CELEX: 62003CJ0037
Language: en
Date: 2005-09-15
Title: Judgment of the Court (Third Chamber) of 15 September 2005.#BioID AG, en liquidation v European Union Intellectual Property Office.#Case C-37/03 P.

Case C-37/03 P
      BioID AG
      v
      Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs) (OHIM)
      (Appeal – Community trade mark – Article 7(1)(b) of Regulation (EC) No 40/94 – Word and figurative mark – BioID – Absolute ground for refusal to register – Trade mark devoid of any distinctive character)
      Opinion of Advocate General Léger delivered on 2 June 2005 
      Judgment of the Court (Third Chamber), 15 September 2005 
      Summary of the Judgment
      1.     Community trade mark – Definition and acquisition of the Community trade mark – Absolute grounds for refusal – Trade marks
            devoid of any distinctive character – Compound mark – Taking into account the overall perception of the mark by the relevant
            public
      (Council Regulation No 40/94, Art. 7(1)(b))
      2.     Appeal – Pleas in law – Incorrect assessment of the facts – Inadmissibility – Review by the Court of Justice of the assessment
            of the facts before the Court of First Instance – Excluded except in the case of distortion of the facts
      (Art. 225 EC; Statute of the Court of Justice, Art. 58, first para.) 
      3.     Community trade mark – Decisions of the Office – Legality – Examination by the Community judicature – Criteria  
      (Council Regulation No 40/94)
      4.     Community trade mark – Definition and acquisition of the Community trade mark – Absolute grounds for refusal – Separate examination
            of the different grounds for refusal – Interpretation of the grounds for refusal in the light of the general interest underlying
            each of them – Use of a relevant criterion in the context of Article 7(1)(c) of Regulation No 40/94 in the interpretation
            of subparagraph (b) of that provision – Inadmissibility
      (Council Regulation No 40/94, Art. 7(1)(b) and (c))
      5.     Community trade mark – Definition and acquisition of the Community trade mark – Absolute grounds for refusal – Trade marks
            devoid of any distinctive character – Compound mark containing the abbreviation BioID 
      (Council Regulation No 40/94, Art. 7(1)(b))
      1.     When assessing the distinctive character of a mark within the meaning of Article 7(1)(b) of Regulation No 40/94 on the Community
         trade mark, and where a compound mark is concerned, any distinctive character may be assessed, in part, in respect of each
         of the terms or elements, taken separately, but that assessment must, in any event, be based on the overall perception of
         that trade mark by the relevant public and not on the presumption that elements individually devoid of distinctive character
         cannot, on being combined, present such character. The mere fact that each of those elements, considered separately, is devoid
         of distinctive character does not mean that their combination cannot present such character.
      
      (see para. 29)
      2.     It is clear from Article 225 EC and the first paragraph of Article 58 of the Statute of the Court of Justice that an appeal
         lies on points of law only. The Court of First Instance thus has exclusive jurisdiction to find and appraise the relevant
         facts and to assess the evidence. The appraisal of those facts and the assessment of that evidence thus does not, save where
         they distort the evidence, constitute a point of law which is subject, as such, to review by the Court of Justice on appeal.
      
      (see paras 43, 53)
      3.     Decisions concerning registration of a sign as a Community trade mark which the Boards of Appeal are called on to take under
         Regulation No 40/94 on the Community trade mark are adopted in the exercise of circumscribed powers and are not a matter of
         discretion. Accordingly, the legality of the decisions of Boards of Appeal must be assessed solely on the basis of that regulation,
         as interpreted by the Community judicature, and not on the basis of a previous decision-making practice of those boards.
      
      (see para. 47)
      4.     Each of the grounds for refusal to register listed in Article 7(1) of Regulation No 40/94 on the Community trade mark is independent
         of the others and calls for separate examination. Furthermore, the various grounds for refusal must be interpreted in the
         light of the general interest underlying each of them. The general interest taken into consideration when examining each of
         those grounds for refusal may, or even must, reflect different considerations, according to the ground for refusal in question.
      
      In that regard, the notion of general interest underlying Article 7(1)(b) of that regulation is, manifestly, indissociable
         from the essential function of a trade mark, which is to guarantee the identity of the origin of the marked product or service
         to the consumer or end-user by enabling him, without any possibility of confusion, to distinguish the product or service from
         others which have another origin.
      
      By contrast, the fact that it has been shown that the trade mark applied for is likely to be commonly used by the public or
         by competitors, which is a relevant factor under Article 7(1)(c), is not the yardstick by which Article 7(1)(b) must be interpreted.
      
      (see paras 59-60, 62)
      5.     The compound sign containing the abbreviation BioID and figurative elements, namely the typographical features of that abbreviation,
         and two graphic elements placed after the abbreviation BioID, namely a full stop and a sign ‘®’, whose registration as a Community
         trade mark is sought for goods and services in Classes 9, 38 and 42 of the Nice Agreement and, in particular, products whose
         use is required for the biometric identification of human beings and services provided by means of such identification or
         related to the development of systems for such identification, is devoid of any distinctive character within the meaning of
         Article 7(1)(b) of Regulation No 40/94 on the Community trade mark from the point of view of a public with experience in the
         sector of the goods and services concerned, who is reasonably well-informed and reasonably observant and circumspect. The
         abbreviation BioID, which is understood by the relevant public as being made up of the abbreviation of an adjective ‘biometrical’
         and of a noun (‘identification’), and thus, as a whole, as meaning ‘biometrical identification’, is indistinguishable from
         the goods and services concerned. In addition, neither the typographical features nor the graphic elements placed after that
         abbreviation make it possible to guarantee to the relevant public the identity of the origin of the goods and services concerned.
         
      
      (see paras 68-72, 75)
JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (Third Chamber)
      15 September 2005 (*)
      
      (Appeal – Community trade mark – Article 7(1)(b) of Regulation (EC) No 40/94 – Word and figurative mark – BioID – Absolute ground for refusal to register – Trade mark devoid of any distinctive character)
      In Case C-37/03 P,
      APPEAL under Article 56 of the Statute of the Court of Justice lodged at the Court on 3 February 2003,
      BioID AG, established in Berlin (Germany), in judicial liquidation, represented by A. Nordemann, Rechtsanwalt,
      
      appellant,
      the other party to the proceedings being
      Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs) (OHIM), represented by A. von Mühlendahl and G. Schneider, acting as Agents,
      
      defendant at first instance,
      THE COURT (Third Chamber),
      composed of A. Rosas, President of the Chamber,  J.‑P. Puissochet, S. von Bahr, J. Malenovský and A. Ó Caoimh (Rapporteur),
         Judges,
      
      Advocate General: P. Léger,
      Registrar: M. Ferreira, Principal Administrator,
      having regard to the written procedure and further to the hearing on 13 January 2005,
      after hearing the Opinion of the Advocate General at the sitting on 2 June 2005,
      gives the following
      Judgment
      1       By its appeal, BioID AG requests the Court to set aside the judgment of the Court of First Instance of the European Communities
         of 5 December 2002 in Case T-91/01 BioID v OHIM(BioID) [2002] ECR II-5159, ‘the judgment under appeal’, dismissing the action brought against the decision of the Second Board of
         Appeal of the Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs) (‘OHIM’) of 20 February 2001 (Case
         R 538/1999-2) (‘the contested decision’), refusing registration as a Community trade mark of the compound mark containing
         the abbreviation ‘BioID’. 
      
       Legal framework 
      2       Under Article 4 of Council Regulation (EC) No 40/94 of 20 December 1993 on the Community trade mark (OJ 1994 L 11, p. 1):
      ‘A Community trade mark may consist of any signs capable of being represented graphically, particularly words, including personal
         names, designs, letters, numerals, the shape of goods or of their packaging, provided that such signs are capable of distinguishing
         the goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings.’
      
      3       Article 7 of that regulation states:
      ‘1. The following shall not be registered:
      ... 
      (b)       trade marks which are devoid of any distinctive character;
      (c)      trade marks which consist exclusively of signs or indications which may serve, in trade, to designate the kind, quality, quantity,
         intended purpose, value, geographical origin or the time of production of the goods or of rendering of the service, or other
         characteristics of the goods or service;
      
      (d)      trade marks which consist exclusively of signs or indications which have become customary in the current language or in the
         bona fide and established practices of the trade;
      
      …’ 
       Background to the dispute 
      4       On 8 July 1998, the appellant, acting under its former name, D.C.S. Dialog Communication Systems AG, filed an application
         with OHIM for a Community trade mark in respect of a compound mark (‘the trade mark applied for’), made up of the sign reproduced
         below: 
      
      
         
      5       The goods and services in respect of which registration of the said mark is sought fall under Classes 9, 38 and 42 of the
         Nice Agreement concerning the International Classification of Goods and Services for the Purposes of the Registration of Marks
         of 15 June 1957, as revised and amended. They correspond to the following descriptions, which were set out in the application
         for registration of the mark:
      
      –       computer software, computer hardware and parts therefor, optical, acoustic and electronic apparatus and parts therefor, all
         the aforesaid goods in particular for and in connection with the monitoring of user passwords, for computer intercommunication
         and for the computer-aided identification and/or verification of live organisms based on one or more specific biometric characteristics,
         in Class 9;
      
      –       telecommunications; security services in connection with computer communications, access to databases, electronic payment
         transactions, the checking of user passwords and the computer-aided identification and/or verification of live organisms based
         on one or more specific biometric characteristics, in Class 38;
      
      –       providing of software on the internet and other communications networks, on-line maintenance of computer programs, computer
         programming, all the aforesaid services in particular for and in connection with the monitoring of user passwords, computer
         intercommunication and the computer-aided identification and/or verification of live organisms based on one or more specific
         biometric characteristics; technical development of systems for monitoring user passwords, for computer intercommunication,
         and of systems for the computer-aided identification and/or verification of live organisms based on one or more specific biometric
         characteristics, in Class 42.
      
      6       By decision of 25 June 1999 the examiner refused the application, on the ground that the mark applied for was descriptive
         of the goods concerned and devoid of any distinctive character within the meaning of Article 7(1)(b) and (c) of Regulation
         No 40/94. The appellant appealed against that decision. 
      
      7       By the contested decision, the Second Board of Appeal of OHIM dismissed the appeal on the ground that Article 7(1)(b) and
         (c) of Regulation No 40/94 precluded registration of the trade mark applied for, since the latter, read as a whole, constitutes
         a shortened form of the words ‘biometric identification’ and thus described characteristics of the goods and services claimed.
         It also concluded that the graphic elements could not endow the mark with any distinctive character within the meaning of
         Article 7(1)(b). 
      
       The procedure before the Court of First Instance and the judgment under appeal 
      8       By application lodged at the Registry of the Court of First Instance on 25 April 2001, the appellant sought annulment of the
         contested decision. It put forward two pleas in law alleging infringement of Article 7(1)(b) and of Article 7(1)(c) of Regulation
         No 40/94. 
      
      9       In rejecting the action before it, the Court considered first of all, in paragraph 23 of the judgment under appeal, that:
         
      
      ‘As is clear from the case-law, the signs referred to in Article 7(1)(b) of Regulation No 40/94 are, in particular, those
         which, from the point of view of the relevant public, are commonly used in trade in connection with the presentation of the
         goods or services concerned or in respect of which there is, at least, evidence that they could be used in that way. Such
         signs do not enable the relevant public to repeat the experience of a purchase, if it proves to be positive, or to avoid it,
         if it proves to be negative, on the occasion of a subsequent acquisition of the goods or services concerned (see, to that
         effect, Case T-79/00 Rewe-Zentral v OHIM (LITE) [2002] ECR II-705, paragraph 26).’
      
      10     Accordingly, the Court of First Instance considered, in paragraph 25 of the judgment under appeal, that the relevant public
         is, in any event, one with experience in the sector of the goods and services in question.
      
      11     Next, the Court of First Instance held, in paragraph 27 of that judgment, in particular, that a trade mark composed of several
         elements must, for the purposes of assessing its distinctive character, be considered as a whole and that that is not inconsistent
         with a successive examination of the different composite elements of the mark.
      
      12     Firstly, as regards the trade mark applied for, the Court of First Instance found in paragraph 28 of that judgment that, in
         English, the element ‘ID’ is a standard abbreviation of the noun ‘identification’, and that the prefix ‘Bio’ may constitute
         either an abbreviation of an adjective (‘biological’ or ‘biometrical’) or the abbreviation of a noun (‘biology’). It found
         in paragraph 29 of that judgment that, in the light of the goods and services claimed, the relevant public understands BioID
         as meaning ‘biometrical identification.’
      
      13     Secondly, in respect of all of the goods and services covered by the trade mark applied for, the Court held, in paragraphs
         30 to 32 of the judgment under appeal, first, as regards the goods and services in Class 9, that the biometric identification
         of live organisms involves or even requires the use of the said goods, and second, as regards the goods and services in Classes
         38 and 42, that, since those services are provided by means of biometric identification or relate to the development of systems
         for such identification, the abbreviation BioID directly refers to one of the qualities of those services, which may be taken
         into account by the relevant public when choosing such services. 
      
      14     According to the Court of First Instance, in paragraph 34 of its judgment, from the point of view of the relevant public,
         the abbreviation BioID was likely to be commonly used, in trade, for the presentation of the goods and services in the categories
         referred to in the application for registration. Accordingly, it is devoid of distinctive character as regards those categories
         of goods and services. 
      
      15     In paragraph 37 of the judgment under appeal, the Court of First Instance observed that the figurative elements of the trade
         mark applied for, consisting of ‘Arial’ typeface and characters of different boldness, are commonly used, in trade, for the
         presentation of all types of goods and services and are thus devoid of distinctive character in relation to the categories
         of goods and services concerned.  
      
      16     Next, in paragraphs 38 to 40 of the aforesaid judgment, and in relation to the graphic elements of the trade mark applied
         for, the Court held that, as regards the full stop ‘■’, the appellant itself had declared that that element is commonly used
         as the last of several elements in a word mark, indicating that the mark is an abbreviation, and that, as regards the sign
         ‘®’, its function is limited to indicating that the mark has been registered for a specific territory and that, in the absence
         of such registration, the use of that graphic element would be misleading for the public. The Court of First Instance therefore
         concluded that the aforementioned graphic elements are likely to be used, in trade, to present all types of goods and services
         and are therefore devoid of distinctive character in respect of those goods and services.
      
      17     Moreover, in paragraph 41 of that judgment, having considered each of the elements of the trade mark applied for, the Court
         found the trade mark applied for to be composed of a combination of elements, each of which is likely to be used, in trade,
         to present goods and services in the categories claimed by that trade mark and is therefore devoid of distinctive character
         in respect of those goods and services.
      
      18     The Court of First Instance thus held, in paragraphs 42 to 44 of the judgment under appeal, that, since there was no concrete
         evidence, such as, for example, the way in which the various elements are combined, to indicate that the compound trade mark
         applied for, taken as a whole, was greater than the sum of its parts, that trade mark is therefore devoid of distinctive character
         in respect of the categories of goods and services concerned. 
      
      19     Furthermore, in relation to the appellant’s arguments based on the existence of other registered Community trade marks, the
         Court of First Instance, pointing out, in paragraph 47 of the said judgment, that factual or legal grounds contained in a
         previous OHIM decision may constitute arguments supporting a plea alleging infringement of a provision of Regulation No 40/94,
         nevertheless found that, in the present case, the appellant did not rely on grounds contained in other decisions which might
         call into question the above findings as to the distinctive character of the trade mark applied for.  
      
      20     The Court of First Instance thus concluded, in paragraphs 49 and 50 of that judgment, that the plea alleging infringement
         of Article 7(1)(b) of Regulation No 40/94 therefore had to be rejected and that it was unnecessary to consider the plea alleging
         infringement of Article 7(1)(c) of that regulation.
      
       The appeal 
      21     By its appeal, the appellant claims that the Court should set aside the judgment under appeal, annul the contested decision
         and order OHIM to pay the costs. 
      
      22     OHIM contends that the Court should dismiss the appeal and order the appellant to pay the costs. 
      23     In support of its appeal, the appellant puts forward two grounds of appeal. In the first it alleges that the Court of First
         Instance interpreted incorrectly and too broadly the absolute ground for refusal to register trade marks which are devoid
         of any distinctive character, laid down in Article 7(1)(b) of Regulation No 40/94. In its second ground of appeal it claims
         that, if the Court of First Instance interpreted the latter provision of the regulation correctly, it erred in law in not
         dealing with the second plea submitted at first instance, alleging infringement of that regulation.    
      
       First ground of appeal, alleging infringement of Article 7(1)(b) of Regulation No 40/94 
      24     This ground of appeal can be divided into four heads of claim. 
       First head of claim, concerning the account to be taken of the overall impression produced by the trade mark applied for 
         
      
      25     With this head of claim, the appellant complains that the Court of First Instance did not take as a basis for its assessment
         as to whether the trade mark applied for is capable of having dinstinctive character the criterion of the impression produced
         by that trade mark as a whole on the relevant public. The appellant submits that, although the Court of First Instance examined
         each of the different figurative and graphic elements of that trade mark in detail and based its conclusions on that examination,
         it did not really analyse the overall impression. 
      
      26     In the view of OHIM, the Court of First Instance examined the trade mark applied for as a whole, even though it rightly asserted
         that that approach does not preclude starting with a separate analysis of each of its individual components. OHIM, which itself
         carried out such an analysis, concluded that the overall impression produced by each of the elements of the trade mark applied
         for was of a sign that is not distinctive. 
      
      27     First, the essential function of a trade mark is to guarantee the identity of the origin of the marked product or service
         to the consumer or end-user by enabling him, without any possibility of confusion, to distinguish the product or service from
         others which have another origin (see, in particular, Case 102/77 Hoffmann-La Roche [1978] ECR 1139, paragraph 7, and Case C-299/99 Philips [2002] ECR I-5475, paragraph 30). Article 7(1)(b) of Regulation No 40/94 is thus intended to preclude registration of trade
         marks which are devoid of distinctive character which alone renders them capable of fulfilling that essential function (see
         Case  C-329/02 P SAT.1 v OHIM [2004] ECR I-8317, paragraph 23).
      
      28     Secondly, in order to determine whether a sign is of a character such as to render it registrable as a trade mark, it is appropriate
         to take the viewpoint of the relevant public. 
      
      29     Thirdly, as regards a compound mark, such as that which forms the subject-matter of the present dispute, any distinctive character
         may be assessed, in part, in respect of each of the terms or elements, taken separately, but that assessment must, in any
         event, be based on the overall perception of that trade mark by the relevant public and not on the presumption that elements
         individually devoid of distinctive character cannot, on being combined, present such character (see SAT.1 v OHIM, cited above, paragraph 35). The mere fact that each of those elements, considered separately, is devoid of distinctive character
         does not mean that their combination cannot present such character (see, by way of analogy, Case C-363/99 Koninklijke KPN Nederland [2004] ECR I-1619, paragraphs 99 and 100, Case C-265/00 Campina Melkunie [2004] ECR I-1699, paragraphs 40 and 41, as well as SAT.1 v OHIM, cited above, paragraph 28).
      
      30     In SAT.1 v OHIM, cited above, concerning an application for a Community trade mark in respect of the term SAT.2, the Court set aside the
         judgment of the Court of First Instance in Case T-323/00 SAT.1 v OHIM(SAT.2) [2002] ECR II-2839, on the ground that, in order to justify refusal of registration of that term, that Court had based itself
         on the presumption that elements individually devoid of distinctive character cannot, on being combined, present such a character.
         The Court of First Instance had thus examined the impression as a whole produced by that term only as a secondary matter,
         refusing to attribute any relevance to aspects such as the existence of a fanciful element, which ought to be taken into account
         in such an analysis. 
      
      31     In paragraph 27 of the judgment under appeal, the Court of First Instance rightly held that, for the purposes of assessing
         the distinctive character of a compound mark, it is not inconsistent with a successive examination of the different composite
         elements of the mark to consider that mark as a whole. 
      
      32     Admittedly, in paragraph 42 of the judgment under appeal, having taken the view that the different elements of the trade mark
         applied for were devoid of distinctive character, the Court of First Instance found that the trade mark itself should also
         be presumed to be devoid of such character. 
      
      33     However, contrary to the situation in SAT.1 v OHIM(SAT.2), cited above, that finding did not, in this case, affect the Court of First Instance’s analysis on that point since it did
         not restrict itself to examining the overall impression produced by the trade mark applied for as a secondary matter, but
         directed part of its reasoning to considering, in relation to a compound mark, the sign’s distinctiveness as a whole.
      
      34     In paragraph 42 of the judgment under appeal, the Court of First Instance noted that, where it does not appear that there
         is concrete evidence, such as, for example, the way in which the various elements are combined, to indicate that a compound
         trade mark, taken as a whole, is greater than the sum of its parts, such a trade mark is devoid of distinctive character in
         respect of the goods and services concerned.  
      
      35     In addition, in paragraphs 43 and 44 of the aforesaid judgment, the Court of First Instance referred to its detailed analysis,
         first, of the typographical elements described in paragraph 37 of that judgment, and second, of the graphic elements referred
         to in paragraphs 38 and 39 of the judgment. In doing so, the Court of First Instance integrated the analysis in those paragraphs
         of the judgment into its examination of the impression produced by the trade mark applied for as a whole, with a view to determining
         whether the mark is of a character such as to render it registrable as a trade mark. 
      
      36     Finally, the Court of First Instance found that the structure of the trade mark applied for did not alter the conclusion that
         the trade mark, taken as a whole, was devoid of distinctive character. 
      
      37     That reasoning is not vitiated by any error of law, since the Court of First Instance ascertained whether the said mark, taken
         as a whole, had distinctive character.  
      
      38     It follows from this that the first head of claim of the first ground of appeal must be rejected as unfounded. 
       Second head of claim, concerning the evidence that the trade mark applied for was actually used by the public or by competitors
         
      
      39     With this head of claim, the appellant submits that, in considering that the trade mark applied for was devoid of distinctive
         character, the Court of First Instance did not take into account the fact that it could not be proved that the trade mark
         applied for was actually used by the public or by competitors, that it did not appear in dictionaries and that, although an
         internet search of the terms ‘biometric identification’ gave more than 19 075 results, the trade mark applied for has only
         been used in publications on ‘biometric identification’ originating from the appellant. 
      
      40     OHIM contends that the specific evaluation of the impact of a trade mark on consumers, clearly defined in relation to the
         goods and services for which registration of the sign is requested, amounts to a finding of fact which cannot be examined
         by the Court unless the Court of First Instance is alleged to have distorted the facts. Since the appellant has not put forward
         any factor capable of undermining the Court of First Instance’s findings of fact on that point, this ground of appeal is inadmissible.
         
      
      41     As regards the question of proof that the trade mark applied for was commonly used in a descriptive way by the public or by
         competitors, it is sufficient to point out, first, that the fact that it has been shown that the trade mark applied for is
         commonly used by the public or by competitors is a relevant factor under Article 7(1)(d) of Regulation No 40/94, but not under
         Article 7(1)(b) (see, to that effect, Case C-64/02 P OHIM v Erpo Möbelwerk [2004] ECR I-0000, paragraphs 40 and 46).
      
      42     Secondly, the specific evaluation of the impact of a trade mark on consumers, clearly defined in relation to the goods and
         services for which registration of the sign is requested, amounts to a finding of fact. The appellant is thus effectively
         requesting the Court to substitute its own assessment of the facts for that carried out by the Court of First Instance. 
      
      43     It is clear from Article 225 EC and the first paragraph of Article 58 of the Statute of the Court of Justice that an appeal
         lies on points of law only. The Court of First Instance thus has exclusive jurisdiction to find and appraise the relevant
         facts and to assess the evidence. The appraisal of those facts and the assessment of that evidence thus does not, save where
         they distort the evidence, constitute a point of law which is subject, as such, to review by the Court of Justice on appeal
         (see, to that effect, Case C-104/00 P DKV v OHIM [2002] ECR I-7561, paragraph 22; Case C-194/99 P Thyssen Stahl v Commission [2003] ECR I-10821, paragraph 20; and Case C-136/02 P Mag Instrument v OHIM [2004] ECR I-0000, paragraph 39).
      
      44     In those circumstances, the second head of claim of the first ground of appeal must accordingly be rejected as being partly
         unfounded and partly inadmissible. 
      
       Third head of claim, concerning the account to be taken of other trade marks registered as Community trade marks 
      45     With this head of claim, the appellant claims that the Court of First Instance should have considered that other marks registered
         by OHIM as Community trade marks, including not only other marks containing the prefix ‘Bio’ and another descriptive term,
         but also the word mark Bioid, were indications of the distinctive character of the trade mark applied for. 
      
      46     OHIM contends that, since the decisions of the Boards of Appeal are not decisions which involve discretion, but rather the
         exercise of circumscribed powers, earlier decisions cannot be used as criteria of comparison. The list of word marks containing
         the element ‘Bio’ and refused by OHIM is just as long as the list of trade marks registered that include that element. Comparable
         registrations have to be examined on a case by case basis, taking into account, in particular, the goods and services for
         which registration of the sign is requested. Furthermore, OHIM points out that the word mark ‘Bioid’ cannot be compared with
         the figurative mark BioID. The figurative separation, also shown graphically, of ‘Bio’ on the one hand, and ‘ID’ on the other
         hand, clearly illustrates that those are two elements of one mark. In the case of the word mark Bioid, those elements of separation
         are completely lacking.  
      
      47     In that regard, it is necessary to point out, first of all, that decisions concerning registration of a sign as a Community
         trade mark which the Boards of Appeal are called on to take under Regulation No 40/94 are adopted in the exercise of circumscribed
         powers and are not a matter of discretion. Accordingly, the legality of the decisions of Boards of Appeal must be assessed
         solely on the basis of that regulation, as interpreted by the Community judicature, and not on the basis of a previous decision-making
         practice of those boards (see Case T-19/04 Metso Paper Automation  v OHIM(PAPERLAB) [2005] ECR I-0000, paragraph 39). 
      
      48     In addition, the distinctiveness of a mark must be assessed, first, in relation to the goods or services in respect of which
         registration has been applied for and, second, in relation to the perception of them by the relevant public. 
      
      49     It follows that the identity or similarity of the trade mark applied for in relation to another Community trade mark is irrelevant
         where, as in this case, elements of fact or of law which have been put forward in support of the application for that other
         mark are not put forward by the appellant for the purpose of showing the distinctive character of the trade mark applied for.
         
      
      50     In any event, contrary to the appellant’s submissions, the Court of First Instance did not in any way refuse to examine the
         evidence deriving from OHIM’s decision-making practice. 
      
      51     The Court of First Instance thus held, in paragraph 47 of the judgment under appeal, that factual or legal grounds contained
         in a previous decision may constitute arguments supporting a plea alleging infringement of a provision of Regulation No 40/94.
         However, in the same paragraph of that judgment it expressly stated that, in relation to the trade mark applied for, the appellant
         had not relied on grounds contained in earlier decisions of the Boards of Appeal recognising the registrability of other marks
         containing the element ‘Bio’ which might call into question the findings in the contested decision as to its distinctive character.
         
      
      52     Moreover, having noted at the hearing that the appellant also relied on the registration by OHIM of the word mark Bioid for
         the categories of goods and services described as ‘printing products’, ‘telecommunications’ and ‘computer programming’, the
         Court of First Instance concluded that, contrary to the appellant’s submission, the trade mark applied for and the word mark
         ‘Bioid’ are not interchangeable, and the fact that in the said word mark the letters ‘id’ are in lower case distinguishes
         it, in terms of its semantic content, from the abbreviation BioID. 
      
      53     Finally, as has already been pointed out in paragraph 43 of this judgment, it is clear from Article 225 EC and the first paragraph
         of Article 58 of the Statute of the Court of Justice, that an appeal lies on points of law only. The Court of First Instance
         thus has exclusive jurisdiction to find and appraise the relevant facts and to assess the evidence. The appraisal of those
         facts and the assessment of that evidence thus does not, save where they distort the evidence, constitute a point of law which
         is subject, as such, to review by the Court of Justice on appeal. 
      
      54     However, in calling into question the Court of First Instance’s assessment of the similarity and identity of the registered
         trade marks, and accordingly the relevance of earlier decisions of OHIM, the appellant is in reality merely challenging the
         appraisal of the facts carried out by the Court of First Instance, without mentioning or alleging any such distortion.  
      
      55     The third head of claim of the first ground of appeal must accordingly be rejected as being partly unfounded and partly inadmissible.
       Fourth head of claim, concerning the criterion for refusal of registration
      56     With this final head of claim of the first ground of appeal, which the appellant raised for the first time at the hearing,
         it claims that the Court of First Instance interpreted Article 7(1)(b) of the regulation erroneously in finding that the trade
         marks referred to in that provision are, in particular, those which, from the point of view of the relevant public, are commonly
         used in trade in connection with the presentation of the goods or services concerned or in respect of which there is, at least,
         evidence that they could be used in that way. 
      
      57     OHIM contends that the Court of First Instance did not commit any error in considering that the trade mark applied for can
         be commonly used. In its opinion, that trade mark would not readily be perceived as a mark of origin by the limited public
         targeted by the application in this case. Furthermore, at the hearing, OHIM raised by implication the question of the admissibility
         of this head of claim which had not been raised in the appeal. 
      
      58     In that connection, and as the Advocate General indicates in point 25 of his Opinion, it should be noted that this head of
         claim was submitted in support of the first ground of appeal put forward by the appellant to the Court, according to which
         the Court of First Instance erroneously interpreted the absolute ground for refusal to register trade marks which are devoid
         of any distinctive character, laid down in Article 7(1)(b) of Regulation No 40/94. Consequently, it is not a new plea within
         the meaning of Article 42(2) of the Rules of Procedure. 
      
      59     As regards the validity of the head of claim, it must be pointed out that each of the grounds for refusal to register listed
         in Article 7(1) of Regulation No 40/94 is independent of the others and calls for separate examination (see OHIM v Erpo Möbelwerk, cited above, paragraph 39). Furthermore, the various grounds for refusal must be interpreted in the light of the general
         interest underlying each of them. The general interest taken into consideration when examining each of those grounds for refusal
         may, or even must, reflect different considerations, according to the ground for refusal in question (see Joined Cases C-456/01
         P and C-457/01 P Henkel v OHIM [2004] ECR I-5089, paragraphs 45 and 46, and SAT.1 v OHIM, cited above, paragraph 25).
      
      60     In addition, it must be pointed out that the notion of general interest underlying Article 7(1)(b) of Regulation No 40/94
         is, manifestly, indissociable from the essential function of a trade mark, which is to guarantee the identity of the origin
         of the marked product or service to the consumer or end-user by enabling him, without any possibility of confusion, to distinguish
         the product or service from others which have another origin (see, SAT.1 v OHIM, cited above, paragraphs 23 and 27). 
      
      61     In paragraphs 23, 34, 41 and 43 of the judgment under appeal, the Court of First Instance primarily accepted the fact that
         the trade mark applied for is likely to be commonly used in trade, in order to establish that it fell within Article 7(1)(b)
         of the regulation. 
      
      62     It must, however, be stated that, as the Court of Justice held in paragraph 36 of SAT.1 v OHIM, cited above, that criterion, although relevant in relation to Article 7(1)(c) of Regulation No 40/94, is not the yardstick
         by which Article 7(1)(b) must be interpreted. 
      
      63     Consequently, it must be held that the head of claim alleging that the Court of First Instance applied a criterion relevant
         in the context of Article 7(1)(c) of the regulation rather than in that of Article 7(1)(b) is well founded. 
      
      64     Therefore, the first ground of appeal, alleging erroneous interpretation of Article 7(1)(b) of Regulation No 40/94, must be
         accepted. 
      
      65     It follows from the foregoing, without there being any need to examine the second ground of appeal, that the judgment under
         appeal must be set aside in so far as the Court of First instance erred in law in its interpretation of Article 7(1)(b) of
         Regulation No 40/94.  
      
       Substance of the action at first instance 
      66     Under the second sentence of the first paragraph of Article 61 of the Statute of the Court of Justice, the latter may, where
         the decision of the Court of First Instance is quashed, itself give final judgment in the matter, where the state of the proceedings
         so permits. That is the case here.
      
      67     In that regard, and as is clear from paragraphs 27 and 28 of this judgment, in order to ascertain whether the trade mark applied
         for guarantees the identity of the origin of the marked product or service to the consumer or end-user by enabling him, without
         any possibility of confusion, to distinguish the product or service from others which have another origin, it is appropriate
         to take the viewpoint of the relevant public. 
      
      68     Thus, bearing in mind the goods and services covered by the trade mark application described in paragraph 5 of this judgment,
         it appears that the relevant public is one with experience in the sector of the goods and services in question, reasonably
         well-informed and reasonably observant and circumspect. 
      
      69     The trade mark applied for contains the abbreviation BioID and figurative elements, namely the typographical characteristics
         of that abbreviation, and two graphic elements placed after the abbreviation BioID, namely a full stop (■) and a sign (®).
         
      
      70     As regards the said abbreviation, and as OHIM rightly found in the contested decision, the relevant public will understand
         BioID, in the light of the goods and services claimed in the trade mark application, as being made up of the abbreviation
         of an adjective ‘biometrical’ and of a noun (‘identification’), and thus, as a whole, as meaning ‘biometrical identification’.
         Therefore, that abbreviation, which is indistinguishable from the goods and services covered by the trade mark application,
         is not of a character which can guarantee the identity of the origin of the marked product or service to the consumer or end-user
         from the viewpoint of the relevant public. 
      
      71     In addition, in the light of the recurrent nature of the typographical features of the abbreviation BioID and the absence
         of any particular distinctive element, the characters in ‘Arial’ typeface and characters of different boldness do not enable
         the trade mark applied for to guarantee, to the relevant public, the identity of the origin of the goods and services covered
         by the trade mark application.  
      
      72     Furthermore, the two graphic elements placed after the abbreviation BioID, namely a full stop (■) and a sign (®), do nothing
         to enable the relevant public to distinguish, without any possibility of confusion, the products or services covered by the
         trade mark application from others which have another origin. It follows that those graphic elements are not capable of fulfilling
         the essential function of a trade mark, as described in paragraph 25 of the present judgment, in relation to the relevant
         goods and services.
      
      73     As pointed out by the Advocate General in point 105 of his Opinion, when the overall impression conveyed by the trade mark
         applied for to the relevant public is examined, the abbreviation BioID, which is devoid of any distinctive character, is the
         dominant element of that mark. 
      
      74     Moreover, as OHIM observed in paragraph 21 of the contested decision, the figurative and graphic elements are so minimal in
         nature that they do not endow the trade mark applied for as a whole with any distinctive character. Those elements do not
         possess any feature, in particular in terms of fancifulness or as regards the way in which they are combined, allowing that
         mark to fulfil its essential function in relation to the goods and services covered by the trade mark application. 
      
      75     Accordingly, the trade mark applied for is devoid of any distinctive character within the meaning of Article 7(1)(b) of Regulation
         No 40/94. In those circumstances, the appellant’s action against the contested decision must be dismissed. 
      
       Costs
      76     Under Article 122 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice, where the appeal is well founded and the Court of Justice
         itself gives final judgment in the case, the Court is to make a decision as to costs. Under Article 69(2) of the Rules of
         Procedure of the Court of Justice, which applies to appeals by virtue of Article 118, the unsuccessful party is to be ordered
         to pay the costs if they have been applied for in the successful party’s pleadings. Since OHIM has applied for costs against
         the appellant and the appellant has been unsuccessful, the latter must be ordered to pay the costs of the proceedings at first
         instance and on appeal.   
      
      On those grounds, the Court (Third Chamber) hereby:
      1.      Sets aside the judgment of the Court of First Instance of the European Communities of 5 December 2002 in Case T-91/01 BioID v OHIM(BioID) [2002] ECR II-5159; 
      2.      Dismisses the action against the decision of the Second Board of Appeal of the Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market
            (Trade Marks and Designs) of 20 February 2001; 
      3.      Orders the appellant to pay the costs of the proceedings at first instance and on appeal. 
      [Signatures] 
      * Language of the case: German.