CELEX: 62009CJ0521
Language: en
Date: 2011-09-29
Title: Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber) of 29 September 2011. # Elf Aquitaine SA v European Commission. # Appeal. # Case C-521/09 P.

Case C-521/09 P
      Elf Aquitaine SA
      v
      European Commission
      (Appeal – Agreements, decisions and concerted practices – Article 81 EC and Article 53 of the EEA Agreement – Market for monochloroacetic acid – Rules on the imputability to the parent company of the anti-competitive practices of a subsidiary – Presumption of the actual exercise of decisive influence – Rights of the defence – Obligation to state reasons)
      Summary of the Judgment
      1.        Appeals – Grounds – Plea submitted for the first time in the context of the appeal – Inadmissibility
      (Rules of Procedure of the General Court, Art. 113(2))
      2.        Competition – Rules of the European Union – Infringements – Attribution – Parent company and subsidiaries – Economic unit
            – Criteria for assessment – Presumption of decisive influence of the parent company over its wholly owned subsidiaries
      (Art. 101 TFEU; Council Regulation No 1/2003, Art. 23(2))
      3.        Competition – Rules of the European Union – Infringements – Attribution – Parent company and subsidiaries – Economic unit
            – Criteria for assessment – Presumption of decisive influence of the parent company over its wholly owned subsidiaries – Rebuttable
      (Art. 101 TFEU; Council Regulation No 1/2003, Art. 23(2))
      4.        Competition – Administrative procedure – Statement of objections – Access to the file – Subject-matter – Observance of the
            rights of the defence – Scope
      (Art. 81 EC)
      5.        Competition – Administrative procedure – Observance of the rights of the defence – Duty to act within a reasonable time
      (Art. 81 EC; Council Regulation No 1/2003)
      6.        Acts of the institutions – Statement of reasons – Obligation – Scope
      (Arts 81 EC and 253 EC)
      7.        Acts of the institutions – Statement of reasons – Obligation – Scope – Decision imposing fines for infringement of the competition
            rules and relating to several addressees
      (Arts 81 EC and 253 EC)
      1.        The subject-matter of the proceedings before the General Court may not be changed in the appeal. Accordingly, the appellate
         jurisdiction of the Court of Justice is confined to review of the findings of law on the pleas argued before the General Court.
         A party cannot therefore change the subject-matter of the proceedings by putting forward for the first time before the Court
         of Justice a plea in law which it could have raised before the General Court but did not, since that would amount to allowing
         it to bring before the Court of Justice, whose jurisdiction in appeals is limited, a case of wider ambit than that which came
         before the General Court. In consequence, such pleas must be held inadmissible in an appeal.
      
      (see paras 35, 51, 78)
      2.        The concept of ‘undertaking’ covers any entity engaged in an economic activity, regardless of its legal status and the way
         in which it is financed. In that connection, the term ‘undertaking’ must, in the context of the competition rules of the European
         Union, be understood as designating an economic unit even if in law that economic unit consists of several natural or legal
         persons; and if such an economic entity infringes the competition rules, it is for that entity, consistently with the principle
         of personal liability, to answer for that infringement. The conduct of a subsidiary may be imputed to the parent company in
         particular where that subsidiary, despite having a separate legal personality, does not decide independently upon its own
         conduct on the market, but carries out, in all material respects, instructions given to it by the parent company, regard being
         had in particular to the economic, organisational and legal links between those two legal entities.
      
      In the specific case where a parent company has a 100% shareholding in a subsidiary which has infringed the competition rules
         of the European Union: (i) the parent company is able to exercise a decisive influence over the conduct of the subsidiary
         and (ii) there is a rebuttable presumption that the parent company does in fact exercise such a decisive influence. In those
         circumstances, it is sufficient for the Commission to prove that the subsidiary is wholly owned by the parent company in order
         to presume that the parent actually exercises decisive influence over the subsidiary’s commercial policy. The Commission will
         then be able to regard the parent company as jointly and severally liable for payment of the fine imposed on its subsidiary,
         unless the parent company, which has the burden of rebutting that presumption, adduces sufficient evidence to show that its
         subsidiary acts independently on the market.
      
      (see paras 53-54, 56-57, 80, 96)
      3.        The purpose of the presumption of the actual exercise of decisive influence by a parent company over the conduct of a subsidiary
         is, in particular, to strike a balance between, on the one hand, the importance of the objective of combatting conduct contrary
         to the competition rules, in particular to Article 101 TFEU, and of preventing a repetition of such conduct, and, on the other
         hand, the importance of the requirements flowing from certain general principles of EU law such as the principle of the presumption
         of innocence, the principle that penalties should be applied solely to the offender, the principle of legal certainty and
         the principle of the rights of the defence, including the principle of equality of arms. It is for that reason, among others,
         that the presumption is rebuttable. The presumption is based on the fact that, save in quite exceptional circumstances, a
         company holding all the capital of a subsidiary can, by dint of that shareholding alone, exercise decisive influence over
         that subsidiary’s conduct and, furthermore, that it is within the sphere of operations of those entities against whom the
         presumption operates that evidence of the lack of actual exercise of that power to influence is generally apt to be found.
      
      In those circumstances, if, in order to rebut that presumption, it were sufficient for a party concerned to put forward mere
         unsubstantiated assertions, the presumption would be largely robbed of its usefulness. Moreover, a presumption, even where
         it is difficult to rebut, remains within acceptable limits so long as it is proportionate to the legitimate aim pursued, it
         is possible to adduce evidence to the contrary and the rights of the defence are safeguarded.
      
      (see paras 59-62)
      4.        As regards a proceeding pursuant to Article 81 EC, the administrative procedure before the Commission is divided into two
         distinct and successive stages, each having its own internal logic, namely, a preliminary investigation stage and an inter
         partes stage. The preliminary investigation stage, covering the period up to notification of the statement of objections,
         is intended to enable the Commission to gather all the relevant evidence confirming that there has or has not been an infringement
         of the competition rules and to adopt an initial position on the course which the procedure is to follow. The inter partes
         stage, which covers the period from notification of the statement of objections to adoption of the final decision, must enable
         the Commission to reach a final decision on the alleged infringement.
      
      As regards the preliminary investigation stage, the starting point of that stage is the date on which the Commission, in exercise
         of the powers conferred on it by the legislature of the European Union, takes measures that suggest that an infringement has
         been committed and that have a significant impact on the situation of the undertakings suspected. It is not until the beginning
         of the administrative inter partes stage that the entity concerned is informed, via the statement of objections, of all the essential elements on which the
         Commission is relying at that stage of the procedure. Consequently, it is only after the statement of objections has been
         issued that the undertaking concerned can rely in full on its rights of defence.
      
      (see paras 113-115)
      5.        The context being that of a proceeding pursuant to Article 81 EC, it is important to ensure that the rights of the defence
         are not irremediably impaired during the preliminary investigation stage of the administrative procedure since the measures
         of inquiry adopted may be decisive in assembling evidence of the unlawful nature of conduct engaged in by undertakings, for
         which they may be liable.
      
      Accordingly, the appraisal of the source of any interference with the effective exercise of the rights of the defence must
         not be confined to the inter partes stage of the administrative procedure, but must extend to the entire procedure and be carried out by reference to its total
         duration.
      
      That does not mean, however, that, before the first measure is taken against a given entity, the Commission is under a duty,
         as a matter of routine, to warn that entity even of the mere possibility of measures of investigation or of proceedings based
         on EU competition law, especially if, by such a warning, the effectiveness of the Commission’s investigation might be unduly
         compromised.
      
      In addition, the principle of personal liability does not prevent the Commission from considering first of all the possibility
         of penalising the company which infringed the competition rules before considering the possibility that the infringement might
         be imputed to the parent company.
      
      Thus, provided that the entity to which a statement of objections is addressed is put in a position to submit its views effectively
         during the administrative inter partes procedure as to the reality and the relevance of the facts and circumstances alleged by the Commission, the Commission is
         not required as a matter of principle to address a measure of investigation to that entity before issuing the statement of
         objections.
      
      (see paras 117-122)
      6.        The purpose of the obligation to state the reasons on which an individual decision is based is, in addition to permitting
         review by the Courts, to provide the person concerned with sufficient information to know whether the decision may be vitiated
         by an error enabling its validity to be challenged. Accordingly, the statement of reasons must, in principle, be notified
         to the person concerned at the same time as the decision adversely affecting him. The absence of reasoning cannot be legitimised
         by the fact that the person concerned becomes aware of the reasons for the decision during the procedure before the Courts
         of the European Union.
      
      The requirement to state reasons must be assessed by reference to the circumstances of the case, in particular the content
         of the measure in question, the nature of the reasons given and the interest which the addressees of the measure, or other
         parties to whom it is of direct and individual concern, may have in obtaining explanations. It is not necessary for the reasoning
         to go into all the relevant facts and points of law, since the question whether the statement of reasons meets the requirements
         of Article 253 EC must be assessed with regard not only to its wording but also to its context and to all the legal rules
         governing the matter in question. the statement of the reasons for a measure must be logical and contain no internal inconsistency
         that would prevent a proper understanding of the reasons underlying the measure. On the other hand, the statement of the reasons
         for a measure must be logical and contain no internal inconsistency that would prevent a proper understanding of the reasons
         underlying the measure.
      
      (see paras 148-151)
      7.        Where a decision taken in application of the competition law rules of the European Union relates to several addressees and
         raises a problem with regard to the imputability of the infringement, it must include an adequate statement of reasons with
         respect to each of its addressees, in particular those of them who, according to the decision, must bear the liability for
         the infringement. Accordingly, in respect of a parent company held jointly and severally liable for the infringement committed
         by its subsidiary, such a decision must in principle contain a detailed statement of reasons for imputing the infringement
         to that company. As regards, more specifically, a Commission decision which relies exclusively, with respect to certain addressees,
         on the presumption that they actually exercised decisive influence, the Commission is in any event required – if it is not
         to render that presumption in reality irrebuttable – to explain adequately to those addressees the reasons why the elements
         of fact and of law put forward did not suffice to rebut that presumption. The Commission’s duty to state reasons for its findings
         on that point flows primarily from the fact that that presumption is open to rebuttal, for the purposes of which it is necessary
         for those concerned to produce evidence relating to the economic, organisational and legal links between the companies concerned.
         That said, the Commission is nevertheless not required in such a context to adopt a position on factors which are manifestly
         irrelevant, unimportant or clearly ancillary.
      
      Furthermore, although a decision of the Commission which fits into a well-established line of decisions may be reasoned in
         a summary manner (for example by a reference to those decisions), the Commission must, if a decision goes appreciably further
         than the previous decisions, provide a fuller account of its reasoning.
      
      In those circumstances, it is for the General Court to pay particular attention to the question whether a decision imposing
         a fine for infringement of the competition rules on an undertaking composed of a parent company and its subsidiary, attributing
         to the former the conduct of the latter, contains a detailed statement of the reasons why the Commission finds that the evidence
         submitted by the parent company was not sufficient to rebut the attributabilty presumption applied in that decision. In any
         given case, therefore, the General Court errs in law in not finding fault with an inadequate statement of reasons that has
         vitiated a Commission decision which consists merely of a repetitive and by no means detailed series of bald assertions and
         denials. In such a case, a set of assertions and denials of that nature is incapable, in the absence of further information,
         of enabling those concerned to ascertain the reasons for the measure or the competent Court to exercise its power of review.
      
      (see paras 152-155, 167-170)
JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (Second Chamber)
      29 September 2011 (*)
      
      (Appeal – Agreements, decisions and concerted practices – Article 81 EC and Article 53 of the EEA Agreement – Market for monochloroacetic acid – Rules on the imputability to the parent company of the anti-competitive practices of a subsidiary – Presumption of the actual exercise of decisive influence – Rights of the defence – Obligation to state reasons)
      In Case C‑521/09 P,
      APPEAL under Article 56 of the Statute of the Court of Justice of the European Union, brought on 11 December 2009,
      Elf Aquitaine SA, established in Courbevoie (France), represented by E. Morgan de Rivery, S. Thibault-Liger and E. Lagathu, avocats,
      
      appellant,
      the other party to the proceedings being:
      European Commission, represented by A. Bouquet and F. Castillo de la Torre, acting as Agents, with an address for service in Luxembourg,
      
      defendant at first instance,
      THE COURT (Second Chamber),
      composed of J.N. Cunha Rodrigues, President of the Chamber, A. Arabadjiev, A. Rosas, A. Ó Caoimh (Rapporteur) and P. Lindh,
         Judges,
      
      Advocate General: P. Mengozzi,
      Registrar: B. Fülöp, Administrator,
      having regard to the written procedure and further to the hearing on 25 November 2010,
      after hearing the Opinion of the Advocate General at the sitting on 17 February 2011,
      gives the following
      Judgment
      1        By its appeal, Elf Aquitaine SA (‘Elf Aquitaine’) requests the Court to set aside the judgment of 30 September 2009 in Case
         T‑174/05 Elf Aquitaine v Commission (‘the judgment under appeal’), by which the Court of First Instance of the European Communities (‘the General Court’) dismissed
         its action for annulment of Commission Decision C(2004) 4876 final of 19 January 2005 relating to a proceeding pursuant to
         Article 81 [EC] and Article 53 of the EEA Agreement (Case COMP/E-1/37.773 – MCAA) (‘the decision at issue’) or, in the alternative,
         annulment or reduction of the fine imposed on it.
      
       Background to the dispute and the decision at issue
      2        According to the information set out in paragraphs 3 to 7 of the judgment under appeal, the European Commission began its
         investigation into a cartel concerning monochloroacetic acid (‘MCAA’) in late 1999, acting on a report received from one of
         the participants. On 14 and 15 March 2000 the Commission carried out onsite investigations, inter alia at the premises of
         one of Elf Aquitaine’s subsidiaries. On 7 and 8 April 2004 the Commission addressed a statement of objections to 12 companies,
         including Elf Aquitaine and that subsidiary (formerly called Elf Atochem SA, then Atofina SA and, at the time of this appeal,
         Arkema SA (‘Atofina’ or ‘Arkema’)).
      
      3        It is apparent from paragraph 8 of the judgment under appeal that, in the decision at issue, the Commission considered, in
         essence, that the undertakings concerned by that decision had participated in a cartel, contrary to Article 81 EC. 
      
      4        According to paragraphs 9 to 12 of the judgment under appeal, the Commission found in the decision at issue – rejecting the
         arguments to the contrary put forward by Elf Aquitaine – that the fact that Elf Aquitaine held 98% of the shares in Atofina
         was sufficient for liability for the acts of its subsidiary to be imputed to it. The Commission also found that the fact that
         Elf Aquitaine had not been involved in the production and sale of MCAA did not preclude its being considered to form an economic
         unit together with the operational units of the group.
      
      5        As mentioned at paragraph 30 of the judgment under appeal, the fine imposed in the decision at issue on Elf Aquitaine and
         Arkema for their joint and several liability came to EUR 45 million.
      
       The action before the General Court and the judgment under appeal 
      6        By the judgment under appeal, the General Court rejected all 11 pleas raised before it and ordered Elf Aquitaine to pay the
         costs. In doing so, the General Court expressed, in particular, the considerations set out below. 
      
      7        By its first plea in law, Elf Aquitaine claimed that the decision at issue breached its rights of defence in two ways: (i)
         that decision had been adopted at the close of a procedure in which there had been a breach of the principle of equality of
         arms (first part of the plea) and (ii) the decision had been adopted by the Commission in breach of the obligation to take
         into account the facts resulting from the administrative procedure (second part of the plea).
      
      8        In paragraphs 54 to 72 of the judgment under appeal the General Court, in rejecting the first plea in its entirety, held as
         follows:
      
      ‘…
      64      The Court must also reject the complaint that the imputation to [Elf Aquitaine] of liability for the infringement committed
         by Arkema is insufficiently substantiated in the … decision [at issue] to justify its being held liable. It follows explicitly
         from … [that] decision … that the Commission referred to the principles applicable to the imputation to parent companies of
         liability for infringements committed by their subsidiaries. The fact that the Commission failed to carry out any investigation
         with respect to [Elf Aquitaine], did not address any request for information to it and did not contact it before issuing the
         statement of objections cannot call in question that the Commission was entitled to inform it of the objections raised against
         it for the first time in the statement of objections. [Elf Aquitaine] was in a position to make known its views effectively
         during the administrative procedure on the reality and the relevance of the facts and circumstances alleged by the Commission
         in the statement of objections, both in its observations in response to the statement of objections and at the hearing before
         the hearing officer.
      
      …’
      9        In rejecting as unfounded the second plea raised before it, alleging inadequate reasoning, the General Court held as follows:
      
      ‘85      …, it follows from recital 258 to the … decision [at issue] that “[t]he Commission considers the 98% shareholding of Elf Aquitaine
         in Atofina in itself sufficient to impute liability to Elf Aquitaine. The Commission does not consider that the above arguments
         [put forward by Elf Aquitaine] constitute sufficient evidence that the presumption, arising from the 98% shareholding, is
         rebutted”. The Commission states in the same recital that “[those] arguments are assertions that do not rebut the presumption
         that Elf Aquitaine is responsible for the acts of its subsidiary Atofina” and that it does not consider that “documents providing
         general or background corporate information are sufficient to rebut the presumption”.
      
      86      It must be held that, although the Commission expressly asserted in recital 258 to the … decision [at issue] that the 98%
         shareholding was sufficient for liability for Atofina’s actions to be imputed to Elf Aquitaine, it none the less made clear,
         later in the same recital, that the evidence adduced by [Elf Aquitaine] did not allow the presumption to be rebutted. Such
         considerations form part of the Community case-law on the imputation to the parent company of the unlawful conduct of its
         subsidiary. It follows that the Commission’s reasoning is sufficiently explicit and allows those concerned to understand the
         reasons why it rejected the arguments put forward by Elf Aquitaine.
      
      87      As for the alleged failure to state reasons with respect to the reasons by Elf Aquitaine’s arguments were rejected, it must
         be held that the Commission mentioned, in recital 257 to the … decision [at issue], those arguments as set out by Elf Aquitaine
         in its response to the statement of objections. The Commission answered those arguments in recitals 258 to 261 to the … decision
         [at issue]. 
      
      88      In particular, it should be observed that the Commission considered that Elf Aquitaine had merely made assertions and that
         documents which it had provided gave only a general overview of the company’s business management.
      
      89      Such a response to the arguments put forward by Elf Aquitaine, albeit succinct, makes it possible to understand the reasons
         why the Commission rejected those arguments. In effect, the Commission responded to the essential points of Elf Aquitaine’s
         arguments by considering all the evidence which Elf Aquitaine adduced.
      
      90      In any event, the Commission was not required to respond to all [Elf Aquitaine]’s complaints. The Commission is not required
         to adopt a position on all the arguments relied on before it by the parties concerned; rather, it is sufficient if it sets
         out the facts and legal considerations having decisive importance in the context of the decision …’.
      
      10      In paragraphs 97 to 99 of the judgment under appeal the General Court rejected the third plea in law, by which it was alleged
         that there was a contradiction in the reasoning between the imputation of the infringement to Elf Aquitaine and the recognition
         that Atofina’s involvement in the infringement had been at a low managerial level. In that regard, the General Court considered,
         in particular, in paragraph 97 of that judgment:
      
      ‘… the level of responsibility of the personnel who participated in the infringement is immaterial, since it is not the existence
         of a relationship in which the parent company instigates the commission of the infringement by the subsidiary or, a fortiori, the parent company’s involvement in the infringement, but the fact that they constitute a single undertaking for the purposes
         of Article 81 EC that allows the Commission to address the decision imposing fines to the parent company of a group of companies.
         Accordingly, the fact that the parent company was not aware of the infringement committed by its subsidiary cannot suffice
         to rule out its liability’.
      
      11      That same statement appears, in different contexts, in paragraphs 52, 167 and 186 of the judgment under appeal.
      
      12      As indicated in paragraph 100 of the judgment under appeal, the fourth plea raised before the General Court, alleging breach
         of the rules governing the imputability to a parent company of the infringements committed by its subsidiaries, was divided
         into three parts. 
      
      13      By the first part, Elf Aquitaine maintained, in particular, that the Commission does not have discretion to determine the
         relevant test for the imputability of infringements.
      
      14      The General Court rejected this part of the plea in paragraphs 105 to 109 of the judgment under appeal. In paragraph 105 of
         that judgment, it stated:
      
      ‘… the Commission does not claim to have discretion to impute to one company liability for the infringements committed by
         another company. Although the Commission stated in recital 260 to the … decision [at issue] that it had “discretion to impute
         liability to a parent company in such circumstances”, it did so only after having emphasised, in recital 258 to the … decision
         [at issue], that [Elf Aquitaine] had not succeeded in rebutting the presumption relating to its subsidiary’s autonomy. Furthermore,
         it is clear from the … decision [at issue] that the observation set out in recital 260 was intended solely to reject the argument
         relating to the fact that in previous decisions addressed to Atofina the latter’s conduct had not been imputed to the parent
         company. In addition, at the hearing and in its written pleadings, the Commission stated that it considered that its discretion
         applied at the stage where, when it is able to impute liability for an infringement to a number of companies in a group, it
         chooses to impute it to all the companies in the group or only to those that have directly participated in the infringement’.
      
      15      In paragraphs 121 to 126 of the judgment under appeal the General Court rejected as unfounded the second part of the fourth
         plea raised before it, by which it was alleged that applying the presumption of imputability without specific evidence is
         inconsistent with the principle that a subsidiary is autonomous. 
      
      16      The third part of the fourth plea alleged breach of the evidential rules governing the imputability of infringements within
         groups of companies. The General Court rejected that part in paragraphs 150 to 176 of the judgment under appeal.
      
      17      In that context, the General Court held in paragraph 157 of the judgment under appeal that:
      
      ‘… [Elf Aquitaine]’s complaint that the Commission breached the evidential rules governing the imputability of infringements
         within groups of companies cannot be upheld. Since at the time of the infringement virtually all the capital was held by Elf
         Aquitaine, the Commission was correct to presume that there was no autonomy and to take the view that it was for Elf Aquitaine
         to adduce evidence showing that its subsidiary determined its course of conduct on the market autonomously’.
      
      18      In paragraph 158 of the judgment under appeal the General Court considered that it was in those circumstances that the evidence
         adduced by Elf Aquitaine in order to rebut the presumption applied by the Commission should be analysed. To that end, the
         General Court observed, in paragraph 159 of the judgment under appeal, that:
      
      ‘… the Commission sets out, in recital 257 to the … decision [at issue], the arguments put forward by Elf Aquitaine in its
         response to the statement of objections, in particular the arguments that it had never directly or indirectly participated
         in the MCAA cartel, that it was a “pure holding company”, with no operational functions, that Atofina enjoyed complete autonomy
         in its commercial policy and conduct on the market, and that the documents in the Commission’s file referred exclusively to
         Atofina, with third parties also considering that Atofina alone operated on the market. The Commission concluded in the following
         recital that those arguments were mere assertions that did not rebut the presumption that Elf Aquitaine was responsible for
         the acts of its subsidiary, and observed that documents providing general or background corporate information are not sufficient
         to rebut that presumption’.
      
      19      Next, in paragraphs 160 to 176 of the judgment under appeal, the General Court rejected a number of arguments which Elf Aquitaine
         had raised in an attempt to rebut the presumption applied to it in the decision at issue.
      
      20      In paragraphs 184 to 188 and 192 to 199 of the judgment under appeal, the General Court rejected the three parts of the fifth
         plea, by which it was alleged that the Commission had acted in breach, respectively, of the principle of liability for one’s
         own acts, the principle of legality and the principle of the presumption of innocence.
      
      21      In paragraphs 200 to 207 of the judgment under appeal, the General Court rejected the sixth plea raised before it, alleging
         breach of the principle of sound administration.
      
      22      As is apparent from paragraph 208 of the judgment under appeal, Elf Aquitaine maintained, by its seventh plea before the General
         Court, that the Commission’s new approach in relation to the test for the imputability to a parent company of infringements
         committed by the subsidiaries of the group, as applied in the decision at issue, gave rise to legal uncertainty and that the
         General Court should therefore annul the decision at issue to the extent that it concerned Elf Aquitaine. Elf Aquitaine argued
         that the criteria applied by the Commission in relation to imputability were different from those applied in the decision
         at issue vis-à-vis Akzo Nobel NV and Clariant AG and from those applied regarding Atofina in Decision C(2003) 4570 final of
         10 December 2003 relating to a proceeding under Article 81 [EC] and Article 53 of the EEA Agreement (Case COMP/E-2/37.857
         – Organic Peroxides) (OJ 2005 L 110, p. 44; ‘the Organic Peroxides decision’).
      
      23      In rejecting this plea, in paragraphs 210 to 216 of the judgment under appeal, the General Court held, in particular, in paragraph
         213 of that judgment:
      
      ‘In the present case, although the Commission decided to impute liability for the infringement found to the undertaking made
         up of the parent company and its subsidiary, whereas its previous practice had been not to do so, its decision does not breach
         the principle of legal certainty. … Accordingly, in so far as, in the present case, the Commission was correct to consider
         that Elf Aquitaine and its subsidiary Arkema together constituted an undertaking, and imposed the fine on both companies jointly
         and severally, it did not breach the principle of legal certainty.’
      
      24      In paragraph 220 et seq. of the judgment under appeal, the General Court rejected, one after another, the eighth to eleventh
         pleas raised before it, before concluding, in paragraph 244 of that judgment, that the action before it should be dismissed
         in its entirety.
      
       Forms of order sought by the parties
      25      By its appeal, Elf Aquitaine claims that the Court should:
      
      –        principally, set aside the judgment under appeal in its entirety;
      –        grant the form of order sought at first instance; 
      –        consequently, annul Articles 1(d), 2(c), 3 and 4(9) of the decision at issue;
      –        in the alternative, annul or reduce, in the exercise of its unlimited jurisdiction, the fine of EUR 45 million imposed jointly
         and severally on Arkema and Elf Aquitaine by Article 2(c) of the decision at issue and
      
      –        in any event, order the Commission to pay the costs, including those incurred by Elf Aquitaine before the General Court.
      26      The Commission contends that the Court should:
      
      –        dismiss the appeal; and
      –        order Elf Aquitaine to pay the costs.
       The appeal
      27      Elf Aquitaine relies principally on five grounds of appeal, alleging, respectively: 
      
      –        an error of law on the part of the General Court, in that it failed to draw the proper inferences from the criminal nature
         of penalties connected with the application of Article 101 TFEU;
      
      –        breach of the rights of the defence as a result of the misinterpretation of the principles of fairness and equality of arms;
      –        errors of law in relation to the obligation to state reasons;
      –        infringement of Article 263 TFEU owing to failure to observe the limits attaching to the review of legality, and
      –        breach of the rules governing the imputability of penalties in competition law.
      28      In the alternative, Elf Aquitaine raises a sixth ground of appeal, alleging that the errors of law and the infringements committed
         by the General Court must at least result in the annulment or reduction of the fine imposed on Elf Aquitaine.
      
       First ground of appeal: error of law on the part of the General Court in that it failed to draw the proper inferences from
            the criminal nature of penalties connected with the application of Article 101 TFEU
       Arguments of the parties
      29      Elf Aquitaine claims that the criminal nature – for the purposes of Article 6(1) of the European Convention for the Protection
         of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, signed at Rome on 4 November 1950 (‘the ECHR’) – of penalties imposed under Article
         101 TFEU is indisputable.
      
      30      In those circumstances, in Elf Aquitaine’s submission, the General Court – notably in paragraphs 185 to 187 of the judgment
         under appeal, and also in paragraphs 194 and 197 – misapplied principles guaranteed by Article 6(1) and (2) of the ECHR: the
         principle of liability for one’s own acts, the principle that penalties should be applied solely to the offender, and the
         principle of the presumption of innocence.
      
      31      Accordingly, Elf Aquitaine claims first, in general terms, that the General Court erred in applying those principles solely
         to the undertaking consisting of Elf Aquitaine and Arkema, that is to say, to an entity with no legal personality, and not
         to those two companies as separate legal persons, which alone have the necessary attributes to be able to benefit effectively
         and specifically from the individual rights devolving from the above principles. In so doing, the General Court rendered the
         effective and specific nature of the individual rights devolving from those principles meaningless by not allowing the only
         entities possessing the capacity to do so to claim the benefit of those rights, which ultimately enabled the General Court,
         according to Elf Aquitaine, to limit access to justice.
      
      32      Secondly, and more specifically, the approach referred to above is claimed to have led the General Court to exclude Elf Aquitaine
         from the scope of:
      
      –        the principle of the presumption of innocence, by denying with respect to Elf Aquitaine any benefit of the preliminary investigation;
      –        the principle of liability for one’s own acts and the principle that penalties should be applied solely to the offender, in
         asserting, in paragraphs 97, 152, 167 and 186 of the judgment under appeal, that the imputation of liability to a parent company
         is not based on ‘a relationship in which the parent company instigates the commission of the infringement by the subsidiary
         or, a fortiori, the parent company’s involvement in the infringement’, thus rejecting the relevance of the body of indicia adduced by Elf
         Aquitaine to show that it had not personally committed any infringement, that it was not aware that the infringement at issue
         had been committed and that its subsidiary had autonomy on the market.
      
      33      In addition, Elf Aquitaine maintains that the General Court was not entitled to rely, in paragraphs 210 and 212 of the judgment
         under appeal, as against a litigant, on a principle that European Union (‘EU’) competition law must be effective, in order
         to reinforce the powers of the Commission at the expense of that person’s fundamental rights.
      
      34      The Commission contends, in particular, that the first ground of appeal does not correspond with a plea raised at first instance
         and that it is not specifically directed at any part of the judgment under appeal.
      
       Findings of the Court
      35      Under Article 113(2) of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice, the subject-matter of the proceedings before the General
         Court may not be changed in the appeal. Accordingly, the appellate jurisdiction of the Court of Justice is confined to review
         of the findings of law on the pleas argued before the General Court. A party cannot therefore change the subject-matter of
         the proceedings by putting forward for the first time before the Court of Justice a plea in law which it could have raised
         before the General Court but did not, since that would amount to allowing it to bring before the Court of Justice, whose jurisdiction
         in appeals is limited, a case of wider ambit than that which came before the General Court (see, to that effect, in particular,
         Case C‑136/92 P Commission v Brazzelli Lualdi and Others [1994] ECR I‑1981, paragraph 59; Case C‑266/97 P VBA v VGB and Others [2000] ECR I‑2135, paragraph 79; and Case C‑280/08 P Deutsche Telekom v Commission, [2010] ECR I‑9555, paragraph 34). Such a plea must consequently be considered inadmissible in an appeal.
      
      36      In the present case, by its first ground of appeal, Elf Aquitaine claims, not that the General Court denied the ‘criminal’
         nature – within the meaning of the case-law based on Article 6 of the ECHR – of fines imposed under Article 81 EC, but essentially
         that it breached the fundamental rights accruing to Elf Aquitaine as a legal person held liable for an infringement attracting
         penalties which, in its view, are of a criminal nature. To the extent that, seen in that light, the present ground of appeal
         does not change the subject-matter of the proceedings before the General Court, it cannot be rejected as inadmissible (see,
         by analogy, Case C‑229/05 PKK and KNK v Council [2007] ECR I‑439, paragraphs 66 and 67). 
      
      37      That said, as may be seen, in particular, from paragraph 27 above and paragraphs 87 and 99 below, the specific criticisms
         raised by Elf Aquitaine in the context of the present ground of appeal correspond, in substance, to those raised in other
         grounds of appeal, in particular the second and fifth. As those criticisms are therefore not in fact distinct from those other
         grounds of appeal, they will not be examined here.
      
      38      Similarly, to the extent that the first ground of appeal generally takes issue with the General Court for having wrongly applied
         the principle of liability for one’s own acts, the principle that penalties should be applied solely to the offender and the
         principle of the presumption of innocence, not to Elf Aquitaine alone but to the ‘undertaking’ made up, in particular, of
         Elf Aquitaine and its subsidiary Arkema, this ground of appeal amounts to a claim that, in relation to Elf Aquitaine, there
         was a substantive breach of those principles and challenges the General Court’s interpretation of the concept of ‘undertaking’
         for the purposes of Article 81 EC. As those criticisms correspond to certain aspects of the second and fifth grounds of appeal,
         they will be addressed when the Court examines those grounds of appeal.
      
      39      As regards the criticism set out in paragraph 33 above, it is sufficient to observe that, contrary to Elf Aquitaine’s claims,
         the General Court did not assert, in paragraphs 210 and 212 of the judgment under appeal, that a principle that EU competition
         law must be effective could be invoked against a litigant in order to reduce that person’s fundamental rights.
      
      40      As that criticism is thus based on a misreading of the judgment under appeal, it must be rejected as unfounded.
      
      41      In the light of the foregoing, the Court will address the fifth ground of appeal next.
      
       Fifth ground of appeal: breach of the rules governing the imputability of penalties imposed under competition law
       First part of the fifth ground of appeal: the criminal nature of penalties imposed under Article 101 TFEU makes it all the
         more impermissible under EU law to apply to Elf Aquitaine a de facto irrebuttable presumption of liability
      
      –       Arguments of the parties
      42      Elf Aquitaine claims that the criminal nature of the penalties applied in relation to Article 101 TFEU and the institutional
         amalgamation of powers within the prosecuting authority ought to have operated as an absolute bar to endorsement, by the General
         Court, of the Commission’s approach in presuming liability rather than requiring proof that Elf Aquitaine was involved in
         the management of its subsidiary.
      
      43      That is said to be all the more true where such a presumption is de facto irrebuttable, since the rules governing the burden of proof and the presumption of innocence, in particular, are thereby
         deprived of any useful effect.
      
      44      In Elf Aquitaine’s submission, the irrebuttable nature of the presumption, as interpreted by the General Court, results from
         a combination of the following factors:
      
      –        the assertion in paragraphs 86 and 150 of the judgment under appeal that the size of a shareholding alone is sufficient to
         mean that the subsidiary can be presumed to lack autonomy;
      
      –        the General Court’s admission, in paragraph 105 of the judgment under appeal, that the Commission enjoys a discretion to impute
         liability for the infringement to the parent company where that company owns 98% or more of the capital of its subsidiary;
         and
      
      –        the way in which the General Court, in paragraph 160 et seq. of the judgment under appeal, assessed the body of indicia provided
         by Elf Aquitaine in an attempt to demonstrate that it did not interfere in the management of its subsidiary.
      
      45      As regards that last point, in Elf Aquitaine’s view, the General Court rejects the probative value of that body of indicia
         by requiring Elf Aquitaine to adduce proof of its non-interference, which necessarily entails ‘proving a negative’. The General
         Court requires, it is claimed, a ‘probatio diabolica’, which is generally not permissible under the EU rules on evidence. In Elf Aquitaine’s submission, such a system of irrebuttable
         proof must be condemned, in particular, in that it constitutes a breach of the right of access to effective judicial review.
      
      46      According to Elf Aquitaine, the General Court unlawfully reversed the burden of proof to be borne by the prosecuting authority,
         in particular by rejecting one after another the various indicia which Elf Aquitaine had submitted to the Commission, in accordance
         with the judgment in Case C‑97/08 P Akzo Nobel and Others v Commission [2009] ECR I‑8237, paragraph 65. Thus, in Elf Aquitaine’s submission, the General Court introduced an unacceptable imbalance
         between Elf Aquitaine, which bore a burden that was impossible to discharge, and the Commission, which could simply rely on
         a presumption of liability in order to apply criminal penalties, while purportedly enjoying a discretion to apply or not to
         apply such a presumption.
      
      47      Elf Aquitaine further claims that, contrary to the assertion made in paragraph 171 of the judgment under appeal, the General
         Court did not assess the elements of the body of indicia taken as a whole. In Elf Aquitaine’s submission, in accordance with
         the requirements deriving from Akzo Nobel and Others v Commission, that body of indicia related to the organisational, economic and legal links between Elf Aquitaine and its subsidiary that
         Elf Aquitaine considers to be capable of demonstrating that it and that subsidiary do not constitute a single economic entity.
         It is submitted that the probative force of that body of indicia results rather from the coherent nature of all the indicia
         taken together and not necessarily from each of them taken on its own.
      
      48      The Commission contends that, in paragraphs 172 and 173 of the judgment under appeal, the General Court stated that the presumption
         that a subsidiary has no autonomy is not irrebuttable. The Commission also maintains that the plea raised before the General
         Court concerning imputability was rejected because, as is said to emerge in particular from paragraphs 163 to 165, 167 and
         169 of the judgment under appeal, Elf Aquitaine merely relied on assertions that were unsubstantiated by evidence. For the
         Commission, the mere fact of having required evidence in support of a bald assertion does not transform the presumption in
         question into an irrebuttable presumption.
      
      49      According to the Commission, the fact that a parent company holds all or virtually all the capital of a subsidiary means only
         that it can be presumed, failing proof to the contrary, that those companies form part of the same ‘undertaking’ for the purposes
         of Article 101(1) TFEU. In the present case, Elf Aquitaine cannot take issue with the Commission for concluding that the presumption
         had not been rebutted when Elf Aquitaine had merely submitted insufficiently substantiated assertions of ‘autonomy’ or arguments
         that had no bearing on the question whether the subsidiary and the parent company together formed an economic unit.
      
      50      As regards Elf Aquitaine’s argument set out in paragraph 47 above, the Commission maintains that, in reality, Elf Aquitaine
         appears to be calling into question the assessment of evidence by the General Court, which is inadmissible in an appeal. Moreover,
         the General Court is said to have carried out an overall assessment. If it did not see fit to evaluate certain alleged indicia,
         that – in the Commission’s submission – was merely because most of those indicia were unsubstantiated.
      
      –       Findings of the Court
      51      In so far as Elf Aquitaine criticises, in the first part of the fifth ground of appeal, an amalgamation of roles held by the
         Commission in relation to EU competition policy, it must be held that Elf Aquitaine is attempting, contrary to Article 113(2)
         of the Rules of Procedure, to change the subject-matter of the proceedings before the General Court. To that extent, this
         part of the fifth ground of appeal must therefore be held inadmissible, in application of the case-law cited in paragraph
         35 above.
      
      52      None the less, the first part of the fifth ground of appeal must be considered admissible to the extent that it is directed,
         independently of the considerations deriving from that amalgamation, against the application in the judgment under appeal
         of a presumption that, in substance, a parent company holding all or virtually all the share capital of its subsidiary can
         be held liable for conduct of that subsidiary that is contrary to the EU competition rules.
      
      53      In that regard, it should be borne in mind that, according to settled case-law, the concept of ‘undertaking’ covers any entity
         engaged in an economic activity, regardless of its legal status and the way in which it is financed. On that point, the Court
         has stated that in this context the term ‘undertaking’ must be understood as designating an economic unit even if in law that
         economic unit consists of several natural or legal persons, and that if such an economic entity infringes the competition
         rules, it is for that entity, consistently with the principle of personal liability, to answer for that infringement (see
         Case C‑90/09 P General Química and Others v Commission [2011] ECR I‑1, paragraphs 34 and 35 and the case-law cited, and Joined Cases C‑201/09 P and C‑216/09 P ArcelorMittal Luxembourg v Commission and Commission v ArcelorMittal Luxembourg and Others, [2011] ECR I‑2239, paragraph 95).
      
      54      It is clear from settled case-law that the conduct of a subsidiary may be imputed to the parent company in particular where
         that subsidiary, despite having a separate legal personality, does not decide independently upon its own conduct on the market,
         but carries out, in all material respects, instructions given to it by the parent company, regard being had in particular
         to the economic, organisational and legal links between those two legal entities (see Akzo Nobel and Others v Commission, paragraph 58, and General Química and Others v Commission, paragraph 37).
      
      55      In such a situation, since the parent company and its subsidiary form a single economic unit and therefore form a single undertaking
         for the purposes of Article 81 EC, the Commission may address a decision imposing fines to the parent company, without having
         to establish the personal involvement of the latter in the infringement (see Akzo Nobel and Others v Commission, paragraph 59, and General Química and Others v Commission, paragraph 38).
      
      56      In that regard, the Court has stated that, in the specific case where a parent company has a 100% shareholding in a subsidiary
         which has infringed the competition rules of the European Union: (i) the parent company is able to exercise a decisive influence
         over the conduct of the subsidiary and (ii) there is a rebuttable presumption that the parent company does in fact exercise
         such a decisive influence (‘the presumption of actual exercise of decisive influence’) (see, inter alia, Case 107/82 AEG-Telefunken v Commission [1983] ECR 3151, paragraph 50; Akzo Nobel and Others v Commission, paragraph 60; General Química and Others v Commission, paragraph 39; and ArcelorMittal Luxembourg v Commission and Commission v ArcelorMittal Luxembourg and Others, paragraph 97).
      
      57      In those circumstances, it is sufficient for the Commission to prove that the subsidiary is wholly owned by the parent company
         in order to presume that the parent actually exercises decisive influence over the subsidiary’s commercial policy. The Commission
         will then be able to regard the parent company as jointly and severally liable for payment of the fine imposed on its subsidiary,
         unless the parent company, which has the burden of rebutting that presumption, adduces sufficient evidence to show that its
         subsidiary acts independently on the market (see Case 286/98 P Stora Kopparbergs Bergslags v Commission [2000] ECR I‑9925, paragraph 29; Akzo Nobel and Others v Commission, paragraph 61; General Química and Others v Commission, paragraph 40; and ArcelorMittal Luxembourg v Commission and Commission v ArcelorMittal Luxembourg and Others, paragraph 98).
      
      58      It also emerges from the case-law that, in order to ascertain whether a subsidiary determines its conduct on the market independently,
         account must be taken of all the relevant factors relating to economic, organisational and legal links which tie the subsidiary
         to the parent company, which may vary from case to case and cannot therefore be set out in an exhaustive list (see, to that
         effect, Akzo Nobel and Others v Commission, paragraphs 73 and 74).
      
      59      The purpose of the presumption of actual exercise of decisive influence is, in particular, to strike a balance between, on
         the one hand, the importance of the objective of combatting conduct contrary to the competition rules, in particular to Article
         101 TFEU, and of preventing a repetition of such conduct, and, on the other hand, the importance of the requirements flowing
         from certain general principles of EU law such as the principle of the presumption of innocence, the principle that penalties
         should be applied solely to the offender, the principle of legal certainty and the principle of the rights of the defence,
         including the principle of equality of arms. It is for that reason, among others, that, as is clear from the consistent case-law
         cited in paragraph 56 above, the presumption is rebuttable.
      
      60      It should be borne in mind, moreover, that that presumption is based on the fact that, save in quite exceptional circumstances,
         a company holding all the capital of a subsidiary can, by dint of that shareholding alone, exercise decisive influence over
         that subsidiary’s conduct and, furthermore, that it is within the sphere of operations of those entities against whom the
         presumption operates that evidence of the lack of actual exercise of that power to influence is generally apt to be found.
      
      61      In those circumstances, if, in order to rebut that presumption, it were sufficient for a party concerned to put forward mere
         unsubstantiated assertions, the presumption would be largely robbed of its usefulness.
      
      62      It follows from the case-law, moreover, that a presumption, even where it is difficult to rebut, remains within acceptable
         limits so long as it is proportionate to the legitimate aim pursued, it is possible to adduce evidence to the contrary and
         the rights of the defence are safeguarded (see, to that effect, Case C‑45/08 Spector Photo Group and Van Raemdonck [2009] ECR I‑12073, paragraphs 43 and 44, and EUR. Court H.R., the Janosevic v. Sweden judgment of 23 July 2002, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 2002-VII, § 101 et seq.).
      
      63      In the present case, it is apparent from paragraphs 46 and 47 above that Elf Aquitaine does not challenge as such the lawfulness
         of the presumption of actual exercise of decisive influence as set out in paragraphs 56 and 57 above. Nor does it challenge
         the applicability, in the circumstances of the present case, of such a presumption where a parent company owns 98% of the
         capital of its subsidiary.
      
      64      On the other hand, Elf Aquitaine’s arguments as set out in paragraphs 43 to 47 above rest on the assertion that the General
         Court in reality applied an irrebuttable version of that presumption.
      
      65      Contrary to Elf Aquitaine’s contention, however, the approach taken by the General Court in the judgment under appeal towards
         the evidence adduced by Elf Aquitaine does not, taken as a whole, constitute the imposition of a probatio diabolica. As stated in paragraph 58 above, it is for entities wishing to rebut the presumption that they have actually exercised decisive
         influence to adduce all factors relating to the economic, organisational and legal links which tie the subsidiary in question
         to the parent company that they consider to be capable of demonstrating that those two companies did not constitute a single
         economic entity.
      
      66      In that regard, the mere fact that an entity does not, in a given case, produce evidence capable of rebutting the presumption
         of actual exercise of decisive influence does not mean that that presumption cannot be rebutted in any circumstances.
      
      67      That being so, to the extent that the criticisms set out in the third indent of paragraph 44 above and also in paragraphs
         45 to 47 are, in substance, that the General Court’s assessment of the arguments put forward by Elf Aquitaine demonstrates,
         solely by virtue of its conclusion – a negative one from Elf Aquitaine’s perspective – that a probatio diabolica was required, they must be rejected.
      
      68      To the extent that, on the other hand, the true purpose underlying those criticisms could be to have this Court undertake
         a fresh appraisal of the facts found by the General Court, they must be held to be inadmissible in an appeal. It is settled
         law that the General Court has exclusive jurisdiction, first, to find the facts, save where the substantive inaccuracy in
         its findings is apparent from the documents submitted to it, and, second, to assess those facts. That appraisal does not,
         save where the clear sense of the evidence has been distorted, constitute a point of law which is amenable, as such, to review
         by the Court of Justice (see, inter alia, Case C‑425/07 P AEPI v Commission [2009] ECR I‑3205, paragraph 44 and the case-law cited).
      
      69      To the extent that, in the alternative, those same criticisms may be interpreted as claiming that the General Court misconstrued
         the scope of its jurisdiction to review the legality of measures, they coincide with the fourth ground of appeal and, accordingly,
         there is no need to examine them independently in the context of the present part of the fifth ground of appeal. 
      
      70      As regards, moreover, the criticism set out in the first indent of paragraph 44 above, that the size of the shareholding in
         the subsidiary is in itself sufficient to trigger the presumption of actual exercise of decisive influence, it should be observed
         that the fact that it is difficult to adduce the evidence necessary to rebut a presumption does not in itself mean that that
         presumption is in fact irrebuttable, especially where the entities against which the presumption operates are those best placed
         to seek that evidence within their own sphere of activity. 
      
      71      As regards the second factor invoked by Elf Aquitaine to demonstrate the de facto irrebuttable nature of the presumption applied by the General Court, set out in the second indent of paragraph 44 above,
         it should be observed that, even on the assumption that the General Court accepted, in paragraph 105 of the judgment under
         appeal, that the Commission enjoys the discretionary power mentioned in that second indent, such an admission, or such a power,
         would have no bearing on the question whether the presumption applied in the judgment under appeal is irrebuttable. It follows
         that that line of argument cannot succeed. 
      
      72      In the light of the foregoing, the first part of the fifth ground of appeal must be rejected.
      
       Second part of the fifth ground of appeal: the presumption of liability applied by the General Court, based on the concept
         of ‘undertaking’, renders void the principle of the autonomy of legal persons
      
      –       Arguments of the parties
      73      Elf Aquitaine claims that the judgment under appeal breaches the principle of subsidiarity, as it significantly interferes
         with the principle of the autonomy of legal persons, one of the legal foundations of company law of the Member States. 
      
      74      In Elf Aquitaine’s submission, the General Court erred in law by claiming that it was by reference to the undertaking that it was at liberty to decide not to apply either the principle of autonomy or the rights of the defence to the legal person
         forming part of that undertaking.
      
      75      Furthermore, it is submitted that the General Court erred in law in considering that it was unnecessary to require the Commission
         to provide in its decision solid indicia that Elf Aquitaine’s subsidiary had no autonomy on the market.
      
      76      The Commission contends that the principle of subsidiarity was not invoked before the General Court and that breach of that
         principle accordingly constitutes a new plea, which is inadmissible in an appeal. In any event, as regards the merits, the
         principle of subsidiarity is not applicable in the present case, as the European Union has exclusive jurisdiction in the matter.
      
      77      In addition, the concept of ‘undertaking’ in competition law is stated to be an autonomous concept of EU law. What is more,
         the ‘autonomy’ of a company is not, according to the Commission, incompatible with the presumption formulated in the case-law
         that a parent company actually controls certain of its subsidiaries.
      
      –       Findings of the Court
      78      To the extent that the present part of the ground of appeal alleges breach of the principle of subsidiarity, it must be declared
         inadmissible, in application of the case-law cited in paragraph 35 above. 
      
      79      Next, the criticism set out in paragraph 74 above must be rejected, since it relates to a proposition that the General Court
         did not express, or even suggest, in the judgment under appeal.
      
      80      As regards the argument set out in paragraph 75 above, moreover, it follows from paragraphs 56 and 57 above that the Commission
         is not required, in order to apply the presumption of actual exercise of decisive influence in a given case, to provide indicia
         over and above those demonstrating the applicability and operation of that presumption (see also, to that effect, Akzo Nobel and Others v Commission, paragraph 62). Accordingly, the General Court did not err in not requiring, independently of the evidence relating to the
         operation of the presumption at issue, additional solid indicia of the subsidiary’s lack of autonomy on the market.
      
      81      Furthermore, in so far as the argument set out in paragraph 75 above alleges a failure to find fault with the reasoning given
         in the decision at issue with respect to Elf Aquitaine, it corresponds to the third ground of appeal. There is thus no need
         to examine it in the context of the present part of the fifth ground of appeal.
      
      82      The second part of the fifth ground of appeal must therefore be rejected. 
      
       Third part of the fifth ground of appeal: the discretion conferred on the Commission to apply the presumption of liability
         is inconsistent with the principles of legality and legal certainty
      
      –       Arguments of the parties
      83      Elf Aquitaine claims that the judgment under appeal fails to satisfy the requirements of clarity of the law and of foreseeability,
         entailed by both the principle of legality and the principle of legal certainty. In Elf Aquitaine’s submission, it emerges
         from paragraphs 97, 152, 167, 186 and 194 of the judgment under appeal that, according to the General Court, there are two
         systems of liability in relation to infringements of competition law. Under the first, the parent company is penalised, as
         co-author, for direct participation in an infringement of competition law, such participation being ‘the manifestation of
         [its] own will’. Under the second, the parent company is penalised, as an accomplice, for the unlawful conduct of its wholly-owned
         subsidiaries, but without any need for an actual act of participation establishing the parent company’s complicity – a factor
         which leads that regime to resemble a system of liability for the acts of others.
      
      84      According to Elf Aquitaine, if such a system of liability for the acts of others existed under EU competition law, which it
         does not, it would have to be perfectly defined, and applied in a clear and consistent manner by the institutions; yet the
         discretion recognised by the General Court in paragraph 105 of the judgment under appeal is irreconcilable with that requirement
         for clarity and consistency. 
      
      85      In that regard, Elf Aquitaine takes issue with what it describes as the ‘double confusion’ introduced by the General Court
         in paragraph 213 of the judgment under appeal, that is to say: (i) between the imputation of liability to the parent company
         and that company’s liability for the payment of the fine and (ii) between the imputation of liability and the setting of fines,
         in that the General Court is claimed to use the Commission’s discretion in relation to fines to justify its purported discretion
         to impute liability.
      
      86      The Commission contends that in the judgment under appeal the General Court does not leave any margin of discretion to the
         Commission for the purposes of assessing whether the conditions for imputing liability for an infringement to a parent company
         are satisfied. ‘Discretion’, it submits, does not come into play until the stage at which, if the Commission is in a position
         to impute liability for an infringement to several companies in a group, it chooses to impute liability to all the companies
         in the group or only to some of them. 
      
      –       Findings of the Court
      87      Contrary to the assertions made by Elf Aquitaine, both in the context of the present part of the fifth ground of appeal and
         in the context of the first ground of appeal submitted to this Court, the General Court did not, in paragraphs 97, 152, 167,
         186 and 194 of the judgment under appeal, establish ‘a system of liability for the acts of others’ under EU competition law.
         
      
      88      In that regard, it should be borne in mind – as the General Court indicated in substance in paragraphs 97, 152, 167 and 186
         of the judgment under appeal and as follows, moreover, from paragraphs 53 to 55 above – that, where a parent company and its
         subsidiary form part of a single ‘undertaking’ for the purposes of Article 101 TFEU, the factor which entitles the Commission
         to address the decision imposing fines to the parent company is not necessarily a parent-subsidiary relationship in which
         the parent company instigates the infringement; nor, a fortiori, is it because of the parent company’s involvement in the infringement; rather, it is because the companies concerned constitute
         a single undertaking for the purposes of Article 101 TFEU.
      
      89      Nor, furthermore – as can be seen from paragraph 105 of the judgment under appeal – did the General Court recognise a ‘discretion
         to impute to a company liability for the infringements committed by another company’, as asserted by Elf Aquitaine in the
         line of criticism set out in paragraph 84 above. In paragraph 105 of the judgment under appeal, the General Court pointed
         out in essence that the observation set out in recital 260 to the decision at issue was intended solely to refute the argument
         based on the fact that, in earlier decisions addressed to Atofina, Atofina’s conduct had not been imputed to its parent company.
         By merely observing, in substance, that the Commission did not claim to enjoy a discretion in the terms with which Elf Aquitaine
         took issue before it, the General Court – contrary to the suggestion made by Elf Aquitaine in the present part of the fifth
         ground of appeal – did not assert that there exists in EU competition law a ‘system of liability for the acts of others’.
      
      90      Accordingly, the argument set out in paragraphs 83 and 84 above rests on incorrect premisses and must be rejected.
      
      91      Similarly, it follows that, to the extent that the criticism set out in paragraph 85 above is not inadmissible for want of
         clarity, it should in any event be rejected, as it goes hand in hand with the argument set out in paragraphs 83 and 84 above.
      
      92      The third part of the fifth ground of appeal must therefore be rejected.
      
       Fourth part of the fifth ground of appeal: the presumption of liability is incompatible with the principle of equal treatment
      –        Arguments of the parties
      93      Elf Aquitaine claims that there has been a breach of the principle of equal treatment, in that the General Court asserted
         that Elf Aquitaine had been treated in the same way as the other parent companies referred to in the decision at issue.
      
      94      In the Commission’s submission, the mere fact that, as well as referring to the presumption that a parent company exercises
         control over its wholly-owned subsidiaries, the decision at issue set out further indicia against the parent company of the
         Akzo Nobel group does not mean that the Commission or the General Court discriminated against Elf Aquitaine. For the Commission,
         it means simply that the indicia on which liability for an infringement could be imputed to Akzo Nobel NV were ‘stronger’,
         but that does not mean that the evidence on which liability for the unlawful conduct of Atofina could be imputed to Elf Aquitaine
         was insufficient. 
      
      –       Findings of the Court
      95      As stated in paragraph 63 above, Elf Aquitaine does not challenge, as such, in the present case either the lawfulness of the
         presumption of actual exercise of decisive influence, set out in paragraphs 56 and 57 above, or the applicability of such
         a presumption in a case in which a parent company owns 98% of the capital of its subsidiary.
      
      96      Yet it follows from paragraphs 56, 57 and 80 above that the implementation of the presumption of actual exercise of decisive
         influence is not conditional upon the production of additional indicia relating to the actual exercise of influence by the
         parent company (see also, to that effect, Akzo Nobel and Others v Commission, paragraph 62).
      
      97      In those circumstances, the mere fact that, in the case of some parent companies, but not all, the Commission had such additional
         indicia in its possession and mentioned them in the decision at issue does not constitute a legal error with which the General
         Court was required to find fault in the judgment under appeal.
      
      98      It follows that the fourth part of the fifth ground of appeal, and in consequence the fifth ground of appeal in its entirety,
         must be rejected.
      
       Second ground of appeal: breach of the rights of the defence as a result of the misinterpretation of the principles of fairness
            and equality of arms
      99      By its second ground of appeal, Elf Aquitaine claims that paragraph 64 of the judgment under appeal is vitiated by an error
         of law in that the General Court fails at that point to observe the principle of equality of arms. As expressly indicated
         in the appeal itself, this part is thus associated with the complaint, raised in the context of the first ground of appeal,
         which is set out in the first indent of paragraph 32 above.
      
      100    In substance, the second ground of appeal is divided into two parts, which fall to be examined together.
      
       Arguments of the parties
      101    The first part of the second ground of appeal alleges breach of Elf Aquitaine’s rights of defence from the very first stage
         of the procedure.
      
      102    In Elf Aquitaine’s submission, the General Court denied, with regard to its rights of defence, any benefit of the investigation
         carried out prior to the issue of the statement of objections. Elf Aquitaine takes issue with the General Court for accepting
         that the principle of equality of arms had been observed even though Elf Aquitaine had first been informed of the suspicions
         against it when the statement of objections was issued.
      
      103    According to Elf Aquitaine, there are three reasons why such a failure to uphold its rights of defence at the very first stage
         of the administrative procedure is impermissible:
      
      –        first of all, the criminal nature of penalties connected with the application of Article 101 TFEU does not permit the General
         Court to consider it sufficient for the guarantees flowing from Article 6 of the ECHR to apply with effect from the issue
         of the statement of objections and not during the preliminary investigation stage;
      
      –        next, the right to be informed and be heard at the beginning of the investigation was, according to Elf Aquitaine, all the
         more pressing given that Elf Aquitaine had not been involved in the infringement and that it was unaware of the infringement’s
         very existence at the time when it was committed; and 
      
      –        lastly, as Elf Aquitaine was not advised of the investigation and was not informed of the suspicions against it until the
         stage of the statement of objections, it was not in a position to take the necessary measures to prepare its defence properly.
         In that regard, the General Court did not respond to the arguments put forward during the hearing, whereby Elf Aquitaine claimed
         that it might have allowed possible proof of the autonomy of its subsidiary to disappear during the four years of investigation
         that preceded the statement of objections, which would have irremediably compromised its rights of defence.
      
      104    The Commission contends that, as it did not, in the present case, undertake any investigative action with respect to Elf Aquitaine,
         it was not required to communicate its suspicions to Elf Aquitaine during the preliminary investigation.
      
      105    Furthermore, the Commission contends in particular that, in any event, even if the alleged irregularity on which Elf Aquitaine
         relies were made out, it would still be necessary to determine whether such an irregularity was capable of actually affecting
         Elf Aquitaine’s rights of defence in the procedure at issue. As it is, the possibility open to Elf Aquitaine to attempt to
         rebut the presumption at issue, or to maintain that that presumption was not applicable to it, was wholly unaffected by the
         fact that it was only upon receiving the statement of objections that Elf Aquitaine became aware that it was under suspicion.
         According to the Commission, as the purported loss of the evidence of its subsidiary’s autonomy during that period was not
         mentioned until the hearing, the argument based on that loss is inadmissible. Nor is such a claim supported by any evidence.
      
      106    By the second part of the second ground of appeal, it is alleged that the need for an impartial investigation was denied.
      
      107    Elf Aquitaine submits in that regard that the General Court ruled out even the necessity for a preliminary investigation to
         be undertaken impartially by the Commission.
      
      108    In Elf Aquitaine’s submission, such a denial is unacceptable, since, in the first place, an impartial investigation is the
         preliminary step deemed necessary in order to enable the Commission, where appropriate, to issue a procedural measure such
         as a statement of objections. 
      
      109    In the second place, by denying the need for such an investigation, the General Court – in Elf Aquitaine’s submission – disregarded
         the requirement that the investigation be conducted impartially, a requirement flowing from, among others, the principle of
         equality of arms. By taking that position, the General Court – in breach of the right to a fair hearing and of the principle
         of equality – abrogated responsibility for undertaking any check that the investigation had been conducted impartially. The
         fact that the impartiality of the Commission’s investigation did not come under any scrutiny from the General Court resulted,
         according to Elf Aquitaine, from the General Court’s endorsement of the decision to apply the presumption of liability against
         Elf Aquitaine from the very beginning of the investigation, indeed from the time when the infringement was first reported
         to the Commission.
      
      110    In that regard, Elf Aquitaine claims that the necessarily biased nature of the investigation against it stems from the concentration,
         within the Commission’s Directorate-General for Competition, of the three separate powers of investigation, prosecution and
         decision. According to Elf Aquitaine, such an amalgamation of powers within the Commission is unacceptable, given what is
         now clearly the criminal nature of penalties connected with the application of Article 101 TFEU. 
      
      111    For its part, the Commission contends that Elf Aquitaine has not succeeded in showing that the General Court refused to review
         the impartiality of the Commission’s investigation. As regards Elf Aquitaine’s argument based on the concentration of powers
         within the Commission (see paragraph 110 above), the Commission claims, primarily, that it is inadmissible and, in the alternative,
         that it is in any event unfounded.
      
       Findings of the Court
      112    According to consistent case-law, and as confirmed in Article 6(3) TEU, fundamental rights are an integral part of the general
         principles of law whose observance the Court ensures. The Court has thus repeatedly held that respect for the rights of the
         defence in the conduct of administrative procedures relating to competition policy constitutes a general principle of EU law
         (see, inter alia, Case C‑534/07 P Prym and Prym Consumer v Commission [2009] ECR I‑7415, paragraph 26 and the case-law cited).
      
      113    As regards a proceeding pursuant to Article 81 EC, it follows from the case-law that the administrative procedure before the
         Commission is divided into two distinct and successive stages, each having its own internal logic, namely a preliminary investigation
         stage and an inter partes stage. The preliminary investigation stage, covering the period up to notification of the statement
         of objections, is intended to enable the Commission to gather all the relevant evidence confirming that there has or has not
         been an infringement of the competition rules and to adopt an initial position on the course which the procedure is to follow.
         The inter partes stage, which covers the period from notification of the statement of objections to adoption of the final
         decision, must enable the Commission to reach a final decision on the alleged infringement (see, inter alia, to that effect,
         Joined Cases C‑238/99 P, C‑244/99 P, C‑245/99 P, C‑247/99 P, C‑250/99 P to C‑252/99 P and C‑254/99 P Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij and Others v Commission [2002] ECR I‑8375, paragraphs 181 to 183, and Prym and Prym Consumer v Commission, paragraph 27). 
      
      114    As regards the preliminary investigation stage, the Court has stated that the starting point of that stage is the date on
         which the Commission, in exercise of the powers conferred on it by the EU legislature, takes measures that suggest that an
         infringement has been committed and that have a significant impact on the situation of the undertakings suspected (see Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij and Others v Commission, paragraph 182, and Case C‑105/04 P Nederlandse Federatieve Vereniging voor de Groothandel op Elektrotechnisch Gebied v Commission [2006] ECR I‑8725, paragraph 38). 
      
      115    It is not until the beginning of the administrative inter partes stage that the entity concerned is informed, via the statement
         of objections, of all the essential elements on which the Commission is relying at that stage of the procedure. Consequently,
         it is only after the statement of objections has been issued that the undertaking concerned can rely in full on its rights
         of defence (see, to that effect, Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij and Others v Commission, paragraphs 315 and 316; Nederlandse Federatieve Vereniging voor de Groothandel op Elektrotechnisch Gebied v Commission, paragraph 47; and Case C‑407/04 P Dalmine v Commission [2007] ECR I‑829, paragraph 59). 
      
      116    That said, the measures of inquiry adopted by the Commission during the preliminary investigation stage – in particular, the
         measures of investigation and requests for information – may in certain situations suggest, by their very nature, the allegation
         that an infringement of the EC competition rules has been committed and can have a significant impact on the situation of
         the undertakings concerned.
      
      117    It is therefore important to ensure that the rights of the defence are not irremediably impaired during that stage of the
         administrative procedure since the measures of inquiry adopted may be decisive in assembling evidence of the unlawful nature
         of conduct engaged in by undertakings, for which they may be liable (see, to that effect, Joined Cases 46/87 and 227/88 Hoechst v Commission [1989] ECR 2859, paragraph 15, and Joined Cases C‑204/00 P, C‑205/00 P, C‑211/00 P, C‑213/00 P, C‑217/99 P and C‑219/00 P
         Aalborg Portland and Others v Commission [2004] ECR I‑123, paragraph 63). 
      
      118    Accordingly, as regards compliance with the ‘reasonable time’ requirement, the Court has held, in substance, that the appraisal
         of the source of any interference with the effective exercise of the rights of the defence must not be confined to the inter
         partes stage of the administrative procedure, but must extend to the entire procedure and be carried out by reference to its
         total duration (see, to that effect, Nederlandse Federatieve Vereniging voor de Groothandel op Elektrotechnisch Gebied v Commission, paragraphs 49 and 50, and Case C‑113/04 P Technische Unie v Commission [2006] ECR I‑8831, paragraphs 54 and 55).
      
      119    Similar considerations apply to the question whether – and, if so, to what extent – the Commission is required to provide
         the undertaking concerned, as of the preliminary investigation stage, with certain information on the subject-matter and purpose
         of the investigation, which would enable its defence in the inter partes stage to be effective.
      
      120    That does not mean, however, that, before the first measure is taken against a given entity, the Commission is under a duty,
         as a matter of routine, to warn that entity even of the mere possibility of measures of investigation or of proceedings based
         on EU competition law, especially if, by such a warning, the effectiveness of the Commission’s investigation might be unduly
         compromised (see, to that effect, Dalmine v Commission, paragraph 60). 
      
      121    In addition, the Court has held that the principle of personal liability does not prevent the Commission from considering
         first of all the possibility of penalising the company which infringed the competition rules before considering the possibility
         that the infringement might be imputed to the parent company (see Joined Cases C‑125/07 P, C‑133/07 P, C‑135/07 P and C‑137/07 P
         Erste Group Bank and Others v Commission [2009] ECR I‑8681, paragraph 82).
      
      122    Thus, provided that the entity to which a statement of objections is addressed is put in a position to submit its views effectively
         during the administrative inter partes procedure as to the reality and the relevance of the facts and circumstances alleged
         by the Commission, the Commission – contrary to Elf Aquitaine’s contention – is not required as a matter of principle to address
         a measure of investigation to that entity before issuing the statement of objections.
      
      123    That conclusion cannot be called into question in the present case by the arguments set out in paragraphs 109 and 110 above.
      
      124    Indeed, the argument set out in paragraph 110 above must be considered inadmissible, for the same reasons as those stated
         in paragraphs 35 and 51 above.
      
      125    Similarly, so far as the argument set out in paragraph 109 above is concerned, while it is true that it emerges from the file
         presented to the General Court that Elf Aquitaine claimed at first instance that no preliminary measure of investigation had
         been adopted directly in its regard, it does not emerge from that file that Elf Aquitaine claimed that the General Court should
         find fault with an alleged lack of impartiality in the Commission’s investigation of the case or the absence of a measure
         of investigation as such. 
      
      126    It follows that the argument set out in paragraph 109 above must be rejected as inadmissible, in application of the case-law
         cited in paragraph 35 above.
      
      127    As regards the argument set out at the first indent of paragraph 103 above, it is sufficient to observe that it relates to
         a consideration which the General Court did not express or suggest in the judgment under appeal and that it must therefore
         be rejected.
      
      128    Next, as regards the argument set out at the second indent of paragraph 103 above, it follows from paragraphs 88 and 121 above
         that the principle of personal liability does not prevent the Commission, after it has initially considered penalising the
         company that committed an infringement of the competition rules, from considering the possibility that the infringement might
         be imputed to the parent company.
      
      129    As regards, lastly, the argument set out at the third indent of paragraph 103 above, even on the assumption that – notwithstanding
         the case-law cited in paragraph 35 above – that argument is admissible in that it is the consequence of a plea set out in
         the application at first instance being enlarged upon at the hearing before the General Court, it must be held that it consists
         of mere assertions that are unsupported by any specific evidence.
      
      130    That general, abstract and vague argument cannot ultimately be capable of establishing in the present case the reality of
         a breach of the rights of the defence, which must be examined by reference to the specific circumstances of each case (see,
         by analogy, Nederlandse Federatieve Vereniging voor de Groothandel op Elektrotechnisch Gebied v Commission, paragraphs 52 to 61).
      
      131    In the light of the foregoing, the second ground of appeal must be rejected.
      
       Third ground of appeal: errors of law in relation to the obligation to state reasons
       First part of the third ground of appeal: an error of law relating to the concept of a statement of reasons and to a material
         inaccuracy in the findings of the General Court, in that it considered that the terse reasoning of the decision at issue to
         be sufficient
      
      
       Arguments of the parties
      132    By the first part of its third ground of appeal, Elf Aquitaine claims, in the first place, that the General Court wrongly
         relied on a misconception of the obligation to state reasons.
      
      133    Elf Aquitaine submits that the General Court ought to have found that the grounds given for the decision at issue concerning
         the imputability to Elf Aquitaine of the infringement at issue were insufficient to enable it to ascertain whether that decision
         was well founded or whether it might be vitiated by substantive or procedural defects. 
      
      134    Elf Aquitaine submits that, contrary to the General Court’s findings in paragraphs 81, 82 and 89 of the judgment under appeal,
         it was not sufficient in the present case that Elf Aquitaine might be able to understand from the decision at issue simply
         that the Commission was claiming that Elf Aquitaine had exercised decisive influence over Atofina’s business policy. On the
         contrary, as the decision – unlike the statement of objections – was not a preparatory act, the grounds given ought to have
         been sufficiently precise to enable Elf Aquitaine to know the reasons why that decision had been adopted and to evaluate the
         arguments set out therein in order to decide whether or not to bring an action, and also to enable the General Court to exercise
         its review of legality should the decision at issue be brought before it. 
      
      135    Indeed, according to Elf Aquitaine, there was all the more reason for the grounds stated to be precise, given that (i) Elf
         Aquitaine had not, before receiving the statement of objections, been alerted to the proceedings brought against it; (ii) those
         proceedings were based exclusively on a presumption of liability that was wholly uncorroborated by specific factual considerations
         and proved impossible to rebut; (iii) the Commission departed from its normal decisional practice; and (iv) the decision at
         issue had the effect of undermining several of Elf Aquitaine’s fundamental rights.
      
      136    As regards the argument listed under (iii) in paragraph 135 above, Elf Aquitaine claims, in particular, that the Commission
         recognised, in recital 574 to its Decision of 1 October 2008 relating to a proceeding under Article 81 [EC] and Article 53
         of the EEA Agreement (Case COMP/C.39181 – Candle Waxes) (summary published in OJ 2009 C 295, p. 17), that the decision at
         issue marks a departure from its previous decisional practice, in particular with respect to Elf Aquitaine. In that regard,
         Elf Aquitaine also refers to the Organic Peroxides decision (cited in paragraph 22 above), in which – in circumstances very
         similar to those of the present case – no objection was addressed to it for the collusive conduct of its Atofina subsidiary.
      
      137    Elf Aquitaine claims, in the second place, that the General Court’s finding that the reasons given for the decision at issue
         were sufficient is based on materially inaccurate findings of fact, inasmuch as those reasons are not only succinct but, in
         Elf Aquitaine’s submission, insufficient, if not totally absent.
      
      138    First, the decision at issue wholly failed to address certain specific arguments raised in response to the statement of objections.
         
      
      139    Secondly, in the decision at issue the Commission merely rejected en bloc and without explanation Elf Aquitaine’s remaining
         arguments, generally and indiscriminately. For example, the Commission does not state which documents, from among those submitted
         to it, provided in its view merely ‘general or background corporate information [on Elf Aquitaine]’.
      
      140    Accordingly, in Elf Aquitaine’s submission, the General Court ought to have annulled the decision at issue for failure to
         provide an adequate statement of reasons.
      
      141    The Commission contends, first of all, that the present part of the ground of appeal must be declared inadmissible, since
         it does not precisely identify the contested elements of the judgment under appeal or the legal arguments relied on in support
         of this part.
      
      142    The Commission maintains, next, that the case-law and the Commission’s decisional practice as regards the liability of parent
         companies were well known at the outset of the procedure that culminated in the decision at issue. 
      
      143    According to the Commission, although, in terms of relevant facts, there do not seem to have been any significant objective
         differences between the procedure culminating in the decision at issue and the procedure leading up to the Organic Peroxides
         decision, the difference in the Commission’s approach in the decision at issue can be explained, first, by the fact that the
         judgment of the General Court in Case T‑203/01 Michelin v Commission [2003] ECR II‑4071 was delivered between the date on which the statement of objections relating to the Organic Peroxides
         decision was sent and the date on which the statement of objections relating to the decision at issue was sent and, second,
         by a change of approach on the Commission’s part at some time around the years 2002 and 2003.
      
       Findings of the Court
      144    According to settled case-law, it follows from Article 256 TFEU, the first paragraph of Article 58 of the Statute of the Court
         of Justice of the European Union and Article 112(1)(c) of the Rules of Procedure that an appeal must indicate precisely the
         contested elements of the judgment which the appellant seeks to have set aside and also the legal arguments specifically advanced
         in support of the appeal (see, inter alia, Case C‑407/08 P Knauf Gips v Commission [2010] ECR I‑6375, paragraph 43 and the case-law cited).
      
      145    Contrary to the Commission’s assertion set out in paragraph 141 above, the present part satisfies the requirements of that
         case-law and is admissible.
      
      146    As to the merits, it should be borne in mind at the outset that the obligation laid down in Article 253 EC to state adequate
         reasons is an essential procedural requirement that must be distinguished from the question whether the reasoning is well
         founded, which goes to the substantive legality of the measure at issue (see Case C‑367/95 P Commission v Sytraval and Brink’s France [1998] ECR I‑1719, paragraph 67, and Case C‑17/99 France v Commission [2001] ECR I‑2481, paragraph 35).
      
      147    In that vein, the statement of reasons required under Article 253 EC must be appropriate to the measure at issue and must
         disclose in a clear and unequivocal fashion the reasoning followed by the institution which adopted that measure in such a
         way as to enable the persons concerned to ascertain the reasons for it and to enable the competent Court of the European Union
         to exercise its jurisdiction to review legality (see France v Commission, paragraph 35, and Deutsche Telekom v Commission, paragraph 130). 
      
      148    Thus, in the context of individual decisions, it is settled case-law that the purpose of the obligation to state the reasons
         on which an individual decision is based is, in addition to permitting review by the Courts, to provide the person concerned
         with sufficient information to know whether the decision may be vitiated by an error enabling its validity to be challenged
         (see, inter alia, to that effect, Case C‑199/99 P Corus UK v Commission [2003] ECR I‑11177, paragraph 145, and Joined Cases C‑189/02 P, C‑202/02 P, C‑205/02 P to C‑208/02 P and C‑213/02 P Dansk Røhrindistri and Others v Commission [2005] ECR I‑5425, paragraph 462).
      
      149    Accordingly, the statement of reasons must, in principle, be notified to the person concerned at the same time as the decision
         adversely affecting him. The absence of reasoning cannot be legitimised by the fact that the person concerned becomes aware
         of the reasons for the decision during the procedure before the Courts of the European Union (see Case 195/80 Michel v Parliament [1981] ECR 2861, paragraph 22; Case C‑351/98 Spain v Commission [2002] ECR I‑8031, paragraph 84; Joined Cases C‑199/01 P and C‑200/01 P IPK-München and Commission [2004] ECR I‑4627, paragraph 66; and Dansk Røhrindistri and Others v Commission, paragraph 463).
      
      150    It is settled case-law that the requirement to state reasons must be assessed by reference to the circumstances of the case,
         in particular the content of the measure in question, the nature of the reasons given and the interest which the addressees
         of the measure, or other parties to whom it is of direct and individual concern, may have in obtaining explanations. It is
         not necessary for the reasoning to go into all the relevant facts and points of law, since the question whether the statement
         of reasons meets the requirements of Article 253 EC must be assessed with regard not only to its wording but also to its context
         and to all the legal rules governing the matter in question (see, inter alia, Commission v Sytraval and Brink’s France, paragraph 63; Case C‑413/06 P Bertelsmann and Sony Corporation of America v Impala [2008] ECR I‑4951, paragraphs 166 and 178; and Deutsche Telekom v Commission, paragraph 131). 
      
      151    It is also settled case-law that the statement of the reasons for a measure must be logical and contain no internal inconsistency
         that would prevent a proper understanding of the reasons underlying the measure (see, by analogy, Bertelsmann and Sony Corporation of America v Impala, paragraph 169 and the case-law cited).
      
      152    Where, as in the present case, a decision taken in application of the EU competition law rules relates to several addressees
         and raises a problem with regard to the imputability of the infringement, it must include an adequate statement of reasons
         with respect to each of its addressees, in particular those of them who, according to the decision, must bear the liability
         for the infringement. Accordingly, in respect of a parent company held jointly and severally liable for the infringement committed
         by its subsidiary, such a decision must in principle contain a detailed statement of reasons for imputing the infringement
         to that company (see, by analogy, Case C‑196/99 P Aristrain v Commission [2003] ECR I‑11005, paragraphs 93 to 101). 
      
      153    As regards, more specifically, a Commission decision which relies exclusively, with respect to certain addressees, on the
         presumption that they actually exercised decisive influence, the Commission is in any event required – if it is not to render
         that presumption in reality irrebuttable – to explain adequately to those addressees the reasons why the elements of fact
         and of law put forward did not suffice to rebut that presumption. The Commission’s duty to state reasons for its findings
         on that point flows primarily from the fact that that presumption is open to rebuttal, for the purposes of which it is necessary
         for those concerned to produce evidence relating to the economic, organisational and legal links between the companies concerned.
      
      154    That said, it should be borne in mind that the Commission is not required in such a context to adopt a position on factors
         which are manifestly irrelevant, unimportant or clearly ancillary (see, by analogy, Commission v Sytraval and Brink’s France, paragraph 64; Joined Cases C‑341/06 P and C‑342/06 P Chronopost and La Poste v UFEX and Others [2008] ECR I‑4777, paragraph 89; and Bertelsmann and Sony Corporation of America v Impala, paragraph 167).
      
      155    It is also apparent from the case-law that, although a decision of the Commission which fits into a well-established line
         of decisions may be reasoned in a summary manner (for example by a reference to those decisions), the Commission must, if
         a decision goes appreciably further than the previous decisions, provide a fuller account of its reasoning (see, inter alia,
         Case 73/74 Groupement des fabricants de papiers peints de Belgique and Others v Commission [1975] ECR 1491, paragraph 31, and Case C‑295/07 P Commission v Département du Loiret [2008] ECR I‑9363, paragraph 44).
      
      156    By the present part of the third ground of appeal, Elf Aquitaine maintains, in essence, that the General Court ought to have
         found fault with the inadequacy of the statement of reasons that vitiates the decision at issue in so far as it concerns Elf
         Aquitaine.
      
      157    As is clear from paragraph 87 of the judgment under appeal and from the material in the General Court file, the arguments
         put forward by Elf Aquitaine in response to the statement of objections in order to rebut the presumption applied by the Commission
         are listed succinctly in recital 257 to the decision at issue. The position which the Commission adopted in respect of those
         matters is set out in recitals 258 to 271 to that decision.
      
      158    With respect to those recitals, the General Court – after setting out the essence of recital 258 to that decision in paragraph
         85 of the judgment under appeal – states, in paragraph 86, that ‘although the Commission expressly asserted, [in that recital],
         that the 98% shareholding was sufficient for liability for Atofina’s acts to be imputed to Elf Aquitaine, it none the less
         made clear, later in that recital, that the evidence adduced by [Elf Aquitaine] did not allow that presumption to be rebutted’.
      
      159    While it is true that in recitals 259 to 271 to the decision at issue the Commission responds to some of the arguments raised
         before it by Elf Aquitaine, the fact remains that those recitals fail to respond to several other arguments, in respect of
         which the only position taken in the decision at issue is to be found in recital 258. In accordance with the case-law set
         out in paragraphs 54 to 58 above, those arguments related in particular to economic, organisational and legal aspects with
         a view to demonstrating that, at the time of the facts at issue, Atofina determined its conduct on the market autonomously
         and did not carry out, in all material respects, instructions given to it by its parent company. 
      
      160    The arguments in question went, in substance, as follows:
      
      –        Elf Aquitaine is merely a ‘pure holding company’ without operational functions, within a group characterised by the decentralised
         management of its subsidiaries;
      
      –        the management of Atofina’s activities on the market was not subject to instructions from Elf Aquitaine;
      –        Atofina did not inform Elf Aquitaine of its actions on the market;
      –        Atofina had the power to enter into contracts without Elf Aquitaine’s prior authorisation;
      –        Atofina was financially independent of Elf Aquitaine;
      –        Atofina always defined its legal strategy autonomously; and 
      –        third parties perceived Atofina as being distinct from Elf Aquitaine.
      161    Admittedly, as is apparent from paragraphs 150 and 154 above, and also as the General Court states in paragraph 90 of the
         judgment under appeal, the Commission is not necessarily required to adopt a position on all the arguments raised before it
         by interested parties.
      
      162    However, it is apparent, too, from paragraph 150 above that the requirement to state reasons must be assessed by reference
         to the circumstances of the case.
      
      163    According to Elf Aquitaine, the decision at issue and the procedure of which it forms part are characterised, in particular,
         by the fact that that decision – notably by relying with respect to Elf Aquitaine solely on a presumption of liability for
         the actions of its subsidiary, without adducing further evidence to show that Elf Aquitaine was involved in the business conduct
         of that subsidiary – departed from the Commission’s usual decisional practice.
      
      164    In that regard, the Commission contends that the case-law and its own decisional practice in relation to the liability of
         parent companies were well known at the outset of the procedure leading to the adoption of the decision at issue. However,
         in its pleadings it states that ‘the Commission’s practice as to the use of the presumption based on ownership of all the
         capital was not always the same’. Furthermore, although the Commission asserts that it decided, ‘around 2002 ‑ 2003’, to apply
         such a presumption more systematically, it does not refer to any decision or other document revealing such a change in approach.
         Nor does it directly address Elf Aquitaine’s assertion that recital 574 to the decision of 1 October 2008 cited in paragraph
         136 above recognised that the decision at issue marks a departure from previous decisional practice, in particular with respect
         to Elf Aquitaine.
      
      165    It is in any event common ground in the present case, as is clear in particular from paragraphs 136 and 143 above, that, in
         the Organic Peroxides decision, Elf Aquitaine was not fined jointly and severally with its subsidiary for the subsidiary’s
         unlawful conduct, even though there do not appear to be any objective differences – at least from the Elf Aquitaine perspective
         – regarding the links between it and its subsidiary in the two cases.
      
      166    The decision at issue and the procedure of which it forms part are also characterised by the following circumstances:
      
      –        since the fine in respect of Atofina’s unlawful conduct is imposed jointly and severally on Atofina and Elf Aquitaine, a larger
         multiplier is used for calculating the starting amount of the fine, which means that the final amount of the fine is liable
         to be much higher than if the subsidiary alone were fined;
      
      –        the fine is imposed on Elf Aquitaine solely on the basis of a ‘presumption that Elf Aquitaine is liable for the acts of its
         subsidiary Atofina’; that presumption is not necessarily the same in its application as the presumption of actual exercise
         of decisive influence set out in paragraphs 56 and 57 above;
      
      –        as can be seen from the part of the present judgment in which the second ground of appeal is considered, Elf Aquitaine was
         not formally advised of the possibility that it would be held liable for the unlawful conduct of its subsidiary until the
         stage of the statement of objections, four years after the Commission’s investigation had begun;
      
      –        in response to the statement of objections, Elf Aquitaine – as is clear from the General Court case-file – put forward a series
         of arguments, relying in particular on EU case-law, on the Commission’s decisional practice and on certain documents enclosed
         as annexes.
      
      167    In those circumstances, as follows from paragraphs 146 to 155 above and, in particular, from paragraphs 148, 152, 153 and
         155, it was for the General Court – in the light of all the circumstances of the case and, in particular, the change in approach
         (not disputed in the present proceedings) with respect to Elf Aquitaine between the Organic Peroxides decision and the decision
         at issue – to pay particular attention to the question whether the latter decision contains a detailed statement of the reasons
         why the Commission found that the evidence submitted by Elf Aquitaine was not sufficient to rebut the presumption applied
         in that decision. 
      
      168    Indeed, as is apparent from paragraph 85 of the judgment under appeal, recital 258 to the decision at issue, which sets out
         the only position adopted by the Commission in relation to the arguments set out in paragraph 160 above, consists merely of
         a repetitive and by no means detailed series of bald assertions and denials. In the particular circumstances of the present
         case, that set of assertions and denials is incapable, in the absence of further information, of enabling those concerned
         to ascertain the reasons for the measure or the competent Court to exercise its power of review. For example, owing to the
         formulation of recital 258, it appears very difficult – impossible even – to ascertain in particular whether the body of indicia
         submitted by Elf Aquitaine in an attempt to rebut the presumption applied to it by the Commission was rejected because it
         failed to convince or because, in the Commission’s eyes, the mere fact that Elf Aquitaine held 98% of Atofina’s capital was
         sufficient for liability for Atofina’s actions to be imputed to it, whatever the indicia that might have been provided by
         Elf Aquitaine in response to the statement of objections.
      
      169    Accordingly, recital 258 to the decision at issue cannot be interpreted as stating to the requisite legal standard the reasons
         for the Commission’s position on several detailed arguments put forward by Elf Aquitaine.
      
      170    In the light of the foregoing, it must be held that, in the particular circumstances of the present case and in the light
         of the case-law set out in paragraphs 147 to 155 above, the General Court erred in law in finding, in paragraph 91 of the
         judgment under appeal, that the decision at issue was in conformity with Article 253 EC and in not finding fault with an inadequate
         statement of reasons that vitiated the decision at issue to the extent that the fine imposed on Elf Aquitaine was concerned.
      
      171    It follows that the first part of the third ground of appeal is well founded.
      
       Second part of the third ground of appeal and the fourth and fifth grounds of appeal
      172    The second part of the third ground of appeal alleges, in essence, that certain elements of the General Court’s reasoning
         are incomprehensible and circular.
      
      173    By its fourth ground of appeal, Elf Aquitaine claims that, in paragraph 160 et seq. of the judgment under appeal, the General
         Court went beyond the limits of its jurisdiction to review legality, by substituting its own reasoning for the inadequate
         statement of reasons of the Commission.
      
      174    As stated in paragraph 27 above, the sixth ground of appeal is raised in the alternative.
      
      175    In the light of the finding made with respect to the first part of the third ground of appeal, there is no need to consider
         the second part of that ground of appeal or the fourth or sixth grounds of appeal.
      
      176    In the light of all the foregoing, the appeal must be allowed and the judgment under appeal set aside.
      
       The action before the General Court 
      177    In accordance with the second sentence of the first paragraph of Article 61 of the Statute of the Court of Justice, if the
         decision of the General Court is set aside, the Court of Justice may give final judgment in the matter where the state of
         the proceedings so permits. That is the situation in the present case.
      
      178    As stated in paragraph 9 above, the second plea raised before the General Court alleges an inadequate statement of reasons.
         By that plea, Elf Aquitaine claims, in substance, that the decision at issue was vitiated by failure to provide an adequate
         statement of reasons in that it imputes to Elf Aquitaine liability for the unlawful conduct of its subsidiary solely on the
         basis of the size of Elf Aquitaine’s shareholding in the subsidiary, without further explanation.
      
      179    In the light of the reasoning set out in paragraphs 144 to 171 above in the context of the first part of the third ground
         of appeal, the second plea raised before the General Court must be held to be well founded.
      
      180    The decision at issue must therefore be annulled in that, without providing a statement of reasons appropriate to the particular
         circumstances of the case, it imputes the infringement at issue to and imposes a fine on Elf Aquitaine.
      
      181    In those circumstances, there is no need to address the other pleas put forward before the General Court. 
      
       Costs
      182    The first paragraph of Article 122 of the Rules of Procedure provides that, where the appeal is unfounded or where the appeal
         is well founded and the Court of Justice itself gives final judgment in the case, it is to make a decision as to costs. 
      
      183    Under Article 69(2) of the Rules of Procedure, which is applicable to the proceedings on appeal pursuant to Article 118 of
         those Rules, the unsuccessful party is to be ordered to pay the costs if they have been applied for in the successful party’s
         pleadings. Under the first subparagraph of Article 69(3) of those Rules, however, where each of the parties succeeds on some
         and fails on other heads, or where the circumstances are exceptional, the Court may order that the parties bear their own
         costs.
      
      184    As both Elf Aquitaine and the Commission have been unsuccessful in part on some heads in the appeal, they must be ordered
         to bear their own costs in relation to that procedure.
      
      185    As regards the costs of the action at first instance, on the other hand, as the Commission has ultimately been unsuccessful,
         it must be ordered to pay the costs of the proceedings at first instance, since Elf Aquitaine applied for costs.
      
      On those grounds, the Court (Second Chamber) hereby:
      1.      Sets aside the judgment of the Court of First Instance of the European Communities of 30 September 2009 in Case T‑174/05 Elf Aquitaine v Commission; 
      2.      Annuls Commission Decision C(2004) 4876 final of 19 January 2005 relating to a proceeding pursuant to Article 81 [EC] and
            Article 53 of the EEA Agreement (Case COMP/E‑1/37.773 – MCAA) in so far as it imputes the infringement in question to and
            imposes a fine on Elf Aquitaine SA;
      3.      Orders Elf Aquitaine SA and the European Commission to bear their own costs in relation to the present appeal;
      4.      Orders the European Commission to pay the costs of the proceedings at first instance. 
      [Signatures]
      * Language of the case: French.