CELEX: 62002TJ0062
Language: en
Date: 2005-11-29
Title: Judgment of the Court of First Instance (Fifth Chamber) of 29 November 2005. # Union Pigments AS v Commission of the European Communities. # Competition - Article 81 EC - Cartel - Zinc phosphate market - Fine - Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 - Gravity and duration of the infringement - Principles of proportionality and equal treatment - Action for annulment. # Case T-62/02.

Case T-62/02
      Union Pigments AS
      v
      Commission of the European Communities
      (Competition – Article 81 EC – Cartel – Zinc phosphate market – Fine – Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 – Gravity and duration of the infringement – Principles of proportionality and equal treatment – Action for annulment)
      Judgment of the Court of First Instance (Fifth Chamber), 29 November 2005 
      Summary of the Judgment
      1.     Competition – Agreements, decisions and concerted practices – Agreements between undertakings – Burden of proving the infringement
            and its duration on the Commission – Undertaking withdrawing temporarily from a cartel in order  to exploit it for its own
            benefit – Withdrawal ineffective
      (Art. 81(1) EC)
      2.     Competition – Agreements, decisions and concerted practices – Agreements between undertakings – Participation allegedly under
            constraint – Matter not providing a justification for an undertaking which did not make use of the possibility of lodging
            a complaint with the competent authorities
      (Art. 81(1) EC; Council Regulation No 17, Art. 3)
      3.     Competition – Agreements, decisions and concerted practices – Imputation to an undertaking – Responsibility for conduct of
            other undertakings in the context of the same infringement – Lawfulness – Criteria
      (Art. 81(1) EC)
      4.     Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Criteria – Seriousness of the infringements – Attenuating circumstances – Termination
            of the infringement after the Commission’s intervention – Assessment on a case-by-case basis
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2))
      5.     Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Criteria – Seriousness of the infringements – Account to be taken of the effects
            of the whole of the infringement 
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2); Commission Communication 98/C 9/03, Section 1 A)
      6.     Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Criteria – Seriousness of the infringements – Principle of the individualisation
            of sanctions – Rules for taking account of aggravating or attenuating circumstances
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15)
      7.     Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Criteria – Seriousness of the infringements – Attenuating circumstances – Passive
            or ‘follow-my-leader’ role of the undertaking
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15; Commission Communication 98/C 9/03, Sections 2 and 3)
      8.     Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Criteria – Seriousness of the infringements – Attenuating circumstances – Conduct
            deviating from that agreed within the cartel – Assessment 
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15)
      9.     Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Effective capacity to cause significant damage to competition on the market
            concerned – Relevance of the market share of the undertaking concerned
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2))
      10.   Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Division of undertakings concerned into categories having the same starting
            point – Conditions 
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2))
      11.   Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Need to take account of the turnovers of the undertakings concerned and to
            ensure that the fines are in proportion to those turnovers – None
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2))
      12.   Competition – Fines – Amount – Limit fixed by Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 – Detailed rules of application 
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2))
      13.   Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Criteria – Deterrent effect on both the undertaking in breach and third parties
            – Imposition of a symbolic fine in the light of the intention of the undertaking concerned, before the adoption of the decision
            penalising it, to comply with the competition rules – Excluded 
      (Arts 81 EC and 82 EC; Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2))
      14.   Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Criteria – Obligation to take account of the financial situation of the undertaking
            concerned –None – Undertaking’s real ability to pay in a specific social context – Taking such difficulties into consideration
            – Setting the fine at an amount which brings about the insolvency or liquidation of the undertaking concerned as a consequence
            of the fine – Not prohibited in principle
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15; Commission Communication 98/C 9/03,Section 5(b))
      1.     In the application of Article 81(1) EC, it is incumbent on the Commission to prove not only the existence of an agreement
         but also its duration.
      
      With regard to an undertaking which had withdrawn temporarily from a cartel, it may be concluded that the undertaking participated
         in the cartel, without any real interruption, once it did not withdraw from the cartel in order to report it to the Commission
         or even to resume fair and independent competitive conduct in the relevant market but rather endeavoured to use its purported
         withdrawal in order the better to exploit the cartel for its own benefit.
      
      (see paras 36, 38, 42)
      2.     An undertaking which participates with others in anti-competitive conduct cannot rely on the fact that it participates in
         the cartel under constraint from the other participants because it could have reported the pressure brought to bear on it
         to the competent authorities and made a complaint to the Commission under Article 3 of Regulation No 17 rather than participate
         in the activities in question.
      
      (see para. 63)
      3.     An undertaking that has by its own conduct participated in a multiple infringement of Community competition rules, within
         the definition of an agreement or concerted practice having an anti-competitive object under Article 81(1) EC, and which was
         designed to help bring about the infringement as a whole, may also be responsible for the conduct of other undertakings in
         the course of the same infringement throughout the period of its participation where it is proved that the undertaking in
         question was aware of, or might reasonably have foreseen, the unlawful conduct of the other participants, and was prepared
         to accept the risk.
      
      (see para. 87)
      4.     Section 3, third indent, of the Guidelines adopted by the Commission on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article
         15(2) of Regulation No 17 and Article 65(5) of the ECSC Treaty provides for reduction of the basic amount in the event of
         termination of the infringement as soon as the Commission intervenes. The Commission cannot however be required to consider,
         as a general rule, that termination of an infringement constitutes an attenuating circumstance. An undertaking’s reaction
         to the opening of an investigation into its activities can be viewed only in the particular context of the case.
      
      (see para. 92)
      5.     In Section 1 A of the Guidelines adopted by the Commission on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 15(2)
         of Regulation No 17 and Article 65(5) of the ECSC Treaty, the Commission committed itself explicitly to taking account, in
         assessing the gravity of infringements, not of only their nature and of the size of the relevant geographic market but also
         of their actual impact on the market, where this can be measured. It is apparent that whilst the gravity of the infringement
         is initially assessed on the basis of the particular characteristics of the infringement, such as its nature and impact on
         the market, that assessment is subsequently adjusted according to the individual circumstances of the undertaking, so that
         the Commission takes into consideration, besides the size and capacities of the undertakings, both aggravating and attenuating
         circumstances, as the case may be.
      
      Where an infringement of Community competition rules has been committed by several undertakings, the effects to be taken into
         account in setting the general level of fines are not those resulting from the actual conduct which an undertaking claims
         to have adopted, but those resulting from the whole of the infringement in which it participated.
      
      (see paras 103-104, 106)
      6.     Where an infringement of Community competition rules has been committed by several undertakings, the relative gravity of the
         participation of each of them must be examined in order to determine whether there are any aggravating or attenuating circumstances
         relating to them. That conclusion follows logically from the principle that penalties must fit the offence, so that an undertaking
         may be penalised only for acts imputed to it individually, a principle applying in any administrative procedure that may lead
         to the imposition of sanctions under Community competition law. Thus, Sections 2 and 3 of the Guidelines adopted by the Commission
         on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 and Article 65(5) of the ECSC Treaty
         provide for adjustment of the basic amount of the fine by reference to certain aggravating and attenuating circumstances,
         which are peculiar to each undertaking concerned.
      
      A participant in an infringement cannot allege an attenuating circumstance deriving from the conduct of the other participants
         in the infringement, such as, for example, the fact that the other cartel members became involved in the cartel earlier, or
         more deeply. That might well constitute an aggravating circumstance in relation to those undertakings but not an attenuating
         circumstance in favour of other participants in the infringement.
      
      (see paras 118-120, 125)
      7.     An exclusively passive or ‘follow-my-leader’ role in an infringement of competition rules can, where it is established, amount
         to an attenuating circumstance within the meaning of the first indent of Section 3 of the Guidelines adopted by the Commission
         on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 and Article 65(5) of the ECSC Treaty.
         A passive role implies that the undertaking will adopt a ‘low profile’, that is to say, not actively participate in the making
         of any anti-competitive agreements. Amongst the circumstances that may indicate the adoption by an undertaking of a passive
         role within a cartel is where the undertaking’s participation in cartel meetings is significantly more sporadic than that
         of the ‘ordinary’ members of the cartel, and likewise its belated entry to the market where the infringement occurred, regardless
         of the duration of its participation in the infringement, or again the existence of express statements to that effect emanating
         from representatives of other undertakings which participated in the infringement.
      
      (see para. 126)
      8.     The fact that an undertaking proven to have participated in collusion on prices with its competitors did not behave on the
         market in the manner agreed with those competitors is not necessarily a matter which must be taken into account as an attenuating
         circumstance in setting the fine to be imposed. An undertaking which, despite colluding with its competitors, follows a policy
         that departs from that agreed on, may simply be trying to exploit the cartel for its own benefit.
      
      (see para. 130)
      9.     In an analysis, carried out for the purpose of setting the amount of a fine for infringement of Community competition rules,
         of the effective economic capacity of the offenders to cause significant damage to competition, which involves an assessment
         of the real importance of those undertakings in the market affected, that is to say their influence on the market, the total
         turnover is an imprecise guide. It is of course possible for a powerful undertaking with a multitude of different activities
         to have only an incidental presence in a specific product market. Similarly, an undertaking with a strong position in a geographical
         market outside the Community may have only a weak position in the Community or European Economic Area market. In such cases,
         the mere fact that the undertaking in question has a high total turnover does not necessarily mean that it has a decisive
         influence in the market affected. That is why, although an undertaking’s market share cannot be a decisive factor in concluding
         that an undertaking belongs to a powerful economic entity, it is nevertheless relevant in determining the influence which
         it may exert in the market.
      
      (see para. 152)
      10.   Where the Commission divides the undertakings concerned into groups for the purpose of setting the amount of the fines for
         infringement of Community competition rules in such a way that undertakings in the same group are allocated the same starting
         point, the division into categories must be compatible with the principle of equal treatment whereby comparable situations
         must not be treated differently and different situations must not be treated in the same way, unless such difference in treatment
         is objectively justified. Following the same approach, the Guidelines adopted by the Commission on the method of setting fines
         imposed pursuant to Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 and Article 65(5) of the ECSC Treaty provide, in Section 1A, sixth paragraph,
         that a ‘considerable’ disparity between the sizes of the undertakings committing infringements of the same type is, in particular,
         capable of justifying differentiation in assessing the gravity of the infringement. Moreover, the amount of the fines must,
         at least, be proportionate in relation to the factors that entered into the assessment of the seriousness of the infringement.
      
      Consequently, where the Commission carries out such a division, the thresholds for each of the groups thus identified must
         be coherent and objectively justified.
      
      (see paras 154-156)
      11.   When setting the amount of fines in competition matters, the Commission is not required to calculate the amount of a fine
         by reference to amounts based on the turnovers of the undertakings concerned. Moreover, it is not required to ensure, where
         fines are imposed on a number of undertakings involved in the same infringement, that the final amounts of the fines resulting
         from its calculations for the undertakings concerned reflect any distinction between them in terms of their overall turnover
         or their turnover in the relevant product market.
      
      (see para. 159)
      12.   The maximum limit imposed by Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17, whereby the fine finally imposed on an undertaking for infringement
         of the Community competition rules must be reduced if it exceeds 10% of its turnover, regardless of the intermediate calculation
         operations designed to take account of the gravity and duration of the infringement, does not prevent the Commission from
         referring, during its calculation, to an intermediate amount exceeding 10% of the turnover of the undertaking concerned, provided
         that the fine eventually imposed on the undertaking does not exceed that maximum limit.
      
      (see para. 161)
      13.   The fact that an undertaking intended to comply with the competition rules before the adoption of the contested decision imposing
         a fine on it does not constitute a sufficient reason for the Commission to confine itself to imposing a symbolic fine. The
         deterrence of third parties, and not only of the undertaking concerned, is an important aim of Article 15(2) of Regulation
         No 17.
      
      (see para. 174)
      14.   The Commission is not required when determining a fine imposed in respect of an infringement of Community competition rules
         to take account of an undertaking’s financial losses since recognition of such an obligation would have the effect of conferring
         an unfair competitive advantage on the undertakings least well adapted to the conditions of the market. That is not called
         in question by Section 5(b) of the Commission's Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 15(2)
         of Regulation No 17 and Article 65(5) of the ECSC Treaty, which states that an undertaking’s real ability to pay must be taken
         into consideration. That ability applies only in a ‘specific social context’ consisting of the consequences which payment
         of the fine would have, in particular, by leading to an increase in unemployment or deterioration in the economic sectors
         upstream and downstream of the undertaking concerned.
      
      Furthermore, the fact that a measure adopted by a Community authority brings about the insolvency or liquidation of a given
         undertaking is not as such prohibited by Community law. Although the liquidation of an undertaking in its existing legal form
         may adversely affect the financial interests of the owners, investors or shareholders, it does not mean that the personal,
         tangible and intangible elements represented by the undertaking would also lose their value.
      
      (see paras 175-177)
JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE (Fifth Chamber)
      29 November 2005 (*)
      
      (Competition – Article 81 EC – Cartel – Zinc phosphate market – Fine – Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 – Gravity and duration of the infringement – Principles of proportionality and equal treatment – Action for annulment)
      In Case T-62/02,
      Union Pigments AS,  formerly Waardals AS, established in Bergen (Norway), represented by J. Magne Langseth and T. Olavson Laake, lawyers,
      
      applicant,
      v
      Commission of the European Communities,  represented by F. Castillo de la Torre, acting as Agent, with an address for service in Luxembourg,
      
      defendant,
      APPLICATION for partial annulment of Decision 2003/437/EC relating to a proceeding under Article 81 of the EC Treaty and Article
         53 of the EEA Agreement (Case COMP/E-1/37.027 – Zinc phosphate) (OJ 2002 L 153, p. 1) and, in the alternative, for reduction
         of the amount of the fine imposed on the applicant,
      
       
      THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCEOF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES (Fifth Chamber),
      
      composed of P. Lindh, President, R. García-Valdecasas and J.D. Cooke, Judges,
      Registrar: J. Plingers, Administrator,
      having regard to the written procedure and further to the hearing on 2 July 2004,
      gives the following
      Judgment
       Facts
      1       Union Pigments AS (formerly Waardals AS, hereinafter ‘the applicant’ or ‘Union Pigments’), a company incorporated under Norwegian
         law, produces zinc phosphate and modified zinc phosphates. In 2000, its worldwide turnover was EUR 7.09 million.
      
      2       Although they may have slightly differing chemical formulae, zinc orthophosphates form a homogeneous chemical product, generically
         referred to as ‘zinc phosphate’. Zinc phosphate, which is derived from zinc oxide and phosphoric acid, is widely used as an
         anti-corrosion mineral pigment in the paint industry. It is marketed either as standard zinc phosphate or as modified (or
         activated) zinc phosphate.
      
      3       In 2001, virtually all of the world zinc production was controlled by the following five European producers: Dr Hans Heubach
         GmbH & Co. KG (‘Heubach’), James M. Brown Limited (‘James Brown’), Société Nouvelle des Couleurs Zinciques SA (‘SNCZ’), Trident
         (formerly Britannia Alloys & Chemicals Ltd, ‘Britannia’) and Union Pigments AS (‘Union Pigments’). Between 1994 and 1998,
         the annual value of standard zinc phosphate on the world market was approximately EUR 22 million and on the European Economic
         Area (EEA) market approximately EUR 15 to 16 million. In the EEA, Heubach, SNCZ, Trident (formerly Britannia) and Union Pigments
         had rather similar shares in the standard zinc phosphate market, of approximately 20%. James Brown had a significantly lower
         market share. Customers for zinc phosphate are the main paint manufacturers. The paint market is dominated by a few multinational
         chemical groups.
      
      4       On 13 and 14 May 1998, the Commission carried out simultaneous and unannounced investigations under Article 14(2) of Council
         Regulation No 17 of 6 February 1962, First Regulation implementing Article [81] and [82] of the Treaty (OJ, English Special
         Edition 1959-1962, p. 87), at the premises of Heubach, SNCZ and Trident. From 13 to 15 May 1998, acting at the request of
         the Commission under Article 8(3) of Protocol 23 to the EEA Agreement, the Surveillance Authority of the European Free Trade
         Association (EFTA) carried out simultaneous and unannounced investigations at the premises of Union Pigments under Article
         14(2) of Chapter II of Protocol 4 to the Agreement between the EFTA States on the establishment of a Surveillance Authority
         and a Court of Justice.
      
      5       In the administrative procedure, Union Pigments and Trident informed the Commission of their intention to cooperate fully
         with it in accordance with the Commission Notice of 18 July 1996 on the non-imposition or reduction of fines in cartel cases
         (OJ 1996 C 207, p. 4, ‘the Leniency Notice’) and each made a statement concerning the cartel (‘the Union Pigments statement’
         and ‘the Trident statement’).
      
      6       On 2 August 2000, the Commission adopted a statement of objections addressed to the addressees of the decision being challenged
         in these proceedings (see paragraph 7 below), including the applicant.
      
      7       On 11 December 2001, the Commission adopted Decision 2003/437/EC relating to a proceeding under Article 81 of the EC Treaty
         and Article 53 of the EEA Agreement (Case COMP/E-1/37.027 – Zinc phosphate) (OJ 2003 L 153, p. 1). The decision which is the
         subject of the present judgment is the one notified to the undertakings concerned and which is annexed to the application
         (hereinafter ‘the contested decision’). That decision differs in certain respects from the one published in the Official Journal of the European Union.
      
      8       In the contested decision, the Commission states that a cartel, consisting of Britannia (Trident as from 15 March 1997), Heubach,
         James Brown, SNCZ and Union Pigments, had existed between 24 March 1994 and 13 May 1998. The cartel was limited to standard
         zinc phosphate. The members of the cartel first adopted a market sharing agreement with sales quotas for the producers. Subsequently
         they agreed on ‘bottom’ or ‘recommended’ prices at each meeting, which were generally followed by the cartel members. There
         was also a certain amount of customer allocation.
      
      9       The operative part of the contested decision reads as follows:
      ‘Article 1
      Britannia ..., Heubach ..., James ... Brown ..., [SNCZ], Trident ... and [Union Pigments] have infringed the provisions of
         Article 81(1) of the Treaty and Article 53(1) of the EEA Agreement by participating in continuing agreement and/or concerted
         practice in the zinc phosphate sector.
      
      The duration of the infringement was as follows:
      …
      a) in the case of ... Heubach ..., James ... Brown ..., [SNCZ], Trident ... and [Union Pigments]: from 24 March 1994 until
         13 May 1998;
      
      b) in the case of Britannia ...: from 24 March 1994 until 15 March 1997;
      c) in the case of Trident ...: from 15 March 1997 until 13 May 1998.
      …
      Article 3
      For the infringement referred to in Article 1, the following fines are imposed:
      a) Britannia ...: EUR 3.37 million,
      b) ... Heubach ...: EUR 3.78 million,
      c) ... James ... Brown ...: EUR 940 000,
      d) ... [SNCZ]: EUR 1.53 million,
      e) ... Trident ...: EUR 1.98 million,
      f) [Union Pigments]: EUR 350 000
      …’ 
      10     In calculating the fines, the Commission applied the method set out in the Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed
         pursuant to Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 and Article 65(5) of the ECSC Treaty (OJ 1998 C 9, p. 3, ‘the Guidelines’) and
         the Leniency Notice.
      
      11     Thus, the Commission first set a ‘basic amount’ of fine by reference to the gravity and duration of the infringement (see
         recitals 261 to 313 to the contested decision).
      
      12     As regards gravity, the Commission found that the infringement should be classified as ‘very serious’, having regard to the
         nature of the behaviour at issue, its actual impact on the zinc phosphate market and the fact that it had covered the whole
         of the common market and, following its creation, the whole EEA (recital 300 to the contested decision). Notwithstanding the
         very serious nature of the infringement, the Commission explained that it would take into consideration the limited size of
         the product market (recital 303 to the contested decision).
      
      13     The Commission applied ‘differential treatment’ to the undertakings concerned in order to take account of their effective
         economic capacity to cause significant damage to competition, and set the fine at a level ensuring that it had sufficient
         deterrent effect. For that purpose, it divided the undertakings concerned into two categories, according to their ‘relative
         importance in the market concerned’. It thus relied on the EEA-wide product turnover in the last year of the infringement
         of each of those undertakings and took account of the fact that the applicant, Britannia (Trident as from 15 March 1997),
         Heubach and SNCZ were ‘the major producers of zinc phosphate in the EEA, with rather similar market shares above or around
         20%’ (recitals 307 and 308 to the contested decision). The applicant, together with Britannia, Heubach, SNCZ and Trident,
         was placed in the first category (‘starting point’ of EUR 3 million). James Brown, whose market share was ‘significantly lower’,
         was placed in the second category (‘starting point’ of EUR 750 000) (recitals 308 and 309 to the contested decision).
      
      14     As regards duration, the Commission found that the infringement attributable to the applicant was of ‘medium ‘duration, having
         lasted from 24 March 1994 to 13 May 1998 (recital 310 to the contested decision). It therefore increased the applicant’s starting
         point by 40%, thus arriving at a ‘basic amount’ of EUR 4.2 million (recitals 310 and 313 to the contested decision).
      
      15     The Commission then found that there were no grounds for concluding that there were any aggravating or attenuating circumstances
         (recitals 314 to 336 to the contested decision). It also rejected arguments concerning the ‘poor economic context’ in which
         the infringement took place and the specific characteristics of the undertakings concerned (recitals 337 to 343 to the contested
         decision). The Commission therefore set the amount of the fine at EUR 4.2 million ‘prior to any application of the ... Leniency
         Notice’ as regards the applicant (recital 344 to the contest decision).
      
      16     The Commission also referred to the limit which, under Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17, the fine to be imposed on each of
         the undertakings concerned may not exceed. Thus, the amount of the applicant’s fine prior to application of the Leniency Notice
         was reduced to EUR 700 000 and that of SNCZ to EUR 1.7 million. The amounts of the fine prior to application of the Leniency
         Notice were not affected by that limit (recital 345 to the contested decision).
      
      17     Finally, the Commission granted the applicant a reduction of 50% under the Leniency Notice for having provided the Commission
         with a detailed account of the cartel’s activities (recitals 354 to 356 to the contested decision). The final amount of the
         fine imposed on the applicant was thus EUR 350 000 (recital 370 to the contested decision).
      
       Procedure and forms of order sought
      18     By application lodged at the Registry of the Court of First Instance on 1 March 2002, the applicant brought the present action.
      19     By an application for interim relief lodged at the Registry on the same date, the applicant applied for suspension of enforcement
         of Articles 3(f) and 4 of the contested decision in so far as they impose a fine on the applicant.
      
      20     Since the parties came to an agreement as to the outcome of the application for interim relief, the President of the Court
         of First Instance, by order of 1 July 2002 in Case T-62/02 R Waardals v Commission (not published in the European Court Reports), ordered that the case be removed from the register and reserved the costs.
      
      21     By letter of 18 November 2003, the Commission informed the court that Union Pigments had started bankruptcy proceedings and
         that it assumed that the applicant would withdraw its application. In response to a question from the Court, the liquidator
         of Union Pigments indicated, by letter of 12 December 2003, that the latter company had been put into liquidation in June
         2003 and that he had authorised Union Pigments’s lawyers to continue the proceedings.
      
      22     Upon hearing the report of the Judge-Rapporteur, the Court of First Instance (Fifth Chamber) decided to open the oral procedure
         and, by way of measure of organisation of procedure, asked the Commission to produce certain documents and reply to a number
         of questions in writing. The Commission complied.
      
      23     The parties presented oral argument and answered questions put to them by the Court at the hearing on 2 July 2004.
      24     The applicant claims that the Court of First Instance should:
      –       annul or amend Article 1 of the contested decision regarding the duration of the infringement attributed to it;
      –       annul Article 3(f) of the contested decision or reduce the fine imposed on the applicant;
      –       grant its request for measures of organisation of procedure and measures of preparatory inquiry, including the summoning and
         hearing of witnesses, and grant it access to the report of the hearing of 17 January 2001 drawn up by the Commission;
      
      –       order the Commission to pay the costs.
      25     The Commission contends that the Court of First Instance should:
      –       dismiss the application;
      –       order the applicant to pay the costs.
       Law
      26     The applicant puts forward two pleas in law in support of its application. The first alleges erroneous assessment of the facts
         and of evidence in applying Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 and the second alleges miscalculation of the amount of the fine
         and breach of general principles.
      
      1.     1. The first plea: erroneous assessment of the facts and of evidence in applying Article 15(2) Regulation No 17
      27     The applicant claims that the Commission’s calculation of the fine is based on an incorrect assessment of the facts and of
         the evidence. The Commission did not take sufficient account of the applicant’s observations concerning the circumstances
         of the case and its participation in the cartel. It criticises the Commission for limiting the case both as regards timing
         and as regards the facts. That approach meant that the Commission was unable to take account of factors which might justify,
         for example, an increase of the amount of the fine to be imposed on some of the undertakings concerned, because of the gravity
         of the infringement and other circumstances, and thus involved the disadvantage of treating all those undertakings in the
         same way and reducing the applicant’s opportunity to benefit from a more favourable decision.
      
      28     This plea comprises two parts, in which the applicant claims that:
      –       the Commission committed an error of assessment regarding the duration of its participation in the infringement and its withdrawal
         from the cartel;
      
      –       the Commission made errors of assessment of the facts and of the evidence concerning the applicant and its role in the cartel.
       The first part: the duration of the applicant’s participation in the infringement and its withdrawal from the cartel
       Arguments of the parties
      29     The applicant maintains that the Commission made an error of assessment regarding the duration of its participation in the
         infringement and its withdrawal from it. According to settled case-law, it is incumbent on the Commission to prove not only
         the existence of the cartel but also its duration (Case T-43/92 Dunlop Slazenger v Commission [1994] ECR II-441, paragraph 79, and Case T‑48/98 Acerinox v Commission [2001] ECR II-3589, paragraph 55). The applicant states that the Commission found that it had participated in the infringement
         from 24 March 1994 until 13 May 1998, namely a period of four years and one month (Article 1(a) of the contested decision).
         Although having found that the applicant had withdrawn temporarily from the cartel (recital 125 to the contest decision),
         the Commission nevertheless gave an incorrect impression of that withdrawal by questioning ‘if it occurred at all’ (recital
         130 to the contested decision). 
      
      30     The applicant states that it officially announced its withdrawal from the cartel by fax of 24 April 1995 in reply to a reminder
         sent by the European Chemical Industry Council (hereinafter ‘CEFIC’) concerning statistics for the month of May, and that
         its withdrawal lasted until August 1995. It claims that the withdrawal lasted five to six months, namely from March 1995,
         in which month it did not disclose any figures concerning the market, until mid-August 1995. In the alternative, it claims
         that it took the decision to withdraw from the cartel ‘immediately after the meeting [of 27 March 1995]’, as is clear from
         the conclusions of the note of 30 March 1995. 
      
      31     According to the applicant, the Commission wrongly considered that its withdrawal from the cartel had no impact. It states
         that, without its data, the statistics prepared by CEFIC could not be correct and were therefore of less value to the cartel.
         It adds that it obtained an order from its customer Teknos Winter (hereinafter ‘Teknos’) to which it delivered a container,
         after having withdrawn from the club in April 1995, and it did so outside the sharing agreement established by the other members
         of the cartel. In response to the argument put forward by the Commission in the contested decision that its withdrawal was
         not indicative of totally autonomous commercial behaviour, since the fact of knowing that the cartel was still operating must
         have had a bearing on its commercial decisions, the applicant contends that the fact that it was not subject to the restrictions
         imposed by the cartel enabled it to act against the cartel. The fact of obtaining an order from Teknos could only be regarded
         as evidence of ‘totally autonomous commercial behaviour’. As to the Commission’s argument that there were grounds for presuming
         that, subject to proof to the contrary, an undertaking which remains active on the market takes account of information exchanged
         with its competitors in order to determine its conduct on that market, the applicant replies that the Commission cannot have
         meant that it should have withdrawn from the market. The applicant also claims that it had no reason to give credence to information
         received or to act accordingly because, first, recommended prices were not observed in the Nordic countries and the prices
         charged were below cost, ‘which presumably was not significantly lower than the applicant’s’ and, second, the exchanges of
         information actually ceased with effect from March 1995. 
      
      32     In its reply, the applicant adds that it did not confine itself to behaving like an undertaking which, despite colluding with
         its competitors, follows a more or less independent policy in the market (Case T-327/94 SCA Holding  v Commission [1998] ECR II-1373, paragraph 142). In fact, its conduct was directly in conflict with the anti-competitive effects sought
         by the other participants (SCA Holding v Commission, paragraph 143). The principle of legal certainty requires the Commission to prove that the applicant took part in practices
         restrictive of competition during that period (Case T-21/99 Dansk Rørindustri v Commission [2002] ECR II-1681, paragraph 62). However, the Commission has not produced any such proof in this case. Consequently, it
         must be concluded that the applicant did not participate in the cartel during that period. As regards the Commission’s assertion
         that the continuity of the infringement might have been interrupted if the withdrawal had had the effect of rendering the
         information exchanged entirely useless, the applicant replies that that is precisely what happened in this case, as the information
         exchanged between the other participants was no longer of any use in the absence of statistics emanating from it. 
      
      33     The applicant adds that the Commission gives a false impression of what happened when it describes its withdrawal from the
         cartel as ‘temporary’. The applicant claims that, when it did withdraw, it had no intention of doing so for only a short period.
         The fact that it obtained an order from Teknos is evidence of that fact. 
      
      34     The applicant claims that the contested decision appears to presuppose that it took part in the cartel meeting in London on
         12 June 1995. However, when the Commission raises the question whether or not it participated in that meeting, without arriving
         at any conclusion, its decision is based on an incorrect assessment of the facts and evidence. The applicant states that it
         informed the Commission, in its statement and in its reply to the statement of objections, of a meeting it had with a representative
         of Heubach at Heathrow (London) on 12 June 1995. The purpose and agenda of that meeting, however, had nothing to do with the
         cartel. The applicant admits that a cartel meeting could have taken place at Heathrow on that day, but insists that it was
         not present. It considers that it would be wrong to speculate about the numerous reasons which might have prompted Heubach
         to suggest that place and that date for a meeting. It points out that it indicated in its statement that Heubach took advantage
         of that meeting to inform it that it should rejoin the club, but that it declined the invitation to take part in the meeting
         thereof, a fact which, moreover, led the other participants to regard it as being ‘outside’. 
      
      35     For its part, the Commission contests the applicant’s claim that it effectively withdrew from the cartel and that the Commission
         wrongly failed to take that fact into consideration (recitals 230 to 234 to the contested decision). It contends, in particular,
         that the alleged withdrawal of three months and six days must be seen in the light of the fact that the infringement in question
         consisted of participation in an agreement and/or a concerted practice (Joined Cases 40/73 to 48/73, 50/73, 54/73 to 56/73,
         111/73, 113/73 and 114/73 Suiker Unie and Others v Commission [1975] ECR 1663, paragraphs 164 and 173). 
      
       Findings of the Court
      36     It is clear from the case-law that it is incumbent on the Commission to prove not only the existence of an agreement but also
         its duration (Acerinox v Commission, cited in paragraph 29 above, paragraph 55, and Dunlop Slazenger v Commission, cited in paragraph 29 above, paragraph 79). In this case, it is common ground that the applicant did participate in the
         cartel from 24 March 1994 to March or April 1995, and from 1 August 1995 to 13 May 1998. The applicant claims that it withdrew
         from the cartel from March 1995 until 1 August 1995.
      
      37     The Court notes that there are indeed indications that the applicant withdrew from the cartel for a period. Thus, in response
         to a request from CEFIC for its statistics for March 1995, the applicant stated, by fax of 24 April 1995, that it ‘was pulling
         out of the Zinc Phosphate Producers Association [Subgroup]’ and that, for that reason, it would no longer be forwarding statistics.
         That reply is consistent with the internal note written on 30 March 1995 by the sales director to the other members of the
         applicant’s management (hereinafter ‘the note of 30 March 1995’) containing a recommendation for withdrawal from the cartel.
         Moreover, it is common ground that the applicant did not communicate its statistics to the other undertakings concerned between
         24 April and 1 August 1995.
      
      38     However, the Court considers that the Commission was still entitled to conclude that the applicant participated in the cartel,
         without any real interruption, between 24 March 1994 and 13 May 1998.
      
      39     According to the case-law, the conduct of a person engaging in fair competition is characterised by the independent manner
         in which he determines the policy that he intends to adopt in the common market (Suiker Unie and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 35 above, paragraph 173). Even if it were conceded that the applicant refrained from participating in
         the activities of the cartel from the end of March 1995 until 1 August 1995, it did not resume a genuinely autonomous policy
         in the market during that brief period. The benefit it obtained from access to the statistics from other members did not cease
         to exist on the day the applicant withdrew from the cartel. It presumably took account of information already exchanged with
         its competitors, including at the meeting of 27 March 1995, in determining its conduct on that market during its alleged withdrawal
         (see, to that effect, Case C-49/92 P Commission v Anic Partecipazioni [1999] ECR I-4125, paragraph 121, and Case C-199/92 P Hüls v Commission [1999] ECR I-4287, paragraph 162). It must also be pointed out that the applicant admits that in August 1995 it rejoined
         the cartel because it urgently needed information concerning the market (paragraph 67 of the Union Pigments statement).
      
      40     Moreover, it should also be noted that, when it rejoined the cartel, the applicant provided the other members with statistics
         retroactively covering the whole period of its purported withdrawal. Consequently, the decision to cease forwarding statistics
         had only limited effect. In addition, the applicant has not denied that its market share in 1995 coincided with that agreed
         at the cartel meetings.
      
      41     The applicant claims that it delivered a container to Teknos after withdrawing from the cartel and did so outside the sharing
         agreement. However, the Commission was entitled to conclude that the applicant had obtained that order by acting on the basis
         of information received on the strength of the cartel agreements (see, to that effect, the case-law cited in paragraph 39
         above). According to the Teknos allocation agreement, no producer other than the one whose ‘turn’ it was could invoice a price
         lower than that fixed for Teknos. It is common ground that the applicant delivered the order concerned to Teknos in April
         1995 (recital 230 to the contested decision). The Commission could legitimately conclude that that order had been obtained
         by the applicant because it knew the price fixed at the preceding meeting, namely that of 27 March 1995. The applicant’s conduct
         in that regard is a classic example of a cartel participant exploiting the cartel for its own benefit, a factor which does
         not serve to reduce its responsibility as a participant (see, that effect, Case T-308/94 Cascades v Commission [1998] ECR II‑925, paragraph 230).
      
      42     Furthermore, it must be observed that the applicant did not withdraw from the cartel in order to report it to the Commission
         or even to resume fair and independent competitive conduct in the relevant market. On the contrary, it is clear from the note
         of 30 March 1995 that the applicant endeavoured to use its purported withdrawal in order the better to exploit the cartel
         for its own benefit. According to that note, it considered that the other participants had engaged in internal cooperation
         within the cartel and had shared customers and markets at its expense. Despite a request to that effect made by the applicant
         at the cartel meeting of 27 March 1995, the other participants were not prepared to consider increasing its market share.
         That fact is given in the note as a reason for withdrawing from the cartel. It also shows that the applicant expressly envisaged
         the possibility of rejoining the cartel subsequently. As the applicant did not withdraw decisively from the cartel and again
         participated in it only a few months after its purported withdrawal from it, the Court considers that it used its withdrawal
         to try to obtain better conditions within the cartel, which is another example of a participant exploiting a cartel for its
         own benefit (see, to that effect, the case-law cited in paragraph 41 above).
      
      43     The fact that the applicant failed to attend only the meeting of 12 June 1995 cannot have the effect of mitigating its participation
         in the cartel, the latter having lasted more than four years. Furthermore, the applicant was in contact with the other undertakings
         concerned during the period in question, as shown by the fact that it had a meeting with Heubach at Heathrow airport on 12
         June 1995, that is to say on the same day and at the same place as a meeting of the cartel.
      
      44     It follows that the first part of the first plea must be rejected as unfounded.
       The second part: errors of assessment of the facts and of evidence concerning the applicant and its role in the cartel
      45     The second part of the first plea comprises five complaints, in which the applicant maintains that the Commission committed
         errors of assessment concerning:
      
      –       changes in the applicant’s situation since the start of the investigations;
      –       its impact on the relevant market;
      –       its participation in the cartel before 1994 and the fact that it was not an instigator of the infringement;
      –       the fact that it was not a full member of the cartel;
      –       the fact that it immediately brought the infringement to an end.
       The first complaint, concerning changes in the applicant’s situation since the start of the investigations
      –       Arguments of the parties
      46     The applicant asserts that the Commission did not appropriately take account of the deterioration of its financial situation,
         even though it mentioned that development in its communications with the Commission before the contested decision was adopted.
         More recent developments should also be taken into consideration. 
      
      47     First, the applicant states that the Commission wrongly found, in the contested decision, that it ‘currently employs around
         30 people’ (recital 38). It claims it told the Commission that it had only 25 employees. 
      
      48     Second, the applicant refers to its critical financial situation. Its turnover fell from 68.7 million Norwegian kroner (NOK)
         in 1997 to NOK 57.2 million (about EUR 6.92 million) in 2001. Its activities were not very profitable, as shown by the losses
         of EUR 317 589 and EUR 310 659 which it suffered in 2000 and 2001 respectively. The applicant adds that in 1997 it recorded
         a net pre-tax result of NOK 1 148 837 but that, in 2000 and 2001, that result was NOK - 3 413 554 and NOK - 3 496 000 respectively.
         Moreover, its equity capital had considerably diminished, mainly because of significant losses recorded in 2000 and 2001.
         In 2001, its equity amounted to only NOK 466 095 (about EUR 58 300). It represents 15% of the fine imposed by the Commission.
         
      
      49     The applicant states that it was not in a position to obtain a bank guarantee to ensure payment of the fine and that it therefore
         applied to the Court of First Instance for an interim order deferring payment. It adds that, recently, it has been unable
         to meet all its debts. 
      
      50     The Commission considers that the first complaint is not relevant to consideration of the legality of the contested decision.
         
      
      –       Findings of the Court
      51     The Court considers that this complaint is not really directed at an incorrect assessment of the facts and evidence. It is
         true that the Commission found in the contested decision that the applicant ‘employ[ed] around 30 people’ (recital 28), whereas
         the applicant had informed it that it had only 25. However, that cannot affect the legality of the contested decision. Moreover,
         it must be pointed out that the applicant relies above all on its critical financial situation and does not seek to show errors
         of fact in that regard in the contested decision. In particular, its arguments concerning changes in its economic situation
         after the adoption of the contested decision are not relevant to an appraisal of any errors of fact which might be contained
         in the decision itself.
      
      52     In reality, the arguments put forward in connection with the first complaint in the second part of the plea are relevant only
         to facts which might be taken into account under the second part of the second plea, relating to the impossibility of paying
         the fine (see paragraphs 172 to 181 below).
      
       The second complaint, concerning the applicant’s influence on the relevant market
      –       Arguments of the parties
      53     The applicant criticises the Commission for not having duly taken account of the fact that it had very little influence on
         the market and that its room for manoeuvre was limited because of its relations with distributors and customers. First, as
         regards its distribution network, it states that, for many years, it sold all its zinc phosphate production intended for continental
         Europe to BASF under a co‑production agreement. It manufactured zinc phosphate which it packaged in sacks or packets bearing
         the BASF trademark, which was then sold as a BASF product. In view of its dependence on BASF and the great difference of size
         and power as between that company and itself, the applicant had virtually no influence on the price of its supplies to BASF.
         Despite the expiry of the agreement with BASF in 1997, the latter remained an important customer. Moreover, the applicant
         points out that Wengain Ltd (hereinafter ‘Wengain’), its exclusive distributor in the British market for several products,
         including zinc phosphate, had imported and sold other products from various undertakings, so that it was able to offer a whole
         range of products to the paint industry. Wengain purchased the products from the applicant at a price based on free delivery
         and re-sold them in the United Kingdom at prices determined by it. As regards large customers and deliveries exceeding 10
         tonnes, the applicant was entitled to participate in the negotiations and to deliver goods directly. Because of its distribution
         network, the applicant had only limited room for manoeuvre regarding quantities and had little opportunity of bringing influence
         to bear on sales and prices. The position was different only regarding the applicant’s direct customers. 
      
      54     Second, the applicant alleges that the Commission did not take sufficient account of the fact that it was dependent on its
         competitors, who were also customers. The applicant supplied zinc chromate to Heubach and to SNCZ. The latter is the applicant’s
         most important customer for that product. Some of the applicant’s clients and competitors sought to obtain higher prices for
         zinc phosphate in order to make the price of modified zinc phosphate more competitive. Not wishing to damage its relations
         with its competitors, who were also its customers, the applicant states that it was under strong pressure from them to join
         the cartel. It states that, contrary to the Commission’s contention, it does not claim to have been forced to participate
         in the infringement but was under pressure from its competitors and could not envisage any other solution at the time. 
      
      55     The Commission contests the applicant’s assertion that it had only a very limited opportunity to influence prices charged
         to customers and that it did not duly take account, in the contested decision, of the fact that it depended on its competitors,
         who were also its customers. 
      
      56     In response to the applicant’s assertion that it had no, or little, influence on the quantities sold in the United Kingdom
         and Germany, the Commission states that, even if that were the case, it would be irrelevant since the market shares were calculated
         on an EEA-wide basis. 
      
      57     The Commission also points out that the figures set out in Annexes 23 to 25 to the application, concerning phosphate sales,
         do not correspond exactly to those notified to it by letter of 17 March 1999. It draws attention to the fact that the applicant
         has not explained those divergences. 
      
      –       Findings of the Court
      58     First, with regard to the argument that the Commission committed an error of assessment of the applicant’s influence on its
         ‘distributors’, it must be pointed out that the applicant has produced no evidence in the present proceedings to show that
         the Commission committed any such error. 
      
      59     Contrary to its assertion that it sold all its zinc phosphate intended for continental Europe under its co-production agreement
         with BASF, it is clear from the annexes to the application that the applicant supplied zinc phosphate to other undertakings
         in continental Europe. Moreover, the co-production agreement between the applicant and BASF came to an end in April 1997.
         Finally, the applicant began to establish contacts with former customers of BASF (paragraph 77 of the Union Pigments statement).
         Even if BASF had a considerable influence on the applicant before April 1997, that influence could not have been so great
         during the last year of the agreement.
      
      60     As regards Wengain, the applicant’s distributor in the United Kingdom, it must be borne in mind that the applicant participated
         in the cartel in order to put an end to the price war, which was intense in the United Kingdom. It itself conceded, first,
         that it was able to organise a counter‑attack in the United Kingdom during that price war (paragraph 45 of the Union Pigments
         statement) and, second, that one of the advantages of the cartel had been the end of the price war in the United Kingdom in
         which it had participated (paragraph 49 of the Union Pigments statement and the internal note of 30 March 1995). Those facts
         show that the applicant was able to influence Wengain’s conduct on the United Kingdom market regarding prices.
      
      61     In any event, it is common ground that the applicant’s market share was very close to that allocated to it in the cartel.
         It follows that it had sufficient influence on its distributors to implement the quota agreement. Moreover, the applicant
         admitted in its statement that, year after year, the cartel had yielded better ‘coherence’ in prices, except in the Nordic
         countries (paragraph 73 of the Union Pigments statement). It follows that the Commission was entitled to conclude that the
         applicant had sufficient influence on its distributors to ensure implementation of the price agreement.
      
      62     It follows that the first argument put forward in support of the second complaint must be rejected.
      63     As regards, second, the applicant’s alleged dependence on its customers and competitors (see paragraph 54 above), even if
         it is accepted that the applicant had been subject to pressure, it cannot rely on that fact because it could have reported
         such pressure to the competent authorities and made a complaint to the Commission under Article 3 of Regulation No 17 rather
         than participate in the activities in question (see, to that effect, Case T-17/99 KE KELIT v Commission [2002] ECR II-1647, paragraph 50, and the case-law cited therein). Moreover, after allegedly withdrawing from the cartel
         in 1995, the applicant, according to its own statements, rejoined it not because of pressure but in order to obtain information
         about the market (paragraph 67 of the Union Pigments statement). Furthermore, the applicant’s assertion that it was obliged
         to participate in the infringement is not consistent with its alleged withdrawal.
      
      64     It follows that this complaint must be rejected.
       The third complaint: the applicant was not an instigator of the infringement
      –       Arguments of the parties
      65     The applicant claims that the Commission made factual errors regarding its contacts with the cartel members before March 1994.
         It observes that, according to the Commission, the cartel in the sector in question was set up in March 1994 (recital 81 to
         the contested decision). However, the cartel came into being before that date and before the applicant was invited to join
         it. The applicant maintains that the ‘other competitors’ had already come to an understanding about a way of sharing markets
         and that its three main competitors, SNCZ, Britannia and Heubach, then held the same market share, namely 24%. The applicant
         states that it suspected the existence of a ‘cartel within the cartel’, an ‘inner circle’, which operated before it was invited
         to the meeting of 24 March 1994. The existence of such an ‘inner circle’ is corroborated by the Commission’s findings that
         Trident declared that there were regular contacts between Pasminco Europe-ISC Alloys (Trident’s predecessor) and its competitors
         from 1989 to 1994 and a sales executive was regularly in contact with competitors, in particular by means of a direct telephone
         line (recital 76 to the contested decision). According to the applicant, it never had any contact with the executive in question
         concerning the state of the market and price levels. The fact that the other undertakings concerned had set up the cartel
         before it was invited to join them explains, at least in part, why it was not within the inner circle comprising the founder
         members. 
      
      66     The applicant adds that the fact that the cartel existed before the meeting of 24 March 1994 is confirmed by the Commission’s
         finding that a meeting took place in October 1993, the purpose of which was ‘to end the price war and bring some order in
         the market’ (recital 315 to the contested decision). The applicant maintains that it did not take part in that meeting. Although
         it explained, both in its reply to the statement of objections and orally, that it had not attended that meeting, the Commission
         did not state its views on the matter and merely noted, in the contested decision, that it contested its participation in
         the meeting in question (recital 86 to the contested decision). The fact that the Commission did not apparently seek to check
         the facts concerning that meeting adversely affected the applicant. In reply to the Commission’s argument that, in its statements
         of 2 September 1998, it had itself mentioned the meeting of 24 March 1994 as being a ‘first meeting of the club’, the applicant
         states that it was manifestly referring to the ‘first meeting in which [it] was present’. 
      
      67     Next, the applicant states that, in the contested decision, the Commission concluded that it had been unable to identify a
         specific ringleader and that the cartel constituted ‘a joint initiative of most of the competitors in the zinc phosphate sector’
         (recital 319 to the contested decision). It criticises the Commission for failing to take account of the fact that the other
         participants in the cartel had taken the initiative to set it up and had already held a first meeting before it was invited
         to join. Given that it had not taken part in the 1993 meeting, an event which gave rise to the cartel, it is unfair to treat
         the applicant in the same way as the other participants regarding the creation of the cartel. If it is correct that the first
         meeting of the five producers took place later than 24 March 1994, the Commission has harmed the applicant by failing to take
         account of the fact that multilateral meetings of the other four producers took place before 1994. According to the applicant,
         Heubach behaved as the de facto leader of the cartel, at least vis-à-vis the applicant. It adds that it was not necessary
         for the cartel to have been imposed by one of its participants for the Commission to be able to find a ringleader. 
      
      68     As regards the Commission’s refusal to treat it differently because the other participants had set up the cartel before it
         was invited to participate, the applicant maintains that what happened before and after the period concerned cannot be regarded
         as entirely irrelevant. The choice made by the Commission to take account of certain factors influenced its assessment of
         the gravity of the applicant’s participation, to its detriment. Even if the Commission were to limit its investigations and
         the contested decision to a given period, which would have little effect on the size of the fine for the others, the applicant
         should not have to suffer by not receiving the differentiated treatment which it would otherwise very probably have been afforded.
         
      
      69     The Commission replies that it never stated that the applicant was an instigator of the cartel or that it had participated
         in the October 1993 meeting. It merely found the existence of an infringement as from 1994. Although it is possible that a
         cartel may have existed before that date, it is clear that it is not covered by the contested decision and it is therefore
         pointless to continue discussing the issue. The Commission adds that, in its statements of 2 September 1998, the applicant
         makes reference to the meeting of 24 March 1994 as being a ‘first meeting of the “club”’. It refers to the examination of
         that question in the section dealing with possible attenuating circumstances. 
      
      70     In any event, the applicant would gain no advantage from a finding that the other addressees of the contested decision were
         ‘ringleaders’ or that they had also colluded on other markets or for a longer period. 
      
      –       Findings of the Court
      71     In the first place, although the file contains certain indications that the zinc phosphate producers engaged in anti-competitive
         contacts before 24 March 1994 (see, for example, recitals 76 to 80, 82 to 86 and 225 to the contested decision), the Court
         considers that the Commission could reasonably conclude that the infringement commenced only at the meeting held on that date.
         It must be noted, in that connection, that the applicant denied participating in a meeting in October 1993 (recital 86 to
         the contested decision), so that the Commission was entitled to conclude that the first meeting attended by all the undertakings
         concerned was that of 24 March 1994. Moreover, the latter meeting was the first of the cartel’s regular meetings. Furthermore,
         the first meetings of the cartel of 24 March and 3 May 1994 fit in with a letter from CEFIC of 26 May 1994 announcing the
         creation of the zinc phosphate statistics group (recitals 66, 109 and 112 to the contested decision).
      
      72     In any event, even if it were accepted that the infringement had started at an earlier date, that would change nothing for
         the applicant, as it participated in the infringement only from 24 March 1994. The applicant’s argument that the cartel had
         started in October 1993 is therefore wholly irrelevant to the claim for annulment of the contested decision.
      
      73     The applicant claims that the Commission should have found that the other participants, and Heubach in particular, had taken
         the initiative to set up the cartel and that the Commission disregarded the applicant’s distinct role. Whilst it is true that
         according to the Guidelines, the ‘role of leader in, or instigator of, the infringement’ may be an aggravating circumstance
         justifying increase of the basic amount (Section 2, third indent), in this case the Commission concluded that ‘the cartel
         was a joint initiative of most of the competitors in the zinc phosphate sector, and that no specific ringleader could therefore
         be identified’ (recital 319 to the contested decision). Accordingly, contrary to the impression which the applicant appears
         to wish to give, the Commission did not increase the fines on that ground. It follows that the applicant was not harmed by
         the Commission’s abovementioned conclusion. Moreover, the correctness of that conclusion cannot be challenged since it does
         not appear from the documents before the Court that any one undertaking took the initiative to set up the cartel (see, for
         example, recitals 314 to 318 to the contested decision).
      
      74     It follows that the third complaint is unfounded.
       The fourth complaint: the applicant was not a full member of the cartel
      –       Arguments of the parties
      75     The applicant claims that the Commission erred in failing to take account of the fact that it was not a full member of the
         cartel and that it was not regarded as such by the other members. It refers to several facts in support. First, it did not
         participate in the first meeting, held in October 1993. Secondly, and generally, it cooperated with the cartel only with great
         reluctance. Thus, it refers to the fact, acknowledged by the Commission, that CEFIC had to send it a reminder on 15 June 1994
         for it to provide information (recital 109 to the contested decision). Third, the Commission’s findings concerning the notes
         relating to a meeting of 27 March 1995 in London show that the applicant did not enjoy equal treatment as a member. The applicant
         observes that one of its employees noted in his diary, on 27 March 1995, that it had envisaged asking to be treated at that
         meeting as a ‘full member with allocation of clients’ (recital 122 to the contested decision). After that meeting, its sales
         director mentioned, in the note of 30 March 1995, that the other participants ‘were not willing to discuss larger market share
         for [the applicant]’ (recital 122 to the contested decision). The Commission also stated that the applicant thought that ‘the
         others were cheating on [it]’ (recital 124 to the contested decision). 
      
      76     Fourth, the applicant states that it did not participate in the Teknos sharing agreement. It maintains that, as the Commission
         observes (recital 99 to the contested decision), the reason for which, on one occasion only, the other three undertakings
         had decided unilaterally that it should deliver a container to Teknos was to ensure that the latter company did not suspect
         the existence of an arrangement. However, that order was made at the expense of other business in Finland. The note of 30
         March 1995 is, according to the applicant, proof that it did not participate in the Teknos sharing agreement. The applicant
         criticises the Commission for drawing no inference from the fact that it received an order from Teknos after it had withdrawn
         from the club in April 1995 (recital 131 to the contested decision). The only correct approach would have been to conclude
         that the applicant had not participated in that agreement, which constitutes further proof that it was not a full member of
         the cartel. As regards the Commission’s assertion that the applicant ‘itself recognises’ that it benefited from having Teknos
         allocated to it for a period of six months, the applicant repeats that that customer was allocated to it only once and not
         for a period of six months. 
      
      77     The applicant rejects the Commission’s assertion that the evidence shows that it did not play a passive role in the cartel.
         It considers that that evidence, although perhaps reflecting a somewhat naive attitude regarding the activities of the club,
         is indicative of neither an active nor a passive role. The fact of collecting documents, such as those obtained by the Commission
         at the applicant’s premises, is not inconsistent with a passive role. In fact, its role would have been more active if it
         had removed or destroyed such documents. The applicant adds that the fact that it took turns reserving meeting rooms from
         time to time merely underscores the passive nature of its participation. As regards the Commission’s attempts to give the
         impression that it failed to disclose the existence of the meeting of 9 January 1995, the applicant claims that it had never
         considered that meeting, the purpose of which was to broker better relations with one of the other companies, as a ‘club meeting’.
         Nor should it be relevant for the assessment of its conduct. 
      
      78     The description given by the Commission of the applicant’s representatives at the cartel meetings is misleading and gives
         the incorrect impression that they were of the same rank as those of the other undertakings concerned. The Commission found
         that the other undertakings were represented by members of top management, namely managing directors, general managers or
         presidents, and that the applicant was represented by a ‘director and the international sales manager’ (recital 71 to the
         contested decision). Although Mr R. bore the title ‘director’, that title was not a legal designation and reveals nothing
         concerning the position, powers or responsibilities of its holder, which were more comparable with those of Mr B., the sales
         manager. In contrast, the other undertakings had chosen representatives at the highest levels of their respective boards.
         Mr W. was, when the infringement commenced, the applicant’s managing director. 
      
      79     The Commission contests the applicant’s arguments. It emphasises that the applicant was not compelled to participate in the
         cartel and states that it is clear from the facts set out in the contested decision, supported by numerous pieces of direct
         evidence obtained at the applicant’s premises, that the latter’s role could not be described as ‘passive’. On the contrary,
         the evidence shows that it implemented the agreements concluded by the cartel. 
      
      80     The Commission states that the applicant benefited from the allocation of customers. In its defence, it observes that in 1997
         Teknos was allocated to the applicant for a period of six months, a fact which the applicant itself acknowledges. In its rejoinder,
         the Commission admits that it ‘mistakenly referred to another customer allocation’, but points out that the fact that it was
         concluded in the contested decision that Teknos was allocated to the applicant was not contested by the applicant. 
      
      –       Findings of the Court
      81     The Court finds that the Commission was entitled to conclude that the applicant had participated fully in the cartel. As will
         be shown below, the applicant participated in all the most important aspects of the infringement.
      
      82     First, it is common ground that the applicant regularly took part in the cartel meetings. The Commission correctly found that
         it had attended 15 of the 16 multilateral meetings identified during the period of the cartel (recitals 102, 107, 112, 116,
         120, 132, 133, 137, 151, 157, 168 and 181 to the contested decision). Moreover, the applicant even organised some of those
         meetings (recitals 120, 136 and 160 to the contested decision). Its assertion that it did not attend the October 1993 meeting
         is not relevant, as the Commission concluded that the cartel did not start until 24 March 1994.
      
      83     The applicant’s argument that it was not represented by persons of the same high level as the representatives of the other
         undertakings concerned, does not show that it was not a full member of the cartel. Contrary to the impression given by the
         applicant, the Commission did not state that the other undertakings were represented by members of the most senior management.
         It simply identified the usual representatives of the undertakings at cartel meetings. Moreover, the representation of the
         applicant, even if entrusted merely to the sales director, was of a sufficiently high level to demonstrate the applicant’s
         full participation in those meetings.
      
      84     Second, the applicant does not deny that it participated fully in the agreement on quotas (paragraphs 51 to 53 of the Union
         Pigments statement). Moreover, the internal note of 30 March 1995 shows that it even requested an increase in its market share
         (recital 122 to the contested decision). As provided for in the agreement, the applicant sent information concerning its sales
         turnover to CEFIC and, subsequently, to its successor, the Verband des Mineralfarbenindustrie eV (paragraphs 51 to 53 of the
         Union Pigments statement; recitals 109, 110, 130, 134, 144, 153 and 184 to the contested decision). In return, the applicant
         received information on the sales of the other members of the cartel, of a kind likely to influence its conduct within the
         cartel and on the market (see to that effect Case T-220/00 Cheil Jedang v Commission [2003] ECR II-2473, paragraph 207). The fact that CEFIC had to send a reminder to the applicant to provide information (recital
         109 to the contested decision) is not sufficient to show that the applicant cooperated only very reluctantly with the cartel.
      
      85     Third, the applicant does not in its statement deny that it participated in the fixing of the indicative prices (see paragraphs
         49, 60 and 73 of the Union Pigments statement). It even acknowledged in its note of 30 March 1995 that it had obtained higher
         prices thanks to the cartel (recital 125 to the contested decision; see also paragraphs 49 and 73 of the Union Pigments statement).
      
      86     Fourth, the Commission rightly concluded that the applicant had participated in the allocation of customers. The applicant
         merely denies participating in the agreement allocating Teknos but not its participation in the other allocations mentioned
         in the contested decision. As regards Teknos, it may well be that that customer was allocated before March 1995 without the
         applicant’s involvement (recitals 122 to 124 to the contested decision). However, the applicant admitted that it did deliver
         a container to Teknos (paragraph 69 of the Union Pigments statement). Its explanation that that delivery was made only to
         ensure that Teknos did not suspect the existence of the agreement cannot be accepted. Moreover, according to Trident, the
         price to be invoiced to Teknos was the subject of an agreement and it had been agreed that no producer other than the one
         whose ‘turn’ it was could invoice a price lower than that which had been agreed (recital 96 to the contested decision). According
         to a note from the applicant concerning a meeting of 4 February 1997, it apparently agreed to fix its prices above those of
         SNCZ because Teknos had been allocated to the latter for six months (recitals 138 and 139 to the contested decision). That
         fact also shows the applicant’s participation in the agreement allocating Teknos. Furthermore, this company was one of the
         applicant’s main customers (recitals 97 and 270 to the contested decision) and, according to Trident, the applicant was ready
         to initiate a price war in order to retain it (recital 97 to the contested decision). The Court finds therefore that it has
         not been established that the applicant did not participate in the allocation of that customer, at least after it became aware
         of that allocation.
      
      87     In any event, even if the applicant had not participated in the agreement allocating Teknos, the Commission was entitled to
         decide that it bore responsibility for customer allocation. It must be borne in mind in that connection that an undertaking
         that has by its own conduct participated in a multiple infringement of the competition rules, within the definition of an
         agreement or concerted practice having an anti-competitive object under Article 81(1) EC and which was designed to help bring
         about the infringement as a whole, may also be responsible for the conduct of other undertakings in the course of the same
         infringement throughout the period of its participation where it is proved that the undertaking in question was aware of,
         or might reasonably have foreseen, the unlawful conduct of the other participants, and was prepared to accept the risk (Commission v Anic Partecipazioni, cited in paragraph 39 above, paragraph 203, and Case T-23/99 LR AF 1998 v Commission [2002] ECR II-1705, paragraph 158).
      
      88     Finally, the Commission was entitled not to conclude that there was a ‘cartel within the cartel’ as claimed by the applicant
         (recitals 122 to 125 to the contested decision). The applicant did not in fact adduce sufficient evidence of the existence
         of such an ‘inner circle’. In any event, that cannot change the fact that the applicant participated fully in the infringement
         identified in the contested decision.
      
      89     It follows from all the foregoing that the fourth plea must be rejected as unfounded.
       The fifth plea: the applicant immediately brought the infringement to an end
      –       Arguments of the parties
      90     The applicant states that the Commission did not duly take account of the fact that, following the investigations carried
         out at the premises of the undertakings, it immediately brought the infringement to an end. It decided to cooperate fully
         with the Commission in those investigations and is still determined to do so. Following those investigations, the applicant
         cancelled the meeting planned to be held in Amsterdam without saying why and also clearly informed Heubach that it would no
         longer disclose any statistical data. On 15 July 1998, the applicant sent a fax to the cartel participants informing them
         of its withdrawal from it. The applicant refused the invitation to join the new association, the Association of European Manufacturers
         of Zinc Phosphates (hereinafter ‘EMZP’), and informed the Commission of the creation of that association. In the applicant’s
         view, its conduct concerning the EMZP shows that it immediately took the measures which the Commission would impose later
         under the statement of objections. That conduct was such that the applicant should receive different treatment. However, the
         Commission did not duly take account of those circumstances. The applicant criticises it more particularly for not drawing
         a clear distinction between it and the other undertakings concerned with regard to the EMZP. The Commission gave an incorrect
         impression of the applicant’s conduct when it stated that information was supplied to that association by the ‘cartel members’
         (recital 254 to the contested decision), without clearly specifying that the applicant had not taken part therein. 
      
      91     The Commission states that it is not required to reduce the amount of the fine on the ground that the applicant brought the
         infringement to an end as soon as it intervened (LR AF 1998 v Commission, cited in paragraph 87 above, paragraph 324) and that the fact of taking an attenuating circumstance into consideration in
         this case would have had no impact on the final amount of the fine. 
      
      –       Findings of the Court
      92     Section 3, third indent, of the Guidelines provides for reduction of the basic amount in the event of ‘termination of the
         infringement as soon as the Commission intervenes’. The Commission cannot however be required to consider, as a general rule,
         that termination of an infringement constitutes an attenuating circumstance. An undertaking’s reaction to the opening of an
         investigation into its activities can be viewed only in the particular context of the case (LR AF 1998 v Commission, cited in paragraph 87 above, paragraph 324). 
      
      93     In this case, on 13 and 14 May 1998 the Commission undertook investigations within various undertakings and the EFTA Surveillance
         Authority undertook investigations at the applicant’s premises from 13 to 15 May 1998. In Article 1 of the contested decision,
         the Commission concludes that the cartel lasted from 24 March 1994 to 13 May 1998. It follows that the fact that the undertakings
         terminated the infringement as soon as the Commission intervened was taken into account. 
      
      94     In any event, the applicant has not proved that it did cease participating in the cartel as soon as the Commission intervened.
         It did not inform the other participants of its withdrawal until 15 July 1998 (see paragraph 90 above).
      
      95     As regards the applicant’s argument that it cooperated fully with the Commission following the investigations, it must be
         noted that it did not contact the Commission until 17 July 1998 (recital 57 to the contested decision). Moreover, it was granted
         the maximum reduction under Section D of the Leniency Notice, namely 50%.
      
      96     As regards the EMZP, it need merely be stated that that organisation was set up on 31 July 1998 and is therefore not involved
         in the infringement at issue (recital 42 to the contested decision). Accordingly, the applicant’s failure to join that association
         is irrelevant in this case.
      
      97     It follows that the fifth complaint, and consequently the first plea in its entirety, must be rejected as unfounded.
      2.     The second plea: miscalculation of the amount of the fine and breach of general principles
      98     The applicant maintains that, in so far as the Commission based the contested decision on an incorrect assessment of the facts
         and of the evidence, that decision is also vitiated as regards the basic amount of the fine and, therefore, infringes Article
         15(2) of Regulation No 17, the principles followed in the Commission’s decision-making practice, the Guidelines and the Leniency
         Notice. This plea comprises six parts, concerning the following aspects of the contested decision:
      
      –       the gravity of the infringement and differential treatment;
      –       the duration of the infringement;
      –       misapplication of the concept of aggravating circumstances and failure to take account of attenuating circumstances;
      –       misapplication of the Leniency Notice;
      –       breach of the principles of equal treatment and proportionality;
      –       the inappropriateness of exerting greater deterrence and the impossibility of paying the fine.
       The first part of the plea: the gravity of the infringement and differential treatment
       Arguments of the parties
      99     According to the applicant, the Commission had no right to describe the infringement committed by it as ‘very serious’ (recital
         300 to the contested decision). It maintains that that infringement should have been regarded as ‘less serious’ and that it
         would have deservedly been accorded different treatment if the Commission had duly taken account of the circumstances of the
         case, in particular the fact that it was not among the instigators of the cartel or of the inner circle, that it was not a
         full member of the cartel, that it withdrew from the cartel for a period of five to six months, that its withdrawal had a
         negative impact on the cartel and that its role was merely passive, whilst the driving force of the cartel was provided by
         other participants. Moreover, the real effect of the infringement imputed to it was insignificant, given that a large part
         of its production was acquired by BASF or was sold through the intermediary of its distributors. In fact, the prices charged
         by it were frequently below the ‘recommended level’. 
      
      100   Next, the applicant claims that the Commission did not take account of the relative weights of the undertakings concerned
         in its application of differential treatment. In view of the relatively great difference of size as between those undertakings,
         reflected by their turnover and numbers of employees, and the effective ability of the applicant to do harm, the basic amount
         for the latter should have been considerably lower than that for the other undertakings. Moreover, the Commission should have
         taken account of the existence of cooperation among the other participants, in particular Heubach, SNCZ and Trident, vis-à-vis
         a small undertaking like the applicant. It emphasises that its influence was different from that exercised by the other undertakings
         concerned and fell far short of the market share used by the Commission as a basis for calculating the amount of the fine
         (in that connection, see paragraph 53 above). 
      
      101   In the light of the foregoing, the applicant claims that the Commission set an excessive basic amount in its case.
      102   According to the Commission, the applicant is confusing the question of the gravity of the infringement with that of its own
         participation in it. As regards the allegations concerning differential treatment, it points out that it divided the undertakings
         into two categories, the applicant being placed in the first category with three other undertakings. The applicant’s market
         share, evaluated by it at about 30%, being by far the highest, there was in the Commission’s view no reason for granting it
         special treatment. In its rejoinder, the Commission adds that the applicant has provided no relevant evidence to show that
         it was not one of the main producers of zinc phosphate in the EEA and that it had been wrongly placed in the same category
         as those producers. 
      
       Findings of the Court
      103   In Section 1 A of the Guidelines, the Commission committed itself explicitly to taking account, in assessing the gravity of
         infringements, not of only their nature and of the size of the relevant geographic market but also of their actual impact
         on the market, where this can be measured. In the present case, all those criteria are mentioned in recital 300 to the contested
         decision.
      
      104   It is apparent from the contested decision, as well as from the Guidelines, the principles of which were applied in that decision,
         that whilst the gravity of the infringement is initially assessed on the basis of the particular characteristics of the infringement,
         such as its nature and impact on the market, that assessment is subsequently adjusted according to the individual circumstances
         of the undertaking, so that the Commission takes into consideration, besides the size and capacities of the undertakings,
         both aggravating and attenuating circumstances, as the case may be (see Joined Cases T-191/98, T-212/98 to T-214/98 Atlantic Container Line and Others v Commission [2003] ECR II-3275, paragraph 1530, and the case-law cited).
      
      105   The arguments put forward by the applicant in connection with this first part of the plea concern its own participation in
         the infringement rather than the particular characteristics of the infringement. The Court considers that the arguments to
         the effect that the applicant was not one of the instigators of the cartel or a member of the ‘inner circle’, that it was
         not a full member of the cartel and that its role was merely passive must be assessed when the question of aggravating and
         attenuating circumstances is examined (see paragraphs 118 to 133 below). As regards the applicant’s withdrawal from the cartel,
         that matter relates to the duration of the infringement, which will be considered in paragraphs 111 to 114 below.
      
      106   As regards the applicant’s argument that the actual impact of its infringement was insignificant, it need merely be stated
         that the effects to be taken into account in setting the general level of fines are not those resulting from the actual conduct
         which an undertaking claims to have adopted, but those resulting from the whole of the infringement in which it participated
         (Commission v Anic Partecipazioni, cited in paragraph 39 above, paragraph 152, and Case T-224/00 Archer Daniels Midland and Archer Daniels Midland Ingredients v Commission [2003] ECR II‑2597, paragraph 160).
      
      107   As regards the complaint that the Commission did not take account of the relative weights of the undertakings concerned in
         applying differential treatment or the applicant’s capacity to do harm, it is appropriate to consider it in the context of
         the complaint alleging breach of the principles of equal treatment and proportionality.
      
      108   Finally, the Court has already rejected the other arguments put forward by the applicant in connection with the second part
         of the first plea, namely the fact that there was an inner circle (see paragraph 88) and that it had limited influence on
         the market (see paragraphs 58 to 62 above).
      
       The second part: the duration of the infringement
       Arguments of the parties
      109   The applicant claims that the Commission was wrong, first, in concluding that it had committed an infringement of the same
         duration as the other participants, namely four years and one month, and, second, in consequently increasing by 40% the starting
         level of the fine set in respect of the gravity of the infringement. The Commission did not take account of the fact that
         the applicant withdrew from the cartel for a period of five to six months. Consequently, it breached the principle of equal
         treatment, departed from its own decision-making practice and misapplied the Guidelines. According to the applicant, the increase
         of the starting level to take account of the duration of the infringement should have been much less than 40%. 
      
      110   The Commission refers to the arguments it put forward in response to the first part of the first plea. 
       Findings of the Court
      111   As held in paragraphs 36 to 44 above, the Commission was entitled to conclude that the applicant had participated in the infringement
         without interruption from 24 March 1994 to 13 May 1998. Accordingly, the second part of the second plea cannot be upheld.
      
      112   In any event, even if the applicant’s arguments were well founded, the final amount of the fine would not change. The Commission
         would still be entitled to conclude that the applicant committed an infringement of average duration, extending from 24 March
         1994 until March 1995, and then from August 1995 until 13 May 1998. An increase in respect of duration of up to 35% would
         be appropriate. However, having regard to the calculations involved in applying the Leniency Notice and the maximum limit
         of 10% of the turnover in the preceding business year achieved by the undertaking concerned, an increase of about 35% instead
         of 40% would not change the final amount of the applicant’s fine.
      
      113   Finally, with regard to the argument put forward by the applicant at the hearing to the effect that the Commission should
         not have increased the fines by 10% per year, it need merely be stated that this was not raised in the originating application
         and constitutes a new plea which is inadmissible pursuant to Article 48(2) of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of First
         Instance.
      
      114   For those various reasons, the second part of the second plea must be rejected.
       The third part of the plea: misapplication of the concept of aggravating circumstances and failure to take account of attenuating
            circumstances
       Arguments of the parties
      115   First, the applicant claims that there was no justification for the Commission to find aggravating circumstances in this case
         by including it among the participants which took the ‘joint initiative’ to create the cartel. It adds that the Commission
         did not take sufficient account of the fact that the other undertakings brought the cartel into being and constituted an ‘inner
         circle’, whereas it joined the cartel only later and had never been a full member. By not granting the applicant more favourable
         treatment for those reasons, the Commission infringed the Guidelines. 
      
      116   Second, the applicant claims that, by considering that there were no attenuating circumstances in this case, the Commission
         committed an error and failed to comply with its decision-making practice and with the Guidelines. Referring to its arguments
         set out above, it states that the Commission failed to take account of the fact that it had been invited to join a cartel
         which existed already, that it had never been part of the ‘inner circle’ and that it had never been allocated any customer
         except in one case, in order to protect the other members of the cartel. The Commission likewise failed to take account of
         the fact that, in practice, the applicant had implemented the agreements at issue only to a very limited extent, as demonstrated
         by its withdrawal from the cartel, the lower prices which it charged in the Nordic market and the fact, established by the
         Commission (recital 118 to the contested decision), that at meetings it was often in conflict with other participants, in
         particular Britannia as regards sales in the United Kingdom and the price war. Moreover, the applicant considers that the
         Commission did not take account of the fact that it had, to some extent, been constrained to join the cartel because, first,
         certain participants in it were also important customers and, second, it was in the process of losing its most important customer
         and distributor on the continent, namely BASF. 
      
      117   The Commission considers, first, that it need only be pointed out that the contested decision did not find that there were
         aggravating circumstances in relation to the applicant. Second, it considers that the applicant’s arguments concerning the
         alleged attenuating circumstances must be rejected. 
      
       Findings of the Court
      118   As is clear from the case-law, where an infringement has been committed by several undertakings, the relative gravity of the
         participation of each of them must be examined (see, to that effect, Suiker Unie and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 35 above, paragraph 623, and Commission v Anic Partecipazioni, cited in paragraph 39 above, paragraph 150) in order to determine whether there are any aggravating or attenuating circumstances
         relating to them.
      
      119   That conclusion follows logically from the principle that penalties must fit the offence, so that an undertaking may be penalised
         only for acts imputed to it individually, a principle applying in any administrative procedure that may lead to the imposition
         of sanctions under Community competition law (see, as regards fines, Joined Cases T‑45/98 and T-47/98 Krupp Thyssen Stainless and Acciai speciali Terni v Commission [2001] ECR II-3757, paragraph 63).
      
      120   Sections 2 and 3 of the Guidelines provide for adjustment of the basic amount of the fine by reference to certain aggravating
         and attenuating circumstances, which are peculiar to each undertaking concerned.
      
      121   In the first place, as regards the applicant’s argument that the Commission found an aggravating circumstance in relation
         to it by including it among the participants that had taken the joint initiative to set up the cartel, it need merely be pointed
         out that it has no foundation in fact. The Commission did not in fact find any aggravating circumstance in respect of the
         applicant (recitals 314 to 319 to the contested decision). In any event, even if the Commission had concluded that an aggravating
         circumstance existed regarding the other undertakings concerned, in view of the fact that they were the ringleaders or instigators
         of the infringement, that would not have changed in any way the amount of the fine imposed on the applicant.
      
      122   For the same reasons, the applicant’s argument that the Commission should have found an aggravating circumstance by reason
         of the fact that the other undertakings had established an inner circle cannot be upheld (see, in that connection, paragraph
         88 above).
      
      123   Next, the claim for reduction of the fine in respect of attenuating circumstances must also be rejected.
      124   First, the applicant relies on the fact that it was invited to join a cartel that existed already, that it was not part of
         the inner circle and that it had never been allocated a customer. As indicated in paragraph 71 above, the Commission was entitled
         not to conclude that the cartel existed before 24 March 1994. Moreover, there is nothing in the file to show the existence
         of the inner circle referred to by the applicant (in that connection, see paragraph 88 above). Finally, the Commission was
         entitled to conclude that the applicant had participated in the agreement to allocate customers, including Teknos (see paragraph
         86 above).
      
      125   Moreover, the Court considers that, as a matter of principle, a participant in an infringement cannot allege an attenuating
         circumstance deriving from the conduct of the other participants in the infringement. In this case, the fact that the other
         cartel members became involved in the cartel earlier, or more deeply, might well constitute an aggravating circumstance in
         relation to them but not an attenuating circumstance in favour of the applicant.
      
      126   As regards the applicant’s argument that its role in the cartel was merely passive, it is true that ‘an exclusively passive
         or “follow-my-leader” role’ in the infringement can, where it is established, amount to an attenuating circumstance. A passive
         role implies that the undertaking will adopt a ‘low profile’, that is to say, not actively participate in the making of any
         anti-competitive agreements. It is clear from the case-law that amongst the circumstances that may indicate the adoption by
         an undertaking of a passive role within a cartel is where the undertaking’s participation in cartel meetings is significantly
         more sporadic than that of the ‘ordinary’ members of the cartel, and likewise its belated entry to the market where the infringement
         occurred, regardless of the duration of its participation in the infringement, or again the existence of express statements
         to that effect emanating from representatives of other undertakings which participated in the infringement (see Cheil Jedang v Commission, cited in paragraph 84 above, paragraphs 167 and 168, and the case-law there cited, and Joined Cases T-236/01, T-239/01,
         T‑244/01 to T-246/01, T-251/01 and T-252/01 Tokai Carbon and Others v Commission [2004] ECR II-0000, paragraph 331). However, as already stated at paragraphs 82 to 87 above, the applicant has not proved
         the existence of such a ‘low profile’ in this case.
      
      127   Second, the applicant considers that it should have benefited from a reduction of the amount of the fine because it in fact
         implemented the agreements in question only to a very limited extent. It seems thereby to be criticising the Commission for
         failing to treat as an attenuating circumstance the non-implementation in practice of the offending agreements, in accordance
         with Section 3, second indent, of the Guidelines.
      
      128   In that connection, it is necessary to check whether the circumstances referred to by the applicant are such as to establish
         that, during the period in which it was a party to the offending agreements, it actually declined to apply them by adopting
         competitive conduct on the market (see, to that effect, Archer Daniels Midland and Archer Daniels Midland Ingredients v Commission, cited in paragraph 106 above, paragraph 268, and the case-law there cited).
      
      129   As the applicant participated fully in the cartel (see paragraphs 81 to 87 above), the Court finds that it did not behave
         competitively in the market in the sense of the case-law cited in paragraph 128 above. It must be emphasised in that connection
         that the applicant admitted that it had ended its alleged withdrawal in August 1995 in order to benefit from the infringement
         (paragraph 67 of the Union Pigments statement). Thus, it clearly rejected the option of adopting competitive conduct in the
         market and preferred to take advantage of the cartel.
      
      130   As regards the applicant’s argument that it sold products below the recommended price, the Court would point out that the
         fact that an undertaking proven to have participated in collusion on prices with its competitors did not behave on the market
         in the manner agreed with those competitors is not necessarily a matter which must be taken into account as an attenuating
         circumstance. An undertaking which, despite colluding with its competitors, follows a policy that departs from that agreed
         on, may simply be trying to exploit the cartel for its own benefit (see, to that effect, Cascades v Commission, cited in paragraph 41 above, paragraph 230).
      
      131   As to the applicant’s argument that it was in competition with Britannia despite the cartel, it must be observed that it is
         common ground that those undertakings tried to divert customers from each other in 1994 and that, on 9 January 1995, James
         Brown organised a meeting with Britannia and the applicant in an attempt to improve the situation (recital 117 to the contested
         decision). It appears that the parties were unable to reach an agreement to resolve the difficulties of the situation then
         obtaining. It is true that that conflict shows some level of competition between the undertakings in question. However, the
         Commission did not claim, in the contested decision, that the cartel had precluded all competition in the market. Moreover,
         the applicant has produced no evidence to show that its conflict with Britannia continued throughout the duration of the infringement.
      
      132   In any event, it is clear that the applicant participated in the meeting of 9 January 1995 because it considered itself to
         have been affected by competition and it therefore sought to conclude a new agreement.
      
      133   Third, the applicant maintains that the Commission should have taken account of the fact that it was forced to join the cartel.
         As the Court has already held, that argument must be rejected (see paragraph 63 above).
      
      134   It follows that the third part of the second plea must be rejected as unfounded.
       The fourth part of the plea: misapplication of the Leniency Notice
       Arguments of the parties
      135   The applicant considers that the 50% reduction granted to it by the Commission under the Leniency Notice is insufficient.
         It observes that the new Commission notice on immunity from fines and reduction of fines in cartel cases (OJ 2002 C 45, p.
         3. hereinafter ‘the new Leniency Notice’) differs from the Leniency Notice in that the latter requires an undertaking to produce
         ‘decisive’ evidence and does not grant complete immunity for undertakings which acted as instigators or played a determining
         role in the illegal activity. The applicant states that, although the contested decision gives the impression that the cartel
         was the result of a joint initiative, the Commission now recognises that it never claimed that the applicant had been an instigator
         of or had played a determining role in the cartel. Moreover, the applicant claims to have sent the Commission information
         enabling it to ascertain that the other participants had decided, after the investigations, to set up the EMZP. The applicant
         points out that, in Commission Decision 1999/60/EC of 21 October 1998 relating to a proceeding under Article 85 of the EC
         Treaty (Case No IV/35.691/E-4: - Pre-Insulated Pipe Cartel) (OJ 1999 L 24, p. 1), Løgstør, one of the undertakings that had
         been granted a reduction, had informed the Commission that the members of the cartel had decided to continue its operation
         after the investigations. The applicant adds that it gave oral explanations and lists of meetings to the Commission. Finally,
         the applicant denies having indicated that the investigation carried out at the premises of the cartel members had not provided
         sufficient grounds for initiating the procedure. 
      
      136   The Commission contends that the distinction alleged by the applicant between the Leniency Notice and the new Leniency Notice
         is irrelevant, as it never claimed that the applicant had been an instigator or had played a determining role in the cartel.
         As regards the applicant’s argument that the Commission did not in this case apply the Leniency Notice correctly, the Commission
         considers it to be without foundation. 
      
       Findings of the Court
      137   First, it is important to note that, as found in recitals 351 to 353 to the contested decision, none of the undertakings concerned
         fulfilled the conditions for the application of Section B or Section C of the Leniency Notice. The conduct of those undertakings
         was therefore assessed by reference to Section D of the notice, entitled ‘Significant reduction in a fine’.
      
      138   Section D(1) provides, ‘[w]here an enterprise cooperates without having met all the conditions set out in Sections B or C,
         it will benefit from a reduction of 10% to 50% of the fine that would have been imposed if it had not cooperated’.
      
      139   In this case, the Commission granted the applicant a reduction of 50% of its fine, namely the maximum reduction which the
         Commission could grant on the basis of Section D of the Leniency Notice (recitals 354 to 356 to the contested decision). The
         applicant maintains that the Commission should have granted it an even greater reduction. However, it does not contest the
         application of Section D(1) in this case. Moreover, it does not deny that the Commission compiled decisive and direct evidence
         of the infringement during the investigations carried out at its premises and that it does not therefore fulfil the conditions
         for the application of Sections B and C. As the Commission granted the applicant the maximum reduction of 50%, provided for
         under Section D(1) of the Leniency Notice, the Court considers that the applicant’s argument in that connection is entirely
         without foundation.
      
      140   As regards the new Leniency Notice, it was not published in the Official Journal until 19 February 2002 and, by virtue of point 28 thereof, does not replace the Leniency Notice until 14 February 2002. In
         those circumstances, the new Leniency Notice is not relevant to this case (see, to that effect, Tokai Carbon and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 126 above, paragraph 273). Furthermore, the argument relied on by the applicant in that connection (see
         paragraph 135 above) is irrelevant in so far as the Commission has never claimed that it was an instigator or that it played
         a determining role in the cartel.
      
      141   It follows from the foregoing that the fourth part of the second plea must be rejected.
       The fifth part of the plea: breach of the principles of equal treatment and proportionality
       Arguments of the parties
      142   The applicant claims that it was punished relatively more severely than the ‘members of the inner circle’, even though they
         played a more active role in the creation and conduct of the cartel and participated in it uninterruptedly. Consequently,
         the Commission infringed the principles of equal treatment and proportionality and did not comply with the Guidelines. 
      
      143   The applicant states that it received a reduction because the fine exceeded 10% of its total turnover. However, the basic
         amount for the applicant (EUR 4.2 million) exceeded 60% of its total turnover in 2001. In contrast, the fine imposed on Britannia,
         Heubach and James Brown did not exceed 10% of their respective worldwide turnovers. The final amount of the fine imposed on
         the applicant, after application of the Leniency Notice, exceeded 5% of that turnover, and was as severe as that imposed on
         Heubach. Although, after application of the Leniency Notice, the applicant received a reduction of 50% and Heubach a reduction
         of 10%, which indicates that the latter should be penalised more severely by a factor of 80%, the final amount of the fine
         shows that the penalty imposed on Heubach was only 8% more severe than that imposed on the applicant. Consequently, the Commission
         infringed the principles of equal treatment and proportionality. 
      
      144   Moreover, the Commission took as the starting point for calculating the amount of the fine the same amount of EUR 3 million
         for practically all the undertakings, regardless of their size. The applicant observes that, although the undertakings concerned
         had more or less similar market shares, their respective sizes were, and continue to be, significantly different, as evidenced
         by their turnovers, which are an important factor in determining their ‘real’ impact on the market. By choosing the same starting
         point for all the participants, the Commission imposed a much heavier penalty on those undertakings which, like the applicant,
         have a lower turnover. The Commission infringed the principle of proportionality in so far as the fines are not proportional
         to the power of each undertaking, determined by its market share, its size and its turnover. 
      
      145   The applicant points out that the Guidelines provide for the classification of infringements in three categories and therefore
         for differential treatment of the undertakings concerned according to the nature of the infringement imputed to them. As the
         Court indicated in its judgment in Acerinox v Commission, cited in paragraph 29 above, paragraph 78, it is also ‘necessary to take account of the effective economic capacity of the
         offenders to cause significant damage to other operators, in particular consumers, and to set the amount of the fine at a
         level which ensures that it has a sufficiently deterrent effect (Section 1 A, fourth paragraph [of the Guidelines])’. The
         Court also held that, within each of the categories indicated above, it may be appropriate to ‘to apply weightings to the
         amounts decided on so as to take account of the specific weight and therefore the real impact on competition of the unlawful
         conduct of each undertaking, especially where there is considerable disparity in the sizes of the undertakings that have committed
         an infringement of the same nature and to make consequential adjustments to the basic amount depending on the specific characteristics
         of each undertaking (Section 1 A, sixth paragraph [of the Guidelines])’. The Court concluded, in the same case, that the market
         shares held by an undertaking are relevant in order to determine what influence it may exert on the market but they cannot
         be a decisive factor in concluding that an undertaking belongs to a powerful economic entity (Acerinox v Commission, cited in paragraph 29 above, paragraph 88, and Case C-185/95 P Baustahlgewebe v Commission [1998] ECR I-8417, paragraph 139). The applicant asserts that, in this case, the Commission did not consider whether there
         was a considerable disparity between the undertakings that participated in the infringement and it failed to take appropriate
         account of the size and economic strength of the undertakings concerned and, therefore, of their influence on the market.
         By virtue of the principle of equal treatment for the same type of infringement, the Commission should have imposed fines
         of different amounts on the undertakings concerned. 
      
      146   The applicant considers that if the Commission had correctly used its ‘wide margin of appreciation’ it would necessarily have
         taken account of the factors justifying a lower fine in its case. It states that it is clear, for example, from the judgment
         of the Court of Justice in Joined Cases 100/80 to 103/80 Musique diffusion française and Others v Commission [1983] ECR 1825, to which the Commission refers in its defence, that the Commission must, in assessing the gravity of an
         infringement, have regard to, among other things, the volume and value of the goods in respect of which the infringement was
         committed and the size and economic power of the undertaking and, consequently, the influence which the undertaking was able
         to exert on the market (paragraph 120). The applicant reaffirms that it really had no power to impose the prices agreed within
         the cartel. Moreover, its financial situation was weak, compared with that of the other undertakings concerned. Thus, any
         influence it might have been able to exercise in the market was considerably less than that corresponding to the market share
         used as a basis for calculation of the fine by the Commission. 
      
      147   The Commission rejects the applicant’s argument. It observes in particular that the applicant makes no mention of the fact
         that the fine imposed on it is far lower than the highest fine imposed. Its fine is ten times lower than that imposed on Heubach,
         even though the two undertakings had similar market shares and should, in principle, have derived a similar benefit from the
         cartel. 
      
       Findings of the Court
      148   The applicant claims, essentially, that the Commission did not take sufficient account of its size and its responsibility
         when setting the amount of the fines and that, therefore, it breached the principles of equal treatment and proportionality.
         It is also necessary to examine, in this context, the applicant’s argument that the Commission did not take account of the
         relative weights of the undertakings in applying differential treatment or of the actual capacity of the applicant to do harm
         (see paragraph 107 above).
      
      149   First, it must be borne in mind, on the one hand, that the only express reference to turnover contained in Article 15(2) Regulation
         No 17 concerns the upper limit which a fine may not exceed and, on the other, that that limit is to be understood as referring
         to the total turnover (Musique diffusion française and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 146 above, paragraph 119). In compliance with that limit, the Commission may therefore, in principle,
         choose which turnover to take in terms of territory and products in order to determine the fine (Joined Cases T-25/95, T-26/95,
         T-30/95 to T-32/95, T-34/95 to T-39/95, T-42/95 to T-46/95, T‑48/95, T-50/95 to T-65/95, T-68/95 to T-71/95, T‑87/95, T-88/95,
         T‑103/95 and T-104/95 Cimenteries CBR and Others v Commission [2000] ECR II-491, paragraph 5023), without being obliged to adhere precisely to the worldwide total turnover or turnover
         in the relevant product market. Last, although the Guidelines do not provide that fines are to be calculated according to
         a specific turnover, they do not preclude such a figure from being taken into account, provided that the choice made by the
         Commission is not vitiated by a manifest error of assessment (Tokai Carbon and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 126 above, paragraph 195).
      
      150   In this case, it must be borne in mind that it is apparent from the contested decision that the Commission considered it necessary
         to treat the undertakings differently in order to take account of ‘the effective economic capacity of the offenders to cause
         significant damage to competition’ (recital 304 to the contested decision). It added that it was necessary to ‘to take account
         of the specific weight and therefore the real impact of the offending conduct of each undertaking on competition’. In assessing
         those factors, the Commission chose to rely on the turnover from standard zinc phosphate sales in the EEA during the last
         year of the infringement. It observed that the applicant was one of the main zinc phosphate producers in the EEA, in which
         it held a market share of about 20%, and therefore placed it in the first category (recital 308 to the contested decision).
         The starting point of the fine was set, for all the undertakings in the first category, at EUR 3 million. The starting point
         for James Brown, which had a market share of about 5%, was set at EUR 750 000.
      
      151   Although the Commission compared the relative importance of the undertakings concerned on the basis of their turnover in zinc
         phosphate sales in the EEA, it also referred to the undertakings’ shares of the relevant market for the purpose of placing
         them in two different categories. The Commission determined the market shares of the undertakings concerned by relying, first,
         on their turnovers in the relevant market, as shown in the table in recital 50 to the contested decision, and, second, on
         information contained in the file. The correctness of that approach is not contested by the applicant.
      
      152   In an analysis of the ‘effective economic capacity of the offenders to cause significant damage to competition’, which involves
         an assessment of the real importance of those undertakings in the market affected, that is to say their influence on the market,
         the total turnover is an imprecise guide. It is of course possible for a powerful undertaking with a multitude of different
         activities to have only an incidental presence in a specific product market. Similarly, an undertaking with a strong position
         in a geographical market outside the Community may have only a weak position in the Community or EEA market. In such cases,
         the mere fact that the undertaking in question has a high total turnover does not necessarily mean that it has a decisive
         influence in the market affected. That is why the Court of Justice emphasised in its judgment in Baustahlgewebe v Commission, cited in paragraph 145 above, paragraph 139, that, although an undertaking’s market shares cannot be a decisive factor in
         concluding that an undertaking belongs to a powerful economic entity, they are nevertheless relevant in determining the influence
         which it may exert in the market (see Archer Daniels Midland and Archer Daniels Midland Ingredients v Commission, cited in paragraph 106 above, paragraph 193). In this case, the Commission took account of both the market shares and the
         turnovers of the undertakings concerned in the market affected, which made it possible to determine the relative importance
         of each undertaking in the relevant market.
      
      153   It follows that the Commission did not commit any manifest error of assessment in its analysis of the ‘effective economic
         capacity of [the] offenders’ within the meaning of Section 1A, fourth paragraph, of the Guidelines.
      
      154   Moreover, it is clear from a comparison of the turnovers achieved in the market by the undertakings in the first category,
         as set out in the table in recital 50 to the contested decision, that it was correct for those undertakings to be grouped
         together and for them to be allocated the same starting point. Thus, in 1998, the applicant achieved a turnover in the relevant
         market in the EEA of EUR 3.2 million. Heubach, Trident and SNCZ achieved turnovers of EUR 3.7, 3.69 and 3.9 million respectively.
         Britannia, which had ceased all economic activity in 1998, had a turnover in the relevant market in the EEA in 1996 of EUR
         2.7 million.
      
      155   The fact nevertheless remains that division into categories must be compatible with the principle of equal treatment whereby
         comparable situations must not be treated differently and different situations must not be treated in the same way, unless
         such difference in treatment is objectively justified (Case T-213/00 CMA CGM and Others v Commission [2003] ECR II-913 (hereinafter ‘FETTSCSA’), paragraph 406. Following the same approach, the Guidelines provide, in Section 1A, sixth paragraph, that a ‘considerable’
         disparity between the sizes of the undertakings committing infringements of the same type is, in particular, capable of justifying
         differentiation in assessing the gravity of the infringement. Moreover, according to the case-law, the amount of the fines
         must, at least, be proportionate in relation to the factors that entered into the assessment of the seriousness of the infringement
         (Joined Cases T-202/98, T‑204/98 and T-207/98 Tate & Lyle and Others v Commission [2001] ECR II-2035, paragraph 106).
      
      156   Consequently, where the Commission divides the undertakings concerned into groups for the purpose of setting the amount of
         the fines, the thresholds for each of the groups thus identified must be coherent and objectively justified (FETTCSA, paragraph 416, and LR AF 1998 v Commission, cited in paragraph 87 above, paragraph 298).
      
      157   Admittedly, in this case, the applicant, although having a total turnover of only EUR 7 million in 2000, was placed in the
         same group as Britannia, Heubach, Trident and SNCZ, whose turnovers were respectively EUR 55.7, 71, 76 and 17 million. However,
         no breach of the principle of proportionality or of the principle of equal treatment can be inferred from that fact. As explained
         in paragraphs 150 and 151 above, those different undertakings were grouped together because they had turnovers in the relevant
         market and market shares which were very similar. It was coherent and objectively justified to group the undertakings together
         on that basis. Moreover, the Court considers that the difference of size as between the applicant and the other undertakings
         concerned was not so great as to make it necessary to place it in a different group (see, to that effect, Case T-230/00 Daesang and Sewon Europe v Commission [2003] ECR II-2733, paragraphs 69 to 77).
      
      158   It must be pointed out, for the sake of completeness, that, in the circumstances of the present case, sufficient account was
         taken of the applicant’s total turnover when the upper limit of 10% provided for by Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 was
         applied. As indicated in paragraphs 16 and 17 above, the amount of the applicant’s fine was reduced to EUR 700 000 in order
         to comply with that upper limit, before being further reduced to EUR 350 000 for cooperation. The purpose of the upper limit
         of 10% is to prevent fines from being disproportionate in relation to the size of the undertaking (Musique diffusion française and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 146 above, paragraph 119). The application of that maximum limit in this case ensured that the fine imposed
         on the applicant was proportionate to its size. In view of the very serious nature of the infringement and the fact that it
         lasted for more than four years, the amount of the fine could have been much higher if the applicant had not been a small
         undertaking and if it had not benefited from the upper limit of 10%.
      
      159   The applicant states that, compared with those imposed on the other undertakings concerned, its fine is not proportionate
         to its size. However, the Commission is not required to calculate the amount of a fine by reference to amounts based on the
         turnovers of the undertakings concerned. Moreover, it is not required to ensure, where fines are imposed on a number of undertakings
         involved in the same infringement, that the final amounts of the fines resulting from its calculations for the undertakings
         concerned reflect any distinction between them in terms of their overall turnover or their turnover in the relevant product
         market (Dansk Rørindustrie v Commission, cited in paragraph 32 above, paragraph 202).
      
      160   As regards the applicant’s argument that, after application of the Leniency Notice, it benefited from a reduction of 50% and
         Heubach from a reduction of 10%, thereby indicating that the latter should be penalised more severely, by a factor of 80%,
         it is sufficient to point out that the Commission is not required to determine the amount of fines on the basis of the reductions
         it has granted under the Leniency Notice.
      
      161   The applicant’s argument that the basic amount exceeded 60% of its total turnover is not relevant. The maximum limit imposed
         by Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17, whereby the fine finally imposed on an undertaking must be reduced if it exceeds 10%
         of its turnover, regardless of the intermediate calculation operations designed to take account of the gravity and duration
         of the infringement, does not prevent the Commission from referring, during its calculation, to an intermediate amount exceeding
         10% of the turnover of the undertaking concerned, provided that the fine eventually imposed on the undertaking does not exceed
         that maximum limit (Dansk Rørindustrie v Commission, cited in paragraph 32 above, paragraph 205).
      
      162   Moreover, the applicant claims that the Commission breached the principles of equal treatment and proportionality and that
         it did not take account of the Guidelines in calculating the fines, in that the applicant was penalised more severely than
         the ‘members of the inner circle’. However, as indicated in paragraph 88 above, the existence of the alleged ‘inner circle’
         has not been proved.
      
      163   Moreover, it must be pointed out that the applicant has not demonstrated that its conduct was ‘less serious’ than that of
         the other undertakings concerned.
      
      164   Finally, as far as the principle of equal treatment is concerned, it must be noted, in the light of the foregoing, that the
         application of the Guidelines in this case made it possible to ensure that both aspects of that principle were complied with.
         First, all the undertakings shared joint and comparable responsibility in that they all participated in a very serious infringement.
         Thus, initially, that responsibility was assessed by reference to factors peculiar to the infringement such as its nature
         and its impact on the market. The Commission then adjusted that assessment by reference to the circumstances peculiar to each
         of the undertakings concerned, including its size and capacities, the duration of its participation and its cooperation.
      
      165   It follows that the fifth part of the second plea must be rejected.
       The sixth part of the plea: the inappropriateness of exerting greater deterrence and the impossibility of paying the fine
       Arguments of the parties
      166   The applicant claims that the Commission breached essential procedural requirements and the principles of proportionality
         and equal treatment by not taking account of the fact that there was no reason to exert greater deterrence and that it had
         no means of paying the fine. 
      
      167   In the first place, the applicant maintains that the Commission breached the principle of proportionality and the principle
         of equal treatment by not considering whether less severe deterrent measures might be appropriate. The Commission should,
         as it did in other cases, have taken into consideration not only the applicant’s market share but also its overall size to
         ensure that the punishment was proportional and had a deterrent effect (Commission Decision 2002/742/EC of 5 December 2001
         relating to a proceeding pursuant to Article 81 of the EC Treaty and Article 53 of the EEA Agreement (Case No COMP/E-1/36.604
         – Citric acid) (OJ 2002 L 239, p. 18). The applicant states that it withdrew from the cartel in 1995, that it brought the
         infringement to an end as soon as the Commission intervened and that it was the first to cooperate with the Commission in
         the investigations. After that very costly experience, the applicant formed the firm intention to comply with the competition
         rules and it would therefore be pointless for more severe deterrent measures to be imposed. The applicant considers that the
         Commission could, in its case, validly contemplate imposing only a symbolic fine. It maintains that, consequently, the fine
         should be reduced. It fears that it has been the victim of the Commission’s eagerness to send a message, as reflected in the
         Commission’s press release (IP/01/1797), that small and medium-sized undertakings should entertain no illusion that their
         size will win them any kind of preferential treatment regarding fines. 
      
      168   Second, the applicant claims that the Commission should have taken account of its real ability to pay, in accordance with
         Section 5(b) of the Guidelines and the case-law (LR AF 1998 v Commission, cited in paragraph 87 above, paragraph 308). It claims to be in a very precarious financial situation. If it had to pay
         the fine, its chances of recovering and regaining a competitive position in the market would be entirely compromised. 
      
      169   The Commission, it says, admitted in its defence that, in response to requests from it, the applicant had sent it ‘financial
         statements that showed a weak financial position’. However, the Commission, first, criticised the applicant for not expressing
         its ‘concern as to the possibility to pay the fine’ and, second, stated that it could not evaluate the applicant’s real capacity
         to pay in the absence of comments from the applicant on that subject. The applicant replies that, when the Commission requested
         such documents, it did not ask it to comment on its capacity to pay. Moreover, the weakness of the applicant’s financial situation
         and its attempt to reduce its costs in general because of that situation were well known to the Commission. For example, on
         31 January 2001, the applicant sent the Commission translations of its provisional accounts for 2000, which showed a final
         negative pre-tax result of EUR 417 100. By letter of 31 January 2001, the Commission thanked the applicant for the annual
         accounts and assured it that they would ‘be taken into consideration in the final assessment’. 
      
      170   In response to the Commission’s argument that a reduction of the applicant’s fine because of its difficult financial situation
         would have the effect of giving it an unjustified competitive advantage, the applicant states that no such case arises here.
         The market has changed. It also states that its owners and management have changed and that the new owners and executives,
         who are no longer hampered by family ties, are in a position to take bold decisions regarding marketing and restructuring
         of the undertaking which would have been regarded as impossible by the previous owners and management. 
      
      171   The Commission contests the merits of the applicant’s arguments. It observes that the applicant made no reference to its inability
         to pay in a ‘specific social context’ within the meaning of the Guidelines and that it did not even provide information concerning
         the degree of profitability of the undertaking. Moreover, the applicant never expressed concern as to its ability to pay a
         fine.
      
       Findings of the Court
      172   As regards, first, the deterrent effect of the fine, it must be borne in mind that the purpose of the Commission’s power to
         impose fines is to enable it to carry out the task of supervision entrusted to it by Community law (Musique diffusion française and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 146 above, paragraph 105, and Archer Daniels Midland and Archer Daniels Midlands Ingredients v Commission, cited in paragraph 106 above, paragraph 105). That task includes the duty to punish individual infringements and the duty
         to pursue a general policy designed to apply, in competition matters, the principles laid down by the Treaty and to guide
         the conduct of undertakings in the light of those principles. It follows that the Commission must ensure that the fines have
         a deterrent effect (Archer Daniels Midland and Archer Daniels Midlands Ingredients v Commission, cited in paragraph 106 above, paragraphs 105 and 106). The deterrent effect of a fine imposed for infringement of the Community
         competition rules cannot be assessed by reference solely to the particular situation of the undertaking sanctioned (Archer Daniels Midland and Archer Daniels Midlands Ingredients v Commission, cited in paragraph 106 above, paragraph 110; see also Case 41/69 ACF Chemiefarma v Commission [1970] ECR 661, paragraphs 170 to 174).
      
      173   In this case, the fine of EUR 350 000 imposed on the applicant represents only 4.9% of its turnover. Such a fine cannot be
         regarded as disproportionate in relation to the applicant’s size or to the nature of the infringement. Moreover, the applicant
         has not established any breach of the principle of equal treatment in that regard (see paragraphs 149 to 165 above).
      
      174   Moreover, as regards the applicant’s assertion that the Commission should have imposed a ‘symbolic’ fine on it, it should
         be noted that, according to Section 5(d) of the Guidelines, the Commission must ‘reserve the right, in certain cases, to impose
         a ‘symbolic’ fine of [EUR] 1 000, which would not involve any calculation based on the duration of the infringement or any
         aggravating or attenuating circumstances’. The applicant has not shown why a symbolic fine would have been justified in this
         case. In view of the fact that it participated in a very serious infringement for more than four years, the Court considers
         that it would be very difficult to establish any such justification. Nor can the applicant’s cooperation in the procedure
         justify such a fine. As indicated in paragraph 139 above, the applicant has already received the maximum reduction of 50%
         in accordance with Section D(1) of the Leniency Notice. Moreover, the fact that the applicant intended to comply with the
         competition rules before the adoption of the contested decision does not constitute a sufficient reason for the Commission
         to confine itself to imposing a symbolic fine. It must be borne in mind, in that connection, that it is clear from the case-law
         that the deterrence of third parties, and not only of the undertaking concerned, is an important aim of Article 15(2) of Regulation
         No 17 (see the case-law cited in paragraph 172 above).
      
      175   As regards the applicant’s assertion that the Commission did not take sufficient account of its financial situation, it is
         relevant to point out that, according to settled case-law, the Commission is not required when determining the fine to take
         account of an undertaking’s financial losses since recognition of such an obligation would have the effect of conferring an
         unfair competitive advantage on the undertakings least well adapted to the conditions of the market (see LR AF 1998 v Commission, cited in paragraph 87 above, paragraph 308; Case T-9/99 HFB and Others v Commission [2002] ECR II-1487; and FETTCSA, paragraph 351, and the case-law cited).
      
      176   That case-law is not called in question by Section 5(b) of the Guidelines, which states that an undertaking’s real ability
         to pay must be taken into consideration. That ability applies only in a ‘specific social context’ consisting of the consequences
         which payment of the fine would have, in particular, by leading to an increase in unemployment or deterioration in the economic
         sectors upstream and downstream of the undertaking concerned (Tokai Carbon and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 126 above, paragraph 371). Although the applicant informed the Commission of its financial situation
         during the pre-litigation procedure, it did not invoke Section 5(b) of the Guidelines and it produced no information such
         as to enable the Commission to assess the abovementioned ‘specific social context’.
      
      177   Furthermore, the fact that a measure adopted by a Community authority brings about the insolvency or liquidation of a given
         undertaking is not as such prohibited by Community law (see, to that effect, Case 52/84 Commission v Belgium [1986] ECR 89, paragraph 14, and Case C‑499/99 Commission v Spain [2002] ECR I-6031, paragraph 38). Although the liquidation of an undertaking in its existing legal form may adversely affect
         the financial interests of the owners, investors or shareholders, it does not mean that the personal, tangible and intangible
         elements represented by the undertaking would also lose their value (Tokai Carbon and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 126 above, paragraph 372).
      
      178   For the sake of completeness, it must be pointed out that the applicant has not established any link of cause and effect between
         the contested decision and imposition of the fine, on the one hand, and its insolvency on the other. It is clear from the
         documents before the Court that the applicant was declared insolvent on 2 June 2003, that is to say almost 18 months after
         the date of the contested decision and one year after the agreement it concluded with the Commission under which it would
         pay only EUR 50 000 every six months with effect from 1 July 2002 (see the order in Waardals v Commission, cited in paragraph 20 above). Despite questions put by the Court on this issue at the hearing, the applicant provided no
         clarification regarding either the nature of its insolvency or the other debts which had played a role in its insolvency.
         It follows that it has not been established that the fine imposed in this case provoked the applicant’s insolvency.
      
      179   Finally, the applicant has not established that the Commission gave a commitment to reduce the fine having regard to its financial
         situation. The Commission stated in its letter of 31 January 2001 that it would take the applicant’s annual accounts for 2000
         into consideration in determining its individual liability. That certainly does not represent a commitment of the kind alleged
         by the applicant, but rather an intention on the Commission’s part to use the annual accounts in order to set the upper limit
         of 10% provided for by Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17.
      
      180   In view of the foregoing, the applicant’s last plea must be rejected.
      181   It follows that the application must be dismissed in its entirety.
       The requests for measures of organisation of procedure and measures of preparatory inquiry
      182   The applicant has asked the Court, by way of measures of organisation of procedure and of preparatory inquiry, to call and
         hear witnesses and to grant it access to the hearing report of 17 January 2001 drawn up by the Commission.
      
      183   The Commission opposes that request.
      184   The Court considers that, as there are no differences of opinion as to the course of the events in this case, that request
         should not be granted.
      
      185   It follows that the action must be dismissed in its entirety.
       Costs
      186   Under Article 87(2) of the Rules of Procedure, the unsuccessful party is to be ordered to pay the costs if they have been
         applied for in the successful party’s pleadings. Since the applicant has been unsuccessful, it must be ordered to pay the
         costs, including those of the application for interim measures, as claimed by the Commission in its pleadings.
      
      On those grounds,
      THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE (Fifth Chamber)
      hereby:
      1.      Dismisses the application;
      2.      Orders the applicant to pay the costs, including those of the application for interim measures.
      
               Lindh
            
            
               García-Valdecasas
            
            
               Cooke
            
         Delivered in open court in Luxembourg on 29 November 2005.
      
               Registrar 
            
             
            
                     President
            
         
               E. Coulon 
            
             
            
                     P. Lindh
            
         
      Table of contents
      
      Facts
      Procedure and forms of order sought
      Law
      1. 1. The first plea: erroneous assessment of the facts and of evidence in applying Article 15(2) Regulation No 17
      The first part: the duration of the applicant’s participation in the infringement and its withdrawal from the cartel
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      The second part: errors of assessment of the facts and of evidence concerning the applicant and its role in the cartel
      The first complaint, concerning changes in the applicant’s situation since the start of the investigations
      – Arguments of the parties
      – Findings of the Court
      The second complaint, concerning the applicant’s influence on the relevant market
      – Arguments of the parties
      – Findings of the Court
      The third complaint: the applicant was not an instigator of the infringement
      – Arguments of the parties
      – Findings of the Court
      The fourth complaint: the applicant was not a full member of the cartel
      – Arguments of the parties
      – Findings of the Court
      The fifth plea: the applicant immediately brought the infringement to an end
      – Arguments of the parties
      – Findings of the Court
      2. The second plea: miscalculation of the amount of the fine and breach of general principles
      The first part of the plea: the gravity of the infringement and differential treatment
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      The second part: the duration of the infringement
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      The third part of the plea: misapplication of the concept of aggravating circumstances and failure to take account of attenuating
         circumstances
      
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      The fourth part of the plea: misapplication of the Leniency Notice
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      The fifth part of the plea: breach of the principles of equal treatment and proportionality
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      The sixth part of the plea: the inappropriateness of exerting greater deterrence and the impossibility of paying the fine
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      The requests for measures of organisation of procedure and measures of preparatory inquiry
      Costs
      
      * Language of the case: English.