CELEX: 62003TJ0130
Language: en
Date: 2005-09-22
Title: Judgment of the Court of First Instance (Third Chamber) of 22 September 2005. # Alcon Inc. v Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs) (OHIM). # Community trade mark - Opposition proceedings - Earlier national word mark TRIVASTAN - Application for Community word mark TRAVATAN - Relative ground for refusal - Likelihood of confusion - Article 8(1)(b) of Regulation (EC) No 40/94. # Case T-130/03.

Case T-130/03
      Alcon Inc.
      v
      Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs) (OHIM)
      (Community trade mark – Opposition proceedings – Earlier national word mark TRIVASTAN – Application for Community word mark TRAVATAN – Relative ground for refusal – Likelihood of confusion – Article 8(1)(b) of Regulation (EC) No 40/94)
      Summary of the Judgment
      Community trade mark – Definition and acquisition of the Community trade mark – Relative grounds for refusal – Opposition
            by the proprietor of an earlier identical or similar mark registered for identical or similar goods or services – Likelihood
            of confusion with the earlier mark – Word marks TRAVATAN and TRIVASTAN
      (Council Regulation No 40/94, Art. 8(1)(b))
      For end users, doctors and Italian pharmacists, there is a likelihood of confusion, within the meaning of Article 8(1)(b)
         of Regulation No 40/94 on the Community trade mark, between the word sign TRAVATAN, registration of which as a Community trade
         mark is sought in respect of ‘Ophthalmic pharmaceutical preparations’ in Class 5 of the Nice Agreement and the word mark TRIVASTAN,
         registered previously in Italy in respect of a ‘peripheral vasodilator intended to treat peripheral and cerebral vascular
         disturbance and vascular disorders of the eye and ear’ in the same class.    
      
      First, since the product covered by the earlier mark may be used for the treatment of vascular disorders of the eye, even
         if that product is intended for the general treatment of vascular problems, it must be regarded as analogous to an ophthalmic
         pharmaceutical product, since in both instances, the treatment of eye disorders is involved. Second, there is significant
         visual similarity and a phonetic similarity between the conflicting signs.  
      
      (see paras 60, 75-76)
JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE (Third Chamber)
      22 September 2005 (*)
      
      (Community trade mark – Opposition proceedings – Earlier national word mark TRIVASTAN – Application for Community word mark TRAVATAN – Relative ground for refusal – Likelihood of confusion – Article 8(1)(b) of Regulation (EC) No 40/94)
      In Case T-130/03,
      Alcon Inc., established in Hünenberg (Switzerland), represented by G. Breen, Solicitor, and J. Gleeson, Barrister,
      
      applicant,
      v
      Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs) (OHIM), represented by S. Palmero Cabezas and S. Laitinen, acting as Agents,
      
      defendant,
      the other party to the proceedings before the Board of Appeal of OHIM, intervener before the Court of First Instance, being
      Biofarma SA, established in Neuilly-sur-Seine (France), represented by V. Gil Vega, A. Ruiz Lopez, and D. González Maroto, lawyers,
      
      ACTION brought against the decision of the Third Board of Appeal of OHIM of 30 January 2003 (Case R 968/2001-3) concerning
         opposition proceedings between Alcon Inc. and Biofarma SA, 
      
      THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCEOF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES (Third Chamber)
      
      composed of M. Jaeger, President, V. Tiili and O. Czúcz, Judges,
      Registrar: C. Kristensen, Administrator,
      having regard to the application lodged at the Registry of the Court of First Instance on 17 April 2003,
      having regard to the response of OHIM lodged at the Registry of the Court of First Instance on 17 October 2003,
      having regard to the response of the intervener lodged at the Registry of the Court of First Instance on 6 October 2003,
      further to the hearing on 14 April 2005,
      gives the following
      Judgment
       Background to the dispute
      1        On 11 June 1998, Alcon Inc. filed an application for a Community trade mark at the Office for Harmonisation in the Internal
         Market (Trade Marks and Designs) (OHIM), pursuant to Council Regulation (EC) No 40/94 of 20 December 1993 on the Community
         trade mark (OJ 1994 L 11, p. 1), as amended. 
      
      2        The trade mark in respect of which registration was sought is the word mark TRAVATAN. 
      
      3        The goods in respect of which registration of the trade mark was sought are in Class 5 of the Nice Agreement concerning the
         International Classification of Goods and Services for the Purposes of the Registration of Marks of 15 June 1957, as revised
         and amended, and correspond to the following description: ‘Ophthalmic pharmaceutical preparations’. 
      
      4        The application was published in Community Trade Marks Bulletin No 23/99 of 22 March 1999. 
      
      5        On 22 June 1999, Biofarma SA filed an opposition under Article 42 of Regulation No 40/94 against the registration of that
         Community trade mark. The ground relied on in support of the opposition was that referred to in Article 8(1)(b) of Regulation
         No 40/94. The opposition was based on the existence of the national word mark TRIVASTAN, registered in Italy on 27 January
         1986 under No 394980. 
      
      6        The opposition was filed against all goods covered by the trade mark application. It was based on all the goods covered by
         the earlier mark, namely ‘Pharmaceutical, veterinary and hygiene products; dietary products for infants or patients; plasters;
         materials for dressings; tooth fillings and dental impressions; disinfectants; herbicides and pesticides’, in Class 5.
      
      7        By letter of 5 May 2000, the applicant requested that the intervener furnish proof, in accordance with Article 43(2) and (3)
         of Regulation No 40/94, that the earlier mark had, during the period of five years preceding the date of publication of the
         Community trade mark application, been put to genuine use in the Member State in which it is protected in connection with
         all the goods on which the opposition is based. By letter of 29 May 2000, the Opposition Division requested the intervener
         to furnish such proof within two months. 
      
      8        On 28 July 2000, the intervener sent documents to OHIM intended to demonstrate genuine use of the earlier mark in Italy. In
         particular, among these documents were invoices, the explanatory notice relating to the intervener’s medicinal product, an
         extract from the Italian directory L’Informatore Farmaceutico and an extract from the Pharmaceutical Trade Mark Directory. 
      
      9        By decision of 26 September 2001, the Opposition Division found that the use of the earlier mark was proven in respect of
         a specific pharmaceutical product, namely a ‘peripheral vasodilator intended to treat peripheral and cerebral vascular disturbance
         and vascular disorders of the eye and ear’, and it allowed the opposition for all the goods claimed. It therefore refused
         registration of the mark applied for on the ground that there was a risk of confusion, including the risk of association,
         in Italy, given the fact that the marks were similar both visually and phonetically and that there was a degree of similarity
         between the goods. 
      
      10      On 13 November 2001, the applicant filed an appeal with OHIM against the decision of the Opposition Division pursuant to Articles
         57 to 62 of Regulation No 40/94.
      
      11      By decision of 30 January 2003 (‘the contested decision’), the Third Board of Appeal dismissed the appeal. It essentially
         held that, since the goods designated by the marks at issue displayed a high degree of similarity and there were considerable
         visual and phonetic similarities between the marks, there was a likelihood of confusion, including a likelihood of association,
         between the goods in question. 
      
       Forms of order sought
      12      The applicant claims that the Court should: 
      
      –        annul the contested decision;
      –        order OHIM to pay the costs. 
      13      OHIM contends that the Court should:
      
      –        dismiss the action;
      –        order the applicant to pay the costs. 
      14      The intervener contends that the Court should:
      
      –        dismiss the action;
      –        order the applicant to pay the costs.
       Law
      15      In support of its action, the applicant relies essentially on two pleas in law in its application. The first plea alleges
         infringement of Article 43(2) and (3) of Regulation No 40/94, in that the evidence of genuine use submitted by the intervener
         does not demonstrate that the earlier mark was actually used in respect of ophthalmic products. The second plea alleges infringement
         of Article 8(1)(b) of that regulation. 
      
      16      At the hearing the applicant also raised a plea alleging infringement of Article 43(2) and (3) of Regulation No 40/94, in
         so far as the conditions concerning genuine use of the earlier mark were not satisfied. 
      
       Admissibility of the plea in law submitted at the hearing 
      17      At the hearing the applicant referred to the judgment of the Court of First Instance of 8 July 2004 in Case T-334/01 MFE Marienfelde v OHIM – Vétoquinol (HIPOVITON), not yet published in the ECR, in order to claim that the conditions concerning genuine use were not satisfied, in particular
         because of the low volume of sales of the earlier mark. 
      
      18      OHIM and the intervener take the view that the plea or argument submitted at the hearing is inadmissible, given that it was
         submitted for the first time before the Court of First Instance. 
      
      19      Under the first paragraph of Article 48(2) of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of First Instance, no new plea in law may
         be introduced in the course of the proceedings unless it is based on matters of law or of fact which come to light in the
         course of the procedure. 
      
      20      It should first be observed that, in its application, the applicant did not complain that the Board of Appeal had infringed
         Article 43(2) and (3) of Regulation No 40/94 in so far as the conditions concerning genuine use of the earlier mark were not
         satisfied, but only in so far as the evidence of genuine use submitted by the intervener did not show that the earlier mark
         had actually been used in respect of ophthalmic products. 
      
      21      Next, it must be noted that the applicant has entirely failed to establish the existence of new facts or law within the meaning
         of the first subparagraph of Article 48(2) of the Rules of Procedure. 
      
      22      Consequently, the plea in law submitted at the hearing must be rejected as inadmissible. 
      
      23      In any event, even if that plea were to be interpreted as an argument related to the first plea put forward in the application,
         it must be pointed out that the purpose of this action is to review the legality of the decision taken by the Board of Appeal
         of OHIM (Case T-128/01 Daimler Chrysler v OHIM (grille) [2003] ECR II-701, paragraph 18, and Case T-129/01 Alejandro v OHIM – Anheuser-Busch (BUDMEN) [2003] ECR II-2251, paragraph 67). Therefore the Court’s review cannot go beyond the factual and legal context of the dispute
         as it was brought before the Board of Appeal (Case T-194/01 Unilever v OHIM(ovoid tablet) [2003] ECR II-383, paragraph 16, and the judgment of 22 June 2004 in Case T‑66/03 ‘Drie Mollen sinds 1818’ v OHIM – Nabeiro Silveira (Galáxia), not yet published in the ECR, paragraph 45). 
      
      24      In the present case, the Opposition Division found that the conditions concerning genuine use of the earlier mark were satisfied.
         It is clear from the file that, during the procedure before OHIM, the applicant did not dispute the fact, either before the
         Opposition Division or before the Board of Appeal, that the evidence supplied by the intervener showed genuine use of the
         earlier mark in respect of a particular product. Before the Opposition Division, the applicant even stated that it had ‘noted
         the documents provided to prove use of the trade mark TRIVASTAN in Italy’ and proposed ‘not to dispute this issue’. On the
         other hand, the applicant asserted that the documents provided by the intervener did not indicate that the product in question,
         which was covered by the earlier mark, had been used as an ophthalmic product, but merely that it could be used for that purpose.
         
      
      25      It follows from all the foregoing that the applicant’s arguments can only be dismissed. Consequently, only the pleas in law
         raised before OHIM, as set out in paragraph 15 above, will be examined on the merits. 
      
       First plea: infringement of Article 43(2) and (3) of Regulation No 40/94 
       Arguments of the parties
      26      According to the applicant, the Board of Appeal was wrong to hold that the evidence of the use of the earlier mark demonstrated
         that the latter was in genuine use in Italy in respect of ophthalmic products. The documents submitted by the intervener merely
         indicated that the product could be used in respect of ophthalmic treatment. 
      
      27      OHIM observes that, under Article 43(2) and (3) of Regulation No 40/94, the intervener was never under an obligation to prove
         specific use of its mark in respect of the goods applied for. The use of a mark as a trade mark means that the sign has been
         used for the purpose, inter alia, of operating as a link between the goods and services covered by the mark and the person
         or company responsible for their marketing, that is to say, its use as an indication of origin. The applicant does not contest
         that the documents submitted prove the use of the earlier mark as a trade mark in relation to a product that could be used
         in respect of ophthalmic treatment. 
      
      28      The intervener asserts that it has supplied evidence demonstrating that ophthalmic treatment was one of the therapeutic indications
         of the product covered by the earlier mark approved by the Italian health authorities and that that medicinal product was
         sold for several years (namely from 1995 to 1999). Proof that the medicinal product has actually been taken by patients suffering
         from vascular disorders of the eyes cannot be required. 
      
       Findings of the Court
      29      It is to be noted, first of all, that, even if the applicant does not explicitly rely on Article 43(2) and (3) of Regulation
         No 40/94, its arguments must be construed as relying on a plea alleging infringement of that provision. Since the applicant
         claims, in essence, that the evidence of use produced by the intervener does not demonstrate that the intervener used the
         mark in respect of ophthalmic products, that argument implies that the possible infringement of that provision should be examined
         first, and that only afterwards should the possibly erroneous comparison between the products be assessed within the context
         of Article 8(1)(b) of that regulation. 
      
      30      It was not disputed before OHIM that the earlier mark was used to designate a medicinal product. It is apparent from the file,
         and in particular from the explanatory notice relating to the intervener’s medicinal product and from an extract from the
         Italian directory L’Informatore Farmaceutico, that the mark TRIVASTAN designates a peripheral vasodilator used in neurology, otorhinolaryngology, ophthalmology, angiology
         and geriatrics and, more precisely, that it is indicated for the treatment of ‘peripheral and cerebral vascular disturbance
         and vascular disorders of the eye and ear’. 
      
      31      It should be noted that, if one of the therapeutic indications of a medicinal product is to treat vascular disorders of the
         eye and it has been proven that that product was sold for several years, which is not contested, it could have been used for
         treating such disorders. In those circumstances, it would be superfluous and even difficult to require proof that the medicinal
         product was actually taken by patients suffering from vascular disorders of the eyes. 
      
      32      Consequently, it must be held that the Board of Appeal did not infringe Article 43(2) and (3) of Regulation No 40/94 by concluding
         that the evidence provided by the intervener demonstrated genuine use of the earlier mark in respect of a ‘peripheral vasodilator
         intended to treat peripheral and cerebral vascular disturbance and vascular disorders of the eye and ear’. 
      
      33      Consequently, the applicant’s first plea in law must be dismissed. 
      
       Second plea: infringement of Article 8(1)(b) of Regulation No 40/94 
       Arguments of the parties
      34      The applicant submits that the goods at issue are not sufficiently similar to justify the finding of OHIM and that the conflicting
         marks are not similar, having regard to their visual and aural differences; there is therefore no likelihood of confusion
         or association between the marks. 
      
      35      As regards similarity, the applicant is of the opinion that OHIM did not properly consider the form of the goods. The intervener’s
         product is a tablet taken orally whereas the applicant’s product takes the form of eye drops.
      
      36      In addition, as these products are only available on prescription and from pharmacies, consumers purchase a product which
         has already been chosen and identified for them by a physician. The applicant submits that since the trade mark TRAVATAN is
         used in relation to an ophthalmic product used in the treatment of glaucoma, the appropriate medication is prescribed by a
         medical eye specialist, whereas TRIVASTAN is prescribed by a medical specialist in the field of vascular disorders. Both products
         are therefore prescribed by medical specialists and the respective prescriptions are filled and dispensed by pharmacists.
         It is highly unlikely that a pharmacist would confuse the form of the products or their indications (that is to say, eye drops
         for the treatment of glaucoma as opposed to a vasodilator in pill form generally used to treat the veins of the body). The
         applicant states that the intervener’s product appears to be a product for the general treatment of vascular problems. 
      
      37      Furthermore, the applicant has deliberately confined the specification of its product to ‘ophthalmic pharmaceuticals for the
         treatment of glaucoma’, thus diminishing further any similarity between the goods. The Board of Appeal did not properly consider
         that factor. 
      
      38      As regards the similarity between the signs, the applicant submits, with regard to visual similarity, that, based on an overall
         impression, although there are similarities, these are not sufficient to deem them visually similar. Contrary to the Board
         of Appeal’s findings, the two first letters of each word, ‘t’ and ‘r’ are not the dominant part of the prefix to each trade
         mark, since the prefix ‘tr’ is meaningless without reference to the vowel to which it is attached and it is that vowel which
         enables consumers to pronounce the syllable. Consequently, the proper comparison should be between each syllable as a whole,
         namely the prefix ‘tra’ and the prefix ‘tri’. 
      
      39      As regards phonetic similarity, the applicant submits that the differences are sufficient to distinguish the trade marks,
         a fortiori where the phonetic differences are considered in combination with the visual differences. There is quite a perceptible
         difference in the Italian pronunciation of ‘tri’ and ‘tra’. Moreover, the addition of the consonant ‘s’ gives the sound of
         TRIVASTAN a major phonetic difference.
      
      40      As regards conceptual similarity, the applicant submits that the marks are different. The prefix ‘tri’ in the earlier mark
         means ‘triple’ or ‘three times’ and the syllable ‘vas’ is indicative of ‘vascular’. Consequently, the meaning of the earlier
         mark TRIVASTAN is easily discernible by professionals such as doctors and pharmacists since it means that the product is one
         having triple strength and used for vascular disorders. The suffix ‘tan’ is meaningless and non-distinctive and, although
         common to both marks, it is also common to many marks for goods in Class 5. The TRAVATAN mark applied for has no meaning as
         it is an invented word, although the first four letters are derived from ‘Travoprost’ which is the international nonproprietary
         name of the applicant’s product.
      
      41      Therefore, even if it were to be considered that there was a certain visual or phonetic similarity between the signs, the
         effect of that similarity should not be overstated, having regard in particular to the difference between the form that the
         two products take, and the healthcare context in which their sale arises. 
      
      42      In addition, the applicant states that the earlier mark is not intrinsically distinctive and that no proof of its reputation
         has been put forward. When an earlier mark is not especially well known to the public and consists of an image with little
         imaginative content, the mere fact that the two marks may be similar is not sufficient to give rise to a likelihood of confusion
         (Case C-251/95 SABEL [1997] ECR I-6191, paragraph 25).
      
      43      Furthermore, the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicines has granted authorisation for the marketing throughout the
         European Union of the applicant’s product bearing the trade mark TRAVATAN.
      
      44      OHIM and the intervener support the findings of the Board of Appeal.
      
       Findings of the Court
      45      As set out in Article 8(1)(b) of Regulation No 40/94, upon opposition by the proprietor of an earlier trade mark, the trade
         mark applied for is not to be registered if, because of its identity with or similarity to the earlier trade mark and the
         identity or similarity of the goods or services covered by the trade marks, there exists a likelihood of confusion on the
         part of the public in the territory in which the earlier trade mark is protected. The likelihood of confusion includes the
         likelihood of association with the earlier trade mark. Moreover, under Article 8(2)(a)(ii) of Regulation No 40/94, ‘earlier
         trade marks’ means, inter alia, trade marks registered in a Member State with a date of application for registration which
         is earlier than the date of application for registration of the Community trade mark. 
      
      46      According to settled case-law, the risk that the public might believe that the goods or services in question come from the
         same undertaking or, as the case may be, from economically-linked undertakings, constitutes a likelihood of confusion.
      
      47      According to the same line of case-law, the likelihood of confusion must be assessed globally, according to the perception
         that the relevant public has of the signs and the goods or services in question, and taking into account all factors relevant
         to the circumstances of the case, in particular the interdependent similarity between the signs and between the goods or services
         covered (see Case T-162/01 Laboratorios RTB v OHIM – Giorgio Beverly Hills (GIORGIO BEVERLY HILLS) [2003] ECR II-2821, paragraphs 31 to 33, and the case-law cited). 
      
      48      In the present case, the earlier mark TRIVASTAN is registered in Italy, which therefore constitutes the relevant territory
         for the purposes of applying Article 8(1)(b) of Regulation No 40/94.
      
      49      It is common ground that the products in question are medicinal products requiring a doctor’s prescription prior to their
         sale to end users in pharmacies. Consequently, the relevant public is composed not only of end users, but also of professionals,
         that is doctors who prescribe the medicinal product and pharmacists who sell that prescribed product. 
      
      50      In the light of the aforementioned considerations, it is necessary to compare, first, the goods concerned and, second, the
         conflicting signs. 
      
      –       Comparison of the goods 
      51      As a preliminary point, it is necessary to rule on the possible restriction of the list of goods claimed to ‘ophthalmic pharmaceuticals
         for the treatment of glaucoma’ which the applicant claims to have made. In that respect, it should be borne in mind that,
         for the purposes of applying Article 8(1)(b) of Regulation No 40/94, the likelihood of confusion must be assessed in relation
         to all the goods specified in the trade mark application. In order to be taken into consideration, a restriction of the list
         of goods or services specified in a Community trade mark application must be made in accordance with certain detailed rules,
         on application for amendment of the application filed, in accordance with Article 44 of Regulation No 40/94 and Rule 13 of
         Commission Regulation (EC) No 2868/95 of 13 December 1995 implementing Regulation No 40/94 (OJ 1995 L 303, p. 1) (ovoid tablet, paragraph 13, and Case T-286/02 Oriental Kitchen v OHIM – Mou Dybfrost (KIAP MOU) [2003] ECR II-4953, paragraph 30). Furthermore, the restriction of goods contained in an application for a Community trade
         mark must be made expressly and unconditionally (see, to that effect, Case T-219/00 Ellos v OHIM (ELLOS) [2002] ECR II-753, paragraphs 61 and 62, and the judgment of 10 November 2004 in Case T-396/02 Storck v OHIM (shape of a sweet), not yet published in the ECR, paragraph 20). 
      
      52      In the present case, the applicant stated, in the statement of grounds for the action of 28 January 2002, as follows: 
      
      ‘In order to assist the Board of Appeal, the applicants confirm that they are willing to limit the specification of goods
         of application No. 847590 to “ophthalmic pharmaceuticals for the treatment of glaucoma”.’ 
      
      53      It must be observed that that wording ‘confirm that they are willing to’ did not comply with the detailed rules for restricting
         the specification of goods, since the applicant did not submit a request to amend the application to that effect pursuant
         to the abovementioned provisions. 
      
      54      In those circumstances, the Board of Appeal cannot be criticised for failing to take account of the restriction claimed to
         have been made of the goods contained in the application for the Community trade mark. 
      
      55      The goods to be compared are therefore ‘ophthalmic pharmaceutical products’ and a ‘peripheral vasodilator intended for the
         treatment of peripheral and cerebral vascular disturbance and vascular disorders of the eye and ear’. 
      
      56      In assessing the similarity of the goods or services concerned, all the relevant factors relating to those goods or services
         themselves should be taken into account. Those factors include, inter alia, their nature, their intended purpose and their
         method of use and whether they are in competition with each other or are complementary (see, by analogy, Case C-39/97 Canon [1998] ECR I-5507, paragraph 23). 
      
      57      In the present case, as OHIM correctly points out, the products have the same nature (pharmaceutical products), purpose (treatment
         of eye disorders whether or not provoked by vascular causes), consumers (professionals including physicians and pharmacists
         and real end-user, that is patients who suffer from eye disorders) and distribution channels (typically pharmacies) and can
         be complementary. They could thus undoubtedly be produced or sold by the same economic operators. 
      
      58      The applicant’s argument that the products are not similar because the intervener’s product is a tablet taken orally, whereas
         the applicant’s product takes the form of eye drops, must be rejected. That difference in the way in which the medicinal product
         is administered is of less significance, in the present case, than the fact that the two products have a common nature and
         purpose. 
      
      59      Furthermore, the applicant’s argument that its medicinal product is prescribed by a medical eye specialist, whereas the intervener’s
         medicinal product is prescribed by a medical specialist in the field of vascular disorders, is not relevant. Since the intervener’s
         medicinal product may be used for the treatment of vascular disorders of the eye, it cannot be ruled out that a medical eye
         specialist, rather than a medical specialist in the field of vascular disorders, would treat a patient suffering from that
         type of disorder. 
      
      60      Consequently, since the product covered by the earlier mark may be used for the treatment of vascular disorders of the eye,
         even if that product is intended for the general treatment of vascular problems, as the applicant claims, it must be regarded
         as analogous to an ophthalmic pharmaceutical product, since in both instances, the treatment of eye disorders is involved.
      
      61      Consequently, the Board of Appeal did not err in finding that there was a high degree of similarity between the products in
         question. 
      
      –       Comparison of the signs at issue 
      62      As is clear from settled case-law, the global assessment of the likelihood of confusion, as far as concerns the visual, aural
         or conceptual similarity of the conflicting signs, must be based on the overall impression given by the signs, bearing in
         mind, inter alia, their distinctive and dominant components (Case T-292/01 Phillips Van Heusen v OHIM – Pash Textilvertrieb und Einzelhandel (BASS) [2003] ECR II-4335, paragraph 47, and the case-law cited).
      
      63      The word signs to be compared are the following: 
      
      –        TRAVATAN: trade mark applied for; 
      –        TRIVASTAN: earlier mark. 
      64      The applicant asserts that the similarities between the signs are insufficient to establish their visual identity and that
         the Board of Appeal wrongly isolated the first two letters of the signs at issue as the dominant component of each trade mark
         instead of examining the first syllable as a whole. 
      
      65      The applicant’s argument cannot be accepted. The Board of Appeal rightly found that, visually, the two signs were nearly the
         same length and shared seven letters, ‘t’, ‘r’, ‘v’, ‘a’, ‘t’, ‘a’ and ‘n’, in the same order. It also stated pertinently
         that the signs began with the same letters ‘t’ and ‘r’ and had the same ending in ‘tan’. It must be observed that the fact
         that the first two letters do not entirely form the first syllable is not relevant, in the present case, when the signs are
         compared visually. It must therefore be concluded that the overall impression created by those visual resemblances is that
         the signs are similar. The Board of Appeal was right to find that the differences between the signs in question, caused by
         the fact that the third letter of each sign is different (the vowels ‘i’ and ‘a’) and the presence of an additional letter
         in the earlier mark (the consonant ‘s’), were not capable of overriding that impression, since those elements were not very
         perceptible visually. 
      
      66      Consequently, it must be found that the Board of Appeal did not err in finding that the signs were similar visually.
      
      67      As regards phonetic similarity, the applicant claims that the Board of Appeal failed to take sufficient account of the phonetic
         impact of the distinct characteristics of the marks, which it deemed insignificant. The differences between the signs are
         however sufficient to distinguish them phonetically, since they give rise to clearly distinct pronunciation by Italian speakers.
         
      
      68      In that respect, the Board of Appeal found that, since the average consumer only rarely has the chance to make a direct comparison
         between the different marks but must rely on the imperfect phonetic impression of them retained in his/her memory, taking
         into account the highly similar sound of the first two syllables of the conflicting signs and the identical sound of the last
         syllable of the signs, that creates, in the mind of the average consumer, the impression of a similar phonetic entity. 
      
      69      It must be pointed out that, as the intervener claims, both signs consist of words having the same phonetic length, the same
         initial sound (‘tr’), the same final sound (the syllable ‘tan’), fairly similar middle sounds (‘va’/‘vas’) and the same cadence,
         as the majority of the phonemes are identical and appear in the same order. It should be noted that the existence of such
         a large number of common elements prevents Italian consumers from clearly perceiving the small differences between those signs,
         which is liable to give rise to some confusion on their part. 
      
      70      Consequently, the Board of Appeal did not err in finding that there was phonetic similarity between the conflicting signs.
         
      
      71      As regards the comparison of the signs from a conceptual point of view, the applicant asserts that the signs are distinguishable
         in that respect, since TRAVATAN is devoid of meaning, while the first syllable of the earlier mark TRIVASTAN means ‘triple’
         and its second syllable ‘vas’ is an allusion to the adjective ‘vascular’. The only syllable common to both signs has no particular
         meaning or distinctive character in respect of goods in Class 5. 
      
      72      The Board of Appeal found that the words ‘trivastan’ and ‘travatan’ have no significance for the Italian consumer. 
      
      73      The Board of Appeal’s assessment must be endorsed. It does not appear likely that the earlier mark TRIVASTAN indicates to
         the relevant public, even if that public also includes professionals, that the product is one having triple strength and used
         for vascular disorders. Even if the public could understand ‘tri’ as being a reference to ‘triple’, it is not obvious what
         ‘triple’ refers to. Moreover, as OHIM found, there are words in Italian beginning with ‘tri’, but in which that ‘tri’ does
         not mean ‘triple’ at all (e.g. ‘tributàrio’ (fiscal or tributary) or ‘tribolàre’ (to cause suffering)). 
      
      74      The words ‘travatan’ and ‘trivastan’ must therefore be considered to have no particular meaning for the Italian consumer and,
         consequently, there is no conceptual similarity between the signs in question. 
      
      75      Consequently, it must be concluded that there is significant visual similarity and a phonetic similarity between the conflicting
         signs but no conceptual similarity between them. 
      
      76      Given the significant similarity of the goods and the visual and phonetic similarity of the signs, it must be found that there
         is a likelihood of confusion between the signs. 
      
      77      As regards the applicant’s argument that no evidence of reputation has been adduced for the earlier mark, it should be noted
         that the intervener has never relied on the reputation of its mark. 
      
      78      Furthermore, as regards the applicant’s argument that the earlier mark is not intrinsically distinctive, it must be held that
         the applicant provides no supporting evidence at all in that connection. In addition, the Board of Appeal did not base its
         argument concerning the likelihood of confusion on the high level of intrinsic distinctiveness of the earlier mark. Although
         the distinctive character of the earlier mark must be taken into account when assessing the likelihood of confusion (see,
         by analogy Canon, paragraph 24), it is only one factor among others involved in that assessment. Thus, even in a case involving an earlier
         mark of weak distinctive character, there may be a likelihood of confusion on account, in particular, of a similarity between
         the signs and between the goods or services covered (see, to that effect, the judgment of 16 March 2005 in Case T-112/03 L’Oréal v OHIM Revlon – (FLEXI AIR), not yet published in the ECR, paragraph 61). 
      
      79      Moreover, as regards the reference by the applicant to the fact that the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products
         has granted it authorisation to market its product using the trade mark TRAVATAN, it is sufficient to observe that, since
         the applicant made no mention thereof before OHIM and failed to submit to it any evidence in that regard, that argument is
         inadmissible. Moreover, it is irrelevant in the present case, since any such authorisation has no bearing on the assessment
         of likelihood of confusion in connection with the application of Regulation No 40/94. 
      
      80      In those circumstances, it must be held that the degree of similarity between the goods and the signs at issue is sufficiently
         high to warrant the conclusion that the public might believe that the goods or services in question originate from the same
         undertaking or, as the case may be, from economically-linked undertakings. 
      
      81      The applicant’s second plea in law and, consequently, the application in its entirety must therefore be dismissed. 
      
       Costs
      82      Under Article 87(2) of the Rules of Procedure, the unsuccessful party is to be ordered to pay the costs if they have been
         applied for in the successful party’s pleadings. Since the applicant has been unsuccessful, it must be ordered to pay the
         costs incurred by OHIM and the intervener, in accordance with the form of order sought by those parties. 
      
      On those grounds, 
      THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE (Third Chamber)
      hereby: 
      1.      Dismisses the action; 
      2.      Orders the applicant to pay the costs. 
      
      
      
      
      
               Jaeger 
            
            
               Tiili 
            
            
               Czúcz 
            
         Delibvered in open court in Luxembourg on 22 September 2005.
      
      
      
      
      
               H. Jung 
            
             
            
                     M. Jaeger
            
         
               Registrar
            
             
            
                     President
            
         * Language of the case: English.