CELEX: 62006TJ0249
Language: en
Date: 2009-03-10
Title: Judgment of the Court of First Instance (Second Chamber) of 10 March 2009.#Interpipe Nikopolsky Seamless Tubes Plant Niko Tube ZAT (Interpipe Niko Tube ZAT) and Interpipe Nizhnedneprovsky Tube Rolling Plant VAT (Interpipe NTRP VAT) v Council of the European Union.#Dumping - Imports of certain seamless tubes and pipes, of iron or steel, originating in Croatia, Romania, Russia and Ukraine - Calculation of the normal value - Cooperation of the Community industry - Adjustment - Functions comparable to those of an agent working on a commission basis - Single economic entity - Manifest error of assessment - Offer of an undertaking - Rights of the defence - Duty to state reasons.#Case T-249/06.

Case T-249/06
      Interpipe Nikopolsky Seamless Tubes Plant Niko Tube ZAT (Interpipe Niko Tube ZAT) and Interpipe Nizhnedneprovsky Tube Rolling
            Plant VAT (Interpipe NTRP VAT)
      v
      Council of the European Union
      (Dumping – Imports of certain seamless tubes and pipes, of iron or steel, originating in Croatia, Romania, Russia and Ukraine – Calculation of the normal value – Cooperation of the Community industry – Adjustment – Functions comparable to those of an agent working on a commission basis – Single economic entity – Manifest error of assessment – Offer of an undertaking – Rights of the defence – Duty to state reasons)
      Summary of the Judgment
      1.      Common commercial policy – Protection against dumping – Discretion of the institutions – Judicial review – Limits
      2.      Common commercial policy – Protection against dumping – Dumping margin – Determination of the normal value – Recourse to the
            constructed value
      (Council Regulation No 384/96, Arts 6(8) and 18)
      3.      Common commercial policy – Protection against dumping – Injury
      (Council Regulation No 384/96, Arts 3(2), (3), (5), (6) and (7), 6(2) and 18(3))
      4.      Common commercial policy – Protection against dumping – Anti-dumping proceeding – Access to the file – Communication of non-confidential
            summaries
      (Council Regulation No 384/96, Art. 19(3))
      5.      Common commercial policy – Protection against dumping – Investigation – Discretion of the Commission
      (Council Regulation No 384/96, Art. 5(4))
      6.      Community law – Principles – Rights of the defence – Observance thereof in the context of administrative proceedings – Anti-dumping
      (Council Regulation No 384/96, Arts 2(10) and 20(2))
      7.      Common commercial policy – Protection against dumping – Dumping margin –Calculation of the export price
      (Council Regulation No 384/96, Art. 2(10)(i))
      8.      Common commercial policy – Protection against dumping – Dumping margin – Comparison between the normal value and the export
            price – Adjustments
      (Council Regulation No 384/96, Art. 2(10))
      9.      Common commercial policy – Protection against dumping – Offer of price undertakings – Acceptance – Discretion of the institutions
      (Council Regulation No 384/96, Art. 8(1))
      1.      In the sphere of measures to protect trade the Community institutions enjoy a wide discretion by reason of the complexity
         of the economic, political and legal situations which they have to examine.
      
      Review by the Community Courts of the institutions’ assessments must therefore be limited to verifying whether the relevant
         procedural rules have been complied with, whether the facts on which the disputed choice is based have been accurately stated
         and whether there has been a manifest error of appraisal or a misuse of powers. 
      
      (see paras 38-39)
      2.      Whilst the Community institutions have a wide power of appraisal, respect for the rights guaranteed by the Community legal
         order in administrative procedures is of even more fundamental importance. Those guarantees include, in particular, the duty
         of the competent institution to examine carefully and impartially all the relevant aspects of the individual case.
      
      Whilst in the area of commercial defence measures, and anti-dumping measures in particular, the Community Courts cannot intervene
         in the assessment reserved for the Community authorities, it is nevertheless for them to satisfy themselves that the institutions
         took account of all the relevant circumstances and appraised the facts of the matter with all due care, so that the constructed
         normal value may be regarded as having been determined in a reasonable manner.
      
      In that regard, where the Commission has contradictory information, or, at the very least, information the validity of which
         could be called into question, the onus is on the applicant to provide evidence in support of its arguments.  In the absence
         of that evidence, the Commission complies with its obligation to examine, with care and impartiality, all the relevant factors
         of the case where it states that it cannot take account of  new, unverified, information.
      
      
      (see paras 40-41, 50-51, 53)
      3.      Whilst, in the context of basic anti-dumping Regulation No 384/96, it is for the Commission as the investigating authority
         to determine whether the product concerned by the anti-dumping procedure has been dumped and causes injury when placed in
         free circulation in the Community, and it is not therefore for that institution, in that context, to exonerate itself from
         part of the burden of proof which it bears in that regard, the fact remains that that regulation does not confer on the Commission
         any power of investigation allowing it to compel companies to participate in the investigation or to provide information.
         In those circumstances, the Council and the Commission depend on the voluntary cooperation of the parties in supplying the
         necessary information within the time-limits set. In that context, the replies of those parties to the questionnaire referred
         to in Article 6(2) of that regulation are therefore essential to the operation of the anti-dumping procedure. 
      
      Although the parties to an anti-dumping proceeding are in principle required, pursuant to Article 6(2) of Regulation No 384/96,
         to lodge a reply to the Commission’s questionnaire, it follows from the wording of Article 18(3) of that regulation that information
         presented in another form or in the context of another document do not have to be ignored where any deficiencies are not such
         as to cause undue difficulty in arriving at a reasonably accurate finding, the information is appropriately submitted in good
         time and is verifiable, and the party has acted to the best of its ability.
      
      Thus, where a party has failed to lodge a reply to the said questionnaire, but has supplied information in the context of
         another document, it cannot be accused of lack of cooperation if those four conditions have been satisfied.  Such a party
         will not be regarded as not cooperating if the deficiencies in the production of the data have no significant impact on the
         running of the investigation.  In such a situation, the Council cannot be accused of making a manifest error of assessment
         by taking the view that the non-submission of questionnaire replies does not distort either the determination of the injury
         of the calculation of the margin of injury.
      
      (see paras 87-88, 90-92, 98)
      4.      In an anti-dumping proceeding, irregularities in the Commission’s communication of non-confidential summaries within the meaning
         of Article 19(3) of basic anti-dumping Regulation No 384/96 cannot constitute an infringement of procedural rights justifying
         annulment of the regulation fixing the anti-dumping duties unless the person concerned did not have sufficient knowledge of
         the essential content of the document or documents in question and was therefore not able validly to express his point of
         view on their accuracy or relevance. Therefore, use by the Commission of information of which no non-confidential summary
         was supplied cannot be relied upon by parties to an anti-dumping proceeding as a ground for annulment of an anti-dumping measure
         unless they are able to demonstrate that use of that information constituted an infringement of their defence rights.
      
      Concerning the right of access to the investigation file, defence rights are  infringed only where there is a chance, which
         may be slight, that disclosure of the documents in question might have caused the administrative procedure to have a different
         result if the undertaking concerned had been able to rely on them during that procedure.
      
      (see paras 131, 134)
      5.      In an anti-dumping proceeding, Article 5(4) of basic anti-dumping Regulation No 384/96 does not place any obligation on the
         Commission to terminate an anti-dumping proceeding in progress where the level of support for the complaint falls below a
         minimal threshold of 25% of Community production. That article concerns only the degree of support for the complaint necessary
         for the Commission to be able to initiate a proceeding. That interpretation is confirmed by the wording of Article 9(1) of
         the basic regulation. Thus, even if the complaint is withdrawn by the Community industry, the Commission is not placed under
         an obligation to terminate the proceeding, but merely has the option to do so.
      
      (see para. 139)
      6.      Under the principle of compliance with defence rights, the undertakings concerned by investigative proceedings prior to the
         adoption of an anti-dumping regulation must be placed in a position during the administrative procedure effectively to state
         their views on the correctness and relevance of the facts and circumstances alleged and on the evidence presented by the Commission
         in support of its allegation concerning the existence of dumping and the resultant injury. 
      
      However, although the legislature intended to confer on the parties concerned, particularly exporters, a right under Article
         20(2) of basic anti-dumping Regulation No 384/96 to be informed of the essential facts and considerations on the basis of
         which it is intended to recommend the imposition of definitive anti-dumping duties, the Commission is not required to inform
         the parties concerned of all the various factual or legal matters relevant in that respect, such as details of the assessment
         of the injury.
      
      Moreover, in the context of the comparison between normal value and export price, the parties concerned by an anti-dumping
         proceeding have the right to be informed not only that an adjustment has been made in accordance with Article 2(10) of the
         basic regulation, but also of the reasons why it was made. Thus, the Commission’s merely notifying the parties concerned that
         an adjustment has been made, without explaining the reasons, cannot be regarded as sufficient having regard to the obligation
         to comply with defence rights.
      
      Nevertheless, such an irregularity on the part of the Commission is not capable of constituting an infringement of defence
         rights, justifying annulment of a regulation imposing definitive anti-dumping duties, unless the applicants have established,
         not that the said regulation would have had a different content, but that they would have been better able to defend themselves
         in the absence of that irregularity.
      
      (see paras 64, 146, 148, 200-201, 208)
      7.      In an anti-dumping proceeding, and in particular when calculating the export price, the sharing of production and sales activities
         within a group formed by legally distinct companies does not alter the fact that one is dealing with a single economic entity
         which organises in that manner a series of activities which are carried out, in other cases, by an entity which is also a
         single entity from the legal point of view.
      
      Where it is found that a producer entrusts tasks normally falling within the responsibilities of an internal sales department
         to a company for the distribution of its products which it controls economically and with which it forms a single economic
         entity, the fact that the institutions base their reasoning on the prices paid by the first independent buyer from the affiliated
         distributor is justified. Taking the prices of the affiliated distributor into account avoids costs which are clearly included
         in the sale price of a product when that sale is carried out by an integrated sales department in the producer’s organisation
         no longer being included where the same sales activity is carried out by a company which is legally distinct, even though
         economically controlled by the producer.
      
      A single economic entity exists where a producer entrusts tasks normally falling within the responsibilities of an internal
         sales department to a company for distributing its products which it controls economically. Moreover, the capital structure
         is a relevant indicator of the existence of a single economic entity. In addition, a single economic entity may exist where
         the producer assumes part of the sales functions complementary to those of the distribution company for its products.
      
      (see paras 177-179)
      8.      It is apparent both from the wording and the general system of Article 2(10) of the basic anti-dumping Regulation No 384/96
         that an adjustment of the export price or normal value may be made only in order to take account of differences concerning
         factors which affect prices and thus their comparability. The raison d’être of an adjustment is to re-establish the symmetry
         between normal value and export price. Thus, if the adjustment has been validly made, that implies that it has re-established
         that symmetry. By contrast, if the adjustment has not been validly made, that implies that it has maintained or created an
         asymmetry between the normal value and the export price. 
      
      Moreover, just as a party who is claiming adjustments under Article 2(10) of Regulation No 384/96 in order to make the normal
         value and the export price comparable for the purpose of determining the dumping margin must prove that his claim is justified,
         it is incumbent upon the institutions, where they consider that they must make an adjustment of that type, to base their decision
         on direct evidence or at least on circumstantial evidence pointing to the existence of the factors for which the adjustment
         was made, and to determine its effect on price comparability.
      
      (see paras 180, 184, 194-195)
      9.      There is no provision of basic anti-dumping Regulation No 384/96 requiring the Community institutions to accept proposed price
         undertakings formulated by the traders concerned by an investigation prior to the establishment of anti-dumping duties. On
         the contrary, it is apparent from that regulation that the acceptability of such undertakings is defined by the institutions
         in the context of their discretionary power.
      
      By virtue of Article 8(1) of the basic regulation, a fundamental condition for the Commission’s acceptance of an offer of
         undertaking is that ‘[exporters have given] satisfactory voluntary undertakings … to revise [their] prices or to cease exports
         … at dumped prices’.  Thus, rejection of an offer of undertakings may validly result in the finding that minimum import prices
         are not sufficient to eliminate the prejudicial effect of the dumping.
      
      (see paras 225, 230)
JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE (Second Chamber)
      10 March 2009 (*)
      
      (Dumping – Imports of certain seamless tubes and pipes, of iron or steel, originating in Croatia, Romania, Russia and Ukraine – Calculation of the normal value – Cooperation of the Community industry – Adjustment – Functions comparable to those of an agent working on a commission basis – Single economic entity – Manifest error of assessment – Offer of an undertaking – Rights of the defence – Duty to state reasons)
      In Case T‑249/06,
      Interpipe Nikopolsky Seamless Tubes Plant Niko Tube ZAT      (Interpipe Niko Tube ZAT), formerly Nikopolsky Seamless Tubes Plant ‘Niko Tube’ ZAT, established in Nikopol (Ukraine),
      
      Interpipe Nizhnedneprovsky Tube Rolling Plant VAT      (Interpipe NTRP VAT), formerly Nizhnedneprovsky Tube-Rolling Plant VAT, established in Dnipropetrovsk (Ukraine),
      
      represented initially by H.-G. Kamann and P. Vander Schueren, and subsequently by P. Vander Schueren, lawyers,
      applicants,
      v
      Council of the European Union, represented by J.-P. Hix, acting as Agent, assisted by G. Berrisch, lawyer,
      
      defendant,
      supported by
      Commission of the European Communities, represented initially by H. van Vliet and T. Scharf, and subsequently by H. van Vliet and K. Talabér-Ricz, acting as Agents,
      
      intervener,
      APPLICATION for annulment of Council Regulation (EC) No 954/2006 of 27 June 2006 imposing definitive anti-dumping duty on
         imports of certain seamless pipes and tubes, of iron or steel originating in Croatia, Romania, Russia and Ukraine, repealing
         Council Regulations (EC) No 2320/97 and (EC) No 348/2000, terminating the interim and expiry reviews of the anti-dumping duties
         on imports of certain seamless pipes and tubes of iron or non-alloy steel originating, inter alia, in Russia and Romania and
         terminating the interim reviews of the anti-dumping duties on imports of certain seamless pipes and tubes of iron or non-alloy
         steel originating, inter alia, in Russia and Romania and in Croatia and Ukraine (OJ 2006 L 175, p. 4),
      
      THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES (Second Chamber),
      composed of I. Pelikánová, President, K. Jürimäe (Rapporteur) and S. Soldevila Fragoso, Judges,
      Registrar: K. Pocheć, Administrator,
      having regard to the written procedure and further to the hearing on 10 June 2008,
      gives the following
      Judgment
       Legal context
      1        Article 2(10) of Council Regulation (EC) No 384/96 of 22 December 1995 on protection against dumped imports from countries
         not members of the European Community (OJ 1996 L 56, p. 1), as amended by Council Regulation (EC) No 461/2004 of 8 March 2004
         (OJ 2004 L 77, p. 12; ‘the basic regulation’), lays down the criteria on the basis of which the institutions are to make a
         fair comparison between the export price and the normal value. It provides:
      
      ‘A fair comparison shall be made between the export price and the normal value. This comparison shall be made at the same
         level of trade and in respect of sales made at as nearly as possible the same time and with due account taken of other differences
         which affect price comparability. Where the normal value and the export price as established are not on such a comparable
         basis due allowance, in the form of adjustments, shall be made in each case, on its merits, for differences in factors which
         are claimed, and demonstrated, to affect prices and price comparability. Any duplication when making adjustments shall be
         avoided, in particular in relation to discounts, rebates, quantities and level of trade. When the specified conditions are
         met, the factors for which adjustment can be made are listed as follows.
      
      …
      i) Commissions
      An adjustment shall be made for differences in commissions paid in respect of the sales under consideration. The term “commissions”
         shall be understood to include the mark-up received by a trader of the product or the like product if the functions of such
         a trader are similar to those of an agent working on a commission basis
      
      …’
      2        Article 3 of the basic regulation concerns the determination of the existence of injury. It provides:
      
      ‘…
      2.      A determination of injury shall be based on positive evidence and shall involve an objective examination of both (a) the volume
         of the dumped imports and the effect of the dumped imports on prices in the Community market for like products; and (b) the
         consequent impact of those imports on the Community industry. 
      
      3.      With regard to the volume of the dumped imports, consideration shall be given to whether there has been a significant increase
         in dumped imports, either in absolute terms or relative to production or consumption in the Community. With regard to the
         effect of the dumped imports on prices, consideration shall be given to whether there has been significant price undercutting
         by the dumped imports as compared with the price of a like product of the Community industry, or whether the effect of such
         imports is otherwise to depress prices to a significant degree or prevent price increases, which would otherwise have occurred,
         to a significant degree. No one or more of these factors can necessarily give decisive guidance. 
      
      …
      5.      The examination of the impact of the dumped imports on the Community industry concerned shall include an evaluation of all
         relevant economic factors and indices having a bearing on the state of the industry, including the fact that an industry is
         still in the process of recovering from the effects of past dumping or subsidisation, the magnitude of the actual margin of
         dumping, actual and potential decline in sales, profits, output, market share, productivity, return on investments, utilisation
         of capacity; factors affecting Community prices; actual and potential negative effects on cash flow, inventories, employment,
         wages, growth, ability to raise capital or investments. This list is not exhaustive, nor can any one or more of these factors
         necessarily give decisive guidance. 
      
      6.      It must be demonstrated, from all the relevant evidence presented in relation to paragraph 2, that the dumped imports are
         causing injury within the meaning of [the basic regulation]. Specifically, this shall entail a demonstration that the volume
         and/or price levels identified pursuant to paragraph 3 are responsible for an impact on the Community industry as provided
         for in paragraph 5, and that this impact exists to a degree which enables it to be classified as material. 
      
      7.      Known factors other than the dumped imports which at the same time are injuring the Community industry shall also be examined
         to ensure that injury caused by these other factors is not attributed to the dumped imports under paragraph 6. Factors which
         may be considered in this respect include the volume and prices of imports not sold at dumping prices, contraction in demand
         or changes in the patterns of consumption, restrictive trade practices of, and competition between, third country and Community
         producers, developments in technology and the export performance and productivity of the Community industry.
      
      …’
      3        Article 5 of the basic regulation is headed ‘Initiation of proceedings’. Article 5(4) provides:
      
      ‘An investigation shall not be initiated pursuant to paragraph 1 unless it has been determined, on the basis of an examination
         as to the degree of support for, or opposition to, the complaint expressed by Community producers of the like product, that
         the complaint has been made by or on behalf of the Community industry. The complaint shall be considered to have been made
         by or on behalf of the Community industry if it is supported by those Community producers whose collective output constitutes
         more than 50% of the total production of the like product produced by that portion of the Community industry expressing either
         support for or opposition to the complaint. However, no investigation shall be initiated when Community producers expressly
         supporting the complaint account for less than 25% of total production of the like product produced by the Community industry.’
      
      4        Finally, Article 19(3) of the basic regulation reads:
      
      ‘If it is considered that a request for confidentiality is not warranted and if the supplier of the information is either
         unwilling to make the information available or to authorise its disclosure in generalised or summary form, such information
         may be disregarded unless it can be satisfactorily demonstrated from appropriate sources that the information is correct …’
      
       Background to the dispute
      5        The applicants, Nikopolsky Seamless Tubes Plant ‘Niko Tube’ ZAT, now Interpipe Nikopolsky Seamless Tubes Plant Niko Tube ZAT
         (Interpipe Niko Tube ZAT) (‘Niko Tube’), and Nizhnedneprovsky Tube-Rolling Plant VAT, now Interpipe Nizhnedneprovsky Tube
         Rolling Plant VAT (Interpipe NTRP VAT) (‘NTRP’) are Ukrainian producers of seamless tubes and pipes. The applicants are connected
         with two sales companies: SPIG Interpipe, established in Ukraine, and Sepco SA, established in Switzerland.
      
      6        Following a complaint lodged on 14 February 2005 by the Defence Committee of the Seamless Steel Tube Industry of the European
         Union, the Commission initiated an anti-dumping proceeding concerning imports of seamless pipes and tubes, of iron or steel,
         originating in Croatia, Romania, Russia and Ukraine, pursuant to Article 5 of the basic regulation. The Commission also initiated
         two interim reviews pursuant to Article 11(3) of the basic regulation on the anti-dumping duties on imports of certain seamless
         pipes and tubes of iron or non-alloy steel originating, inter alia, in Russia and Romania and in Croatia and Ukraine. The
         notice of initiation of those proceedings was published on 31 March 2005 (OJ 2005 C 77, p. 2).
      
      7        The investigation into dumping and resulting injury concerned the period from 1 January to 31 December 2004 (‘the investigation
         period’). Examination of the trends relevant for assessing injury covered the period from 1 January 2001 to the end of the
         investigation period.
      
      8        In view of the large number of Community producers supporting the complaint, the Commission proceeded, pursuant to Article
         17 of the basic regulation, to select five Community producers for the purposes of the investigation. That sample initially
         comprised the following five Community producers: Dalmine SpA, Benteler Stahl/Rohr GmbH, Tubos Reunidos SA, Vallourec & Mannesmann
         France SA (‘V & M France’) and V & M Deutschland GmbH (‘V & M Deutschland’). When Benteler Stahl/Rohr decided not to cooperate
         with the investigation, the Commission replaced it with Rohrwerk Maxhütte GmbH.
      
      9        By letters of 6 June and 14 July 2005 the applicants, SPIG Interpipe and Sepco sent the Commission their responses to the
         anti-dumping questionnaire. On-site verifications took place at the applicants’ premises and those of SPIG Interpipe from
         17 to 26 November 2005.
      
      10      On 27 February 2006, the Commission sent the applicants the first disclosure document detailing the facts and considerations
         on the basis of which it was proposing to adopt definitive anti-dumping measures. By letter of 22 March 2006, the applicants
         officially challenged the Commission’s findings as set out in the first disclosure document. They claimed that the Commission
         had wrongly included data on products which were not manufactured by them, that the Commission compared the normal value and
         export price at a different level of trade, which is contrary to the introductory part of Article 2(10) of the basic regulation,
         and that, by treating Sepco as an importer and constructing its export price, the Commission infringed Article 2(9) of the
         basic regulation.
      
      11      On 24 March 2006, a hearing was organised by the Commission, in the presence of the applicants, in order to address the issue
         of the calculation of the dumping margin and their offer of a price undertaking. On 30 March 2006 another hearing, concerned
         with the injury, took place.
      
      12      By fax of 3 April 2006, the applicants requested information from the Commission regarding the cooperation of the Community
         industry with the investigation.
      
      13      On 24 April 2006, the Commission adopted its second disclosure document. In that document the Commission rejected the request
         for the exclusion of products falling under product control number (‘PCN’) KE4 from the calculation of the normal value. It
         carried out an adjustment to Sepco’s sale prices, no longer on the basis of Article 2(9) of the basic regulation, but under
         Article 2(10)(i) of the basic regulation. Finally, in that document, the Commission provided some information regarding the
         cooperation of the Community industry.
      
      14      By fax of 26 April 2006, the applicants reminded the Commission that the data provided in response to the anti-dumping questionnaire
         and verified by the Commission officials demonstrate that the atomic pipes falling under PCN KE4 were not produced by the
         applicants.
      
      15      The applicants submitted their full observations on the second disclosure document to the Commission by letter of 4 May 2006.
      
      16      By letter of 30 May 2006, the Commission explained to the applicants its reasons for not accepting their offer of undertaking
         submitted on 22 March 2006.
      
      17      On 7 June 2006 the Commission adopted and made public its proposal for a Council regulation imposing a definitive anti-dumping
         duty on imports of certain seamless pipes and tubes, of iron or steel originating in Croatia, Romania, Russia and Ukraine,
         repealing Council Regulations (EC) No 2320/97 and (EC) No 348/2000, terminating the interim and expiry reviews of the anti-dumping
         duties on imports of certain seamless pipes and tubes of iron or non-alloy steel originating, inter alia, in Russia and Romania
         and terminating the interim reviews of the anti-dumping duties on imports of certain seamless pipes and tubes of iron or non-alloy
         steel originating, inter alia, in Russia and Romania and in Croatia and Ukraine.
      
      18      By fax received by the applicants on 26 June 2006 at 19.06 hrs, the Commission replied to the arguments raised by the applicants
         in the fax of 26 April and the letter of 4 May 2006, save for the argument concerning lack of cooperation from the Community
         industry. By letter sent to the applicants on 16 June 2006, which they received on 27 June 2006, the Commission replied to
         the applicants’ comments with regard to the support from the Community industry for the proceeding.
      
      19      On 27 June 2006, the Council adopted Regulation (EC) No 954/2006 imposing definitive anti-dumping duty on imports of certain
         seamless pipes and tubes, of iron or steel originating in Croatia, Romania, Russia and Ukraine, repealing Council Regulations
         (EC) No 2320/97 and (EC) No 348/2000, terminating the interim and expiry reviews of the anti-dumping duties on imports of
         certain seamless pipes and tubes of iron or non-alloy steel originating, inter alia, in Russia and Romania and terminating
         the interim reviews of the anti-dumping duties on imports of certain seamless pipes and tubes of iron or non-alloy steel originating,
         inter alia, in Russia and Romania and in Croatia and Ukraine (OJ 2006 L 175, p. 4; ‘the contested regulation’).
      
      20      By the contested regulation, the Council imposed anti-dumping duties of 25.1% on imports of seamless pipes and tubes, of iron
         or steel, from the applicants.
      
       Procedure and forms of order sought 
      21      The applicants brought the present action by application lodged at the Registry of the Court of First Instance on 8 September
         2006.
      
      22      By application lodged at the Registry on 1 December 2006, the Commission applied to intervene in support of the form of order
         sought by the Council. By order of 16 January 2007, the President of the Fifth Chamber of the Court of First Instance granted
         leave to intervene. By letter of 27 February 2007, the Commission informed the Court that it waived its right to submit a
         written statement in intervention but would take part in the oral hearing.
      
      23      Following a change in the composition of the chambers of the Court, the Judge-Rapporteur was assigned to the Second Chamber,
         to which, consequently, the present case has been assigned.
      
      24      The applicants claim that the Court should:
      
      –        annul the contested regulation in so far as it affects the applicants;
      –        order the Council to pay the costs.
      25      The Council, supported by the Commission, contends that the Court should:
      
      –        dismiss the action;
      –        order the applicants to pay the costs.
       Law
      26      The applicants put forward six pleas in law in support of their action. In their first plea, the applicants claim that, by
         taking account, in the calculation of the normal value, of data concerning tubes that were not manufactured by them, the Council
         committed a manifest error of assessment and breach of the principle of non-discrimination. In the second plea, the applicants
         argue that, in using for the purposes of determining injury the data for the five Community producers selected in the sample,
         whereas those producers had not fully and entirely cooperated, the Council infringed Article 3(2), (3), (5), (6) and (7) and
         Article 19(3) of the basic regulation and the principle of non-discrimination. In their third plea, the applicants argue that,
         on account of the lack of full and entire cooperation of the Community producers taken as the sample, the level of support
         for the complaint was below the minimum specified in the regulation of 25% of Community production. The Council thus infringed
         of Article 5(4) of the basic regulation by not terminating the anti-dumping proceeding. In their fourth plea, the applicants
         argue that, by deducting from Sepco’s sale price an amount corresponding to the commission which an agent, working on a commissions
         basis, would have charged, by way of adjustment, in comparing the normal value and the export price, the Council made a manifest
         error of assessment in applying Article 2(10)(i) and the first paragraph of Article 2(10) of the basic regulation. In their
         fifth plea, the applicants argue that the circumstances of the Council’s rejection of the applicants’ offer of undertaking
         constitute a breach of the principle of non-discrimination. Finally, the sixth plea is divided into five branches, alleging
         breach of the applicants’ rights of defence and/or the obligation to state reasons: (i) in the treatment of the tubes allegedly
         not manufactured by the applicants for the purposes of calculating normal value; (ii) in the assessment of the alleged lack
         of cooperation from the Community industry; (iii) in the adjustment made on the export price charged by Sepco; (iv) in the
         rejection of the applicants’ offer of undertaking; and (v) in the treatment of sales costs, administrative expenses and other
         general costs of SPIG Interpipe.
      
      27      The Court considers that examination of these six pleas needs to be rearranged by reference to the facts to which they relate.
      
       Calculation of the normal value
      28      In the first plea and part of the sixth plea, the applicants rely on an identical fact, namely the fact that the Commission
         included in its calculation of the normal value data relating to products – certain atomic tubes – which the applicants did
         not manufacture.
      
      29      According to the applicants, that fact has given rise to:
      
      –        a manifest error of assessment (first plea);
      –        an infringement of the principle of non-discrimination (first plea);
      –        an infringement of the rights of the defence and the obligation to state reasons (sixth plea).
       Manifest error of assessment
      –       Arguments of the parties
      30      In their first plea, the applicants argue that the Council made a manifest error of assessment by suggesting that data concerning
         pipes falling within the PCN KE4 and manufactured under technical standard TU l4-3P-197-2001 had not been verified and thus
         did not provide a sufficient level of assurance for the exclusion of those atomic pipes from the calculation of the dumping
         margin. By so doing, the Council failed both in its duty of diligence and its obligation to determine the normal value in
         a reasonable manner.
      
      31      The applicants maintain that, in their answers to the Commission’s questionnaire, they provided all the data proving that
         they did not manufacture those tubes. Those data were verified during the on-the-spot checks at the applicants’ premises and
         were accepted without reservation by the Commission’s officials.
      
      32      According to the Council, whilst it is legally correct that calculation of the dumping margin cannot take account of data
         concerning products not manufactured by the parties under investigation, the applicants are wrong to claim that the Council
         infringed that rule in this case. The Council argues that the applicants’ claim, to the effect that all relevant information
         concerning transactions falling under NCP KE4 had already been communicated in their reply to the questionnaire, is false.
         In order to make a decision excluding those transactions from the calculation of the dumping margin, it would have been necessary
         to make a fresh on-the-spot check.
      
      33      In the first place, the Commission had no reason to assume that SPIG’s sales lists contained any products that were not the
         product concerned. In particular, the reference to a Ukrainian manufacturing norm that was unknown to the Commission and for
         which no explanation was provided did not put the Commission on notice that the products listed by the applicants might not
         be the product concerned. Moreover, the information allegedly indicating that the transactions in question did not relate
         to the product concerned represented only six lines out of over 16 000 lines of sales transaction data, and appeared in only
         six cells out of more than 600 000 in the tables completed by the applicants.
      
      34      Secondly, whilst the Commission did verify the sales lists supplied by the applicants in general, it did not verify whether
         or not the sales related to the product concerned, since that was not its task. Instead, the Commission assumed that transactions
         concerning atomic tubes falling within technical standard TU l4-3P-197-2001 related to the product concerned. In addition,
         during the on-the-spot check, the Commission did not raise the question of tubes falling within NCP KE4, the applicants having
         not yet formulated their application for those transactions to be excluded from the calculation of the dumping margin.
      
      35      Thirdly, the alleged mistake arose as a result of disregard by SPIG Interpipe itself of the Commission’s reporting system,
         namely the six-symbol PCN code, and its decision to include data that could be interpreted only by reference to a Ukrainian
         manufacturing norm which was unknown to the Commission and which could not be a substitute for one half of the PCN code.
      
      36      Fourthly, the applicants failed to submit any evidence clearly showing that the six transactions did indeed concern tubes
         and seamless tubes other than the product concerned, that those tubes were not manufactured by them, and that they had been
         bought from a third party.
      
      37      Fifthly, the Council observes that, in the list of suppliers given in its reply to the questionnaire, SPIG Interpipe has mentioned
         only one supplier for the product falling within NCP KE4, namely one of the applicants, NTRP.
      
      –       Findings of the Court
      38      It is clear from the case-law that in the sphere of measures to protect trade the Community institutions enjoy a wide discretion
         by reason of the complexity of the economic, political and legal situations which they have to examine (Case T‑413/03 Shandong Reipu Biochemicals v Council [2006] ECR II‑2243, paragraph 61; see also, to that effect, Case 240/84 NTN Toyo Bearing and Others v Council [1987] ECR 1809, paragraph 19).
      
      39      Review by the Community Courts of the institutions’ assessments must therefore be limited to verifying whether the relevant
         procedural rules have been complied with, whether the facts on which the disputed choice is based have been accurately stated
         and whether there has been a manifest error of appraisal or a misuse of powers (NTN Toyo Bearing, cited in paragraph 38 above, paragraph 19; Case C‑16/90 Nölle [1991] ECR I‑5163, paragraph 12; and Shandong Reipu Biochemicals, cited in paragraph 38 above, paragraph 62).
      
      40      However, whilst the Community institutions have a wide power of appraisal, respect for the rights guaranteed by the Community
         legal order in administrative procedures is of even more fundamental importance. Those guarantees include, in particular,
         the duty of the competent institution to examine carefully and impartially all the relevant aspects of the individual case
         (Case C-269/90 Technische Universität München [1991] ECR I‑5469, paragraph 14; Shandong Reipu Biochemicals, cited in paragraph 38 above, paragraph 63).
      
      41      Whilst in the area of commercial defence measures, and anti-dumping measures in particular, the Community Courts cannot intervene
         in the assessment reserved for the Community authorities, it is nevertheless for them to satisfy themselves that the institutions
         took account of all the relevant circumstances and appraised the facts of the matter with all due care, so that normal value
         may be regarded as having been determined in a reasonable manner (Case T‑48/96 Acme v Council [1999] ECR II‑3089, paragraph 39; Shandong Reipu Biochemicals, cited in paragraph 38 above, paragraph 64; see also, to that effect, Nölle, cited in paragraph 39 above, paragraph 13).
      
      42      It is in the light of the above considerations that the Court must examine whether, as the applicants claim, the Council made
         a manifest error of assessment by suggesting that the data concerning the atomic tubes falling under NCP KE4 and manufactured
         in accordance with technical norm TU 14-3P-197-2001 had not been verified and thus did not provide a sufficient level of assurance
         for the exclusion of those atomic pipes from the calculation of the dumping margin.
      
      43      In that regard, first, it should be noted that it is undisputed that the calculation of the dumping margin cannot take account
         of data concerning products that are not manufactured by the parties under investigation.
      
      44      Secondly, it has to be determined whether the information submitted by the applicants to the Commission during the investigation
         was sufficient for it to be concluded that they did not produce the atomic tubes at issue, with the result that it failed
         to examine, with care and impartiality, all the relevant aspects of the case and made a manifest error of assessment by holding
         that those aspects had to form the subject-matter of a fresh on-the-spot check at the applicants’ premises.
      
      45      The evidence on the Court’s file shows that the national and European sales lists produced by the applicants, in their replies
         to the questionnaire, headed respectively ‘DMsales’ and ‘ECsales’, include, as the Commission has requested, a column headed
         ‘Norm’. The applicants systematically entered the exact specification of the technical norm of each model of tube or pipe
         in that column. However, the norm TU 14-3P-197-2001 does not appear anywhere in that column, which is an indication that the
         applicants did not sell those atomic pipes, even to their associated sales company, SPIG Interpipe.
      
      46      Moreover, it is apparent from examination of the applicants’ lists of production costs for the products intended, respectively,
         for the national and European markets, those lists being headed ‘DMcop’ and ‘ECcop’, that the applicants do not produce those
         atomic pipes. Therefore, those lists prove that none of the products mentioned in the lists ‘DMcop’ and ‘ECcop’ were manufactured
         pursuant to technical norm TU 14-3P-197-2001.
      
      47      However, the evidence on the file also shows that the list of sales on the national market, headed ‘DMsales’, produced by
         SPIG Interpipe in the context of its reply to the questionnaire, refers to six transactions concerning pipes falling within
         NCP KE4 and manufactured pursuant to technical norm TU 14-3P-197-2001.
      
      48      Moreover, the list of suppliers and purchases of SPIG Interpipe mentioned a single supplier for pipes falling within NCP KE4,
         namely one of the applicants, NTRP. In that regard, it is clear from the explanations and documents supplied by the applicants,
         in the context of the measures of organisation of procedure adopted by the Court of First Instance, that the questionnaire
         which SPIG Interpipe had to complete concerned only sales to the Community and that the ‘DMsales’ list, concerning sales to
         the Ukraine market, was supplied only on a purely voluntary basis. Consequently, the list of suppliers and purchases of SPIG
         Interpipe should show only suppliers whose products had been resold in the Community. In so far as the evidence on file confirms
         that the pipes falling under code NCP KE4 and the technical norm TU 14-3P-197-2001 were resold on the Ukrainian national market
         and that all the pipes falling under code NCP KE4, but not technical norm TU 14-3P-197-2001, produced by NTRP were resold,
         by SPIG Interpipe, on the Community market, it must be held that SPIG Interpipe did not commit any error by making no mention,
         in its list of suppliers and purchases, of a supplier other than NTRP.
      
      49      However, the fact, first, that the ‘DMsales’ list produced by SPIG Interpipe mentioned transactions concerning pipes falling
         within NCP KE4 and technical norm TU 14-3P-197-2001 and, secondly, that the list of suppliers and purchases of SPIG Interpipe
         referred only to a single supplier for pipes falling under NCP KE4 may have been a source of confusion for the Commission
         officials charged with the investigation.
      
      50      The Court therefore finds that, at the conclusion of a diligent assessment of the questionnaire replies by the applicants
         and their affiliated sales company, SPIG Interpipe, the Commission had contradictory information, or, at the very least, information
         the validity of which could be called into question.
      
      51      It should also be noted that the applicants have not sought to dissipate the Commission’s doubt in the face of those contradictions.
         For example, the written evidence shows that, following the adoption of the first final information document, at a hearing
         on 24 March 2006, the applicants supplied the Commission with several documents written in Ukrainian, those documents being
         supposed to be the invoices relating to the six transactions wrongly mentioned in SPIG Interpipe’s sales list. Although a
         disagreement emerged between the parties at the hearing, as to whether, at the hearing on 24 March 2006, the Commission had
         requested a translation of those documents, it must be held that it was the responsibility of the applicants to adduce proof
         of what they were alleging, namely that the six transactions in question concerned purchases by SPIG Interpipe of pipes falling
         within NCP KE4 and technical norm TU 14-3P-197-2001 from an independent supplier. Moreover, following the second final information
         document, dated 24 April 2006, the applicants reiterated their claim that data concerning those atomic pipes should be excluded,
         omitting once again to adduce the least evidence that the atomic pipes in question had been purchased from an independent
         third party.
      
      52      It must therefore be held that, in view of the contradictory data appearing in the questionnaire replies and in the absence
         of proof that the atomic pipes in question had been purchased from an independent third party, a doubt subsisted as to the
         reliability of those data. Moreover, it follows from the above that the Commission showed all the required diligence in examining
         the data supplied by the applicants, and that it was right to state, in the second final information document, that it could
         not take account of that new, unverified, information.
      
      53      It must therefore be concluded that the Commission complied with its obligation to examine, with care and impartiality, all
         the relevant factors of the case, and that it concluded, on the basis of that examination, that the data concerning those
         atomic pipes did not provide a sufficient level of assurance for the exclusion of those atomic pipes from the calculation
         of the dumping margin, in the absence of a fresh verification. It follows that the normal value was determined in a reasonable
         manner, for the purposes of the case-law cited in paragraphs 40 and 41 above, and that the Council did not make any manifest
         error of assessment.
      
      54      That conclusion is not called into question by the fact, raised by the applicants, that the Commission carried out a verification
         visit at the premises of the applicants and SPIG Interpipe, thereby implying, they submit, that all the data mentioned above
         should be regarded as verified and approved by the Commission. Since those data were contradictory, they did not allow it
         to be determined with certainty that the applicants did not produce the atomic pipes in question. Moreover, it should be noted
         that, at the time of the verification, the applicants had not yet informed the Commission that SPIG Interpipe had made an
         error in its ‘DMsales’ list. It was only after the adoption of the first final information document that the applicants informed
         the Commission of that error and formally notified it that they did not manufacture the atomic pipes falling under NCP KE4
         and technical norm TU 14-3P-197-2001. Consequently, it cannot be maintained that verification enabled light to be shed on
         the contradictions vitiating the questionnaire replies sent to the Commission by the applicants and SPIG Interpipe.
      
      55      The Court must therefore dismiss as unfounded the limb of the first plea alleging the existence of a manifest error of assessment
         in the calculation of normal value.
      
       Infringement of the principle of non-discrimination
      –       Arguments of the parties
      56      According to the applicants, the Council infringed the principle of non-discrimination by agreeing to exclude from calculation
         of the dumping margin all products not manufactured by the applicants falling within NCP codes AB2, AC4, BD3, BD4, BE3, CC6,
         EA1, EA2, EB1, GE5, HD1, HE1 and ID4, whereas it refused to do so in relation to the atomic pipes falling within NCP KE4 and
         technical norm TU 14-3P-197-2001, while basing its decision on the same series of data duly verified in relation to costs
         and sales. They argue that the circumstances justifying the exclusion of the first series of transactions were exactly the
         same as those justifying the exclusion of the atomic pipes corresponding to technical norm TU 14-3P-197-2001.
      
      57      The Council states that the Commission accepted the applicants’ request seeking the exclusion of the first series of transactions,
         because the latter had not notified any production of those products or related production costs. Moreover, SPIG Interpipe
         had not indicated any purchases of those products from the applicants. The institutions thus took the view that they could
         accede to that request, without a new on-the-spot check being necessary, because they could reasonably take the view that
         the pipes in question had not been manufactured by the applicants, unlike the pipes falling within NCP KE4 and technical norm
         TU 14-3P-197-2001.
      
      –       Findings of the Court
      58      The principle of non-discrimination prohibits, first, treating similar situations differently and, secondly, treating different
         situations in the same way unless there are objective reasons for such treatment (Case C‑422/02 P Europe Chemi-Con (Deutschland) v Council [2005] ECR I‑791, paragraph 33).
      
      59      It should be noted that, contrary to what the applicants allege, the circumstances surrounding the exclusion of the pipes
         falling within NCP codes AB2, AC4, BD3, BD4, BE3, CC6, EA1, EA2, EB1, GE5, HD1, HE1 and ID4 differ from the circumstances
         relating to the application for exclusion of the atomic pipes falling within NCP KE4 and technical norm TU 14-3P-197-2001.
         In particular, it should be noted that, whereas pipes falling within NCP KE4 were produced by one of the applicants, namely
         NTRP, pipes falling within the other NCP codes did not appear anywhere in the applicants’ lists of sales and production costs.
      
      60      Moreover, as has already been pointed out in paragraph 48 above, SPIG Interpipe’s list of suppliers and purchases rightly
         mentioned a single supplier for pipes falling within NCP KE4, namely one of the applicants, NTRP. Therefore, it must be held
         that the evidence on file concerning the atomic pipes falling within NCP KE4 and technical norm TU 14-3P-197-2001 was particularly
         difficult to grasp, which was not the case with the evidence concerning the products which the Commission had agreed to exclude
         from calculation of the normal value. It follows that, whereas there was a doubt as to the reliability of the data concerning
         the atomic pipes falling within NCP KE4 and technical norm TU 14-3P-197-2001, the applicants have not proved that such a doubt
         also existed in relation to pipes falling within other NCP codes.
      
      61      In the light of the above, the Court must dismiss as unfounded the limb of the first plea alleging infringement of the principle
         of non-discrimination.
      
       Infringement of the rights of the defence and the duty to state reasons
      –       Arguments of the parties
      62      In their sixth plea, the applicants allege an infringement of the rights of the defence. They claim that the Commission sent
         them new factual evidence and new legal reasoning on 27 June 2006, the day on which the contested regulation was adopted.
         In addition, the Council infringed Article 253 EC requiring it to state reasons, in so far as the contested regulation did
         not supply any adequate response to the applicants’ arguments concerning determination of the normal value.
      
      63      Concerning infringement of defence rights, the Council maintains that the Commission provided explanations concerning determination
         of the normal value in the second final information document, dated 24 April 2006, and that the applicant replied to them
         in a communication dated 26 April 2006. Moreover, concerning the alleged infringement of the duty to state reasons, the Council
         argues that the matter at issue was a very precise question concerning a company and did not therefore need to be expressly
         dealt with in the contested regulation. In any event, the Council maintains, that question was dealt with in the letter of
         26 June 2006 and the hearings of 24 and 30 March 2006.
      
      –       Findings of the Court
      64      The case-law of the Court of Justice shows that the requirements following from compliance with defence rights must be observed
         not only in the course of proceedings which may result in the imposition of penalties, but also in investigative proceedings
         prior to the adoption of anti-dumping regulations which may directly and individually affect the undertakings concerned and
         entail adverse consequences for them (Case C‑49/88 Al-Jubail Fertilizer v Council [1991] ECR I‑3187, paragraph 15). In particular, the undertakings concerned should have been placed in a position during
         the administrative procedure in which they could effectively make known their views on the correctness and relevance of the
         facts and circumstances alleged and on the evidence presented by the Commission in support of its allegation concerning the
         existence of dumping and the resultant injury (Al-Jubail Fertilizer, paragraph 17). Those requirements have also been set out in Article 20 of the basic regulation, paragraph 2 of which provides
         that complainants, importers and exporters and their representative associations, and representatives of the exporting country
         ‘may request final disclosure of the essential facts and considerations on the basis of which it is intended to recommend
         the imposition of definitive measures’.
      
      65      It should also be recalled that, according to the case-law, the statement of reasons required by Article 253 EC must show
         clearly and unequivocally the reasoning of the Community authority which adopted the contested measure, so as to inform the
         persons concerned of the justification for the measure adopted and thus to enable them to defend their rights and the Community
         judicature to exercise its powers of review (Case T‑48/96 Acme Industry v Council [1999] ECR II‑3089, paragraph 141). On the other hand, the Council is not required to reply, in the statement of reasons
         for the regulation, to all the points of fact and law raised by the persons concerned during the administrative procedure
         (see, to that effect, Joined Cases T‑371/94 and T‑394/94 British Airways and Others v Commission [1998] ECR II‑2405, paragraph 94). Nor is there a requirement that the statement of reasons give details of all relevant
         factual or legal aspects, the question whether it fulfils the applicable requirements having to be assessed with particular
         regard to the context of the act and to all the legal rules governing the matter in question (Case T‑164/94 Ferchimex v Commission [1995] ECR II‑2681, paragraph 118).
      
      66      It is in the light of the above that the Court must determine whether the Council did in fact infringe defence rights and
         fail in its duty to state reasons.
      
      67      Concerning, first, the infringement of defence rights, it should be noted, without it being necessary to rule on the essential
         character of the considerations concerning the exclusion of the atomic pipes falling within NCP KE4 and technical norm TU
         14-3P-197-2001 from calculation of the normal value, that, contrary to what the applicants claim, no new element of fact or
         reasoning was communicated to them by the letters which they did indeed receive on 27 June 2006, namely the day on which the
         contested regulation was adopted. The applicants argue that the Commission stated for the first time in those letters that
         the atomic pipes could not be excluded from the calculations of the dumping margin, because the data which it had at its disposal
         did not provide a sufficient level of assurance in the absence of a fresh verification. However, the Commission had already
         stated, in the second final information document, dated 24 April 2006, that, since its officials were not in a position to
         carry out a verification of the information provided by the applicants, it could not accede to their request. Moreover, it
         should be noted that the applicants replied to that remark by the Commission in their fax of 26 April 2006, so that they exercised
         their defence rights on that point.
      
      68      Concerning, secondly, infringement of the duty to state reasons, it should be pointed out that, although the contested regulation
         does not make any reference to the question of products falling within NCP KE4, that is because that question is particular
         to the applicants. Therefore, since the second final information document, dated 24 April 2006, clearly and unequivocally
         shows the Commission’s reasoning, the applicants cannot accuse the Council of failing in its duty to state reasons.
      
      69      The Court must therefore dismiss the sixth plea, alleging infringement of the requirements following from compliance with
         defence rights and of the duty to state reasons, in so far as it concerns determination of the normal value, as unfounded.
      
       The consequences of the lack of replies to the questionnaire from companies affiliated to the Community producers
      70      In their second and third pleas and in part of the sixth plea, the applicants rely on an identical fact, namely that each
         of the five Community producers of seamless tubes and pipes, which the Commission had included in the sample on which it based
         its investigation, is affiliated to companies which failed to provide a reply to the questionnaire.
      
      71      According to the applicants, that fact has resulted in:
      
      –        an infringement of Article 3(2), (3), (5), (6) and (7) of the basic regulation (second plea);
      –        an infringement of the principle of non-discrimination (second plea);
      –        an infringement of Article 19(3) of the basic regulation (second plea);
      –        an infringement of Article 5(4) of the basic regulation (third plea);
      –        an infringement of the rights of the defence and the duty to state reasons (sixth plea).
       Infringement of Article 3(2), (3), (5), (6) and (7) of the basic regulation
      –       Arguments of the parties
      72      In the second plea, the applicants argue that, in so far as each of the five Community seamless tube and pipe producers selected
         in the sample is affiliated to one or more production or sales companies which failed to lodge a separate reply to the Commission’s
         questionnaire, those five producers cannot be regarded as having fully cooperated. According to the applicants, the contested
         decision is based on an alleged total cooperation of the Community industry. The applicants conclude that the assessment of
         the injury infringes Article 3(2), (3), (5), (6) and (7) of the basic regulation.
      
      73      In that respect, the applicants argue, first, that it is impossible to satisfy the abovementioned provisions of the basic
         regulation if all entities related to the Community producers and involved with the product concerned are not required to
         give their full and entire cooperation to the investigation.
      
      74      Secondly, the applicants argue that infringement of the above provisions cannot be justified, as the Commission appears to
         do in its letter of 27 June 2006, by the fact that partial cooperation of a group to which a Community producer belongs does
         not have a noticeable impact on the determination of the injury suffered by that producer or by the Community industry as
         a whole. According to the applicants, the Commission thereby relies on the principle of ‘harmless error’.
      
      75      First, the applicants argue that the Commission does not claim that the principle of harmless error applies with regard to
         the exporting producers in that they too would be allowed to cooperate only partially in the investigation.
      
      76      Secondly, the applicants argue, lack of complete information on the production of all related producers and sales to first
         unrelated customers is not a harmless error. First, transfer prices between members of the same group are not reliable, and,
         second, to exempt all related traders from submitting a questionnaire reply amounts to giving a blank cheque to the Community
         producers, allowing them to be selective in the supply of data, so as to influence the assessment of injury.
      
      77      Thirdly, the applicants argue that the Commission’s approach as to the lack of noticeable impact of partial cooperation of
         a group of companies is overly simplistic and therefore incorrect. Partial cooperation by certain entities in the group projects
         a partial and distorted picture of the group in question or of the Community industry as a whole.
      
      78      Fourthly, the applicants argue that to adopt the principle of harmless error as a line of defence cannot excuse multiple violations
         of the provisions of Article 3 of the basic regulation.
      
      79      Fifthly, the applicants argue that, if the Commission has not received full data and has not been able to verify those data,
         it cannot determine with certainty that the production and sales that were not submitted were sufficiently small in volume
         and value not to have an effect on the injury assessment.
      
      80      Thirdly, the applicants argue that, in this case, the lack of full cooperation from the sampled Community producers has had
         a noticeable impact on the injury assessment for those producers and as a result for the Community industry as a whole. In
         particular, the Commission based its injury margin calculations almost totally on the transfer prices charged by the Community
         producers. That method involved a significant exaggeration of the injury margins.
      
      81      In reply to the applicants’ arguments, the Council argues that the institutions were right to regard all the sampled Community
         producers as cooperating.
      
      82      The Council maintains that the concept of cooperation does not have to be literally understood as implying the provision of
         complete and exact replies to all the questions put by the Commission. The Commission will always assess whether and to what
         extent failure to provide certain information has compromised the investigation. That applies both to exporters and Community
         producers, even though the Commission may apply different criteria to exporters and to Community producers, since those two
         groups of companies supply information for different purposes. In that regard, the Council further maintains that it never
         intended to rely on the existence of a harmless error to justify the alleged infringements.
      
      83      In this case, the Council argues, the Commission was right, in the light of the facts it had at its disposal, not to exclude
         any sampled company from the Community industry.
      
      84      Concerning, first, the applicants’ claim that calculation of the injury margin was distorted by reason of the lack of cooperation,
         the Council points out that the Commission needs the sales prices to the first independent buyer in order to establish the
         average sales prices of all Community producers and the weighted average undercutting margin. In the present case, the weighted
         average undercutting margin was 32%. It may be that with the inclusion of the missing sales from some related companies it
         would have been 30%, or 32%, or 35%, but that would not have affected the conclusion that significant undercutting did take
         place and that the dumped imports were causing injury to the Community industry. The Council also argues that the applicants’
         reference to the calculation of the injury margin is misplaced in this context. The injury margin is relevant only for the
         purpose of the lesser-duty rule, according to which the duty should be the lesser of the dumping or the injury margin. In
         the present case, inclusion of the sales of the product concerned by Vallourec & Mannesmann Oil & Gas Ltd (‘VMOG United Kingdom’)
         and Productos Tubolares, which together accounted for less than 8% of the Community industry’s sales of the product concerned,
         could never have resulted in a reduction of the injury margin, assessed at 57%, below the dumping margin, assessed at 25.7%.
      
      85      The Council then argues that the applicants merely assume that the complaining Community producers included in the sample
         were indeed non-cooperating. Since the absence of information for certain companies related to the Community producers did
         not materially affect the injury and causation analysis, that assumption is incorrect, and the allegation of infringement
         of Article 3(2), (3), (5), (6) and (7) of the basic regulation should be dismissed.
      
      –       Findings of the Court 
      86      As has already been pointed out in paragraphs 38 and 39 above, since, in the sphere of measures to protect trade, the Community
         institutions enjoy a wide discretion by reason of the complexity of the economic, political and legal situations which they
         have to examine, review by the Community Courts of the institutions’ assessments must be limited to verifying whether the
         relevant procedural rules have been complied with, whether the facts on which the disputed choice is based have been accurately
         stated and whether there has been a manifest error of appraisal or a misuse of powers.
      
      87      Moreover, whilst, in the context of the basic regulation, it is for the Commission as the investigating authority to determine
         whether the product concerned by the anti-dumping procedure has been dumped and causes injury when placed in free circulation
         in the Community, and it is not therefore for that institution, in that context, to exonerate itself from part of the burden
         of proof which it bears in that regard (see, to that effect, Case T‑121/95 EFMA v Council [1997] ECR II‑2391, paragraph 74; Acme, cited in paragraph 41 above, paragraph 40), the fact remains that the basic regulation does not confer on the Commission
         any power of investigation allowing it to compel companies to participate in the investigation or to provide information.
         In those circumstances, the Council and the Commission depend on the voluntary cooperation of the parties in supplying the
         necessary information within the time-limits set. The replies of those parties to the questionnaire referred to in Article
         6(2) of the basic regulation are therefore essential to the operation of the anti-dumping procedure (Shandong Reipu Biochemicals, cited in paragraph 38 above, paragraph 65).
      
      88      Nevertheless, it is clear from Article 18 of the basic regulation, headed ‘Non-cooperation’ and more particularly from Article
         18(3), that ‘[w]here the information submitted by an interested party is not ideal in all respects it should nevertheless
         not be disregarded, provided that any deficiencies are not such as to cause undue difficulty in arriving at a reasonably accurate
         finding and that the information is appropriately submitted in good time and is verifiable, and that the party has acted to
         the best of its ability’.
      
      89      It is in that context that the Court must examine whether, as the applicants claim, the fact that the companies related to
         the sampled Community producers did not lodge a reply to the questionnaire implies, on the part of those producers, a lack
         of cooperation which has distorted the analysis of the injury, contrary to Article 3(2), (3), (5), (6) and (7) of the basic
         regulation.
      
      90      Although the parties to an anti-dumping proceeding are in principle required, pursuant to Article 6(2) of the basic regulation,
         to lodge a reply to the Commission’s questionnaire, it follows from the wording of Article 18(3) of that regulation that information
         presented in another form or in the context of another document do not have to be ignored where the four conditions set out
         in that article are satisfied.
      
      91      Thus, where a party has failed to lodge a reply to the questionnaire, but has supplied information in the context of another
         document, it cannot be accused of lack of cooperation if, first, any deficiencies are not such as to cause undue difficulty
         in arriving at a reasonably accurate finding; secondly, the information is submitted in good time; thirdly, it is verifiable;
         and, fourthly, the party has acted to the best of its ability.
      
      92      It follows that, contrary to what the applicants allege, the failure, by a company related to the Community producer, to lodge
         a reply to the Commission’s questionnaire does not necessarily imply that that producer must be regarded as not cooperating.
         Thus, that producer will not be regarded as not cooperating if the deficiencies in the production of the data have no significant
         impact on the running of the investigation.
      
      93      In this case, the documents before the Court show that the Commission had drawn up and sent to each of the Community producers
         a specific questionnaire for their related production and sales companies. Those producers were thus required to submit a
         reply to that questionnaire for each of those related companies. The evidence produced by the Council shows, however, that
         no reply to that questionnaire was submitted by the following related companies:
      
      –        Vallourec Mannesmann Oil & Gas Germany GmbH (‘VMOG Germany’), a production and sales company related to V & M Germany;
      –        Productos Tubulares, SA, a production and sales company related to Tubos Reunidos;
      –        Acecsa-Aceros Calibrados, SA (‘Acecsa’), a production and sales company related to Tubos Reunidos;
      –        Almesa Almacenes Metalurgicos (‘Almesa’), a trading company related to Tubos Reunidos;
      –        Dalmine Benelux BV, Dalmine France SARL, Dalmine Deutschland GmbH, Tenaris Global Services (UK), Eurotube Ltd, Quality Tubes
         Ltd, trading or resale-distribution companies related to Dalmine;
      
      –        Tenaris West Africa Ltd, a company related to Dalmine, responsible initially for the transformation of pipes and subsequently
         for administrative tasks.
      
      94      The evidence on file also shows that a production and sales company, VMOG United Kingdom, related to V & M Germany and V & M
         France, submitted its reply to the questionnaire after the expiry of the time-limit. The Commission therefore did not take
         account of it for the purposes of determining the injury.
      
      95      It therefore needs to be determined whether, for those companies, the four conditions laid down in Article 18(3) of the basic
         regulation are satisfied, so that the Council cannot be accused of making a manifest error of assessment by taking the view
         that the non-submission of questionnaire replies by the companies related to the Community producers did not distort either
         the determination of the injury of the calculation of the margin of injury.
      
      96      Concerning, first, determination of the injury, an analysis must be made, for each related company, of the data which the
         Council and the Commission had at their disposal, in order to verify whether the insufficiencies on the part of those companies,
         caused by non-submission of questionnaire replies, did not make that determination excessively difficult. As regards related
         production and sales companies, particular attention must be paid to insufficiencies in data concerning the production and
         sales of related companies and their potential impact on determination of the injury. It also needs to be verified whether
         the data which the Council and the Commission had at their disposal satisfy the last three conditions laid down by Article
         18(3) of the basic regulation.
      
      97      As regards VMOG Germany, the replies to the written questions of the Court show that the Council based its reasoning on the
         following factors in assessing the impact of that company’s non-submission of a reply to the questionnaire: the list of V
         & M Germany’s sales transaction by transaction, the table showing the volume of V & M Germany’s production and the value of
         V & M Germany’s sales. Those documents were submitted by V & M Germany on time and were verified by the Commission.
      
      98      Since, as the documents produced by the Council confirm, the sales and production figures of VMOG Germany were included in
         the questionnaire replies of V & M Germany, they were taken into account in determining the injury. In those circumstances,
         the Court finds that the Council did not make a manifest error of assessment by not requesting VMOG Germany to submit a reply
         to the questionnaire and by taking the view that the lack of a questionnaire response from VMOG Germany did not distort the
         determination of the injury.
      
      99      As regards Productos Tubulares, the replies to the Court’s written questions show that the Council based its reasoning on
         the following factors in assessing the impact on the determination of the injury of that company’s not submitting a questionnaire
         response: the confidential version of the reply to the presampling questionnaire of Productos Tubulares and a confidential
         annex to the complaint containing an estimate of the production and production capacity of the Community producers not supporting
         the complaint. Those data were supplied by Productos Tubulares on time.
      
      100    It should be noted at the outset that, unlike Tubos Reunidos, Productos Tubulares did not support the complaint. Therefore,
         data concerning it should not, in principle, be taken into account in the analysis of the situation of the Community industry,
         appearing in recitals 155 to 176 of the contested regulation, that analysis being essential to the determination of the injury,
         unless to omit those data would distort that analysis. In that latter hypothesis, it was necessary either to take those data
         into account, or to exclude the data concerning Tubos Reunidos. In this case, on reading the documents produced by the Council,
         it appears that the production and sales of Productos Tubulares represented less than 3% of the total production and sales
         of the Community industry during the period under investigation. That means that, if the lack of a questionnaire response
         from Productos Tubulares did have an impact on determination of the injury and the causal link, that impact can only have
         been insignificant. Moreover, although the Council had no information at its disposal concerning the period prior to the investigation
         period, namely the period covering the years 2001 to 2003, the lack of information concerning that period has no impact on
         determination of the injury, since the missing information could, at the most, have led the Council to underestimate the injury
         rather than overestimate it. Moreover, the Council had verified, at the premises of Tubos Reunidos, that no sale had taken
         place between that company and Productos Tubulares.
      
      101    It must therefore be concluded that the Council did not make a manifest error of assessment by not requiring Productos Tubulares
         to submit a reply to the questionnaire and by holding that the lack of a questionnaire reply from that company did not distort
         determination of the injury.
      
      102    Concerning Acecsa, the Council’s pleadings show that, during the investigation period, that company merely bought a small
         amount of the product concerned from Tubos Reunidos, that amount being intended to be processed into a product other than
         the product concerned. The information on the file, and in particular the non-confidential version of the reply to the questionnaire
         by Tubos Reunidos, shows that, during the investigation period, that volume represented no more than 4% of Tubos Reunidos
         sales and no more than 1% of the total of the sales of the Community producers supporting the complaint. Having regard to
         the above, the non-submission of a questionnaire response by Acecsa cannot have significantly distorted the data used for
         determination of the injury. Moreover, as in the case of Productos Tubulares, although the Council did not have any information
         concerning the period prior to the investigation period, namely that covering the years 2001 to 2003, the absence of information
         concerning that period has no impact on determination of the injury, since the missing information could, at the most, have
         led the Council to underestimate the injury rather than overestimate it. Moreover, the reply to the questionnaire from Tubos
         Reunidos was submitted on time and was subject to a verification by Commission officials. In those circumstances, it must
         be held that the Council did not make a manifest error of assessment by not requiring Acecsa to submit a questionnaire reply
         in the proper form.
      
      103    As regards Almesa, the Council’s pleadings show that that company is a trading company. The volume of that company’s sales
         was therefore taken into account in analysing the injury, by means of the sales of Tubos Reunidos which were intended for
         it. Moreover, it is apparent from the evidence on file, particularly the non-confidential version of the reply to the Tubos
         Reunidos questionnaire, that, on average, the prices invoiced by Tubos Reunidos to Almesa were higher than those invoiced
         to independent customers. That means that the figure taken into account concerning the value of the sales was not underestimated
         and did not therefore distort the determination of the injury. Therefore, it must be held that the Council did not commit
         a manifest error of assessment by not requiring Almesa to supply additional information, in the form of a questionnaire reply
         in the proper form.
      
      104    As regards Dalmine Benelux, Dalmine France, Dalmine Deutschland, Eurotube, Tenaris Global Services (UK) and Quality Tubes,
         the Council’s pleadings show that Dalmine did not make any sales to Dalmine Benelux, Dalmine Deutschland and Eurotube during
         the investigation period. As regards Quality Tubes and Tenaris Global Services (UK), the confidential version of the reply
         to the Dalmine questionnaire contained a list of their sales transaction by transaction, which implies that that information
         was taken into account in the analysis of the injury. Finally, as regards Dalmine France, its sales in the Community were
         necessarily marginal, the total of Dalmine’s sales to those six affiliated companies representing less than 4% of the total
         sales of the product concerned by the Community industry during the investigation period.
      
      105    In any event, it is apparent from the evidence on file, and particularly from the non-confidential version of Dalmine’s reply
         to the questionnaire – that version having been submitted on time and verified by the Commission’s services – that Dalmine
         Benelux, Dalmine France, Dalmine Deutschland, Eurotube, Tenaris Global Services (UK) and Quality Tubes are active either in
         trading or in retailing and distribution. It follows that the volume of those companies’ sales was taken into account in the
         analysis of the injury, by means of the sales which were made to those companies by Dalmine.
      
      106    Having regard to the above, it must be held that the Council did not make a manifest error of assessment by not requiring
         Dalmine Benelux, Dalmine France, Dalmine Deutschland, Eurotube, Tenaris Global Services (UK) and Quality Tubes to supply additional
         information in the form of a questionnaire reply in the proper form, and by holding that Dalmine had cooperated with the investigation.
      
      107    As regards Tenaris West Africa, the Council’s pleadings show that that company did not participate either in the production
         or in the sale of the product concerned. It is further apparent from the answers to the written questions of the Court of
         First Instance that the Council based its reasoning on an electronic message from Dalmine to the Commission, dated 24 May
         2006, in order to assess the impact of that company’s not submitting a questionnaire reply. As that electronic message was
         submitted on time, it must be held that the Council did not commit a manifest error of assessment by not requiring that company
         to supply additional information in the form of a reply to the questionnaire in the proper form, and by holding that Dalmine
         had cooperated with the investigation.
      
      108    Finally, concerning VMOG United Kingdom, it should be noted that, as that company submitted its reply to the questionnaire
         outside the time-limit, the information contained in that reply cannot be used in determining the injury. In any event, the
         evidence on file shows that that company did not support the complaint. The information concerning it should not therefore,
         in principle, be taken into account in analysing the position of the Community industry for the purposes of determining injury,
         unless such omission would distort that determination. In the latter case, it would be necessary either to take that information
         into account, or to exclude the information relating to V & M Germany and V & M France. In assessing whether the analysis
         would be distorted, the Council based its reasoning on the following documents: the table showing the production volume of
         VMOG United Kingdom, the table showing the volume and value of VMOG United Kingdom’s sales and list, transaction by transaction,
         of the sales of V & M France.
      
      109    As the documents produced confirm, the Council was able to determine, on the basis of the reply submitted out of time, that,
         during the investigation period, the sales of VMOG United Kingdom represented less than 3% of the total sales volume of the
         Community producers behind the complaint. Failure to take account of that 3% cannot have had a decisive impact on the determination
         of the injury. Moreover, it must be held that the information on which the Council based its reasoning in determining that
         company’s share in the sales of the Community industry was submitted on time for the purposes of Article 18(3) of the basic
         regulation.
      
      110    Therefore, it must be held that the Council did not make a manifest error of assessment in not excluding from the definition
         of the Community industry V & M Germany and V & M France, the sampled Community producers affiliated to VMOG United Kingdom.
      
      111    Concerning, next, the calculation of the injury margin, the Council is correct to point out that, pursuant to Article 9(4)
         of the basic regulation, which lays down the lesser-duty rule, the injury margin is used to determine the rate of anti-dumping
         duty only if the dumping margin is higher than it is. In this case, the rate of the anti-dumping duty imposed on the applicants
         was based on the applicants’ dumping margin, namely 25.7%, and not on the injury margin of 57%. Assuming the injury margin
         was based on the transfer prices charged by the Community producers in relation to VMOG United Kingdom, Productos Tubulares
         and the companies affiliated to Dalmine, sales to those companies represented at most 10% of the total sales of the Community
         industry. It would therefore have been necessary, as the Council points out, for the sales prices charged by those affiliated
         companies to have been totally disproportionate in relation to those of the other sales taken into account in the calculation
         of the injury margin for the latter to be brought to a level below that of the dumping margin.
      
      112    Having regard to the above, it must be held that the Council did not make a manifest error of assessment in holding that the
         fact that the companies affiliated to the Community producers did not submit replies to the questionnaire did not distort
         determination of the injury or the calculation of the injury margin, and did not infringe Article 3(2), (3), (5), (6) and
         (7) of the basic regulation. 
      
      113    It follows that the limb of the second plea alleging infringement of Article 3(2), (3), (5), (6) and (7) of the basic regulation
         must be dismissed as unfounded.
      
       Infringement of the principle of non-discrimination
      –       Arguments of the parties
      114    In their second plea, the applicants claim that the Council infringed the principle of non-discrimination. Whereas the Commission
         required, in the context of the investigation, that all companies affiliated to producer-exporters of the product concerned
         reply to its questionnaire, it had no such requirement in relation to the sales companies affiliated to the Community producers.
      
      115    The applicants consider that the explanation provided by the Commission does not justify the discriminatory treatment. First,
         whilst it is true that a dumping margin is calculated for each group of affiliated producer-exporters whereas the injury suffered
         by the Community industry is determined on the scale of the whole sector, it is not true that the two operations require a
         different degree of cooperation on the part of the parties concerned. According to the applicants, just as the dumping margin
         may be distorted if a group of affiliated producers supplies an answer in the name of one of their number which does not practise
         dumping whereas another does so, determination of the injury will, likewise, be distorted if a Community producer which operates
         at two different production sites, one of which suffers injury and the other does not, supplies an answer on the basis of
         the site that has suffered injury.
      
      116    Secondly, the applicants argue that the procedure for calculating the injury margin requires producer-exporters and Community
         producers to provide exactly the same degree of cooperation, so that any discrimination between them is unjustified.
      
      117    Thirdly, the applicants argue that the text of the questionnaire itself expressly requires Community producers to provide
         information not only for each affiliated production company, but also for each affiliated sales company. In other words, it
         imposes the same requirements on them as on the producer-exporters.
      
      118    The Council denies the existence of an infringement of the principle of non-discrimination. It argues that the applicants
         do not attempt at any stage to show that the fact that an exporter does not reply to a questionnaire for affiliated companies
         and the fact that a Community producer does not reply to it are similar situations. According to the Council, the alleged
         difference in treatment is justified by the different use for which the information sought is intended, namely determination
         of the injury in the case of the information supplied by the Community producers and calculation of the dumping margin in
         the case of the information supplied by the producer-exporters. Nor, the Council submits, do the applicants demonstrate that
         the Commission actually treated exporters and Community producers differently.
      
      –       Findings of the Court
      119    It is in the light of the case-law cited in paragraph 58 above that the Court must examine the alleged infringement of the
         principle of non-discrimination. According to that case-law, there cannot be discrimination unless the position of Community
         producers and that of producer-exporters are, in the particular case, similar, and the former have received different treatment
         from the Commission from that given to the latter.
      
      120    It should be noted at the outset, without particular reference to the present case, that the position of producer-exporters
         faced with the obligation to reply to the Commission’s questionnaire and that of Community producers faced with the same obligation
         are, in principle, dissimilar. As the Council has pointed out in its pleadings, the reply to the questionnaire which the producer-exporters
         have to supply has as its purpose the determination of the dumping margin, which is based on data individual to each undertaking.
         By contrast, the reply to the questionnaire which Community producers have to supply has as its purpose determination of the
         injury, which is based on an analysis of the whole of the Community industry.
      
      121    The possibility cannot, however, be excluded that, in this case, the circumstances which led the Commission to conclude that
         it was necessary for the producer-exporters to submit a reply to the questionnaire for all their affiliated companies were
         similar to those which led it to conclude that there was no lack of cooperation on the part of the Community producers mentioned
         in paragraphs 93 and 94 above in the event that such a reply was not submitted.
      
      122    Nevertheless, the fact remains that the applicants have attempted to demonstrate that in theory the position of the producer-exporters
         and the Community producers was comparable, but have not in any way proved that it was so in this case.
      
      123    Moreover, it should be noted that the applicants have not put forward the least evidence that the producer-exporters and the
         Community producers were in fact treated differently by the Commission. In their pleadings, they merely assert that the Commission
         admits that it does not require companies affiliated to Community producers to reply to the questionnaire. However, they do
         not prove that such a requirement was placed on producer-exporters.
      
      124    It follows from the above that the applicants have not in any way proved the allegedly discriminatory character of the Commission’s
         decision not to require companies affiliated to Community producers to submit a reply to the Commission questionnaire.
      
      125    Therefore, the limb of the second plea alleging infringement of the principle of non-discrimination must be dismissed as unfounded.
      
       Infringement of Article 19(3) of the basic regulation
      –       Arguments of the parties
      126    In their second plea, the applicants argue that supposing, as the Council claims, the investigation file contains data showing
         that the absence of questionnaire replies from companies affiliated to the Community producers had no significant impact on
         the assessment of the injury suffered by Community producers, the Council could not, in accordance with Article 19(3) of the
         basic regulation, validly rely on those data, because the non-confidential investigation file contains no information of that
         type.
      
      127    The Council argues that Article 19(3) of the basic regulation does not provide that information of which no non-confidential
         summary is supplied must always be disregarded, but that the information may be disregarded, save where it can convincingly
         be demonstrated from appropriate sources that it is correct. The obligation on the parties to an anti-dumping investigation,
         set out in Article 19(3) of the basic regulation, to supply a non-confidential summary of the information which they submit
         to the Commission is, the Council submits, designed to protect the defence rights of the other parties. The Council concludes
         that the applicants cannot rely, as a ground for annulment of an anti-dumping measure, on use by the Commission of information
         of which no non-confidential summary was provided unless they are able to demonstrate that use of that information constituted
         an infringement of their defence rights. That, the Council submits, is not the case here.
      
      –       Findings of the Court 
      128    It should be noted at the outset that the applicants’ claim of infringement of Article 19(3) of the basic regulation was raised
         for the first time in their reply. In principle, new pleas in law may not be introduced in the course of the proceedings unless
         they are based on matters of law or of fact which come to light in the course of the procedure (Case T‑107/04 Aluminium Silicon Mill Products v Council [2007] ECR II‑669, paragraph 60).
      
      129    In the present case, it was in reply to the information communicated by the Council for the first time in paragraphs 52, 53,
         55, 59, 60 and 64 and in footnote 31 of the defence that the applicants raised that new plea. The applicants’ new claim of
         infringement of Article 19(3) of the basic regulation is thus based on facts which were revealed during the proceedings, and
         must therefore be regarded as admissible.
      
      130    As for whether that claim is well founded, it should be noted, first, that the wording of Article 19(3) of the basic regulation
         gives the Commission only the possibility of disregarding confidential information of which no non-confidential summary is
         available.
      
      131    Secondly, it should be noted that the aim of Article 19 of the basic regulation is to protect not only the business secrets
         but also the defence rights of the other parties to the anti-dumping proceeding. That, as the case-law shows, implies that,
         in an anti-dumping proceeding, irregularities in the Commission’s communication of non-confidential summaries cannot constitute
         an infringement of procedural rights justifying annulment of the regulation fixing the anti-dumping duties unless the person
         concerned did not have sufficient knowledge of the essential content of the document or documents in question and was therefore
         not able validly to express his point of view on their accuracy or relevance (see, to that effect, concerning Article 8(4)
         of Council Regulation (EEC) No 2423/88 of 11 July 1988 on protection against dumped or subsidised imports from countries not
         members of the European Economic Community (OJ 1988 L 209, p. 1), the legislative content of which is identical in substance
         to that of Article 19(3) of the basic regulation, Case T‑2/95 Industrie des poudres sphériques v Council [1998] ECR II‑3939, paragraph 137). Therefore, this Court agrees with the Council that use by the Commission of information
         of which no non-confidential summary was supplied cannot be relied upon by parties to an anti-dumping proceeding as a ground
         for annulment of an anti-dumping measure unless they are able to demonstrate that use of that information constituted an infringement
         of their defence rights.
      
      132    It is in that context that it needs to be verified whether the Commission and the Council have infringed Article 19(3) of
         the basic regulation. In that regard, the Council states, in its answers to the questions put by the Court, that, in order
         to verify that the non-submission of questionnaire replies by companies affiliated to the Community producers had no impact
         on assessment of the injury, the Commission based its reasoning on the following documents:
      
      –        for VMOG Germany: the transaction by transaction list of the sales of V & M Germany, the table showing the production volume
         of V & M Germany and the table showing the volume and value of the sales of V & M Germany; in other words, the Commission
         based its reasoning on matters contained in the questionnaire reply of V & M Germany, a non-confidential version of which
         had been submitted;
      
      –        for VMOG United Kingdom: the table showing the production volume of VMOG United Kingdom, the table showing the volume and
         value of VMOG United Kingdom sales and the transaction by transaction list of the sales of V & M France; whereas that latter
         list was contained in the confidential version of the questionnaire reply of V & M France, of which a non-confidential version
         existed, the first two tables were contained in the confidential version of VMOG United Kingdom’s questionnaire reply, of
         which no non-confidential version existed;
      
      –        for Productos Tubulares: the confidential version of the presampling questionnaire reply of Productos Tubulares and a confidential
         annex to the complaint comprising the estimate of the production capacity and production of the Community producers not supporting
         the complaint; whereas a non-confidential version existed of the latter document, there was none of the former;
      
      –        for Acecsa: Section D.2 of the questionnaire reply of Tubos Reunidos, of which a non-confidential version existed;
      –        for Almesa: the transaction by transaction list of the sales of Tubos Reunidos; that list was contained in the confidential
         version of that company’s questionnaire reply, of which a non-confidential version also existed;
      
      –        for Dalmine Benelux, Dalmine France, Dalmine Deutschland, Eurotube, Tenaris Global Services (UK) and Quality Tubes: matters
         contained in the confidential version of the reply to the questionnaire reply of Dalmine, of which a non-confidential version
         existed;
      
      –        for Tenaris West Africa: an email from Dalmine to the Commission, dated 24 May 2006, of which there was no non-confidential
         version.
      
      133    It therefore needs to be determined whether the fact that the Commission based its reasoning on the confidential version of
         VMOG United Kingdom’s questionnaire reply, the confidential version of the presampling questionnaire reply of Productos Tubulares
         and the email of 24 May 2006, there being no non-confidential version of those documents in existence, constituted an infringement
         of defence rights.
      
      134    The existence of such an infringement needs to be determined in the light of the case-law cited in paragraph 64 above. According
         to that case-law, the interested parties must have been placed in a position in which they were able effectively to make their
         point of view known concerning the evidence used by the Commission in support of its allegation of the existence of a dumping
         practice and the resulting injury. However, infringement of the right of access to the investigation file can result in total
         or partial annulment of the contested regulation only if there is a chance, which may be slight, that disclosure of the documents
         in question might have caused the administrative procedure to have a different result if the undertaking concerned had been
         able to rely on them during that procedure (see, to that effect, Case T‑206/07 Foshan Shunde Yongjian Housewares & Hardware v Council [2008] ECR II‑0000, paragraph 71).
      
      135    In this case, the applicants argue that they needed those documents in order to prove that the lack of questionnaire replies
         from VMOG United Kingdom, Tubos Reunidos and Tenaris West Africa distorted the analysis of the injury. However, this Court
         has held in paragraphs 101, 108 and 107 respectively that the Council did not make any manifest error of assessment by holding
         that non-submission of questionnaire replies from Productos Tubulares, VMOG United Kingdom and Tenaris West Africa, or failure
         to take those replies into account, had no impact on the determination of the injury. Therefore, there was no likelihood that
         disclosure to the applicants of the non-confidential versions of the VMOG United Kingdom questionnaire reply, the presampling
         questionnaire reply of Productos Tubulares and the email of 24 May 2006 could have caused the administrative procedure to
         have a different result.
      
      136    It follows that the limb of the second plea alleging infringement of Article 19(3) of the basic regulation must be dismissed
         as unfounded.
      
       Infringement of Article 5(4) of the basic regulation
      –       Arguments of the parties
      137    In support of their third plea, the applicants argue that by not terminating the proceeding when the level of support for
         the complaint was below the statutory minimum of 25% of Community production, by reason of the non-cooperation of the Community
         industry, the Council infringed Article 5(4) of the basic regulation.
      
      138    The Council points out that that plea is based on the allegation that the Community producers at the origin of the complaint
         and selected in the sample did not cooperate. Since that argument is, the Council submits, erroneous for the reasons set out
         in the context of the second plea, the third plea must be dismissed.
      
      –       Findings of the Court
      139    Article 5(4) of the basic regulation does not place any obligation on the Commission to terminate an anti-dumping proceeding
         in progress where the level of support for the complaint falls below a minimal threshold of 25% of Community production. That
         article concerns only the degree of support for the complaint necessary for the Commission to be able to initiate a proceeding.
         That interpretation is confirmed by the wording of Article 9(1) of the basic regulation, according to which ‘[w]here the complaint
         is withdrawn, the proceeding may be terminated unless such termination would not be in the Community interest’. Thus, even
         if the complaint is withdrawn by the Community industry, the Commission is not placed under an obligation to terminate the
         proceeding, but merely has the option to do so.
      
      140    In the present case, the necessary degree of support had been attained at the opening of the anti-dumping proceeding but allegedly
         fell below the 25% threshold during the proceeding, when the Commission asked Community producers to reply to its questionnaire.
         Therefore, the Council cannot be accused of any breach of Article 5(4) of the basic regulation in this case.
      
      141    Moreover, even if Article 5(4) of the basic regulation had placed an obligation on the Commission to terminate the proceeding
         when the level of support for the complaint fell below a minimum threshold of 25% during the proceeding, such an infringement
         is not constituted in this case. It was concluded in paragraph 112 above that the Council did not make a manifest error of
         assessment by holding that the non-submission of questionnaire replies by companies affiliated to the Community producers
         had no impact on the analysis of the injury caused to the Community industry. That means that the sampled Community producers
         must be regarded as cooperating, which implies that no diminution in the degree of support for the complaint can be found.
      
      142    Therefore, the third plea must be dismissed as unfounded.
      
       Infringement of defence rights and the duty to state reasons
      –       Arguments of the parties
      143    In their sixth plea, the applicants claim that their defence rights have been infringed. In that respect, they argue that
         the fact that the Council considered that the absence of full and entire cooperation of certain sampled Community producers
         had no significant impact on the assessment of the injury suffered by those producers and by the Community industry as a whole
         was communicated to them only on the day of the contested regulation. The Council also failed in its duty to state reasons,
         since the contested regulation did not provide an adequate response to the applicants’ argument on lack of cooperation from
         the Community industry.
      
      144    The Council points out that the applicants submitted observations concerning lack of cooperation of the Community industry
         in two letters dated 3 April and 4 May 2006 and received a reply from the Commission in the second final information document.
         As regards the alleged infringement of the duty to state reasons, the contested regulation described the composition of the
         Community industry at the origin of the complaint and the choice of the sample. Moreover, the Commission replied to the applicants’
         allegations in the second final information document, in its note in reply to the observations of the applicants on the first
         final information document and in its letter of 16 June 2006.
      
      –       Findings of the Court
      145    It is in the light of the case-law cited in paragraphs 64 and 65 above that this Court must examine the applicants’ sixth
         plea, alleging infringement of defence rights and the duty to state reasons, in so far as it concerns determination of the
         injury.
      
      146    Concerning, first, the alleged infringement of defence rights, it should be noted that although, as mentioned in paragraph
         64 above, the legislature intended to confer on the parties concerned, particularly exporters, a right under Article 20(2)
         of the basic regulation to be informed of the essential facts and considerations on the basis of which it is intended to recommend
         the imposition of definitive anti-dumping duties (Case T‑147/97 Champion Stationery and Others v Council [1998] ECR II‑4137, paragraph 55), the Commission is not required to inform the parties concerned of all the various factual
         or legal matters relevant in that respect (see, to that effect, Ferchimex v Commission, cited in paragraph 65 above, at paragraph 118).
      
      147    In this case, the applicants claim, essentially, that the fact that the Council informed them belatedly of the particular
         reasons why it regarded the sampled Community producers as having validly cooperated in the investigation constitutes an infringement
         of defence rights.
      
      148    It should be noted that, although questions relating to the definition of the Community industry and the validity of the sample
         of Community producers selected by the Commission are essential to determination of the injury, the Commission is not required
         to inform the parties concerned of the details of the assessment of that injury. In particular, the fact that, in this case,
         the Commission considered that it was not necessary for certain companies affiliated to Community producers to submit a reply
         to its questionnaire, since the replies which those companies would have given would have been without impact on the analysis
         of the injury, was not a consideration essential to the determination of the injury which the Commission was required to specify
         in the final information document.
      
      149    In that respect, it should be noted that the first final information document, dated 27 February 2006, contained in point
         1.4.2 a general statement of reasons for the selection of the sample of Community producers and, in point 4.1, a general description
         of the Community producers supporting the complaint and regarded as forming the Community industry for the purposes of Articles
         4(1) and 5(4) of the basic regulation, the investigation, and, in particular, the determination of the injury. Point 1.4.2
         referred to a Community producer, initially selected to form part of the sample, having failed to cooperate and thus having
         been replaced in the sample by another Community producer.
      
      150    Following that first final information document, by letter of 3 April 2006, the applicants requested more detailed explanations
         as to the composition of the sample, particularly as to the identity of the Community producer which had refused to cooperate,
         the date of the submission of the VMOG United Kingdom and Rohrwerk Maxhütte questionnaire replies, the cooperation of VMOG
         United Kingdom, and the support given by Productos Tubulares to the complaint.
      
      151    The Commission replied to each of those requests for information in points 3 to 6 of Annex C to the second final information
         document, dated 24 April 2006. The applicants then made further observations on those various points, in their letter of 4
         May 2006. The Commission replied in a letter dated 16 June 2006, which reached the applicants on 27 June 2006, as is demonstrated
         by the documents produced by the latter.
      
      152    Although the Commission’s observations in reply to the letter of 4 May 2006 did not reach the applicants until 27 June 2006,
         the day on which the contested regulation was adopted, the Court finds that the applicants were not only put in a position
         to make their views effectively known on the question of the definition of the Community industry and the validity of the
         sample, but actually expressed their position on those questions. The letter of 16 June 2006 followed an exchange of observations
         between the applicants and the Commission, namely the exchange described in paragraphs 149 to 151 above.
      
      153    The limb of the sixth plea alleging infringement of defence rights must therefore be dismissed in so far as it concerns the
         question of the cooperation of the Community industry.
      
      154    As for the alleged infringement of the duty to state reasons, it should be noted that, in accordance with the case-law cited
         in paragraph 65 above, the Council is not required to reply, in the statement of reasons for the regulation, to all the points
         of fact and law raised by the persons concerned during the administrative procedure. Moreover, also pursuant to that case-law,
         by reference to the context, there is no requirement that the reasoning specify all the various factual or legal factors which
         are relevant.
      
      155    As has been pointed out in paragraph 148 above, the fact that the Commission considered it unnecessary for certain companies
         affiliated to the Community producers to submit a reply to its questionnaire, because the answers which those companies would
         have been able to give would have had no impact on the analysis of the injury, was not a consideration essential to the determination
         of the injury which the Commission was required to specify in the contested regulation. The considerations essential to the
         determination of the injury which the Council was required to mention in the contested regulation relate to the definition
         of the Community industry and the sample of the Community producers.
      
      156    Since recital 12 of the contested regulation contains a general statement of reasons for the selection of the sample of Community
         producers, and recital 14 contains a general description of the questionnaires received, accepted and verified, the Council
         cannot be accused of infringing the duty to state reasons.
      
      157    Moreover, the letter of 16 June 2006, received by the applicants on 27 June 2006, contained the essential elements in the
         Commission’s reasoning which led it to consider that it was not necessary for certain companies affiliated to the Community
         producers to submit a reply to its questionnaire, since the replies which those companies would have been able to give would
         have had no impact on the analysis of the injury.
      
      158    It follows that the limb of the sixth plea alleging infringement of the duty to state reasons, in so far as it concerns the
         question of the cooperation of the Community industry, must be dismissed.
      
       The adjustment made on the Sepco sale price
      159    In their fourth plea and part of their sixth plea, the applicants rely on an identical fact, namely the fact that the Council
         deducted from the sale price invoiced by Sepco to unconnected importers in the Community an amount corresponding to a commission,
         without demonstrating that Sepco’s functions are similar to those of an agent operating on a commission basis.
      
      160    According to the applicants, that fact gave rise, on the part of the Council, to:
      
      –        a manifest error of assessment in applying Article 2(10)(i) of the basic regulation (fourth plea);
      –        a manifest error of assessment in applying Article 2(10), first paragraph, of the basic regulation (fourth plea);
      –        an infringement of the rights of the defence and of the duty to state reasons (sixth plea).
       Manifest error of assessment in applying Article 2(10)(i) of the basic regulation
      –       Arguments of the parties
      161    In their fourth plea, the applicants maintain that, by deducting an amount corresponding to a commission from the sale price
         invoiced by Sepco to unconnected importers in the Community, without demonstrating that Sepco’s functions were similar to
         those of an agent operating on a commissions basis, the Council made a manifest error of assessment in applying Article 2(10)(i)
         of the basic regulation. In particular, the Council did not discharge the burden of proof upon it either in the contested
         regulation or in the fax of 26 June 2006.
      
      162    As for the contested regulation, the Council simply declared there, in recital 132, that the export price had been adjusted
         for commissions pursuant to Article 2(10)(i) of the basic regulation when the sales took place through connected traders,
         since the latter carried out functions similar to those of an agent working on a commission basis.
      
      163    As for the fax of 26 June 2006, the applicants state that, in that fax, the Commission took account of the following factors:
      
      –        the applicants carried out direct sales of the product concerned in the Community;
      –        the sales company affiliated to the applicants in Ukraine, namely SPIG Interpipe, intervened as a sales agent for sales carried
         out by Sepco;
      
      –        Sepco’s links with the applicants are insufficient, and do not support the conclusion that it is under the control of the
         latter or of SPIG Interpipe, as would be the case, in fact and in law, if Sepco were an integrated export service.
      
      164    The applicants consider that those facts are not relevant.
      
      165    First, the Commission took into account, in that fax, only indirect facts having no connection with the functions of Sepco
         and which are not in any way sufficient to show that Sepco intervened in the capacity of an agent.
      
      166    Second, the applicants emphasise that, even if they did carry out direct sales in the Community, they pursued those sales
         to the new Member States during a transitional phase. Moreover, it was not because the Ukrainian commercial company SPIG Interpipe
         continued to carry out certain intermediary tasks between Sepco and the applicants that the role of Sepco could not be that
         of a commercial service of the applicants.
      
      167    Third, the applicants point out that the Commission does not invoke any provision of law in support of its point of view that
         unless companies share the same ultimate beneficiaries so as to share a common control they cannot de jure or de facto be considered part of a single economic entity such that the trading companies can be considered to have the functions of
         an integrated export department. In the applicants’ submission, such common control exists de facto. That control should have been known to the Commission, the applicants’ representatives having been present at the verification
         visits on Sepco’s premises and certain revised data requested by the Commission having been transmitted to it by the representatives
         of Sepco.
      
      168    Fourth, the applicants argue that Sepco’s situation is no different from that of sales companies of which the results are
         consolidated with those of their affiliated producers for the determination of normal value in the exporting company. In these
         instances, neither the Council nor the Commission enquired whether the companies shared the same ultimate beneficiaries or
         common control. The mere existence of capital being held directly or indirectly at 5% or more was considered sufficient for
         normal value to be determined at the level of the single economic entity constituted of the producer and its related sales
         companies which were considered to act as the trading department of the company concerned.
      
      169    To the applicants’ arguments, the Council replies that Sepco was not the applicants’ integrated export sales service towards
         the Community, but a trader whose functions were similar to those of an agent working on a commission basis.
      
      170    First, the Council maintains that, even though they raise a question of the burden of proof when formulating their allegations
         concerning the function of Sepco, the applicants are in reality challenging the conclusion of the institutions that Sepco
         was a trader whose functions were similar to those of an agent working on a commission basis. The relevant question henceforth,
         they argue, is whether the institutions based their reasoning on evidence capable of demonstrating, or allowing it to be inferred,
         that the functions of Sepco were those of a trader working on a commission basis and that they were of such a kind as to affect
         comparability between the export price and the normal value. The Council and the Commission had highlighted that evidence.
      
      171    Secondly, the Council argues that the applicants have not supplied the least evidence to prove that its conclusions were vitiated
         by a manifest error of assessment.
      
      172    First, the applicants wrongly maintained that the fact that Sepco was an independent company was of no importance. Nor did
         they ever provide proof that they themselves – or the common parent company, Allied Steel Holding BV, in the case of Sepco
         and NTRP – exercised control over Sepco.
      
      173    Second, the applicants were equally wrong to suggest that the mere fact of holding 5% of capital in common was sufficient
         to support the conclusion that Sepco was their integrated export service.
      
      174    Third, the applicants did not take account of the fact that their relationship with Sepco was that of a buyer and a seller.
      
      175    Fourth, since the applicants do not deny that they both carried out direct sales to independent customers, in the Community
         or in non-member countries, those sales clearly showed that they had their own integrated export sales services.
      
      176    Fifth, the Council argues that the applicants are wrong to claim that the presence of representatives of the applicants at
         the verification visits at Sepco’s premises and their participation in the investigation should have led the institutions
         to conclude that, despite its distinct legal personality, Sepco was in fact the applicants’ export service. In reality, all
         the institutions could deduce from that was that, Sepco and the applicants being connected companies, they cooperated in the
         context of the investigation.
      
      –       Findings of the Court
      177    According to consistent case-law concerning the calculation of the normal value, but applicable by analogy to the calculation
         of the export price, the sharing of production and sales activities within a group formed by legally distinct companies does
         not alter the fact that one is dealing with a single economic entity which organises in that manner a series of activities
         which are carried out, in other cases, by an entity which is also a single entity from the legal point of view (see, by analogy,
         Case 250/85 Brother Industries v Council [1988] ECR 5683, paragraph 16; Case C‑175/87 Matsushita Electric v Council [1992] ECR I‑1409, paragraph 12; Case C‑104/90 Matsushita Electric Industrial v Council [1993] ECR I‑4981, paragraph 9).
      
      178    It should be noted that, where it is found that a producer entrusts tasks normally falling within the responsibilities of
         an internal sales department to a company for the distribution of its products which it controls economically and with which
         it forms a single economic entity, the fact that the institutions base their reasoning on the prices paid by the first independent
         buyer from the affiliated distributor is justified. Taking the prices of the affiliated distributor into account avoids costs
         which are clearly included in the sale price of a product when that sale is carried out by an integrated sales department
         in the producer’s organisation no longer being included where the same sales activity is carried out by a company which is
         legally distinct, even though economically controlled by the producer (see, to that effect, and by analogy, Case C‑171/87
         Canon v Council [1992] ECR I‑1237, paragraphs 9 to 13).
      
      179    The case-law also shows that a single economic entity exists where a producer entrusts tasks normally falling within the responsibilities
         of an internal sales department to a company for distributing its products which it controls economically (see, to that effect,
         Canon v Council, cited in paragraph 178 above, at paragraph 9). Moreover, the capital structure is a relevant indicator of the existence
         of a single economic entity (see, to that effect, Opinion of Advocate General Lenz in Case C‑75/92 Gao Yao v Council [1994] ECR I‑3141, I‑3142, point 33). It has also been held that a single economic entity may exist where the producer assumes
         part of the sales functions complementary to those of the distribution company for its products (Matsushita Electric Industrial, cited in paragraph 177 above, paragraph 14).
      
      180    It should, moreover, be remembered that, just as a party who is claiming adjustments under Article 2(10) of the basic regulation
         in order to make the normal value and the export price comparable for the purpose of determining the dumping margin must prove
         that his claim is justified, it is incumbent upon the institutions, where they consider that they must make an adjustment,
         to base their decision on direct evidence or at least on circumstantial evidence pointing to the existence of the factors
         for which the adjustment was made, and to determine its effect on price comparability (Case T‑88/98 Kundan and Tata v Council [2002] ECR II‑4897, paragraph 96).
      
      181    It is in the light of the above considerations that it needs to be verified whether the institutions have proved, or at least
         adduced evidence, that the functions of Sepco are not those of an internal sales department but comparable to those of an
         agent working on a commission basis.
      
      182    In its fax sent to the applicants on 26 June 2006, the Commission set out three factors on which it based its conclusion that
         Sepco carried out functions comparable to those of an agent working on a commission basis. First, the applicants carried out
         direct sales of the product concerned in the Community. Second, SPIG Interpipe, the connected sales company in Ukraine, intervened
         as a sales agent for sales of the applicants to Sepco. Third, Sepco’s links with the applicants were insufficient and did
         not support the conclusion that it was under the applicants’ control, or that there was a control common to Sepco and the
         applicants.
      
      183    The applicants drew attention to the nature of Sepco’s functions in two letters to the Commission of 22 March and 4 May 2006.
         They stated in those letters that the functions of Sepco were the following: Sepco provides daily contact with existing and
         potential customers; Sepco presents the technical characteristics and uses of the seamless tubes and pipes manufactured by
         the applicants; Sepco determines the sales prices and policy which the market and the customers concerned can bear; Sepco
         solicits and receives orders; Sepco issues invoices and all sales documents; Sepco provides the after-sales service. However,
         none of these factors are supported by any evidence.
      
      184    However, it should be noted that, in accordance with the case-law cited in paragraph 180 above, the initial burden of proof
         is on the institution which considers it must make an adjustment, and not upon the party concerned affected by that adjustment.
         In the light of the case-law cited in paragraphs 177 and 178 above, the factors put forward by the Commission to justify the
         adjustment under Article 2(10)(i) of the basic regulation cannot be regarded as sufficiently convincing and cannot therefore
         be regarded as evidence establishing the existence of the factor on the basis of which the adjustment was made and enabling
         its impact on price comparability to be determined.
      
      185    In the first place, concerning the applicants’ carrying out direct sales of the product concerned in the Community, this Court
         draws attention to the case-law cited in paragraph 179 above, according to which a single economic entity may exist where
         the producer assumes some of the sales functions complementary to those of the distribution company for its products. In that
         respect, as the parties’ pleadings show, the direct sales in the Community carried out by the applicants were destined for
         the new Member States during a transitional phase. Moreover, the applicants confirmed at the hearing that the volume of direct
         sales represented about 8% of the applicants’ total sales volume towards the Community and was thus marginal. It should therefore
         be noted that the applicants assumed only sales functions that were complementary to those of Sepco and for a transitional
         period only.
      
      186    Secondly, as regards the fact that SPIG Interpipe, the connected sales company in Ukraine, intervened as a sales agent for
         sales carried out by the applicants to Sepco, the Council does not in any way explain how SPIG Interpipe receiving a commission
         on the applicants’ sales to Sepco is supposed to demonstrate that Sepco carried out functions comparable to those of an agent
         working on a commission basis or prevents recognition of its status as the applicants’ internal sales department.
      
      187    Thirdly, concerning the alleged insufficiency of Sepco’s connections with the applicants, such connections not supporting
         the conclusion that Sepco was under the applicants’ control or that there was a common control, the evidence on file shows
         that Sepco and NTRP are linked by a common parent company, Allied Steel Holding, which held 100% of Sepco’s capital and 24%
         of NTRP’s capital during the investigation period. That is a fact which, if corroborated by other relevant factors, might
         contribute to establishing that there was a control common to Sepco and NTRP and which, in any event, does not demonstrate
         the insufficiency of the links between Sepco and NTRP. That conclusion is not called into question by the Council’s assertion
         that the applicants failed to provide sufficient information as to the identity of the actual beneficiaries of the shares
         of Niko Tube, SPIG Interpipe and 76% of the capital of NTRP. Similarly, the fact that the relationship between Sepco and NTRP
         is one of buyer and seller is of no relevance in demonstrating that those latter do not constitute a single economic entity
         or that Sepco carries out functions comparable to those of an agent working on a commission basis.
      
      188    On the other hand, the evidence on file does not demonstrate that Sepco is under the control of Niko Tube or that there is
         a control common to both companies. Questioned at the hearing on the existence of such controls, the applicants explained
         that the connection between Niko Tube and Sepco arises, first, from the fact that Niko Tube and NTRP have three common shareholders
         and, secondly, from the fact that Allied Steel Holding holds 24% of NTRP’s shares and 100% of Sepco’s shares.
      
      189    That evidence does not establish that Sepco is under the control of Niko Tube or that a control exists which is common to
         both companies. It merely establishes the existence of an indirect connection between those two companies.
      
      190    Therefore, this Court must accept the limb of the fourth plea claiming manifest error of assessment in applying Article 2(10)(i)
         of the basic regulation in so far as the Council made an adjustment on the export price charged by Sepco, in the context of
         transactions concerning pipes manufactured by NTRP. That same limb is rejected as to the remainder, namely in so far as it
         concerns the adjustment of the export price charged by Sepco, in the context of transactions concerning pipes manufactured
         by Niko Tube.
      
       Manifest error of assessment in applying Article 2(10), first subparagraph, of the basic regulation
      –       Arguments of the parties
      191    In their fourth plea, the applicants argue that the Council made a manifest error of assessment in applying the first subparagraph
         of Article 2(10) of the basic regulation, in that the deduction from Sepco’s sale price of an amount corresponding to the
         commission which an agent working on a commission basis would have taken implies a functional asymmetry between the normal
         value and the export price, that asymmetry affecting the comparability of prices.
      
      192    The Council argues that the applicants are ignoring the fact that they themselves explained that SPIG Interpipe received a
         commission for all sales made through the intermediary of Sepco. Since SPIG Interpipe was associated both with internal and
         export sales, and since the adjustment covered only the supplementary participation of Sepco in export sales, the operation
         created a symmetry and not an asymmetry.
      
      –       Findings of the Court 
      193    This Court is of the view that the limb of the fourth plea claiming manifest error of assessment in applying the first subparagraph
         of Article 2(10) of the basic regulation cannot be regarded as an autonomous limb in relation to the limb of the same plea
         claiming infringement of Article 2(10)(i) of the basic regulation. In this case, the applicants claim that the adjustment,
         pursuant to Article 2(10)(i) of the basic regulation, is unjustified since, far from rendering the normal value and the export
         price comparable, it created a functional asymmetry. Such an adjustment thus constituted a manifest error of assessment in
         applying the first subparagraph of Article 2(10) of the basic regulation. 
      
      194    According to the case-law, it is apparent both from the wording and the general system of Article 2(10) of the basic regulation
         that an adjustment of the export price or normal value may be made only in order to take account of differences concerning
         factors which affect prices and thus their comparability (Kundan and Tata v Council, cited in paragraph 180 above, at paragraph 94). In other words, and to use the terminology used by the applicant, the raison
         d’être of an adjustment is to re-establish the symmetry between normal value and export price.
      
      195    Thus, if the adjustment has been validly made, that implies that it has re-established the symmetry between normal value and
         export price. By contrast, if the adjustment has not been validly made, that implies that it has maintained or created an
         asymmetry between the normal value and the export price.
      
      196    In this case, the limb of the fourth plea claiming the existence of a manifest error of assessment in applying Article 2(10)(i)
         of the basic regulation has been upheld in so far as the Council made an adjustment on the export price charged by Sepco,
         in the context of transactions concerning pipes produced by NTRP, but has been dismissed in so far as it concerns the adjustment
         on the export price charged by Sepco in the context of transactions concerning pipes produced by Niko Tube (see paragraph
         190 above). The Court must therefore hold that there has been a manifest error of assessment in applying the first subparagraph
         of Article 2(10) of the basic regulation in so far as an adjustment was made on the export price charged by Sepco in the context
         of transactions concerning pipes produced by NTRP and that there has been no manifest error of assessment in applying the
         first subparagraph of Article 2(10) of the basic regulation in so far as an adjustment was made on the export price charged
         by Sepco in the context of transactions concerning pipes produced by Niko Tube.
      
      197    This Court therefore upholds the limb of the fourth plea claiming manifest error of assessment in applying the first subparagraph
         of Article 2(10) of the basic regulation in so far as the Council made an adjustment on Sepco’s export price in the context
         of transactions concerning pipes manufactured by NTRP. That same limb is dismissed as to the remainder, namely in so far as
         it concerns the adjustment of the export price charged by Sepco in the context of transactions concerning pipes manufactured
         by Niko Tube.
      
       Infringement of defence rights and the duty to state reasons
      –       Arguments of the parties
      198    In their sixth plea, the applicants argue that their defence rights were infringed, in that the letter of 16 June 2006 and
         the fax of 26 June 2006, both actually received on 27 June 2006, contained new factual elements seeking to demonstrate that
         Sepco was not an export service of the applicants. Article 253 EC was also infringed, in that the contested regulation did
         not provide an adequate response to the applicants’ arguments on that question.
      
      199    The Council maintains that the Commission supplied explanations as to the adjustment at issue in its second final information
         document, dated 24 April 2006. The applicants, who claim that the letter of 16 June 2006 and the fax of 26 June 2006 contained
         new factual elements, have not explained what those factual elements were or in what way they were new. Finally, concerning
         the alleged infringement of Article 253 EC, the question of the deduction from the Sepco sale price of an amount corresponding
         to a commission was dealt with in the contested regulation, more particularly in recital 132, in the first final information
         document dated 27 February 2006, in the second final information document dated 24 April 2006, and in the fax of 26 June 2006.
      
      –       Findings of the Court
      200    The claim that there has been an infringement of defence rights must be examined in the light of the case-law referred to
         in paragraphs 64 and 146 above. According to that case-law, in anti-dumping proceedings, the parties concerned have the right
         to be informed of the facts and essential considerations on the basis of which it is envisaged that the imposition of definitive
         anti-dumping duties will be recommended. In addition, the parties concerned must be informed on a date which still allows
         them effectively to make their point of view known before the adoption of the contested regulation (see, to that effect, Tribunal Champion Stationery and Others v Council, cited in paragraph 146 above, at paragraph 83, and Case T‑35/01 Shanghai Teraoka Electronic v Council [2004] ECR II‑3663, paragraph 330).
      
      201    In this case, the applicants claim, essentially, that they were belatedly informed of the reasons why an adjustment was made,
         pursuant to Article 2(10)(i) of the basic regulation. The parties concerned by an anti-dumping proceeding have a right to
         be informed not only that an adjustment has been made, in the context of the comparison between normal value and export price,
         in accordance with Article 2(10) of the basic regulation, but also to be informed of the reasons why the adjustment was made.
         Information concerning the adjustment and the reasons why it was made is essential, since such an adjustment directly affects
         the level of the anti-dumping duty. In that respect, it should be noted that mere notification to the parties concerned that
         an adjustment has been made, without explaining the reasons, cannot be regarded as sufficient in the light of the case-law
         referred to in paragraphs 64 and 146 above. That case-law shows that the Community institutions are required to give the undertakings
         concerned indications that are useful to the defence of their interests (Al-Jubail Fertilizer, cited in paragraph 64 above, at paragraph 17). Merely to indicate to the applicants that an adjustment has been made, without
         indicating the reasons which justify such an adjustment in the Commission’s eyes, cannot enable them to defend their interests,
         in particular by explaining in what way those reasons are not valid.
      
      202    In that context, it should be noted that, in this case, the Commission had informed the applicants of its decision to make
         an adjustment to the export price charged by the affiliated importers – of which Sepco was one – in the first final information
         document, dated 27 February 2006. As the wording of that latter document shows, that adjustment was made in accordance with
         Article 2(9) of the basic regulation, and consisted in the deduction of all the costs incurred between importation and resale
         plus a profit margin.
      
      203    In the second final information document, dated 24 April 2006, the Commission informed the applicants that, concerning sales
         towards the Community in which Sepco was an intermediary, the adjustment made had in fact been carried out pursuant to Article
         2(10)(i) of the basic regulation, and not pursuant to Article 2(9) thereof, as had been erroneously stated in the first final
         information document. It was stated that the amount of the deduction made remained unchanged. On the other hand, the Commission
         did not supply any justification as to why Article 2(10)(i) of the basic regulation was applicable in this case.
      
      204    By letter of 4 May 2006, the applicants informed the Commission that they considered it essential that it show that Sepco’s
         activities were comparable with those of an agent working on a commission basis.
      
      205    It was only in its fax of 26 June 2006 that the Commission explained why it considered that those functions were comparable
         to those of an agent working on a commission basis and that an adjustment pursuant to Article 2(10)(i) was therefore justified.
         In that respect, the Commission enumerated the three factors referred to in paragraph 182 above. Thus this Court finds that,
         as the Council confirmed at the hearing, the Commission had not communicated to the applicants, before its fax of 26 June
         2006, the least information as to why it considered that an adjustment pursuant to Article 2(10)(i) of the basic regulation
         was justified.
      
      206    The evidence on the Court’s file shows that that fax reached the applicants at 19.06 hrs, on 26 June 2006, namely, as the
         applicants point out, after office hours. The applicants must therefore be regarded as having taken cognisance of that document
         on 27 June 2006, namely the day on which the contested regulation was adopted.
      
      207    It must therefore be held that the applicants were not able to take cognisance of the factors put forward by the Commission
         to justify the adjustment made pursuant to Article 2(10)(i) of the basic regulation at a date which still enabled them to
         make their views in that respect effectively known, before the Council adopted the contested regulation.
      
      208    However, such an irregularity on the part of the Commission is not capable of constituting an infringement of defence rights,
         justifying annulment of the contested regulation, unless the applicants have established, not that the said regulation would
         have had a different content, but that they would have been better able to defend themselves in the absence of that irregularity
         (see, to that effect, Foshan Shunde Yongjian Housewares & Hardware, cited in paragraph 134 above, at paragraph 71). It therefore needs to be determined whether the applicants have demonstrated
         that an earlier communication of the matters contained in the fax of 26 June 2006 could have given them a chance, even a slim
         chance, of causing the administrative procedure to lead to a different result.
      
      209    In that regard, it should be noted, as has been mentioned in paragraph 182 above, that, in its fax to the applicants of 26
         June 2006, the Commission enumerated three factors on which it based its reasoning in concluding that Sepco carried out functions
         comparable to those of an agent working on a commission basis. It has been shown in paragraphs 185 to 188 above, on the basis
         of the arguments put forward by the applicants during the procedure before the Court of First Instance, that those three factors
         could not be regarded as sufficient evidence that, first, Sepco carries out functions comparable to those of an agent working
         on a commission basis, and, second, that Sepco and NTRP do not constitute a single economic entity. Therefore, it must be
         concluded that the applicants have established that an earlier communication of the factors contained in the fax of 26 June
         2006 would have enabled them to make that same demonstration before the adoption of the contested regulation and, by so doing,
         support the assertion that the Commission did not have any tangible evidence allowing it to proceed with the adjustment at
         issue.
      
      210    Therefore, in the absence of the irregularity committed by the Commission, the applicants would have been able to put forward,
         in good time, arguments which they were not able to put forward owing to the Commission’s delay in communicating the information
         in question. They would thus have been better able to defend themselves and, possibly, cause the administrative procedure
         to have a different result.
      
      211    The sixth plea, claiming infringement of defence rights, in so far as it concerns the adjustment made pursuant to Article
         2(10)(i) of the basic regulation, must therefore be upheld.
      
      212    Concerning the alleged infringement of the duty to state reasons, such a claim cannot succeed in this case. The case-law referred
         to in paragraph 65 above shows that the Council is not required to reply, in the statement of reasons for the regulation,
         to all the points of fact and law raised by the persons concerned during the administrative procedure. Nor is there a requirement
         that the statement of reasons specify all the various factual or legal elements which may be relevant, the requirements as
         to the statement of reasons having to be assessed, in particular, in the context of the measure.
      
      213    In that regard, whilst the reasons for the adjustment made pursuant to Article 2(10)(i) of the basic regulation were only
         briefly stated in recital 132 of the contested regulation, it is apparent from the above that the Commission’s fax of 26 June
         2006 contained a detailed statement of the reasons why that adjustment was made.
      
      214    Therefore, the sixth plea, claiming an infringement of the duty to state reasons, in so far as it concerns the adjustment
         made pursuant to Article 2(10)(i) of the basic regulation, must be dismissed as unfounded.
      
       The applicants’ offer of an undertaking
      215    The fifth plea and part of the sixth plea concern the fact that the Commission refused the applicants’ offer of an undertaking.
      
      216    According to the applicants, that refusal gave rise, on the part of the Council, to:
      
      –        an infringement of the principle of non-discrimination (fifth plea); 
      –        an infringement of the duty to state reasons (sixth plea).
       Infringement of the principle of non-discrimination
      –       Arguments of the parties
      217    In their fifth plea, the applicants argue that they have been victims of discrimination.
      
      218    In their submission, the discrimination results from the fact that, whereas the Commission had entered into separate negotiations
         with the Romanian producer-exporters with a view to reaching an acceptable undertaking, namely one with a limited product
         scope and a quantitative ceiling, it did not inform the other producer-exporters of the possibility of submitting an offer
         of undertaking with a reduced scope and a quantitative ceiling.
      
      219    Discrimination further arises from the fact that the contested regulation referred in recital 248 to some generic problems
         with the offers of undertakings, but then claims in recital 251 that those generic problems do not apply to the Romanian producers.
         They observe in that respect that reference to the temporary nature of the undertakings in relation to the Romanian producers
         does not in any way explain why an offer of undertaking for a limited period could not have been accepted for the applicants,
         given that the limited scope and duration of the undertaking could overcome certain generic problems.
      
      220    In reply to the applicants’ arguments, the Council maintains that they are challenging the fact that the Commission accepted
         offers of undertaking from the Romanian exporters and claiming that that constitutes an infringement of the principle of non-discrimination.
      
      221    Firstly, as regards the allegedly unlawful acceptance of the offers of undertaking from the Romanian exporters, the Council
         maintains that the legality of the refusal of the applicants’ offer of undertaking is not compromised by the allegedly unlawful
         acceptance of the offers of undertaking from the Romanian exporters.
      
      222    Secondly, the Council denies the alleged infringement of the principle of non-discrimination. First, the applicants had the
         opportunity to submit an undertaking concerning a limited number of products. The applicants not having submitted such an
         offer or an offer of undertaking containing a sufficiently high minimum import price, their offer was intrinsically different
         from any offer submitting a sufficiently high minimum import price or satisfying another condition such as the limited duration
         and limited number of products concerned.
      
      223    Secondly, the Council argues that the Commission was right to conclude that the particular situation of the Romanian exporters
         was sufficient to remedy the generic problems of the undertakings.
      
      –       Findings of the Court
      224    According to Article 8(3) of the basic regulation, ‘[u]ndertakings offered need not be accepted if their acceptance is considered
         impractical, if such as where the number of actual or potential exporters is too great, or for other reasons, including reasons
         of general policy’. That article thus shows that the Commission may take account of all sorts of factual circumstances in
         assessing the offer of undertaking.
      
      225    The case-law further shows that there is no provision of the basic regulation requiring the Community institutions to accept
         proposed price undertakings formulated by the traders concerned by an investigation prior to the establishment of anti-dumping
         duties. On the contrary, it is apparent from that regulation that the acceptability of such undertakings is defined by the
         institutions in the context of their discretionary power (see, to that effect, in relation to Article 10 of Council Regulation
         (EEC) No 3017/79 of 20 December 1979 on protection against dumped or subsidised imports from countries not members of the
         European Economic Community (OJ 1979 L 339, p. 1), the legislative content of which is essentially identical to that of Article
         8 of the basic regulation, Case 255/84 Nachi Fujikoshi v Council [1987] ECR 1861, paragraph 42).
      
      226    However, it should be recalled that, where the Community institutions have a wide discretion, compliance with the safeguards
         conferred by the Community legal order in administrative procedures becomes all the more important, and that those safeguards
         include, in particular, the principle of non-discrimination (see, to that effect, Shandong Reipu Biochemicals, cited in paragraph 38 above, at paragraph 63).
      
      227    According to the case-law, the principle of non-discrimination requires that comparable situations must not be treated differently
         and different situations must not be treated in the same way, unless such treatment is objectively justified (Case T‑118/96
         Thai Bicycle v Council [1998] ECR II‑2991, paragraph 96).
      
      228    Since the Commission has a wide discretion to accept or refuse a price undertaking and may take account of all the factual
         circumstances surrounding such an offer, those factual circumstances must be strictly comparable for it to be possible to
         conclude that the principle of non-discrimination has been infringed.
      
      229    In this case, the applicants do not deny the validity of the undertakings offered by the Romanian producer-exporters and accepted
         by the Commission. They consider, however, that they have been victims of discrimination in that the treatment which they
         have received was different from that reserved for the Romanian producer-exporters. However, the applicants have not at any
         time explained in what way their situation was comparable with that of the Romanian producer-exporters, but have merely described
         the facts which, in their submission, constitute such discrimination.
      
      230    In any event, it should be noted that, by virtue of Article 8(1) of the basic regulation, a fundamental condition for the
         Commission’s acceptance of an offer of undertaking is that ‘[exporters have given] satisfactory voluntary undertakings … to
         revise [their] prices or to cease exports … at dumped prices’. Here, the evidence on the file shows that the prime reason
         why the Commission rejected the applicants’ offer of undertaking was that the minimum import prices which they proposed were
         not sufficient to eliminate the prejudicial effect of the dumping. By contrast, the Council’s pleadings show that the Commission
         considered that the minimum import prices proposed by the Romanian producer-exporters were sufficient to eliminate that effect.
      
      231    It must therefore be concluded, as the Council has done, that, since the applicants did not submit an offer of undertaking
         with a sufficiently high minimum import price, their offer was intrinsically different from any offer which did propose a
         sufficiently high minimum import price. That conclusion cannot be called into question by the applicants’ other arguments,
         particularly those relating to the Commission’s not suggesting to the applicants that they might make an offer of undertaking
         limited in time and subject to a ceiling.
      
      232    The fifth plea must therefore be dismissed as unfounded.
      
       Infringement of the duty to state reasons
      –       Arguments of the parties
      233    In their sixth plea, the applicants argue that the contested regulation does not contain sufficient reasoning in reply to
         their arguments concerning discriminatory treatment in relation to the price undertaking.
      
      234    The Council argues that that question has been dealt with in the contested regulation, the second final information document
         dated 24 April 2006 and in the letter of 30 May 2006 and the fax of 26 June 2006.
      
      –       Findings of the Court
      235    The contested regulation contains a complete statement, in recitals 246 to 257, of the reasons why the offer of undertaking
         from the Romanian producer-exporters was accepted whereas that of other companies, including the applicants, was not.
      
      236    Moreover, the Commission had already partially justified its position in its letter of 30 May 2006 and its fax of 26 June
         2006.
      
      237    In the light of the above, this Court rejects the sixth plea, claiming infringement of the duty to state reasons, in so far
         as it concerns the applicants’ offer of undertaking, as unfounded.
      
       The treatment of sales costs, administrative costs and other general expenses of SPIG Interpipe
       Arguments of the parties
      238    In their sixth plea, the applicants claim that the contested regulation contains insufficient reasoning as to the deduction
         of general and administrative costs and sales costs of SPIG Interpipe.
      
      239    The Council maintains that, since the applicants have not stated what the question at issue was, the plea claiming infringement
         of the duty to state reasons in that respect is manifestly unsupported.
      
       Findings of the Court
      240    According to the first paragraph of Article 21 of the Statute of the Court of Justice, applicable to the Court of First Instance
         by virtue of the first paragraph of Article 53 of that Statute and Article 44(1)(c) and (d) of the Rules of Procedure of the
         Court of First Instance, all applications must indicate the subject-matter of the proceedings and include a brief statement
         of the grounds relied on. The information given must be sufficiently clear and precise to enable the defendant to prepare
         his defence and the Court of First Instance to decide the case. In order to ensure legal certainty and the sound administration
         of justice, if an action is to be admissible the essential facts and law on which it is based must be apparent from the text
         of the application itself, even if only stated briefly, provided the statement is coherent and comprehensible (Case T‑195/95
         Guérin automobiles v Commission [1997] ECR II‑679, paragraph 20; Case T‑19/01 Chiquita Brands and Others v Commission [2005] ECR II‑315, paragraph 64).
      
      241    In this case, the Court, like the Council, finds that the applicants have not set out in a sufficiently clear and precise
         manner the argument as to the deduction of general, administrative and sales costs of SPIG Interpipe which has allegedly not
         been replied to.
      
      242    Therefore, the sixth plea must be declared inadmissible in so far as it concerns the treatment of sales, administrative and
         other general costs of SPIG Interpipe.
      
      243    It follows from the above, and in particular from the conclusions drawn in paragraphs 190, 197 and 211 above, that the contested
         regulation must be partially annulled in so far as the institutions concerned made an adjustment on Sepco’s export price.
         
      
       Costs
      244    In accordance with Article 87(3) of the Rules of Procedure, where each party succeeds on some and fails on other heads, or
         where the circumstances are exceptional, the Court of First Instance may order that the costs be shared or that each party
         bear its own costs.
      
      245    In this case, the applicants’ claims for annulment have been found partially well founded. The Court considers that, on a
         just assessment of the circumstances of this case, the Council should bear its own costs and pay one quarter of those incurred
         by the applicants, and that the latter should pay three quarters of their own costs.
      
      246    In accordance with Article 87(4) of the Rules of Procedure, the Commission must bear its own costs.
      
      On those grounds,
      THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE (Second Chamber)
      hereby:
      1.      Annuls Article 1 of Council Regulation (EC) No 954/2006 of 27 June 2006 imposing definitive anti-dumping duty on imports of
            certain seamless pipes and tubes, of iron or steel originating in Croatia, Romania, Russia and Ukraine, repealing Council
            Regulations (EC) No 2320/97 and (EC) No 348/2000, terminating the interim and expiry reviews of the anti-dumping duties on
            imports of certain seamless pipes and tubes of iron or non-alloy steel originating, inter alia, in Russia and Romania and
            terminating the interim reviews of the anti-dumping duties on imports of certain seamless pipes and tubes of iron or non-alloy
            steel originating, inter alia, in Russia and Romania and in Croatia and Ukraine, in so far as the anti-dumping duty fixed
            for exports towards the European Community of the products manufactured by Interpipe Nikopolsky Seamless Tubes Plant Niko
            Tube ZAT (Interpipe Niko Tube ZAT) and Interpipe Nizhnedneprovsky Tube Rolling Plant VAT (Interpipe NTRP VAT) exceeds that
            which would have been applicable had the export price not been adjusted for a commission when sales took place through the
            intermediary of the affiliated trader, Sepco SA;
      2.      Dismisses the action as to the remainder;
      3.      Orders the Council to bear its own costs and one quarter of the costs incurred by the applicants. The Commission is ordered
            to bear its own costs.
      
               Pelikánová
            
            
               Jürimäe 
            
            
               Soldevila Fragoso
            
         Delivered in open court in Luxembourg on 10 March 2009.
      [Signatures]
      Table of contents
      
      Legal context
      Background to the dispute
      Procedure and forms of order sought
      Law
      Calculation of the normal value
      Manifest error of assessment
      – Arguments of the parties
      – Findings of the Court
      Infringement of the principle of non-discrimination
      – Arguments of the parties
      – Findings of the Court
      Infringement of the rights of the defence and the duty to state reasons
      – Arguments of the parties
      – Findings of the Court
      The consequences of the lack of replies to the questionnaire from companies affiliated to the Community producers
      Infringement of Article 3(2), (3), (5), (6) and (7) of the basic regulation
      – Arguments of the parties
      – Findings of the Court
      Infringement of the principle of non-discrimination
      – Arguments of the parties
      – Findings of the Court
      Infringement of Article 19(3) of the basic regulation
      – Arguments of the parties
      – Findings of the Court
      Infringement of Article 5(4) of the basic regulation
      – Arguments of the parties
      – Findings of the Court
      Infringement of defence rights and the duty to state reasons
      – Arguments of the parties
      – Findings of the Court
      The adjustment made on the Sepco sale price
      Manifest error of assessment in applying Article 2(10)(i) of the basic regulation
      – Arguments of the parties
      – Findings of the Court
      Manifest error of assessment in applying Article 2(10), first subparagraph, of the basic regulation
      – Arguments of the parties
      – Findings of the Court
      Infringement of defence rights and the duty to state reasons
      – Arguments of the parties
      – Findings of the Court
      The applicants’ offer of an undertaking
      Infringement of the principle of non-discrimination
      – Arguments of the parties
      – Findings of the Court
      Infringement of the duty to state reasons
      – Arguments of the parties
      – Findings of the Court
      The treatment of sales costs, administrative costs and other general expenses of SPIG Interpipe
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      Costs
      * Language of the case: English.