CELEX: 42011X0708(01)
Language: en
Date: 2011-07-08 00:00:00
Title: Regulation No 49 of the Economic Commission for Europe of the United Nations (UN/ECE) — Uniform provisions concerning the measures to be taken against the emission of gaseous and particulate pollutants from compression-ignition engines for use in vehicles, and the emission of gaseous pollutants from positive-ignition engines fuelled with natural gas or liquefied petroleum gas for use in vehicles

8.7.2011   
            
            
               EN
            
            
               Official Journal of the European Union
            
            
               L 180/53
            
         Only the original UN/ECE texts have legal effect under international public law. The status and date of entry into force of this Regulation should be checked in the latest version of the UN/ECE status document TRANS/WP.29/343, available at:
   http://www.unece.org/trans/main/wp29/wp29wgs/wp29gen/wp29fdocstts.html
   Regulation No 49 of the Economic Commission for Europe of the United Nations (UN/ECE) — Uniform provisions concerning the measures to be taken against the emission of gaseous and particulate pollutants from compression-ignition engines for use in vehicles, and the emission of gaseous pollutants from positive-ignition engines fuelled with natural gas or liquefied petroleum gas for use in vehicles
   2010 amendments to Regulation 49 published in OJ L 103, 12.4.2008, p. 1.
   Incorporating:
   
                
            
            
               Supplement 3 to the 05 series of amendments — Date of entry into force: 9 December 2010
            
         
                
            
            
               Supplement 4 to the 05 series of amendments — Date of entry into force: 23 June 2011
            
         
      Amendments to the list of contents
   
   Insert new Annex 4C:
   
               Annex 4C
            
            
               —
            
            
               Particle Number Measurement Test Procedure
               
                  Appendix— Particle Number Emissions Measurement Equipment
            
         
      Amendments to the main text of the Regulation
   
   Paragraph 1.1, amend to read:
   
      1.1.   This Regulation shall apply to motor vehicles of categories M1, M2, N1 and N2 with a reference mass exceeding 2 610 kg and to all motor vehicles of categories M3 and N3
          (1).
      At the request of the manufacturer, the type approval of a completed vehicle given under this Regulation shall be extended to its incomplete vehicle with a reference mass below 2 610 kg. Type approvals shall be extended if the manufacturer can demonstrate that all bodywork combinations expected to be built onto the incomplete vehicle increase the reference mass of the vehicle to above 2 610 kg.
      The following do not need to be approved according to this Regulation: engines mounted in vehicles of up to 2 840 kg reference mass to which an approval to Regulation No 83 has been granted as an extension.
      
         Table A
      
      
         Applicability
      
      
                  Vehicle category (1)
               
               
                  Positive-ignition engines
               
               
                  Compression-ignition engines
               
            
                  Petrol
               
               
                  NG (2)
                  
               
               
                  LPG (3)
                  
               
               
                  Diesel
               
               
                  Ethanol
               
            
                  M1
                  
               
               
                  R49 or R83 (4)
                  
               
               
                  R49 or R83 (4)
                  
               
               
                  R49 or R83 (4)
                  
               
               
                  R49 or R83 (4)
                  
               
               
                  R49 or R83 (4)
                  
               
            
                  M2
                  
               
               
                  R49 or R83 (4)
                  
               
               
                  R49 or R83 (4)
                  
               
               
                  R49 or R83 (4)
                  
               
               
                  R49 or R83 (4)
                  
               
               
                  R49 or R83 (4)
                  
               
            
                  M3
                  
               
               
                  R49
               
               
                  R49
               
               
                  R49
               
               
                  R49
               
               
                  R49
               
            
                  N1
                  
               
               
                  R49 or R83 (4)
                  
               
               
                  R49 or R83 (4)
                  
               
               
                  R49 or R83 (4)
                  
               
               
                  R49 or R83 (4)
                  
               
               
                  R49 or R83 (4)
                  
               
            
                  N2
                  
               
               
                  R49 or R83 (4)
                  
               
               
                  R49 or R83 (4)
                  
               
               
                  R49 or R83 (4)
                  
               
               
                  R49 or R83 (4)
                  
               
               
                  R49 or R83 (4)
                  
               
            
                  N3
                  
               
               
                  R49
               
               
                  R49
               
               
                  R49
               
               
                  R49
               
               
                  R49
               
            
         
      
         Table B
      
      
         Requirements
      
      
                   
               
               
                  Positive-ignition engines
               
               
                  Compression-ignition engines
               
            
                   
               
               
                  Petrol
               
               
                  NG
               
               
                  LPG
               
               
                  Diesel
               
               
                  Ethanol
               
            
                  Gaseous pollutants
               
               
                  —
               
               
                  Yes
               
               
                  Yes
               
               
                  Yes
               
               
                  Yes
               
            
                  Particulates
               
               
                  —
               
               
                  Yes (5)
                  
               
               
                  Yes (5)
                  
               
               
                  Yes
               
               
                  Yes
               
            
                  Smoke
               
               
                  —
               
               
                  —
               
               
                  —
               
               
                  Yes
               
               
                  Yes
               
            
                  Durability
               
               
                  —
               
               
                  Yes
               
               
                  Yes
               
               
                  Yes
               
               
                  Yes
               
            
                  In-service-conformity
               
               
                  —
               
               
                  Yes
               
               
                  Yes
               
               
                  Yes
               
               
                  Yes
               
            
                  OBD
               
               
                  —
               
               
                  Yes (6)
                  
               
               
                  Yes (6)
                  
               
               
                  Yes
               
               
                  Yes
               
            
   Insert new paragraphs 2.1.64 to 2.1.66, to read:
   
               ‘2.1.64.
            
            
               ‘Reference mass’ means the ‘unladen mass’ of the vehicle increased by a uniform figure of 100 kg for test according to Annexes 4A and 8 of Regulation No 83.
            
         
               2.1.65.
            
            
               ‘Unladen mass’ means the mass of the vehicle in running order without the uniform mass of the driver of 75 kg, passenger or load, but with the fuel tank 90 % full and the usual set of tools and spare wheel on board, where applicable;
            
         
               2.1.66.
            
            
               ‘Running order mass’ means the mass described in paragraph 2.6 of Annex 1 to the Regulation No 83 and for vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of more than 9 persons (in addition to the driver), the mass of a crew member (75 kg), if there is a crew seat amongst the nine or more seats.’
            
         
      Amendments to Annexes
   
   Insert a new Annex 4C, to read:
   ‘
         ANNEX 4C
         
            PARTICLE NUMBER MEASUREMENT TEST PROCEDURE
         
         1.   Applicability
         This Annex is not applicable for the purpose of type approval according to this Regulation for the time being. It will be made applicable in the future.
         2.   Introduction
         2.1.   This Annex describes the method of determining particle number emissions of engines being tested according to the test procedures defined in Annex 4B. Unless otherwise stated, all test conditions, procedures and requirements are as stated in Annex 4B.
         3.   Sampling
         3.1.   Particle number emissions
         Particle number emissions shall be measured by continuous sampling from either a partial flow dilution system, as described in Annex 4B, Appendix 3, paragraph A.3.2.1 and A.3.2.2 or a full flow dilution system as described in Annex 4B, Appendix 3, paragraph A.3.2.3 and A.3.2.4.
         3.2.   Diluent filtration
         Diluent used for both the primary and, where applicable, secondary dilution of the exhaust in the dilution system shall be passed through filters meeting the High-Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filter requirements defined in the Diluent Filter (DAF) subparagraphs of Annex 4B, Appendix 3, paragraphs A.3.2.2 or A.3.2.4. The diluent may optionally be charcoal scrubbed before being passed to the HEPA filter to reduce and stabilise the hydrocarbon concentrations in the diluent. It is recommended that an additional coarse particle filter is situated before the HEPA filter and after the charcoal scrubber, if used.
         4.   Operation of the Sampling System
         4.1.   Compensating for particle number sample flow — full flow dilution systems
         4.1.1.   To compensate for the mass flow extracted from the dilution system for particle number sampling the extracted mass flow (filtered) shall be returned to the dilution system. Alternatively, the total mass flow in the dilution system may be mathematically corrected for the particle number sample flow extracted. Where the total mass flow extracted from the dilution system for particle number sampling is less than 0,5 % of the total dilute exhaust gas flow in the dilution tunnel (med) this correction, or flow return, may be neglected.
         4.2.   Compensating for particle number sample flow — partial flow dilution systems
         4.2.1.   For partial flow dilution systems the mass flow extracted from the dilution system for particle number sampling shall be accounted for in controlling the proportionality of sampling. This shall be achieved either by feeding the particle number sample flow back into the dilution system upstream of the flow measuring device or by mathematical correction as outlined in paragraph 4.2.2 In the case of total sampling type partial flow dilution systems, the mass flow extracted for particle number sampling shall also be corrected for in the particulate mass calculation as outlined in paragraph 4.2.3.
         4.2.2.   The instantaneous exhaust gas flow rate into the dilution system (qmp
            ), used for controlling the proportionality of sampling, shall be corrected according to one of the following methods;
         
                     (a)
                  
                  
                     In the case where the extracted particle number sample flow is discarded, equation (83) in Annex 4B, paragraph 9.4.6.2 shall be replaced by the following:
                     where:
                     
                                 qmp
                                 
                              
                              
                                 =
                              
                              
                                 sample flow of exhaust gas into partial flow dilution system, kg/s
                              
                           
                                 qmdew
                                 
                              
                              
                                 =
                              
                              
                                 diluted exhaust mass flow rate, kg/s
                              
                           
                                 qmdw
                                 
                              
                              
                                 =
                              
                              
                                 dilution air mass flow rate, kg/s
                              
                           
                                 qex
                                 
                              
                              
                                 =
                              
                              
                                 particle number sample mass flow rate, kg/s
                              
                           The qex
                         signal sent to the partial flow system controller shall be accurate to within 0,1 % of qmdew
                         at all times and should be sent with frequency of at least 1 Hz.
                  
               
                     (b)
                  
                  
                     In the case where the extracted particle number sample flow is fully or partially discarded, but an equivalent flow is fed back to the dilution system upstream of the flow measurement device, equation (83) in Annex 4B, paragraph 9.4.6.2 shall be replaced by the following:
                     where:
                     
                                 qmp
                                 
                              
                              
                                 =
                              
                              
                                 sample flow of exhaust gas into partial flow dilution system, kg/s,
                              
                           
                                 qmdew
                                 
                              
                              
                                 =
                              
                              
                                 diluted exhaust mass flow rate, kg/s,
                              
                           
                                 qmdw
                                 
                              
                              
                                 =
                              
                              
                                 dilution air mass flow rate, kg/s,
                              
                           
                                 qex
                                 
                              
                              
                                 =
                              
                              
                                 particle number sample mass flow rate, kg/s,
                              
                           
                                 qsw
                                 
                              
                              
                                 =
                              
                              
                                 mass flow rate fed back into dilution tunnel to compensate for particle number sample extraction, kg/s.
                              
                           The difference between qex
                         and qsw
                         sent to the partial flow system controller shall be accurate to within 0,1 % of qmdew
                         at all times. The signal (or signals) should be sent with frequency of at least 1 Hz.
                  
               4.2.3.   Correction of PM measurement
         When a particle number sample flow is extracted from a total sampling partial flow dilution system, the mass of particulates (mPM
            ) calculated in Annex 4B, paragraph 8.4.3.2.1 or 8.4.3.2.2 shall be corrected as follows to account for the flow extracted. This correction is required even where filtered extracted flow is fed back into the partial flow dilution systems.
         
            
         where:
         
                     mPM,corr
                     
                  
                  
                     =
                  
                  
                     mass of particulates corrected for extraction of particle number sample flow, g/test,
                  
               
                     mPM
                     
                  
                  
                     =
                  
                  
                     mass of particulates determined according to Annex 4B paragraph 8.4.3.2.1 or 8.4.3.2.2, g/test,
                  
               
                     msed
                     
                  
                  
                     =
                  
                  
                     total mass of diluted exhaust gas passing through the dilution tunnel, kg,
                  
               
                     mex
                     
                  
                  
                     =
                  
                  
                     total mass of diluted exhaust gas extracted from the dilution tunnel for particle number sampling, kg.
                  
               4.3.   Proportionality of partial flow dilution sampling
         4.3.1.   For particle number measurement, exhaust mass flow rate, determined according to any of the methods described in Annex 4B, paragraphs 8.4.1.3 to 8.4.1.7, is used for controlling the partial flow dilution system to take a sample proportional to the exhaust mass flow rate. The quality of proportionality shall be checked by applying a regression analysis between sample and exhaust flow in accordance with Annex 4B, paragraph 9.4.6.1.
         5.   Determination of Particle Numbers
         5.1.   Time alignment
         For partial flow dilution systems residence time in the particle number sampling and measurement system shall be accounted for by time aligning the particle number signal with the test cycle and the exhaust gas mass flow rate according to the procedures defined in Annex 4B paragraphs 3.1.30 and 8.4.2.2. The transformation time of the particle number sampling and measurement system shall be determined according to paragraph 1.3.6 of Appendix to this Annex.
         5.2.   Determination of particle numbers with a partial flow dilution system
         5.2.1.   Where particle numbers are sampled using a partial flow dilution system according to the procedures set out in Annex 4B, paragraph 8.4, the number of particles emitted over the test cycle shall be calculated by means of the following equation:
         
            
         where:
         
                     N
                  
                  
                     =
                  
                  
                     number of particles emitted over the test cycle,
                  
               
                     medf
                     
                  
                  
                     =
                  
                  
                     mass of equivalent diluted exhaust gas over the cycle, determined according to Annex 4B paragraph 8.4.3.2.2, kg/test,
                  
               
                     k
                  
                  
                     =
                  
                  
                     calibration factor to correct the particle number counter measurements to the level of the reference instrument where this is not applied internally within the particle number counter. Where the calibration factor is applied internally within the particle number counter, a value of 1 shall be used for k in the above equation,
                  
               
                     
                        
                  
                  
                     =
                  
                  
                     average concentration of particles from the diluted exhaust gas corrected to standard conditions (273,2 K and 101,33 kPa), particles per cubic centimetre,
                  
               
                     
                        
                  
                  
                     =
                  
                  
                     mean particle concentration reduction factor of the volatile particle remover specific to the dilution settings used for the test.
                  
               
             shall be calculated from the following equation:
         
            
         where:
         
                     cs,i
                     
                  
                  
                     =
                  
                  
                     a discrete measurement of particle concentration in the diluted gas exhaust from the particle counter, corrected for coincidence and to standard conditions (273,2 K and 101,33 kPa), particles per cubic centimetre,
                  
               
                     n
                  
                  
                     =
                  
                  
                     number of particle concentration measurements taken over the duration of the test.
                  
               5.3.   Determination of particle numbers with a full flow dilution system
         5.3.1.   Where particle numbers are sampled using a full flow dilution system according to the procedures set out in Annex 4B, paragraph 8.5, the number of particles emitted over the test cycle shall be calculated by means of the following equation:
         
            
         where:
         
                     N
                  
                  
                     =
                  
                  
                     number of particles emitted over the test cycle,
                  
               
                     med
                     
                  
                  
                     =
                  
                  
                     total diluted exhaust gas flow over the cycle calculated according to any one of the methods described in Annex 4B, paragraphs 8.5.1.2 to 8.5.1.4, kg/test,
                  
               
                     k
                  
                  
                     =
                  
                  
                     calibration factor to correct the particle number counter measurements to the level of the reference instrument where this is not applied internally within the particle number counter. Where the calibration factor is applied internally within the particle number counter, a value of 1 shall be used for k in the above equation,
                  
               
                     
                        
                  
                  
                     =
                  
                  
                     average corrected concentration of particles from the diluted exhaust gas corrected to standard conditions (273,2 K and 101,33 kPa), particles per cubic centimetre,
                  
               
                     
                        
                  
                  
                     =
                  
                  
                     mean particle concentration reduction factor of the volatile particle remover specific to the dilution settings used for the test.
                  
               
             shall be calculated from the following equation:
         
            
         where:
         
                     cs,i
                     
                  
                  
                     =
                  
                  
                     a discrete measurement of particle concentration in the diluted gas exhaust from the particle counter, corrected for coincidence and to standard conditions (273,2 K and 101,33 kPa), particles per cubic centimetre,
                  
               
                     n
                  
                  
                     =
                  
                  
                     number of particle concentration measurements taken over the duration of the test.
                  
               5.4.   Test result
         5.4.1.   For each individual WHSC, hot WHTC and cold WHTC the specific emissions in number of particles/kWh shall be calculated as follows:
         
            
         where:
         
                     e
                  
                  
                     =
                  
                  
                     is the number of particles emitted per kWh,
                  
               
                     Wact
                     
                  
                  
                     =
                  
                  
                     is the actual cycle work according to Annex 4B, paragraph 7.8.6, in kWh.
                  
               5.4.2.   Exhaust after-treatment systems with periodic regeneration
         For engines equipped with periodically regenerating aftertreatment systems the WHTC hot start emissions shall be weighted as follows:
         
            
         where:
         
                     ew
                     
                  
                  
                     =
                  
                  
                     is the weighted average hot start WHTC specific emission, number of particles/kWh,
                  
               
                     n
                  
                  
                     =
                  
                  
                     is the number of WHTC hot start tests without regeneration,
                  
               
                     nr
                     
                  
                  
                     =
                  
                  
                     is the number of WHTC hot start tests with regeneration (minimum one test),
                  
               
                     
                        
                  
                  
                     =
                  
                  
                     is the average specific emission without regeneration, number of particles/kWh,
                  
               
                     
                        
                  
                  
                     =
                  
                  
                     is the average specific emission with regeneration, number of particles/kWh.
                  
               For the determination of , the following provisions apply:
         
                     (a)
                  
                  
                     if regeneration takes more than one hot start WHTC, consecutive full hot start WHTC tests shall be conducted and emissions continued to be measured without soaking and without shutting the engine off, until regeneration is completed, and the average of the hot start WHTC tests be calculated;
                  
               
                     (b)
                  
                  
                     if regeneration is completed during any hot start WHTC, the test shall be continued over its entire length.
                  
               In agreement with the type approval authority, regeneration adjustment may be applied by either multiplicative or additive adjustment based on good engineering analysis.
         Multiplicative regeneration adjustment factors kr
             shall be determined as follows:
         
             (upward)
         
             (downward)
         Additive regeneration adjustment (kr
            ) shall be determined as follows:
         
            kr,u = ew – e (upward)
         
            kr,d = ew – er
             (downward)
         The regeneration adjustment kr
            :
         
                     (c)
                  
                  
                     shall be applied to the weighted WHTC test result as per paragraph 5.4.3,
                  
               
                     (d)
                  
                  
                     may be applied to the WHSC and cold WHTC, if a regeneration occurs during the cycle,
                  
               
                     (e)
                  
                  
                     may be extended to other members of the same engine family,
                  
               
                     (f)
                  
                  
                     may be extended to other engine families using the same aftertreatment system with the prior approval of the type Approval Authority based on technical evidence to be supplied by the manufacturer that the emissions are similar.
                  
               5.4.3.   Weighted average WHTC test result
         For the WHTC, the final test result shall be a weighted average from cold start and hot start (including periodic regeneration where relevant) tests calculated using one of the following equations:
         
                     (a)
                  
                  
                     in the case of multiplicative regeneration adjustment, or engines without periodically regenerating aftertreatment
                     
               
                     (b)
                  
                  
                     in the case of additive regeneration adjustment
                     
               where:
         
                     Ncold
                     
                  
                  
                     =
                  
                  
                     is the total number of particles emitted over the WHTC cold test cycle,
                  
               
                     Nhot
                     
                  
                  
                     =
                  
                  
                     is the total number of particles emitted over the WHTC hot test cycle,
                  
               
                     Wact,cold
                     
                  
                  
                     =
                  
                  
                     is the actual cycle work over the WHTC cold test cycle according to Annex 4B, paragraph 7.8.6, in kWh,
                  
               
                     Wact, hot
                     
                  
                  
                     =
                  
                  
                     is the actual cycle work over the WHTC hot test cycle according to Annex 4B, paragraph 7.8.6, in kWh,
                  
               
                     kr
                     
                  
                  
                     =
                  
                  
                     is the regeneration adjustment, according to paragraph 5.4.2, or in the case of engines without periodically regenerating aftertreatment kr = 1.
                  
               5.4.4.   Rounding of final results
         The final WHSC and weighted average WHTC test results shall be rounded in one step to three significant figures in accordance with ASTM E 29–06B. No rounding of intermediate values leading to the final brake specific emission result is permissible.
         6.   Determination of Particle Number Background
         6.1.   At the engine manufacturer’s request, dilution tunnel background particle number concentrations may be sampled, prior to or after the test, from a point downstream of the particle and hydrocarbon filters into the particle number measurement system, to determine the tunnel background particle concentrations.
         6.2.   Subtraction of particle number tunnel background concentrations shall not be allowed for type approval, but may be used at the manufacturer’s request, with the prior approval of the type approval authority, for conformity of production testing if it can be demonstrated that tunnel background contribution is significant., which can then be subtracted from the values measured in the diluted exhaust.
      
      
         Appendix
         
            Particle Number Emissions Measurement Equipment
         
         1.   Specification
         1.1.   System overview
         1.1.1.   The particle sampling system shall consist of a probe or sampling point extracting a sample from a homogenously mixed flow in a dilution system as described in Annex 4B, Appendix 3, paragraph A3.2.1 and A.3.2.2 or A3.2.3 and A.3.2.4, a volatile particle remover (VPR) upstream of a particle number counter (PNC) and suitable transfer tubing.
         1.1.2.   It is recommended that a particle size pre-classifier (e.g. cyclone, impactor, etc.) be located prior to the inlet of the VPR. However, a sample probe acting as an appropriate size-classification device, such as that shown in Annex 4B, Appendix 3, Figure 14, is an acceptable alternative to the use of a particle size pre-classifier. In the case of partial flow dilution systems it is acceptable to use the same pre-classifier for particulate mass and particle number sampling, extracting the particle number sample from the dilution system downstream of the pre-classifier. Alternatively separate pre-classifiers may be used, extracting the particle number sample from the dilution system upstream of the particulate mass pre-classifier.
         1.2.   General requirements
         1.2.1.   The particle sampling point shall be located within a dilution system.
         The sampling probe tip or particle sampling point and particle transfer tube (PTT) together comprise the particle transfer system (PTS). The PTS conducts the sample from the dilution tunnel to the entrance of the VPR. The PTS shall meet the following conditions:
         
                      
                  
                  
                     In the case of full flow dilution systems and partial flow dilution systems of the fractional sampling type (as described in Annex 4B, Appendix 3, paragraph A.3.2.1) the sampling probe shall be installed near the tunnel centre line, 10 to 20 tunnel diameters downstream of the gas inlet, facing upstream into the tunnel gas flow with its axis at the tip parallel to that of the dilution tunnel. The sampling probe shall be positioned within the dilution tract so that the sample is taken from a homogeneous diluent/exhaust mixture.
                  
               
                      
                  
                  
                     In the case of partial flow dilution systems of the total sampling type (as described in Annex 4B, paragraph A.3.2.1) the particle sampling point or sampling probe shall be located in the particulate transfer tube, upstream of the particulate filter holder, flow measurement device and any sample/bypass bifurcation point. The sampling point or sampling probe shall be positioned so that the sample is taken from a homogeneous diluent/exhaust mixture. The dimensions of the particle sampling probe should be sized not to interfere with the operation of the partial flow dilution system.
                  
               Sample gas drawn through the PTS shall meet the following conditions:
         
                      
                  
                  
                     In the case of full flow dilution systems, it shall have a flow Reynolds number (Re) of < 1 700;
                  
               
                      
                  
                  
                     In the case of partial flow dilution systems, it shall have a flow Reynolds number (Re) of < 1 700 in the PTT i.e. downstream of the sampling probe or point;
                  
               It shall have a residence time in the PTS of ≤ 3 seconds.
         Any other sampling configuration for the PTS for which equivalent particle penetration at 30 nm can be demonstrated will be considered acceptable.
         The outlet tube (OT) conducting the diluted sample from the VPR to the inlet of the PNC shall have the following properties:
         
                      
                  
                  
                     It shall have an internal diameter of ≥ 4 mm;
                  
               
                      
                  
                  
                     Sample Gas flow through the OT shall have a residence time of ≤ 0,8 seconds.
                  
               Any other sampling configuration for the OT for which equivalent particle penetration at 30 nm can be demonstrated will be considered acceptable.
         1.2.2.   The VPR shall include devices for sample dilution and for volatile particle removal.
         1.2.3.   All parts of the dilution system and the sampling system from the exhaust pipe up to the PNC, which are in contact with raw and diluted exhaust gas, shall be designed to minimize deposition of the particles. All parts shall be made of electrically conductive materials that do not react with exhaust gas components, and shall be electrically grounded to prevent electrostatic effects.
         1.2.4.   The particle sampling system shall incorporate good aerosol sampling practice that includes the avoidance of sharp bends and abrupt changes in cross-paragraph, the use of smooth internal surfaces and the minimisation of the length of the sampling line. Gradual changes in the cross-section are permissible.
         1.3.   Specific requirements
         1.3.1.   The particle sample shall not pass through a pump before passing through the PNC.
         1.3.2.   A sample pre-classifier is recommended.
         1.3.3.   The sample preconditioning unit shall:
         
                     1.3.3.1.
                  
                  
                     Be capable of diluting the sample in one or more stages to achieve a particle number concentration below the upper threshold of the single particle count mode of the PNC and a gas temperature below 35 °C at the inlet to the PNC;
                  
               
                     1.3.3.2.
                  
                  
                     Include an initial heated dilution stage which outputs a sample at a temperature of ≥ 150 °C and ≤ 400 °C, and dilutes by a factor of at least 10;
                  
               
                     1.3.3.3.
                  
                  
                     Control heated stages to constant nominal operating temperatures, within the range specified in paragraph 1.3.3.2, to a tolerance of ± 10 °C. Provide an indication of whether or not heated stages are at their correct operating temperatures;
                  
               
                     1.3.3.4.
                  
                  
                     Achieve a particle concentration reduction factor (fr(di)), as defined in paragraph 2.2.2 below, for particles of 30 nm and 50 nm electrical mobility diameters, that is no more than 30 % and 20 % respectively higher, and no more than 5 % lower than that for particles of 100 nm electrical mobility diameter for the VPR as a whole;
                  
               
                     1.3.3.5.
                  
                  
                     Also achieve > 99,0 % vaporisation of 30 nm tetracontane (CH3(CH2)38CH3) particles, with an inlet concentration of ≥ 10 000 cm–3, by means of heating and reduction of partial pressures of the tetracontane.
                  
               1.3.4.   The PNC shall:
         
                     1.3.4.1.
                  
                  
                     Operate under full flow operating conditions;
                  
               
                     1.3.4.2.
                  
                  
                     Have a counting accuracy of ± 10 % across the range 1 cm–3 to the upper threshold of the single particle count mode of the PNC against a traceable standard. At concentrations below 100 cm–3 measurements averaged over extended sampling periods may be required to demonstrate the accuracy of the PNC with a high degree of statistical confidence;
                  
               
                     1.3.4.3.
                  
                  
                     Have a readability of at least 0,1 particles cm–3 at concentrations below 100 cm–3;
                  
               
                     1.3.4.4.
                  
                  
                     Have a linear response to particle concentrations over the full measurement range in single particle count mode;
                  
               
                     1.3.4.5.
                  
                  
                     Have a data reporting frequency equal to or greater than 0,5 Hz;
                  
               
                     1.3.4.6.
                  
                  
                     Have a t90 response time over the measured concentration range of less than 5 s;
                  
               
                     1.3.4.7.
                  
                  
                     Incorporate a coincidence correction function up to a maximum 10 % correction, and may make use of an internal calibration factor as determined in paragraph 2.1.3, but shall not make use of any other algorithm to correct for or define the counting efficiency;
                  
               
                     1.3.4.8.
                  
                  
                     Have counting efficiencies at particle sizes of 23 nm (± 1 nm) and 41 nm (± 1 nm) electrical mobility diameter of 50 % (± 12 %) and > 90 % respectively. These counting efficiencies may be achieved by internal (for example; control of instrument design) or external (for example; size pre-classification) means;
                  
               
                     1.3.4.9.
                  
                  
                     If the PNC makes use of a working liquid, it shall be replaced at the frequency specified by the instrument manufacturer.
                  
               1.3.5.   Where they are not held at a known constant level at the point at which PNC flow rate is controlled, the pressure and/or temperature at inlet to the PNC shall be measured and reported for the purposes of correcting particle concentration measurements to standard conditions.
         1.3.6.   The sum of the residence time of the PTS, VPR and OT plus the t90 response time of the PNC shall be no greater than 20 s.
         1.3.7.   The transformation time of the entire particle number sampling system (PTS, VPR, OT and PNC) shall be determined by aerosol switching directly at the inlet of the PTS. The aerosol switching shall be done in less than 0,1 s. The aerosol used for the test shall cause a concentration change of at least 60 % full scale (FS).
         The concentration trace shall be recorded. For time alignment of the particle number concentration and exhaust flow signals, the transformation time is defined as the time from the change (t0) until the response is 50 % of the final reading (t50).
         1.4.   Recommended system description
         The following paragraph contains the recommended practice for measurement of particle number. However, any system meeting the performance specifications in paragraphs 1.2 and 1.3 is acceptable.
         Figures 14 and 15 are schematic drawings of the recommended particle sampling system configurations for partial and full flow dilution systems respectively.
         
            Figure 14
         
         
            Schematic of Recommended Particle Sampling System – Partial Flow Sampling
         
         
            
         
            Figure 15
         
         
            Schematic of Recommended Particle Sampling System – Full Flow Sampling
         
         
            
         1.4.1.   Sampling system description
         The particle sampling system shall consist of a sampling probe tip or particle sampling point in the dilution system, a particle transfer tube (PTT), a particle pre-classifier (PCF) and a volatile particle remover (VPR) upstream of the particle number concentration measurement (PNC) unit. The VPR shall include devices for sample dilution (particle number diluters: PND1 and PND2) and particle evaporation (Evaporation tube, ET). The sampling probe or sampling point for the test gas flow shall be so arranged within the dilution tract that a representative sample gas flow is taken from a homogeneous diluent/exhaust mixture. The sum of the residence time of the system plus the t90 response time of the PNC shall be no greater than 20 s.
         1.4.2.   Particle transfer system
         The sampling probe tip or particle sampling point and particle transfer tube (PTT) together comprise the particle transfer system (PTS). The PTS conducts the sample from the dilution tunnel to the entrance to the first particle number diluter. The PTS shall meet the following conditions:
         
                      
                  
                  
                     In the case of full flow dilution systems and partial flow dilution systems of the fractional sampling type (as described in Annex 4B, Appendix 3, paragraph A.3.2.1) the sampling probe shall be installed near the tunnel centre line, 10 to 20 tunnel diameters downstream of the gas inlet, facing upstream into the tunnel gas flow with its axis at the tip parallel to that of the dilution tunnel. The sampling probe shall be positioned within the dilution tract so that the sample is taken from a homogeneous diluent/exhaust mixture.
                  
               
                      
                  
                  
                     In the case of partial flow dilution systems of the total sampling type (as described in Annex 4B, paragraph A.3.2.1) the particle sampling point shall be located in the particulate transfer tube, upstream of the particulate filter holder, flow measurement device and any sample/bypass bifurcation point. The sampling point or sampling probe shall be positioned so that the sample is taken from a homogeneous diluent/exhaust mixture.
                  
               Sample gas drawn through the PTS shall meet the following conditions:
         
                      
                  
                  
                     It shall have a flow Reynolds number (Re) of < 1 700;
                  
               
                      
                  
                  
                     It shall have a residence time in the PTS of ≤ 3 seconds.
                  
               Any other sampling configuration for the PTS for which equivalent particle penetration for particles of 30 nm electrical mobility diameter can be demonstrated will be considered acceptable.
         The outlet tube (OT) conducting the diluted sample from the VPR to the inlet of the PNC shall have the following properties:
         
                      
                  
                  
                     It shall have an internal diameter of ≥ 4 mm;
                  
               
                      
                  
                  
                     Sample gas flow through the POT shall have a residence time of ≤ 0,8 seconds.
                  
               Any other sampling configuration for the OT for which equivalent particle penetration for particles of 30 nm electrical mobility diameter can be demonstrated will be considered acceptable.
         1.4.3.   Particle pre-classifier
         The recommended particle pre-classifier shall be located upstream of the VPR. The pre-classifier 50 % cut point particle diameter shall be between 2,5 μm and 10 μm at the volumetric flow rate selected for sampling particle number emissions. The pre-classifier shall allow at least 99 % of the mass concentration of 1 μm particles entering the pre-classifier to pass through the exit of the pre-classifier at the volumetric flow rate selected for sampling particle number emissions. In the case of partial flow dilution systems, it is acceptable to use the same pre-classifier for particulate mass and particle number sampling, extracting the particle number sample from the dilution system downstream of the pre-classifier. Alternatively separate pre-classifiers may be used, extracting the particle number sample from the dilution system upstream of the particulate mass pre-classifier.
         1.4.4.   Volatile particle remover (VPR)
         The VPR shall comprise one particle number diluter (PND1), an evaporation tube and a second diluter (PND2) in series. This dilution function is to reduce the number concentration of the sample entering the particle concentration measurement unit to less than the upper threshold of the single particle count mode of the PNC and to suppress nucleation within the sample. The VPR shall provide an indication of whether or not PND1 and the evaporation tube are at their correct operating temperatures.
         The VPR shall achieve > 99,0 % vaporisation of 30 nm tetracontane (CH3(CH2)38CH3) particles, with an inlet concentration of ≥ 10 000 cm–3, by means of heating and reduction of partial pressures of the tetracontane. It shall also achieve a particle concentration reduction factor (fr) for particles of 30 nm and 50 nm electrical mobility diameters, that is no more than 30 % and 20 % respectively higher, and no more than 5 % lower than that for particles of 100 nm electrical mobility diameter for the VPR as a whole.
         1.4.4.1.   First particle number dilution device (PND1)
         The first particle number dilution device shall be specifically designed to dilute particle number concentration and operate at a (wall) temperature of 150 °C to 400 °C. The wall temperature setpoint should be held at a constant nominal operating temperature, within this range, to a tolerance of ± 10 °C and not exceed the wall temperature of the ET (paragraph 1.4.4.2). The diluter should be supplied with HEPA filtered dilution air and be capable of a dilution factor of 10 to 200 times.
         1.4.4.2.   Evaporation tube
         The entire length of the ET shall be controlled to a wall temperature greater than or equal to that of the first particle number dilution device and the wall temperature held at a fixed nominal operating temperature between 300 °C and 400 °C, to a tolerance of ± 10 °C.
         1.4.4.3.   Second particle number dilution device (PND2)
         PND2 shall be specifically designed to dilute particle number concentration. The diluter shall be supplied with HEPA filtered dilution air and be capable of maintaining a single dilution factor within a range of 10 to 30 times. The dilution factor of PND2 shall be selected in the range between 10 and 15 such that particle number concentration downstream of the second diluter is less than the upper threshold of the single particle count mode of the PNC and the gas temperature prior to entry to the PNC is < 35 °C.
         1.4.5.   Particle number counter (PNC)
         The PNC shall meet the requirements of paragraph 1.3.4.
         2.   Calibration/Validation of the Particle Sampling System (7)
         
         2.1.   Calibration of the Particle Number Counter
         2.1.1.   The Technical Service shall ensure the existence of a calibration certificate for the PNC demonstrating compliance with a traceable standard within a 12-month period prior to the emissions test.
         2.1.2.   The PNC shall also be recalibrated and a new calibration certificate issued following any major maintenance.
         2.1.3.   Calibration shall be traceable to a standard calibration method:
         
                     (a)
                  
                  
                     by comparison of the response of the PNC under calibration with that of a calibrated aerosol electrometer when simultaneously sampling electrostatically classified calibration particles; or
                  
               
                     (b)
                  
                  
                     by comparison of the response of the PNC under calibration with that of a second PNC which has been directly calibrated by the above method.
                  
               In the electrometer case, calibration shall be undertaken using at least six standard concentrations spaced as uniformly as possible across the PNC’s measurement range. These points will include a nominal zero concentration point produced by attaching HEPA filters of at least class H13 of EN 1822:2008, or equivalent performance, to the inlet of each instrument. With no calibration factor applied to the PNC under calibration, measured concentrations shall be within ± 10 % of the standard concentration for each concentration used, with the exception of the zero point, otherwise the PNC under calibration shall be rejected. The gradient from a linear regression of the two data sets shall be calculated and recorded. A calibration factor equal to the reciprocal of the gradient shall be applied to the PNC under calibration. Linearity of response is calculated as the square of the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient (R2) of the two data sets and shall be equal to or greater than 0,97. In calculating both the gradient and R2 the linear regression shall be forced through the origin (zero concentration on both instruments).
         In the reference PNC case, calibration shall be undertaken using at least six standard concentrations across the PNC’s measurement range. At least 3 points shall be at concentrations below 1 000 cm–3, the remaining concentrations shall be linearly spaced between 1 000 cm–3 and the maximum of the PNC’s range in single particle count mode. These points will include a nominal zero concentration point produced by attaching HEPA filters of at least class H13 of EN 1822:2008, or equivalent performance, to the inlet of each instrument. With no calibration factor applied to the PNC under calibration, measured concentrations shall be within ± 10 % of the standard concentration for each concentration, with the exception of the zero point, otherwise the PNC under calibration shall be rejected. The gradient from a linear regression of the two data sets shall be calculated and recorded. A calibration factor equal to the reciprocal of the gradient shall be applied to the PNC under calibration. Linearity of response is calculated as the square of the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient (R2) of the two data sets and shall be equal to or greater than 0,97. In calculating both the gradient and R2 the linear regression shall be forced through the origin (zero concentration on both instruments).
         2.1.4.   Calibration shall also include a check, against the requirements in paragraph 1.3.4.8, on the PNC’s detection efficiency with particles of 23 nm electrical mobility diameter. A check of the counting efficiency with 41 nm particles is not required.
         2.2.   Calibration/Validation of the volatile particle remover
         2.2.1.   Calibration of the VPR’s particle concentration reduction factors across its full range of dilution settings, at the instrument’s fixed nominal operating temperatures, shall be required when the unit is new and following any major maintenance. The periodic validation requirement for the VPR’s particle concentration reduction factor is limited to a check at a single setting, typical of that used for measurement on diesel particulate filter equipped vehicles. The Technical Service shall ensure the existence of a calibration or validation certificate for the volatile particle remover within a 6-month period prior to the emissions test. If the volatile particle remover incorporates temperature monitoring alarms a 12 month validation interval shall be permissible.
         The VPR shall be characterised for particle concentration reduction factor with solid particles of 30 nm, 50 nm and 100 nm electrical mobility diameter. Particle concentration reduction factors (fr(d)) for particles of 30 nm and 50 nm electrical mobility diameters shall be no more than 30 % and 20 % higher respectively, and no more than 5 % lower than that for particles of 100 nm electrical mobility diameter. For the purposes of validation, the mean particle concentration reduction factor shall be within ± 10 % of the mean particle concentration reduction factor () determined during the primary calibration of the VPR.
         2.2.2.   The test aerosol for these measurements shall be solid particles of 30, 50 and 100 nm electrical mobility diameter and a minimum concentration of 5 000 particles cm–3 at the VPR inlet. Particle concentrations shall be measured upstream and downstream of the components.
         The particle concentration reduction factor at each particle size (fr(di)) shall be calculated as follows;
         
            
         where:
         
                     Nin(di)
                  
                  
                     =
                  
                  
                     upstream particle number concentration for particles of diameter di;
                  
               
                     Nout(di)
                  
                  
                     =
                  
                  
                     downstream particle number concentration for particles of diameter di; and
                  
               
                     di
                     
                  
                  
                     =
                  
                  
                     particle electrical mobility diameter (30, 50 or 100 nm).
                  
               
            Nin(di) and Nout(di) shall be corrected to the same conditions.
         The mean particle concentration reduction () at a given dilution setting shall be calculated as follows;
         
            
         It is recommended that the VPR is calibrated and validated as a complete unit.
         2.2.3.   The Technical Service shall ensure the existence of a validation certificate for the VPR demonstrating effective volatile particle removal efficiency within a 6 month period prior to the emissions test. If the volatile particle remover incorporates temperature monitoring alarms a 12 month validation interval shall be permissible. The VPR shall demonstrate greater than 99,0 % removal of tetracontane (CH3(CH2)38CH3) particles of at least 30 nm electrical mobility diameter with an inlet concentration of ≥ 10 000 cm–3 when operated at its minimum dilution setting and manufacturers recommended operating temperature.
         2.3.   Particle number system check procedures
         2.3.1.   Prior to each test, the particle counter shall report a measured concentration of less than 0,5 particles cm–3 when a HEPA filter of at least class H13 of EN 1822:2008, or equivalent performance, is attached to the inlet of the entire particle sampling system (VPR and PNC).
         2.3.2.   On a monthly basis, the flow into the particle counter shall report a measured value within 5 % of the particle counter nominal flow rate when checked with a calibrated flow meter.
         2.3.3.   Each day, following the application of a HEPA filter of at least class H13 of EN 1822:2008, or equivalent performance, to the inlet of the particle counter, the particle counter shall report a concentration of ≤ 0,2 cm–3. Upon removal of this filter, the particle counter shall show an increase in measured concentration to at least 100 particles cm–3 when challenged with ambient air and a return to ≤ 0,2 cm–3 on replacement of the HEPA filter.
         2.3.4.   Prior to the start of each test it shall be confirmed that the measurement system indicates that the evaporation tube, where featured in the system, has reached its correct operating temperature.
         2.3.5.   Prior to the start of each test it shall be confirmed that the measurement system indicates that the diluter PND1 has reached its correct operating temperature.
      ’
   
      (1)  As defined in Annex 7 to the Consolidated Resolution on the Construction of Vehicles (R.E.3), document TRANS/WP.29/78/Rev.1/Amend.2, as last amended by Amend.4).’
   
      (2)  Natural Gas.
   
      (3)  Liquefied Petroleum Gas.
   
      (4)  Regulation No 83 applies for vehicles with a reference mass ≤ 2 610 kg and by extension of an approval for vehicles with a reference mass ≤ 2 840 kg.
   
      (5)  Only applicable to stage C in Table 2 of paragraph 5.2.1.
   
      (6)  Application dates according to paragraph 5.4.2.
   
      (7)  Example calibration/validation methods are available at: http://www.unece.org/trans/main/wp29/wp29wgs/wp29grpe/pmpFCP.html