CELEX: 62001CC0487
Language: en
Date: 2003-06-03 00:00:00
Title: Opinion of Mr Advocate General Tizzano delivered on 3 June 2003. # Gemeente Leusden (C-487/01) and Holin Groep BV cs (C-7/02) v Staatssecretaris van Financiën. # References for a preliminary ruling: Hoge Raad der Nederlanden - Netherlands. # Turnover taxes - Common system of value added tax - Article 17 of the Sixth Directive 77/388/EEC - Deduction of input tax - Amendment of national legislation withdrawing the right to opt for taxation of lettings of immovable property - Adjustment of deductions - Application to current leases. # Joined cases C-487/01 and C-7/02.

OPINION OF ADVOCATE GENERAL
      TIZZANO
      delivered on 3 June 2003 (1)
      
      Joined Cases C-487/01
      Gemeente Leusden
      v
      Staatssecretaris van Financiën
      and
      C-7/02
      Holin Groep BV c.s.
      v
      Staatssecretaris van Financiën
      (Reference for a preliminary ruling from the Hoge Raad der Nederlanden (Netherlands))(Sixth VAT Directive – Deduction of input tax – Possibility of opting for taxation of the letting of immoveable property – Abolition – Adjustment of deductions – Applicability to current leases – Protection of legitimate expectations)
      1.        By judgments of 14 and 21 December 2001, the Hoge Raad der Nederlanden (Supreme Court of the Netherlands) referred to the
         Court of Justice, pursuant to Article 234 EC, a number of questions for a preliminary ruling concerning the interpretation
         of the Sixth VAT Directive (2) (hereinafter: the ‘directive’). The national court is seeking, in particular, to establish whether the principles of the
         protection of legitimate expectations and legal certainty mean that, following a legislative amendment, a Member State may
         not require a taxable person, under Article 20 or, in the alternative, Article 5(7)(a) of the directive, to repay, in full
         or in part, the VAT it has deducted in accordance with the directive. The national court is also asking the Court of Justice
         to define the scope of the abovementioned legislative amendment in relation to leases in existence at the time the amendment
         entered into force. Finally, the national court is seeking to establish whether the answer to the first question would be
         different if account were taken solely of the period following the notification of the draft legislation containing the abovementioned
         legislative amendment.
      
      I –  Legal framework
      A –    The relevant provisions of the directive
      2.        Article 2 of the directive provides that: 
      ‘The following shall be subject to value added tax:
      1. The supply of goods or services effected for a consideration within the territory of the country by a taxable person acting
         as such;
      
      ?’
      3.        Article 4(1) of the directive provides:
      ‘1. “Taxable person” shall mean any person who independently carries out in any place any economic activity specified in paragraph
         2, whatever the purpose or results of that activity.’
      
      4.        Under Article 5(7)(a) of the directive:
      ‘The Member States may treat as supplies made for consideration:
      (a) the application by a taxable person for the purposes of his business of goods produced, constructed, extracted, processed,
         purchased or imported in the course of such business, where the value added tax on such goods, had they been acquired from
         another taxable person, would not be wholly deductible;
      
      ?.’
      5.        Under Article 10(2) of the directive, ‘? the tax shall become chargeable when the goods are delivered or the services are
         performed ?’.
      
      6.        Article 11(A)(1)(b) of the directive provides:
      ‘1.      The taxable amount shall be:
      ?
      (b) in respect of supplies referred to in Article 5(6) and (7), the purchase price of the goods or of similar goods or, in
         the absence of a purchase price, the cost price, determined at the time of supply;
      
      ?’
      7.        Article 13(B) of the directive provides:
      ‘Without prejudice to other Community provisions, Member States shall exempt the following under conditions which they shall
         lay down for the purpose of ensuring the correct and straightforward application of the exemptions and of preventing any possible
         evasion, avoidance or abuse;
      
      ?
      (b) the leasing or letting of immovable property ?’
      8.        However, under Article 13(C) of the directive:
      ‘Member States may allow taxpayers a right of option for taxation in cases of:
      (a) letting and leasing of immovable property;
      ?
      Member States may restrict the scope of this right of option and shall fix the details of its use.’
      9.        Article 17 of the directive provides that:
      ‘1. The right to deduct shall arise at the time when the deductible tax becomes chargeable.
      2. In so far as the goods and services are used for the purposes of his taxable transactions, the taxable person shall be
         entitled to deduct from the tax which he is liable to pay:
      
      (a) value added tax due or paid in respect of goods or services supplied or to be supplied to him by another taxable person;
      ?
      (c) value added tax due under Article[s] 5(7)(a) ?’
      10.      Finally, under Article 20 of the directive:
      ‘1. The initial deduction shall be adjusted according to the procedures laid down by the Member States, in particular:
      (a) where that deduction was higher or lower than that to which the taxable person was entitled;
      (b) where after the return is made some change occurs in the factors used to determine the amount to be deducted, in particular
         where purchases are cancelled or price reductions are obtained; however, adjustment shall not be made in cases of transactions
         remaining totally or partially unpaid and of destruction, loss or theft of property duly proved or confirmed, nor in the case
         of applications for the purpose of making gifts of small value and giving samples specified in Article 5(6). However, Member
         States may require adjustment in cases of transactions remaining totally or partially unpaid and of theft.
      
      2. In the case of capital goods, adjustment shall be spread over five years including that in which the goods were acquired
         or manufactured. The annual adjustment shall be made only in respect of one-fifth of the tax imposed on the goods. The adjustment
         shall be made on the basis of the variations in the deduction entitlement in subsequent years in relation to that for the
         year in which the goods were acquired or manufactured.
      
      By way of derogation from the preceding subparagraph, Member States may base the adjustment on a period of five full years
         starting from the time at which the goods are first used.
      
      In the case of immovable property, acquired as capital goods, the adjustment period may be extended up to 10 years. (3)
      
      3. In the case of supply during the period of adjustment, capital goods shall be regarded as if they had still been applied
         for business use by the taxable person until expiry of the period of adjustment. Such business activities are presumed to
         be fully taxed in cases where the delivery of the said goods is taxed; they are presumed to be exempt where the delivery is
         exempt. The adjustment shall be made only once for the whole period of adjustment still to be covered.
      
      …’
      B –    The relevant provisions of Netherlands legislation
      11.      The Netherlands transposed the directive into national law by a Law of 28 December 1978 (4) amending the ‘Wet op de omzetbelasting 1968’ (Law of 1968 on Turnover Tax; hereinafter: ‘the Law of 1968’). (5) The Law of 1968 was subsequently amended by the ‘Wet van 18 december 1995 houdende wijziging van de Wet op de Omzetbelasting
         1968 enz.’ (Law of 18 December 1995 amending the Law on Turnover Tax 1968 etc.; (hereinafter: ‘the Law of December 1995’).
         (6)
      
      12.      In implementation of Article 13(B) and (C) of the directive, Article 11(1)(b), point 5, of the Law of 1968 provided, before
         its amendment by the Law of December 1995, for VAT exemption for the leasing of immovable property, although it gave the lessor
         and lessee the possibility of opting for taxation of the leasing of immovable property not for habitation, by submitting a
         joint application to that effect to the tax authorities.
      
      13.      As a result of the amendments made to that provision by the Law of December 1995, however, the possibility of taking up that
         option became limited solely to those cases in which the lessee uses the leased immovable property for purposes in respect
         of which he has a full or virtually full right to deduct VAT.
      
      14.      In accordance with Article V(1) of the Law of December 1995, that Law entered into force on 29 December 1995 but applies retroactively,
         as of 18.00 hours on 31 March 1995, the date on which the Netherlands Secretary of State for Finance issued a press release
         indicating the intention of the Netherlands Council of Ministers to amend the 1968 Law with retroactive force as of the date
         of the press release itself. Article V(9), however, provides that the new rules do not apply, for a period comprising the
         first financial year in which the lessor began using the property and the beginning of the tenth financial year, to leases
         for property concluded in writing by 18.00 hours on 31 March 1995 and fulfilling certain conditions.
      
      15.      The procedures for adjusting the VAT deducted in relation to immovable property are governed by Article 13(2) of the regulation
         implementing the Law of December 1968 (hereinafter: the 1968 implementing regulation). In accordance with the provisions of
         Article 20 of the directive, that article provides that the deduction in relation to immovable property is to be adjusted
         over a period of nine financial years beginning with the financial year in which the economic operator first used the property
         and that the adjustment is to be made annually in respect of one tenth of the amount of VAT deducted.
      
      II –  Facts, main proceedings and questions referred 
      Case C-487/01
      16.      During the period 1990-1991, the Municipality of Leusden converted a natural grass pitch into an artificial grass pitch in
         a sports ground that it owned. On 1 January 1992, that sports ground was let to the Mixed Hockey Club (hereinafter: the ‘Hockey
         Club’).
      
      17.      Even though it was not entitled to deduct VAT, the Hockey Club together, with the Municipality of Leusden, opted for taxation
         of the letting in accordance with Article 11 of the Law of 1968. Under Article 17 of the directive, according to which VAT
         on goods or services is deductible only in so far as those goods or services are used for purposes which are also subject
         to VAT, that would have enabled the Municipality of Leusden to deduct the full amount of VAT relating to the work it had carried
         out on the sports ground.
      
      18.      However, as a result of the amendment to Article 11 of the Law of 1968 introduced by the Law of 1995, the Municipality of
         Leusden and the Hockey Club lost the option for taxation the letting of the sports ground. For that reason, and on the basis
         of Article 13 of the 1968 implementing regulation, the tax authority decided to ask the Municipality of Leusden to adjust
         the VAT deducted on the work that had been carried out. That adjustment, in particular, had been applied to only a portion
         of the VAT initially deducted, that is to say the portion covering the years remaining, after the entry into force of the
         Law of December 1995, of the ten-year adjustment period commencing with the first use of the sports ground.
      
      19.      The Municipality of Leusden brought an action against that decision before the Gerechtshof te Amsterdam (Amsterdam Court of
         Appeal) which, however, ruled against it. The Municipality of Leusden therefore appealed against that Court’s ruling before
         the Hoge Raad, claiming, among other things, that the adjustment to the deduction of VAT consequent on the legislative amendment
         was incompatible with the principles of legitimate expectation and legal certainty cited in the Court’s judgments of 3 December
         1998 in Case C-381/97 Belgocodex (7) and 8 June 2000 in Case C-396/98 Schloßstraße.  (8)
      
      20.      The Hoge Raad had doubts concerning the interpretation to be given to the relevant provisions of the directive since the facts
         of this case in some respects differed from those of the cases cited above, it therefore stayed proceedings and referred the
         following questions to the Court for a preliminary ruling:
      
      ‘Do Articles 20(2) and 17 of the Sixth Directive or the principles, in European law, of the protection of legitimate expectations
         and legal certainty preclude adjustment – in a case involving no fraud or abuse or change of planned use as referred to in
         paragraphs 50 and 51 of the judgment of the Court of Justice in the Schloßstraße case – of the VAT deducted by a taxable person,
         which he has paid on an item of (immovable) property supplied to him with a view to the letting (subject to VAT) of that property,
         for the years of the period of adjustment under Article 20(2) which have not yet elapsed at the time of the cessation of that
         right of option (in this case, in fact, 1 January 1996) for the sole reason that, as a result of a legislative amendment,
         the taxable person is no longer entitled to waive exemption for that letting?
      
      2. If the answer to the first question is in the affirmative, is the legislative amendment inapplicable only in respect of
         the deducted tax mentioned in Question 1, or is it also inapplicable – until the period of adjustment has expired – in respect
         of the taxed status (subject to the provisions of Article 13(C) of the Directive) of the letting referred to in Question 1?’
      
      Case C-7/02
      21.      In the course of 1994 and 1995, G&S Properties BV (hereinafter: ‘G&S’), a member of the Holin Groep BV c.s. (hereinafter:
         the ‘Holin Group’) had built on land it owned a building complex made up of premises for use as offices, and it deducted the
         VAT charged in this respect.
      
      22.      Towards the middle of 1994, G&S entered into negotiations with ING Bank NV (hereinafter: the ‘ING Bank’) with regard to the
         leasing of part of the office building or sale of the building to the Bank. In these negotiations both G&S and the Bank agreed
         that, in the event of leasing, they would opt to make the lease subject to tax in accordance with Article 11 of the Law of
         1968. The Bank intended to use the leased property for its own banking activities which are exempted from turnover tax by
         statute.
      
      23.      Although G&S claims to have entered into a commitment to lease the office building to the ING Bank before 31 March 1995, the
         lease was not drawn up in writing until December 1995 and took effect as of 1 January 1996.
      
      24.      Subsequently, ING Bank and the Holin Group applied to the Tax Inspector for the VAT exemption to be waived in accordance with
         Article 11 of the Law of 1968. But their application was rejected because, following the entry into force of the Law of December
         1995, Article 11 of the Law of 1968 had been amended and, since the lease had not been drawn up in writing by 18.00 hours
         on 31 March 1995, it could not be covered by the transitional arrangements under Article V(9) of the Law of December 1995.
      
      25.      The Tax Inspector further established that the Holin Group had constructed the building in question as part of its own business,
         that it was using it to meet its own business requirements; and that, had the immovable property been acquired by third parties,
         the Holin Group would not have been able to deduct VAT. Therefore, on the basis of Article 3(1)(h) of the Law of 1968, which
         is based on Article 5(7)(a) of the Sixth Directive, the Inspector demanded that the Holin Group pay the VAT previously deducted
         in respect of the construction work on the property in question.
      
      26.      The Holin Group brought an action against that decision before the Gerechtshof Amsterdam, which dismissed the action. On appeal
         to the Hoge Raad, the Holin Group claimed that, by charging VAT in accordance with the national provision based on Article
         5(7)(a) of the directive as a result of the legislative amendment, the decision at issue was incompatible with the principles
         of the protection of legitimate expectations and legal certainty cited in the Court’s Belgocodex and Schloßstraße judgments.
      
      27.      As the Hoge Raad had doubts concerning the interpretation to be given to the relevant provisions of the directive since the
         facts of this case in some respects differed from those of the cases cited above, it stayed proceedings and referred the following
         questions to the Court for a preliminary ruling:
      
      ‘1. Do Articles 5(7)(a) and 17 of the Sixth Directive, or the European law principles of the protection of legitimate expectations
         and of legal certainty preclude – in a case not involving fraud or abuse or any question of a change in planned use, as mentioned
         in paragraphs 50 and 51 of the judgment of the Court of Justice in Schloßstraße – the charging of tax on the basis of the
         abovementioned Article 5(7)(a) when a taxable person has deducted VAT which he has paid for goods delivered, or services provided,
         to him with a view to the planned leasing, subject to VAT, of a particular immovable property, on the simple ground that,
         as a result of a legislative amendment, the taxable person no longer has the right to waive the exemption for that lease?
      
      2. Would an affirmative response to the first question also apply to a right to deduct arising in the period between notification
         of the legislative amendment mentioned in Question 1 and its entry into force? In other words, in the event of an affirmative
         response to Question 1, can tax still be charged, on the basis of Article 5(7)(a), on the elements of the cost price referred
         to in Article 11(A)(1)(b) of the Sixth Directive which were incurred after that notification date?’
      
      III –  Procedure before the Court of Justice
      28.      During the written procedure, the following submitted observations to the Court in relation to Case C-487/01: the Municipality
         of Leusden, the Netherlands and French Governments and the Commission. The French, Netherlands and United Kingdom Governments
         and the Commission submitted observations in relation to Case C-7/02. The two cases were joined by order of 6 November 2002,
         in accordance with Rule 43 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice. The Municipality of Leusden, the Holin Group,
         the Netherlands Government and the Commission took part in the hearing of 9 January 2003.
      
      IV –  Legal analysis
      A –    The first questions referred in Cases C-487/01 and C-7/02
      29.      By its first question in Case C-487/01, the national court is essentially asking the Court of Justice to clarify whether,
         following a legislative amendment, the principles of the protection of legitimate expectations and legal certainty prevent
         a Member State from requiring a taxable person to repay the tax that person has deducted, in accordance with Article 20 of
         the directive.
      
      30.      The first question in Case C-7/02 is fundamentally the same as that in Case C-487/01, the only difference being that it is
         raised in relation to Article 5(7)(a) rather than Article 20 of the directive.
      
      31.      Since the questions are very similar, I shall consider them jointly below.
      Summary of the observations submitted to the Court of Justice
      32.      The Municipality of Leusden points out that it drew up its own investment plans and fixed the rent for letting the sports
         ground to the Hockey Club, relying, at the time the sports ground was converted, on the legislation then in force, under which
         it was entitled to deduct all of the VAT applicable to expenditure on that conversion work. The lease contained no clause
         allowing it, in the event of legislative amendments of the kind at issue, to adjust the rent so that the lessee had to bear
         the financial burden consequent on the amendment; therefore, to avoid having to meet that cost, the Municipality of Leusden
         would now have to bring an action before the courts – obviously with no guarantee as to the outcome – to secure adjustment
         of the rent under Article 258 of Book VI of the Netherlands Civil Code.
      
      33.      In support of its arguments, the Municipality of Leusden cites the Schloßtraße judgment and the Opinion of Advocate General Geelhoed in Case C‑17/01, Sudholz. (9) It contends that it is apparent from that case-law that the principles of legal certainty and legitimate expectation generally
         preclude the subsequent withdrawal by legislative amendment of the right to deduct VAT, once established. In the light of
         those principles, the Municipality of Leusden therefore concludes that it cannot be required to make any adjustment under
         Article 20 of the directive, and the first question must, consequently, be answered in the affirmative.
      
      34.      The Holin Group, too, claims to have relied, from the start of construction work on the building subsequently leased to the
         ING Bank, on the possibility of opting for taxation of that lease on the basis of the version of Article 11 of the Law of
         1968 which was in force at the time. The building had been constructed specifically in order to be leased to the ING Bank,
         as is clear from the fact that it included safes. Moreover, as early as 31 March 1995, it had a pre-contractual undertaking
         with the ING Bank concerning the future leasing of the building and stipulating that the rent would be subject to VAT.
      
      35.      The Holin Group therefore considers that, in the light of the principles of the protection of legitimate expectations and
         legal certainty and, more particularly, the way in which the Court applied them in the abovementioned judgment in Schloßtraße, the Netherlands tax authorities could not, as a result of the amendment to Article 11 of the Law of 1968, claim repayment
         of the VAT it had deducted, by way of either an adjustment under Article 20 of the directive or the imposition of a tax within
         the meaning of Article 5(7)(a) of the directive. It therefore concludes that the first question referred in Case C-7/02 should
         be answered in the affirmative.
      
      36.      The Netherlands and French Governments and the Commission take a different view, as does the United Kingdom Government, but
         solely in relation to Case C-7/02, the only case in which it has submitted observations.
      
      37.      In relation, first of all, to Case C-487/01, the Netherlands Government points out that, according to Article 20 of the directive,
         the VAT deducted is to be adjusted whenever, in the context of activities subject to VAT, the use of the goods or services
         in relation to which the deduction was made, does not subsequently take place or takes place in a different way from that
         initially declared by the taxable person. That rule applies not only in cases in which the actual use of the goods or services
         differs from that initially intended by the taxable person but also in instances in which that use is no longer feasible because
         of a legislative amendment. In point of fact, again, according to the Netherlands Government, had the legislature wished to
         preclude factors outside the control of the taxable person, such as a legislative amendment, from resulting in adjustment,
         it ought to have made specific provision for this. However, Article 20(1)(b) of the directive provides that even in cases
         of theft, that is to say, in a situation over which the taxable person clearly has no control, the Member States may require
         adjustment of the deduction.
      
      38.      It is true, the Netherlands Government continues – and on this point it has the backing of the French Government and the Commission
         – that Article 20 of the directive does not aspire to list all cases in which adjustment is required, but only certain examples,
         as demonstrated by the use of the expression ‘in particular’ in the first sentence of Article 20(1). Therefore, the directive
         does not rule out the possibility of adjustment as a consequence of a legislative amendment.
      
      39.      Furthermore, the Netherlands Government and the Commission both point out that the circumstances of this case differ from
         those in Schloßtraße, on which the Court was asked to give a ruling. Schloßtraße concerned a legislative amendment which jeopardised, with retroactive effect, a deduction which had already been made, thus
         totally depriving the taxable person of his previously acquired right to deduct VAT, whereas this case involves the legal
         adjustment of a deduction, on the basis of Article 20 of the directive, not with retroactive effect but solely in relation
         to the years of the ten-year adjustment period that had yet to elapse at the time the legislative amendment entered into force.
      
      40.      The Netherlands Government also claims that the Municipality of Leusden could have avoided the financial loss resulting from
         the adjustment by agreeing with the Hockey Club to review the rent or referring the matter to the courts under Article 258
         of Book VI of the Netherlands Civil Code.
      
      41.      Finally, the Netherlands Government adds that if the Court were to rule that the adjustment in accordance with Article 20
         of the directive was not applicable, the Municipality of Leusden would have the right to deduct in relation to goods whose
         use is VAT-exempt. That would be contrary to the principle – which emerges from paragraph 44 of the judgment in Becker, (10) paragraphs 14 to 16 of the judgment in Weissgerber(11) and paragraph 23 of the judgment in Monte dei Paschi di Siena(12) – that a taxable person who intends pursuing a tax-exempt activity may not claim any right to deduct.
      
      42.      As regards Case C-7/02, the Netherlands Government points out that the charging of VAT to the Holin Group in accordance with
         Article 5(7)(a) of the directive is merely an indirect consequence of the legislative amendment in question. According to
         that article, in fact, VAT becomes chargeable once the taxable person has the goods for the purposes of his own business.
         In this case, that happened on 1 January 1996, on commencement of the lease, that is to say at a point in time after the legislative
         amendment had entered into force. This case is therefore significantly different from Schloßtraße in which the taxable person was deprived of a right to deduct which had already arisen, as a result of a legislative amendment
         with retroactive effect.
      
      43.      According to the Netherlands Government, the liability to VAT of the Holin Group under Article 5(7)(a) of the directive is
         based on the consideration that, if on the same date that Group had purchased the immovable property in question from a third
         party to lease it to the ING Bank, it would not have been entitled to deduct VAT on the purchase price, since the property
         was intended for an activity – leasing to a bank – which was no longer subject to VAT by virtue of the legislation that had
         just entered into force. In this case, therefore, the charging of VAT in accordance with Article 5(7)(a) is not in breach
         of the principles of the protection of legitimate expectations and legal certainty.
      
      44.      The Commission also endorsed that view at the hearing, modifying the stance it had previously taken in its written observations.
         (13)
      
      45.      The United Kingdom Government, for its part, argues that the purpose of Article 5(7)(a) of the directive is not to adjust
         the deduction of VAT but to ensure respect for the principle of fiscal neutrality. Moreover, it is the responsibility of taxable
         persons, when entering into contracts with third parties, to insert into those contracts clauses designed to avert the possible
         negative impact of future legislative amendments. But the Holin Group omitted to take that precaution when negotiating the
         contract of lease with the ING Bank. The United Kingdom Government finally points out that the circumstances of Schloßtraße
         are not comparable to those of the present case, since the latter does not relate to the obligation to repay the VAT which
         the taxable person had previously deducted because of a legislative amendment, but the possibility of requiring the payment
         of VAT in accordance with Article 5(7)(a) of the directive.
      
      46.      The Netherlands Government then cites the Court’s case-law, in relation to both cases, and in particular the Racke, (14)Decker(15) and Zuckerfabrik(16) judgments, according to which the temporal effects of a Community act may exceptionally be permitted to run from a date subsequent
         to its publication, if the objective to be attained so requires, and without prejudice to the full protection of the legitimate
         expectations of those concerned. The Netherlands Government considers that those conditions are met in both cases at issue.
         First, the Law of December 1995 was designed to put a stop to certain abuses which had resulted from Article 11 of the Law
         of 1968 before it was amended. Secondly, that law had provided for transitional arrangements applicable to many leases that
         were up and running. Those transitional arrangements did not, however, extend to leases – such as that concluded between the
         Municipality of Leusden and the Hockey Club – which provided for an excessively low rent compared to the extent of the lessor’s
         investment in the property or – like that concluded between the Holin Group and the ING Bank – were not drawn up in writing
         by 31 March 1995, the object being to prevent those leases that had presumably been drawn up specifically to commit the abuses
         which that Law was designed to curb from benefiting from the legislation that had been repealed. Finally, the principle of
         the protection of legitimate expectations had been respected since, as early as 21 December 1994, the Netherlands Secretary
         of State for Finance had announced the intention of amending the provisions in question and then confirmed that intention
         in both a reply to a parliamentary question of 21 March 1995 and a press release of 31 March 1995.
      
      47.      The French and Netherlands Governments finally claim that it would be incompatible with the principle of VAT neutrality if
         the Municipality of Leusden and the Holin Group were not subject to adjustment under Article 20 of the directive and to VAT
         in accordance with Article 5(7)(a) of the directive respectively. In the view of these Governments, the result would constitute
         unwarranted discrimination against all taxable persons wishing, after the Law of December 1995 had entered into force, to
         have work carried out on immovable property they intended to rent out. They would not in fact be entitled to deduct VAT in
         relation to such work, even though they were in the same circumstances as the Municipality of Leusden and the Holin group
         prior to the entry into force of that law.
      
      Assessment
      48.      Before replying to the questions referred, I consider it appropriate to draw attention to a number of principles the Court
         has established in relation to the right to deduct VAT under Article 17 of the directive.
      
      49.      It is first of all clear from the case-law that this right arises at the time the VAT becomes chargeable in accordance with
         Article 10 of the directive and that ‘consequently, only the capacity in which a person is acting at that time can determine
         the existence of the right to deduct’. (17)
      
      50.      The Court then explained that any person acquiring goods or services with the intention, confirmed by objective evidence,
         to use those goods or services in the exercise of an economic activity, is acting in the capacity of a taxable person in accordance
         with Article 4 of the directive and therefore acquires the right to deduct the VAT payable on such expenditure. (18) In the absence of any provision empowering the Member States to limit the right to deduct, that right must be exercised immediately
         in respect of all the taxes charged on transactions relating to inputs, without prejudice to any subsequent adjustments in
         accordance with Article 20 of the directive. (19)
      
      51.      But above all, it is apparent from the Court’s many judgments that the principles of legal certainty and the protection of
         legitimate expectations generally prevent the right to deduct VAT, once established, from subsequently being limited as a
         result of facts, circumstances or events outside the control of the taxable person. (20)
      
      52.      More particularly, for the purposes of this case, the Court ruled in Schloßstraße that ‘provided that the national court finds
         that the intention to commence economic activities giving rise to taxable transactions was declared in good faith and that
         that intention is supported by objective evidence, the taxable person is entitled immediately to deduct the VAT due or paid
         on the goods or services supplied with a view to the performance of the economic activities which it envisages carrying out,
         and the principles of the protection of legitimate expectations and of legal certainty preclude its being deprived retroactively
         of that right by a legislative amendment post-dating the supply of those goods or services’. (21)
      
      53.      That said, in order to answer the two questions referred, it will first be necessary to determine whether, in the light of
         the case-law set out above, the Municipality of Leusden and the Holin Group actually acquired the right to deduct VAT pursuant
         to Article 17 of the directive before 29 December 1995, that is to say before the entry into force of the amendment to Article
         11 of the Law of 1968. It will then be necessary to consider, in the light of that same case-law, whether, in the circumstances
         of the cases at issue, the Netherlands tax authority was entitled to ask the Municipality of Leusden for VAT adjustment in
         accordance with Article 20 of the directive and/or to tax the Holin Group in accordance with Article 5(7)(a) of the directive.
      
      The acquisition by the Municipality of Leusden and the Holin Group of the right to deduct VAT within the meaning of the directive
      54.      On the first point, I would observe to begin with that determining ‘whether, in a particular case, a taxable person has acquired
         goods for the purposes of his economic activity’ and therefore – in so far as such activities are subject to VAT – determining
         whether that person has acquired a right to deduct in accordance with Article 17 of the directive ‘is a question of fact which
         must be determined in the light of all the circumstances of the case, including the nature of the goods concerned and the
         period between the acquisition of the goods and their use for the purposes of the taxable person’s activity’. (22)
      
      55.      Applying those principles to Case 487/01, I would first point out that, according to the submissions of the Municipality of
         Leusden, at the time it undertook the conversion work on the sports ground, its intention was not only to let it out but also
         to exercise, together with the future lessee, the option for taxation of the lease, on the basis of the version of Article
         11 of the Law of 1968 that was in force at the time. That this continued to be its intention, including at the time the VAT
         relating to that work became chargeable within the meaning of Article 10 of the directive, and that this point in time predated
         the entry into force of the Law of December 1995, is not only common ground, but seems to me to be fully borne out by the
         facts, given that the work was completed in 1991, the sports ground was leased to the Hockey Club as of 1 January 1992 and
         the right to opt for taxation of that lease was actually exercised.
      
      56.      It must therefore be recognised, on the basis of the principles cited above, that the Municipality of Leusden acquired the
         right to deduct the VAT applicable to the said works, pursuant to Article 17 of the directive, and, consequently, lawfully
         exercised that right in full during the period 1990-1991.
      
      57.      The same applies as regards the Holin Group which, as is apparent from the order for reference, acquired the right to deduct
         VAT, pursuant to Article 17 of the directive, on the construction work on the immovable property leased to the ING Bank, (23) and also exercised that right in full. (24)
      
      58.      In that light, I shall therefore now move on to consider whether, in the two cases at issue, the Netherlands tax authority
         was entitled to seek adjustment of the VAT deducted by the Municipality of Leusden pursuant to Article 20 of the directive
         and/or to tax the Holin group pursuant to Article 5(7)(a) of the directive.
      
      Applicability to the Municipality of Leusden of Article 20 of the directive 
      59.      There seems to me to be no doubt that the Municipality of Leusden was asked to make the VAT adjustment pursuant to Article
         20 of the directive solely because, as a result of the entry into force of the Law of December 1995, the lease of the sports
         ground to the Hockey Club, for which purpose the Municipality had acquired and exercised the right to deduct in accordance
         with Article 17 of the directive, could no longer be subject to VAT.
      
      60.      In other words, it seems to me that it cannot be disputed that, in this case, there is causal link between the entry into
         force of that Law and the request to the Municipality of Leusden that, by means of an adjustment pursuant to Article 20 of
         the directive, it should refund the VAT it had previously deducted under the abovementioned Law.
      
      61.      In those circumstances, I consider the application of an adjustment, pursuant to Article 20 of the directive, to be tantamount
         to revoking the right to deduct a taxable person had acquired under the directive, solely because a legislative amendment
         has transformed an activity formerly subject to VAT into an activity which is no longer subject to VAT.
      
      62.      That, in my view, is patently incompatible with the Court’s ruling in Schloßstraße, namely that a national legislative amendment
         cannot deprive the taxable person of a right to deduct VAT which he acquired in good faith within the meaning of the directive
         (see point 52 above).
      
      63.      That case-law notwithstanding, the Netherlands Government argues that Article 20 of the directive is applicable even in circumstances
         in which the actual use of the goods or services differs from the use originally intended for reasons beyond the control of
         the taxable person, as in the case of theft, and that there is, consequently, no reason not to apply the provision to instances
         of legislative amendment also.
      
      64.      But I fail to see how all of that can corroborate the argument of the Netherlands Government. Article 20(1)(b) of the directive
         actually provides, as a general rule, that adjustment may not be sought in cases of ‘destruction, loss or theft of property
         duly proved or confirmed’, that is to say in circumstances clearly beyond the control of the taxable person; and it allows
         the Member States to derogate from that rule only in cases of theft. It therefore seems to me that the provision tends rather
         to support the opposite view to that of the Netherlands Government, confirming, as it does, that, save for the exceptions
         specifically listed in that article, adjustment cannot be made in instances in which, for reasons beyond the taxable person’s
         control, goods cannot be used for the taxable activity originally intended.
      
      65.      But the Netherlands Government and the Commission further contend – and this seems to me central to their arguments – that
         Article 20 of the directive does not provide a comprehensive list of cases of adjustment. The first sentence of Article 20(1),
         and especially the expression ‘in particular’, clearly indicate that the cases listed immediately thereafter do not constitute
         an exhaustive list. The directive does not therefore exclude the situation in which adjustment is the result of a legislative
         amendment.
      
      66.      I must, however, point out that, even though there is no doubt that Article 20 contains a non-exhaustive list of possible
         cases of adjustment, it seems to me difficult, to say the least, to maintain that the cases not specifically listed can include
         legislative amendments, since that would call in question fundamental principles of Community law. In fact, it seems to me
         clear that, given the implications of adjustment in a situation of that nature, the legislature ought to have made specific
         provision for it, had it intended to include it under Article 20. The fact that the legislature made no mention of that situation
         has therefore, of necessity, to be interpreted as meaning that it is excluded; that, moreover, is consistent with the general
         rule I mentioned a little earlier.
      
      67.      If that is so, then, in my view, the claim by the Netherlands Government and the Commission that the circumstances of this
         case are in any event different from those which gave rise to the judgment in Schloßstraße because the issue in that case
         was a legislative amendment which prejudiced, with retroactive effect, a deduction that had already been granted, whereas
         the present case concerns the lawful adjustment of a deduction, on the basis of Article 20 of the directive, solely in relation
         to the years of the ten-year adjustment period still to run at the time the legislative amendment entered into force, cannot
         be upheld.
      
      68.      That claim cannot be upheld because it is based on the extensive interpretation of Article 20 which I challenged a little
         earlier. But it also fails because, despite all the finely honed arguments to the contrary, it is hard to see how it can be
         denied that a legislative amendment has retroactive character simply because it does not go as far as to revoke legal situations
         that have now ceased to exist but ‘is limited’ to precluding the future enjoyment of a right legitimately acquired under the
         earlier legislation.
      
      69.      Finally, that claim cannot be upheld because, in my view, it is caught up in a vicious circle. According to the Commission,
         in fact, in Schloßstraße, the Court mentioned the possible application of Article 20 of the directive as one of the cases
         in which a right to deduct may be revoked. That leads the Commission to conclude that any revocation of this right founded
         on Article 20 is legitimate, including, therefore, revocation as a result of the legislative amendment at issue here. But
         I must point out that, in this way, the Commission’s argument begs the question since the issue in this case is not whether
         Article 20 permits the withdrawal of the right to deduct (something nobody disputes) but whether it permits withdrawal in
         all circumstances and especially in the case of a legislative amendment which, with retroactive effect, transforms an activity
         previously subject to VAT into an activity which is no longer subject to VAT. As I explained earlier, Article 20 does not
         permit this; nor can this be inferred from the fact that the judgment in Schloßstraße mentions Article 20, for other purposes
         and in a different sense.
      
      70.      Moreover, as we have seen, the Netherlands Government also seeks to justify in more general and convincing terms the legitimacy
         of the retroactive nature of the legislative amendment at issue. But I shall return to that later, since the argument is pertinent
         primarily in relation to Case C-7/02 (see points 85 - 101 below).
      
      71.      I shall now consider other arguments advanced by the Netherlands Government in support of its own case. In the first place,
         it contends that there has been no violation of the principle of protection of legitimate expectations because as early as
         December 1994, the Netherlands Secretary of State for Finance had stated his intention of amending Article 11 of the Law of
         1968; that intention was later confirmed on 21 March 1995 in response to a parliamentary question and on 31 March 1995 in
         a press release.
      
      72.      That argument cannot, in my view, be upheld either. According to the court files in fact, the Municipality of Leusden acquired
         the right to deduct at issue well before those announcements were made. Consequently, none of those announcements can have
         affected the formation of a legitimate expectation on the part of the Municipality regarding the inviolability of that right.
      
      73.      In support of its own argument, the Netherlands Government then cites the judgments in Becker, (25)Weissgerber(26) and Monte dei Paschi di Siena, (27) which give rise to the principle that a taxable person who intends pursuing an activity exempt from tax may not claim any
         right to deduct.
      
      74.      I must, however, object that in this case, as I explained above, the Municipality of Leusden acquired that right before the
         letting of the sports ground became VAT-exempt.
      
      75.      Nor, finally, am I convinced by the argument of the French and Netherlands Governments that if the Municipality of Leusden
         were not subject to any obligation to adjust, the result would be unwarranted discrimination against all those taxable persons
         who, despite finding themselves, after the Law of December 1995 had entered into force, in the same position as the Municipality
         of Leusden prior to that Law, could not, unlike the Municipality, benefit from the right to deduct VAT.
      
      76.      It actually seems clear to me that such ‘difference in treatment’ is the natural consequence of any new provision which, by
         amending legislation already in force, provides for the future only, in accordance with the principle of non-retroactivity,
         and thus inevitably differentiates between the legal situations already obtaining under the amended legislation and the legal
         situations arising subsequently.
      
      77.      In the light of the above considerations, I therefore consider that the principles of the protection of legitimate expectations
         and legal certainty preclude, in the circumstances of this case, the application of an adjustment, in accordance with Article
         20 of the directive, to the Municipality of Leusden.
      
      Applicability of Article 5(7)(a) of the directive to the Holin Group
      78.      I now come to consider whether, in this case, Article 5(7)(a) of the directive is applicable to the Holin Group. I would point
         out that the Holin Group too acquired, prior to the entry into force of the Law of December 1995, a right to deduct VAT in
         relation to the construction work on the immovable property leased to the ING Bank (see point 57 above).
      
      79.      None the less, the Netherlands Government, the United Kingdom Government and the Commission maintain that the VAT relating
         to that work is chargeable to the Holin Group in accordance with the directive because the event giving rise to the tax –
         that is to say the Holin Group’s ‘use’ of the building in question ‘for the purposes of [its] business’ in accordance with
         Article 5(7)(a) of the directive – in this case the commencement of the leasing of the immovable property by the ING Bank,
         occurred on 1 January 1996, that is to say at a date when the Law of December 1995 had already entered into force. Those governments
         and the Commission are, therefore, denying that the Law has retroactive effect.
      
      80.      But that argument does not seem to me to be well founded. Even if we accept the argument that, in the circumstances of this
         case, the event that gave rise to the tax in accordance with Article 5(7)(a) of the directive occurred after the entry into
         force of the Law of December 1995, that does not alter the fact that another event giving rise to taxation in accordance with
         the directive had occurred before that Law entered into force – namely the carrying out (and invoicing for) construction work
         on the abovementioned immovable property on behalf of the Holin Group. And it was as a result of that event, as I have explained,
         that the Group acquired a right to deduct VAT.
      
      81.      In those circumstances, and as correctly pointed out by the national court (28) and the Commission in its written observations, the practical effect of accepting that Article 5(7)(a) of the directive is
         applicable to the Holin Group as regards those same construction works would be to compel the Holin Group to repay the VAT
         previously deducted and thereby revoke the right to deduct VAT it had acquired prior to the entry into force of the Law of
         December 1995.
      
      82.      Nor, in my view, can there be any doubt that it was specifically as a result of the entry into force of that Law that the
         conditions for Article 5(7)(a) of the directive to apply to the Holin Group were met. That provision actually applies only
         in cases in which any acquisition from third parties of the goods used by a taxable person for the purposes of his business
         do not confer on him the right wholly to deduct VAT.
      
      83.      Consequently, it is only because the Law of December 1995 precluded the possibility of opting for taxation of the lease of
         the immovable property to the ING Bank that the Holin Group ceased to be able to claim any right to deduct VAT on acquiring
         that property from third parties.
      
      84.      I therefore consider that there is a specific causal link between the entry into force of the Law of December 1995 and the
         revocation of the right to deduct VAT previously acquired by the Holin Group as a result of the charging of VAT to that Group
         in accordance with Article 5(7)(a) of the directive. That, in my view, confirms that in this case the Law was applied retroactively.
      
      85.      However the Netherlands Government further claims that, in any event, the conditions which justify the adoption of a Community
         act with retroactive effect, in the light of the abovementioned case-law of the Court of Justice (see point 40 above), are
         present in this case. According to that case-law, that possibility may in fact exceptionally be permitted ‘when the purpose
         to be achieved so demands and the legitimate expectations of those concerned are duly respected’. (29)
      
      86.      In the view of the Netherlands Government, both those conditions are met in this case. The new elements introduced by the
         Law of December 1995 are designed to bring to an end certain abuses resulting from the application of Article 11 of the Law
         of 1968; and, in addition, the taxable persons were alerted to the possible future amendment of that article by a number of
         announcements from the Netherlands Secretary of State for Finance and a press release he issued on 31 March 1995.
      
      87.      As far as the statements by the Secretary of State for Finance are concerned, I would immediately point out that, were it
         to be proven, as in the case of the Municipality of Leusden, that the Holin Group’s acquisition of the right to deduct VAT
         predated those announcements, logic dictates that they could not have prevented the formation of a legitimate expectation
         on the part of that Group as regards the inviolability of the right in question.
      
      88.      However, the second question referred (30) appears to suggest that the Holin Group had acquired the right in question at a point subsequent to the announcements.
      
      89.      Even in those circumstances, I should, however, be inclined to rule out, as does the Commission in its written observations,
         that a press release concerning only a legislative proposal – of still uncertain outcome, therefore – can affect the formation
         of a legitimate expectation concerning the inviolability of a right acquired on the basis of the legislation in force.
      
      90.      But even assuming that, being now in a position to anticipate the future amendment to the Law, the Holin Group could not fully
         rely on the inviolability of the right to deduct VAT, it would also be necessary to ascertain whether, in this case, the other
         condition the Court requires to allow an act to be retroactive is fulfilled, namely that it must be essential for the act
         to be retroactive if it is to achieve its declared purpose. (31)
      
      91.      In that connection, the Netherlands Government simply claims, as we have seen, that the purpose of the Law of December 1995
         was to combat abuses resulting from the inadequacy of the legislation previously in force.
      
      92.      Aside from the fact that, in the question referred, the national court expressly ruled out that the Holin Group had committed
         fraud or an abuse in this connection, it seems to me that the argument of the Netherlands Government fails to properly to
         take account of the actual scope of the case-law that has been cited.
      
      93.      It seems to me in fact that it would be a distortion of the case-law to infer that the mere need to pursue the declared purpose
         of an act could of itself be sufficient to justify that act violating rights already acquired, for the obvious reason that
         it is precisely the violation and not just the adoption of the act that has to be justified here. In other words, what needs
         to be demonstrated is that conferring retroactive effect on the act is a necessary consequence of pursuing its objective and,
         moreover, a consequence which cannot be otherwise avoided and is proportionate to the objective pursued.
      
      94.      In this case, as the Commission also has pointed out in its written observations, it does not seem to me that the Netherlands
         Government has demonstrated the existence of such conditions; nor do they emerge clearly from an objective assessment of the
         case. In fact, I consider the reverse to be true, in the light of my comments on the fact that the Holin Group conducted itself
         properly in relation to the matters at issue here.
      
      95.      However, the United Kingdom Government maintains that the retroactive effect of the Law of December 1995 as of 31 March 1995,
         that is to say the date on which the Netherlands Secretary of State for Finance issued the press release announcing the intention
         of adopting the Law, was necessary in order to prevent a form of abuse known in the United Kingdom as a ‘prepayment scheme’
         – which some taxable persons might otherwise engage in during the period between the notification and the entry into force
         of the law.
      
      96.      That form of abuse takes place, in particular, where a company collaborates, with one or more associated companies, artificially
         to fix the point at which the tax becomes chargeable under the directive at a date prior to the entry into force of the law.
      
      97.      That argument also fails to convince me. In fact, even though it seems to me perfectly reasonable and appropriate to penalise
         an abuse of that nature, I do not believe that it was necessary to confer retroactive effect on the Law of December 1995 for
         that purpose.
      
      98.      As the Court has held on several occasions, we can infer from the directive the principle according to which ‘in cases of
         fraud or abuse ? the tax authority may claim repayment of the sums retroactively ?’. (32)
      
      99.      In my view, if a company artificially fixes the date of the event giving rise to the tax, that is a clear example of the kind
         of fraud or abuse which justifies, under the directive, the full repayment of any VAT that company has deducted.
      
      100. However, in this case, as I mentioned above, the national court has ruled out any fraud or abuse on the part of the Holin
         Group. Therefore, were the Law of December 1995 applicable to that Group, it would be unjustifiably deprived, retroactively,
         of a right to deduct VAT which it had acquired in good faith.
      
      101. In the light of the above considerations, I therefore consider that the retroactive application of the Law of December 1995
         is not justified in this case.
      
      102. Nor, finally, for the reasons I set out above (see points 75 and 76) does the argument of the French and Netherlands Governments
         seem to me to be acceptable, according to which if the Holin Group were not subject to the tax in question, the result would
         be unwarranted discrimination against all those taxable persons who, despite finding themselves, after the Law of December
         1995 had entered into force, in the same position as the Municipality of Leusden prior to that Law, could not, unlike the
         Municipality, benefit from the right to deduct VAT.
      
      103. For the abovementioned reasons, I therefore consider that even in this case the principles of legal certainty and the protection
         of legitimate expectations preclude the charging of the tax to the Holin Group under Article 5(7)(a) of the directive.
      
      Conclusions on the two questions analysed
      104. On the basis of the above considerations, I therefore consider that the answer to the first question referred in both cases
         should be that the principles of the protection of legitimate expectations and legal certainty preclude adjustment, within
         the meaning of Article 20 of the directive, or the tax, within the meaning of Article 5(7)(a) of the directive, being chargeable
         to a taxable person solely because, as a result of a legislative amendment, that person may no longer levy VAT on the activity
         in relation to which it had acquired a right to deduct VAT under the directive.
      
      B –    The second question referred in Case C-487/01
      105. By its second question, the national court is basically asking the Court of Justice to clarify whether, if the first question
         in this case is answered in the affirmative, the Law of December 1995 is inapplicable, until the period of adjustment has
         expired, to lessees who opted for taxation of the lease, on the basis of the legislation in force, with the effect that, during
         this period, the Hockey Club would still be required to pay VAT on the lease for the sports ground.
      
      106. The Netherlands Government maintains that since the first question referred in this case ought to be answered in the negative,
         there is no need to answer the second.
      
      107. The French Government shares that view. However, were the Court to answer the first question in the affirmative, the French
         Government submits that the second question should be answered in the affirmative also, in accordance with the principle of
         fiscal neutrality and in order to secure the proper operation of the VAT regime.
      
      108. Neither the Municipality of Leusden nor the Commission has submitted observations on this question.
      109. For my part, I would first point out that even though it is generally ‘solely for the national court ? to determine in the
         light of the particular circumstances of the case both the need for the preliminary ruling ? and the relevance of the questions
         which it submits to the Court’, (33) the latter has, on several occasions, held that ‘it has no jurisdiction to give a preliminary ruling on a question submitted
         by a national court where it is quite obvious that the interpretation or assessment of the validity of a provision of Community
         law sought by that court bears no relation to the actual facts of the main action or its purpose, or where the problem is
         hypothetical’. (34)
      
      110. According to that case-law, ‘if it should appear that the question raised is manifestly irrelevant for the purposes of deciding
         the case, the Court must declare that there is no need to proceed to judgment’. (35) In that connection, it has also been made clear that ‘in order that the Court of Justice may perform its task in accordance
         with the Treaty, it is essential for national courts to explain, when the reasons do not emerge beyond any doubt from the
         file, why they consider that a reply to their questions is necessary to enable them to give judgment’. (36)
      
      111. That said, I would point out that it is not clear from either the order for reference or the other documents in the file that
         an answer to the question at issue would assist the national court in deciding the case before it.
      
      112. It is in fact apparent from the file that this dispute has arisen solely between the Municipality of Leusden and the Netherlands
         tax authority as a result of the latter’s decision to ask the Municipality for an adjustment in accordance with Article 20
         of the directive. But it is not clear that the national court is also concerned with the question whether, despite the entry
         into force of the Law of 1995, the Hockey Club is still required to pay VAT on the lease.
      
      113. The fact that neither the Netherlands Government nor the Municipality of Leusden felt the need to submit to the Court any
         observations on this question and that, although it would patently be the party most affected by any answer to the question,
         the Hockey Club has not only been absent from the whole procedure before the Court, it has not even been involved, so far
         as I can determine, in the proceedings before the national court, seems to me to indicate that this question does not form
         part of the dispute pending before the Hoge Raad.
      
      114. In the light of the above considerations, I therefore consider that the second question referred by the Hoge Raad in Case
         C-487/01 is hypothetical and has therefore to be declared inadmissible.
      
      115. I will, however, make the following points, in the event that the Court does not share my view.
      116. Were this question answered in the affirmative, the practical effect would merely be to suspend, during the remainder of the
         period of adjustment, the applicability of the Law of December 1995 to leases operational at the time it entered into force,
         thereby guaranteeing that the coffers of the Netherlands exchequer would be in receipt of revenue from a tax that could not
         otherwise have continued to be levied. In other words, a response of that nature would enable the Netherlands exchequer to
         compensate for the failure of the Law of December 1995 to provide for transitional rules requiring lessees, who, as a result
         of that Law, would no longer be required to pay VAT, to continue to pay the tax until the period of adjustment ended.
      
      117. In the light of those considerations, it seems to me that this question raises an issue of the interpretation of national
         rather than Community law. If in fact it is the case – as I explained when answering the first question – that, when amending
         national legislation on charging VAT on the letting of immovable property, a Member State is required to respect, in accordance
         with the principles of legal certainty and the protection of legitimate expectations, the right to deduct VAT acquired by
         the lessors of immovable property under that legislation, no principle of Community law, in my view, prevents that State,
         when making the amendment, from depriving its own exchequer – albeit unintentionally – of the right to continue levying the
         tax on the lessee of such immovable property.
      
      118. But the French Government claims that if the Netherlands exchequer were not allowed to continue to levy VAT on lessees of
         immovable property who opted to pay that tax under legislation that has now been repealed, VAT neutrality and the proper operation
         of the VAT regime would be jeopardised.
      
      119. That seems to me to be a questionable argument. If I have properly understood, it is actually based on the alleged violation
         of two principles arising from the directive: the principle according to which ‘all traders should be treated neutrally as
         regards their tax burden, regardless whether they are engaged in only preparatory acts or whether they are carrying out taxable
         transactions’, (37) and the principle that a taxable person may deduct VAT charged on a transaction relating to inputs only in so far as the
         outcome serves the purposes of a taxable transaction relating to outputs.
      
      120. Neither of those principles seems to me to have been violated in this case. At the time when the Municipality of Leusden deducted
         the VAT chargeable on the conversion work on the sports ground, it actually did so for the purpose of an activity – letting
         the sports ground to the Hockey Club – which was at that time taxable under the national legislation then in force. Therefore,
         the Municipality of Leusden acquired and exercised the right to deduct VAT in full compliance with the abovementioned principles.
      
      121. Since, therefore, I find that the answer to this question does not depend on the interpretation of the provisions of the directive
         or the application of principles of Community law, I consider that, if this question is held to be admissible, the answer
         should be that it is for the national court to assess whether, on the basis of the principles of its own legal order, those
         lessees who opted for taxation of the lease on the basis of the legislation in force at the time the lease was drawn up should
         continue to be required to pay that tax even after the entry into force of a legislative amendment which removes the possibility
         of opting for taxation of that lease.
      
      C –    The second question referred in Case C-7/02
      122. If I have properly understood, by its second question in Case C-7/02, the national Court is actually asking the Court for
         elucidation on two points. Firstly, it is asking whether an affirmative answer to the first question, namely the inviolability
         of the right to deduct VAT acquired by the Holin Group prior to the entry into force of the Law of December 1995, also applies
         to the period subsequent to the press release of 31 March 1995 in which the Netherlands Secretary of Finance announced the
         proposed amendment to Article 11 of the Law of 1968. If the answer to that question is in the negative, the Hoge Raad is asking
         whether the Holin Group is required to pay a tax in accordance with Article 5(7)(a) of the directive, to be calculated, in
         accordance with Article 11(A)(1)(b)of the directive, (38) on the basis of the construction costs of the buildings leased to the ING Bank and incurred after the date of that press
         release.
      
      123. The Holin Group maintains that the press release post-dated the commitments it had entered into with the ING Bank in relation
         to the future lease of the immovable property and the option for taxation of that lease and that, consequently, any taxation
         of the work commissioned on that immovable property after the press release was issued is incompatible with the principles
         of legitimate expectation and legal certainty.
      
      124. The French Government for its part contends that if, in answer to the first question in this case, the Court holds that the
         tax under Article 5(7)(a) of the directive is not applicable to adjust a VAT deduction made for the purposes of a taxable
         activity which subsequently ceased to be taxable as a result of a legislative amendment, that tax is inapplicable to the Holin
         Group as regards the whole of the period prior to the legislative amendment. Furthermore, it would not be possible, in accordance
         with Article 11(A)(1)(b) of the directive, to calculate that tax exclusively on the basis of the expenditure on construction
         work on the immovable property incurred after the press release was issued.
      
      125. But the Netherlands and United Kingdom Governments take a different view. They in fact consider that the Holin Group knew,
         at least after 31 March 1995, that it would be liable to tax in accordance with Article 5(7)(a) of the directive, if it decided
         to lease to the ING Bank the immovable property on which it was having work done. Consequently, the Holin Group could not
         rely on the principles of the protection of legitimate expectations and legal certainty in relation to the period after 31
         March 1995 and the Group can, therefore, be charged that tax, calculated on the basis of the expenditure incurred during that
         period.
      
      126. The Commission, finally, points out in its written observations (39) that the press release could not have affected the formation on the part of the Holin Group of a legitimate expectation concerning
         the chargeability of VAT on the future lease of the immovable property in question. The Commission comments that the press
         release actually related only to proposed legislation by the Netherlands Government, and that it was not certain whether it
         would be passed, or passed unamended, by the Netherlands parliament. Consequently, even during the period between the press
         release and the final adoption of the new rules, the legislation in force was likely to foster a legitimate expectation on
         the part of taxable persons.
      
      127. For myself, I consider that by this question, the national court is in fact merely reformulating the first question submitted
         in this case, highlighting the fact that the legislative amendment at issue was announced in advance in a press release.
      
      128. I shall therefore confine myself to referring to my comments on the first question, namely that if, on the one hand, it is
         at least questionable, as the Commission rightly points out, whether, after the press release was issued, the Holin Group
         could have remained absolutely confident of the right to deduct VAT it had acquired (see point 89 above), on the other, there
         seems, in this case, to be no valid justification for that right to have been revoked by the Law of December 1995, (see points
         90-101 above).
      
      129. On those grounds, therefore, I consider that the reply here must be that the answer to the first question also applies to
         the period following the announcement, by the Netherlands Secretary of State for Finance in a press release, that the Netherlands
         Government intended to introduce amendments to the VAT legislation in force.
      
      V –  Conclusions
      130. In the light of the above considerations, I therefore propose that the Court give the following answers to the questions submitted:
      (1)      As regards the first question raised in Cases C-487/01 and C-7/02, the principles of the protection of legitimate expectations
         and legal certainty preclude the application to a taxable person of an adjustment, pursuant to Article 20 of the directive,
         or a charge to tax, pursuant to Article 5(7)(a) of the directive, on the sole ground that, as a result of a legislative amendment,
         that person may no longer charge VAT on the activity in relation to which it had acquired a right to deduct VAT under the
         directive.
      
      (2)      The second question submitted in Case C-487/01 is inadmissible. In any event, it is for the national court to assess whether,
         on the basis of the principles of its own legal order, those lessees who opted for taxation of the lease on the basis of the
         legislation in force at the time when the lease was drawn up should continue to be required to pay that tax even after the
         entry into force of a legislative amendment which removes the possibility of opting for taxation of that lease.
      
      (3)      As regards the second question raised in Case C-7/02, the answer to the first question also applies to the period following
         the announcement, in the press release issued by the Netherlands Secretary of State for Finance, that the Netherlands Government
         intended to introduce amendments to the VAT legislation in force.
      
      1 –	Original language: Italian.
      
      2 –	Sixth Council Directive 77/388/EEC of 17 May 1977 on the harmonisation of the laws of the Member States relating to turnover
         taxes – Common system of value added tax: uniform basis of assessment (OJ 1977 L 145, p. 1).
      
      3 –      In accordance with Article 1(4) of Council Directive 95/7/EC of 10 April 1995 amending Directive 77/388/EEC and introducing
         new simplification measures with regard to value added tax – scope of certain exemptions and practical arrangements for implementing
         them (OJ 1995 L 102, p. 18), that article has been replaced by the following: ‘In the case of immovable property acquired
         as capital goods, the adjustment period may be extended up to 20 years’.
      
      4 –	Staatsblad 1978, p. 677.
      
      5 –	Staatsblad 1968, p. 329.
      
      6 –	Staatsblad 1995, p. 659.	
      
      7 –	[1998] ECR I-8153.
      
      8 –	[2000] ECR I-4279.
      
      9 – 	Opinion of Advocate General Geelhoed in Case C-17/01 Sudholz [2004] ECR I-4243.
      
      10 –	Case 8/81 [1982] ECR 53, paragraph 44.
      
      11 –	Case 207/87 [1988] ECR 4433, paragraphs 14 to 16.
      
      12 –	Case C-136/99 [2000] ECR I-6109, paragraph 23.
      
      13 –	In its observations, in fact, the Commission started from the premiss that in order to determine whether the tax under
         Article 5(7)(a) of the directive was chargeable to the Holin Group, it was necessary to establish the date when the lease
         was concluded rather than the date when it took effect. Assuming, therefore, that the contract was concluded before 29 December
         1995, it had maintained that, since the lease was not yet subject to VAT in accordance with the legislation in force on that
         date, by charging the tax in question to the Holin Group, the Netherlands tax authority had violated the principles of the
         protection of legitimate expectations and legal certainty.
      
      14 –	Case 98/78 [1979] ECR 69, paragraph 20.
      
      15 –	Case 99/78 [1979] ECR 101, paragraph 8.
      
      16 –	Joined Cases C-143/88 and C-92/89 [1991] ECR I-415, paragraph 49.
      
      17 –	Case 97/90 Lennartz [1991] ECR I-3795, paragraph 8.
      
      18 –	See Case 268/83 Rompelman [1985] ECR 655, paragraphs 22 to 24; Case C-110/94 Inzo [1996] ECR I-857, paragraphs 15 to 19; Case C-37/95 Ghent Coal Terminal [1998] ECR I-1, paragraph 17; Joined Cases C-110/98 and C-147/98 Gabalfrisa [2000] ECR I-1577, paragraph 47; Case C‑396/98, cited in footnote 8 above, paragraph 36; and Case C-400/98 Breitsohl [2000] ECR I‑4321, paragraph 34).
      
      19 –	See Case 50/87 Commission v France [1988] ECR 4797, paragraphs 16 and 21, and Case C‑97/90, cited in footnote 17 above, paragraph 27.
      
      20 –	See Case C-110/94, cited in footnote 18 above, paragraphs 21, 24 and 25; Case C-37/95, cited in footnote 18 above, paragraphs
         20 and 22; Case C-381/97, cited in footnote 7 above, paragraph 26; Case C-396/98, cited in footnote 8 above, paragraph 42;
         and Case C-400/98, cited in footnote 18 above, paragraph 48.  See, to the same effect, the Opinion of Advocate General Geelhoed
         in Case C-17/01, cited in footnote 9 above, point 48.
      
      21 –	Case C-396/98, cited in footnote 8 above, paragraph 47; see also Case C-62/00 Marks and Spencer [2002] ECR I-6325, paragraph 45.
      
      22 –	Case 97/90, cited in footnote 17 above, paragraph 21.
      
      23 –	See paragraph 3.4.5 of the order for reference, in which the Hoge Raad states that: ‘the present case ? involve[s] the
         charging of a tax on the basis of Article 5(7)(a) of the Sixth Directive, which in practice has the result that the right
         to deduct which arose pursuant to Article 17 of the Sixth Directive will be adjusted’ (emphasis added).
      
      24 –	See paragraph 3.1.1 of the order for reference in which the Hoge Raad states that: ‘The party concerned deducted the turnover
         tax charged in this respect’.
      
      25 –	Case 8/81, cited in footnote 11 above.
      
      26 –	Case 207/87, cited in footnote 12 above.
      
      27 –	Case C-136/99, cited in footnote 13 above.
      
      28 –	See paragraph 3.4.5 of the order for reference, cited in footnote 23 above.
      
      29 –	See, inter alia, Case C-143/88, Zuckerfabrik, cited in footnote 16 above, which contains further references.
      
      30 –	I am thinking in particular of the passage which refers to a ‘? right to deduct arising in the period between notification
         of the legislative amendment mentioned in Question 1 and its entry into force?’.
      
      31 –	See, among many, Case 108/81 Amylum [1982] ECR 3107, paragraphs 5-6 and Case C-143/88, cited in footnote 16 above, paragraphs 50 to54.
      
      32 –	Case C-110/94, cited in footnote 18 above, paragraph 24; Joined Cases C-110/98 and C-147/98, cited in footnote 18 above,
         paragraph 46; Case C-396/98, cited in footnote 8 above, paragraph 40.
      
      33 –	Case C-318/00 Bacardi-Martin [2003] ECR I-00905, paragraph 41. To the same effect, see, among others, Case C-415/93 Bosman and Others [1995] ECR I-4921, paragraph 59; Case C‑421/97 Tarantik [1999] ECR I-3633, paragraph 33; and Case C-36/99 Idéal Tourisme [2000] ECR I-6049, paragraph 20.
      
      34 –	Case C-318/00, cited in footnote 33 above, paragraph 43. See also Case C-343/90 Lourenço Dias [1992] ECR I-4673, paragraphs 17 and 18; Case C-83/91 Meilicke [1992] ECR I-4871, paragraph 25; Case C-415/93, cited in footnote 33 above, paragraph 61; Case C-437/97 EKW and Wein & Co [2000] ECR I-1157, paragraph 52; and Case C-36/99, cited in footnote 33 above, paragraph 20.
      
      35 –	Case C-343/90, cited in footnote 34 above, paragraph 20.
      
      36 –	Case 244/80 Foglia v Novello [1981] ECR 3045, paragraph 17.
      
      37 –	See the Opinion of Advocate General Lenz in Case C-110/94, cited in footnote 18 above, point 27; see also Case 268/83,
         cited in footnote 18 above, paragraph 23.
      
      38 –	Article 11(A)(1)(b) provides that, for the supplies referred to in Article 5(6) and (7) of the directive, the taxable base
         is to be the purchase price of the goods or of similar goods or, in the absence of the purchase price, the cost price, determined
         at the time of supply.
      
      39 –	Although, at the hearing, the Commission changed its stance, as compared with its written observations, in relation to
         the first question submitted in this case (see point 43 above), it made no further comment on the second question at the hearing.