CELEX: 62002TJ0303
Language: en
Date: 2006-12-05
Title: Judgment of the Court of First Instance (Fifth Chamber) of 5 December 2006. # Westfalen Gassen Nederland BV v Commission of the European Communities. # Competition - Cartels - Dutch market for industrial and medical gases - Price fixing - Proof of participation in the cartel - Proof of distancing - Principles of non-discrimination and proportionality - Calculation of fines. # Case T-303/02.

Case T-303/02
      Westfalen Gassen Nederland BV
      v
      Commission of the European Communities
      (Competition − Cartels − Netherlands market for industrial and medical gases − Price fixing − Proof of participation in the
         cartel – Proof of distancing – Principles of non-discrimination and proportionality – Calculation of fines)
      
      Judgment of the Court of First Instance (Fifth Chamber), 5 December 2006 
      Summary of the Judgment
      1.     Competition – Agreements, decisions and concerted practices – Prejudicial to competition – Criteria for assessment 
      (Art. 81(1) EC)
      2.     Competition – Agreements, decisions and concerted practices – Participation of an undertaking in an anti-competitive initiative
            
      (Art. 81(1) EC)
      3.     Competition – Agreements, decisions and concerted practices – Proof 
      (Art. 81(1) EC)
      4.     Competition – Agreements, decisions and concerted practices – Concerted practice – Concept 
      (Art. 81(1) EC)
      5.     Competition – Agreements, decisions and concerted practices – Concerted practice – Concept 
      (Art. 81(1) EC)
      6.     Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Criteria – Duration of the infringement
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2))
      7.     Competition – Fines – Assessment by reference to the individual conduct of the undertaking
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2))
      8.     Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2))
      9.     Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination 
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2); Commission Notice 96/C 207/04; Commission Notice 98/C 9/03)
      10.   Procedure – Time-limit for producing evidence
      (Rules of Procedure of the Court of First Instance, Arts 44(1)(e), 48(1), and 66(2))
      1.     For the purposes of applying Article 81(1) EC, it is sufficient that the object of an agreement should be to restrict, prevent
         or distort competition irrespective of the actual effects of that agreement. Consequently, in the case of agreements reached
         at meetings of competing undertakings, that provision is infringed where those meetings have such an object and are thus intended
         to organise artificially the operation of the market.
      
      (see para. 75)
      2.     It is sufficient for the Commission to show that the undertaking concerned participated in meetings at which anti-competitive
         agreements were concluded, without manifestly opposing them, to prove to the requisite standard that the undertaking participated
         in the cartel. Where participation in such meetings has been established, it is for that undertaking to put forward evidence
         to establish that its participation in those meetings was without any anti-competitive intention by demonstrating that it
         had indicated to its competitors that it was participating in those meetings in a spirit that was different from theirs.
      
      The reason underlying that principle of law is that, having participated in the meeting without publicly distancing itself
         from what was discussed, the undertaking gave the other participants to believe that it subscribed to what was decided there
         and would comply with it.
      
      The notion of public distancing as a means of excluding liability must, in itself, be interpreted narrowly. 
      In that regard, silence by an operator in a meeting during which the parties colluded unlawfully on a precise question of
         pricing policy is not tantamount to an expression of firm and unambiguous disapproval. On the other hand, a party which tacitly
         approves of an unlawful initiative, without publicly distancing itself from its content or reporting it to the administrative
         authorities, effectively encourages the continuation of the infringement and compromises its discovery. That complicity constitutes
         a passive mode of participation in the infringement which is therefore capable of rendering the undertaking liable.
      
      (see para. 76-77, 103, 124)
      3.     Since the prohibition on participating in anti-competitive agreements and the penalties which offenders may incur are well
         known, it is normal for the activities which those practices and those agreements entail to take place in a clandestine fashion,
         for meetings to be held in secret, most frequently in a non-member country, and for the associated documentation to be reduced
         to a minimum. Even if the Commission discovers evidence explicitly showing unlawful contact between traders, such as the minutes
         of a meeting, it will normally be only fragmentary and sparse, so that it is often necessary to reconstitute certain details
         by deduction.
      
      In most cases, the existence of an anti-competitive practice or agreement must be inferred from a number of coincidences and
         indicia which, taken together, may, in the absence of another plausible explanation, constitute evidence of an infringement
         of the competition rules.
      
      (see paras 106-107)
      4.     A ‘concerted practice’ constitutes a form of coordination between undertakings which, without having reached the stage where
         an agreement properly so-called has been concluded, knowingly substitutes practical cooperation between them for the risks
         of competition. The criteria of coordination and cooperation, far from requiring the elaboration of an actual ‘plan’, must
         be understood in the light of the concept inherent in the Treaty provisions relating to competition, according to which each
         economic operator must determine independently the policy which he intends to adopt on the common market. Although that requirement
         of independence does not deprive economic operators of the right to adapt themselves intelligently to the existing and anticipated
         conduct of their competitors, it strictly precludes any direct or indirect contact between such operators with the object
         or effect either to influence the conduct on the market of an actual or potential competitor or to disclose to such a competitor
         the course of conduct which they themselves have decided to adopt or contemplate adopting on the market.
      
      (see para. 121)
      5.     As is clear from the very terms of Article 81(1) EC, a concerted practice implies, besides undertakings’ concerting together,
         conduct on the market pursuant to those collusive practices and a relationship of cause and effect between the two. Subject
         to proof to the contrary, which it is for the economic operators concerned to adduce, there must be a presumption that the
         undertakings participating in concerting arrangements and remaining active on the market take account of the information exchanged
         with their competitors when determining their conduct on that market.
      
      (see para. 132)
      6.     To calculate the duration of an infringement whose object is to restrict competition, it is necessary merely to determine
         the period during which the agreement existed, that is, the time between the date on which it was entered into and the date
         on which it was terminated.
      
      (see para. 138)
      7.     Where an undertaking has acted in breach of Article 81(1) EC, it cannot escape being penalised altogether on the ground that
         another trader has not been fined, when that trader’s circumstances are not even the subject of proceedings before the Court.
      
      (see para. 141)
      8.     When fixing the amount of each fine imposed for breach of the Community competition rules, the Commission has a discretion
         and cannot be considered obliged to apply a precise mathematical formula for that purpose. Its assessment, however, must be
         conducted in accordance with Community law, which includes not only the provisions of the Treaty but also the general principles
         of law.
      
      In that regard, the principle of equal treatment is infringed only where comparable situations are treated differently or
         different situations are treated in the same way, unless such difference in treatment is objectively justified.
      
      Assessment of the proportionate nature of the fine imposed with regard to the gravity and duration of an infringement, the
         criteria referred to in Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17, falls within the unlimited jurisdiction conferred on the Court
         of First Instance by Article 17 of that regulation.
      
      (see paras 151-153)
      9.     The Commission is not required, when assessing fines in accordance with the gravity and duration of the infringement in question,
         to ensure, where fines are imposed on a number of undertakings involved in the same infringement, that the final amounts of
         the fines resulting from its calculations for the undertakings concerned reflect any distinction between them in terms of
         their overall turnover or their relevant turnover.
      
      In that regard, Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 likewise does not require that, where fines are imposed on several undertakings
         involved in the same infringement, the fine imposed on a small or medium-sized undertaking must not be greater, as a percentage
         of turnover, than those imposed on the larger undertakings. It is clear from that provision that, both for small or medium-sized
         undertakings and for larger undertakings, account must be taken, in determining the amount of the fine, of the gravity and
         duration of the infringement. Where the Commission imposes on undertakings involved in a single infringement fines which are
         justified, for each of them, by reference to the gravity and duration of the infringement, it cannot be criticised on the
         ground that, for some of them, the amount of the fine is greater, by reference to turnover, than that imposed on other undertakings.
      
      The Commission’s findings as to the duration of the infringement, the aggravating or attenuating circumstances and the degree
         to which an undertaking involved in the cartel cooperated, are linked to the individual conduct of the undertaking in question,
         but not to its market share or turnover.
      
      In those circumstances, the final amount of the fine is not, in principle, an appropriate factor in assessing the possible
         lack of proportionality of the fine as regards the importance of the undertakings involved in the cartel.
      
      Conversely, the starting amount of the fine may be a relevant factor in assessing the possible lack of proportionality of
         the fine as regards the importance of the participants in the cartel.
      
      (see paras 173-174, 176-178)
      10.   Under Article 44(1)(e) and Article 48(1) of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of First Instance, the application must contain,
         where appropriate, offers of evidence, and the parties may offer further evidence in support of their arguments in reply or
         rejoinder, provided that they give reasons for the delay in offering it. Thus, evidence in rebuttal and the amplification
         of the offers of evidence submitted in response to evidence in rebuttal from the opposite party in his defence are not covered
         by the time-bar laid down in Article 48(1) of the Rules of Procedure. That provision concerns offers of fresh evidence and
         must be read in the light of Article 66(2), which expressly provides that evidence may be submitted in rebuttal and previous
         evidence may be amplified.
      
      (see para. 189)
JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE (Fifth Chamber)
      5 December 2006 (*)
      
      (Competition − Cartels − Netherlands market for industrial and medical gases − Price fixing − Proof of participation in the
         cartel – Proof of distancing – Principles of non-discrimination and proportionality – Calculation of fines)
      
      In Case T‑303/02,
      Westfalen Gassen Nederland BV, established in Deventer (Netherlands), represented by M. Essers and M. Custers, lawyers,
      
      applicant,
      v
      Commission of the European Communities, represented by A. Bouquet, acting as Agent,
      
      defendant,
      APPLICATION for partial annulment of Commission Decision 2003/207/EC of 24 July 2002 relating to a proceeding pursuant to
         Article 81 of the EC Treaty (Case COMP/E-3/36.700 — Industrial and medical gases) (OJ 2003 L 84, p. 1) and, in the alternative,
         for a reduction in the fine imposed on the applicant,
      
      THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES (Fifth Chamber),
      composed of M. Vilaras, President, F. Dehousse and D. Šváby, Judges,
      Registrar: J. Plingers, Administrator,
      having regard to the written procedure and further to the hearing on 4 April 2006,
      gives the following
      Judgment
       Background
       Facts
      1       Westfalen Gassen Nederland BV (‘the applicant’ or ‘Westfalen’) is an undertaking active on the Dutch market for industrial
         and medical gases since 1989.
      
      2       In December 1997 and in the course of 1998, the Commission undertook investigations pursuant to Article 14(2) and (3) of Council
         Regulation No 17 of 6 February 1962, First Regulation implementing Articles [81] and [82] of the Treaty (OJ, English Special
         Edition 1959-1962, p. 87) at the premises of the applicant and of various companies also active on the market for industrial
         and medical gases, in this case AGA Gas BV (‘AGA’), Air Liquide BV, Air Products Nederland BV, Boc Gases Benelux (‘BOC’),
         Hydrogas Holland BV and Messer Nederland BV (‘Messer’).
      
      3       After addressing requests for information to the above companies pursuant to Article 11 of Regulation No 17, on 9 July 2001
         the Commission sent a statement of objections to eight undertakings operating in the sector in question, including the applicant.
      
      4       In its reply, the applicant disputed the facts set out in the statement of objections. Following the liquidation of AGA Gas,
         its parent company, AGA AB, replied on the substance of the statement of objections on behalf of its former subsidiary and
         expressly stated that it was prepared to accept responsibility for the infringements committed by its subsidiary. 
      
      5       Following the oral hearing with the undertakings concerned, the Commission adopted Decision 2003/207/EC of 24 July 2002 relating
         to a proceeding pursuant to Article 81 EC (Case COMP/E-3/36.700 – Industrial and medical gases) (OJ 2003 L 84, p. 1, ‘the
         Decision’). 
      
      6       The Decision was notified to the applicant on 26 July 2002 and sent to AGA AB as successor in title to AGA Gas.
       The contested decision
      7       In the Decision, the Commission states that it collected evidence of collusion between competitors operating in the industrial
         and medical gases sector in the Netherlands during the period inter alia 1993 to 1997 (recital 331).
      
      8       It thus took the view (recital 393) that the applicant had taken part in the following agreements/concerted practices:
      –       fixing price increases from October 1994 until December 1995; 
      –       fixing moratorium periods (non-competition periods) from October 1994 until December 1995; 
      –       fixing minimum prices from March 1994 until December 1995.
      9       As regards, first, the price increases, the Commission points out that a first discussion on price increases for cylinder
         gases regarding 1995 took place on 14 October 1994, at the meeting of the Vereniging van Fabrikanten van Industriële Gassen
         (‘VFIG’), which groups together the undertakings which produce and sell industrial gases in the Netherlands. This meeting
         was attended by AGA, Air Liquide, Air Products, BOC, Hoek Loos, Hydrogas, Messer, Nederlandse Technische Gasmaatschappij (‘NTG’)
         and the applicant (recital 136).
      
      10     In order to prove the anti-competitive object of that meeting, the institution refers, inter alia, to the content of handwritten
         notes dated 17 October 1994 found at AGA’s premises or provided by that undertaking.
      
      11     The Commission contends, next, that those price increases for cylinder gases regarding 1995 were fixed in detail by AGA, Air
         Liquide, Air Products, BOC, Hoek Loos, Messer and Westfalen at the VFIG meeting held on 18 November 1994 and bases that finding
         on two handwritten tables, one submitted by AGA (‘Table 1’), the other found at Air Products’ premises (‘Table 2’) (recitals
         139 to 141).
      
      12     According to the Commission, Table 1 of 21 November 1994 inter alia lists for Hoek Loos, AGA, Messer, Air Liquide, Air Products,
         BOC and the applicant the percentage of price increases for cylinder gases for 1995. 
      
      13     As regards Table 2, which again shows price increases, the Commission states that it seems to refer to the same meeting, although
         not all items in the two tables are identical. The Commission points out that Air Products at first believed that the table
         had been drawn up in a meeting with competitors held in 1995, but later agreed that it could refer to the VFIG meeting held
         in November 1994.
      
      14     The Commission explains that, in its reply to the statement of objections, the applicant stated that it had never been an
         active participant in these meetings and that it had not been aware that such issues as price increases were being discussed
         as these topics were not mentioned on the agenda of the meetings (recital 145).
      
      15     As regards, secondly, fixing moratorium periods, the Commission contends that, at the VFIG meetings of 14 October and 18 November
         1994, price increases for 1995 were discussed and agreed between AGA, Hoek Loos, Air Liquide, Air Products, Messer, BOC and
         the applicant in combination with a moratorium period from 1 December 1994 to 31 January 1995. The institution refers, in
         that regard, to AGA’s handwritten notes, referred to in paragraph 10 above, and Tables 1 and 2, indicating a moratorium period
         of two months in which those increases were to be implemented (recitals 168 to 171).
      
      16     The Commission points out that, in its reply to the statement of objections, the applicant argues that the Commission did
         not show that by its own action it had entered into an agreement with its competitors on a moratorium period at the end of
         1994 at the two VFIG meetings (recital 172).
      
      17     As regards, thirdly, the fixing of minimum prices, the Commission contends that the undertakings concerned agreed successive
         lists of minimum prices for cylinder gases and that the main purpose of the lists was to set thresholds when competing for
         the same client (recital 189).
      
      18     The Commission states that at the VFIG meetings of 17 March and 14 October 1994 ‘price scales’ and ‘minimum prices’ for cylinder
         gases for small customers were discussed with a view to an agreement at least between the applicant, Messer, Air Liquide,
         Hoek Loos and Air Products, having noted that the latter four undertakings had already come to an agreement on a system of
         bottom prices for cylinder gases in October 1990 (recitals 194 and 205).
      
      19     According to the Commission, handwritten notes found at AGA’s premises mention that ‘price scales’ were again discussed in
         the VFIG meetings of March and October 1994 and that in the latter meeting Hoek Loos presented a price scale for cylinder
         gases, whereas the handwritten notes dated 17 October 1994 confirm that ‘minimum prices’ were discussed at the October meeting
         (recital 206).
      
      20     The Commission again points out that the list of prices for small cylinder customers was also found at the premises of three
         companies, that is, at the applicant’s, in a file marked VFIG 1995, at Air Liquide’s, in a file marked VFIG 1994, and at Messer’s.
         The three copies of the list feature an identical printed minimum price list dated October 1994 and entitled ‘price list for
         small cylinder customers’ and that found at Messer’s premises also features a handwritten price list that was added in 1996.
         The Commission adds that the fact that these companies kept this proposal in their files for a number of years means that
         the list was important to them (recitals 207 and 208).
      
      21     In the Decision, it is stated that in its reply to the statement of objections the applicant stated that it did not know how
         the list came into its possession and that it was extremely likely that it was handed out to it at the VFIG meeting of 14
         October 1994 but that this did not imply, however, that the applicant actually agreed on the prices mentioned on the list
         (recital 212).
      
      22     The Commission’s overall reply to the applicant’s denials are set out in recital 351 of the Decision, as follows:
      ‘The Commission notes that the fact that Air Liquide and [the applicant] participated in several meetings, and that the object
         of these meetings was to restrict competition, is confirmed by the documentary evidence in the Commission’s file. The finding
         that the behaviour described constitutes agreements within the meaning of Article 81(1) [EC] is not altered even if it is
         established that one or more participants had no intention to implement the joint intentions expressed by them. Having regard
         to the manifestly anti-competitive nature of the meetings at which intentions were expressed, the undertakings concerned,
         by taking part without publicly distancing themselves, gave the other participants the impression that they subscribed to
         what was discussed and would act in conformity with it. The notion of “agreement” is objective in nature. The actual motives
         (and hidden intentions) which underlay the behaviour adopted are irrelevant.’
      
      23     The Decision includes the following provisions: 
      ‘Article 1
      AGA AB, Air Liquide BV, [Air Products], [BOC], [Messer], Hoek Loos [NV], [Westfalen] have infringed Article 81(1) [EC] by
         participating in a continuing agreement and/or concerted practice in the sector of industrial and medical gases in the Netherlands.
      
      The duration of the infringement was as follows:
      –       AGA AB: from September 1993 until December 1997,
      –       Air Liquide BV: from September 1993 until December 1997,
      –       [Air Products]: from September 1993 until December 1997,
      –       [BOC]: from June 1994 until December 1995,
      –       [Messer]: from September 1993 until December 1997,
      –       Hoek Loos [NV]: from September 1993 until December 1997,
      –       [Westfalen]: from March 1994 until December 1995.
      … 
      Article 3
      For the infringement referred to in Article 1, the following fines are imposed:
      –       AGA AB: EUR 4.15 million,
      –       Air Liquide BV: EUR 3.64 million,
      –       [Air Products]: EUR 2.73 million,
      –       [BOC]: EUR 1.17 million,
      –       [Messer]: EUR 1 million,
      –       Hoek Loos [NV]: EUR 12.6 million,
      –       [Westfalen]: EUR 0.43 million.’ 
      24     In calculating the basic amount of the fines, the Commission applied, in the Decision, the method set out in the Guidelines
         on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 and Article 65(5) of the [CS] Treaty
         (OJ 1998 C 9, p. 3, ‘the Guidelines’) and Notice 96/C 207/04 on the non-imposition or reduction of fines in cartel cases (OJ
         1996 C 207, p. 4, ‘the Leniency Notice’). 
      
      25     Accordingly, the basic amount of the fine, determined according to the gravity and duration of the infringement, was fixed
         in respect of the applicant at EUR 0.51 million (recital 438).
      
      26     The Commission took the view that Westfalen played an exclusively passive role in the infringements and did not participate
         in all the different aspects of the infringement and that those attenuating circumstances justified a decrease of 15% in the
         basic amount of the fine to be imposed; the latter was thus reduced to EUR 0.43 million (recital 442).
      
      27     The applicant did not, however, receive any reduction under the Leniency Notice.
       Procedure and forms of order sought by the parties
      28     By application lodged at the Registry of the Court of First Instance on 4 October 2002, the applicant brought the present
         action.
      
      29     After the application was brought, the Commission considered that it had made an error in its assessment concerning the duration
         of the infringement which that undertaking was alleged to have committed. It thus admitted in the defence to having wrongly
         established the date of March 1994 as being the starting date of the infringement imputed to the applicant.
      
      30     Consequently, on 9 April 2003 the Commission adopted Decision 2003/355/EC amending the Decision (OJ 2003 L 123, p. 49).
      31     Thus, it is now stated in Article 1 of the Decision, as amended, that the applicant infringed Article 81 EC by participating
         in a continuing agreement and/or concerted practice in the sector of industrial and medical gases in the Netherlands from
         October 1994 until December 1995. Article 3 of the Decision, as amended, provides for a reduction in the fine from EUR 0.43
         million to EUR 0.41 million.
      
      32     Upon hearing the Report of the Judge-Rapporteur, the Court of First Instance (Fifth Chamber) decided to open the oral procedure
         and, by way of measures of organisation of procedure provided for in Article 64 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of
         First Instance, requested the Commission to lodge a document.
      
      33     The parties presented oral argument and their replies to the questions put by the Court at the hearing on 4 April 2006.
      34     The applicant claims that the Court should: 
      –       principally, annul Articles 1 and 3 of the Decision imposing a fine on it of EUR 0.43 million for breach of Article 81 EC;
      –       in the alternative, annul Article 1 of the Decision and reduce the fine significantly;
      –       order the Commission to pay the costs.
      35     In the reply, the applicant states that its alternative application must be understood as an application for an annulment
         in part of Article 1 of the Decision with a view to obtaining a significant reduction in the fine imposed on it by Article
         3 of that Decision. It also requests the Court to hear under oath Mr P. van den Heuij, who participated in VFIG meetings as
         the director of an undertaking active in the sector in question and whose statement is annexed to the application.
      
      36     The Commission contends that the Court should: 
      –       dismiss the application for oral testimony;
      –       dismiss the application;
      –       order the applicant to pay the costs.
       The application for the annulment of Articles 1 and 3 of the Decision
       Arguments of the parties
      37     As a preliminary point, the applicant states that it disputed the facts set out in the statement of objections and that it
         also disputes those on which the Decision is based.
      
      38     It claims that the Commission failed to show, to the requisite legal standard, that it participated in an agreement and/or
         concerted practice and that the defendant was thereby in breach of the duty to give reasons provided for in Article 253 EC.
         The applicant also alleges that the Commission infringed the principle of equal treatment.
      
      39     The applicant submits that it joined the VFIG, created on 23 March 1989, only in July 1994 and that it attended its first
         meeting of that association on 14 October 1994. According to the applicant, by basing its reasoning on that participation
         in the meeting of 14 October 1994 and that of 18 November of the same year, the Commission wrongly attributes to it anti-competitive
         behaviour on three counts, namely fixing price increases, fixing moratorium periods and setting minimum prices.
      
       Fixing price increases
      40     The applicant argues, first of all, that at the two meetings of 14 October and 18 November 1994 it refused to participate
         in a concerted price increase for 1995. It states that, at the VFIG meeting of 14 October 1994, it was surprised to hear the
         topic of price increases addressed which did not appear on the agenda, and expressed its surprise.
      
      41     At each meeting, it refused to say whether there would be a price increase and, if there were, whether it would be of 5% or
         6%, since it had not yet at that time determined its prices for 1995 and its parent company, Westfalen AG, had necessarily
         to be consulted on that subject. The applicant claims to have said that while it was not itself opposed to price increases
         it did not approve of a cartel and that, being in favour of putting pressure on prices, it intended to adapt its policy to
         the market independently. 
      
      42     Those statements can only be considered to be cautious and vague. The applicant did not give any indication of its future
         commercial policy, leaving the other undertakings in doubt as to what its behaviour on the market in 1995 would be.
      
      43     The reality of that rejection of an anti-competitive agreement is confirmed by the statements of Mr Nordkamp, who represented
         the applicant at the meetings in question, and those of Mr van den Heuij, a member of NTG, who was also present at those meetings.
         The applicant maintains that Mr van den Heuij did not have the least personal interest in making that statement and that there
         is thus no reason to doubt its sincerity. In the light of the Commission’s contention, which merely claims that the statement
         at issue is devoid of any credibility, the applicant requests that the Court hear Mr van den Heuij under oath. 
      
      44     Further, contrary to the Commission’s claims, there is no contradiction between the applicant’s statements in reply to the
         statement of objections and those made in the course of these proceedings.
      
      45     Secondly, the applicant argues that the documents on which the Commission bases its findings have no evidential value.
      46     Thus, it is not at all certain that Tables 1 and 2 relate to the meeting of 14 October or that of 18 November 1994. 
      47     The two tables in issue are also inconsistent. While Table 1 refers to a price increase by the applicant in the region of
         ‘5-6%’, Table 2 indicates an increase of over 6%. This inconsistency is all the more striking in that, for the other undertakings,
         the percentages indicated in the two documents are the same.
      
      48     The two tables appear to be contradictory in relation to the question of rental rates and transport costs. While it is apparent
         from Table 1 that the applicant was not even informed of the agreements entered into in that regard, Table 2 indicates that
         the applicant concluded an agreement on the renting of cylinders. The amounts referred to in the two tables under rental prices
         are not the same either. It is moreover not inconceivable that the words ‘WF was not informed?? Not accepted??’, appearing
         in AGA’s handwritten notes dated 17 October 1994, were not limited merely to the rental and transport costs but related to
         all the questions addressed during the meeting in question.
      
      49     The applicant maintains that, even if the two tables do concern the meetings of 14 October and 18 November 1994, it may be
         inferred from them that the other operators did not have a precise idea of the applicant’s pricing policy and that it had
         thus made particularly vague statements at those meetings.
      
      50     The Commission merely reproduced, as a matter of convenience, what the other participants had noted with regard to the applicant
         without taking note of the reservations with which the applicant had qualified its statements. It also did not seek to explain
         the differences, even though those differences were accepted in recital 141, between the figures contained in the two tables;
         the Decision is not sufficiently reasoned in this regard.
      
      51     Those differences can be explained by the fact that the data contained in those tables merely reflects the wishes of their
         authors and not a price increase decided on by the applicant. That explanation is supported by other documents from undertakings
         which attended VFIG meetings and in which the applicant’s name was mentioned even though it did not participate in those meetings.
      
      52     The applicant argues that, at various times during the currency of the cartel, its participants mentioned the applicant’s
         name in connection with the VFIG meetings which it did not attend and the Commission was right not to use those statements.
         Even though Tables 1 and 2 relate specifically to those erroneous allegations, the defendant took them into account without
         the least hesitation. In any event, those handwritten notes corresponding to Tables 1 and 2 are in very summary form and cannot
         be taken to be a full note of the content of the meetings.
      
       Fixing the moratorium periods
      53     The applicant argues that, at the VFIG meetings of 14 October and 18 November 1994, it took part in discussions relating to
         the implementation of a moratorium, but with the object of stating its opposition to that measure, and received on those occasions
         the support of other small operators. By way of proof, it refers again to Mr van den Heuij’s explicit statement.
      
      54     Tables 1 and 2, which lack consistency and can only reflect the conduct expected of the applicant by the other undertakings,
         are not at odds with the way the meetings developed, as described in the previous paragraph. 
      
      55     While it is aware that the fact of not complying with the terms of an anti-competitive agreement does not preclude an infringement
         of Article 81(1) EC, the applicant submits that during the moratorium it contacted various customers of competing undertakings
         and provided evidence of this to the Commission.
      
       Fixing minimum prices 
      56     The applicant contends that it did not take part in any discussion on minimum prices at the meeting of March 1994, let alone
         enter into an agreement, since it did not attend that meeting. It adds that it also did not take part in any discussion on
         minimum prices at the meeting of 14 October 1994, as AGA’s handwritten notes of that meeting do not show that the applicant
         was present at that meeting or that it entered into an agreement. Paragraphs 132 and 133 of the statement of objections even
         confirm that the small operators, such as the applicant, made a stand at the VFIG meetings.
      
      57     The fact that a list of minimum prices was found at the applicant’s premises is of no significance at all. The applicant states
         that it merely said that it was quite possible that that list was distributed to it at the meeting of 14 October 1994 but
         not, as the Commission claims, that it was very likely that the list was handed over to it directly at that meeting. The mere
         fact of having such a document in its possession does not prove in any way that the applicant was party either to an agreement
         on those minimum prices or to a possible discussion on that subject. The Commission was correct not to set any store by other
         information received by the applicant which it had not asked for.
      
      58     Finally, the applicant submits that the fact that an undertaking participates in a discussion on coordination of conduct on
         the market does not constitute a breach of the prohibition on cartels where it is apparent that that undertaking actually
         made a stand against such coordination (C‑49/92 P Commission v Anic Partecipazioni [1999] ECR I‑4125, paragraphs 94 to 96). 
      
      59     The applicant maintains that, in the light of the conduct which it adopted in the VFIG meetings of 14 October and 18 November
         1994, it should be considered to have distanced itself publicly from what was discussed at those meetings in the sense required
         by the case-law (Case T-9/99 HFB and Others v Commission [2002] ECR II-1487, paragraph 223). According to the applicant, a person who distances himself from what is said at a meeting
         necessarily takes part in the discussion, but that does not mean that by doing so it infringes the prohibition on cartels.
         In that respect, the Commission contradicts itself, as it admits that participation in an official meeting does not in itself
         constitute participation in a cartel. In addition, case-law does not, contrary to what the Commission suggests, require that
         evidence of distancing be adduced by way of a document contemporaneous with the infringement or that that evidence come only
         from the participants to the cartel. 
      
      60     The applicant’s attitude can be readily explained by its situation on the market in question, namely that of a relatively
         small operator which recently entered the market but which managed to develop its turnover by way of a dynamic commercial
         policy. The participants in the cartel and the Commission itself (recital 78) recognise that the applicant played a role of
         ‘destroyer’ of prices. In such a context, the applicant therefore had no interest in being bound by an agreement on price
         increases.
      
      61     The applicant argues that its attitude of open opposition, combined with that of other small operators, had the effect of
         making the large operators pursue their unlawful negotiations outside the confines of the VFIG meetings and when those small
         operators were not there. The applicant thus ought to be regarded as a ‘cartel-breaker’ and not as an undertaking which contributed
         passively to a cartel. Further, while the situation referred to above is described in paragraph 132 of the statement of objections,
         the Commission no longer mentions this in the Decision, which, in that respect, is insufficiently reasoned. 
      
      62     The Commission points out that the applicant does not dispute the fact of having participated in the cartel meetings of 14
         October and 18 November 1994 nor that the object of those meetings was to restrict competition. While participation in the
         VFIG meetings is not in itself tantamount to participation in meetings of a collusive nature, that still does not mean that,
         whether in the course of or at the fringes of those official meetings, no agreement was entered into.
      
      63     The Commission states that it is clear from the case-law that the fact that an undertaking participates, albeit not actively,
         in meetings with members of a cartel means that it will be liable for the infringement, unless it publicly distanced itself
         from what was discussed at that meeting (HFB and Others v Commission, paragraph 59 above, paragraph 223).
      
      64     In Commission v Anic Partecipazioni, paragraph 58 above, relied on by the applicant, the Court stated that it is for any person alleging that it distanced himself
         to provide evidence of this. In this case, however, the applicant furnished no such evidence.
      
      65     The defendant objects to the request for Mr van den Heuij to be heard by the Court, in that the request is out of time, since
         the applicant disregarded Article 48 of the Rules of Procedure by failing to give reasons for the delay in offering evidence.
         Furthermore, that testimony could bring nothing to the hearing and is therefore unnecessary. 
      
       The duration of the infringement
      66     In the application, the applicant argues that the Decision was not correct as to the duration of the infringement established
         by the Commission, since the applicant was not present at the VFIG meeting of March 1994. In the reply, it states that it
         took note of the Commission’s recognition of its mistake in relation to the starting date of the infringement, now fixed at
         October and not March 1994. 
      
      67     The Commission takes the view that the applicant’s argument as to the duration of the infringement is completely irrelevant,
         since, in accordance with the Guidelines, it has taken the rectification of the duration of the infringement into account
         and reduced the fine.
      
       Infringement of the principle of equal treatment 
      68     The applicant claims that the Commission infringed the principle of equal treatment in its assessment of the small operators’
         participation, and did so in finding that the applicant alone infringed the prohibition on cartels and not NTG and Hydrogas,
         which participated in several meetings during which unlawful agreements were discussed. The reasoning of the Decision is seriously
         insufficient on that point.
      
      69     The Commission contends that the arguments as to the alleged infringement of the principle of equal treatment, which in fact
         concern the application for the reduction in the fine, are unfounded.
      
      70     NTG’s involvement is plainly different from that of the applicant; that undertaking also managed to show, in its reply to
         the statement of objections, that it was not liable. Hydrogas’s situation cannot be compared to the applicant’s, since the
         Commission did not even send Hydrogas a statement of objections in the absence of indicia of unlawful conduct. The Commission
         goes on to say that participation in the official VFIG meetings does not in itself constitute participation in a cartel meeting
         and it did not have, as was the case for the applicant, evidence of NTG’s and Hydrogas’s participation in the price increases,
         moratoria or minimum prices. 
      
      71     The Commission contends that, even if the other companies were inappropriately excluded from the investigation, the applicant’s
         situation remains the same. The fact that an advantage may have been conferred inappropriately does not mean that the applicant
         is entitled to obtain a reduction in its own fine if that fine has been lawfully set (Case T‑43/92 Dunlop Slazenger v Commission [1994] ECR II‑441, paragraph 176, and Case T‑23/99 LR AF 1998 v Commission [2002] ECR II‑1705, paragraph 367).
      
       Findings of the Court
       Preliminary observations 
      72     The applicant claims that the Commission failed to show to the requisite legal standard that it participated in an agreement
         and/or concerted practice and that ‘by acting in this way, the Commission also infringed the principle of stating reasons
         under Article 253 EC’. The applicant submits more particularly that there is a lack of reasons for the differences identified
         between the figures in Tables 1 and 2, its role as ‘cartel-breaker’ and the particular way in which it was treated as compared
         with the other two small operators. It is clear from the above formulation and the content of the applicant’s argument that
         the complaint raised is not, strictly speaking, directed at a failure to state reasons or sufficient reasons constituting
         an infringement of essential procedural requirements within the meaning of Article 230 EC. The complaint in question in fact
         indissociable from the criticism of the merits of the Decision and thus the substance of that act, which is claimed to be
         unlawful given the Commission’s failure to prove a breach of Article 81 EC and its infringement of the principle of equal
         treatment.
      
       The applicant’s claim to have distanced itself publicly
      73     The applicant argues that the Commission did not prove to the requisite legal standard any infringement of Article 81(1) EC
         on the part of the applicant.
      
      74     In that regard, it should be recalled that, where there is a dispute as to the existence of an infringement of the competition
         rules, it is incumbent on the Commission to prove the infringements found by it and to adduce evidence capable of demonstrating
         to the requisite legal standard the existence of the facts constituting an infringement (Case C-185/95 P Baustahlgewebe v Commission [1998] ECR I-8417, paragraph 58). 
      
      75     For the purposes of applying Article 85(1) EC, it is sufficient that the object of an agreement should be to restrict, prevent
         or distort competition irrespective of the actual effects of that agreement. Consequently, in the case of agreements reached
         at meetings of competing undertakings, that provision is infringed where those meetings have such an object and are thus intended
         to organise artificially the operation of the market (Joined Cases C‑189/02 P, C‑202/02 P, C‑205/02 P to C‑208/02 P and C‑213/02 P
         Dansk Rørindustri and Others v Commission [2005] ECR I‑5425, paragraph 145).
      
      76     Therefore, it is sufficient for the Commission to show that the undertaking concerned participated in meetings at which anti-competitive
         agreements were concluded, without manifestly opposing them, to prove to the requisite standard that the undertaking participated
         in the cartel. Where participation in such meetings has been established, it is for that undertaking to put forward evidence
         to establish that its participation in those meetings was without any anti-competitive intention by demonstrating that it
         had indicated to its competitors that it was participating in those meetings in a spirit that was different from theirs (see,
         in particular, Joined Cases C‑204/00 P, C‑205/00 P, C‑211/00 P, C‑213/00 P, C‑217/00 P and C‑219/00 P Aalborg Portland and Others v Commission [2004] ECR I‑123, paragraph 81 and the case-law cited).
      
      77     The reason underlying that principle of law is that, having participated in the meeting without publicly distancing itself
         from what was discussed, the undertaking gave the other participants to believe that it subscribed to what was decided there
         and would comply with it (Aalborg Portland and Others v Commission, paragraph 76 above, paragraph 82).
      
      78     In this case, the applicant does not dispute the fact of having participated in the two VFIG meetings of 14 October and 18
         November 1994 and the anti-competitive content of those meetings. It argues, however, that, in the light of its behaviour
         at those meetings, it should be considered to have distanced itself publicly from the anti-competitive matter discussed, in
         the sense required by the case-law.
      
      –       Fixing price increases and fixing a moratorium
      79     In its written pleadings, the applicant claims, generally, that ‘at the meetings of 14 October and 18 November 1994 it showed
         that it was opposed to the agreements concerning the [undertakings’] conduct on the market’.
      
      80     As regards the price increases, it submits that it clearly stated that it did not approve any increase in prices and that,
         being in favour of putting pressure on prices, it intended to adapt its policy to the market independently. It adds that it
         did not want to say ‘during the meeting’ whether it intended to increase prices in 1995, and, if so, to what extent, but it
         did state that it was not in principle opposed to price increases. It also states that its director, Mr Nordkamp, refused
         ‘at every meeting’ to say whether there would be a price increase, and, if so, whether it would be of 5% or 6%. 
      
      81     In his statement, Mr Nordkamp states that after other undertakings stated ‘at one of the two VFIG meetings in question’ that
         they planned a price increase of 5% or 6% he ‘remained vague as to whether Westfalen would increase its prices for 1995, and,
         if so, to what extent’.
      
      82     Those statements only partially correspond to those made by the applicant in its reply to the statement of objections, in
         which it stated that at the ‘post-meeting’ on commercial policy, after the other operators had announced that they would increase
         prices, it said that ‘it would envisage a price increase of 5 or 6% for 1995’, which is at odds with the wording used in the
         application, set out above. The applicant added that ‘it did not commit to implementing a fixed increase in prices either
         at the meetings of 14 October or of 18 November 1994 or at any other time’, which is not equivalent to an express statement
         of opposition to the increase in prices. 
      
      83     It is apparent at least that the applicant did not express a clear view on the question of a price increase. Therefore, while
         it did not state expressly that it would increase its prices in 1995, it also did not say that there would be no price increase
         that year.
      
      84     The applicant therefore did not express a view which would have left the other undertakings in no doubt that it was distancing
         itself from the idea of such an increase. Its conduct, which it describes as vague, is akin to tacit approval which effectively
         encourages the continuation of the infringement and compromises its discovery. That complicity constitutes a passive mode
         of participation in the infringement which is therefore capable of rendering the undertaking liable (see, to that effect,
         Aalborg Portland and Others v Commission, paragraph 76 above, paragraph 84).
      
      85     In relation to the second aspect of anti-competitive behaviour of which the applicant is accused by the Commission, the applicant
         stated, in its reply to the statement of objections, that it ‘took a stand against a moratorium at the meeting’ and that ‘Mr
         Nordkamp did not commit on Westfalen’s behalf to a complying with the moratorium either at the meeting or at any other time’,
         which it confirmed in its written pleadings, stating that it declared its opposition to the introduction of a moratorium.
      
      86     With a view to proving that its statements of opposition are true and thus the fact that it distanced itself publicly from
         the collusive discussions in which it participated, the applicant relies in essence on the statement of Mr van den Heuij.
      
      87     The witness states that, at a VFIG meeting, the applicant reacted against proposals of anti-competitive conduct made by other
         members of the professional association, and did so by way of protest. It is clear from his statement that that protest was
         dictated not by any opposition in principle to manifestly unlawful concerted action, but because such action did not a priori
         correspond to the economic interests of NTG and the applicant at that time.
      
      88     It must, however, be pointed out that it is apparent from the very wording of Mr van den Heuij’s statement that he did not
         have a very precise recollection of the meeting in question. Thus, the witness states that he recalls neither the date of
         the meeting nor the duration of the moratorium discussed at that meeting, nor whether the director of Hydrogas had also protested
         against the proposals at issue.
      
      89     Mr van den Heuij’s statement, made on 9 October 2002, concerns only one VFIG meeting which took place ‘eight years’ earlier.
         Given that this is the only point of reference in time and in light of the table recapitulating all the VFIG meetings referring
         to the individual participation of the members of the association (recital 106), it should be pointed out that the statement
         in question can only relate to the one meeting of 14 October 1994, considering that NTG, the company of which Mr van den Heuij
         was the director, was not represented at the following meeting of 18 November 1994.
      
      90     Furthermore and in particular, the witness statement of Mr van den Heuij does not accord precisely with the applicant’s account
         of how the meeting in question unfolded – since the witness does not allude to the successive announcements by certain undertakings
         that they would increase their prices by 5 or 6% – nor with Mr Nordkamp’s statement that the applicant planned ‘a price increase
         of 5 or 6% for 1995’ or that it was not opposed, in principle, to increases but refused to say whether it itself would increase
         prices for 1995 and, if so, the extent of that increase.
      
      91     The witness refers to a statement of general opposition after proposals of anti-competitive conduct were announced, which
         is not mentioned as such by the applicant, which claims, by its reactions to each of the three anti-competitive initiatives
         in question, to have shown that it was opposed to unlawful coordination.
      
      92     In any event, it is clear from the foregoing that the applicant’s assertion that the statement of ‘Mr … van den Heuij, who
         himself participated in the two VFIG meetings of 14 October and 18 November 1994, shows that at those meetings it was fiercely
         opposed to the proposal for a prohibited agreement’ cannot be accepted by the Court, since it is quite simply wrong.
      
      93     In that regard, when questioned by the Court at the hearing, the applicant expressly admitted that Mr van den Heuij had not
         participated in the VFIG meeting of 18 November 1994. That finding is decisive in determining the applicant’s liability.
      
      94     It should be recalled that the Commission’s assertion that the applicant took part in an agreement to fix price increases
         and fix a moratorium period is based, on the applicant’s participation both at the VFIG meeting of 14 October 1994 and at
         the following one of 18 November.
      
      95     However, the applicant does not provide any concrete, objective evidence that it distanced itself publicly from the manifestly
         anti-competitive content of the meeting of 18 November 1994.
      
      96     The applicant’s mere assertions as to the plausibility of such distancing in the light of its position as a dynamic operator
         which recently entered the market are not such as to discharge the burden of proof which it bears.
      
      97     As the Commission correctly points out, the applicant might also have had every interest in the gas suppliers’ complying with
         the agreements entered into and their believing that the applicant was also acting in compliance, while, without warning those
         undertakings, it was charging prices slightly lower than those agreed so as to increase its margins and market share. It should
         be recalled in this connection that, according to settled case-law, the fact that the conduct on the market of the undertakings
         concerned does not conform to the agreed ‘rules of the game’ does not in any way affect its liability for its participation
         in an anti-competitive agreement (Joined Cases T‑25/95, T‑26/95, T‑30/95 to T‑32/95, T‑34/95 to T‑39/95, T‑42/95 to T‑46/95,
         T‑48/95, T‑50/95 to T‑65/95, T‑68/95 to T‑71/95, T‑87/95, T‑88/95, T‑103/95 and T‑104/95 Cimenteries CBR and Others v Commission [2000] ECR II‑491, paragraph 1389).
      
      98     The applicant also states that it is by no means inconceivable that the words ‘WF was not informed?? Not accepted??’, appearing
         in AGA’s handwritten notes referred to by the Commission in the Decision (recitals 138 and 169), concern not just rental and
         transport costs, but rather, all the issues addressed in the collusive discussions.
      
      99     The documentary evidence adduced by the Commission in fact includes handwritten notes submitted by AGA, which are worded as
         follows:
      
      ‘17.10.94
      VFIG
      Price increase
      Rent 0.25 Transport
      WF was not informed?? Not accepted??
      Gas price cylinders + 6% + rent and transp 
      Bulk contracts + 4.5%, Index formula?
      … 
      Moratorium: 1 December + 3-4 months.’
      100   Besides the fact that the wording in question relates to the first point of the notes concerning rental and transport costs
         and not the increase in cylinder gas prices referred to in a separate point below, it need merely be pointed out that the
         handwritten notes are expressly dated 17 October 1994, being only some days after the collusive VFIG meeting, held on 14 October
         1994, in which AGA participated. Thus, the handwritten notes and wording referred to by the applicant cannot relate to the
         second collusive meeting of 18 November 1994.
      
      101   In those circumstances, it is apparent that, having participated in a first meeting which was clearly anti-competitive, whose
         content the applicant allegedly disapproved, the applicant participated only a little more than a month later in a second
         collusive meeting in respect of which it has not been established that it publicly distanced itself from it.
      
      102   That deliberate participation in a second meeting with an anti-competitive purpose, which followed straight on from the first
         unlawful concerted action, completely overrides the initial protest, assuming it were established, voiced at the meeting of
         14 October 1994 and suffices to reject, in the overall analysis of the applicant’s conduct in the period from 14 October to
         18 November 1994, any claim that it distanced itself publicly from the collusive discussions concerning the fixing of price
         increases of cylinder gas and the fixing of a two-month moratorium.
      
      103   It must be pointed out in this regard that the notion of public distancing as a means of excluding liability must be interpreted
         narrowly. If the applicant had in fact wanted to disassociate itself from the collusive discussions, it could easily have
         written to its competitors and to the secretary of the VFIG after the meeting of 14 October 1994 to say that it did not in
         any way want to be considered to be a member of the cartel or to participate in meetings of a professional association which
         served as a cover for unlawful concerted actions (see, to that effect, Case T‑61/99 Adriatica di Navigazione v Commission [2003] ECR II‑5349, paragraph 138).
      
      104   For the sake of completeness, it should also be pointed out that the Commission relies on documentary evidence which supports
         the conclusion that the applicant did in fact take part in the agreements mentioned above. It consists of handwritten notes
         taking the form of tables and described as such by the Commission in the Decision.
      
      105   The applicant alleges, generally, that those notes are so summary in form as to be devoid of any probative value. As well
         as raising certain specific complaints with regard to one or other of the documents, it asserts that the handwritten notes
         cannot, in any event, be taken to be complete minutes of the meetings at issue. 
      
      106   It should be recalled in that respect that, since the prohibition on participating in anti-competitive agreements and the
         penalties which offenders may incur are well known, it is normal for the activities which those practices and those agreements
         entail to take place in a clandestine fashion, for meetings to be held in secret, most frequently in a non-member country,
         and for the associated documentation to be reduced to a minimum. Even if the Commission discovers evidence explicitly showing
         unlawful contact between traders, such as the minutes of a meeting, it will normally be only fragmentary and sparse, so that
         it is often necessary to reconstitute certain details by deduction (Aalborg Portland and Others v Commission, paragraph 76 above, paragraphs 55 and 56).
      
      107   In most cases, the existence of an anti-competitive practice or agreement must be inferred from a number of coincidences and
         indicia which, taken together, may, in the absence of another plausible explanation, constitute evidence of an infringement
         of the competition rules (Aalborg Portland and Others v Commission, paragraph 76 above, paragraph 57).
      
      108   In the present case, it is common ground that the collusive discussions took place at the fringes of the VFIG meetings of
         14 October and 18 November 1994 and that they clearly could not and did not allow official accounts to be drawn up in exhaustive
         detail. Therefore, there can be no question of dismissing the handwritten notes relied on by the Commission merely because
         they are summary in form.
      
      109   Furthermore, the applicant’s complaints that the two tables cannot be linked to one or other of the VFIG meetings and that
         those tables are inconsistent do not stand up to a specific analysis of the documents in question.
      
      110   First, Table 1, submitted by AGA, is dated 21 November 1994 and shows the names in abbreviated form of seven undertakings,
         including AGA, which actually took part in the VFIG meeting of 18 November 1994 (recital 140). Table 2 was found at the premises
         of Air Products, which stated that the table could be the result of that meeting (recital 141). In addition, Table 2 contains
         the same list of companies as that in Table 1 as well as similar indications as to price increases for cylinder gases, transportation
         costs and rent.
      
      111   It should also be recalled that the VFIG meeting of 18 November 1994 is the second and last meeting with an anti-competitive
         purpose at which the applicant participated with the large operators and that the collusive discussions then continued elsewhere.
      
      112   Secondly, while Table 1 contains the following wording ‘WF 5-6% on all products 1/1-95’, in Table 2 the words ‘W/F 6%’ appear
         in the column headed ‘Product’. As the Commission correctly points out, even if those figures are not exactly the same, they
         are none the less fully compatible with one another and show that the applicant did participate in a price increase planned
         for January 1995 in the region of 5 to 6%.
      
      113   Furthermore, Table 1 contains the wording ‘Moratorium: 1.12.- 31.1.95’ at the top of the page, which can only mean that it
         concerns all the undertakings referred to in that table. Table 2 contains the words ‘W/F … 2 ms’ which, in all likelihood,
         is an expression of the two-month moratorium agreed by the undertakings involved in the cartel. It should be noted, in addition,
         that the question of the moratorium had already been discussed at the meeting of 14 October 1994, as is clear from AGA’s handwritten
         notes referred to in paragraph 99 above.
      
      114   It is, moreover, of particular significance that Hydrogas, the small operator mentioned in Mr van den Heuij’s statement and
         whose participation in the VFIG meetings of 14 October and 18 November 1994 is not disputed, is not, unlike the applicant,
         referred to at all in those tables.
      
      115   It follows from the foregoing that the applicant has not proved that it distanced itself publicly from those meetings, and
         that the Commission has established to the requisite legal standard that the applicant took part in price-fixing agreements
         from October 1994 to December 1995 and in setting a moratorium from October 1994 to January 1995.
      
      –        Fixing minimum prices for buyers of small quantities of cylinder gases
      116   First of all, it should be pointed out that it is apparent from the Decision (recital 352) that the Commission considered
         that the conduct of the various undertakings involved in the cartel constituted a single continuous infringement, which progressively
         took shape through agreements and/or concerted practices.
      
      117   Thus, as is stated in Article 1 of the Decision, the undertakings concerned, including the applicant, ‘have infringed Article
         81(1) EC by participating in a continuing agreement and/or concerted practice in the sector of industrial and medical gases
         in the Netherlands’.
      
      118   As regards, more particularly, the applicant, the Commission took the view that it had participated in that infringement through
         specific anti-competitive conduct of its own, inter alia, by fixing minimum prices for buyers of small quantities of cylinder
         gases. The applicant’s liability in this respect is based on its participation in the one meeting of 14 October 1994, having
         regard to the rectification of the Decision on 9 April 2003.
      
      119   After having stated in the statement of objections that ‘it is still not clear whether an agreement on minimum prices was
         actually entered into in 1994’, the Commission pointed out in recital 205 of the Decision that at the VFIG meetings of March
         and October 1994 ‘price scales’ and ‘minimum prices’ for cylinder gases for small customers were ‘discussed with a view to
         an agreement’ at least by the applicant, Messer, Air Liquide, Hoek Loos and Air Products. It is also stated in recital 341
         that ‘Hoek Loos, AGA, Air Products, Air Liquide and Messer’ agreed minimum prices for cylinder gases for small customers for
         ‘1995, 1996 and 1997’. 
      
      120   It is clear from the foregoing that the Commission alleges that the applicant took part in a concerted practice concerning
         the fixing of minimum prices for purchasers of small quantities of cylinder gases.
      
      121   It should be recalled, at this stage, that a ‘concerted practice’ constitutes a form of coordination between undertakings
         which, without having reached the stage where an agreement properly so-called has been concluded, knowingly substitutes practical
         cooperation between them for the risks of competition (Case 48/69 ICI v Commission [1972] ECR 619, paragraph 64). The criteria of coordination and cooperation, far from requiring the elaboration of an actual
         ‘plan’, must be understood in the light of the concept inherent in the Treaty provisions relating to competition, according
         to which each economic operator must determine independently the policy which he intends to adopt on the common market. Although
         that requirement of independence does not deprive economic operators of the right to adapt themselves intelligently to the
         existing and anticipated conduct of their competitors, it strictly precludes any direct or indirect contact between such operators
         with the object or effect either to influence the conduct on the market of an actual or potential competitor or to disclose
         to such a competitor the course of conduct which they themselves have decided to adopt or contemplate adopting on the market
         (Joined Cases 40/73 to 48/73, 50/73, 54/73 to 56/73, 111/73, 113/73 and 114/73 Suiker Unie and Others v Commission [1975] ECR 1663, paragraphs 173 and 174, and Joined Cases T‑305/94 to T‑307/94, T‑313/94 to T‑316/94, T‑318/94, T‑325/94,
         T‑328/94, T‑329/94 and T‑335/94 Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij and Others v Commission [1999] ECR II‑931, paragraph 720).
      
      122   As in the case of the anti-competitive actions which it is alleged by the Commission to have committed, the applicant disputes
         its liability by claiming that it distanced itself publicly from the collusive discussions on fixing minimum prices for purchasers
         of small quantities of cylinder gases.
      
      123   In that respect, it is clear both from the applicant’s written pleading and from the statement of Mr Nordkamp, who represented
         the applicant at the VFIG meetings, that Mr Nordkamp was silent on the question of fixing minimum prices for purchasers of
         small quantities of cylinder gases when it was discussed at the meeting of 14 October 1994.
      
      124   Silence by an operator in a meeting during which the parties colluded unlawfully on a precise question of pricing policy is
         not tantamount to an expression of firm and unambiguous disapproval. On the other hand, according to case-law, a party which
         tacitly approves of an unlawful initiative, without publicly distancing itself from its content or reporting it to the administrative
         authorities, effectively encourages the continuation of the infringement and compromises its discovery. That complicity constitutes
         a passive mode of participation in the infringement which is therefore capable of rendering the undertaking liable (see, to
         that effect, Aalborg Portland and Others v Commission, paragraph 76 above, paragraph 84).
      
      125   Mr van den Heuij’s imprecise recollections alone, recounted in a statement that was asked of him and put together shortly
         before the present action was brought, which do not correspond exactly to the applicant’s own statements, are not such as
         to invalidate the above finding. At best, it could be inferred from Mr van den Heuij’s statement that the small operators,
         including the applicant, protested when the unlawful proposals of other operators were announced, before the specific discussions
         on each of those proposals began and each undertaking expressed its view, which the applicant did, in the particular circumstances
         referred to in paragraph 123 above, in relation to fixing minimum prices for purchasers of small quantities of cylinder gases.
         
      
      126   However, the applicant’s behaviour in that regard cannot be interpreted as showing its firm and unambiguous disagreement such
         that it amounts to public distancing as required by and interpreted, narrowly, in the relevant case-law. 
      
      127   It should also be pointed out that, in the Decision, the Commission states that, according to the explanations provided by
         AGA, supported by the wording of handwritten notes found at AGA’s premises, the list of price scales for small cylinder customers
         was presented by Hoek Loos at the fringes of the VFIG meeting of October 1994. In addition and in particular, in a file marked
         VFIG 1995, a document dated October 1994 and entitled ‘price list for small cylinder customers’ was found at the applicant’s
         premises, and which actually featured a printed minimum price list. The same document was found at the premises of Messer
         and Air Liquide (recitals 207 and 208).
      
      128   The applicant merely stated that while it was possible that that document was given at the meeting of 14 October 1994, the
         fact of having it in its possession does not prove that it participated in an agreement on minimum prices or even in a discussion
         on that subject. 
      
      129   The fact remains that the applicant did participate in the meeting of 14 October 1994, and, as the Commission correctly points
         out, it is hardly surprising that, unlike the price increase and fixing of the moratorium, no reference was made to the applicant
         or another undertaking, as the document in question was a price list which was distributed at that meeting. The fact that
         the applicant had kept such a document is hardly consistent with its claim to have publicly distanced itself and independently
         determined its commercial policy on the market concerned which such distancing necessarily entails, as required by the case-law
         in respect of each economic operator (Commission v Anic Partecipazione, paragraph 58 above, paragraph 116, and the case-law cited therein).
      
      130   By the same token, even though not directly refuting the applicant’s claim of public distancing, as in the case of the first
         two actions of which it is accused by the Commission, the applicant’s participation in the second collusive meeting of 18
         November 1994 provides an indication of its anti-competitive state of mind and contradicts, retrospectively, its claim that
         it distanced itself publicly from the collusive discussions in the meeting of 14 October 1994.
      
      131   The mere finding that the applicant has not provided evidence of its alleged public distancing is not sufficient, however,
         to conclude that the applicant is liable.
      
      132   In the judgment on appeal in, Commission v Anic Partecipazioni, paragraph 58 above, the Court of Justice stated that, as is clear from the very terms of Article 81(1) EC, a concerted practice
         implies, besides undertakings’ concerting together, conduct on the market pursuant to those collusive practices and a relationship
         of cause and effect between the two (paragraph 118). The Court also held that, subject to proof to the contrary, which it
         is for the economic operators concerned to adduce, there must be a presumption that the undertakings participating in concerting
         arrangements and remaining active on the market take account of the information exchanged with their competitors when determining
         their conduct on that market (Commission v Anic Partecipazioni, paragraph 58 above, paragraph 121). 
      
      133   In the present case, in the absence of evidence which it is for the applicant to adduce, it must be considered that the applicant,
         which remained active on the market in question after the meeting of 14 October 1994, took account of the unlawful concerted
         practice, in which it participated at that meeting, when determining its own conduct on that market (Commission v Anic Partecipazioni, paragraph 58 above, paragraphs 119 and 121). 
      
      134   It is clear from the above considerations that the Commission has established to the requisite legal standard that the applicant
         took part in a concerted practice concerning the fixing of minimum prices for purchasers of small quantities of cylinder gases.
      
       The duration of the infringement
      135   It should be pointed out, first of all, that the Commission’s definitive assessment of the duration of the infringement for
         which the applicant is held liable is set out in Article 1 of the Decision, as rectified by the decision of 9 April 2003,
         namely that the infringement began in October 1994 and ended in December 1995. 
      
      136   In the light of the rectification of the Decision, the applicant’s complaint alleging that the starting date of the infringement
         referred to in Article 1 of the Decision is wrong has become devoid of purpose. 
      
      137   At the hearing, the applicant pointed out that the reference in Article 1 of the Decision to December 1995 as the end of the
         infringement was erroneous, since, after the VFIG meeting of 18 November 1994, the applicant no longer participated in any
         other collusive meeting.
      
      138   To the extent that that new complaint may be considered to be admissible, it cannot be upheld by the Court. In that regard,
         it should be recalled that the Commission has established to the requisite legal standard that the applicant, inter alia,
         participated in an agreement which had a clearly anti-competitive object, namely the fixing of price increases for the year
         1995. To calculate the duration of an infringement whose object is to restrict competition, it is necessary merely to determine
         the period during which the agreement existed, that is, the time between the date on which it was entered into and the date
         on which it was terminated (Joined Cases T-49/02 to T-51/02 Brasserie Nationale v Commission [2005] ECR II-0000, paragraph 185).
      
      139   However, the applicant failed to show to the requisite legal standard that it terminated its participation in the cartel before
         December 1995, by adopting fair and independent competitive conduct in the relevant market. Furthermore, it must be observed
         that the applicant did not withdraw from the cartel in order to report it to the Commission (Case T‑62/02 Union Pigments v Commission [2005] ECR II‑0000, paragraph 42).
      
       Infringement of the principle of equal treatment 
      140   The applicant claims that the Commission infringed the principle of equal treatment in its assessment of the participation
         of the small operators, and did so by finding that the applicant was the only one to have disregarded the prohibition on cartels
         and not NTG and Hydrogas, which did, however, take part in several meetings involving discussions of unlawful agreements.
      
      141   It should be pointed out, in this regard, that, where an undertaking has acted in breach of Article 81(1) EC, it cannot escape
         being penalised altogether on the ground that another trader has not been fined, when that trader’s circumstances are not
         even the subject of proceedings before the Court (Joined Cases C-89/85, C‑104/85, C‑114/85, C‑116/85, C‑117/85 and C‑125/85
         to C‑129/85 Ahlström Osakeyhtiö and Others v Commission [1993] ECR I‑1307, paragraph 197, and Case T‑77/92 Parker Pen v Commission [1994] ECR II‑549, paragraph 86).
      
      142   Therefore, the applicant’s argument that other undertakings, which were allegedly in a comparable situation to the applicant’s,
         were not fined, must be rejected.
      
       The application for the reduction in the fine
       Arguments of the parties
      143   The applicant states, first of all, that the short duration of the infringement should give rise to a reduction in the amount
         of the fine.
      
      144   At the hearing, the applicant stated that reasons were not given for the reduction of EUR 20 000 made following the rectification
         decision of 9 April 2003, nor was the reduction sufficient. 
      
      145   The applicant claims, secondly, that the Commission infringed the principles of proportionality and equal treatment in setting
         the amount of the fine which was imposed on it.
      
      146   In that respect, it sets forth the differences which set it apart from the other operators to which the Decision was addressed,
         that is, its dynamic conduct on the market in question, acknowledged by the Commission and another operator, the fact of joining
         the VFIG belatedly, in July 1994, which explains why it did not attend that association’s 13 meetings held between 1989 and
         September 1994, its declared opposition to the anti-competitive agreements at the meetings of 14 October and 18 November 1994,
         its absence from the collusive meetings which took place, after November 1994, at Breda and Barendrecht between the large
         players on the market, its low market share of 1.5%, the other operators’ being at least twice its size, the brief period
         of its involvement in the prohibited conduct and the fact that it did not participate in the agreements concerning contractual
         terms other than price.
      
      147   In the light of these differences, and in view of its percentage share of turnover in the industrial gases sector, the applicant
         was penalised more heavily than the other undertakings referred to in the Decision.
      
      148   The applicant asserts that, although the fines are set in relation to the total turnover of the undertakings in the industrial
         gases sector in the Netherlands in 1996, the final result is disproportionate. Thus, the fine imposed on the applicant amounts
         to 13.6% of its turnover as against only 2.2% for Hoek Loos and 7.5% for AGA. If the fines were indeed set according to the
         turnover generated in 1996 on the industrial gases market in the Netherlands, it also appears that the fine imposed on the
         applicant is comparable in proportion to those imposed on the other undertakings even though the applicant’s participation
         in the cartel cannot at all be compared to that of the other undertakings. The applicant also points out that the fine imposed
         on AGA is approximately nine times higher than that imposed on the applicant while AGA’s market share (27.4%) is 18 times
         higher than the applicant’s (1.5%).
      
      149   According to the applicant, those figures show that the operators playing the most important role in the cartel and with the
         greatest ability to damage competition on the market in question received, all things considered, the lightest fines. The
         applicant, whose role, if any, was extremely limited, and which has a very low market share, was penalised more severely than
         the leaders of the cartel.
      
      150   After pointing out that it has discretion in setting the amount of the fines in cartel cases, the Commission contends that
         the amount of the fine imposed on the applicant is entirely appropriate and denies any infringement of the principle of equal
         treatment. 
      
       Findings of the Court
      151   It should be recalled, first of all, that when fixing the amount of each fine, the Commission has a discretion and cannot
         be considered obliged to apply a precise mathematical formula for that purpose (Case C‑283/98 P Mo och Domsjö v Commission [2000] ECR I‑9855, paragraph 47, Case T-150/89 Martinelli v Commission [1995] ECR II-1165, paragraph 59, and Case T‑352/94 Mo och Domsjö v Commission [1998] ECR II‑1989, paragraph 268). Its assessment, however, must be conducted in accordance with Community law, which includes
         not only the provisions of the Treaty but also the general principles of law (see, to that effect, Case C-50/00 P Unión de Pequeños Agricultores v Council [2002] ECR I‑6677, paragraph 38).
      
      152   In that regard, as has been consistently held, the principle of equal treatment is infringed only where comparable situations
         are treated differently or different situations are treated in the same way, unless such difference in treatment is objectively
         justified (Case 106/83 Sermide [1984] ECR 4209, paragraph 28, Case C‑174/89 Hoche [1990] ECR I‑2681, paragraph 25, and Case T‑311/94 BPB de Eendracht v Commission [1998] ECR II‑1129, paragraph 309).
      
      153   It should also be noted that assessment of the proportionate nature of the fine imposed with regard to the gravity and duration
         of an infringement, the criteria referred to in Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17, falls within the unlimited jurisdiction
         conferred on the Court of First Instance by Article 17 of that regulation.
      
      154   In the present case, it is common ground that the Commission determined the amount of the fine imposed on the applicant in
         accordance with the general method which it laid down for itself in the Guidelines. 
      
      155   The first paragraph of Section 1 of the Guidelines states that in calculating the amount of fines, the basic amount is to
         be determined according to the gravity and the duration of the infringement, which are the only criteria referred to in Article
         15(2) of Regulation No 17. By way of general comment, Section 5(a) of the Guidelines also states that ‘the final amount calculated
         according to this method (basic amount increased or reduced on a percentage basis) may not in any case exceed 10% of the worldwide
         turnover of the undertakings, as laid down by Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17’. Consequently, the Guidelines do not go beyond
         the legal framework relating to penalties set out in that provision (Dansk Rørindustri and Others v Commission, paragraph 75 above, paragraphs 250 and 252). 
      
       The duration of the infringement
      156   In relation to the duration of the infringement, the Guidelines distinguish between infringements of short duration (in general,
         less than one year), where no increase should be made to the starting amount determined for gravity, infringements of medium
         duration (in general, one to five years), where that amount may be increased by up to 50%, and infringements of long duration
         (in general, more than five years), where that amount may be increased by up to 10% per year (first to third indents of the
         first paragraph of Section 1.B). 
      
      157   Although an increase of up to 50% is thus provided for in the case of infringements of medium duration, Section 1.B of the
         Guidelines does not provide that there should be an automatic increase of a certain percentage per year, but leaves the Commission
         a margin of assessment (Case T‑220/00 Cheil Jedang v Commission [2003] ECR II‑2473, paragraph 134).
      
      158   As set out above, the Commission considered at first, wrongly, that the duration of the infringement committed by the applicant
         was from March 1994 to December 1995, which warranted its classification as one of medium duration (recital 434).
      
      159   The amendment of the Decision on 9 April 2003 allowed Article 1 thereof to be rectified as regards the duration of the infringement
         which the applicant was alleged to have committed. The Commission clearly explains in its rectification decision that the
         starting amount of the fine of EUR 0.45 million was initially increased by 15% for duration, and then reduced to 10% given
         that the starting date of the infringement was brought forward to October 1994.
      
      160   Since the duration of the infringement now, correctly, covers the period from October 1994 to December 1995, being a little
         over one year, the classification of the infringement as of medium duration is still appropriate and the Commission was therefore
         entitled, according to the Guidelines, to increase the fine by 10%. The applicant has not adduced any evidence warranting
         the conclusion that the Commission erred in its assessment in this regard and that the increase in the fine should have been
         less than 10%.
      
      161   It follows that the Court must dismiss the complaint that the reduction in the fine made by the Commission in its rectification
         decision was not allegedly reasoned and not sufficient.
      
       The allegedly discriminatory and/or disproportionate nature of the fine imposed on the applicant
      162   It should be pointed out that, in setting the starting amount of the fines, determined in accordance with the gravity of the
         infringement, the Commission took the view that, notwithstanding the fact that the undertakings concerned had taken part in
         a price-fixing cartel, the infringement should be considered to be serious rather than very serious, given the limited geographical
         scope of the market and the medium economic importance of the sector at issue (recitals 423 and 428).
      
      163   In order to take account of the specific weight and therefore the real impact on competition of the offending conduct of each
         undertaking involved in the cartel, the Commission grouped the undertakings concerned into four categories according to their
         relative importance in the market concerned. To that end, the Commission considered it appropriate to take the turnover in
         1996 in the market concerned as the basis for the comparison of the relative importance of an undertaking in that market (recitals
         429 to 432).
      
      164   As a result, Hoek Loos and AGA Gas, considered to be the two largest players on the market concerned, were placed in the first
         category. Air Products and Air Liquide, medium-sized operators in this market, constituted the second category. Messer and
         BOC, which were described as ‘significantly smaller’ on the market concerned, were placed in the third category. The applicant,
         having only an extremely small share of the market concerned, appeared in the fourth category (recital 431).
      
      165   On the basis of the preceding considerations, the Commission established an identical starting amount of EUR 10 million for
         Hoek Loos and AGA Gas, as against EUR 2.6 million for Air Products and Air Liquide, EUR 1.2 million for Messer and BOC and
         EUR 0.45 million for the applicant.
      
      166   As regards the duration of the infringement, the Commission found that the infringement was of medium duration (one to four
         years) for every undertaking involved, Hoek Loos, AGA Gas, Air Products, Air Liquide and Messer having infringed Article 81(1)
         EC from September 1993 until December 1997, BOC from June 1994 to December 1995 and the applicant from October 1994 to December
         1995, after rectification of the Decision on 9 April 2003. Initially increased by 15%, the starting amount established in
         relation to the applicant was finally increased by 10% for duration, according to recital 9 of the decision of 9 April 2003.
      
      167   The basic amount of the fine, determined according to the gravity and duration of the infringement, was therefore set, in
         relation both to Hoek Loos and AGA Gas, at EUR 14 million, as against EUR 3.64 million for Air Products and Air Liquide, EUR
         1.68 million for Messer, EUR 1.38 million for BOC and EUR 0.51 million, then, following rectification, EUR 0.49 million for
         the applicant. 
      
      168   The Commission took the view that the applicant had played a passive role in the infringements and did not participate in
         all their aspects and that those attenuating circumstances justified a decrease of 15% in the basic amount of the fine to
         be imposed, the latter being reduced to EUR 0.43 million (recital 442) then to EUR 0.41 million following the rectification
         decision of 9 April 2003.
      
      169   The applicant, however, did not benefit from any reduction under the Leniency Notice.
      170   It is clear from the preceding considerations that the Commission took full account of the particular circumstances of the
         applicant’s situation, which differentiate it from the other undertakings to which the Decision was addressed – whether it
         is a case of the duration of the infringement, the applicant’s passive role or its low market share – and explain why the
         applicant received the lowest of the fines imposed by the Commission in the Decision. 
      
      171   The claim that the applicant is in a different situation from that of the other undertakings involved in the cartel, as a
         result of its alleged stated opposition to the anti-competitive agreements, combined with dynamic behaviour on the market
         concerned, does not fall within the discussion on fixing the amount of the fine, but within that concerning the existence
         of the infringement. 
      
      172   The applicant claims, however, that the final amount of the fine imposed is not proportionate to its low market share and
         its turnover, both globally and on the market concerned, and thus it was more heavily penalised than larger undertakings which
         played a leading role in the agreement.
      
      173   It should be recalled, first of all, that the Commission is not required, when assessing fines in accordance with the gravity
         and duration of the infringement in question, to ensure, where fines are imposed on a number of undertakings involved in the
         same infringement, that the final amounts of the fines resulting from its calculations for the undertakings concerned reflect
         any distinction between them in terms of their overall turnover or their relevant turnover (Dansk Rørindustri and Others v Commission, paragraph 75 above, paragraph 312).
      
      174   It must then be pointed out that Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 likewise does not require that, where fines are imposed
         on several undertakings involved in the same infringement, the fine imposed on a small or medium-sized undertaking must not
         be greater, as a percentage of turnover, than those imposed on the larger undertakings. It is clear from that provision that,
         both for small or medium-sized undertakings and for larger undertakings, account must be taken, in determining the amount
         of the fine, of the gravity and duration of the infringement. Where the Commission imposes on undertakings involved in a single
         infringement fines which are justified, for each of them, by reference to the gravity and duration of the infringement, it
         cannot be criticised on the ground that, for some of them, the amount of the fine is greater, by reference to turnover, than
         that imposed on other undertakings (Case T‑21/99 Dansk Rørindustri and Others v Commission [2002] ECR II‑1681, paragraph 203).
      
      175   The final amount of the fine is only the result, in the present case, of a series of arithmetical calculations performed by
         the Commission according to the Guidelines, and, if appropriate, the Leniency Notice
      
      176   The Commission’s findings as to the duration of the infringement, the aggravating or attenuating circumstances and the degree
         to which an undertaking involved in the cartel cooperated, are linked to the individual conduct of the undertaking in question,
         but not to its market share or turnover.
      
      177   In those circumstances, the final amount of the fine is not, in principle, an appropriate factor in assessing the possible
         lack of proportionality of the fine as regards the importance of the undertakings involved in the cartel.
      
      178   Conversely, the starting amount of the fine is, in the instant case, a relevant factor in assessing the possible lack of proportionality
         of the fine as regards the importance of the participants in the cartel. 
      
      179   In the Decision, the Commission set the starting amount of the fine, determined according to the gravity and duration of the
         infringement, at EUR 0.45 million for the applicant.
      
      180   As explained above, in the Decision and in order to take account of the specific weight and therefore the real impact on competition
         of the offending conduct of each undertaking involved in the cartel, the Commission grouped the undertakings concerned into
         four categories, precisely according to their relative importance on the market concerned. The applicant was placed in the
         last category. 
      
      181   The Commission referred in this connection to the figures in the third column of Table 1 set out in recital 75 of the Decision:
         
      
      
               Undertaking
            
            
               Total turnover of the addressees of the Decision for 2001 (EUR) 
            
            
               Turnover in cylinder and liquid gases in the Netherlands (EUR) and estimated market shares for 1996
            
         
               Hoek Loos [NV]
            
            
               470 648 000
            
            
               71 400 000 (39.7%)
            
         
               AGA Gas BV 1
            
            
               55 479 000 2
            
            
               49 200 000 (27.4%)
            
         
               [Air Products]
            
            
               110 044 000
            
            
               18 600 000 (10.4%)
            
         
               Air Liquide BV
            
            
               60 720 000
            
            
               12 900 000 (7.2%)
            
         
               [Messer]
            
            
               11 275 000
            
            
               8 200 000 (4.4%)
            
         
               [BOC]
            
            
               6 690 905 000
            
            
               6 800 000 (3.8%)
            
         
               [Westfalen]
            
            
               5 455 000
            
            
               2 600 000 (1.5%)
            
         
               1 Following the liquidation of AGA Gas BV in 2000 to 2001, AGA AB has accepted liability for the acts of its subsidiary and
                  is the addressee of the Decision.
               
            
            
         
               2 2000 is the last complete business year for which turnover figures are available for AGA Gas BV.
               
            
            
         
      182   It need merely be pointed out that, for the year taken as reference, the applicant’s turnover on the relevant market and its
         market share were the lowest of all the undertakings to which the Decision was addressed, which explains and justifies why
         the applicant was placed in the last category and the starting amount was the lowest of all those established by the Commission
         in respect of the undertakings. The starting amount used for the applicant is thus objectively different from those used for
         the other undertakings.
      
      183   Moreover, the relationship between the turnovers on the market concerned of the undertakings referred to in Table 1 of the
         Decision and the starting amounts of the fines which the Commission used for each undertaking does not evince any disproportionate
         treatment of the applicant, since the starting amounts of the fines represent 17.3% of the turnover on the market in question
         in the case of the applicant, as against 14% for Hoek Loos, 20.3% for AGA Gas, 13.98% for Air Products, 20.2% for Air Liquide,
         14.6% for Messer and 17.6% for BOC.
      
      184   In its application, the applicant asserts that, although the fines were set according to the turnover generated in 1996 on
         the market for industrial gases in the Netherlands, the fine which was imposed on it is proportionately comparable to those
         imposed on the other undertakings, whereas its participation in the cartel cannot at all be compared to that of the other
         undertakings. In that connection, it need merely be recalled that the minor role played by the applicant in the infringement
         compared to that of the other undertakings was taken into account by the Commission as an attenuating circumstance, for the
         purposes of reducing the amount of the fine to be imposed on the applicant.
      
      185   It therefore clear that the applicant cannot legitimately claim that the fine imposed on it is disproportionate, since the
         starting point for its fine is justified in the light of the criterion which the Commission used in assessing the importance
         of each of the undertakings on the relevant market (see, to that effect, LR AF 1998 v Commission, paragraph 71 above, paragraph 304). 
      
      186   The latter assessment also provides the basis for rejecting the applicant’s argument drawn from a comparison with Hoek Loos
         and AGA concerning the relationship between the final amount of the fine and the worldwide turnover, since the latter was
         not taken into account by the Commission in assessing the gravity of the infringement and setting the starting amounts for
         the calculation of the fines. 
      
      187   It follows from the preceding considerations that the applicant has not proved the allegedly discriminatory and/or disproportionate
         nature of the fine imposed and that the final amount of the fine was entirely appropriate.
      
       The application for Mr van den Heuij to be heard
      188   The applicant requests, in its application, that the Court hear, under oath, Mr van den Heuij. At the hearing, the applicant
         stated that the request was based on Article 48 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of First Instance concerning offers
         of evidence. 
      
      189   It should be recalled that, under Article 44(1)(e) and Article 48(1) of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of First Instance,
         the application must contain, where appropriate, offers of evidence, and the parties may offer further evidence in support
         of their arguments in reply or rejoinder, provided that they give reasons for the delay in offering it. Thus, evidence in
         rebuttal and the amplification of the offers of evidence submitted in response to evidence in rebuttal from the opposite party
         in his defence are not covered by the time-bar laid down in Article 48(1) of the Rules of Procedure. That provision concerns
         offers of fresh evidence and must be read in the light of Article 66(2), which expressly provides that evidence may be submitted
         in rebuttal and previous evidence may be amplified (Baustahlgewebe v Commission, paragraph 74 above, paragraphs 71 and 72).
      
      190   In the present case, it need merely be pointed out that it is clear from the file that the evidence relied on by the Commission
         in its defence was also referred to in the Decision and the statement of objections or in the annex thereto. 
      
      191   As a result, the request for Mr van den Heuij to be heard cannot be regarded as an offer of evidence in rebuttal which is
         not subject to the time-bar laid down in Article 48(1) of the Rules of Procedure, since the applicant was able to submit that
         offer of evidence in its application before the Court. The offer of oral testimony as set out in the reply must therefore
         be considered to be out of time, and, thus, refused on the ground that the applicant has not justified the delay in offering
         it.
      
       Costs
      192   Under Article 87(3) of the Rules of Procedure, where each party succeeds on some and fails on other heads, or where the circumstances
         are exceptional, the Court of First Instance may order that the costs be shared or that each party bear its own costs.
      
      193   It should be pointed out, in the present case, that the amendment of the Decision on 9 April 2003 allowed Article 1 regarding
         the duration of the infringement which the applicant was alleged to have committed to be rectified, such that the Commission
         recognised the substance of the complaint raised by the applicant in its application in relation to the starting date of the
         infringement initially established, that is, March 1994.
      
      194   In the light of that fact and of the dismissal of the action brought, it is appropriate to order the applicant to bear its
         own costs and three quarters of those incurred by the Commission.
      
      On those grounds,
      THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE (Fifth Chamber)
      hereby:
      1.      Dismisses the action;
      2.      Orders Westfalen Gassen Nederland BV to bear its own costs and to pay three quarters of those incurred by the Commission and
            orders the Commission to bear one quarter of its own costs.
      
      
      
      
               Vilaras 
            
            
                Dehousse 
            
            
                Šváby
            
         Delivered in open court in Luxembourg on 5 December 2006.
      
               E. Coulon 
            
             
            
                      M. Vilaras
            
         
               Registrar 
            
             
            
                      President
            
         
      Table of contents
      
      Background
      Facts
      The contested decision
      Procedure and forms of order sought by the parties
      The application for the annulment of Articles 1 and 3 of the Decision
      Arguments of the parties
      Fixing price increases
      Fixing the moratorium periods
      Fixing minimum prices
      The duration of the infringement
      Infringement of the principle of equal treatment
      Findings of the Court
      Preliminary observations
      The applicant’s claim to have distanced itself publicly
      – Fixing price increases and fixing a moratorium
      – Fixing minimum prices for buyers of small quantities of cylinder gases
      The duration of the infringement
      Infringement of the principle of equal treatment
      The application for the reduction in the fine
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      The duration of the infringement
      The allegedly discriminatory and/or disproportionate nature of the fine imposed on the applicant
      The application for Mr van den Heuij to be heard
      Costs
      * Language of the case: Dutch.