOAWV KtvnTn-
p1wv tpywv µE OT6XOU~ Ko1vn~ anoooxn~ Kai OUOIOOTIKO anOTEAEOµaTa.
rnµEpa n EntTponn Elva, OE Stan va npoxwpnOEI OTnv EKTtAEOn TE-
TOIWV epywv, PaOEI TWV TEXVOAOVIKWV YVWOEWV nou anOKTnSnKaV an6
Tnv UAOnoinon TWV TPEX6VTWV npoypaµµaTWV, va a~1ono1nOEI, XWPi~
61aKpiOEI~ nou avayovTal OTO xwp10µ6 TWV ETIIOTnµwv, Ta TIOAAOTIAO
ETIIOTnµov1Ka Kai TEXVIKO EnlTEuyµaTa Tn~ Enoxn~ µa~, KOi TtAO~
va XPn01µono1nOEI Ta U~IOTOµEva µEOa y1a ~nv EniTEu~n EV6~ OT6XOU
npoavTayWVIOTIKOU xapaKTnpa KOi KOIVOTIKOU EVOta~tpovTO~.
       Ta Epya auTa µnopouv va unaxSouv OE TPEI~ KUPIE~ EVOTnTE~,
01 onoiE~ op10SETOUV OWOTa TI~ 1616TnTE~ TWV ~WVTWV opyav1aµwv
Ka, TI~ axtaE1~ Tau~ µE To nEp1PaAAov:
1.   01 yEv~TtKE~ Kai P1oµop1aKt~ TEXVOAoyiE~ w~ µtoo 61EpEuvnon~
     TWV IOIOTnTWV TWV ~WVTWV opyav10µWV
2.   01 yEwpyo-P·1oµnxav1KE~ TEXVOAoyiE~ w~ µtoo PEATiwan~ TOU auvTo-
     vroµou TWV VEWPYIKWV Kai P1oµnxav1KWV 6paaTnp10TnTwv
3.   o, TEXVOAoylE~ aTov Toµea Tn~ uyEla~ w~ µtoo avanTu~n~ Tn~
     npoAnnTIKn~ taTptKn~.
 ---pagebreak--- , 1                                                   2.2   ,I
     1.    fENETIKEr KAI BIOMOPIAKEL TEXNOAOfIEL
           E1oaywyii
              Ta ye:vwµaTa anoTEAOUV Tn ~aon Tnc;; 61a~oponoinonc;; TWV e:16wv
     nou KOTOIKOUV Tn YrJ, K00W<; KOi TWV OVTOVWVIOTIKWV 16tOtr}TWV TOU<;.
    Mia e:yye:vfic;; t6t6TnTa TWV ye:vwµaTWV e:ivat n IKOV6TnTa OUT0-61nAa-
    OIOOµou TOU<;. H avarrapaywyfi TOU<;, 6µwc;;, 61a µEOOU TWV ye:ve:wv KOi
     TWV ~UAAOVOVIKWV oe:1pwv, un6KEITOI oe: arre:1poe:Aax10Te:c;; µe:Ta~OAE~,
    ouve:xe:ic;; KOi ouoowpe:u6µe:ve:c;;, µe: anoTEAe:oµa TO yvwoT6 ~a1v6µe:vo
     Tnc;; e:~EA1~nc;;-e:n1Aoyfic;;. H e:~EAl~n e:yypa~e:TOI OTO ye:vwµaTa, anoTe:-
     AEi e:yye:vEc;; OT01xe:io TOU ~wvToc;; opyav10µ06. EvTouTotc;; n e:n1Aoyfi
     e:iva1 TEXVnTrJ, 6e:6oµtvou 6Tt npOKURTEI an6 TO 61aAoyo TWV yov16iwv
    µe: tva aoTa0tc;; Kai 61apKwc;; µe:TaPaAA6µe:vo ne:p1~aAAov. H 61a61Kaoia
     Tnc;; e:~EA1~nc;;-e:n1Aoyfic;; EXEi we; anoTEAe:oµa T6oo Tov e:µnAouT10µ6 Tnc;;
    ~16o~a1pac;;, µtow Tnc;; 61a~oponolnonc;; Twv xapaKTnp10T1Kwv Twv 6vTwv,
    600 KOi Tnv OTUXn KOTaAn~n OE OUVKUPIOKO Aa0n (e:~EAIKTIKO a61t~o6a
    oe: e:nine:60 YEWAOVIKWV e:noxwv, ye:ve:TIKO EAOTTWµOTO KOi e:~ao0e:vnµtva
    aToµa oe: e:nine:60 ye:ve:wv av0pwnwv). H av0pwn1vn 6paoTnp16TnTa e:ixe:
    navTOTE onµavT1Kn e:ni6paon OTOV ERIAEKTIK6 n6Ao TOU 6inTUXOU e:~E-
    A1~n-e:n1Aoyn, e:ntAEVOVTO<; A6you xap1v Ta twiKa KOi ~UTIKQ e:ion
    y1a TI<; KOAAl€pye:1tc;; Tnc;;, ouyKEVTPWVOVTO<; TO µ1KpO~lOKa OTe:Atxn
    y1a TI<; tuµWOEI<; OTO Tp6~1µa.
              To ye:yov6c;; µe: TO onoio e:lva1 avTtµe:Twnn n Kup1apxouµe:vn arr6
    Tnv Te:xvoAoyia Kotvwvia Tau TEAouc;; Tau 20ou a1wva txe:1 Tn ~aon
    TOU OTnv E~OlpETIKrJ au~non TWV OUVOTOTnTWV KOTav6nonc;;, KOi EV
    ouve:xe:ia EAEYXOU, TWV µEXPI onµe:pa µu0Tnp1w6wv µnxav1oµwv e:~€A1~nc;;
    TWV ~1oµopiWV KOi TWV EIOWV. LUViOTOTOI OE OTI<; VEE<; 6UVOT6TnTe:<;
    Tau av0pwnou va EAEY~E1 rnuT6xpova KOi rnuc;; Mo n6Aouc;; TOU 6inu-
    xou E~EA1~n-e:n1Aoyfi. To TEXVOAOVIK6 aAµa OTO onoio OTnpix0nKe:
    n OVEU nponyouµtvou auTn np6o6oc;; ouviOTOTOI OTnv TEAE1onoinon,
    e:vT6c;; 6tKa µ6vo ETwv, ap18µ06 e:~a1pe:T1Ka ano60T1Kwv µop1aKwv op-
    yavwv y1a Tn 61e:pe:6vnon rwv µnxav1oµwv nou 61Enouv Ta xapaKTnp1-
    0TtKa Tnc;; ~wiic;;, napaAAnAa µe: Tnv avanTu~n e:v6c;; ~on0nTtKOU e:~o-
    RAIOµou, OAOEVO KO! artOTEAEOµOTIK6Te:pou, y1a Tn OUVKEVTpwon KOi
    e:ne:~e:pyaoia TWV ~tOAOYIKWV 6e:6oµtvwv.
              LTO onµe:p1v6 e:nine:60 TWV ~OOIKWV TEXVOAOVIKWV yvwoe:wv, 660
    µe:yaAa tpya npo~Atne:Ta I va 0e:oouv aµe:owc;; oe: e:vtpye: 1a TI c;; apTt6Te:pe:c;;
   YEVETlKE<; Te)(VOAOyie:c;; rrpoc;; 6~AO<; Tnc;; e:n I OTnµov I Kr}<; Ka I ~ I oµnxav I Kn<;
    Ko I v6TnTCxc;; :
    - n ne:p1ypa~ii TWV ye:vwµaTWV op1oµe:vwv OVWTe:pwv opyav1oµwv, Kai
    n ye:ve:TlKrJ Kai µop1aKii 61e:pe:6vnon op1oµe:vwv AEITOUPVIKWV 1610TrJTWV
    Tot..g;, ·1 aTp I Kou ii ye:wpyo-~ 1oµnxav I Kou e:v61 a~tpovToc;;,
    - n KaTe:u0uv6µe:vn e:~EAl~n, µe: Tnv onoia e:n1Tuyxave:Ta1 0 npoypaµ-
    µaT10µ6c;; Tnc;; avanTu~nc;; Twv µopiwv Kai opyav1oµwv.
 ---pagebreak---                                        2.3                              .,•.•
A. nEptypa~n, OE OptOµEVOUt OVWTEPOUt opyov1oµout, Tnt 6oµnt TWV
   yEvwµaTwv Kot Twv ~nxov,oµ~v nou Ko0op{~ouv onµovTtK6 AE1Toup-
   y1k6 xapaKTnptOTIK.
   0 OT6xot OUT6t onOKTO µEy6Xn EnlKOtp6TnTo X6yw Tnt onµooiot TWV
   6owv 6tOKUPEUOVTOI KOi Tnt ouvtpyEtOt nou onµEpo napoTnpEiTOI
   µETo~u nopo60010K6 avE~OPTnTwv En10Tnµwv 6nwt n Ka0auT6 yEVETIKD,
   n KUTTOPIKD PtoAoyta KOi n µoptaKn P10Xoyta. E161K6TEpa n µop,a-
   KD Pt0Aoy1a Elva, auTn nou onµEpa npwTaywvtOTEI OTOV aµo1Paio
   EµnAOUTL0µ6 TWV EV A6yw EntOTnµwv, 0ETOVTOt OTn 6168Eon Tnt EpEu-
   vat E~OLPETIKO EpyaXEla, 6nwt Ta tv~uµa avaOTOAnt y1a Tnv on6-
   onaon KOi Tn µETaµ60XEUOn (AEVETOI "ouvapµoyn") TWV yov16iwv,
   Tit TEXVIKEt µoptaKnt uPp16onoinont yta Tnv TOUTOnotnon TWV yov1-
   6lwv µE TOUt OVIXVEUTEt DNA, Tit TEXVIKEt 610- n Tp106160TaTnt
   nAEKTpo~6pnont yta Tnv nEp1ypa~n Tnt noAuµop~lat TWV Et6wv DNA,
   RNA, n npWTEiVWV K00Wt KOi Tnt KIVnTtKnt Tnt Eµ~avront TOUt, Tnv
   El61KD onµavon µE µOVOKAWVIKO OVTIOWµaTa, KOi, PEPalwt, TOV OAQ-
   tva au~av6µEvo ap18µ6 ~optwv µop1aKnt 6nµ1oupyfat KXwvwv nou En1-
   TptnE1 Tnv K00apon in vitro, TOV TOVI0µ6 KOi Tnv KIVnTtK6TnTa
   µETa~u 61a~6pwv ~EVIOTWV, EV6t 0EwpnTtK6 anEpt6pt0TOU ap18µou
   VEVETIKWV IOIOTDTWV.
   [TO E~nt n µEAETn TWV YEVWµOTWV TOn00ETEiTal OTO EniKEVTPO Tnt
   yEVETtKnt TEXVOAoylat, 6E6oµEVOU 6Tt :
       n nAtov aµEon a~tonoinon TWV npoava~Ep0tvTwv µoptaKwv EpyaAEiwv
   OUV(OTOTOI OTn XPn01µonofnon TOUt OTn 6tEpEuvnon TOU VEVWµOTOt
   KOi Tnt AEITOUpyiat TOU,
   - n nEpt006TEPO µaKponp60EOµn a~tonoinon TOUt 6EV 0a OUyKEKp1-
   µEvono1n8Ei OE E~apµovtt Tout oTnv 1aTptKD, Tn Pioµnxavia Kai Tn
   yEwpyia napa µ6vo E~6dov 61EpEuvn9ouv KOAUTEpa 01 6oµEt KOi 01
   Tp6no1 pu8µ1ont TWV VEVWµOTWV XPnOtµWV opyav1oµwv, TWV µova6tKWV
   nnvwv VEWV VEVETIKWV 1610TnTwv.
   To ytvwµa nEPIKAEiEI 6AEt Tit, EKnE~paoµEVEt n µn, yEVETIKEt nAn-
   po~opiEt nou rs:60E opyav10µ6t 61aP1Pa~El OTn y_EVETIKn "6E~aµEvn"
   TWV En6µEvwv yEVEWV.
   8uo Eivat 01 np6o~OPEt npOOEyyiOElt OTO tpyo auT6: an6 TO OAIK6
   YEVWµO KOi an6 Tn onµaVTtKn 1616TnTa.
       'Ooov o~opa Tnv npootyy1on an6 TO 0X1K6 vtvwµa, o oT6xot Elva,
   T60o ouv0ETOt KOi onµavTtK6t, WOTE En1P6XAOVTOI npoOEKTIKEt EntAO-
   YEt- nptnEI va ERIAEyouv tva n ouo ~wiKa Ei6n, va 6nµ1oupyn8EI
   nAnPnt TpanE~a TOU yEvwµaT6t TOUt, KOi VO OXE61aOTOUV OTa61aKa
   01 ~UOIKOI XOPTEt. Xwpit va EXEi OT08Epono1n8Ei n 6oµn TWV yEvw-
   µaTWV, npEnEI va 61EpEuvn8ouv OTn OUVEXEIO KOAUTEpa n OTa8Ep6TnTa
   Ka1 o µETaoxnµaT10µ6t Tout. [To onµEio auT6 Eiva1 161aiTEpa onµa-
   vT1K6 TO 11 01wnnp6 11 µtpn TOU yEvwµaTot, KOi TO Epyo npEnEI va nEp1-
   AaµpavEt Tn µEXtTn OEtpwv an6 YEVETIKEt nAnpo~opiEt nou Eiva1 KOt-
   VEt µETa~u 6ta~6pwv yEvwµaTwv, Tn µEXETn OEtpwv EnavaAaµpav6µEvou
 ---pagebreak--- i I                                 , 2.3La,           i ',
                                                                 ~
                                                                '
    DNA y1a Tit onoiEt ayvoouµE TOUt A6yout nou UOTEPOUV ap18µn~1K6
    OTO (WO KOi UffEPtXOUV OTO ,uT6, Tn µEAtTn Tnt KIVnT~Knt TWV µETa-
    TOn1(6µEVWV OTOIXEiwv. MaKponp68Eaµa OE voEITa1 nAtov Kavtva
    npwT6KoAAo, TOOO y1a Tn µETa,opa yov1oiwv µETO~U xpna1µwv OTOV
    av8pwno EIOwv, 600 KOi y1a Tn 016p8won op1oµtvwv yEVETIKwv EAoT-
    TWµaTwv nou OXETi~OVTOI µE Tnv KOTQOTaOn Tnt UyEfa~ nAn8uoµ1a-
    KWV oµaowv, Eav o'auTO OE Aaµ~aVETOI un6~n n EOWTEPl~n opyavwon
    Tou KXnpovoµ1Kou uA1Kou.
 ---pagebreak---                                                         2.4
         ·ooov a~opa Tnv npooeyy1on an6 Tn onµavTtKn, ,o,6TnTa, anOKTO
   npwTapx1Kn, onµaoia n 6uvaT6TnTa npoo61op10µ06 Twv Ev61aµEowv µETa-
   BoX1Kwv napay6VTWV nou ouµpa~Xouv OTnv EK~paon Kano,ou xpno1µou
   xapaKTnp10TIKOU, Kain OIEpEuvnon TWV µop1aKWV 61Epyao1wv nou uno-
   B6XXouv Tn XEt~oupy(a OTov EAEVXO KaSop1oµevou ap18µ06 yov16iwv.
   npOKElTal AOtn6v y1a Tn OIEpEuvnon TOU 11 EKTIE~paOµE:VOU 11 µe:pou<;;
   TOU VEVWµaTo<;;, Kai O OuµnXnpwµaTtK6<;; RPO<; TOV nponyouµEVO OT6XO~
   auT6<;;, 6Ev Sa µnopEI va ERITEUX0Ei napa µ6vo E~6oov Eiva1 auoTnpa
   OplOSETnµEVO<;; OE TIEplOPIOµEVO ap1Sµ6 "Xpno1µWV 11 (an6 TnV ano~n
    Tn<;; EKµETOAAEUOn<;; TOU<;; an6 TOV avSpwno) lOIOTnTWV, n_, EV naon
    REPIRTWOEI, "onµaVTIKWV 11 (an6 Tnv ano~n Tn<;; uyEia<;; Kai Tn<;; avTo-
    xnc;; OTI<;; ao0e:VEIE<;;). To e:pyo auT6 0a napEiXE Xo1n6v µ(a ERIOTn-
    µOVIKn, Kai TEXVOAOVIKn, a~ETnpia nou Sa ERETPERE Tnv nEpa,te:pw
    avanTu~n Tn<;; npoXnnTtKn,<;; 1aTp1Kn<;; n Tn PEATiwon TWV ~WIKWV Kai
    ~UTlKWV EIOWV. AUTO a~opa 1olwc;; TI<; E~apµoye:<;; Tn<;; YEVETlKn<;;
    µnxav1Kn,<;; oTn yEwpyia, 01 onolE<;; aK6µn anoSappuvovTa1 an6 Tnv
    avEnapKEta Twv Pao1Kwv vvwoEwv µa<; yupw an6 Tn B1oxnµEia, Tn
    ~UOIOAOy(a Kai Tn yEVETIKn_ TWV XOPOKTnpwv ROU Ka0opi~OUV n_ Enn-
    pEO~OUV Tnv 01Kovoµ1Kn, onµaola TWV avWTEpwv ~uTwv: Tn yn,pavon,
    Tnv avanapaywyn,, Tnv uBp161Kn, pwµn, TI<; ouµP1woE1<;;, Tn ouoowpEuon
    npWTEivwv, YAUKloiwv, EAalwv, KATI. E~6oov ERIOlWKETat n au~non
    Tn<;; OROTEAEOµaTIK6TnTa<;; Tn<;; yEVETIKn<;; µnxavtKn_<;; Kai n OIEUpuvon
    TOU TIEOiOU E~apµoyWV Tn<;;, 01 xapaKTn,pE<;; aUTOi npE:REl Va np00010-
    plOTOUV EnaKptPw<;; an6 TIAEUpa<;; PaOIKWV AEITOUPVIWV Kai µnxav1oµwv
    uno6oµn,<;;.
    0 ap1Sµ6<;; TWV PaOIKWV OUTWV AEITOUPVIWV Ka0w<;; KOi TWV n1Savwv
    aOIEUKpiVIOTWV onµEiWV 600V a~opa TnV KOTavonon TOU<;; EiVal µEXPI
    on,µEpa T6oo µEyaXoc;;, wOTE oev Elva1 6uvaT6 va avaXn~SEi Kaµµia
    opSoXoy I Kn, Ka I aROTd.EOµOTI Kn npoOm:X8E I a XWP {<;; Tl']V an6 KO I VOU
    Kal OE EUpEia KAiµaKa a~1onoinon TWV YVWOEWV Kai ouvaTOTn,TWV nou
    u~iOTaVTal 61aOKOpn10µEVE<;; OE OIQ~Opa EUpWnOIKQ Epya0Tnp1a. H
    ouyKE:VTpwon 6Xwv auTwV TWV yvwoEwv OEV Eiva1 avayKaia µ6vo y1a
    Tnv EniTEu~n TWV En1ne:6wv EKEivwv nou Sa Ene:TpEnav Tnv TaXEia
    avanTu~n TWV ERIOTnµovtKWV EREVOUOEWV KOi Tn Pe:ATIOTn KaTavoµn
    TWV EPEUVnTtKWV Opa0Tnp10Tn,TWV. AnOTEAEi Enion<;; avayKaia npou-
    nOSEon y1a Tnv napaXXnXn 61Eve:pyE1a nponyµe:vwv EpEuvwv OE op,-
    oµe:va ~UTQ EUPEia<;; KaXX1e:pyE1a<;; Ta onoia anOTEAOUV e:vav an6 TOU<;;
   ~o, Kou<; ~ovE<;; Tn<;; Ko Ivn.c;; YE~y IKn,<; ooX IT IKn,<; : TO KP ISap 1, &6qJe:vnc;; Tn<;; .fuvm6-
   TnTO<;; TOU va )(prJ01µono1n0Ei we; 8e:w16oy6vo<;; ~woTpoqrJ µE ~XT1wo1µn 8pE:m:1Kn, ~la
   ~ia Caµ1v~fo), n Kuaµo<;; we; npwTE'ivwxoc;;, Ta qu-ra µE EXa1wxouc;; on6pouc;;, Ka0w<;; Kai ,-6oo
    aXXa Eion nou En1Tpe:nouv Tnv EKµeTaXXEuon Twv ~uo1Kwv 1vwv Tau<;,
    TWV 6EuTEpoyEvwv µETaPoX1Twv, 6Tav oEv anoTEXouv anXwc;; nnye:c;;
    yov16iwv xpn,01µwv y1a Ta npwT6KoXXa µETa~opa<;; ne:pav TWV ~uo1Kwv
    avanapaywylKWV Eµnooiwv (avStOTaµEva yovi61a, KAn.).
B.  Me:So601 KaTEuSuv6µEvnc;; avanTu~n<;; Twv µopiwv
    H EniTEu~n Tn<;; KOTEUSuv6µEvn<;; E~EAl~n<;; TWV µoplwv µnopEi va yivEt,
    6nwc;; nponvouµe:vw<;;, µE Tn Pon,0Eta EITE µ,ac;; npooe:yy1onc;; Tn<;; XE1Toup-
    yiac;; (µ1a RERTl91Kn, ouola n µ1a EV~uµaT1Kn, AEITOupyia), EITE
 ---pagebreak--- I
                                       I ,,
                                  2.4.a.
  µia~ npoOEyy1on~ Tou µoplou nou ~EPEi Tov KWOtKa C TO onoio,
  oTnv KAtµaKa OUT~, OEV Eiva1 Kano10 yEvwµa, OAAa Eva anAono,-
  nµEVO µop1aK6 EKµayElo, Eva RNA).
  H npooEyytOD TD~ AEITOUpyla~ OVTlµETWnl~ETOI OTO nAaio10 TOU
  yEvwµaTO~ TWV npWTElVWV, TO onoio anOTEAEI OVTIKElµEvo 6paOD~
  TD~ EntTponn~ OTO nAaio10 TOU TPEXOVTO~ npoypaµµaT6~ TD~ nEpl
  PtOTEXVOAOyta~. M0Aov6T1 D 6paOD auTn, D onoia Eiva, aK6µD
  avEnapKn~ av     AD~SEI un6~n O ap18µ6~ TWV EVEpywv µoplwv TWV
  onolwv D OOµIK~ KOi AEITOUpy1Kn avaAuon Ka8!0TOTOI OK6n1µn,
  unoAoyt~ETOI va yvwpiOEI noAu µEyaAUTEPD avanTU~D an6 auTnv
  nou Tn~ EnlTpenETOI an6 TO TPEXOV np6ypaµµa, OEV ea anoTEAEOEI
  µEpo~ TOU ouv6Xou auTou OTO nAaio10 Twv vtwv tpywv nou avaµt-
  VETat va EVIOXUOOUV Ta U~lOTaµEva TEXVOAOYIKO EpEloµaTa OTnv
  Ko1v6TnTa.
 ---pagebreak---                                        2. 5.
   H npo0Eyy1on Tou µopiou nou ,tpE1 TOV Kw61Ka uAono1EiTa1 µE Tnv
   avanTu~n µla~ noAu nponyµe:vn~ TEXVOAoyla~, npoop1(6µEvn~ va En1-
   TaxuvE1 Tn µoptaKn E~EAl~n, npOKElµEVOU va avanapax0ouv OE µtKp6
   xpov1K6 6160Tnµa op1oµe:vE~ an6 TI~ E~EAtKTtKe:~ 61EpyaaiE~ nou
   TOno0ETOUVTal OTn ye:vEan Tn~ (wn~ OTn vn- Elvat an6ppo1a µla~
   0Ewpla~ ("the hypercycle"), n onoia o~npi(ETat OTn ,uo1Kn CUTO-
   opyavwan TWV µopfwv, un6 TI~ ouv0nKE~ nou OIEVEpyEITat n Oap~1-
   VtKn EntAoyn.
   Op1aµEVE~ an6 TI~ apxe:~ Ent TWV onolwv OTnpt(ETat n 0Ewpla auTn
   ~PnKav Tnv TEAEla nE1paµaT1Kn TOU~ EK,paan OTI~ 1616TnTE~ OtnAa-
   a,aaµou in vitro Ev6~ µop1aK06 EKµayE!ou CRNA). To ouaTnµa auT6
   Ei va I OESe:an va avanapayayE1 Ta yEyov6Ta nou n 10av6TaTCX e:>,a~av
   xwpa OTI~ apx1KE~ ,aOEI~ Tn~ YEVEOn~ Tn~ (wn~, napayovTa~ Tuxala
   OEIPE~ YEVETIKWV nAnpo,op,wv o,'avanapaywyn~ TOU RNA. flEOoµe:vou
   OTI n EV X6yw avanapaywyn En1TpEnEt op,aµe:vE~ napEKKAIOEI~, n
   61a61KaOia auTn TOU auT061nAaa1cq.tOU anOTEAEI nnyn ,atVOTUntKWV
   napaAAaywv. H µe866o~ ano~Ae:nEt OTov npoa61op10µ6 Tou Ei6ou~
   TWV OEIPWV nou µnopouv va Eµ,avtOTOUV OE Ka0€ KUKAO 61nAaa1aaµou
   Kat OTn µEAETn Tn~ 6uvaT6TnTa~ va EntTEUX0Ei e:va ,aaµa nou va
   nEptAaµ~aVEI Ka0E Eioou~ dEtpa, WOTE va EnlAEyouv OUTE~ nou na-
   poua,a(ouv e:va ,a1v0Tun1K6 nAEoVEKTnµa Kai va npoa61op10Touv 01
   OOµE~ nou EU0UVOVTat yta TnV anOKTnan µfa~ nEpt(nTnTn~ IOIOTnTa~.
   H TExvoAoyta nou 0a xpna1µono1n8EI y1a Tnv uAonolnan Tou EV A6yw
   "µnxav1oµou EntTaxuvan~ Tn~ µop1aKn~ E~EAt~n~" npe:nEI va µnopEI
   va E,apµoOTEi OTn OtaAoyn µETQ~U µEyaAou ap18µou OEIPWV yEVETIKWV
   nAnpo,op,wv, avaAoywv µE aUTE~ nou ,e:pouv TOV KWOtKa yta TI~
   yvwoTe:~ npwTETvE~, npoKEtµe:vou va 61EvEpyouvTa1 EntAoye:~ npo~
   Tnv KaT€U8uvon Tn~ ~EATIOTonolnon~ TWV ~IOTEXVOAOVIKWV IOtoTnTwv.
   0a EnlTPE~El Tnv EntTaxuvon Tn~ napaywyn~ µaKpoµoplwv nou ,e:pouv
   "ave:KOOTE~" YEVETIKE~ nAnpo,opiE~, TWV onolwv onAaon n OUyKp6Tnon
   6Ev ETUXE va npayµaTono1nBEI oTn ,uon.
   npoKEtµe:vou va a~1ono1n8ouv op1oµe:vE~ ~10TEXVOAoy1Ke:~ E,apµoye:~
   anatTEiTat aK6µn n nponyouµEvn avanTu~n TEXVIKWV KaTaXAnAWV yta
   Tnv auT6µaTn apalwon Ev OEtpa, To ouyxpov10µ6 Tn~ Enwaon~ µop1a-
   Kwv nAn0uoµwv, y1a Ta µe:Tpa au~nan~, EVW 6AE~ 01 TEXVIKE~ ana,-
   TOUV nEplnAoKa 6pyava Ta onola xpno1µono1ouv aKTivE~ Ae:n(Ep Kat
   nAnpo,optKn. flEV E~apTWVTat 6µw~ nAEOV an6 KanotE~ uno0ETIKE~
   npo66ou~ Tn~ EntoTnµn~, OE6oµe:vou OTI EXEi ano6EtX8Ei OTI OTnpi-
   (OVTat µ6vo OTn ~10Aoy1Kn E~EAt~n Kat Tnv EntAoyn.
2. fEQPfO-BIOMHXANIKEr TEXNOAOfIEr
   H TaXEia E~EAt~n TWV YVWOEWV Kai TWV TEXVIKWV, t6iw~ OTOU~ TOµEI~
   Tn~ ~10TEXVOAoyla~ Kat Tou auToµaT1oµou, Tponono1Ei TaxuTaTa TO
   Eupu Ko1vwv1Koo1Kovoµ1K6 nAaloto µe:aa OTO onoio AEIToupyEI n
   yEwpyla oav napaywy6~ µ1a~ µEyaAn~ no1K1Aia~ avavEwo1µwv uAwv
 ---pagebreak---                                                                         I
                                                                      1 I
                                      2.5.a.
  an6 TI~ onoiE~, op10µEVE~ napayovTal OE E~alpETIKQ µEyaAE~ noo6-
  TnTE~, Evw aAAE~ OE noo6TnTE~ avEnapKEI~ y1a TI~ avayKE~ µa~.
  EeaAAOU, n ~6on, 0 6yKO~ Kain Eµnop(a TWV npoi6VTWV aUTWV 6nµ1-
  oupyo6v npO~AnµaTa, OTnv EniAuon TWV onolwv Sa npEnEI va ouµ~aAEI
  n EpEuva npoo~EpovTa~ 6uvaT6TnTE~ y1a µla nEpa1TEPW 61a~oponoinon
. Kai not OT I Kn ~EATiwon TWV napayoµEVWV npWTWV UAWV KaSw~ KOi TWV
  XPnOEWV TOU~ T60o an6 TOV KaTaVaAWTn 600 Kai an6 Tn ~toµnxav(a.
  H EeEX1en auTn OEV µnopEi nap& va Elva, EUEPYETtKn y1a TO K60TO~
  Tn~ KOIVn~ YEWpytKn~ nOAITtKn~ nOU anoppo~a En( TOU nap6VTO~ TO
  µEyaA6TEPO Tµnµa TOU KOIVOTIK06 npoun0Aoy10µ06. H nOAITIKn auTn
  Sa µnopo60E npayµaTI va EeEAtXSE( EUVOiKa Kai va anOKTnOEl VEE~
  6uvaT6TnTE~ µEOW µ1a~ µEyaA6TEPn~ ouyxwvEuon~ TWV YEWPYIKWV Kai
  ~•oµnxavlKWV opaoTnPIOTDTWV n onola KaSIOTaTat En1SuµnTn Kai ouvaTn
  XOPI~ OTnv avanTuen TWV VEWV ~IOTEXVOAOYIWV.
 ---pagebreak---                                 2.6
Xapl~ o'auTE~, E~OAAOU, Eiva1 rr18av6 VO KOTaOTEi 6uvaTn KOi n
µETOTporrn VEWPYIKWV rrpoi6vTWV OE xnµ1Ka rrpoi6vTa rrpayµa TO orroto
6i6EI VEa EUKaµ,ia OTn xpno1µorrolnon TWV rr6pwv Tn~ Ko1v6TnTa~.
r1a Tnv KOAUTEPn rrpooapµoyn Tn~ yEWpy1Kn~ rropaywyn~ OTI~ OVOVKE~
TWV KOTOVOAWTWV KOi TWV B1oµnxov1wv orrOITOUVTOI rrpoypaµµOTO rrou
va KOAUrrTOUV TOUTOXPOVO Tn 61oxElp1on TWV VEWPVIKWV E60~WV KOi
Tn xpno1µorrolnon Twv yEwpy1Kwv rrpoi6vTwv.
A. 'Epyo rrou orroaxtrrouv OTn xpna1µorrolnon E6a~wv KOAUTEPO rrpo-
    aapµooµEVWV oTnv ayopo
    - AvarrTu~n TEXVIKWV TnAEaViXVEUOn~ TWV E60~WV KOi 610XE(p1-
    on~ TOU~ µE Tn Bon8EIO UTTOAOVIOTWV µE OKOrrO Tnv EntTEU~n
    Tn~ aEATICTn~ 1aopponlo~, OE EnlnE6o nEpl~EPEIWV, µETO~U
    TWV 610~6pwv KOAAIEPYnTWV, TWV aooKoT6nwv, TWV 6oowv KOi
    TWV ~WVWV OVO~UXn~.
    - BEXTiwon Twv aypovoµ1Kwv xopoKTnp10T1KWV Twv ~uTwv, y10
    va EAOTTW8o6v 01 ovayKE~ TOU~ OE X1naoµOTO (6EOµEuon TOU
    o~wTou Tn~ 0Tµ6a~o1po~) KOi OE ~uTo~apµoKo ET01 WOTE vo
    µEtWSEi TO u~o~ TWV OUVTEAEOTWV K60TOU~ K~l VO nEplOPIOTOUV
    01 6uoµEVEi~ EnlnTWOEI~ y1a TO nEp1paXXov· nopoxn 6UVOTOTn-
     TWV rrpooopµoyn~ OE OUOKOAE~ OIKO-KAlµaTOAOVIKE~ ouvSnKE~.
    - AvanTu~n ~UTWV rrou avTanoKpivovTal KOAUTEpa OTI~ avayKE~
    TOU KaTaVOAWTn (n.x. BEATiwon TWV SpEnTIKWV KOi opyavoAn-
    nTIKWV 1610TnTwv) KOi TWV a1oµnxav1wv (rr.x. nOAUOaKxapiTE~,
    EAOla KOi Airrn µE El61KO xapaKTnp10TIKO, µ6p10 µE u~nXn
     npooT18EµEvn o~io, ivE~, •••• ).
B. 'Epya rrou anoaAErrouv oTnv KOAUTEPn xpno1µonoinon TWV npoi6vTWV
    - Xpno1µorrolnon Tou oµ6Aou Ko1 Tn~ ~axapn~ w~ rrpwTE~ UAE~
     6uvaµEVE~ un6 op10µEVE~ ouv0nKE~ Tn~ ayopa~, va onOTEAEOOUV
     Tn Baon y10 µ1a µEyaXn OElpa P1oµnxovlKWV rrpoioVTWV (orrw~
     TO opyOVIKO O~EO KOi TO avT1a10T1Ka).
     - 8lOXWPI0µ6~, EnE~Epyooio KOi XPnCTE~ VEWV rropaywyWV TOU
     yaAOKTO~.
     - AvarrTu~n "a1oa108nTnplwv" y10 TOV EAEVXO Tn~ rro16TnTo~
     TWV Tpo~lµwv Ko8'6Xo TO µnKo~ Tn~ OAUOOU rropaywyn~ TWV
                                                  1
     VEWPYIKWV rrpo16vTWV 610Tpo~n~, µE 0Korr6 V 0VTOilOKpivovTa1
     OTI~ orro1TnOEl~ TWV KOTOVOAWTWV 6oov o~opa Tnv rro16TnTo.
     - H µnxav1Kn TOU TOµEO Tn~ yEwpyio~ KOi TWV VEWPYIKWV rrpo-
     'i6vTWV 610Tpo~n~ y10 Tnv TEAEIOrroinon KUPiW~ TWV µEOWV ava-
     Xuon~ KOi EAEyxou, µE 0Kon6 Tnv ovarrTu~n TEXVIKWV rrapoKoXo6-
     8non~ Tn~ rropoywyn~ KOi EAEVXOU Tn~ rro16TnTa~.
 ---pagebreak---          ii       I 1·                                                  ,I
                               2.6a
 r. 'Epya Eni6E1~n~
     - KaXX1lpyE1E~ Ka1 EKµETaXXEuon OE aypoKTnµa, ~1oµnxav1Kwv
      napaywywv, xpno1µono1wvTa~ oav ~aon ~EXT1wµeva ~ TEAEiw~
      VEa Eion, µE OKOno Tnv TEXVIK~ Kai OIKOVOµIK~ Tru<; ~IOAOvrJClll.
     - NEE~ µe80601 ouyK0µ16~~ Kai EnE~Epyaoia~ nTo aypoKTnµa,
     OTO nvE6µa TWV YEWPYIKWV "610X10Tnp(wv" nou nEp1ypa~ouv
     01 Rexen ·Kai Munck (1).
(1) "Cereal crops for industrial use in Europe",.by F. Rexen
     and L. Munck, report prepared for the CEC, EUR 9617, 1984.
 ---pagebreak---                                         2.7
 3. TEXNOAOrIEr [TON TOMEA TH[ vrEIAr
          H 8EaµaT1Kn np6o6o~ nou onµEIWVETOI OTOU~ TOµEi~ Tn~ yE-
 VETtKn~ µnxavtKn~, Tn~ na8oAoyia~ TOU KUTTapou KOi TWV EntOTnµo-
 VIKWV opyavwv avaµEVETOI OTI Ba ouµ~aAEI OTnv a108nTn ~€ATiwon
 TWV µE806WV 61ayvwon~ (16iw~ Tn~ npwiµn~ 6tayvwon~) K08W~ KOi
 OTnv TOXEIO 8€pan€UTtKn aywyn TWV €~€AIOOOµEVWV a08EV€1WV n OTnv
 npooTaoia aT6µwv nou napouo1a~ouv 161aiTEPn Eua108noia OE op1-
 oµEVE~ npod~oAE~ npoEpx6µEvE~ an6 To nEptPaAAov.
          01 VE€~ TEXVOAoyiE~ µnopouv va PonBnoouv Tnv npoAnnT1Kn
  IOTPIKn µ€ nOAAOU~ Kai ffOIKiAAOU~ Tponou~. E6w nEptAaµpavoVTOI
 PaOtKE~ E~apµoyE~ Tn~ YEVETtKn~ µnxav1Kn~, KOi VE€~ €~€Al~EI~
 OTOU~ TOµEi~ TWV EntoTnµovtKWV opyavwv KOi TOU taTptKOU E~o-
 n>.,oµou.
 H_naeaoKEun_anoTEAEO~aT1Kwv_E~~oAiwv_nou_oTEEOUVTa1_navTEAw5
 ~2l~2Y2Y2~_§egQ~~5
'EXEi KaTOOTEi ffAEOV 6uvaTn n napaywyn, €IT€ 61a 6nµ1oupyia~ KAw-
 vwv 0€ PaKTDPIO EiTE µE Tnv nAnPn ouv8Eon TWV ffOAUn€nTt6iwv,
 avTty6vwv (Kupiw~ an6 1ou~) Ta onoia 61a8ETouv anoTEAEOµaTtKE~
 Eµ~OAIOOTIKE~ 1616TnTE~ xwpi~ va anatTEITOI n 6taTnpnon 6anavn-
 pwv KUTTap1Kwv KaAA1EpyE1wv Kat xwpi~ va napouo1a~ouv kiv6uvo
 61aonopa~ ~WVTWV µ1Kpoopyav1oµwv. 0 a~8w6n~ nupETO~, n AUOOa,
 01 €VTEPIKE~ AOlµw~EI~ EK corona virus ouyKaTOAEYOVTat µETa~u
  TWV oopapwv Kai €~a1p€TtKa µETa60TIKWV ao8€V€1WV yta TI~ onoiE~
 o Tp6no~ auT6~ napaOKEUD~ EµPoAiwv µnopEi va anoPEi TOXUTaTa
 anOT€AEOµaTtK6~ OTnv Ko1v6TnTa.
  Ta µovOKAWVO aVTIOWµaTa EXOUV Tnv IKOVOTnTa va anoPaAAOUV TI~
  xnµtKE~ OUOiE~ nou npoKaAEOaV Tn OUV8Eon TOU~. rxnµaTi~OVTOI
  an6 uPp16wµaTa (6n>.. KUTTapa uPpi61a Ta onoia ouvTiBEvTat OTO
  EpyaoTnP I O KO I ~6ua~OJV Tn 6uvOTOTnTCX €V~ OyKOU va avanapayETat anep10-
  p, OTa Kat Tn 6uvmmnTa Ev~ Kavov IKou ,OTOU va ouv9bE I tva OUyKEKp q.ivo avT i-
  a.iµa). Ta µovoowva avTtOWl<J)Ta wno11.101To1ouvTm nM:ov OTnV TPEXOUOO qJOAoyia y1a
  TOV K08ap10µ6 TWV IJlKPC)µq)IWV, y1a TnV ~apEOr] TOU KUTTOPI KOU Tunou
  KOi Tn~ oµa6a~ aiµaTO~ KOi yta Tn 61ayvwon TWV µOAUOµOTIKWV
  v6awv. Mta KOIVOTtKn EVEpyEIO E & A ea µnopoUO€ va ouµPaAEI
  OTnv EKµETOAAEuan TOU~ OTO Eyyu~ µEAAOV, y1a Tnv avooonoinan
  EVOVTI TWV 009EVEIWV nou O~EiAOVTat 0€ IOU~ n ~OKTnpta, yta Tn
 ---pagebreak---                                 2. 8
 pu9µ1on TWV OVOOOAOVIKWV OVTIOpaoewv, y10 TOV EVTOn10µ6 KOi TOV
 npoo61op10µ6 TWV 6yKwv KOi y10 Tn 9eponeto ouToovooono1nT1Kwv
  KOi KOPKIVOVEVWV 009EVEIWV.
 01 av1xvEUTE~ DNA(~ RNA) nou ovonopayouv µio Ko9op1oµtvn oe1p6
  CaAAnhouxio) yev1kwv nhnpo~op1wv tKovwv vo avoyvwpioouv TI~ i61e~
 nhnpo~opie~ KOi VO ouv6e9ouv µa½i TOU~, TTOPEXOUV Eva eupuTaTO
 ne6io e~apµoy~~ y10 Tn B1oµnxovio Tou ToµEo Tn~ uyeio~. Xap1~
 o'Eva EV½uµo, Tnv avTiOTpo~o TpovoKpinTaon (transcriptase reve-
  rse) nou en1TpEnet TDV avaouoTaon µ10~ yeveT1Kn~ nhnpo~opio~ pe
 ~aon To npo16v Tn~, KaTEOTe1 ouvaT6 vo onoµovw0ei n yevet1K~
 auTn nAnpo~opia, va 6nµ1oupyn9ouv KAWVOI KOi VO avayKOOTei va
 nopaye1 nohunenTi61a (1voouhtvn, au~nT1KE~ opµ6ve~ ••• ) nou no-
 pouo16½ouv Tep60T10 ev61o~Epov y10 TO ~apµoKeuT1K6 toµEo.
'Ooov a~opa Tnv npoAnnTtKn IOTPIK~, n µE0o6o~ TWV OVIXVEUTWV
 ETTITpEne1 TOV npoo61op10µ6 op1oµevwv npoaBOAWV (on6 IOU~ n
 ~aKT~p1a) nou OEXETOI O opyov10µ6~ KaTa Tp6no anOTEAEOµaTtK6-
 TEPO EKEivou Twv avT1yov1Kwv µeTo~oAwv, Kai Tnv To~1v6µnon
 ouvenw~ TWV OTEAEXWV ovaAoyo µe Tnv TO~IKoTnTa TOU~ Ka0w~ KOi
 Tnv 161oiTepn TOU~ npoTiµnon y10 TO EVO n TO OAAO ½WIKO Ei6o~
 n y10 Tn µtan Tnv OAAn KaTnyopia OT6µwv. Mia KOIVOTIKn Epeuvo
 ea µnopouoe va ouµ~ahet oTnv Kahutepn eKµeTaAheuon Tn~ µe066ou
 TWV OVIXVEUTWV KOi 16iw~ OTnv e~apµov,n Tn~ y1a TOV Ka8op1aµ6
 TOU TUnou noAAWV IWV n BaKTnp16iwv y1a TOU~ onoiou~ 01 en16nµ1-
 0A6yo1 ea en19uµouoav va en1BaBa1woouv Tn 016yvwon TOU~-
 s~ En10Tnµov1Ka 6pyovo Kot 10Tp1K6~ e~onA10µ6~
 H npoAnnTtKn IOTPIKn µnopei enton~ VO ~on0n0ei onµaVTIKO an6
 Tnv avanTu~n, nou eiva, non nOAU npoxwpnµEvn OTI~ HnA, entOTn-
 µOVIKWV opyavwv (1aTp1Kn nAEKTPOVIKn 16iw~) KOi ~apEO~ IOTp1-
 KOU e~OTTAIOµou. r1a Tnv ovanTu~n auTn anatTEiTal µ1a onµavT1Kn
 uno6oµn OE nAEKTPOVIKO UAIKO KOi UTTOAOVIOTE~ n onoio anouc,a½El
 an6 Tnv Eupwnn. 0 nupnv1K6~ µayvnTtKO~ OUVTOVI0µ6~ (TEXVIKn
 nou ETTITpEnet Tnv EnlAEKTIKn nopoTnpnon opyavwv ETTi o06vn~, n
 Tnv E~WTEPIKn µETpnon TOU µeTO~OAtoµou TOU~, Bao1½6µEVD nep10-
 00TEPO Oil~ XnµtKE~ TOU~ IOloTnTE~ napa OTnv TTUKVOTnTa TOU~
 OTI~ aKtivE~ X) onoTeAei Eva KoA6 nopa6E1yµa 61ayvwoT1Kou µEoou
 µe enovaoTaTtKE~ tKov6TnTe~ TO onoio ovonTux0nKe ouo1aoT1K6
 OTnV Eupwnn (MeyaAn BpETavta) KOi XPn01µono1eiTa1 OE µeyaAn
 KAiµaKCT OTI~ HnA KOi OTnv Ianwvio. T6oo OTOV TOµEa auT6 600
 KOi OE noAAOU~ OAAOU~ (nopoxn ~on0eia~ OTOU~ naoxovTE~ an6
 nµ1nAnyia, 0epaneio Tn~ KW~WOEW~ KOi TWV 61aTapaxwv Tn~ opa-
 OEW~, napaKOAOu0non TWV 000EVWV, avayvwon TWV OKTIVOypO~IWV ••• )
 eiva1 OK6n1µ0 va ouv6uoOTEi n np6o6o~ nou EXEi en1TeAeOTEI
 OTnv TEXVOAoyia TWV ½WVTWV opyov,oµwv µE Tn onµovT1Kn E~EA1~n
 Tn~ nAEKTPOVtKn~ Kai Tn~ nAnpo~op1Kn~. Kai OTnv nEpinTwOn OUTn
 01 TEPOOTIE~ npoona8e1e~ nou npEnEI VO KOTOBAn0ouv anOITOUV
 onwoonnoTE Eva oxe61aoµ6 oe KOIVOTIKO enine6o.
 ---pagebreak---                               2.9
      T6oo OTO EninEOO TWV E~apµoywv Tn~ yEVETIKn~ µnxav1Kn~
600 KOi OTO EninEOO TOU IOTPIKOU E~OffAIOµou ~aiVETOI 6Tt n Ka-
OTEPnon Tn~ Eupwnn~ oEv o~EiAETat oTnv EAAEt~n E~EupETtK6TnTa~
EK µEpou~ TWV Eupwnaiwv EpEuvnTwv· Eivat anOTEAEOµa TOU KOTOTE-
µax1oµou KOi Tn~ anoµ6vwon~ TWV npoonaSEtWV TOU~ Ka8w~ KOi TOU
x6oµaTO~ nou xwpi~El ouxv& Tnv navEntoTnµ~aKn EPEUVO an6 Tn
B1oµnxav1Kn E~apµoyn. To Kpio1µ0 6uvaµ1K6 nou anatTEiTal y1a
Tnv np6ooo Tn~ npoAnnTtKn~ IOTPtKn~ Sa EnlTEUX8Ei µ6vo µE Tn
ouyKEVTpwon TWV IKOVOTnTwv KOi urroooµwv 6AWV TWV KPOTWV µEAWV
KOi µE Tn OUOTnµaTtKn KOi op00AOytKn EKµETaAAEUOn TOU~ OOV ano-
TEAEOµa µta~ KOIVOTtKn~ npoorra8Eta~.
 ---pagebreak---                                                        3-1
,,I                                                        I           I
                                                                       I'·
                                                                                     I
     3. NEA YAIKA
     Ta UAIKa KOTaAaµ~avouv Kupiapxl'J 8EOI') OE 6Aa Ta EITITEUyµaTa, y1aTi Ka8w~
     YEVIKa, arrOTEAOUV 6EOµEUTIK6 rrapayovTa y1a Tl')V TE)(VOAOy1Knrrp6060.
     Ka8E KPOTO~ D oµa6a KPOTWV rrou ea txavE TOV EAEVXO OTOV TOµEa OUTO
     Sa OVTlµETWITl~E E~apTl')OI') arr6 TO E~WTEPIKO 6x1 µ6vo OE ErrirrE6o
     E~o61aoµou µE Ta UAIKO Ka8EOUTO aXAa, aK6µn, y1a Ta TEXVOAOVIKO
     EITITEuyµaTa rrou E~apTWVTOI arr6 TO UAIKO QUTO.
     To µEAAOV ~IOµl')XOVIKWV KA06WV 6rrw~ TO OUTOKiVl')TO n I') aEpOVOUTIKn,
     I') EITITUXlO TWV 61aOTl')µIKWV rrpoypaµµOTWV, I') KOTOOKEun poµrroT
     µE urrEp-TEAEIOITOtl')µEVI') KIVl')µOTIKn, 01 ~IOTEXVOAOVIKE~ µE80601
      Crr. x.     6 1a · µ E o o u      Twv µEµ~pavwv), ll avanu~n         ~ 1oouµ~aTwv
     TEXVl'JTWV opyavwv            6Xa OUTa ouv6EOVTOI µE Tl')V rrp6o6o OTOVTOµEa
     TWV UAIKWV.
     H PD~ll TWV UAIKWV arr6 KOITWOI') n I') ~Sop& TOU~ arr6 TI') 61a~pwon
     KOOTi~ouv OTl')V EupWITI') rrEp!006TEPO arr6 200 6tOEKOTOµµupta ECU
     K08E xp6vo. H avarrTU~I') VEWV TUITWV rroAUµEpW~ rr.x., KOi Ol OUTOµaTo-
     rro I l')µEVE~ TEXV I KE~ µa~ l Kn~ rrapaywyn~, Sa o61')youoav OE Ol')µOVT I Kn
     µEiwon TWV 01Kovoµ1Kwv arrwAE1wv.
     H iota I') rrapaywyn rrpol')yµEVWV n VEWV UAlKWV arrOTEAEi µia Ol')µOVTIKn
     O(KOV0µ1Kn 6paOTl'JPIOTl')Ta. H rrayK60µta ayopa TWV             KE paµ 1-
      KWV        rrou avT1rrpoowrrEuE1 rrEp1006TEpa arr6 4 610EKaToµµup1a
     60Xap1a rrpot TO rrap6v (60% 1arrwv1Ka rrpoi6vTa) ea rrperrE1 va
     ~8aOEl Ta 20 OIOEKaTOµµupta OE 10 xp6v1a. ErriOI')~, y1a TO 2.000,
     urroAoyi~ETa1 OE rroAXE~ OEKa6Et 610EKaToµµupiwv 6oAapiwv n ayopa
    TWV OUV0e:TWV uAwv Kai OE 10 µE)(pl 20 610€KaTq..µjp1a ll aycpa TWV TE)(VIK~ rroAuµe:~.
     H avarrTU~I') TWV UAIKWV OTl')pi~ETOI OE µaKp6xpovl') rrapaOOOI') OTl')V
     Eupwrrn, 6rrou E~aKOAouSouv va urrapxouv E~alPETlKO Epya0Tnp1a
     UAIKWV. LE 6,TI a~opa TO ErrirrEOO TWV EPEUVl')TWV, n Eupwrrl') OEV
     EXEi TirroTE va ~l'JAE~El arr6 Tout urrEpaTAaVTIKOUt avTaywv10T£t
     TI')~. Ot ETno101 rrpourr0Xoy1oµoi E KOi A y1a Ta UAIKO TOU OUVOAOU
 ---pagebreak---                                             3-2
TWV KPOTWV µe:>.wv EXOUV TO i610 UljJO<; µe: EKe:ivo TWV Hvwµe:vwv floAIT€l~
(OµOOROV6lOKO<; npOUffOAOytaµ6<;:            rv   1 6tOE:µOTOµµUplO 60>.ap1a)
~       Tnc; Ianwviac; <np6ypaµµa "Nita u>.1Ka Tou Ynoupye:iou B1oµnxaviac;
KOl n1e:6VOU<; Eµnopiou": 5.400 E:KOTOµµUpta 60>..apta yta 10 xp6vta).
nap'6>..a auTa n e:upwnaiKn ltpe:uva y1a Ta UAIKO xave:1 0Ta0e:pa
e:6mpoc;:
    TO e:upwnaiKa e:pyaOTnpta EXOUV             aa~W<; ~e:ne:paOTe:i OTOU<; TOµe:i<; TWV
    ve:wv u>..1Kwv nou 6nµ1oupy~6nKav np1v an6 e:iKoa1 xp6v1a·
    01 µe:ya>.e:c; npwTonoptaKE<; avaKOAUljle:1<; OTO UAtKa a1xµnc; 6nwc; TO
    aµop~a µETOAAO, TO KpaµaTa µe: µvnµn, Ta no>.uµe:pn aywyoi TOU nAe:-
    KTp10µ06, Ol ive:c; an6          avepaKa, KAR., npon>..eav an6 Tl<; HnA
    Kat Tnv Ianwvia.
    Kai 6µwc; 01 e:upwnaio1 e:pe:uvnTt<; npayµaTono1ouv no>.>..e:c; 6nµoo1e:u-
    ae:1c; a>.>.a 6e:v e:v61a~e:povTa1 y1a Tn µe:Ta~opa Tnc; Te:xvo>.oyiac;.
- TP i a OTa Te:aoe:pa 6 1n>iwµaTa e:upe:a t Te:xv i ac; nru CX<pOp(lUV ve:a u>..tKa
    EXOUV KOTOTe:0e:i an6 aµe:p1Kavou<; n tanwve:<; e:pe:uvnTE<;"
- Ka0e: XPOVO 6anaVWVTOI E:KOTOVTa6e:<; EKOTOµµupiwv 60>..apiwv EiTe:
    y1a va e:1aax8ouv ane:u0e:ia<; OTnv EK ve:a UAtKa n e:v61aµe:oa
    npotOVTa,e:iTE yta VO ayopaOTOUV a6e:1e:<; KOTOOKe:unc; an6 TI<;
    HnA KOl Tnv Ianwvia"
    XIA I a6e:c; 0foe: I<; e:pyao i a<; X<lVOVTO I Ka0e: XPOVO y Ia Tnv e:upwna 'j Kn
    OIKOVOµia.
 AUTO TO a>.n81v6       11
                           TE:XVOAOYIK6 xaoµa" OTO UAIK<l e:~nve:iTat µ6vo
 µe: Kanota 61ap8pwT1Kn a6uvaµia Tn<; e:upwnaiKn<; e:pe:uvac; (EAAElljln
 OUVTOVIOµou, 6taOnopa TliN npoOna0e:tWV, e:nava>.nljln, OTe:yava avaµe:Oa
 aTn 61oiKnon KOi OTI<; ~1oµnxavie:c; TWV KPOTWV µe:>.wv).
 ---pagebreak---                                            3-3
H Eupwna'iKn £AAEl(jlr] avavEWOI')<; OE TTPOl')yµEva UAIKfl 61nXao1al;ETal
Ev6Ex6µEva an6 Tl'JV EAAEl~l'l P1oµrixav1Kwv ETTEv6uoEwv o'evav Toµea
lTOU napouo1al;E1 apKETOU<; KIVOUVOU<;.
r1a va OVTlµETWlTIOTEt I') KOTOOTaOI') auTn Kai y1a Va npayµaTOlTOll')SOUV
Ofl.lCXVTIKE<;   KatVOToµiE<; ri va 61')µ 1oupyriSouv VEa UA: 1Ka, lTPETTE I va
ouvEx10Touv T6oo ri EpEuva y1a Tl'J o.JVExri TEXE1orroiriori Twv uX1Kwv rrou
KUKAO~opouv n TWV "npol')yµevwv" UAIKWV 600 Kai µla OUOTl')µaTtKr}
Pao1Kri epEuva Eupeoc; ~aoµaTo<;. 'EXEi npayµaTono1riSEi oriµaVTtKri
rrp6o6o<; OTa EpEUVl')TIKfl µEOa nou OXETtZ°;OVTal µE Ta UAIKa1 µE
Tl')V KaTaOKEUr} ri TOV npoypaµµaT10µ6 ElTIOTl')µOVIKWV KOi T€XVIKWV
opyavwv µEyaXou µEyeSouc; 6nwc; 01 TTl'JYE<; owµaT16iwv ri aKTtvoPoAiac;
 <PA.§ 5 "EntOTl')µOVtKQ 6pyava µEyaAOU µEyESouc;"). H lTAOTEta
xprio1µonoiriori TWV VEWV aUTWV µEOWV OE KOIVOTtK6 ETTilTEOO Sa
o6riyouOE OE oriµavT I KE<; npo66ouc; OTOV ToµEa TWV UA I KWV. 01 EPEUVE<;
npenE1 va anooKonouv 6x1 µ6vo OTl'J PEATiwori Twv 1610TriTwv Twv
UAIKWV aAAfl Ka1 OTI<; µES66ouc; napaywyric;, OTI<; TEXVIKE<; E~apµo-
vric; (K6AAl')OI'), µop~onoiriori, KATT •••• ) KaSwc; Kai OTI<; TEXVIKE<;
60K1µwv. Ta Eiori UAIKWV lTOU TTPETTEI va E~ETaOTOUV Elva, Ta KEpa-
µ1Kfl         µE E~a1pETIKQ xapaKTl'JPIOTIKfl, 01 npol')yµEVE<; OUVSETE<;
UAE<; (µETaAAO,       iva, KATT.), Ta TTOAUµEpri (aywyoi n.x.) Ta Ka1voupy1a
KpaµaTa KaSW<; Kai Ta opyaVIKfl            µ6p1a r} 01 lTpWTEfVE<; lTOU rrpoopil;o-
VTat y1a Ka1voupy1a "P10µ1KpOKUKAWµaTa".
rTo 1TAaio10 auT6 µnopEi va E~ETOOTEi µia µ6vo EIOIKr} E~apµoyri,
6riXa6ri 01 xryµ1Koi ri P1oµrixav1Koi a10SriTriPES, nou XE1Toupyouv
lTOVW OTa 1TP6Tu1Ta TWV avSpwniVWV a10Sl')Tl')piwv opyOVWV Kai µnopOUV
va E~apµoOTouv T6oo OTl'JV 1aTp1Kri (n.x. 61aPriTl'J<;) 600 Ka1 OTov
tXEyxo Twv P1oµrixav1Kwv µrixav1oµwv <PX.§ 2 "TEXVOAoyiE<; Twv
Z°;WVTWV opyav1oµwv").
rxET, Ka µE Tov Toµro TWV uX I Kwv, Sa µnopouoE va ~E°K I vrioE 1 µ i a
E161Kr} 6paori lTQVW OTl')V UlTEpaywy1µ6Tl')Ta. H TEXVOAoyia auTri OUVOEETal
µE TTOAUap1SµE<; E~apµoy£<;: EKTO<; an6 TI<; E~apµoyE<; OE EpEUVl')TIK6
EnirrE6o, 6nwc; ri ~uo1Kri TWV u~riXwv EVEPYEtwv ri ri OUVTl'J~l'l, npenE1
 ---pagebreak---                                      3-4
va avT1µETwn10Touv Kat nEp1006TEpo P1oµDxav1Ke:~ E~apµoye:~ 16iw~
OTI~ µETa~ope:~ (TpEva µayVDTIKfi~ avapTDOD~) Kai OTDV napaywyn
Kai µETa~opa TD~ DAEKTPIKn~. EVEPYEta~ (EvaAAaKTE~, KaAw61a).
I91aiTEpa D EnE~Epyaoia Kpuoy6vwv ouOTDµaTwv µE avTaywv10T1K6
K60TO~ KaSw~ Kai D avanTU~D µ{a~ EUpwnaiKn~ TEXVOAOy(a~ Kai
6uvaµtKOU napaywyn~ unEpaywywv µayVDTWV         Eni        napayyEAia,
Sa µnopouoav va anoTEAeoouv Ev61a~tpouoE~ 6tE~66ou~ y1a TDV
EupwnaiKn PioµDxavia, nou 61aSETEt aAAWOTE avayvwp1oµe:vn avTaywv1-
0T1K6TDTa OTou~ ToµEi~ Tn~ µETaAAoupyia~, TWV µETaAAtKwV KaTa-
OKEuwv Kai TWV xaµDAWV SEpµOKpaOtWV.         'Eva OUVTOVIOµEVO np6ypaµµa
y I a TDV avanTU~D VEWV unEpaywywv UA I KWV (n. X- KpaµaTa "A15"
KaooiTEpo~ v10Piou), y1a TO i610 ouOTDµa Kpuoye:vEOD~ <tiA10
II) Kai y1a TI~ TEXVIKE~ KaTaOKEUti~ TWV unEpaywywv µayVDTW~
µnopEi va 06DvtioE1 OE ODµavT1Kt~ npo66ou~         OTO xwpo auT6.
Te:Ao~, µia aAAD EIOtKti 6pa0D nou OUVOEETal µE TOV Toµe:a TWV
UAIKWV Sa µnopouOE va Eivat D µEAETn EV6~ npODYµEvou OUOTnµaTO~
aEpo61aOTDµ1Kti~ npowenoD~, n.x. Ev6~ aEpoSEpµo5uvaµ1Kou auAonpowSn-
Tti y1a   unEPDXDTIKE~ TaXUTDTE~- H KaTaOKeun Ev6~ nap6µ01ou
ouoTfiµaTo~, nou ea XPD01µono1Ei µaAAov TO uopoy6vo oav Kauo1µ0,
Sa anOTEAOUOE ouyKEKp1µe:vD EnlOTDµOVtKti Kai TEXVOAoy1Kti npCKX.nan
y1a TDV EupwnaiKti En10TDµov1Kti Kat P1oµDxav1Kti Ko1v6TDTa. O
ouvouaoµ6~ TWV e:pywv navw OTa UAIKO, Ta ~a1v6µEva KaUOEWV,
TI~ Ooµe:~ Kai Tnv aEpo6uvaµtKfi 1 ea E~aO~OAl~E OTnv EupwnD µ{a
avE~ClPTDTD TEXVOAOy I Kti PaOD XPtiO IµD KUP i w~ aTOv ToµECX TWV Eµnop I KWV
nTDOEWV µE noAU µEyaAE~ TaXUTDTE~. 0 napanavw TOµe:a~ Sa µnopouOE
 va ~«vaKEPO i OE I To EVO Ia~e:pov av 61 v6rnv D anapa iTDTD npoooxti
OTa npoPAfiµaTa TD~ ayopa~ Kai OTI~ n1e:OEI~ nou OXETi~OVTat
µE TnvnpooTaoia Tou nEp1PaAAovTo~. Eiva1 ~avEp6 nw~ D EupwnaiKti
aEpo61aoTDµ1Kti P1oµDxavia 6Ev µnopEI va ~EPEi µ6vD To Papa~
 TD~ XPDµaT066TDOD~ Ev6~ TET01ou tpyou nou Eiva1 µaKpon6eEoµo
 Kai TauT6xpova nEptKAEiEt µEyaAOU~ KIVOUVOU~-
 ---pagebreak---                                                       4-1                                    i
1 i ' I          !  !                                                             I',:     I'  I
        4. OnTIKH KAI AEIZEP
        H EupWffl1 e:ixe: y1a OIWVE~ TO µOVOffWAIO 0Tl1V avaffTU~l1 Tl1~ OffTtKn~
        - avanTu~11 T6oo Tl1~ 0e:wpia~ 600 Kai Twv opyavwv Kat OT01xe:lwv.
        KaTa Tl1 61apKEIO 6µw~ TWV TEAEUTOiWV 6EKOETIWV 11 EupWRl1 EXOOE
        auT6 TO µoVOffWAIO: ffOAuap10µE~ 011µavTIKE~ E~EAi~EI~ KOi VEE~
        E~apµoyt~ npayµaTono1n811KaV Kupiw~ OTI~ HnA KOi, µEXP• Eva
        Pa0µ6, 0Tl1V Ianwv(a. H EupwnatKn P10µ11xavia E~OKOAOU0Ei ffOVTW~
        va Eiva1 E~aywy1Kn OE op1oµtvou~ KAa6ou~. Ot P10µ11xaviE~ OUTE~,
        OE a~v6uaoµ6 µE Tl1V avEpx6µe:v11 P10µ11xavia TWV AEt~Ep, TO u~11A6
        YEV I K<l rnirrECO El<TrOiOCUCJr)~ OTrJV ORT I Kn KO I OTOU~ OXET I KOU~ TOµe: i ~
        Ka I TI~ ffOAUap I 0µe:~ 6uvaT6Tl1TE.~ e:~apµoywv OTO XWPO OUTO, OffOTE-
        AOUV y6vqJO E6atpo~ y1a EUpE(a~ KAiµaKa~ KOIVOTtKn 6p<X011 ffOU
        ea OTOXEUEI 0Tl1V avaKTl1011 µEpou~ an6 TO xaµevo E6a~o~ Ka0w~
        KOi 0Tl1V OVTlµETWffl011 TOU OVTOyWVIOµOU an6 TO E~WTEptK6.
        npayµaTtKa, 11 E KOi A ffOU KOTEU0UVETOI npo~ Tl1V OVOffTU~l1 Tl1~
        OffTtKn~ KOi 16iw~ TWV AEl~E~µnopEl va PEATIWOEI Tl1V OVTaywv1-
        0TIKOTl1TO EVO~ µe:yaAOU ap10µou OIKOVOµIKWV 6paOTl1PlOTnTWV µE
        Tl1V TEAEIOff0111011 TWV ouµPaTtKWV TEXVIKWV KOi µe: T11V e:1aaywyn
        VEWV TEXVIKWV. LTl1 OUVEXEta ne:p1ypa~OVTOI µe:ptKE~ an6 TI~ 6uvaT6-
        Tl1TE~ OUTE~ KOi µe:ptKO 0EµaTa E KOi A.
        Ta P10µ11xav1Ka AE14e:p            (Kup(w~   co 2 Kai ND. YAG) y1a Tl1V KaTEpyaoia
        TWV µe:TOAAWV (61aTp11011, Konn, auyK6A11011, auyKOA11011 µe: ope:ixaAKO,
        ~aAi61oµa, EffE~Epyao(a T11~ Effl~OVEIO~) KOOTi~OUV onµe:pa an6
        50 µEXPI 200$/WATT. Ta nAnPl1 OUOTnµaTa OVTtnpoowne:uouv e:ntv6ua11
        100.000 µexp• 1.000.000 $. ·oaov Kai av o ap10µ6~ Twv P10µ11xav1Kwv
        AE1(e:p au~aVETOI - Kupiw~ e:ne:16n 11 e:pyaola µe: AE!(Ep npoO~EPEI
                              EUEAl~ia
        TWV ouµPaTtKWV ouoT11µaTwv, TOUAOXtOTov y1a Ta µ11 µe:TaAAtKa
        uA1Ka - nptne:1 va µe:1w0e:i aK6µa TO K60TO~ Tou~ Kai va e:n1Te:ux0e:i
        µe:yaAUTEPrJ an660011 KOi a~tOfflOTia Ka0w~ KOi aKptPEOTEpa OUOTnµaTa
        OK6ffEU011~- nptne:1 va ppe:0ouv e:t61K€~ AUOEI~ y1a Ta µETOAAa
       µe: ave:napKn anopp6~11011 6nw~ 0 xpua6~, 0 apyupo~, 0 xaXK6~,
        o ope:ixaXKo~, To apyiX10.
 ---pagebreak---                                 4-2
[Tn xnµEia, n avanTu~n Tn~ EKAEKTIKn~ ,wToxnµEia~ µE AEl~EP
Sa PEATiWVE Tnv avTaywy10T1K6TnTa OTnv   napQ.QcEU~ µ1KponoooTnTWV.
0 IOOTORIKO~ 61axwp10µ6~, n KOTEpyaoia TWV paOIEVEpywv anoPAnTWV
KOi TWV xnµ1KWV ano~AnTwv, n ouvSEon xnµ1KWV npo16VTWV ROAU
µEyaAn~ a~(a~ Kai ,apµOKEUTIKWV npoi6vTWV ROAU µEyaAn~ KaSap6TnTa~
Eiva1 apKETa   6uvaTE~ E,apµoyE~ nOAAE~ an6 TI~ onoiE~ E~apTWVTa1
on6 Tnv OVORTu~n TWV AEttEp OTnV nEptoXn TOU UnEp1w6ou~.
[Tnv IOTp1Kn, 6nou n xpno1µonoinon TWV AEl~EP ROAAORAOOIO~ETOI
µE Tp6no OXE06v EKSETtK6 Ka1 6nou, OE µEptKE~ ouyKEKp1µEVE~
REPIRTWOEI~, n SEpOnEia µE AEttEP EXEi non onooei~EI Tnv unEpoxn
Tn~ ontvovT1 OT1~ ouµPaTtKE~ TEXVtKE~, n avanru~n Sa µnopouoE
va o6nynOEI OE OUOTnµaTO ORTIKWV IVWV y1a TO ,wT10µ6, Tnv anE1K6-
v1on KOi Tn XElpOupy1Kn OE OUOnp60tTO onµE(O TOU ovSpwn(vou
owµoTo~. I61oiTEpo n avanTu~n Twv AEt~EP µE EAEuSEpa nAEKTp6v1a
µ01atE1 va npoo,epETOI OROAUTO VIO IOTPIKE~ E,apµoye~ xapn
OTn µEyaAn ERlAOYn ouxvoTnTWV, ornv u~nAn EVTaon Tn~ 1oxuo~
TOU~ KOi OTnv 1616TnTa TOU~ va EntTpEnouv TOV EAEVXO OIOOTOOEWV
 Tn~ OEOµn~ KCI Tn~ OtapKEIOSTWV naAµWV.
 Ka1voupy1E~ E~EA(~EI~ OTO AEl~EP µnopouv va EREKTEivouv TO
 POAO TOU~ OTOU~ TOµEi~ 6nou non XPnOtµOnOIOUVTOI ROAU,6nw~
 OT1~ TnAEn1Ko1vwviE~, OTov npoo61op10µ6 µE aKpiPE1a KOi an6
 onOOToOn TWV 6100TOOEWV, TWV oxnµaTWV, Tn~ TOXUTnTo~ KOi Tn~
 ERITaxuvon~ K00w~ Enion~ KOi OTO µn KOTOOT·pETTTIKO EAEVXO.
 TEAo~, OTov EvEpyE10K6 Toµeo, EKT6~ on6 Tnv Tpexouoa xpno1µonoinon
 TWV AEl~EP OTI~ EPEUVE~ y10 SEpµonupnv1Kn OUVTn~n µE nEp1op10µ6
 a6pavE10~,So µnopouOE VO µEAETnSEi n avanTu~n AEl~Ep ROAU µEyaAn~
 1oxuo~ OE ouv6uooµ6 µE Tnv napaAAnAn avanTu~n nOAU µEyOAWV
 KOTOnTpwv y1a VO KOTaAn~ouv OTO µEAAOV OE vta OUOTnµaTa µETa,opa~
 EVEPYEIO~ OE µEyOAE~ anOOTOOEI~ xwpi~ KOAW01a, OUOTnµaTO an6
 TO onoio Sa µnopouoav VO EnW,EAnSouv 01 avanTuoo6µEVE~ XWPE~
 <A,p1Kn, NoT,o AµEp•Kn>.
 ---pagebreak---       I                                    4-3                            !
, I ./ !                                                                  I
                   ' I
                            .I I                                 I,
                                                                 ',,
                                                                            !  .I I.
          noXXE~ an6 TI~ E~apµoyt~ auTE~ E~apTWVTa1 an6 Tnv avanTu~n
          uX1Kwv, OTOIXEiwv Kai TEXVIKW~ 6nw~: uX1Ka nou napouo1a~ouv
          KXion 6EiKTOU 61a8XaOEW~, OffTIKa UAIKO u~nXn~ rro16TnTa~  OTnv
          TTEp1oxn TOU UTTEpu8pou (OTa µnKn KUµaTO~ TOU AEl~EP COz), TEXVIKE~
          Ka80~1Kn~ KOV1onoinon~ (SPUTTERING) yta KaAUTEPn np6o~uon TWV
          ETTEV6UOEWV En1~avEia~, OffTIKE~ µ€80601 KaTaOKEun~ unEpaywywv
          uX1Kwv, 0Xoypa~1Ka OTOIXEia µE E161KE~ AEtToupyiE~, 6nou nEp1Xaµ-
          PavovTa1 Ta OT01xeia y1a Tn 6nµ1oupyia oXoypaµµaTwv nou oxnµaTi~o-
          vTa1 an6 nXEKTpov1Kou~ un0Xoy10TE~, uX1Ka µE µn ypaµµ1K6 onT1K6
          anOTEAEOµa y1a Tnv KaTaOKEun OffTIKWV µ1Kpoun0Xoy10Twv, ffAaOTtKa
          µE OTTTIKn no16TnTa, TEXVIKE~ KaTaOKEun~ ao~a1plKWV OTOIXEiwv,
          KATT ••••
          H Eni6paon OTnv OIKOVoµia ea Eiva1 PlPa1a onµaVTIKn: n TTP00T(8EµEvn
        . a~ia Tn~ ~WTOV1Kn~ P1oµnxavia~ (16iw~ Ta AEl~Ep Kai OffTIKa
          6pyava) E~TaOE Ta 2,7 610EKaToµµup1a 60Xap1a nEpinou OT1~
          HnA TO 1981. 'QX01 01 OEiKTE~ ayopa~ 6EiXVOUV onµaVTIKn au~non:
          n ayopa y1a Ta AEl~EP aOTIKWV XPnOEWV nou npoPAEffETal OTI~
          HnA ea nptnE1 va au~n8Ei an6 210 EKaToµµup1a 60Xap1a To 1982
          OE 1,6 610EKaToµµup1a 60Xap1a TO 1995. YnoAoyi~ETal OTl, OTnv
          lanwvia, n ayop& TWV AEi~Ep, TWV IVWV, TWV aVIXVEUTWV Kai TWV
          nXnpwv E~onX1oµwv ea npEnEl va nEpaOEI an6 460 EKaToµµup1a
          60Xap1a TO 1980 OE 65 OIOEKaToµµup1a 60Xap1a TO 2.000.
          Mia TET01a au~no~ ea EXEi Ev6exoµlvw~ En1nTwoE1~ oTnv anaox6Anon:
          OT(~ HnA n.x.  ~ anaox6Anon OTn ~WTOVIKn P1oµnxavia au~n8nKE
          KaTa 20% nEpinou oTnv nEpio6o 1978-1982.
          ·ooo Kai av Ta napa6EiyµaTa nou ava~tp8nKav napanavw 6Ev Eiva1
          EVTEXw~ np6o~aTa Ka1 ava~tpovTa1 µ6vo oTnv KaTaOTaon OT1~ HnA, E1va1
           npo~avE~OTI n ~WTOVIKn Eiva1 Eva~ TOµEa~ µE µEyaXn TEXVOAOVtKn
          avanTu~n TTOU µnopEi va PEATIWOEI Tnv no16TnTa ~wn~, Tn P1oµnxav1Kn
          avTaywvlOTIKOTnTa Kai Tnv anaox6Xnon.
 ---pagebreak---                                             4-5
~uo Ol']µCXVT I KCX CJ)(e:61CX 0a µ1Topouoav va e:~e:TCXOTOUV:
- ea µ1TopOUOE: va E:lTIXE:lprJee:i OE KOIVOTtK6 E1Ti1TE60.rJ ClVCXlTTU~rJ
  e:v6~ ouve:xou~ AEtte:p co2 µe: 1oxu TrJ~ TCX~EW~ TWV 50 KW µEOCX
  oe: 61CXOTrJµCX 5 ETWV, µe: Eµ~aori OTa lTPOaAnµaTa lTOU ouv6EOVTCXI
  µe: TrJV a1oµrJXCXVtKn a~tOlTOirJOrJ TOU e:pyaAEiou CXUTOU (K60TO~,
  CX~IOlTIOTia, OUOTrJµCX µe:TCX~OpCX~ TrJ~ 6EOµrJ~, E:VE:pye:1aKn CX1T6600rJ
  KCXI EAEVXO~ IOXUO~, Al.JOEi~ yta TrJ µrJXCXVtKn KCXTE:pyaoia TWV
  avTavaKAaOTtKwv µe:TCXAAW~ 61Tw~ TO aAouµiv10, o xpuo6~, o xaAK6~ •• >,
  YICX TrJ µrJXCXVIKn KCXTEpyaOia Kai ElTl~CXVE:laKn E:lTE~e:pyaoia TWV
  µe:TaAAIK~V n µri UAIKWV. 'Eva TETOIO µtoo ea µ1Topouoe: e:1Tiori~
  va XPrJOlµe:uoe:1 OTO µEAAOV Kai oe: CXAAOU~ 0K01TOU~01TW~ rJ µe:Ta~opa
  E:VEpye:1a~ avaµe:oa OTrJ YrJ Kai TOU~ 6opu~6pou~            n aKoµa   rJ 61aOTrJ-
  µ1Kn cxµuva.
   'Eva~ 6e:6Te:po~ cx~ovd~ e:iva1 ri avcx1TTu~ri Atite:p 1Tou e:K1TEµ1Touv
  oe: µIKPCX µnKrJ KUµaTO~ (CXlTW U1Te:p1w6e:~         n aK6µa aKTive:~ X).
  H AUOrJ lTOU UlTOOXE:Tat Ta 1Te:p1006Te:pa e:iva1 TO AEite:p a1T6 61µe:pn
   rJAE:KTPOVtKn~ 61eye:pOrJ~ lTOU, µe: TrJ µe:yCXArJ lTOt~IAia TOU µtoou
   AEite:p e:1TtTPE1Te:1 TrJ 6riµ1oupyfa µla~ µe:yaXri~ KAiµaKa~ µrJKWv
   KUµaTO~ lTOU 1TpoO~EPETa1 yta TrJV E:KAE:KTtKn ~WTOXrJµe:ia: IOOTOlTIKO
   61axwp10µ6, ouvee:ori 1Tpoi6vTwv lTOAU µe:yCXArJ~ Ka8ap6TrJTa~T6oo
   ,apµaKEUTIKWV 000 KCXI XrJµIKWV, µe:e66ou~ 1Tapaywyn~ OAOKArJpWµEVWV
   KuKXwµaTwv CX1eoypa,ia, e:va1T6ee:ori 6trJAEKTPtKwv oTpwµaTwv).
    'Eva~ OT6io~ 8a µlTOpOUOE: va e:ivat rJ KaTaOKe:un AEtte:p lTOU
   va E:K1TEµ1Te:1 1 KW oe: µnKo~ KUµaTO~ µ1Kp6Te:po CXlTO 200nm µeoa
   oe: 61cxOTrjµCX 5 E:TWV.
   napaAAl"jAa µe: TI~ rrapCXlTOVW e:16tKE~ 1Tp001TCXee:1e:~, 1TPE1TE:I va
   E:1Tt61wxee:i e:ve:pycx rJ tpe:uva TWV UAIKWV lTOU lTpoopitovTat 1T-X-
    y1a OlTTtKa OT01xe:ia, y1a eupi6e:~ Kat e:1Te:v6uoe:1~ 1Tpooapµooµe-
    ve:~ OTa µnKrJ KUµCXTO~ TWV AEtte:p, TWV TEXVIKWV 1Tapaywy6~,
    lT.x. e:1Te:v6uoe:wv n ao~atptKWV OTOIXe:iw~ Kaew~ Kai TrJ~ re:AEIOTTOirJOrJ~
   e:rr1µtpou~ OT01xe:iwv.
    Eiva1 lTpo,avE~ 6T1 Ta lTPOTE:IVOµe:va Epyd., TOOO OTrJV OlTTtKn
   600 Kai, oe: op1oµtve:~ 1Te:p11TTwoe:1~, y1a Ta Atite:~ ea txouv
    E:lT l lTTWOE: I~ OTOV TOµECX TWV OUOTrJµCXTWV 1TapaTnPrJOrJ~ TrJ~ YrJ~ rrou
   ava,tpovTal TTIO lTCXVW OTO oriµe:io 2.6.
 ---pagebreak---                                   5-1
5. EnIITHM0NIKA 0PrANA MErAA0Y MErE80YI
           nHrEI IQMATI~IQN/AKTIN0B0AIAI
KaTa Tn 61apKEta Tn~ TEAEUTala~ TPIOKOVTOETia~ 01 YVWOEI~ µa~
yta TO TEAIKQ OUOTOTIKQ Tn~ UAn~ KOi yta TI~ 6uvaµEl~ ITOU TO
ouvotouv µETa~u TOu~ rrpayµaTorroinoav onµavTtKE~ rrpo66ou~.    01
rrp6000I OUT€~ µrr6pEOOV VO EITITEUX00UV xapn OTnV E~apµoyn OAO
KOi ITIO 1oxupwv EITITOXUVTWV KOi OOKTUAlwv y1a OUVKPOUOEI~ owµa-
Tt6iwv.    EVTOUTOI~, Ta arrOTEAEOµaTa Tn~ 0EwpnTtKn~ EpEuva~ EVO~
EVtaiou µOVTEAOU, 600 TO 6uvaT6v ITIO arrAOU, aao1oµtvou OE rrEp10-
p10µ€VO ap18µ6 owµaT16iwv KOi 6uvaµEWV, OEV ea En1BEBa1w806v rra-
pa µE ITEtpaµaTa ITOU OIE~ayOVTOI OE TEpQOTIOU~    OOKTUAiou~, 61a-
µETPOU rroAAWV x1A1oµETpwv, rrou arra1To6v Tnv KtvnTorroinon µtowv
rrpayµaTorro1no1µwv µ6vo OE EUpwrraiKn KAiµaKa KOi TEXVIKWV rrou
avarrTuooovTat Kat Eu60K1µ06v OE 6Aou~ Tou~ TEXVOAOVIKOu~ TOµEi~
a1xµn~ (uAtKa, UrrEpaywy1µ01 µayvnTE~, TEXVOAoyia KEVOU KArr •• ).
Ta µEyaAa OUVXPOTpa ITOU rrpoopi~OVTOI y1a TnV rrapaywyn IOXUPWV
6Eoµwv ~wT6~, 01 orroiE~ 6nµ1oupyo6vTa1 arr6 Tnv Err1Taxuvon owµa-
T16iwv <nAEKTpoviwv) un6 Tnv Erriopaon E~WTEPIKWV µayvnTtKWV rrE-
6iwv, avnKOUV OTnv iota KaTnyop{a OUOKEUWV.     To  ~W~ ITOU onµ1oup-
yEiTat KOT auTOV TOV Tp6rro xpno1µEUEI y1a µ1a OAOKAnPn OEtpa
E~apµoywv, TOOO OTOV TOµEa Tn~ EpEuva~, 600 Kai OTO a1oµnxav1K6
Toµta (µEAETn Err1~avE1wv, ~aoµaToµETpia, KaTaAUTE~, rrEpi0Xaon,
At0oypa~ia µE OKTiVE~ X, KArr •• ).
01 µEyaAOI EITITOXUVTE~, 6rrw~ KOi OAE~ 01 OAAE~ µEyOAE~ EpEuvnT1-
KEC ouOKEUE~ rrou 61Eu86vovta1 arr6 e:va ouvoXo KpaTwv, ouµBaXAouv
onµaVTIKa OTn OU~Eu~n Tn~ EITIOTnµov1Kn~ KOIVOTnTa~ TWV xwpwv rrou
ouµµETEXOUV.     E~aHou, TO 1610 TO µEyE0o~ aUTWV TWV oXEOiwv, Ka0w~
KOi n onµaoia Kai O KOIVOTOµO~ xapaKTnpa~ TWV EITIOTnµovtKWV ava-
 ---pagebreak---                                  5-1 a
KOAU~EWV TIOU ETIITPETIOUV, an0Ka810TOUV Tnv EµTIIOTOOuvn OTO TIETipw-
µEvo Tn~ Eupwnn~ Ka1 oTnv 1Kav6TnTa Tn~ va ETil~An8Ei OE nayK60µ10
ETilTIE6o 8ETOVTa~ OTa61aKa Ta µEOa Tn~ OE av8pwn1vo 6uvaµ1K6 Kai
UAIKa aya8a UTI6 OUVEXW~ TIIO KOIV~ 61axEip1on.
 ---pagebreak--- EE TTIO 6µEOa aTTT6 tTT{TTE6o, n KOTaOKEUn Kai XPn01µ0TToinon µtat
µEy6Ant yEvvnTptat ,wT6t TUTTOU ouyxp6Tpou ea EXEi onµavTIKEt
KOIVWVIKOOIKOVOµIKEt ETTITTTWOElt TTOU 16iwt OXETi~ovTal µE Tit
~1oµnxavtKEt e,apµoyEt auTnt Tnt aKTIVO~OAia~ Kai µE TOV TTOAU-
KAa6tK6 ETTIOTnµovtKO xapaKTnpa .TWV e,apµoywv aUTWV Kai ea KaTa-
OTnOEI auTnV TnV EyKaTOOTaon T6TTO OUYKAtOn~ Kai aµo1~aiat EU6o-
Kiµnons TWV TTpaKTIKWV e,apµoywv OE 6AOU~ TOUs TOµEis Tns ~1oµn-
xav1Kn~ Xnµ1Knt EPEUVat (K1vnT1Kn TWV avT16p60EWV, E,apµOYEt Tns
,wToxnµEias, av6Auon TTpo16vTwv KATT.), OTov Toµta Twv UAtKwv Cµe-
AETn Kai EAEYXDt Tnt 6oµn~ TOUt, TWV 61a,6pwv ,aoEWV TTapaOKEUns
Taus, TWV ETTr,avE1aKwv xapaKTnp10T1Kwv Taus KATT.) Ka1 OTov TOµEa
Tns ~IOTEXVOAoyias (6oµn OuveETWV µop(wv, ~1oxnµe(a, EAEYXDs Kai
av6Auon TWV TTpof6vTWV KATT.).
 ---pagebreak---                                 5-3
               AEPOrHPArrEr nPOHrMENHr TEXNOAOrIAr
H avanTu~n Tns aEpOVaUTtKns anatTEi Tn XPnOtµonoinon nponyµEVWV
aEpoonpayywv nou Va npoooµOtWVOUV Tls OuvSnKEs nTnOns OTls uno-,
61- Kat unEpnxnTtKEs nEptOXEs TaxuTnTwv.   Ot onpayyEs anOTEAOUV
anapaiTnTEs EyKaTaOTOOEls y1a Tnv avanTu~n VEWV aEpOOKa~w~ 6oov
a~opa TOOO TO nEpl~Anµa 600 Kat TOUs KtvnTnPEs.     0 E~o61aoµ6s OE
EupwnctiK6 EninE6o µE µta aEpo6uvaµtKn onpayya nponyµEvns TEXVOAO-
yias anOTEAEi avayKa(o 6po yta va 6taTnpnSE( n avTayWVlOTtKn EUpw-
naiKn Ston OTOV TOµEa Tns aEpovauTtKns •  napOAAnAa npEnEt va ava-
nTuxSouv 01 µEAETE~ y1a~p1SµnTtKEs aepoonpayyE~; nou 6Ev Eivat
TinoTE aAAo napa Tp1061aoTaT01 npoooµo1wTEs nou anatTouv tOXEis
un0Aoy1oµou nou Sa npEnEt va txouv EntTEUXSEi OTts apxts Tns 6E-
KaETias TOU 1990.   Ot aptSµnTtKEs aUTEs aEpoonpayyEs Sa EnlTPE$OUV
va KOTOOKEUaOTEl Eva µOVTEAO Tns aEpoouvaµtKns pons yupw an6 Eµn6-
6ta nOAUnAoKns yewµETptKns µop~ns KOi TOUTO Eivat ~WTtKns onµaoi-
as y1a Tnv avanTu~n µEAAOVTlKWV KCXTaOKEUWV      nou va          EVOW-
µaTWVOUV OE µEyaAo ~aSµ6 Tns npowoTtKEs µnxavts Kat Tts KaTaOKEUEs-
01  npoooµo1waE1s auTEs Sa EntTPE$ouv ouven~ va nep1op10TEi orµavTtKa
0 au~av6µEVOs ap1Sµ6s TWV Wpwv AElTOupyias Tns aEpoonpayyas nou
oTnv avTiSETn nEpinTwon ouvToµa Sa y1v6Tav anayopEuTtK6s.
 ---pagebreak---                                         - 6.1 -
6.   THAEnIK0INQNIEr EYPEIAr ZQNHr.
6.1. H ouyKA1on TWV TnAEHIKOIVWVIWV, Tn~ HAnpo~oplKn~ Kai TOU OHTl-
     KOaKOUOTIKOU TOµEa 8a µETaaaAEI tn ~uon TWV tnAEHIKOIVWVIWV,
     0a a~tOHOtnOEl Tn XPn01µ0Hoinon TWV E~OTTAIOµWV HAnpo~op1Kn~
     (TnAEµaT1Kn) Kai 0a 6tEUPUVEl ohµ~VTIK6 TO ~&oµa TWV uHnpE-
     OIWV HOU HpOO~EPOVT~I    T60o 6oov a~opa TI~ EHIXElp~OEI~, 600
     Kat Tou~ 161wTE~.
     01 EHEV6UOEl~ OTOV TOµEa TWV TnAEHlKOlVWVlWV OTnv Ko1v6TnTa, y1a
     Ta EH6µEva 15 xp6v1a, UHoAoyi~ovTa1 OE 500 tw~ 1.000 610. ECU.
     01 EHEVOUOEI~ auTE~ 0a HPEHEI Kupiw~ va EHITPE~OUV Tnv avTtKaTa-
     OTaon TWV TWPlVWV µETaywyEWV Kai ypaµµwv µETaa(aaon~ µE VEa Hpo1-
     0VTa HOU EXOUV aEATtwµtva TEXVlKO KOi OIKOVOµtKa xapaKTnPtOTIKO.
     01 EHEv6uoE1~ auTE~ Kat 01 ouva~tf~ uHnPEOIE~ 0a txouv aµEon
     EHiHTwon OE 0tµaTa aHaox6Anon~- npayµar1, n 6nµ1oupyia "auTo-
     K1vnT06p6µwv OEOOµEvwv" 0a ouyKEKp1µ€VOHOtnOEI TO 6uvaµ1K6 ava-
     HTu~n~ Ka I EHEv6uoEwv OTOV' :Toµta rwv TEpµaT I KWV Ka I TWV vtwv
     uHnPEOIWV, OUVTEAWVTa~ OTnv T6vwon Tn~ aHaox6Anon~ µtow TOU E~o-
     HAlOµou TWV nAEKTPOVIKWV a1oµnxav1wv KOi Tn~ 6nµ1oupyia~ VEWV
                                                                     11
     a1oµnxav1KWV uHnPEOlWV.    H aHo~aOtOT{Kn Hp6o6o~ OE 0tµaTa        K6-
     CTOU~ Kat EK66cEwv" TWV nponyµtvwv TnAEHtKotvwvtaKwv uHnpE01wv
     0a 6woE1 oTnv Ko1v6rnra tva onµavTtK6 HAEovEKTnµa y1a Tnv EyKa-
     raoTaon   VEWV n avavEWµEVWV OlKOVOµlKWV 6paaTnp1ornTwv.
      H HP00Ha0El0 HPEHEl, AOlHOV, va ouyKEVTpw0Ei OTn aEATiwon Tn~
     oxton~ no16TnTalT1µn TWV TnAEHlKOlVWVlOKWV E~OHAtoµwv KO{ uHn-
     pEOlW~ Kat orn     Hpoo,op6 Hponyµtvwv utnpEdt~v
     µE OHOOEKTO KOOTO~.    ME TO·v TpOHO aUTO 0a EHaKoAou0noE t µ 1a Euvo-
     i Kn avaHTu~n Tn~ KUKAo~op[a~, 61ao~aAi~ovTa~, ETOl KaAou~ 6pou~
     aHooaEon~ yta Tl~ EHEVOUOEl~ TWV Opyav1oµwv TnAEHlKOlVWVlWV •
                                                                      • • I • ••
 ---pagebreak---                             - 6-1 a -
H avanTU~D TWV TOµEWV aUTWV E~apTaTal an6 TI~ npo66ou~ nou
ea npayµaTOnOID0o6v dE e~µaTa µIKPODAEKTPOVIK~~, onTIKODAE-
KTPOVIK~~ Kai Aoy1Kwv OTO nE6io Twv   En1Ko1vwv1wv.  0a ana1Tn-
806v CDµavTIKE~ npoana8E1E~, 6x1 µ6vo y1a TD 6nµ1oupyia 6oµwv
nponyµEVD~ µop~~~ nou En1TpEnouv Tn µETa~i~aan Twv nADPO~op1wv,
aAAa EnidD~ y1a TDV avanTu~n E~OnA1dµo6 TEpµaTIKWV, UnDPEdlWV
Kai TWV vEwv XP~dEwv TOU~.
                                                     • • I • ••
 ---pagebreak---                                                     - 6.2 -
6.2. E'ETa(6µEVE½ an6 Tnv TEXVOAOVlK~ ~no,n, 01 E'EAlKTlKE:½ Ta-
     OEl½ TWV OUOTnµaTWV TnAETilKOlVWVl~V KUptapxo6VTOl a~Ev6½ an6
     Tr]  YEV i KEuon Tn½ xpnon½ TWV •n•o I aK1:1v anµa'r'wv- 'dE /lVT l KaTCXOTaori TWV ravaAoy1K~N
      Kat atpETE:/XlLJ an6 Tn xi::iion onT, KWV µe:awv OE avT IKtxi'aoTaon Ka8ap:x rJAEKTfX>V IKWV
     µE:OWV y1a Tn µETaaiaaon KOi Tn 61axEip1on TWV onµaTWV OUTWV.
     H µETaaaon an6 Tnv nAEKTPOVlKn TIPO½ Tnv OTITtKn npod~E:pEl onµa-
     VTIKCX TIAEOVEKTnµaTa y1a Tl½ 61a~OPE½ (WTIKE:~ AElTOupyiE~ TWV
     TnAETilKOlVWVlWV               µETaaiaaan, µETaywyn, ETIE,Epyaoia KOi ano8n-
     KEUOn TWV onµaTWV.               H TEXVOAoyia Tn½ OTITlKn½ µETaa(aaon½ TWV on-
     µaTWV apiOKETOl non OE OXETlKa TIPOXWPnµE:VO OTCXOIO (TOUAaXlOTO
     OTOV TOµE:a TWV OTITIKWV lVWV), EVW 01 CXAAE½ AElTOUpyiE½ apiOKo-
     VTOl aK6µn OTO npoKaTapKTtK6 OTa610 Twv EpyaoTnp1aKwv avanT6,Ewv.
     0EwpnTtKa, 01 OTITIKE:½ µETOYWYE:~, n OTITIKn ETIE,Epyaoia onµaTWV
     KOi n OTITlKn ano8nKEuOn Sa E:TIPETIE va txouv KaTa TIOA6 avWTEPE½
     En1660E1½ an6 TI½ avTiOTOlXE~ nXEKTpovtKE:½ XE1Toupy[E½• AuT6
     o~EiAETa1 OTO onµavT1K6 TIAEOVE:KTnµa nou npoa~e:pE1 TO ~w½ 6oov
     a~opa TOX6TnTa, KIVnTtKoTnTa Kai µnKo½ K6µaTO½, OE OXE:On µE
     Ta nXEKTp6v1a.           'Eva o6oTnµa OTITlKn½ µETaywyn½ EVO~ TETpaywv1-
     K06 EKaTOOT06 µnopEi va ETIE,EpyaOTEi 10 EKaT0µµ6p1a avE,CXPTn-
     TE½ ~WTElVt½ OE:OµEt KOi va OVTlµETa8E:OEl K08Eµia an6 OUTE:t
     OE XPOVO µlKPOTEpO an6 30 PSEC.                    'Evat OTITlKOt ETIE,EpyaoTnt
     TOU lOiou µEyE:80U½ 8a µnopo60E, KOTapxn, va XElPlOTEi Tp1a-
     KOOE½      XlAlaOE½ gigabits ava OEUTEPOAETITO, npayµa TIOU OVTlOTOl-
     XEi OTnv KUKAO~opia TIOU 6nµ1oupyEi TO nµ10U Tnt av8pwn6TnTa½
     OE TnAEOTTTlKO~WVlKn OUVOlCXAE,n µE TO UTIOAOITIO nµ1au.
     01 OTITIKE:½ TEXVOAoyfEt npoo~e:pouv µEoo/µaKponp68Eoµa TI½ npoo-
     TITIKE:~ y1a Tn oxton ETilOOOElt/KoOTOt TIOU 8a ETIE:TPETiav Tnv napo-
     xn TiponyµE:VWV TrJAETilKOlVWVlaKWV unnpEOlWV (EupEia (wvn) OE TI-
                                                                                     ._ •• I • ••
 ---pagebreak---                              - 6.2 a -
µt~ 1006uvaµ€~ npo~ EKEiVE~ TOU onµEplVOU TnAE~wvou, 6nAa6~
npoo1TE~ OTO µEyaAUTEpo µtpo~ TOU Ko1vou.
                                                • • I • ••
 ---pagebreak---                                 - 6.3 -
   0 EnE~EpyaOTn~ OUTO~ anOTEAEi TO aaOIKO OTOIXEiO yupw
   an6 TO onoio Sa OIK060µ11SEi TO OUVOAO TOU OUOTnµaTO~
   onTIKWV En1Ko1vwv1wv.
        Eioo6o~/E~o6o~ (noAunAE~ia, anonoAunAE~ia, avayvwp1011
        KOi µETOTpon~ OflµOTWV, EKnoµnn KOi A~$ll OflµOTWV, KAn ••• ).
        METaywyn.
         'EAEVXO~ (EnE~Epyaoia TWV OflµOTWV, 61axEiplOfl Tfl~ KUKAO-
        ~opia~, OUVTnPflOfl KOi EniaAE$fl TWV OUOTflµOTWV).
        81aAoyo~ µETa~u TWV XPflOTWV KOi TOU nEp1aaAAOVTO~.
   01 AEITOupylE~ auTE~ Sa EKTEAOUVTat/EAEVXOVTa1 an6 Aoy1Ka U$flAWV
   En 1660EWV µE unOOTnPl~fl an6 apx I TEKTOV I KE~ E~EA I KT I KWV KO I EUPEW~
   61a6oµtvwv ouOTflµaTwv.
   Yn0Aoy1~6µEvo1 avayKalo1 n6po1: 1500 avSpwnolTll Eni 10 ETfl.
a.
   H KIVflTIKOTflTO Kai 11 6uvaTOTflTO np6oaaon~ ano~EAOUV 6uo ~WTI-
   Ka OflµEia Tfl~ avanTU~ll~ TWV EnlKOIVWVIWV. Ta unEpEAa~pa npo-
   own1Ka TEpµaTIKO Sa Eiva1 TO aao1Ka OTOIXEia Tfl~ E~EAl~ll~
   auTn~ OTO nAaio10 Tfl~ 611µ601a~ OAOKAflpWµEVfl~ pa6tOTflAE~wvia~.
   H avanTU~ll auTn anatTEi ooaapE~ npoonaSEtE~ OTOU~ OKOAouSou~
   TOµEi~ :
          Pa61onoµnoi/6EKTE~ E~atpETtKa µ1Kpwv 61aoTaOEwv xaµflA~~
          KOTOVOAW0fl~-
          0AOKAflpWµEva OUOTnµaTa pa6toEnlKOIVWVla~ U$flAn~ nUKVOTfl-
          TCX~.
                                                                • • I • ••
 ---pagebreak---                               - 6.3a -
       EUKaµnTn µE0060~ 61axEip1an~ TWV OUXVOTnTWV KOi Tn~
       KUKAO(f)Opia~.
Yno>-.oy1~6µEvo1 avayKaio1 n6po1
                                                  •• I • ••
 ---pagebreak---                                  - 6.4 -
6.4. H E,apµoyn TEXVOAOYlKWV OXE61~v av6nTu~nt Ev6,El Tnt ElOaywyn~
     OAOKAnpwµtvwv ERlKOlVWVlWV EUpEl~t ~wvnt, auyKEVTPWVEl 6Aa Ta
     KPlTnp1a EV6~ µEy6AOU EUpWnaiKo6 OXE61ou nou napouo16~El OE
     EupEia KAlµaKa 01Kovoµ1K6 Kat Ko1vwv1K6 Ev61a,tpov. 0a TOVWOEl
     Tl~ TEXVOAOytKt~ npo66out OE 616,opou~ ~WTl~06t TOµEit (16iwt
     OTn µtKponAEKTPOVtKn Kal ORTlKOnAETPOVtKn). 0a iXEl notKiAn
     XPnan, 8a OTnpi~ETOl OE anµaVTlKft ~toµnxavtKEt 6uv6µElt Kal
     ea µnopEi va auv6E8Ei OE un6pxovTa npoyp6µµaTa Cn.x ESPRIT,
     Ta E8VtK6 npoyp6µµaTa 6nwt ALVEY, TO np6ypaµµa nAEKTPOV!K06
     TOµfa OTn faAAia Kal TO np6ypaµµa µtKponAEKTPOVtKnt Kal TEXVl-
     KWV TWV nAnpo,op1wv Kal TWV ERlKOlVWVlWV Tn~ o~r, KAR ••••• ).
     TtAo~, n EV A6yw E,apµoyn ea auµ~6AEl OTnv npayµaTonolnan TWV KOt-
     VOTIKWV OT6XWV OOOV a,op6 Tnv nEpl,EPElaKn av6nTu~n KOi Tn
     6nµ1oupyla etaEwv anaax6Anont Kat E~aywywv.
 ---pagebreak---                                 7-1
7. NEA rENEA META~OPIKQN MErQN
H ao,aAEla, n npoOTaoia TOU nEp1aaAAOVTOt, n TaxuTnTa Kai n E~o1-
KOv6µnon EVEpyE1a, anOTEAOUV TOUt KUPIOUt Eff(TaKTIKOUt napayo-
VTEt ffOU Sa xapaKTnpi~OUV Ta µEAAOVTIKa µETa,op1Ka µEOa.
01 VEEt TEXVOAoyiEt Twv nAnpo,op1wv Kat Tnt Evono1nµevnt       napayw-
Ynt µE XPnon n~EKTPOVIKWV UffOAOVIOTWV Sa EiXaV Tn 6uvaT6Tnta va
aonenoouv, µE tnv avantu~n VEWV UAIKWV Kai aaOIKWV TEXVOAOYIWV,
va ouµa1aaoTOUV 01 KUPIOI autoi EfflTaKTIKOl napayOVTEt.
'Ooov a,opa Tnv taXUTnTa (nou va Ouµaao(~El µE tnv ao,aAEta Kai
Tnv npOOTaoia TOU nEp1aaAAOVTOt), auTn ea EnpEnE va Ev61a,EpE1
npwt10Ta Tit unepnxnt1KEt aEponoptKEt µETa,opet (16t § 3 "vta
uA1Ka") Kat tit 016npo6poµ1KEt µETa,opt, µe Tpaiva µEyaAwv Taxu-
TnTwv CTGV).
01 napayOVTEt Tnt ao,aAElat, Tnt npoOtaoiat TOU nEp1aaAAOVTOt
Kai Tnt E~OIKOV6µnont EVEpyEtat Sa EffpEnE KaT'apxat va An,Souv
un6~n OTlt OOIKE' µETa,opEt npOKElµEVOU Va µEIW90UV KaTa Tp6no
6paOTIK6 oTnv En6µEvn 0€KaETia O ap18µ6t TWV ouyKpOUOEWV, n aTµo-
a,a1p1Kn punavon Kai n KaTaVaAWOn EVEPYEtat.       0a µnopouoav E~ioou
va npayµaTOno1n8ouv OTOV TOµta TWV aOTIKWV µETa,opwv a108nTEt
np60601 aao10µEVEt OTlt VEEt TEXVOAoyiEt.
r1a napa6e1yµa OTOV TOµEa Tnt ao,aAEtat Kai Tnt avEOnt TWV 061-
KWV µEta,opwv ea EnpEnE va a,1Epw8ei Eva K1vnTnp10 np6ypaµµa
OTnv avanTu~n OUOKEUWV ffAonynont OTnv ~npa µE Tn aon9Eta 6opu-
,6pou, nou napouo16~EI TO ffAEOVEKTnµa, an6 a1oµnxav1Kn ano~n,
OTI Eiva1 tva ouv8ETO OUOTnµa.    AUTO TO xapaKTnp10TtK6 TOU ou-
OTnµaTOt Sa EXEi EfflffTWOEtt OE µEyCJAO (Xp1!3µ6 anwv     a1oµnxa-
VIKWV KAa6wv OIOTI OUVEnayETat Tn Stan OE AEITOUpyia ~n,1aKWV
OOIKWV xapTWV (TEXVOAoyiEt oeovwv µEyaAnt EUKPlVEtat Ka( µ1Kpwv
61aotaOEwv), Tnv e,apµoyn ~n,1aKWV pa61o~EU~EWV µE OtaTIKOUt
OEKTEt Kai tn aEATiwon tnt aKpiae1a, TOU onµaTOt (Ta µn noA1-
 ---pagebreak---                                   7-2
 TtKa     OUOTnµaTa rrAonvnonc rrou Eivat n6n 61a0EOtµa EXOUV aKp(-
~Eta 100 m ITOU EIVOt OVEITOPKnt y1a TOU~ o6nyout 061KWV oxnµaTWV
aK6µn KOi OTOUC µEyaAOUC a~OVEC ctUTOKtVnTo6p6µwv) •. E~aAAOU Eva
TETOIO rrp6ypaµµa 0a EXEi ITOAAOITAEC EITIITTWOEIC OE aAAOUC TOµEit
E,apµoync (61axE(p1on EVOC OTOAidKOU µtTa~optKWV oxnµaTWV, XPn-
Otµorroinon oTn yEwpyia y1a Tnv auToµaTorroinon TWV aypoT1Kwv µn-
xavwv KArr.).   H E,apµoyn EVOC TETOIOU rrpoypaµµaTOC    0a arratTOUOE
6w6EKa µnvEt y1a TOV Ka0op10µ6 TWV rrpo61aypa,wv, 6uo ETn y1a Tn
µEAETn OKorr1µ6TnTat rrou 0a E~ETa~SI rrapaAAnAa 6uo n TPEIC EVaA-
AaKTIKEC 6uvaT6TnTEt Kai Tpia twc TEOOEpa ETn y1a va avarrTuX0Ei
OE rrpo~1oµnxav1K6 OTOOIO TO dUOTnµa rrou ErrtAtx0nKE µE Tn An~n
Tnt 6EuTEPnt ~aon~-     H ,aon y1a Tov Ka0op10µ6 rwv rrpo61aypa,wv
0a arra1TouoE Epyaoia 30 av0pwnoETWV.      r1a TI~ Err6µEvE~ ,aoE1t
o 6yKot Tn~ Epyaoiac E~apTaTat arr6 TIC rrpo61aypa,tc rrou KaTap-
TioTnKav oTnv npwTn ~aon.
'Eva OEUTEPO KtvnTnpto rrp6ypaµµa OTOV TOµEa Tnt 061Knt ao,aAEta~
0a µrropouOE Va a,opa Tn OKOrrtµoTnTa EVOC OUOTnµaTO~ OUTOKtVnTo-
6p6µou µE ouToµaTorro1nµEVEt µETa,opEc.      To rrp6ypaµµo auT6 Eivot
EUpUTEPO OITO TO   rrponyouµEVO arr6 TnV ano~n TWV avayKOlWV npoc
6ta0Eon µtowv KOi TWV n10avwv EnlnTWOEWV KOi 0a ElXE w~ OTOXO
Tn AElTOupyia OTnv rrpa~n Ev6c rrpWTOTUnou auToµaTorro1nµEVOU OUTO-
KtVnTo6p6µou.    Ta npoc EniAuon ~nTnµaTa y10 Eva TETOlO OTOXO
0o nrnv apa :
            - n Entv6non TOU OUOTnµaTO~,
            - n avanTu~n opyavwv y1a TO ouvoAtK6 EAEVXO Tn~ KUKAo-
              ,opia~ TWV OUTOµOTOTT01nµEVWV oxnµaTWV,
            - n aton OE AElTOUpyia OUOTnµaTWV npoOnEAaon~ KOi 610-
              0IKOOIWV pu0µ10nt (OE rrEptnTWOn OTUXnµoTO~ n orrp6-
              ~AEnTWV ~Ao~wv),
            - n ovanTu~n EOWTEPIKWV µova6wv EAEYXOU OTO 6xnµo,
            - n ErriAuOn TWV rrpo~AnµaTWV npooopµoync TWV KOIVWV oxn-
              µaTWV OTO K00EOTWC Tnt OUT6µ0Tn~ Kivnonc-
 ---pagebreak---                                       7-3
 'Eva TET010 np6ypaµµa E(va1 npolj)avw~ lj)tA6oo~o Kat oanavnp6 aAAa,
EKTO~ Tau yEyov6To~ OTl Eiva1 ouvaT6v an6 Tl~ EpEuvE~ Kat Tl~ Ka-
TaOKEUE~ va m111>.:n8ou11 Olj)EAn    y la TOV Toµe:a Tn~ auToµaTono i non~
TWV 01onpoopoµ1KWV Kai aOTIKWV µETalj)opwv (6nou n Eupwnn EXEi npo-
OOEUOE I no Au), nPEf(Et rnion~ va N7<P8ouv um:xiJn 01 onµavT I KE~ En I nwoE 1~
OTn aEATiwon Tn~ aO(j)aAEla~ Kal Tn~ OUVOAtKn~ an6ooon~ TWV OOIKWV
µETalj)OpWV.
To OEUTEpo auT6 np6ypaµµa Ba anatTouoE µ1a nEpiooo UAonoinon~
µEyaAUTEPn,Tn~ Ta~EW~ TWV OKTW e:w~ OEKa ETWV, ~OU                  nEptAaµaa-
VE l :
                - µ1a lj)aon OEKaOKTW µnvwv y1a TOV KaBop10µ6 TWV
                   npoo1aypalj)WV,
                   µta lj)aon TPIWV ETWV y1a Tn µEAETn OKon1µ6TnTa~,
                   KaTa Tnv onoia Ba avanTUXBEi aµtAAa µETa~u TWV
                   oµaOWV TWV ETTlXEtpnOEWV Kal TWV onµoOlWV Kal lOl-
                   WTlKWV lj)OPEWV (1opuµaTa EPEUVWV Eni TWV µETalj)opwv,
                   opyav10µ0( OOIKn~ aO(j)aAEla~, KaTaOKEUaOTE~ auTo-
                   KlVnTwv oxnµaTWV, KaTaOKEUaOTE~ ElOlKOU EnlOTnµo-
                   VlKOU E~OTTAlOµou KAn.),
                - µta TTEtpaµaTtKn Elj)apµoyn OE npayµaTtKn TOnOBEOla
                   XPOVtKn~ OtapKEla~ TEOOapwv EW~ nEVTE ETWV (Elj)ap-
                   µoyn Kai EyKaTaOTaon TOU E~OnAtOµou, OOKlµE~, EAEy-
                   XOl Kal OUµnEpaoµaTa).
 H lj)aan y1a TOV KaBop10µ6 TWV npoo1aypalj)WV Sa anatTOUOE e:va 6yKO
 Epyaoia~ 200 avSpwnoETWV nEpinou.
Ta npoypaµµaTa OTOV TOµe:a auT6 Sa anE(j)Epav µEyaAO KOlVWVlKO Kai
nOAlTlKO Olj)EAO~ Kai Sa npowSouoav Tnv TEXVOAOYtKn avanTu~n-                 0a
Eixav OUVEnW~ BETlKE~ EnlITTWOEl~, . toiw~ OTO a,oµnxavtKO KAaOo TWV auTo-
KtvnTwv oxnµaTWV,Kat Ba OUVEaaAaV OTnv Evioxuon Tn~ a1oµnxavia~
 nAEKTPOVlKWV nou Sa XPEta~6TaV va OUVOOEUOEI Tnv avanTu~n auTn.
 ---pagebreak---                                          8-1 ·
8. XPH[IMOnOIHEH TOY 6IAETHMATOr
   H ETTtTaxuvan, AOVW TWV aµEptKaVtKWV CTpOTlWTlKWV rrpoypaµµaTWV,
   Tnc; avarrTufnc; VEWV auaTnµaTWV a~IXVEuanc; (urrtpuepEc; aKTlvEc;,
   opaTn TTEplOXn TOU ,aaµaTOC.: TOU ,wTOC.:, µtKPOK~µaTa) OE Cuv6ua-
   aµ6       µE 6opu,op1Ka CUCTnµaTa ETTEfEpyaa(ac; KOi avaAuanc; TWV Aaµ-
   BavoµEVWV anµaTwv oe KAiµaKa npayµaT1Ko6 xp6vou, ea auµBa6i~E1
   napaAAnAa µE Tnv aufnan TWV TTEp1op1oµwv OTn µETa,opa TEXVOAoy(ac;
   oTov noAu euaioenTo auT6v Toµta.
   AV AOlTTOV n Eupwnn OEV ETTITOXUVEI Kai auTnV Tnv avanTufn 6opu,a-
   PIKWV a1oenTnpwv KOl OVlXVEUTWV Kaewc; KOi OUOTnµaTWV ETTE~EpyaO[ac;
   Ka1 avaAuonc; 6e6oµtvwv, ea txe1 0Ta61aKa 6Ao Kai µeyaAuTepn TE-
   xv0Aoy1Kn KaeuoTtpnon OTOV ETTIOTnµov1K6 TOµEa Tnc; napaTnpnonc; Tnc;
   vnc;.
   0I   TEXV I KEC.: µteo6o I napaTnpnonc; Tnc; YnC.: QµWt, TTapEXOUV TTArpo<pop(Ec; TTOAU
   µEyaAnc; onµaolac; y1a TTOAUap1eµouc; TOµEic; : Tnv TTPOOTao[a TOU TTEp1-
   BaAAOVTOC.:,Tnv KA1µaTOAOyia, Tn µETEWPOAoyia, Tnv WKEavoypa,ia,
   Tnv u6poAoyia, Tn yewpy(a (np6BAE~n µEyeewv ouyK0µ16nc; Kai xpnoe1c;
   vnc.:>, TIC.: npwTec; UAEC.: (µtow Tnc; yEwAoyiac;), Tic; µeTa,aptc;, Tnv aA1-
   eia KOi TnV EV[oxuon Otnv OVOTTTufn.
   AUTEC.: 01 TTAnpo,opiEc; a,ev6c; ea ETTlTPE~OUV Tnv e,apµoyn KaTa Tp6no
   n10 anoTEAEOµaTtK6 TWV KOIVOTIKWV TTOAITIKWV OTouc; Toµe[c; nou npo-
   ava,tpenKav.        EfaAAOU, OE EUa(oenTouc; TOµE[c; 6nwc; n.x. OTOV TOµta
   Tnc; yEwpy(ac;, n Eupwnn 6Ev µnope( va ETTITPE~EI OTOV EOUTO Tnc; va
   ayvoEI tic; rrAnpo,opiec; EKEivec; rrou ea 61aetTouv 01 avTaywvtOTEC.:
   Tnc;.
   To 6taOTnµa OVTlTTPOOWTTEUEI tva EKAEKTO TOTTO UTTEpEev1Knc; tpeuvac;,
   Ol ETTlTTTWOElC.: Tnc; ono[ac; arr6 Tnv ano~n TOU KOlVOU o,EAOUC.: (Kotvtc;
   noAtTtKtc;) 6tKatoAoyouv Tn xpnµaTo66Tnon an6 6nµ6010 ,apta, txouv
   xapaKTnpa nou npoweEi aAAEC.: 6paoTnp16TnTec; Kat npao,tpouv 6uvat6-
   TntEc; ouvepyaoiac; µe Tpirn Kpamn.
 ---pagebreak---                                  8-2
 Ot ano,aOEtt nou An,enKav TOV Iavouapto OTa RAaiota TOU Eupwnai-
KOU Opyavtcµ:i, 8taOTnµaTOt (ESA) ano~AEROUV OTnv Evioxuon Tnt
 aUTOVOµiat Tnt Eupwnnt OTnv EKµETOAAEUOn TOU OtaOTnµaTO~ (napa-
 T~pnon Tnt vn~, TnAERlKOlVWViEt, aoeEVEt nEoio ~apuTnTat, ota-
 OTnµtK~ ERlOTnµn Kat TEXVOAOy(a) Kaewt Kat OTn OtaT~pnon µta~
 avE~apTnoiat OTOV TOµEa TWV OUOTnµaTWV EKT6~EuOnt oopu,6pwv
 (np6ypaµµa Ariane).
 npoKEtµEvou va avanTuxeouv 01 TEXVtKEt auTEt µteooot OE eupwna1-
 K6 EninEoo, ea µnopouOE va unap~Et OKE~n EV6t OAOKAnpwµEVOU ou-
 OT~µaTOt napaT~pnont Kat TnAERlKOlVWVIW~ nou va ouvoua~El YEVEEt
 oopu,6pwv nou EXOUV ~on a,0µ01weEi, 6nwt TO SPOT craAAia) n TO
 ERS-1     ( ESA), µE VEEt E~EAi~Ett, toiwt µg µ1a µEyaAn ROAtKn
 OtaOTnµtK~ E~EOpa napaTnpnont Tnt Ynt Tnv onoia VO ERtOKERTOVTat
 aOTpovauTEt ava TaKTO XPOVtKa OtaOT~µaTa (nEplOOtKWt Enavopou-
 µEvn -"mantended").    AuT~ n E~Eopa Eivat ~on un6 ou~~Tnon OTa
 RAaiota Tn~ EupwnatK~t ouµµETOX~t OTO np6ypaµµa TOU aµEptKaVtKOU
 OtaOTnµtKOU OTaeµou.
 EntnAtov ot TnAERtKotvwvtaKo( oopu,6pot, ntpav Tou ~aotKou p6Aou
 nou ea EXOUV OTnv avanTU~~ EVOt OtaKOtVOTlKOU TnAERlKOIVWVtaKOU
 OlKTUOU EUPEiat ~wvnt OUXVOT~TWV, ea Eivat anapaiTnTot yta Tnv
 npow8non npot Ta Ktvrpa avaAuont Twv nAnpo,op1wv nou npotpxovTat
 ano OOpu,opOUt napaTnpnont Tnt Ynt   •
 H paotoaOTpovoµia µE XPnOn OUµ~OAOµETp(a~ OE EUpE(a ~aon yvwplOE
 µEyaAn avanTu~n OTa EniyEta paotoTnAEOK6n1a CnapaoEiyµaTa: TO
 Cambridge, TO Very Large Array OT1t HvwµEVEt noAtTEiE~) Kai EnE-
 TPE~E va npoaxeEi n E~EpEuvnon TOU ouµnaVTOt.    H TOnoetTnon OE
 vn1vn Tpoxta EVOt TETOlOU ouµ~OAOµETPOU Sa ERETPERE Tnv anaAAa-
 vn an6 optOµEVE~ OUOXEPElEt 6nwt O nEptop10µ6t TWV ,uotKWV 01a-
 OTOOEWV Tn~ ~aont.    ntpav TWV µE86owv u~nA~~ TEXVoAoyia~ nou
 anatTEI oTov TOµEa Twv µ1KpoKuµaTwv, n npayµaTonoinon auTou TOU
 EYXElp~µaTOt XPEta(ETat ROAU nponyµEVEt TEXVIKEt µE86oout yta
 Tn ouvapµoA6ynon KaTaOKEuwv OTO 01a0Tnµa Kai y1a Tov E~atpETtK~t
 OKpi~Eta~   EVTOntoµ6
 TPOXtO.
 ---pagebreak---                                          8.,-3
 KaT·avaAoyia ea µnopo6oE va E~ETOOTEI E~loou n TonoetTnon OE
Tpox1a Ev6c;; onTtKo6 ouµ~oA6µETpou nou ea anatTouoE EntnAtov Tnv
avanTu~n vtwv TEXVtKWV OTnV OTTTtKn (KaTOTTTpa, KOl OUVOVIXVEUTE<;,
 t6t  § 3.12 aKTivEc;; MtC:EP Kat onTtK& µtea).             Ot TEXVtKec;; µteo6ot
Tnc;; ouµ~OAOµETpiac;; ea OUVETTOYOVTOV avaµ~i~OAO tva OTOtXElo 6tEe-
vo6c;; OUVEpyao(ac;; OTO ETTITTE60 TWV napaTnpnOEWV t6iwc;; µE Ttc;; Hvw-
µEVE<; noAtTEIE<; KOi Tn LO~tETtKn 'Evwon.
nEptµtVOVTO<; VO Tnc;; 6oeE( n 6UVOT6TnTa OUµµETOXnc;; OTnv OVQTITU~n
Ev6c;; 6taoTnµtK06 OTaeµou TIOU ea ETIPETIE VO TEeEi OE TPOXta TO 1992,
n Eupwnn xapn OTO np6ypaµµa Spacelab µn6pEOE n6n VO anOKTnOEI TTE(-
pa OTnv KOTOOKEUn UAtKWV OTO 6taOTnµa.                METa TO 1988 n Eupwnn ea
µnopEOEt va ouµµETOOXEt OE anoOTOAE<; µEyaAnc;; XPOVtKnc;; 61apKEtac;;
                                                   0
 (6  µnvwv) OTO 6taOTnµa,µE TOV         11
                                           Eupwna iK6 AVOKTnOtµo METa~opta 11
 ("European Retrievable Carrier").               npoTEiVETat tva np6ypaµµa 6pa-
onc;; µe OKOTTO VO EVtOXUOEt TO OUVTOVI0µ6 TWV ~toµnxavtWV TTOU n1ea-
vwc;; Va EV6ta~EPOVTOt yta napaywyn npo16VTWV OTO 6taOTnµa (~apµa-
KEUTtKa TTpOlOVTa, napaywyn KPUOTOAAWV, ~IOAOYIKn 6ta61KaO(a ••• )
TTOU ea TOU<; ETTETpETTE va au~noouv Ttc;; YVWOEI<; TOU<; y1a Ttc;; unapxou-
OEc;; 6uvaT6TnTEc;;.
napoµoiwc;;, OTO EupwnatK6 61a0Tnµ1K6 np6ypaµµa unapxouv Enionc;; 01
OT6xo1 Ev6c;; EupwnaiKo6 TEXVOAOytKou npoypaµµaToc;;.               Ba tnpEnE &pa
va EvtoxueEi µE etpµn n avanTu~n ev6c;; Enav6pwµtvou 61a0Tnµ1Ko6
oxnµaTO<; µE TnV ovoµao(a       11
                                   Epµnc;; 11 µal;{ µE Ttc;; TTOIKiAE<; TEXVOAOyt-
KE<; TTPOKAnoe1c;; TTOU avTtTTpOOWTTEUEt, Kaewc;; KOi O onµavTtK6c;; TTOAITt-
K6c;; OT6xoc;; yta TOV onoio EXEi An~eEi an6~aon, va 6oeEi 6nAa6n
OTnv Eupwnn TTAnPnc;; OVE~apTnO(a OTOV TOµEa Tnc;; EKµETOAAEUOnc;; TOU
61aoTnµaTO<; µE ETTav6pWµEVOU<; 0Taeµo6c;;.
H 6paon OTOV TOµea Tnc;; napaywync;; OTO 61a0Tnµa ea ETTpETTE Va EXEi
we; Kup1ouc;; OT6xouc;;:
-    Va  au~nOEt Ttc;; YVWOEtc;; Tnc;; ~toµnxav(ac;; OXETtKa µE Tnv EKµETOA-
     AEUOn TWV TEXVlKWV µEe66wv KOTOOKEunc;; KOl ~EAT(wonc;; TWV npoi6-
     VTWV UTT6 OuvenKE<; aoeEvouc;; TTE6iou ~apuTnTac;; KOi u~nAOU KEVOU.
 ---pagebreak---                                      8-4
     Va OUVTOµEUOEI Tn XPn01µonoinon Tn<; KaTaOKEUn<; npot6VTWV OTO
     61 CXOTnµa µe:aw Tn<; an6KTnon<; EµnE Ip i a<; µE np6TUTTE<; OOKlµE:<; lTOU  ea
     avoiyOUV TO 6p6µo npo<; TI<; 6paOTnp16TnTE<; OE ~1oµnxav1Kn KAi-
     µaKa.
flpq3MnETat 6T I auT6 ea µnopouOE va ElT I TEUX0E i µe:ow
     TOU OUVTOV l OµOU TCU OUV6AOU µla<; 1T l 0avn<; KO l V6TnTa<; XPnOTWV,
     Tn<; avayvwp1on<; uno~n~iwv ~1oµnxav1wv nou µtxp1 Twpa 6Ev Ei-
     xav oxton µE To EupwnaiK6 61a0Tnµ1K6 np6ypaµµa, a>-.Aa nou ea
     µnopouoav va µETCXOXOUV OTI<; VEE<; 6paoTnp16TnTE<; y1a TI<; onoi-
     E<; 6ivETa1 Twpa 6uvaT6TnTa,
     Tn<; Ta~ 1v6µnon<; TWV EµlTE Ip I WV an6 np6TU1TE<; OOKlµE<; Ka I Tn<; ava-
     lTTU~n<; Kai E~apµoyn<; TOU<; OE OUVEpyao(a µE TI<; apµ661E<; 61a-
     OTnµ1KE<; EupwnatKE<; apxt<;.
M1a lTPWTn EVEPYEla ea nTaV:
     va ouyKAn0ei µ1a ouoKE~n Twv ~1oµnxav1wv-ne>-.aTwv nou Ev6exo-
     µe:vw<; ea Ev61a~e:povTav, OE OUVEpyaoia µE TOV ESA Kai Tn 61a-
      OTnµ1Kn ~1oµnxav{a, lTOU OTn OUVEXEla ea KaeopiOEl e:va unoeE-
     T I K6 np6ypaµµa Epyao i a<; TO onoio ea  lT~PE OT 1<; EV >-.6yw          ~ 1oµn-
      xav t E<; Tn 6uvaT6TnTa an6KTnOn<; 61aOTnµ1Kn<; EµlTElpta<;.
H Eve:pye1a auTn ea µnopOUOE va ouµn>-.npwee{ an6:
     Tnv E16onoinon Twv ~1oµnxav1wv nou an6 Tn ~uon Tou<; Ev61a~e:-
     povTa1 y1a 1TE1paµaTlKE<; 6uvaT6TnTE<;      0
                                                   Tnv ElTIAOYn µ1a<; lTPWTn<;
     OEIPCX<;     1TpOTU1TWV   60KlµWV        lTOU ea µnopouoav Va XPnµaT0-
     60Tneouv E~ OAOKAnpou• TOV Kaeop10µ6 EVO<; 6EUTEPOU KaTaA6you
     Epywv OTa OlTOta Ba µnopOUOE Va UlTCXp~El OuµµETOXn OTn XPnµa-
     T066Tnon.
 ---pagebreak---                                               8-5
MTTopEl va TTpoo61op10TEi tva o6voAo 6aTTavwv TTOU TTOtKiAAEt µETa~6
TWV 0UYKPITIK6 µtKpWV TTOOWV TTOU arratT06VTal yta TOV Ka8op10µ6
Kai TO 0UVTOVI0µ6 TWV ~toµnxavtWV TTOU rr18aVW~ Va EV6ta.EpOVTat
y1a TO 61a0Tnµ1K6 TTp6ypaµµa,Ka1 thlv E161Kwv KE•aAa(wi y1a Tnv
TTpayµaTOTTO Irpn TWV TTpoTVJTWV TTE IpaµclTWV. I: Tn V TE AEU Ta ( a TT Ep ( TT TWon µ rr Op E (
va TT~AE.0Ei rr 18av6 K60TO~ 50 EKaT. ECU TTE:P i TTOU.                   n6vTW~ TO TTp6-
ypaµµa 8a ~Tav KaTapT1oµtvo OE •60E1~, µE µ1a apx1K~ •&on y1a
Tnv aTTOKaTOOTaon Erra~wv µE Tn ~1oµnxavla, OKOAOU8o6µEvn OTT6 TOV
Ka8op10µ6 Tn~ av6nu~n~                TTPOT6TTwv 6oK 1 µwv          Ka I TtAo~ µE
Tnv TTpayµaTOTTo(non TTEtpaµaTWV OE 61aOTnµ1K~ TPOXIOr
 ---pagebreak---                                   9-1
9.   KATAKTHrH TOY 0AAArrIOY nEPIBAAAONTOr KAI E=EPEYNHrH TOY
                            ~AOIOY THE rHr
                        0AAArrro nEPIBAAAON
H EupwnD, µE 6EKa nEpinou XIAI06E~ XlA16µETa aKTWV Ka( yupw OTa
6uo EKaToµµup1a TETpaywv1Ka XIA16µETpa u,aAOKPDni6a~, µnopEI VO
nai~EI npWTOPXIK6 p6Ao OTO etµo TD~ KUp1apxlo~ En( TOU eoAaOOtOU
nEpl~aAAOVTO~ KOi TWV n6pwv TOU, µE TDV npoun6eEOD 6Tt D 6paOD TD~
ea E(va1 KOtvn Kat 6Tt ea unap~El ~OUADOD apKETn WOTE va KIVDTOOOID8ouV
01 npoanaeE1E~ OTov Toµta EpEuva~ Kai avanTu~D~-
r1a TDV UAono(DOD TD~ aoUADOD~ auTn~ analTEiTal va UffEPffD6Deouv
ODµaVTIKE~ TEXVIKn~ ,uoEW~ 6uOKOAiE~, D aVTlµETWff1-0D TWV onoiwv
EXEi oav anOTEAEOµa TDV TEXVOAoy1Kn np6o6o. H KOTOKTry:::lD TD~ eaAaooa~
anOTEAEi npOKADOD 6x1 µ6vo y1a TOU~ TOµEi~ nou n6D E~EAiOOOVTOI Ta-
XEW~ (DAEKTPOVIKn, TDAEfflXOIVWViE~, poµnoTtKn KAn) aAAa, XWPi~ aµ,1-
aoA(a aK6µD nEptOOOTEpo, y1a KAaOOtKOU~ TOµEI~ 6nw~ D XDµEia, D
~IOAoyia, Ot ETTIOTnµE~ nou aaxoAOUVTal µE Ta UAIKO Kaew~ Kai D TEXVI-
Kn E~atpETIKO U~DAWV fflEOEWV n D µETaAAOUpyia.
napouo1a~ETa1 ET01 D EUKatpia, 6x1 µ6vo va 61EupuveEi TO nE6(o Twv
aaolKWV µa~ yvwOEWV Kai va aVOIXTOUV VEOI opi~OVTE~, aAAO Kai va ova-
TTTUXeEi nAneo~ VEWV TEXVOAOYIWV nou µnopEI KOffOTE va anOTEAEOOUV y1a
TDV EupWTTD E~atpETIKn~ ODµaoia~ ffAEOVEKTnµaTa.
AvTi8ETa   on6 6T1 ouµ~aivE1 OE noAAou~ aAAou~ ToµEi~ TD~ npoDyµEVD~
TEXVOAoyla~, 6nou D nponopEio nou n6D 61aetTouv 01 avToywv10Tt~ µa~
KaVEt TOV aywva  OVIOO,  D KaTOOTOOD TTOU EfflKpaTEi onµEpa OTDV EfflOTn-
µD KOi TDV TEXVIKn TD~ WKEavoypa,ro~ OTDV EupWTTD Eiva1 an6AUTO ouyKpi-
01µn   µE EKEiVD nou ETTIKPOTEl OE aAAE~ 6uvaµEI~. EntAEyOVTO~ oav
OVTIKEiµEVO KOIVOU EV610,tpoVTO~ TDV KOTOKTDOD TOU eoAaOOIOU nEp1aaA-
AOVTO~, D EupWTTD µnopEI OE Alyo xp6v10 VO TEeE( Eni KE,oAn~ OE noyK6-
0µ10 EnlnE6o OTov noAAa unoox6µEvo ouT6 Toµto, vo ovonTU~Et ODµovTtKa
 ---pagebreak---                                       9-2
Tit TEXVOAOy(Et OTnp1,nt KOi VO EnW,EAneEf an6 Tit eETIKEt ETTlTTTWOElt
nou ea npOKU~OUV y1a Tn a1oµnxavla, xwplt Kae6AOU va anOKAEIETOl n
Eµ,av1on E,apµoywv OTpaTny1Kn~ onµaolat.
0  KUP IOt OT6xo~ Ei va I va avanTU)(Ele;i n ,uo I Kn napouo I a TOU av0pwnou OTO
8aA00010 nEp1aaAAOV KOi OTOU~ aueout TWV WKEaVWV.
8a01K6 OTOIXE(o Tnt 6An~ un6eEont Elva1 n OUAAn~n Kai n KOTaOKEUn
aaoEWV uno6oxnt, nou Sa Eiva1 auTonpow0ouµEVEt, ea anOTEAOUVTOI an6
ouvapµOAOVOUµEva µEpn KOi ea npoop(~OVTOI y1a KaTOIKla, AEffTOµEpn
E~EpEuvnon KOi Epyao(a      ETTIT6nou. To µEyEeot TWV aaOEWV OUTWV KOi
TO aaSot n6VTIOnt 0a avanTuxeouv        OTOOlaKa.
A,ev6~ n npayµaTonoinon YEWTpnOEWV µEyaAOU Ba0out y1a Tn YEWAOYIKn
E'Epeuvnon Kai Tnv eKµETOAAEuon nnvwv ,uo1Kou aEpiou Ka1 nETPEAalou
KOi a,ETEpOU n avanTu,n poµn6T y1a 610,opE~ eneµaaOEI~ (e,Epeuvnon
KOi EKµETOAAEuon n6pwv nou eupiOKOVTOI OTO eaAaOOIO Bu06 n aµEOW~
KOTW an6 OUT6v, n aK6µn n En1eewpnon KOi n OUVTnpnon µnxavlKOU e,o-
TTAIOµou y1a YEWTpnoe1t, aywywv KATT) OTTOTEAOUV 6uo TOµE(~ e,apµoyn~
an6 TOUt onoiout ea µnopouoe va Enw,EAneEI EUpEWt n EupwnaiKn a,o-
µnxavia.
To EninE6o OUT6 Tn~ avaAuont ea TTEPIOPIOTEl OE TEXVOAoyiet nou npo-
o,tpouv TI~ nAEov EUPEtEt 6uvaT6TnTEt E,apµoywv Kai avanTu~n~, nou
Eiva1 nEpl006TEPO KOTOAAnAEt va ouµnAnpwoouv Tnv unapxouoa EµnE1pia
n va KOAU~OUV TO u,10TaµEva KEVa Kai 01 onoiE~, av Kai 01 i61E~
OVT1npoownEUOUV onµaVTIK6 KUKAO Epyao1wv, anOTEAOUV npoun6eEon y1a
Tnv npayµaTonoinon TTOAU onµavT1K6TEPOU KUKAOU Epyao1wv KOi y1a TO
A6yo OUTO napoUOIO~OUV 161a(TEpa OTpaTny1K6 XOPOKTnpa.
 ---pagebreak---                                     9-3
                  MEAETH TOY HnEIPQTIKOY ~AOIOY THr rHr
np1v an6 µEp1Ka ETD 01 E161Ko( TD~ YEWAoy(a~ 61ani0Twoav KOTI
nap66o~o: Evw, xapn OTO Deep Sea Drilling Project, an6 TO
1968 EXEi npayµaTono1nBe( TEpaOTla np6o6o~ OTOV TOµEa TWV YVWOEWV
y1a TOV WKEOVEIO ~AOl6 0 nnElpWTIK6~ ~Ao16~ napaµEVEI OXETIKO EAa-
XIOTa yvwOT6~.
An6 Ta npoypaµµaTa µEAETWV OXETIKO µE TOV nnEIPWTIK6 ~Ao16, ouo1a-
OTlKO avaµEVEl KavEI~ a~EV6~ va au~noouv Tl~ YVWOEl~ µa~ yta rn 6oµn,
Ta UAIKO KOi Ta uypa Kai a~ETEPOU va EXOUV, AIVOTEpO n nEplOOOTEpO
µaKponp68EOµa, op10µEVE~ EUEPYETIKE~ EnlnTWOEl~ npaKTIKn~ ~UOEW~.
n10 ouyKEKp1µeva:
1)  ·ooov a~opa Tnv ERIOTnµovrKn ouµaoAn, npEnEI va ava~Ep8o6v:
        6oµn Kai 060TaonnaAa1wv nETpWµOTWV, aas1wv •~nµaTOYEVWV K01-
        AWµOTWV Kai nTUXWTWV opoOEtpwv,
        ~6an Kai yEwµETpla µEyaAwv aauvEXEIWV evT6~ Tou ~Ao106 Tn~
        vn~ (µEyOAE~ EnwBnaE1~),
        ~6on Kai aaeo~ Tn~ aOUVEXEla~     Mohorovici µETa~6 ~AOI06 Kai
        µav6ua aTn A186a~a1pa,
        ~UOIKE~ 1616TnTE~ TWV nETpWµOTWV° KaTavoµn KOi ERIRTWOEI~
        TWV RIEOEWV OE µEyaAa aa8n,
        µEAETn Twvpe:ucrrwv ~aaewv, Tn~ npoEAEuan~ Kai Tn~ KUKAo~opia~
        TOU~ KaBw~ Kai TOU POAOU nou nai~ouv OTnv nETPOYEVETIKn Kai
        6uvaµ1Kn 61a61KaO(a.
2) ·oaov a~opa TI~ en1nTWOE1~ OE npaKTIKO Enine6o, npEnE1 va ava-
    ~Ep8ouv:
        µETOAAOYEVEon Kai KOITaOµaTa OPUKTWV: E~EAt~n TWV µayµa-
        TIKWV OUOTnµaTWV (ypav1TIKO( 86Ao1), u6po8EpµIK~ µEyoAOU
        aasou~, 60µ1Kol EAEYXOI EµnAOUTIOµou OPUKTWV,
        yew8epµ1Kn EVEPYEta, ava~~Tnon u6poyovav8paKWV <aaBEIO KOI-
        AWµaTa) KAn.,
        oxE6iaan Kai KaTaOKEu~ EpyaAelwv yewTpnon~, y1a Epyaoia OT1~
        6uoµEvEI~ auvB~KE~ nou ERIKpaTOUV oe µEyaAa aasn.
 ---pagebreak---                                    9-4
v,10Taµcva rrpoypaµµaTa
1)   MEyaXa E9VtKa rrpoypaµµaTa OE10µ1Knt avaKXaont: OEKORP OTnv
     Oµoorrov61aKn rEpµav(a,    ECORS OTn raXX{a, BIRPS OTO Hvwµtvo
     BaoiXEtO, COCORP OTlt HnA KATT. EKorr6t TWV npoypaµµaTWV auTWV
     E(va1 va y(vouv YVWOTEt 01 6oµtt ITOU u,(oTaVTat OE aa8n Ta~nt
     µEyt9out µtxp1 50 km. Ynapxouv 61µEpEit ouvEpyaoiEt.
     To 61E9vtt rrp6ypaµµa Geotraverse Europeenne, nou T£9nKE OE
     E,apµoyn urr6 Tnv a1yi6a TOU EupwrratKOU !6puµaTOt y1a Tnv EritOT~-
     µn (Fondation Europeenne de la Science), avTarroKpivEra1 OTOUt
     OT6xout auTou~.
2)   np6ypaµµa YEWTpnOEWV µEyOAOU aa8out:
          YEWTpnOElt YVWOT£t Oav "E~atpETIKO µEyaXou aa9out"
           (10 £Wt 15 km) : Kola OTnv Err6, OXE610 YEWTPnOEWV OTa Arra-
          Xax1a Twv HnA, oxt610 KTB oTnv Oµoonov61aK~ rEpµavia,
          YEWTPnOElt µEOOU Pa9out (1 EW~ 5 km) : rrp6ypaµµa yEwXoy(at
          µEyaXou a&sou~ Tnt raXX(at rrou ouo1aOTIKO apx10E TOV nEpa-
          oµtvo XEtµwva Kai rrap6µ01Et YEWTpnOElt OTO Quest TWV HnA.
     Kara Tit yEWTPnOEI~ auTE~ µrropE( va Xn,8ouv 6E(yµaTa y1a aµEOEt
     µEAETEt Kai va rrpayµarorro1n8Ei OEtpa oX6KXnpn YEWAOYIKWV Kai yEw-
     xnµtKWV µETPnOEWV EITITOITOU OTlt orrt~. H Epyaoia auTn KpivETal
    avayKaia rrpoKE1µtvou va ErraXn8EuTouv Kai va npoo61op10Touv 01
    EV6Ei~Elt rrou npOKUITTOUV arr6 EUpEfat EKTaont OEIOµoypa,1KEt µEXt-
     TEt (rrapa6E1yµa arroTEXEl n yEWTpnon Kola, 6rrou Ta arrorEXtoµaTa
    6EV ouµ,WVOUV µE TI~ apXIKEt npoaAE~Ett).
rr6xo1 Kai npoonTIKEt Tnt OUVEpyaoiat dE 61E8V£t EninE60
Av Kai urrapxouv n6n ouµaaoEtt µETa~u ,optwv rrou Elva, urrEu8uvo1 y1a
TO 6,a,opa rrpoypaµµaTa Ta orro(a cva~tpovra1 aVWTEPW, TO Stµa Tnt opya-
vwont rrpayµaT1Knt ouvEpyaoiat OE OtE8VEt ErrlnE6o, rrou anoTEAEi alTn-
µa Twv rrEp1006TEpwv an6 rout E161Kout, napaµtvEt.
METa~U OAAWV aVTIKEiµEVO Tnt OUVEpyaoia~ auTnt 8a µnopouOE Va arroTE-
AEOEI :
          n µEAETn Tnt 6oµnt OE µEyaXo a&Sot, rrou Eivat KOtvn OE 660
          n nEptOOOTEPEt XWPE~,
          n avanTu~n µE866wv Ka1 opyavwv y1a yEw,uo1Ktt, yEwxnµ1Ktt
          Kai UOPOAOYIKEt µETpnOElt Ka8W~ Kai y1a Tnv rrpayµaTorroinon
          YEWTpnOEWV,
          Tova TE8ouv oTn 61a8Eon rwv EupwrraiKwv Epyaornpiwv 6Eiyµara
          nou XaµaavovTal arr6 µEyaXa a&an,
          n 6nµ1oupy(a Eni T6rrou Kavov1Kwv, µ6v1µwv EpyaoTnpiwv y1a
          µEAETEt TOU ,xo,ou Tn~ vnt ("Crust Labs", avaXoya µE Ta
          "Space Labs").
 ---pagebreak---                                  9-4a
01 npoonTtKE~ Tn~ ouvepyaoia~ navw oTa 8tµaTa auTa 6Ev Ba npene1 va
UTTOTtµn8ouv. re 6XE~ Tl~ ETTIOTnµoVtKn~, TEXVlKn~ Kai OlKOVOµtKn~ ~u-
OEW~ En1nT,ae1~ nou µnopei va avaµeve1 Kave(~, rrpooTiBETat Kat n
npoonTtKn OE ~aeo~, 61aX6you TWV E16lKWV, Ol onolo1 µexp1 TWpa 6ev
eixav apKETE~ EUKatpiE~ OXETtKa (yewX6yo1 Kat VEW~UOIKOI).
 ---pagebreak---        I
10. TEXNOAGrIEr THr EKnAiaEYrHr KAI THr KATAPTirHr
    Eav n Ko1v6TnTa En18uµE{ va 61aTnPnOEI TOV EAEYXO TOU µEAAOVT6~
    Tn~ OTOV OIKOV0µ1K6 Kai TOV nOAITIK6 TOµEa, O~ElAEI va EnavE~ETa-
    OEI Kai va EVIOXUOEI TI~ npoona8EIE~ nou KaTa~aAAEI OTOV TOµEa
  _5n~ EKna{OEuOnt Kai Tnt KaTapT10nt  • npayµaTI, npOKElµEVOU n Eu-
    pwnn va avT10Ta8µ{0E1 Tnv E~AE1~n ~uo1Kwv n6pwv (EvEpyE1a, µETaA-
    AEuµaTa) Kai Tn OUOµEvn 8Eon OTnv ono{a Eup{OKETal y1a TO A6yo
    auT6, 6Ev 8a npEnE1 va ~aol~ETa1 nap& µ6vo OTnv avanTu~n Twv
    av8pwn1vwv n6pwv Kai oTnv avanTu~n Tn~ TEXVOAoyia~. En! Tou na-
    p6vTot, n EKna(OEUOn Kain KaTapT10n, un6 TI~ Ola~OPEt µop~Et
    TOUt, anoppo~ouv 0XE06v TO 7% TOU AEn TWV KpaTWV µEAWV. EKT6t
    aUTOU, n ~nTnan y1a EKna{OEUOn KOi KaTapTIOn E~aKOAOU8E{ va avEp-
    XETal KOi IKOVOnOIE{Tal µ6vo µEplKa onµEpa, onAaon O~EV6t au~a-
    VEI 0Ta8Ep6 n nOIKIA{a yvWOEWV Kai EIOIKOTnTWV EVW a~ETEPOU E~E-
    A{OOETal 0Ta8Epa OE nOAAOUt TOµElt n ~nTnon y1a EIOIKOUt.
    - µEyaAUTEPn no1K1Aia   Twv Tunwv EKnaloEuont Kai KaTapT1on~ nou
      npoo~tpovTa1 WOTE va KOAUnTOVTa1 01 avayKE~ A6yw Tn~ E~E16iKEu-
      ant Kai Tnt En1KaAu~nt En10Tnµov1Kwv Toµtwv,
    - KaAUTEPn np6o~aon oTnv EKnaioEuon Kai Tnv KaTapT1on, oivovTat
      napaOEiyµaTOt Xapn Tn OU~aT6TnTa va napEXOVTal 6TaV XPEIO~ETal
      Kai 6Xl µ6vo OE np0Ka8op10µ€VE~ nEpt600Ut Tn~ ~wnt Kai OE EIOI-
      KOU~ xwpou~,
    - KaAUTEPn npooapµoyn OT(~ auyKEKplµEVEt avayKEt TWV µa8nTWV.
    Ta a1TnµaTa auTa Elva1 onµaVTIKO OTO ~a8µ6 nou µnopouv va ~EAT1w-
    oouv Tit AEITOupylE~ Tnt EKna{oEuOn~ 6nwt aUTEt EXOUV napa6001a-
    Ka 61aµop~w8Ei, Elva, 6µwt Enlon~ ouo1aOT1Kn~ onµaoiat npOKElµE-
    vou VO OVTlµETWRIOTE[ n OU~av6µEvn ~nTnon EKna{OEUOn~ KOi OUVE-
    XOU~ KaTOpT1ant TOU EVEpyou nAn8uoµou. H EAAEl~n npooapµovnt
    TWV avayKwv npot Tit unapxouoit 6uvaT6TnTEt Ka, avTiOTpo~a Elva,
    µ1a an6 Tit atTiE~ Tnt Otap8pWTIKn~ avEpy{a~ nOU napaTnpE(Tal Tnv
    nEpiooo auTn Tnt TEXVOAOYIKnt E~EAl~nt-
 ---pagebreak---                                  10-2
H npootyy1on Tau npo~ADµaTo~ Tn~ EKnai6Euon~ Kai KaTapT1on~ µE
Tp6nou~ napa6001aKOU~ nEp16p10E TI~ 6uvaT6TnTE~ va aVTlµETWfflOTEI
auTn n EAAE1,n npooapµoyn~ µE 6pou~ OIKOVOµIKO anoOEKTOU~. 01 np6-
000I OTOU~ TOµEI~ Tn~ TEXVOAoy(at, nXnpo,6pnon~ Kat EntKOIVWVIWV
naptxouv Tn 6uvaT6TnTa vta~ npootyy1on~, xapaKTnp10T1Ka Tn~ onoia~
ea DTav µEyaAn EUEAt~fa Kai KaAUTEPOI OIKOVOµIKO{ 6po1.
ruyKEKptµe:va, npOKEITal y1a 6,Tt ouvnewt ava,tpETat oav TEXVOAoyla
Tn~ EKnaiOEuOn~. naVTW~ yta Va ,eaOEI KaVE{~ EKEi, OEV ea EiVal
apKET6 va ouvouaOTOUV n nXnpo,op1Kn, 01 TnAEnlKOIVWV(E~ Kat n TnAE-
6paon µE oKon6 Tn µETaooon Twv npoypaµµaTwv, 6nw~ napa6EiyµaTo~
xapn yiVETal onµEpa, OTO nAafo10 TOU aVOIXTOU navEnlOTnµlou. H
avanTu~n Tnt EKnai6Euon~ ea OWOEI Tn 6uvaT6Tnta va OUYKEKptµEvono1-
neouv nAnPWt Ot 6uvaT6TnTEt nou npoa,tpouv 01 VEEt TEXVOAoyfEt Kai
ea anatTDOEI Tnv KaTa~oAn onµaVTIKWV Kai µaKpoxp6v1wv npoonaeE1wv.
AuT6t O Tunot EKnal6Euont ea npEnEt va OtEUKOAUVEI Tnv KaTapT1on
Kat Tnv EnaVEKna(OEuOn OTI~ EttlXEtpnOEI~ Kai Tn OIO(Knon µE TETOIO
Tp6no WOTE, OE 6Aa Ta EninE6a, n KaTapT1on va anoTEAEOEt avan6ona-
OTO µ£po~ Tnt EnayyEAµaTtKn~ OpaOTnp16TnTat.
npe:nEI Va onµEtWeE( 6Tl 01 OUOtaOTIKEt npoonaeEtE~ OTOV TOµEa Tn~
TEXVOAoyiat nou ea ano~Atnouv oTnv avanTu~n TWV avayKalwv y1a Tnv
EKnal6Euon opy&vwv Ka1 TEXVtKwv µe:owv Eiva1 ouOETEPEt 6oov a,op&
Tnv nOAITIOTIKn 101atTEp6TnTa, Kai ea µnopouoav va Eiva1 OE µEyaAo
~aeµ6 avE~apTnTE~ an6 ouyKEKptµEVEt yAwOOEt Kat EntOTDµEt.
Ta ouyKEKp1µtva oxt61a OTOV Toµta Tnt EKnal6Euon~ np£nE1 va avTano-
KpivovTat OTn onµaVTtKn auTn avayKn OE KOIVWVtK6 Kai OIKOVOµtK6 En(-
ffEOO, va TOVWOOUV Tnv TEXVOAOYtKn EpEuva Kai avanTu~n OE nOAAOUt
ToµEit Kat va ouvTEAEoouv Enlont WOTE va au~neEf T0·61aeto1µo·E161-
KEuµtvo EpyaTtK6 6uvaµ1K6. Ta npoi6vTa Kat 01 unnpEOiEt nou ea npo-
Ku,ouv npEnE I :
- va npoo,tpouv EUKatpiE~ E~aywyn~ UAIKOU Kai AOYIKOU,
- va TOVWOOUV T_n onµ1oupy(a etoEWV Epyaoia~ OTOV TOµe:a Tn~ ~1oµnxa-
   vla~ Kai TWV unnpEOtwv,
   va npoo,tpouv VEE~ EUKatptE~ y1a Tnv KaAu,n TWV avayKWV Tnt EKnai-
   OEuOn~ OTI~ avanTuoo6µEVE~ XWPEt.
 ---pagebreak---                                                                        i
     ' I                                                             I
                                10-3
r1a Tov Toµta auT6 ea npenE1 E161Ka va KaTapTIOTE( oxto10 T6vwon~
µE 0KOn6 TDV avanTU'D OTDV Eupwnn ~WV OUVaTOT~TWV µa8DTEfa~ µE TD
Po~8E1a TWV nponvµtvwv TExvoXoy1wv. n16 ouyKEKp1µtva, To oxto10
auT6 Ba a~opouoE:
           - TDV avanTu,n EIOIKWV y1a TDV EKna(OEUOD µtowv Kai
             yXwoowv nXnpo~op1K~~,
           - TDV avanTu,n npoTunwv y1a yvwoE1~ OE µ1Kp~ KXlµaKa,
           - TDV avanTu,n µEB66wv TEXVDT~~ vonµoouv"~ y1a T"v
             KaTOPTIO",
           - T"V avanTU'" UffOAEITOUPYIKWV OAOKADPWµEVWV KUKAWµOTWV.
H E~apµoy~ OXEO(ou TOU El6ou~ auTou ana1Tef nEVTE tw~ EnTa ETD
Kai Entvouon OTov Toµla EpEuva~ - avanTu,n~ avTfOT01xn npo~ 500
avBpwnoETD y1a oX6KXDPD T"v nEpiooo nou Ba 61apKEOE1 TO oxto,o.