CELEX: 62006TJ0170
Language: en
Date: 2007-07-11
Title: Judgment of the Court of First Instance (Fourth Chamber, extended composition) of 11 July 2007. # Alrosa Company Ltd v Commission of the European Communities. # Competition - Abuse of a dominant position - World market for the production and supply of rough diamonds - Decision making binding the commitments proposed by the undertaking in a dominant position - Article 9 of Regulation (EC) No 1/2003 - Principle of proportionality - Contractual freedom - Right to be heard. # Case T-170/06.

Case T-170/06
      Alrosa Company Ltd
      v
      Commission of the European Communities
      (Competition – Abuse of a dominant position – World market for the production and supply of rough diamonds – Decision making binding the commitments proposed by the undertaking in a dominant position – Article 9 of Regulation (EC) No 1/2003 – Principle of proportionality – Contractual freedom – Right to be heard)
      Judgment of the Court of First Instance (Fourth Chamber, Extended Composition), 11 July 2007 
      Summary of the Judgment
      1.     Actions for annulment – Natural or legal persons – Measures of direct and individual concern to them 
      (Art. 230, fourth para., EC; Council Regulation No 1/2003, Art. 9)
      2.     Competition – Dominant position – Abuse – Examination by the Commission – Commitments by the undertakings concerned to meet
            the Commission’s competition concerns
      (Arts 81 EC, 82 EC and 85 EC; Council Regulation No 1/2003, Arts 7(1) and 9)
      3.     Competition – Administrative procedure – Bringing infringements to an end – Commission’s powers 
      (Council Regulation No 1/2003, Arts 7(1) and 9(1))
      4.     Competition – Administrative procedure – Bringing infringements to an end – Commission’s powers 
      (Council Regulation No 1/2003, Arts 7(1) and 9(1))
      5.     Competition – Dominant position – Abuse – Commission’s powers 
      (Art. 82 EC)
      6.     Competition – Administrative procedure – Observance of the rights of the defence
      (Arts 81 EC and 82 EC; Council Regulation No 1/2003, Art. 9)
      1.     An undertaking is directly and individually concerned for the purpose of the fourth paragraph of Article 230 EC by a Commission
         decision which makes binding the individual commitments proposed by an undertaking in a dominant position and relating to
         the restriction and cessation of the dominant undertaking’s contractual relations with the former undertaking, in so far as
         the decision in question produces direct and immediate effects as regards the former undertaking’s legal situation, refers
         to it in its provisions, and was adopted at the conclusion of proceedings in which the undertaking participated to a decisive
         extent, is liable to have an appreciable effect on the undertaking’s competitive position on the market, and is aimed at bringing
         to an end the trading relationship which had existed for a considerable time between the two undertakings.
      
      (see paras 38-40)
      2.     The effect of a Commission decision making binding the commitments proposed by undertakings under Article 9 of Regulation
         No 1/2003 is to bring to an end the proceedings to establish and penalise an infringement of the competition rules. Thus,
         such a decision cannot be considered as being a mere acceptance on the Commission’s part of a proposal that has been freely
         put forward by a negotiating partner, but constitutes a binding measure which puts an end to an infringement or a potential
         infringement, as regards which the Commission exercises all the prerogatives conferred on it by Articles 81 EC and 82 EC,
         with the only distinctive feature being that the submission of offers of commitments by the undertakings concerned means that
         the Commission is not required to pursue the regulatory procedure laid down under Article 85 EC and, in particular, to prove
         the infringement.
      
      By making a particular type of conduct of an operator in relation to third parties binding, a decision adopted under Article
         9 of Regulation No 1/2003 may indirectly have legal effects erga omnes, which the undertaking concerned would not have been in a position to create on its own; the Commission is thus their sole
         author from the time at which it makes binding the commitments offered by the undertaking concerned and accordingly assumes
         sole responsibility for them. It is not obliged in any way to take into account and, a fortiori, to take into account on a take-it-or-leave-it basis, the offers of commitment which the undertakings concerned submit to
         it. Moreover, Article 9(1) of Regulation No 1/2003 does not preclude a decision from being adopted for an indefinite duration.
         
      
      Furthermore, the principle of proportionality, although it is not referred to in  Article 9 of Regulation No 1/2003, is a
         general principle of Community law, with which the Commission is obliged to comply when it adopts decisions making binding
         the commitments proposed by undertakings on the basis of that provision.  
      
      (see paras 87-88, 91-92)
      3.     Notwithstanding the Commission’s margin of discretion as to the choice of adopting a procedure under Article 7(1) of Regulation
         No 1/2003 or Article 9(1) of that regulation, and the voluntary nature of the commitments offered under that provision by
         the undertakings, the Commission is required to comply with the principle of proportionality when it decides to make such
         commitments.
      
      Since the review of the proportionality is an objective review, the appropriateness of and the need for the Commission decision
         must be assessed in relation to the aim pursued by the institution, which consists, according to Article 7(1) of Regulation
         No 1/2003, of putting an end to the infringement which has been established and, according to Article 9(1) thereof, addressing
         the concerns expressed by the Commission in its preliminary assessment. If, contrary to the decisions adopted under Article
         7(1), the Commission is not required under Article 9(1) formally to establish the existence of an infringement, it must none
         the less establish the reality of the competition concerns which justified its envisaging the adoption of a decision under
         Articles 81 EC and 82 EC and which allow it to require the undertaking concerned to comply with certain commitments. This
         presupposes an analysis of the market and an identification of the infringement envisaged which, while less definitive than
         those under Article 7(1) of Regulation No 1/2003, must be sufficient to allow a review of the appropriateness of the commitment.
         Consequently, the Commission cannot, without going beyond the powers conferred on it both by the competition rules of the
         Treaty and by Regulation No 1/2003, adopt, whether on the basis of Article 7(1) or Article 9(1) of that regulation, a decision
         prohibiting absolutely any future trading relations between two undertakings unless such a decision is necessary to re-establish
         the situation which existed prior to the infringement. 
      
      Furthermore, the level of review carried out by the Court of the analyses carried out by the Commission on the basis of the
         competition rules of the Treaty must take into account the margin of discretion which underlies each decision under consideration
         and is justified by the complexity of the economic rules to be applied. In that regard, the fact that the analysis undertaken
         by the Commission, both under Article 7(1) and under Article 9(1) of Regulation No 1/2003, may require complex economic assessments
         cannot mean that, in the absence of such assessments, the review undertaken by the Court of the decisions of the Commission
         is, on any basis, to be limited to manifest errors of assessment.
      
      (see paras 95-97, 99-100, 103-105, 107-110)
      4.     In assessing proportionality, the need for a Commission decision which makes binding the individual commitments proposed by
         an undertaking in a dominant position and which relate to the restriction and cessation of its contractual relations, must
         be assessed in relation to its aims, such as the cessation of practices which prevented the contracting partner from establishing
         itself as an effective competitor on the market in question and from providing third parties with an alternative source of
         supply. 
      
      In particular, compliance with the principle of proportionality requires that, when measures that are less onerous than those
         it proposes to make binding exist, and are known by it, the Commission should examine whether those measures are capable of
         addressing the concerns which justify its action before it adopts, in the event of their proving unsuitable, the more onerous
         approach. To that effect, although the Commission cannot substitute itself for the parties so as to amend the commitments
         they offer under Article 9 of Regulation No 1/2003 in order that those commitments may address the concerns set out in its
         preliminary assessment, it is able to make those commitments binding only in part or to a particular extent. However the Commission
         cannot propose to the parties that they should offer it commitments which go further than a decision which it could have adopted
         under Article 7(1) of Regulation No 1/2003.
      
      Only exceptional circumstances, such as where the undertakings concerned have a collective dominant position, can justify
         a decision adopted under Article 9(1) of Regulation No 1/2003 prohibiting undertakings completely and indefinitely from contracting
         amongst each other. Therefore, in the absence of such circumstances, a Commission decision requiring, for an indefinite period,
         all direct or indirect trading relations between two undertakings to be brought to an end, infringes the principle of proportionality.
      
      (see paras 112, 119-121, 131, 139-141)
      5.     Since the object of Article 82 EC is not to prohibit the holding of dominant positions but solely to put an end to their abuse,
         the Commission cannot require an undertaking in a dominant position to refrain from making purchases which allow it to maintain
         or to strengthen its position on the market, if that undertaking does not, in so doing, resort to methods which are incompatible
         with the competition rules. While special responsibilities are incumbent on an undertaking which occupies such a position,
         they cannot amount to a requirement that the very existence of the dominant position be called into question.
      
      (see para. 146)
      6.     As regards a Commission decision requiring that long-standing trading relations between two undertakings that are party to
         an agreement capable of constituting an abuse of a dominant position, the close connection between the two sets of proceedings
         initiated by the Commission on the basis of Articles 81 EC and 82 EC, following notification of that agreement, and the fact
         that that decision expressly refers to the contracting partner but is not addressed to it, must lead to the applicant being
         accorded, as regards the proceedings taken as a whole, the rights given to an ‘undertaking concerned’ within the meaning of
         Regulation No 1/2003, although, strictly speaking, it does not fall to be so classified in proceedings relating to Article
         82 EC. Consequently, that undertaking is entitled to be heard on individual commitments which the Commission intends to make
         binding by adopting a decision – in the context of proceedings initiated under Article 82 EC, and proposed by the undertaking
         with which it has maintained long-standing trading relations which the decision requires to be terminated – and must have
         the possibility to exercise that right fully. It is necessary, if the right to be heard is to be complied with, first, that
         the undertakings which proposed those commitments under Article 9 of Regulation No 1/2003 be informed of the essential factual
         elements on the basis of which the Commission required new commitments, including conclusions which the Commission drew from
         the third-party observations on the proposed commitments, and, secondly, that those undertakings can express their views on
         the matter.
      
      (see paras 187, 196, 203)
JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE (Fourth Chamber, Extended Composition)
      11 July 2007 (*)
      
      (Competition – Abuse of a dominant position – World market for the production and supply of rough diamonds – Decision making binding the commitments proposed by the undertaking in a dominant position – Article 9 of Regulation (EC) No 1/2003 – Principle of proportionality – Contractual freedom – Right to be heard)
      In Case T‑170/06,
      Alrosa Company Ltd, established in Mirny (Russia), represented by R. Subiotto, S. Mobley and K. Jones, lawyers,
      
      applicant,
      v
      Commission of the European Communities, represented by F. Castillo de la Torre, A. Whelan and R. Sauer, acting as Agents,
      
      defendant,
      APPLICATION for the annulment of Commission Decision 2006/520/EC of 22 February 2006 relating to a proceeding pursuant to
         Article 82 [EC] and Article 54 of the EEA Agreement (Case COMP/B-2/38.381 – De Beers) (OJ 2006 L 205, p. 24) making binding
         the commitments given by De Beers to bring to an end its purchases of rough diamonds from Alrosa with effect from 2009, after
         a period of progressive reduction of the amounts purchased by it from 2006 to 2008, and bringing the proceedings to an end
         in accordance with Article 9 of Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2003 of 16 December 2002 on the implementation of the rules on
         competition laid down in Articles 81 [EC] and 82 [EC]  (OJ 2003 L 1, p. 1)
      
      THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES (Fourth Chamber, Extended Composition),
      composed of H. Legal, President, I. Wiszniewska-Białecka, V. Vadapalas, E. Moavero Milanesi and N. Wahl, Judges,
      Registrar: K. Pocheć, Administrator,
      having regard to the written procedure and further to the hearing on 19 April 2007,
      gives the following
      Judgment
       Legal and factual background to the dispute
       1. Legal background
      
       Regulation No 1/2003
      1       Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2003 of 16 December 2002 on the implementation of the rules on competition laid down in Articles
         81 [EC] and 82 [EC] (OJ 2003 L 1, p. 1) has been applicable since 1 May 2004.
      
      2       Article 7(1) of Regulation No 1/2003 provides: 
      ‘Where the Commission, acting on a complaint or on its own initiative, finds that there is an infringement of Article 81 or
         of Article 82 of the Treaty, it may by decision require the undertakings and associations of undertakings concerned to bring
         such infringement to an end. For this purpose, it may impose on them any behavioural or structural remedies which are proportionate
         to the infringement committed and necessary to bring the infringement effectively to an end. Structural remedies can only
         be imposed either where there is no equally effective behavioural remedy or where any equally effective behavioural remedy
         would be more burdensome for the undertaking concerned than the structural remedy. If the Commission has a legitimate interest
         in doing so, it may also find that an infringement has been committed in the past.’
      
      3       Article 9 of Regulation No 1/2003 states:
      ‘1. Where the Commission intends to adopt a decision requiring that an infringement be brought to an end and the undertakings
         concerned offer commitments to meet the concerns expressed to them by the Commission in its preliminary assessment, the Commission
         may by decision make those commitments binding on the undertakings. Such a decision may be adopted for a specified period
         and shall conclude that there are no longer grounds for action by the Commission.
      
      2. The Commission may, upon request or on its own initiative, reopen the proceedings: 
      (a) where there has been a material change in any of the facts on which the decision was based;
      (b) where the undertakings concerned act contrary to their commitments; or
      (c) where the decision was based on incomplete, incorrect or misleading information provided by the parties.’ 
      4       Article 27 of Regulation No 1/2003 provides:
      ‘1. Before taking decisions as provided for in Articles 7, 8, 23 and Article 24(2), the Commission shall give the undertakings
         or associations of undertakings which are the subject of the proceedings conducted by the Commission the opportunity of being
         heard on the matters to which the Commission has taken objection. The Commission shall base its decisions only on objections
         on which the parties concerned have been able to comment. … 
      
      2. The rights of defence of the parties concerned shall be fully respected in the proceedings. They shall be entitled to have
         access to the Commission’s file, subject to the legitimate interest of undertakings in the protection of their business secrets.
         …
      
      3. If the Commission considers it necessary, it may also hear other natural or legal persons. Applications to be heard on
         the part of such persons shall, where they show a sufficient interest, be granted. …
      
      4. Where the Commission intends to adopt a decision pursuant to Article 9 or Article 10, it shall publish a concise summary
         of the case and the main content of the commitments or of the proposed course of action. Interested third parties may submit
         their observations within a time-limit which is fixed by the Commission in its publication and which may not be less than
         one month. Publication shall have regard to the legitimate interest of undertakings in the protection of their business secrets.’
      
       Regulation No 773/2004
      5       Commission Regulation (EC) No 773/2004 of 7 April 2004 relating to the conduct of proceedings by the Commission pursuant to
         Articles 81 [EC] and 82 [EC] (OJ 2004 L 123, p. 18) was adopted under Article 33 of Regulation No 1/2003 and entered into
         force on 1 May 2004.
      
      6       Article 10 of Regulation No 773/2004 provides inter alia:
      ‘1. The Commission shall inform the parties concerned in writing of the objections raised against them. The statement of objections
         shall be notified to each of them.
      
      2. The Commission shall, when notifying the statement of objections to the parties concerned, set a time-limit within which
         these parties may inform it in writing of their views. The Commission shall not be obliged to take into account written submissions
         received after the expiry of that time-limit. 
      
      …’
      7       Article 15(1) of Regulation No 773/2004 states:
      ‘If so requested, the Commission shall grant access to the file to the parties to whom it has addressed a statement of objections.
         Access shall be granted after the notification of the statement of objections.’
      
       2.  Facts
      8       The applicant, Alrosa Company Ltd (‘Alrosa’), is an undertaking established in Mirny (Russia). It is active, inter alia, in
         the world market for the production and supply of rough diamonds, where it occupies the number two position. It is essentially
         active in Russia, where it is engaged in exploration, mining, valuation and trading activities, and also in the jewellery
         business.
      
      9       De Beers SA is a company established in Luxembourg (Luxembourg). The De Beers group, of which it is the principal holding
         company, is also engaged in the world market for the production and supply of rough diamonds, where it occupies the number
         one position. It is essentially active in South Africa, Botswana, Namibia and Tanzania, and also in the United Kingdom. It
         is engaged in those areas in exploration, mining, valuation, trading and manufacturing, and also in the jewellery business,
         thus covering the entire diamond supply chain.
      
      10     On 5 March 2002, Alrosa and De Beers notified to the Commission an agreement entered into on 17 December 2001 between Alrosa
         and two subsidiaries of the De Beers group, City and West East Ltd and De Beers Centenary AG (‘the notified agreement’), with
         a view to obtaining negative clearance or an exemption under Council Regulation No 17 of 6 February 1962, First Regulation
         implementing Articles [81] and [82] of the Treaty (OJ, English Special Edition 1959-1962, p. 87).
      
      11     The subject-matter of that agreement, which was concluded in the context of long-standing trading relations between Alrosa
         and De Beers, was essentially the supply of rough diamonds.
      
      12     Clause 12 of the notified agreement provided that it was entered into for a period of five years from the date of confirmation
         by the Commission to the contracting parties that ‘it [did] not infringe Article 81(1), or merit[ed] an exemption under Article
         81(3) EC; and [did] not otherwise infringe Article 82 EC’.
      
      13     During that period, Alrosa undertook to sell natural rough diamonds produced in Russia to De Beers to the value of USD 800
         million a year, while De Beers undertook to buy those diamonds from Alrosa, as specified in clause 2.1.1 of the notified agreement.
         However, in respect of the fourth and fifth years during which the notified agreement was in force, Alrosa was entitled, under
         clause 2.1.2, to reduce that amount to USD 700 million. The amount of USD 800 million, established in accordance with the
         prices in force on the date on which the notified agreement was entered into, accounted for around one half of Alrosa’s annual
         production and for the entire production exported outside the Community of Independent States (CIS).
      
      14     On 14 January 2003, the Commission sent a statement of objections to the applicant and De Beers in Case COMP/E-3/38.381, in
         which it expressed the opinion that the notified agreement was capable of constituting an anti‑competitive agreement prohibited
         by Article 81(1) EC and could not be exempted under Article 81(3) EC. On the same date, it sent a separate statement of objections
         to De Beers in Case COMP/E‑2/38.381, in which it expressed the opinion that the agreement was capable of constituting an abuse
         of a dominant position prohibited by Article 82 EC.
      
      15     On 31 March 2003, the applicant and De Beers submitted joint written submissions to the Commission in response to the statement
         of objections issued in Case COMP/E-3/38.381.
      
      16     On 1 July 2003, the Commission sent a supplementary statement of objections to the applicant and De Beers, expressing the
         opinion that the notified agreement was also capable of constituting an anti-competitive agreement prohibited by Article 53(1)
         of the Agreement on the European Economic Area (EEA) and could not be exempted under Article 53(3) of the EEA Agreement. On
         the same date, it sent a separate supplementary statement of objections to De Beers, expressing the opinion that the notified
         agreement was also capable of constituting an abuse of a dominant position prohibited under Article 54 of the EEA Agreement.
      
      17     On 7 July 2003, the Commission heard oral submissions from the applicant and De Beers.
      18     On 12 September 2003, the applicant proposed commitments which involved the progressive reduction of the quantity of rough
         diamonds sold to De Beers with effect from the sixth year in which the notified agreement was in force and, with effect from
         2013, an undertaking no longer to sell rough diamonds to De Beers. The applicant subsequently withdrew those commitments.
         
      
      19     On 14 December 2004, the applicant and De Beers jointly submitted commitments (‘the joint commitments’) designed to meet the
         concerns which the Commission had communicated to them. These joint commitments provided for a progressive reduction in sales
         of rough diamonds by Alrosa to De Beers, the value of which was to go down from USD 700 million in 2005 to USD 275 million
         in 2010, and subsequently to be capped at that level.
      
      20     On 3 June 2005, the Commission published a ‘notice … in Case COMP/E-2/38.381 – De Beers-Alrosa’ in the Official Journal of the European Union (OJ 2005 C 136, p. 32) (‘the summary notice’). In that notice, the Commission stated that it had received commitments from
         Alrosa and De Beers in the course of a Commission investigation pursuant to Articles 81 EC and 82 EC, and Articles 53 and
         54 of the EEA Agreement (point 1), gave a summary of the case (points 3 to 10) and described the commitments which had been
         offered (points 11 to 15). It also invited interested third parties to submit their comments within one month (points 2 and
         17) and stated that it intended to adopt a decision making the joint commitments binding, subject to the outcome of that market
         test (points 2 and 16).
      
      21     Following that publication, 21 interested third parties submitted comments to the Commission, which informed Alrosa and De
         Beers of those comments on 27 October 2005. At that meeting, the Commission also invited the parties to submit to it, before
         the end of November 2005, fresh joint commitments intended to lead to a complete cessation of their trading relationship with
         effect from 2009.
      
      22     On 25 January 2006, De Beers offered individual commitments (‘the individual commitments proposed by De Beers’) designed to
         meet the concerns expressed by the Commission in the light of the outcome of the market test. The individual commitments proposed
         by De Beers provided for a progressive reduction in sales of rough diamonds by Alrosa to De Beers, the value of which was
         to go down from USD 600 million in 2006 to USD 400 million in 2008, and their subsequent discontinuance.
      
      23     On 26 January 2006, the Commission sent the applicant a copy of the individual commitments proposed by De Beers and invited
         it to submit its observations in that regard. It also provided it with a copy of the non‑confidential versions of the comments
         from third parties. 
      
      24     Subsequently, there was an exchange of views between the applicant and the Commission on certain aspects of the proceedings
         provided for in Article 9 of Regulation No 1/2003 and of their implications for the present case. The principal issues were
         the question of access to the file and the question of the rights of the defence and, in particular, of the right to be heard.
         In addition, in its letter of 6 February 2006, the applicant provided observations on the individual commitments proposed
         by De Beers and the third-party comments. 
      
      25     On 22 February 2006, the Commission adopted Decision 2006/520/EC relating to a proceeding pursuant to Article 82 [EC] and
         Article 54 of the EEA Agreement (Case COMP/B-2/38.381 – De Beers) (OJ 2006 L 205, p. 24) (‘the Decision’).
      
      26     Article 1 of the Decision provides that ‘the commitments as listed in the Annex shall be binding on De Beers’ and Article
         2 provides that ‘the proceedings in the present case shall be brought to an end’.
      
       Procedure and forms of order sought
      27     By application lodged at the Registry of the Court of First Instance on 29 June 2006, Alrosa brought the present action.
      28     By a separate document lodged at the Registry on the same date, the applicant requested the Court of First Instance to deal
         with the case by means of the expedited procedure pursuant to Article 76a(1) of its Rules of Procedure.
      
      29     On 16 August 2006, the Commission lodged its defence.
      30     By decision of 14 September 2006, the Court of First Instance (Fourth Chamber) granted the applicant’s application for the
         case to be dealt with by means of the expedited procedure, after hearing the views of the Commission and having regard to
         the particular urgency and the circumstances of the case.
      
      31     By letter of 28 September 2006, the Court of First Instance (Fourth Chamber) requested the Commission, pursuant to Articles
         49 and 64 of the Rules of Procedure, to produce the statements of objections sent on 14 January and 1 July 2003 to De Beers
         under Article 82 EC and Article 54 of the EEA Agreement. The Commission complied with that measure of organisation of procedure
         within the prescribed period. 
      
      32     By decision of 9 October 2006, the Court of First Instance, after hearing the parties, referred the case to the Fourth Chamber
         (Extended Composition), in accordance with Article 14(1) and Article 51(1) of the Rules of Procedure.
      
      33     The parties presented oral argument and replied to questions put by the Court at the hearing on 19 April 2007.
      34     Alrosa claims that the Court should:
      –       annul the Decision;
      –       order the Commission to pay the costs.
      35     The Commission contends that the Court should:
      –       dismiss the action as unfounded;
      –       order Alrosa to pay the costs.
       Law
       1. Admissibility
      36     While observing that Article 82 EC and Article 54 of the EEA Agreement can relate only to undertakings in a dominant position,
         which does not apply in Alrosa’s case, and that Alrosa cannot therefore be considered as being a party concerned by the proceedings
         leading to the adoption of the Decision or as being an addressee thereof, the Commission does not challenge the admissibility
         of the action in so far as it is based on the fact that the applicant is individually and directly concerned by the Decision.
         
      
      37     However, since the question whether the action is admissible involves considerations of public policy, the Court should examine
         it of its own motion under Article 113 of the Rules of Procedure (Case C-313/90 CIRFS and Others v Commission [1993] ECR I‑1125, paragraph 23). 
      
      38     Since the applicant is not the addressee of the Decision, it is necessary to determine whether the Decision is of direct and
         individual concern to it, within the meaning of the fourth paragraph of Article 230 EC.
      
      39     In the present case, in accordance with Article 9(1) of Regulation No 1/2003, the Decision makes binding the individual commitments
         proposed by De Beers to limit its purchases from Alrosa to a particular amount of rough diamonds between 2006 and 2008 and
         not to purchase, directly or indirectly, any rough diamonds from Alrosa after 2009. In so far as it restricts the ability
         of De Beers to obtain supplies of rough diamonds from Alrosa, the Decision produces direct and immediate effects as regards
         Alrosa’s legal situation. The applicant is accordingly directly concerned by the Decision.
      
      40     The applicant is also individually concerned by the Decision inasmuch as the Decision: was adopted at the conclusion of proceedings
         in which Alrosa participated to a decisive extent; refers to Alrosa expressly; is aimed at bringing to an end the trading
         relationship which had existed for a considerable time between Alrosa and De Beers; and is liable to have an appreciable effect
         on Alrosa’s competitive position on the market for the supply and production of rough diamonds (see, to that effect, Joined
         Cases C-68/94 and C-30/95 France and Others v Commission [1998] ECR I-1375, paragraphs 54 to 56).
      
      41     Accordingly, the applicant is entitled to challenge the validity of the Decision on the basis of the fourth paragraph of Article
         230 EC. 
      
       2. Substance
      42     The arguments put forward by the applicant in support of its application can be divided into three pleas in law, alleging,
         first, infringement of the right to be heard, secondly, that the Decision infringes Article 9 of Regulation No 1/2003, which
         does not allow commitments to which an undertaking concerned has not voluntarily subscribed to be made binding on the undertaking,
         a fortiori for an indefinite period, and thirdly, the excessive nature of the commitments that were imposed, in breach of Article 9 of
         Regulation No 1/2003, Article 82 EC, contractual freedom and the principle of proportionality. 
      
      43     In the circumstances of the case, the second and the third pleas should first be considered together. 
       The pleas alleging infringement of Article 9 of Regulation No 1/2003, Article 82 EC, the principle of freedom of contract
            and the principle of proportionality 
       Arguments of the parties
      44     The applicant maintains, in the first place, that the Decision infringes Article 9 of Regulation No 1/2003, inasmuch as it
         makes binding commitments proposed by only one of the two undertakings concerned in the present case, namely the individual
         commitments proposed by De Beers, and does so for an indefinite period.
      
      45     The first sentence of Article 9 of Regulation No 1/2003 affords to the Commission and to the undertaking or undertakings concerned
         by proceedings under the competition rules the opportunity of arriving at a mutually beneficial settlement of their dispute.
         According to the logic of that approach, when several undertakings are concerned and jointly offer commitments to the Commission,
         it is only those commitments that the latter may accept and make binding, and not commitments offered individually by one
         of them. In the present case, the applicant should have been considered as an undertaking concerned. Accordingly, the Commission
         was not entitled to make the individual commitments by De Beers binding. 
      
      46     Furthermore, the second sentence of Article 9 of Regulation No 1/2003 should be construed as requiring the Commission, when
         it opts to make commitments binding, to adopt decisions in that regard only for a specified period. The Decision, however,
         was adopted for an indefinite period.
      
      47     The applicant also maintains that the Decision renders impossible, in absolute terms and for a potentially indefinite period,
         any supply of rough diamonds by Alrosa to De Beers. In doing so, the Decision infringes Article 9 of Regulation No 1/2003,
         Article 82 EC and contractual freedom.
      
      48     In that connection, the applicant claims, first of all, that the Decision is essentially vitiated by an error of law, inasmuch
         as it is tantamount to prohibiting lawful conduct for an indefinite period.
      
      49     The principle of a free market economy in which there is freedom of competition, enshrined in Article 4(1) EC, and contractual
         freedom, enshrined in the laws of the Member States and already recognised by Community law, are of fundamental importance
         in the Community legal order (Case T-41/96 Bayer v Commission [2000] ECR  II-3383, paragraph 180; see also, to that effect, Opinion of Advocate General Rozès in Case 210/81 Schmidt v Commission [1983] ECR 3045, at p. 3072; and Opinion of Advocate General Jacobs in Case C‑7/97 Bronner [1998] ECR I-7791, I-7794, paragraph 56).
      
      50     Consequently, the application of the Community competition rules must take account of these principles. In particular, Article
         82 EC, which is aimed at specific abusive conduct, cannot be interpreted as making it illegal merely to enter into a contract
         for the sale or purchase of goods on the sole ground that one of the parties is in a dominant position.
      
      51     In the present case, the Decision deprives Alrosa and De Beers of all freedom to enter into contracts, including those entered
         into on an ad hoc basis, on the sole ground that De Beers is in a dominant position on the markets downstream from the market
         for the supply of rough diamonds. The Decision amounts to a legal boycott of Alrosa by De Beers with effect from 2009. That
         unprecedented situation is all the more noteworthy, since the notified agreement originally covered only 50% of Alrosa’s annual
         output of rough diamonds and 10% of annual worldwide sales, and then, in the version issued to reflect the joint commitments,
         18% of Alrosa’s annual production and 3.6% of annual worldwide sales.
      
      52     The applicant goes on to maintain that the Decision is essentially vitiated by a manifest error of assessment, inasmuch as
         the concerns expressed in relation to the notified agreement did not justify in any way the removal of Alrosa’s contractual
         freedom.
      
      53     The principal concern expressed by the Commission in its preliminary assessment of the notified agreement under Article 82
         EC and Article 54 of the EEA Agreement was that the exclusive supply commitment laid down in the agreement would result in
         strengthening De Beers’ market power by excluding Alrosa from the market for the supply of rough diamonds and, consequently,
         depriving other purchasers of access to the significant source of supply which it represented.
      
      54     In such a case it would have been necessary, in accordance with the case-law (Case 85/76 Hoffmann-La Roche v Commission [1979] ECR 461, paragraph 89, and Case T-65/98 Van den Bergh Foods v Commission [2003] ECR II-4653, paragraphs 80, 81 and 160), to conduct a detailed assessment of the foreclosure effects which De Beers’
         conduct would result in. The need for that assessment was all the more pressing since the Commission and the Community Courts
         have not thus far had occasion to adjudicate on the lawfulness under Article 82 EC of an exclusive supply commitment involving
         a dominant purchaser.
      
      55     In the present case, it would have, first, been appropriate to amend the notified agreement to the extent necessary in order
         to reduce the foreclosure effects found to exist, and, secondly, been unwarranted to rule out any possibility of Alrosa entering
         into an agreement with De Beers.
      
      56     Finally, the applicant maintains that the Decision will itself have anti‑competitive effects. First, the Decision deprives
         it of access to the largest buyer on the market, thereby running the risk of reducing its output in the absence of any assurance
         of finding alternative purchasers at equivalent prices. Secondly, it deprives De Beers of access to Alrosa’s output, thereby
         enabling the other purchasers to exercise greater market power in their negotiations with Alrosa and to impose artificial
         prices.
      
      57     The Decision also infringes Article 9 of Regulation No 1/2003, Article 82 EC and the principle of proportionality.
      58     In that connection, the applicant points out, first of all, that under the principle of proportionality enshrined in the third
         paragraph of Article 5 EC, action by the Community must not go beyond what is necessary to achieve the objectives of the Treaty.
         Consequently, as the Court has held, the lawfulness of the prohibition of an economic activity is subject to the condition
         that the prohibitory measures are appropriate and necessary in order to achieve the objectives legitimately pursued by the
         rules in question; where there is a choice between several appropriate measures, recourse must be had to the least onerous,
         and the disadvantages caused must not be disproportionate to the aims pursued (Case C-331/88 Fedesa and Others [1990] ECR I-4023, paragraph 13, and Joined Cases C-241/91 P and C‑242/91 P RTE and ITP v Commission [1995] ECR I-743, paragraph 93). 
      
      59     Next, the applicant claims that this principle applies to decisions adopted by the Commission under Article 9 of Regulation
         No 1/2003. The powers conferred on the Commission by Regulation No 1/2003 are to be viewed together with its concomitant duty
         to ensure that the principles laid down in Articles 81 EC and 82 EC are applied. The use made by it of that power cannot therefore
         exceed what is necessary to ensure that competition is not distorted in the internal market.
      
      60     In that connection, it is immaterial that the commitments made binding by the Commission are initially offered by the undertakings
         concerned and in what way their offer may go beyond what is necessary in order to comply with Articles 81 EC and 82 EC. It
         is only in order to meet the concerns which have been notified to them by the Commission that the undertakings concerned offer
         commitments. Consequently, it remains imperative that the commitments finally deemed necessary by the Commission should meet
         the concerns expressed in its preliminary assessment, without exceeding what is appropriate and necessary and should be the
         least onerous possible to ensure compliance with the Community competition rules. At the very least, observance of these requirements
         is imperative where, as in the present case, the fact of making commitments binding is likely to have an adverse effect on
         a party involved in the case.
      
      61     The applicant maintains, finally, that the Decision infringes the principle of proportionality.
      62     First, the Decision is not necessary in order to attain the objective of prohibiting abuses of dominant positions pursued
         by Article 82 EC.  The joint commitments proposed to the Commission would have reduced the share of Alrosa’s annual output
         reserved for De Beers from 50% in 2005 to 18% in 2010 and beyond, on the basis of prices prevailing on the date of conclusion
         of the notified agreement, and in reality to a still lower share thereafter, taking into account, first, the anticipated increase
         in Alrosa’s output and, secondly, the expected increase in rough diamond prices. A 50% share has generally been deemed sufficient
         by the Commission in previous decisions involving a supplier in a dominant position, and in the present case a share well
         below that figure would have been sufficient.
      
      63     Secondly, the Decision produces effects which are disproportionate in the light of the objective pursued by Article 82 EC
         of maintaining undistorted competition. It completely rules out the possibility previously open to Alrosa of entering into
         a contractual relationship with De Beers. Having regard to the concerns expressed by the Commission as to the risk of foreclosure
         of the market, it would have been sufficient, having regard to the extent of that risk in practice, to amend the notified
         agreement in the manner provided for by the joint commitments and, consequently, to limit the share of Alrosa’s annual output
         and the share of worldwide output reserved to De Beers to 18% and 3.6%, respectively, of the market. However, the Commission
         failed entirely to state in the Decision why that less stringent option which had been proposed to it by the undertakings
         concerned could not be accepted.
      
      64     Thirdly, the disproportionate nature of the Decision in turn gives rise to discrimination to Alrosa’s detriment, since other
         sellers remain free to sell their rough diamonds to De Beers, in quantities which, as a percentage of annual worldwide production,
         are equal to or greater than the 3.6% under the notified agreement as amended by the joint commitments.
      
      65     The Commission contends that the pleas put forward by the applicant are unfounded.
      66     First of all, the concept of ‘undertakings concerned’ mentioned in the first sentence of Article 9 of Regulation No 1/2003
         refers, in the same way as the concept of ‘parties concerned’ mentioned in other provisions of that regulation, to the person
         or, where relevant, the persons against whom the proceedings have been initiated, that is to say, persons who may be held
         liable for an agreement or concerted practice within the meaning of Article 81 EC and Article 53 of the EEA Agreement or for
         an abuse of a dominant position within the meaning of Article 82 EC and Article 54 of the EEA Agreement. In the present case,
         De Beers alone was an undertaking concerned by the proceedings initiated under the provisions relating to abuses of a dominant
         position. Consequently, only De Beers was entitled to offer in that connection commitments capable of being made binding by
         the Commission.
      
      67     In addition, the second sentence of Article 9 of Regulation No 1/2003 can be construed only as conferring on the Commission
         the power, and not as imposing a duty, to adopt decisions for a specified period.
      
      68     The Commission also contends, in the first place, that the Decision does not infringe contractual freedom. First of all, it
         is wrong to allege that the Decision can be equated to a prohibition of lawful conduct.
      
      69     Contractual freedom is limited by the prohibition of anti-competitive practices referred to in Articles 81 EC and 82 EC. In
         the present case, the agreement, viewed in the context of the long‑standing trading relationship between Alrosa and De Beers,
         appeared, following a preliminary assessment, to run counter to those provisions, in the same way as other types of trading
         relationship between the parties entered into during the Commission’s investigation, such as ad hoc sales in the form of ‘willing-buyer/willing-seller’
         arrangements. What is more, the Commission did not arrive at that preliminary assessment on the sole basis of the dominant
         position held by De Beers on the downstream markets, as the applicant maintains, but in the light of its dominant position
         on the market for the production and supply of rough diamonds, as stated in recitals 23 and 24 in the preamble to the Decision.
      
      70     Nor, moreover, does the Decision have the result of eliminating Alrosa’s freedom of contract. On the contrary, it merely makes
         binding the individual commitments proposed by De Beers, within the scope of its own freedom of contract, to terminate its
         agreement with Alrosa. It might well be the case that it was in Alrosa’s interest to substitute an agreement with its main
         competitor for the risks that competition gives rise to. However, neither the interest that the partner of a dominant undertaking
         might have in tying itself to that undertaking by an agreement nor the other circumstances peculiar to that partner, should,
         according to the case-law, be taken into account for the purposes of the application of Article 82 EC (Hoffmann-La Roche v Commission, paragraphs 89 and 91; Case 322/81 Michelin v Commission [1983] ECR 3461, paragraph 71; Case C-393/92 Almelo and Others [1994] ECR I‑1477, paragraph 44; and Case T-65/89 BPB Industries and British Gypsum v Commission [1993] ECR  II-389, paragraph 68).
      
      71     The Commission next contends that it is incorrect to claim that its concerns did not justify the adoption of the individual
         commitments proposed by De Beers. 
      
      72     Whilst agreeing that it is normally necessary to conduct a specific examination of the effects that foreclosure may have on
         competition, the Commission argues that in the present case it would have been a very complex exercise to carry out an analysis
         with a view to determining whether De Beers could purchase a specific quantity of rough diamonds from Alrosa without causing
         the effects identified in the Commission’s preliminary assessment and, if so, what that quantity might have been. In any event,
         that analysis was of no value inasmuch as, having regard to the objective pursued by Article 9 of Regulation No 1/2003, the
         Commission was legitimately entitled to accept at face value the individual commitments proposed by De Beers. Furthermore,
         members of its staff had already informed the parties, during the administrative procedure, that it might be minded to require
         a complete cessation of trading relations between Alrosa and De Beers.
      
      73     Moreover, contrary to the applicant’s assertions, the Commission’s concerns were not limited to issues of the exclusion of
         competitors or foreclosure of the market. On the contrary, they extended to all the dealings between Alrosa and De Beers which
         sought jointly to regulate, by methods different from those consistent with normal competition, the volume, price and range
         of rough diamonds on the world market, in such a way as to eliminate an independent supplier from the market, to consolidate
         the role of market‑maker played by De Beers and to undermine the maintenance and development of competition, as indicated
         in recitals 28, 30 and 32 in the preamble to the Decision.
      
      74     Finally, the Commission submits that the applicant is not entitled to maintain that the implementation of the Decision will
         have anti-competitive effects. It contends that the arguments put forward in that regard are irrelevant inasmuch as they wrongly
         present Alrosa as being a supplier of De Beers whereas it is in fact a competitor of De Beers, and are neither persuasive
         from an economic point of view nor supported on any other basis.
      
      75     In the second place, the Commission maintains that the Decision does not infringe the principle of proportionality.
      76     In that regard, it first of all acknowledges that the principle of proportionality is applicable to decisions by which it
         applies Article 9 of Regulation No 1/2003.
      
      77     However, the specific nature of that provision must be taken into account. Unlike Article 7 of Regulation No 1/2003, which
         allows the Commission to establish the existence of an infringement, to order the parties concerned to bring it to an end
         and to impose on them any structural or behavioural remedy, including the cessation of trading relations which are contrary
         to the Community competition rules, Article 9 of that regulation provides that the Commission, without making a finding of
         infringement, may establish that there is no need for further action since the undertakings concerned have voluntarily offered
         commitments which meet its competition concerns.
      
      78     In the light of these factors, a decision pursuant to Article 9 of Regulation No 1/2003 does not need to be based on a statement
         of reasons such as that required for a decision pursuant to Article 7 of Regulation No 1/2003, in particular where it proves
         difficult to determine the nature or extent of the commitment necessary to meet the concerns expressed by the Commission,
         for example because the conduct of concern to the Commission is novel or specific, as in the present case. Moreover, the achievement
         of the objective of Article 9 of Regulation No 1/2003 would be undermined if the outcome of the review of a decision pursuant
         to that provision were to depend on the appraisal of another, hypothetical, decision adopted under Article 7 of that regulation.
         That would imply that the Commission would none the less have to carry out an assessment, as for a decision taken pursuant
         to Article 7 of Regulation No 1/2003, and would thus forego a part of the efficiency gains which the legislature sought to
         obtain through Article 9 of that regulation.  
      
      79     Furthermore, before accepting commitments offered to it, the Commission has to ascertain whether they deal sufficiently with
         the competition concerns that have been identified. Article 9 is an enforcement tool in that context.
      
      80     The Commission accepts that the application of the principle of proportionality obliges it to reject commitments that are
         manifestly excessive, but adds that in so far as commitments are offered voluntarily by the undertakings concerned, such a
         case is likely to remain exceptional. In any event, it could not be obliged to conduct a parallel assessment for the purposes
         of a hypothetical decision adopted under Article 7 of Regulation No 1/2003, since such a parallel assessment would undermine
         the very purpose of Article 9 of that regulation in terms of effectiveness of procedures. 
      
      81     The Commission concludes from the above that, in the light of the objective and structure of Article 9 of Regulation No 1/2003,
         and if the usefulness of this provision is to be preserved, judicial review of decisions applying that provision should be
         limited to verifying whether or not there has been a manifest breach of the principle of proportionality and, more generally,
         whether or not there has been a manifest error in the complex economic assessment carried out to determine whether the commitments
         offered by the undertakings concerned meet the concerns expressed in the preliminary assessment.
      
      82     The Commission submits, next, that in the present case the Decision is not disproportionate and, in particular, does not unduly
         affect Alrosa’s legitimate business interests. 
      
      83     First, the applicant is not entitled to maintain that the Decision went beyond what was necessary in making binding the individual
         commitments proposed by De Beers. It is misleading to claim that the notified agreement reserved only one half of Alrosa’s
         annual output to De Beers, since the other half was in any event reserved for the Russian market and the notified agreement,
         as originally framed, thus covered the entire annual output intended for the world market, and then, had the joint commitments
         been made binding, 36% of that output. Moreover, these percentages should not be viewed in isolation but seen against the
         background of trading relations that had been in place for almost half a century with a view to jointly regulating output
         and prices. It was in the light of those factors that, first, the Commission expressed concerns as to control of the market
         by De Beers and the inability of Alrosa to compete with it fully; that, secondly, the interested third parties then confirmed
         that it was necessary to bring the trading relationship between those companies to an end; and, thirdly, that De Beers unilaterally
         offered such commitments and by doing so allayed any possible concerns. The Commission also contends that the prohibition
         on auctions open to all is justified in the light of the past practices of Alrosa and De Beers in the case of ad hoc sales
         of a ‘willing‑buyer/willing‑seller’ kind. On any basis, the applicant has not shown in any way how less onerous commitments,
         such as the joint commitments previously offered to the Commission, could have been sufficient.
      
      84     Secondly, the applicant is not entitled to maintain that the Decision has caused it hardship which is disproportionate to
         the objective pursued. The Commission took due account of its interests by allowing it to submit observations on the individual
         commitments offered by De Beers and by providing for a transitional phase intended to enable Alrosa to put in place an alternative
         distribution system. Moreover, in September 2003, Alrosa itself submitted undertakings to the Commission which involved the
         complete and indefinite cessation of its trading relations with De Beers. Lastly, it is not the case that Alrosa will be unable
         to enter into contractual relations with De Beers for an indefinite period after that transitional phase, since the proceedings
         may always be reopened under Article 9(2) of Regulation No 1/2003. 
      
      85     Thirdly, the applicant has no basis for alleging that the Decision discriminates against it inasmuch as its situation vis-à-vis
         De Beers differs from that of other suppliers owing, first, to Alrosa’s position as a principal competitor of that dominant
         undertaking and, secondly, to its long‑standing trading relationship with that undertaking.
      
       Findings of the Court
      –       The powers conferred on the Commission by Article 9 of Regulation No 1/2003 
      86     It is clear from the actual wording of Article 9 of Regulation No 1/2003 that the Commission may, by decision, make commitments
         offered by the undertakings concerned binding where those commitments satisfy the concerns expressed in its preliminary assessment.
         Since offers made by undertakings are themselves without binding legal effect, it is the decision of the Commission taken
         under Article 9 of Regulation No 1/2003, and that decision alone, which has legal consequences for the undertakings. 
      
      87     Because the effect of that decision is to bring to an end the proceedings to establish and penalise an infringement of the
         competition rules, it cannot be considered as being a mere acceptance on the Commission’s part of a proposal that has been
         freely put forward by a negotiating partner, but constitutes a binding measure which puts an end to an infringement or a potential
         infringement, as regards which the Commission exercises all the prerogatives conferred on it by Articles 81 EC and 82 EC,
         with the only distinctive feature being that the submission of offers of commitments by the undertakings concerned means that
         the Commission is not required to pursue the regulatory procedure laid down under Article 85 EC and, in particular, to prove
         the infringement.
      
      88     By making a particular type of conduct of an operator in relation to third parties binding, a decision adopted under Article
         9 of Regulation No 1/2003 may indirectly have legal effects erga omnes, which the undertaking concerned would not have been in a position to create on its own; the Commission is thus their sole
         author from the time at which it makes binding the commitments offered by the undertaking concerned and accordingly assumes
         sole responsibility for them. It is not obliged in any way to take into account and, a fortiori, to take into account on a take-it-or-leave-it basis, the offers of commitment which the undertakings concerned submit to
         it.
      
      89     Although Regulation No 1/2003 does not define the concept of ‘undertaking concerned’, it is clear from its wording that that
         expression relates to undertakings which are responsible for the conduct in question and which are liable to be penalised
         because of it. 
      
      90     Proceedings under Article 82 EC therefore involve, as a rule, the undertaking which is in a dominant position and the conduct
         of which is liable to constitute an abuse. If the correct interpretation were to be that all undertakings liable to be affected
         by behavioural commitments intended to put an end to an established or contemplated abuse must be associated with the offer
         of commitments in their capacity as undertakings concerned, that would result in the use of Article 9 of Regulation No 1/2003
         being impossible in practice in most of the situations to which Article 82 EC applies. 
      
      91     As regards the period in which the decision making commitments binding may remain in force, it should be noted that while
         Article 9(1) of Regulation No 1/2003 provides that such a decision may be adopted for a specified period, it does not, however,
         require this. The definitive wording of Article 9 of Regulation No 1/2003 falls to be distinguished in that regard, as the
         Commission rightly points out, from the wording which had been used at the stage of the Commission proposal for a Council
         Regulation on the implementation of the rules on competition laid down in Articles 81 [EC] and 82 [EC] (COM(2000) 582 final),
         which provided that such a decision was ‘to be adopted for a specified period’. There is, accordingly, no reason of principle
         which prohibits the Commission from making commitments for an indefinite period binding.
      
      92     Furthermore, although Article 9 of Regulation No 1/2003 does not, unlike Article 7(1), refer to the principle of proportionality,
         the Commission is obliged to comply with that principle when it adopts decisions on the basis of Article 9.  The principle
         of proportionality is recognised by settled case-law as constituting a general principle of Community law (Fedesa and Others, paragraph 13). 
      
      93     Recital 34 in the preamble to Regulation No 1/2003 states, moreover, that ‘in accordance with the principles of subsidiarity
         and proportionality as set out in Article 5 [EC], this Regulation does not go beyond what is necessary in order to achieve
         its objective, which is to allow the Community competition rules to be applied effectively’. 
      
      94     The Commission accepts in its observations that the principle of proportionality applies to decisions adopted under Article
         9 of Regulation No 1/2003. It none the less considers that that principle should be applied differently under Article 7(1)
         and under Article 9(1) of that regulation. 
      
      95     In that regard, the Court finds, in the first place, that the objective of Article 7(1) of Regulation No 1/2003 is the same
         as that of Article 9(1) of that regulation and is indissociable from the main objective of Regulation No 1/2003, which is
         to ensure the effective application of the competition rules laid down under the Treaty. 
      
      96     In order to attain that objective, the Commission possesses a margin of discretion in the choice offered to it by Regulation
         No 1/2003: it may make the commitments proposed by the undertakings concerned binding through the adoption of a decision under
         Article 9 of that regulation, or it may follow the procedure laid down under Article 7(1), which requires that an infringement
         be established.   
      
      97     Nevertheless, the existence of that margin of discretion as to the choice of procedure to be followed does not relieve the
         Commission of the obligation to comply with the principle of proportionality when it decides to make commitments offered under
         Article 9(1) of Regulation No 1/2003 binding.
      
      98     In the second place, according to settled case-law in the matter, the principle of proportionality requires that the measures
         adopted by Community institutions must not exceed what is appropriate and necessary for attaining the objective pursued (Case
         T-260/94 Air Inter v Commission [1997] ECR II-997, paragraph 144, and Van den Bergh Foods v Commission, paragraph 201); when there is a choice between several appropriate measures, recourse must be had to the least onerous,
         and the disadvantages caused must not be disproportionate to the aims pursued (Case 265/87 Schräder [1989] ECR 2237, paragraph 21, and Case C‑174/05 Zuid-Hollandse Milieufederatie and Natuur en Milieu [2006] ECR I‑2443, paragraph 28). 
      
      99     The review of the proportionality of a measure is thus an objective review, since the appropriateness of and the need for
         the contested decision must be assessed in relation to the aim pursued by the institution. For decisions adopted under Article
         7 of Regulation No 1/2003, the aim is to put an end to the infringement which has been established; for those adopted under
         Article 9 of that regulation, the aim is to address the concerns expressed by the Commission in its preliminary assessment,
         which justify it envisaging the adoption of a decision requiring an infringement to be brought to an end.
      
      100   In cases to which Article 7(1) of Regulation No 1/2003 applies, the Commission has to establish the existence of an infringement,
         which implies a clear definition of the relevant market and, where relevant, of the abuse for which the undertaking in question
         is alleged to be responsible. It is true that, under Article 9(1) of that regulation, the Commission is not required formally
         to establish the existence of an infringement, as, moreover, recital 13 in the preamble to Regulation No 1/2003 indicates,
         but it must none the less establish the reality of the competition concerns which justified its envisaging the adoption of
         a decision under Articles 81 EC and 82 EC and which allow it to require the undertaking concerned to comply with certain commitments.
         This presupposes an analysis of the market and an identification of the infringement envisaged which are less definitive than
         those which are required for the application of Article 7(1) of Regulation No 1/2003, although they should be sufficient to
         allow a review of the appropriateness of the commitment. 
      
      101   Indeed, it would be contrary to the scheme of Regulation No 1/2003 for it to be possible to take a decision which would, under
         Article 7(1) of the regulation, fall to be regarded as disproportionate to the infringement that had been established, by
         having recourse to the procedure laid down under Article 9(1) and adopting a decision in the form of a commitment that is
         made binding, on the ground that the infringement does not have to be formally proved in such a case. 
      
      102   It has already been held, on the basis of Article 3 of Regulation No 17, that the burdens imposed on undertakings in order
         to bring an infringement of competition law to an end must not exceed what is appropriate and necessary to attain the objective
         sought, namely re-establishment of compliance with the rules infringed (RTE and ITP v Commission, paragraph 93). The same interpretation must be given to the first sentence of Article 7(1) of Regulation No 1/2003, the
         wording of which is very similar to that of Article 3(1) of Regulation No 17. 
      
      103   It follows that the Commission cannot, without going beyond the powers conferred on it both by the competition rules of the
         EC Treaty and by Regulation No 1/2003, adopt on the basis of Article 7(1) of that regulation a decision prohibiting absolutely
         any future trading relations between two undertakings unless such a decision is necessary to re-establish the situation which
         existed prior to the infringement (see, to that effect, Case T-24/90 Automec v Commission [1992] ECR II‑2223, paragraphs 51 and 52). 
      
      104   No objective consideration based on the difference between Article 7 and Article 9 of Regulation No 1/2003 allows any other
         conclusion to be reached as regards the limits which should be imposed on the capacity of the Commission to lay down binding
         measures under Article 9(1) of that regulation. 
      
      105   In the third place, the voluntary nature of the commitments also does not relieve the Commission of the need to comply with
         the principle of proportionality, because it is the Commission’s decision which makes those commitments binding. The fact
         that an undertaking considers, for reasons of its own, that it is appropriate at a particular time to offer certain commitments
         does not of itself mean that those commitments are necessary. 
      
      106   Moreover, the Court of Justice has held, as regards the former Regulation No 17, that in some circumstances the obligations
         imposed by a commitment on the parties must be regarded in the same way as orders requiring an infringement to be brought
         to an end (Joined Cases C-89/85, C-104/85, C-114/85, C-116/85, C‑117/85 and C-125/85 to C‑129/85 Ahlström Osakeyhtiö and Others v Commission [1993] ECR I‑1307, paragraph 181). The Court of Justice held that, in giving that commitment, the undertakings concerned merely
         assented, for their own reasons, to a decision which the Commission was empowered to adopt unilaterally (Ahlström Osakeyhtiö and Others, paragraph 181). 
      
      107   The fact that the commitments are proposed by an undertaking does not therefore limit the review which the Court is to conduct
         of the well-foundedness of the Commission’s decision to make those commitments binding. 
      
      108   Lastly, the level of review carried out by the Court of the analyses carried out by the Commission on the basis of the competition
         rules of the Treaty must take into account the margin of discretion which underlies each decision under consideration and
         is justified by the complexity of the economic rules to be applied. Having regard to the effect of decisions taken under Articles
         81 EC and 82 EC on the fundamental economic freedoms guaranteed by the Treaty, cases involving a limited review must be restricted
         to those in which the contested decision is based on a complex economic assessment, save in fields, such as concentrations,
         where the existence of a discretionary power is essential to the exercise of the powers of the regulatory institution (Case
         C-12/03 P Commission v Tetra Laval [2005] ECR I-987, paragraphs 38 to 40).
      
      109   It is true that, in the context of the review of concentrations, settled case‑law provides that the Commission enjoys a broad
         discretion in assessing the necessity of obtaining commitments in order to dispel the serious doubts raised by a notified
         concentration (Case T-158/00 ARD v Commission [2003] ECR II-3825, paragraphs 328 and 329). The review limited to manifest error which the Court undertakes in that field
         is justified by the prospective nature of the economic analysis carried out by the Commission in order to be able to find
         that the concentration in question will not create or strengthen a dominant position (Case T‑102/96 Gencor v Commission [1999] ECR II‑753, paragraph 163). 
      
      110   By contrast, the analysis which the Commission is required to carry out in proceedings initiated under Regulation No 1/2003
         concerns, whether a decision adopted under Article 7(1) or Article 9(1) of Regulation No 1/2003 is involved, existing practices.
         Plainly, that fact does not mean that complex economic assessments may not be necessary, but it cannot mean that, in the absence
         of such assessments, the review undertaken by the Court of the decisions of the Commission is, on any basis, to be limited
         to manifest errors of assessment. 
      
      111   It follows that the Court must verify in the present case whether the measures made binding by the Decision were appropriate
         and necessary to bring to an end the abuse that had been identified in the Commission’s preliminary assessment. 
      
      –       Whether the Decision complied with the principle of proportionality 
      112   According to settled case-law, the principle of proportionality requires that measures adopted by Community institutions should
         not exceed the limits of what is appropriate and necessary in order to attain the aim pursued, and where there is a choice
         between several appropriate measures, recourse must be had to the least onerous, and the disadvantages caused must not be
         disproportionate to the aims pursued (Fedesa and Others, paragraph 13, and Case C-180/00 Netherlands v Commission [2005] ECR I‑6603, paragraph 103).
      
      113   The aim pursued by the Commission in adopting the Decision must be sought in the preliminary assessment contained in the statement
         of objections addressed to De Beers under Article 82 EC. That assessment provided that the notified agreement prevented Alrosa
         from operating as an independent supplier on the rough diamond market and thereby eliminated a source of supply for potential
         customers. The Commission therefore takes the view that the notified agreement leads to exclusivity of distribution for the
         benefit of De Beers and is capable of constituting an abuse of a dominant position. 
      
      114   It follows that the abuse identified in the Commission’s preliminary assessment is constituted by the notified agreement,
         the entering into of which by De Beers is presented as an abuse of its dominant position. In those circumstances, it could
         be said that the mere fact of not permitting the parties to implement that agreement would, in the context of the proceedings
         initiated under Article 81 EC, have been sufficient to put an end to any possible abuse. 
      
      115   However, and even though the complaints set out in the statement of objections under Article 82 EC relate only to the notified
         agreement, it may be noted that the concerns expressed by the Commission in the Decision also relate to the situation disclosed
         by the notified agreement, that is to say, more precisely to the existence of long-standing relations between the parties,
         the continuation of which the notified agreement ensures.  
      
      116   Thus, point 28 of the Decision states: ‘… the investigated practices raising concerns due to dominance and the “market‑maker”
         role of De Beers are those arising from the purchase relationship between De Beers and its most important competitor Alrosa
         in the light of its historic context. The Commission’s investigation revealed that De Beers and Alrosa had established their
         long-lasting trading relationship in order jointly to regulate volume, assortment and prices for rough diamonds sold on the
         world market. The basis for today’s purchases still appears to be the same and to constitute one of the main elements for
         De Beers’ market-maker role’.
      
      117   It can therefore be concluded that the notified agreement was envisaged in the preliminary assessment as being the source
         of the Commission’s competition concerns not only as such, which would render any recourse to Article 82 EC inappropriate,
         but because it strengthened and perpetuated pre-existing trading relations, considered to be abusive in themselves. 
      
      118   Point 46 of the Decision states that the main reason for the Commission’s concerns regarding the practice identified in the
         proceedings under Article 82 EC ‘was De Beers’ enhancing or maintaining its dominant position by reducing access to a viable
         source of alternative supply of rough diamonds for potential customers and by hindering the second biggest competitor [Alrosa]
         from competing fully with De Beers’. 
      
      119   Therefore, the aim pursued by the Commission in making the individual commitments proposed by De Beers binding was to bring
         to an end practices which prevented Alrosa from establishing itself as an effective competitor on the market in question and
         to provide third parties with an alternative source of supply. 
      
      120   Accordingly, the need for the Decision must be assessed in the light of those two objectives.  
      121   Point 47 of the Decision states that the individual commitments proposed by De Beers were sufficient to address the concerns
         expressed in the Commission’s preliminary assessment, a matter which the applicant does not contest. However, it remains necessary
         to consider whether the individual commitments proposed by De Beers and made binding by the Decision also satisfy the criterion
         of necessity, even though the conclusion of the Decision does not address that aspect of the proportionality of the measure.
         
      
      122   In that regard, as was stated above, judicial review of Commission measures involving complex economic assessments must be
         confined to verifying whether the rules on procedure and on the statement of reasons have been complied with, whether the
         facts have been accurately stated and whether there has been any manifest error of appraisal or misuse of powers (Joined Cases
         C-204/00 P, C-205/00 P, C-211/00 P, C-213/00 P, C-217/00 P and C‑219/00 P Aalborg Portland and Others v Commission [2004] ECR I‑123, paragraph 279). 
      
      123   In order for the Court to be able to undertake only a limited review of the proportionality of the Decision in the present
         case, it would require to be in a position to determine that the Commission had carried out its assessment on the basis of
         a complex economic analysis which allowed it to conclude that the commitments that were made binding were necessary in order
         to address the concerns set out in its preliminary assessment.
      
      124   Both in its defence and at the hearing, the Commission indicated that there might have been a grey zone between the joint
         commitments and the individual commitments proposed by De Beers, but that the identification of alternative solutions to the
         commitments that were made binding would have required a complex economic assessment which Article 9 of Regulation No 1/2003
         is intended to avoid. The Commission also stated that, having regard to the difficulty in establishing alternative solutions,
         it had reached the conclusion that a complete prohibition represented the only appropriate solution in order to address its
         initial concerns. 
      
      125   It follows that in the present case the Commission did not carry out a complex economic assessment justifying a limitation
         of the review to be undertaken by the Court of the Decision and that its contention that a limited review should be undertaken
         is based on the particular characteristics of Article 9 of Regulation No 1/2003 alone. As is mentioned in paragraph 100 of
         this judgment, although Article 9 does not require the Commission to adduce evidence of the infringement targeted by the proceedings,
         that does not relieve it of the necessity of establishing an analytical framework which is sufficient to allow an effective
         judicial review of the proportionality of the measure adopted.
      
      126   The Court holds that, on any basis, the Decision is vitiated by an error of assessment which, moreover, is manifest. It is
         clear from the circumstances of the case that other, less onerous, solutions than the permanent prohibition of transactions
         between De Beers and Alrosa were possible in order to achieve the aim pursued by the Decision, that their determination presented
         no particular difficulties of a technical nature and that the Commission could not relieve itself of the duty to consider
         such solutions.  
      
      127   In that regard, the Court notes in the first place that, according to settled case-law, an undertaking which is in a dominant
         position on a market and ties purchasers – even if it does so at their request – by an obligation or promise on their part
         to obtain all or most of their requirements exclusively from that undertaking abuses its dominant position within the meaning
         of Article 82 EC (Hoffmann-La Roche v Commission, paragraph 89). Applied to a purchaser in a dominant position, that case-law means that for De Beers to reserve to itself
         the whole of Alrosa’s production exported outside the CIS could, even if the latter consented, constitute an abuse in the
         context of their relations.  
      
      128   Prima facie, the most appropriate way of bringing an abuse of this kind to an end would therefore have been to prohibit the
         parties from entering into any agreement allowing De Beers to reserve to itself the whole, or even a material part, of Alrosa’s
         production exported outside the CIS, in order for Alrosa to re-establish its independence on the market and for third-party
         access to an alternative source of supply to be guaranteed, without it being necessary to prohibit all purchases by De Beers
         of diamonds produced by Alrosa.
      
      129   In the second place, joint commitments had been proposed in December 2004 by De Beers and Alrosa, and the Commission has failed
         to explain in what way they did not address the concerns expressed in its preliminary assessment.
      
      130   It is true that the Commission is never obliged under Article 9(1) of Regulation No 1/2003 to decide to make commitments binding
         instead of proceeding under Article 7 of that regulation. It is therefore not required to give the reasons for which commitments
         are not in its view suitable to be made binding, so as to bring the proceedings to an end. 
      
      131   However, compliance with the principle of proportionality requires that, when measures that are less onerous than those it
         proposes to make binding exist, and are known by it, the Commission should examine whether those measures are capable of addressing
         the concerns which justify its action before it adopts, in the event of their proving unsuitable, the more onerous approach.
         
      
      132   The joint commitments proposed in December 2004 by De Beers and Alrosa, which the Commission admittedly was under no procedural
         obligation to take into account, either in its decision or in its statement of reasons, none the less represented a less onerous
         measure than the measure which it decided to make binding and it follows that examination of those commitments is relevant
         in that regard to the review of proportionality. 
      
      133   In so far as, first, they progressively opened up access by third parties to Alrosa’s production and, secondly, gave Alrosa
         the time necessary to develop its own distribution system for rough diamonds, and therefore to become an effective competitor
         to De Beers, the joint commitments were, prima facie, capable of addressing the concerns expressed by the Commission. 
      
      134   The Court finds that, for the period from 2005 to 2009, the joint commitments provided for a substantial reduction in the
         quantity of diamonds reserved by Alrosa for De Beers, with that quantity going down from USD 700 million in 2005 to USD 275
         million with effect from 2009. Alrosa would therefore have sold, with effect from 2009, only 35% of the quantity of diamonds
         to De Beers that it had sold to that company in 2004. It would accordingly have been difficult for De Beers to influence the
         prices set by Alrosa, inasmuch as more than two thirds of the diamonds exported by Alrosa outside the CIS would have been
         sold at a price determined in negotiation with third parties. Even if it were to be accepted that De Beers and Alrosa wished
         to coordinate their pricing policies, it would thus be difficult to conceive how such coordination could have been put into
         practice, in so far as, faced with a refusal by third parties to buy at the price agreed between the two undertakings, Alrosa
         would not have been able to turn to De Beers in order to sell the unsold stock. The joint commitments would thus have given
         third parties effective access to an alternative and independent source of supply. 
      
      135   A progressive reduction over five years in the quantity sold to De Beers, coupled with a limit on sales to a maximum value
         of USD 275 million with effect from 2009, would also have allowed Alrosa to set up its distribution system outside the CIS,
         without which it could not establish itself as an effective competitor to De Beers. The Court notes, however, that at point
         47 of the Decision the Commission stated that the transitional period from 2006 to 2008, that is to say, three years, was
         necessary for Alrosa to build ‘a competitive distribution system for the quantities of diamonds previously sold by De Beers’.
         However, the Commission does not explain in what way such a period could have been sufficient for that purpose, when Alrosa
         had informed the Commission in September 2003 that it needed a period of eight years to put in place an effective distribution
         system and that it would only be with effect from 2012 that it took the view that it could stop all sales of rough diamonds
         to De Beers, as is clear from the documents annexed to the application. 
      
      136   It will also be noted that on 3 June 2005, the date on which the notice relating to the joint commitments was published in
         the Official Journal of the European Union, the Commission intended, subject to the results of the market test, to make those commitments binding. The Commission was
         therefore of the view that those commitments addressed, prima facie, the concerns it had expressed in its preliminary assessment.
         
      
      137   In the third place, even if it were to be accepted that the joint commitments were unable to address the Commission’s initial
         concerns, changes to them would also have been capable of resolving the competition problems arising from the notified agreement,
         without it being necessary to require the parties to put an end completely to all trading relations with effect from 2009.
         
      
      138   In particular, it would have been possible to respond to the amendment proposed by the applicant in its letter to the Commission
         of 6 February 2006, which would have allowed it to sell, by way of sales to De Beers at auction, diamonds having a maximum
         annual value of USD 275 million. Such an amendment would, first, have given third parties full access to Alrosa’s output and,
         secondly, have allowed Alrosa to continue to sell a limited quantity to the largest buyer on the market on an ad hoc basis.
         
      
      139   It is true that the Commission cannot substitute itself for the parties so as to amend the commitments they offer under Article
         9 of Regulation No 1/2003 in order that those commitments may address the concerns set out in its preliminary assessment.
         However, there is nothing to prevent it from making proposed commitments binding only in part or to a particular extent. Moreover,
         it appears that in the present case, at the meeting of 27 October 2005, the Commission had proposed to the parties that the
         joint commitments be amended. On that occasion, it announced its intention to take a decision, based on Article 7 of Regulation
         No 1/2003, which would prohibit them from having any trading relations with effect from 2009 if they did not offer commitments
         to that effect before the end of November 2005. 
      
      140   None the less, the Commission cannot lawfully propose to the parties that they should offer it commitments which go further
         than a decision which it could have adopted under Article 7(1) of Regulation No 1/2003. In the present case, a decision adopted
         under that provision which required De Beers to bring to an end with effect from 2009, for an indefinite period, all direct
         or indirect trading relations with Alrosa would manifestly go beyond what the Commission could have required if it were to
         comply with the principle of proportionality, having regard to the objective pursued. 
      
      141   Only exceptional circumstances, which have not been identified in the Decision and which are not apparent from the file, can
         justify a decision adopted under Article 9(1) prohibiting undertakings completely and indefinitely from contracting amongst
         each other. It is true that, where the undertakings concerned have a collective dominant position, it is possible that nothing
         less than a complete prohibition of any dealings between them may be the only way of preventing abuses. But, while the Commission
         gave it to be understood in the statement of objections notified to the parties under Article 81 EC that an oligopoly might
         have existed between Alrosa and De Beers, the analysis set out in the Decision is based solely on the dominant position of
         De Beers and not on a possible collective dominant position of the two undertakings. Both in its defence and at the hearing,
         the Commission confirmed that the Decision should indeed be understood in that way.                                      
         
      
      142   Furthermore, the comparison made by the Commission between the commitments offered by the applicant in September 2003, the
         joint commitments and the commitments that were made binding cannot suffice to show that the latter were necessary, since
         the necessity for the prohibition imposed in the present case, in the form of commitments that were made binding, must be
         assessed objectively, having regard to the aim pursued by the Commission. 
      
      143   As regards the commitments proposed by the applicant in September 2003, on which the Commission relies in order to justify
         the proportionality of the measure, it is true that these envisage a complete and indefinite cessation of trading relations
         with De Beers. However, the Court finds, first, that those commitments provided for such a cessation of trading relations
         with effect from 2013 and not from 2009, which gave Alrosa further four years in which to develop a distribution system outside
         the CIS allowing it to sell the volume of rough diamonds previously sold to De Beers. The putting in place of such a system
         was clearly necessary in order to allow third parties to have access to Alrosa’s output and to allow Alrosa to compete fully
         with De Beers. Secondly, Alrosa withdrew those commitments on the ground that they were not economically viable. Lastly, the
         fact that an undertaking has offered commitments at a particular time, for reasons of its own, does not mean that those commitments
         can be assumed to be proportionate and does not relieve the Commission of the obligation to verify their adequacy and their
         necessity as regards the aim which it is sought to achieve. Consequently, the fact that Alrosa proposed a number of commitments
         in September 2003 has no effect on the lawfulness of the Decision. 
      
      144   As regards the joint commitments proposed by the parties in December 2004, the Commission describes these as inadequate, on
         the ground that if De Beers was allowed to continue to buy rough diamonds from Alrosa up to a value of USD 275 million a year,
         that could prevent Alrosa from competing with it, since the remaining two thirds of its production intended for export would
         make it more difficult for Alrosa to offer regular supplies of a wide range of diamonds. In addition, the Commission considers
         that De Beers could continue to use Alrosa’s diamonds in order to perform its market-maker role. 
      
      145   However, the Court finds that the only point put forward by the Commission in support of the assertion that Alrosa’s capacity
         to supply a wide variety of diamonds would be reduced if a maximum annual quantity equivalent to USD 275 million continued
         to be sold to De Beers is a reference to point 70 of the statement of objections under Article 81 EC. That point states: ‘De
         Beers … has a considerable advantage over its competitors, not only because of its size but also because it is able to guarantee
         the best consistency [in the] supply [of rough diamonds] to its customers. That is because it has access to the output of
         a larger number of different mines producing a larger variety of rough diamonds and it is the only producer keeping large
         stocks’. That point does not explain why Alrosa could not guarantee a regular supply of significant quantities of rough diamonds
         if it continued to supply a limited quantity to De Beers.   
      
      146   Furthermore, even if it were to be accepted that the sale to De Beers of a limited quantity of diamonds could have allowed
         the latter to maintain or to reinforce its market-maker role, and hence its dominant position, an infringement of the competition
         rules would not necessarily be established. Since the object of Article 82 EC is not to prohibit the holding of dominant positions
         but solely to put an end to their abuse, the Commission cannot require an undertaking in a dominant position to refrain from
         making purchases which allow it to maintain or to strengthen its position on the market, if that undertaking does not, in
         so doing, resort to methods which are incompatible with the competition rules. While special responsibilities are incumbent
         on an undertaking which occupies such a position (Michelin v Commission, paragraph 57), they cannot amount to a requirement that the very existence of the dominant position be called into question.
         
      
      147   In the present case, the Commission has required the parties to put an end to all trading relations, with the clear intention
         of weakening De Beers’ role as market‑maker. 
      
      148   The Decision also de facto obliges Alrosa, which is not subject to the procedure initiated under Article 82 EC, to make significant
         changes to its structure and activity in order to compete with De Beers outside the CIS, and to do so within a period of three
         years. 
      
      149   The Commission is thus forcing an operator which is not directly concerned by the proceedings initiated under Article 82 EC
         to work towards a change in the structure of the market for the production and supply of rough diamonds. Such a measure exceeds
         the powers of the Commission under Article 82 EC.
      
      150   The Commission lastly contends that the prohibition on transactions by way of open auction is justified in the light of the
         past practices of Alrosa and De Beers in relation to ad hoc sales (of a ‘willing‑buyer/willing-seller’ kind). It argues that
         it would be legitimate to be concerned that those sales could allow the parties to continue to implement the notified agreement,
         since the quantities sold in such a case could be the same as the quantities laid down under that agreement. 
      
      151   In that regard, even if it were to be accepted that De Beers and Alrosa might have wished, by another route, to maintain the
         value of the transactions laid down under the notified agreement, the Commission was not without the means to take such measures
         against them as were necessary to ensure compliance with the competition rules. In particular, Article 9(2) of Regulation
         No 1/2003 provides that the Commission may reopen the proceedings where the undertakings concerned act contrary to their commitments.
         Likewise, Article 23(2) of that regulation allows it to penalise undertakings which fail to comply with a commitment made
         binding under Article 9.
      
      152   Furthermore, even if it were the case that ad hoc sales between De Beers and Alrosa allowed De Beers to maintain or strengthen
         its role as market-maker, such a result would not, of itself, contravene the competition rules, in so far as such sales were
         made to the party making the highest offer. 
      
      153   The Court accordingly does not accept the argument that to allow Alrosa to sell a particular quantity of diamonds to De Beers
         at auction would necessarily have imperilled the achievement of the objectives targeted by the Commission. Such sales would
         have allowed, first, third parties to gain access to Alrosa’s production under the same conditions as De Beers, and, secondly,
         Alrosa to sell to the largest buyer on the market. Since the Commission has not established that criteria other than the value
         of the offer to purchase were taken into account by Alrosa in the case of sales actually made at auction, the argument based
         on the preferential treatment which De Beers would have enjoyed at such sales cannot be accepted. Moreover, in its letter
         of 6 February 2006, which was admittedly sent to the Commission after the expiry of the period allowed for new commitments
         to be submitted, Alrosa proposed to limit the value of diamonds sold to De Beers at auction to USD 275 million. At the very
         least, such a limit would have reduced the risks of distortion of competition put forward by the Commission. 
      
      154   It follows that there were, in the present case, less onerous alternative solutions for the undertakings than the total prohibition
         of transactions and that the Commission could not refuse to take them into consideration on the basis of the alleged difficulty
         in determining them. 
      
      155   As regards, lastly, the Commission’s argument that the Decision is not permanent in nature because it would be possible to
         reopen the proceedings in accordance with Article 9(2) of Regulation No 1/2003, the Court points out that that possibility
         arises in three cases: where there has been a material change in any of the facts on which the decision was based; where the
         undertakings concerned act contrary to their commitments; and where the decision was based on incomplete, incorrect or misleading
         information. Since the situations justifying a reopening are thus exhaustively listed, Alrosa could not request that the proceedings
         be reopened on grounds such as those set out in its application, in particular on the basis that the principle of proportionality
         had been infringed. Furthermore, the Commission would have a discretion to refuse to reopen. The Commission’s argument based
         on Article 9(2) of Regulation No 1/2003 cannot therefore be accepted.
      
      156   That being so, the applicant is right to argue, first, that the prohibition on all trading relations between De Beers and
         itself for an indefinite period manifestly goes beyond what was necessary in order to achieve the targeted objective and,
         secondly, that other solutions existed that were  proportionate to that objective. In making use of the procedure allowing
         commitments offered by an undertaking concerned to be made binding, the Commission was not relieved of its duty to apply the
         principle of proportionality, which requires in this case that there be an appraisal in concreto of the viability of those intermediate solutions. 
      
      157   It follows from all of the above that the plea alleging infringement of Article 9(1) of Regulation No 1/2003 and of the principle
         of proportionality is well founded and that the Decision should be annulled on that ground alone.
      
      158   However, having regard to the powers of the Commission in relation to the enforcement of judgments annulling decisions adopted
         on the basis of Articles 81 EC and 82 EC, it is appropriate, for the sake of completeness, to give a ruling in the present
         case on the applicant’s first plea, alleging infringement of the right to be heard.
      
       The plea alleging infringement of the right to be heard
       Arguments of the parties 
      159   The applicant claims that the Decision was adopted in breach of its right to be heard in that the Commission, first, did not
         inform it of the reasons for which it took the view, in the light of the observations submitted by the interested third parties,
         that the joint commitments did not address the Commission’s concerns and, secondly, that the Commission did not afford it
         an opportunity to state its position in that regard.
      
      160   In support of that plea, Alrosa argues first of all that the right to be heard, as guaranteed in the context of proceedings
         applying the competition rules, imposes two obligations on the Commission. That right, which is available to every person
         before any individual measure which would affect him or her adversely is taken, as is mentioned in the first indent of Article
         41(2) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union proclaimed in Nice on 7 December 2000 (OJ 2000 C 364, p.
         1), implies that the parties concerned should be put in a position before the measure is adopted to submit their observations
         on the objections which the Commission considers must be upheld against them and that in that regard they must be informed
         of the facts on which those objections are based (Joined Cases 56/64 and 58/64 Consten and Grundig v Commission [1966] ECR 299) and of the conclusions drawn from those matters by the Commission (Case T-9/89 Hüls v Commission [1992] ECR II-499, paragraph 38).
      
      161   The applicant next argues that the concerns expressed by the Commission in the Decision differ from those previously set out
         by it in its preliminary assessment, in the form in which it was brought to Alrosa’s notice.
      
      162   Initially, the Commission expressed concerns in relation to two points. As is apparent from the statement of objections concerning
         Article 81 EC and Article 53 of the EEA Agreement and the summary notice, it stated, first, that the agreement appeared to
         restrict competition on the ground that it reserved half of Alrosa’s production to De Beers and thereby reduced Alrosa’s capacity
         to conduct itself as an independent operator on the market. The Commission indicated, secondly, that the agreement appeared
         to constitute an abuse of a dominant position on the ground that it deprived De Beers’ customers of access to an alternative
         source of supply and strengthened De Beers’ market power at the expense of its main competitor. It was in the light of that
         preliminary assessment that the applicant and De Beers offered joint commitments which the Commission initially intended to
         make binding. 
      
      163   Subsequently, the Commission changed its view. Once it had been given notice of the comments submitted by the interested third
         parties in response to the summary notice, which mentioned six other concerns as regards the competition rules, the Commission
         stated, in recitals 41 and 42 in the preamble to the Decision, that, whilst they did not identify any new relevant concerns,
         those observations, and the Commission’s own analysis, finally led it to form the view that the joint commitments did not
         meet its concerns.
      
      164   Lastly, the applicant considers that, in those circumstances, it was for the Commission to afford it the possibility of making
         its views known not only as regards the observations submitted by the interested third parties but also as regards the analysis
         on the basis of which the Commission subsequently took the view that the joint commitments were no longer sufficient and that
         it was necessary to make the individual commitments proposed by De Beers binding. That, however, did not happen. 
      
      165   The Commission’s objections in that regard are, it argues, unfounded.  First, the Commission cannot reasonably maintain, as
         it did in recital 41 in the preamble to the Decision, that the individual commitments merely enhanced the joint commitments.
         The absolute and potentially indefinite prohibition on having any trading relationship whatever with De Beers is, from an
         economic point of view, quite different in nature from the possibility of pursuing such a relationship, albeit under restrictive
         conditions. Secondly, the Commission cannot legitimately argue that the applicant is not a party concerned by the proceedings
         initiated under Article 82 EC and Article 54 of the EEA Agreement. Since the Commission has itself acknowledged that the circumstances
         of the case warranted hearing the applicant in relation to the observations submitted by the interested third parties, it
         was not justified in refusing to hear it in regard to its revised assessment.
      
      166   The Commission takes the view that this plea is unfounded.
      167   First of all, it states that it is necessary to distinguish the applicant’s position in the context of the proceedings initiated
         under Article 81 EC and Article 53 of the EEA Agreement, on the one hand, and its position under the proceedings initiated
         under Article 82 EC and Article 54 of the EEA Agreement, on the other. The first of those sets of proceedings was initiated
         against De Beers and Alrosa, which were addressees of a statement of objections, offered joint commitments to the Commission
         and were heard by it, in particular with regard to the observations submitted by the interested third parties regarding those
         commitments. However, those proceedings became devoid of all purpose by reason of the individual commitments proposed by De
         Beers and were therefore closed without any decision being adopted. The second set of proceedings was, for its part, initiated
         against De Beers but not against the applicant and led to the adoption of the Decision.
      
      168   The Commission goes on to contend that the legal situation of the party concerned by proceedings applying the competition
         rules, that is to say, the legal situation of the person against whom those proceedings are initiated and upon whom a penalty
         may be imposed, must be distinguished from that of parties interested by those proceedings, that is to say, persons who may
         have an interest in its outcome but against whom those proceedings have not been initiated and upon whom a penalty will not
         be imposed. The scope of the right to be heard, as enshrined in general principles of law and the provisions of secondary
         law, is not the same for those two categories of persons.  
      
      169   Finally, the Commission advances an argument as to the specific nature of the legal situation of parties who are involved
         in some capacity in proceedings under the competition rules where it is envisaged that recourse will be had to Article 9 of
         Regulation No 1/2003. That provision, which was enacted in order to enable the Commission to bring the proceedings to an end
         rapidly and efficiently when it is offered commitments meeting its concerns, does not require the Commission to hear the parties
         in the same way as when that is not the case. In particular, the Commission’s first task is not to address a statement of
         objections to the parties concerned but to inform the undertakings concerned of its concerns by means of a preliminary assessment.
         When those undertakings offer to it commitments which appear to meet its concerns and it envisages making them binding, the
         Commission must then enable interested third parties to submit their comments in that connection by publishing a summary notice
         in the Official Journal of the European Union.
      
      170   Such publication does not prejudge the Commission’s assessment and does not require it to apply Article 9 of Regulation No
         1/2003. Thus, the Commission may continue its examination of the commitments offered by the undertakings concerned and may
         decide, in the light of that examination, and on the basis of any observations submitted by interested third parties and the
         circumstances of the case, to make those commitments binding, or to take the view that they fail to meet its concerns and
         examine a new set of commitments offered by the undertakings concerned, or indeed have recourse to the procedure laid down
         under Article 7 of Regulation No 1/2003. The Commission is accordingly under no obligation whatever to adopt a decision which
         applies Article 9 of Regulation No 1/2003.
      
      171   In the present case, since the applicant is not a party concerned by the proceedings which led the Commission to adopt the
         Decision, there was no basis on which it might be entitled to the benefit of the rights conferred on the parties concerned
         by Article 27 of Regulation No 1/2003 and by Articles 10 to 12 of Regulation No 773/2004.
      
      172   None the less, the applicant was in fact accorded the right to be heard to which it could legally claim to be entitled in
         the context of those proceedings. The scope of that right was determined by the applicant’s particular position in the present
         case. In essence, that position had its origin in the parallel pursuit of two sets of proceedings concerning agreements and
         abuses of a dominant position, under the provisions of Regulation No 17 and then of Regulation No 1/2003. It may also be accounted
         for by the successive presentation of joint commitments by the applicant and De Beers and then, following the market test,
         of the individual commitments proposed by De Beers.
      
      173   Accordingly, the applicant was informed, first, of the concerns expressed by the Commission in its preliminary assessment
         of the notified agreement under Article 82 EC and Article 54 of the EEA Agreement, by means of the summary notice; secondly,
         of the observations submitted in that connection by the interested third parties; and, thirdly, of the individual commitments
         offered by De Beers. Furthermore, Alrosa had the possibility of making known its views on the comments of the interested third
         parties and on the individual commitments offered by De Beers, and in fact expressed its views in that connection.
      
      174   Moreover, it is wrong to claim that the Commission raised fresh concerns following publication of the summary notice and receipt
         of the observations of the interested third parties. The Commission merely analysed whether the joint commitments of Alrosa
         and De Beers met or did not meet its concerns in regard to the agreement. The observations submitted by the interested third
         parties in that connection did not raise fresh issues and confirmed the inadequacy of the joint commitments.
      
       Findings of the Court
      175   Regulation No 1/2003 distinguishes between a number of categories of participants in the proceedings before the Commission:
         undertakings ‘concerned’ (Article 7), ‘complainants’ (Articles 7 and 27), undertakings or parties ‘concerned’ (Articles 9,
         17, 18, 21(1), 27(2)), ‘undertakings which are the subject of the proceedings’ (Article 27(1)) and ‘interested third parties’
         (Article 27(4)). 
      
      176   It is clear immediately that the applicant is not a ‘complainant’. In addition, for the reasons set out above, De Beers alone
         is the undertaking ‘concerned’ and the ‘subject of the proceedings’ conducted by the Commission under Article 82 EC. 
      
      177   However, the applicant is also not a mere ‘interested third party’ to the proceedings for the purposes of Article 27(4) of
         Regulation No 1/2003. Alrosa is the contracting partner of De Beers in the context of a long-lasting bilateral trading relationship,
         which the Decision brings to an end. The applicant was also involved in both sets of proceedings initiated by the Commission
         following the notification of its agreement with De Beers.
      
      178   The manner in which the Commission initiated the two sets of proceedings relating to the agreement between De Beers and Alrosa
         supports that conclusion.
      
      179   Thus, following intimation of the notified agreement on 14 January 2003, the Commission initiated two sets of proceedings,
         one based on Article 81 EC, and the other on Article 82 EC. The two sets of proceedings were registered under the same number
         (38.381), as the Commission stated at the hearing.
      
      180   The Commission sent the statement of objections concerning the proceedings based on Article 81 EC to the applicant and the
         statements of objections concerning both sets of proceedings to De Beers. Each of the statements related to the agreement
         which De Beers and Alrosa intended to enter into, against the background of the relations which existed between the parties
         at the time. 
      
      181   Following on the statements of objections, the applicant and the Commission entered into discussions, to which De Beers subsequently
         became a party, with a view to reaching a negotiated settlement of the case. On 31 March 2003, the applicant and De Beers
         sent joint written observations to the Commission in reply to the statement of objections issued under Article 81 EC. Those
         observations also addressed the compatibility of the agreement with Article 82 EC, although the applicant did not receive
         a copy of the statement of objections sent to De Beers under that article.
      
      182   Moreover, on 7 July 2003, the applicant and De Beers made oral submissions to the Commission. On 14 December 2004, the applicant
         and De Beers jointly submitted commitments designed to address the concerns which the Commission had notified to them. 
      
      183   The statement in case COMP/E-2/38.381 – De Beers – Alrosa of 3 June 2005, in which the Commission referred to the joint commitments
         offered by the applicant and De Beers and invited the interested third parties to submit to it their observations, also makes
         no distinction between the two sets of proceedings. 
      
      184   To that, there falls to be added the fact that on 27 October 2005 the applicant and De Beers attended a joint meeting with
         the Commission, at which the Commission informed them of the observations of the 21 interested third parties submitted following
         the notice of 3 June 2005. 
      
      185   Lastly, in a letter of 22 February 2006, the Commission informed the applicant that the proceedings involving it had been
         brought to an end as a result of the individual commitments proposed by De Beers in the proceedings brought under Article
         82 EC.
      
      186   This summary of the facts shows that the proceedings taken by the Commission under Articles 81 EC and 82 EC were at all times
         treated de facto as being a single set of proceedings, not only by the Commission but also by the applicant and by De Beers.
         
      
      187   In the circumstances of the present case, the close connection between the two sets of proceedings initiated by the Commission
         and the fact that the Decision expressly refers to Alrosa should have led to the applicant being accorded, as regards the
         proceedings taken as a whole, the rights given to an ‘undertaking concerned’ within the meaning of Regulation No 1/2003, although,
         strictly speaking, it did not fall to be so classified in the proceedings relating to Article 82 EC.
      
      188   Recital 37 in the preamble to Regulation No 1/2003 states that it respects ‘the fundamental rights and observes the principles
         recognised in particular by the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union’ and that it ‘should be interpreted and
         applied with respect to those rights and principles’. Article 41(2) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union
         provides that every person has the right to be heard ‘before any individual measure which would affect him or her adversely
         is taken’. 
      
      189   Likewise, Article 27(2) of Regulation No 1/2003 provides that ‘the rights of defence of the parties concerned shall be fully
         respected in the proceedings’ and that the parties concerned are to be ‘entitled to have access to the Commission’s file’.
      
      190   Lastly, recital 10 in the preamble to Regulation No 773/2004, which relates to the conduct of proceedings by the Commission
         pursuant to Articles 81 EC and 82 EC, states: ‘in order to respect the rights of defence of undertakings, the Commission should
         give the parties concerned the right to be heard before it takes a decision’. 
      
      191   It should also be noted that observance of the right to be heard is, in all proceedings initiated against a person which are
         liable to culminate in a measure adversely affecting that person, a fundamental principle of Community law which must be guaranteed
         even in the absence of any rules governing the proceedings in question (Case C-32/95 P Commission v Lisrestal and Others [1996] ECR I-5373, paragraph 21). 
      
      192   The Court finds that on 3 June 2005, the date on which the notice in which the Commission referred to the joint commitments
         offered by De Beers and the applicant was published, the Commission intended to make those commitments binding, subject to
         the result of the consultation with third parties. It accordingly took the view that those commitments addressed, prima facie,
         the concerns it had expressed in its preliminary assessment. 
      
      193   However, following receipt of the comments from third parties, the Commission took the view that the joint commitments did
         not address its initial concerns and that the only solution that could be envisaged was the cessation of all relations between
         Alrosa and De Beers with effect from 2009. The Commission none the less stated in point 41 of the Decision that a ‘large majority
         of the observations confirmed [its] competition concerns, as expressed in its preliminary assessment, but indicated that the
         Commission’s competition concerns would be insufficiently addressed with the proposed commitments’  and that ‘no relevant
         new concerns’ were identified in those third-party observations. That means that the Commission did not accept any new objections
         raised by the third parties. 
      
      194   However, the Court is not convinced by the Commission’s assertion that the comments from the third parties did no more than
         confirm its initial concerns. If the comments from the third parties added nothing to the Commission’s preliminary assessment,
         the Commission could, in the circumstances, have made the joint commitments binding. If, on the contrary, the third parties
         took the view that the joint commitments were inadequate and if their comments led the Commission to conclude that only a
         definitive cessation of relations between the parties with effect from 2009 was capable of addressing its initial concerns,
         the Commission was under a duty to hear the parties on those observations, and on the other factual elements justifying its
         new conclusion. It is clear that the Commission can depart from the assessment made of the joint commitments only if the factual
         background has changed or if that assessment was undertaken on the basis of incorrect information.
      
      195   It is true that the Commission was entitled to take the view, after receipt of the observations from the third parties, that
         the commitments proposed by the parties did not address the concerns set out in its preliminary assessment, since the purpose
         of the consultation with third parties provided for under Article 27(4) of Regulation No 1/2003 is precisely to allow the
         Commission to take a decision which will address the competition issues identified in its preliminary assessment. 
      
      196   However, it is necessary in a case of this kind, if the right to be heard is to be complied with, first, that the undertakings
         which proposed those commitments be informed of the essential factual elements on the basis of which the Commission required
         new commitments and, secondly, that those undertakings can express their views on the matter. In the present case, the applicant
         was provided only with a summary of the conclusions which the Commission drew from the third-party observations. At the meeting
         of 27 October 2005, the Commission merely informed it of the fact that the third-party comments had principally referred to
         the risk of partitioning of the market and the risk of a cartel between De Beers and Alrosa, and that the Commissioner for
         Competition had requested the team responsible for the case not to accept the joint commitments in the circumstances. At the
         same time, Alrosa received a summary of the third-party observations and was informed of the nature of the commitments which
         the Commission expected the parties to give following the negative result of the consultation with third parties: cessation
         of all relations with effect from 2009 and a new offer of commitments, on that basis, before the end of November 2005. 
      
      197   The undertakings concerned also have the right, under Article 27(2) of Regulation No 1/2003, of access to the Commission’s
         file. According to settled case-law, that right is one of the procedural safeguards intended to protect the rights of the
         defence and to ensure, in particular, that the right to be heard can be exercised effectively (Joined Cases T-191/98 and T-212/98
         to T-214/98 Atlantic Container Line and Others v Commission [2003] ECR II-3275, paragraph 334, and Case T-38/02 Groupe Danone v Commission [2005] ECR II-4407). In accordance with Article 15(1) of Regulation No 773/2004, the exercise of that right presupposes that
         the undertaking concerned has made a request to that effect to the Commission. 
      
      198   In that regard, the Court notes in the first place that the parties are in agreement that the applicant requested a non-confidential
         version of the third-party observations. However, according to the applicant, that request was made orally at the meeting
         of 27 October 2005 and repeated in the letter of 6 December 2005, whereas, according to the Commission, it was not until 6
         December 2005 that the applicant requested a non-confidential version of the third-party observations, that is to say, after
         the expiry of the period allowed for the submission of new commitments.  
      
      199   The file shows that at the meeting of 27 October 2005, in reply to a question from the applicant’s lawyers regarding access
         to the non-confidential version of the third‑party observations, the Commission indicated that, in accordance with the procedure
         laid down in Article 9(1) of Regulation No 1/2003, it was under no duty to provide Alrosa with that version. The fact that
         the possibility of access to those documents was discussed between the parties at that meeting is, moreover, not disputed
         by the Commission. 
      
      200   It must also be pointed out that the individual commitments made binding by the Decision were submitted by De Beers on 25
         January 2006, that is to say, after the final date of 30 November 2005 given by the Commission at the meeting of 27 October
         2005 for the submission of new commitments. That being the case, it cannot be maintained that new proposals for joint commitments
         could no longer be submitted by Alrosa and De Beers after 30 November 2005 or that, after that date, a request for access
         to the third-party observations would have been of no practical benefit to the applicant. 
      
      201   Following on the formal request made by the applicant in writing on 6 December 2005, the Commission did not supply a non-confidential
         version of those third‑party observations until 26 January 2006, that is to say, more than six weeks after the date of the
         applicant’s formal request in that regard and more than three months after the meeting of 27 October 2005, at which the question
         of access to the non-confidential version of the third-party observations had been discussed by the parties. The Court also
         notes that those documents were supplied to the applicant at the same time as the copy of the individual commitments proposed
         by De Beers, thus making it impossible for the applicant to provide an effective reply and to propose new joint commitments
         with De Beers. 
      
      202   The third-party observations were of particular importance in the proceedings, in so far as the Commission took them into
         account in concluding that the market testing was negative and that only the cessation of all trading relations with effect
         from 2009 constituted an acceptable solution. According to point 42 of the Decision, ‘those observations, together with the
         Commission’s own analysis, led the Commission to suggest amendments to the proposed commitments’. 
      
      203   It follows that the applicant had, in circumstances such as those of the present case, a right to be heard on the individual
         commitments proposed by De Beers which the Commission envisaged making binding in the proceedings initiated under Article
         82 EC and that it was not given the opportunity to exercise that right fully, even though the extent to which such an irregularity
         might have affected the Commission’s decision cannot be precisely determined in the present case.
      
      204   Accordingly, the applicant’s first plea in law, which has been considered for the sake of completeness, is also well founded.
         
      
      205   It follows that the Decision must be annulled. 
       Costs
      206   Under Article 87(2) of the Court’s Rules of Procedure, the unsuccessful party is to be ordered to pay the costs if they have
         been applied for in the successful party’s pleadings. Since the Commission has been unsuccessful, it must, in accordance with
         the forms of order sought by the applicant, be ordered to pay, in addition to its own costs, the costs incurred by the applicant.
         
      
      On those grounds,
      THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE (Fourth Chamber, Extended Composition)
      hereby:
      1.      Annuls Commission Decision 2006/520/EC of 22 February 2006 relating to a proceeding pursuant to Article 82 [EC] and Article
            54 of the EEA Agreement (Case COMP/B-2/38.381 – De Beers);
      2.      Orders the Commission to pay its own costs and those incurred by Alrosa Company Ltd. 
      
               Legal 
            
            
                Wiszniewska-Białecka 
            
            
                Vadapalas
            
         
               Moavero Milanesi 
            
             
            
                      Wahl
            
         Delivered in open court in Luxembourg on 11 July 2007.
      
               E. Coulon
            
             
            
                      H. Legal
            
         
               Registrar 
            
             
            
                      President
            
         * Language of the case: English.