CELEX: 62009CJ0503
Language: en
Date: 2011-07-21 00:00:00
Title: Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber) of 21 July 2011. # Lucy Stewart v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions. # Reference for a preliminary ruling: Upper Tribunal (Administrative Appeals Chamber) - United Kingdom. # Social security - Regulation (EEC) No 1408/71 - Articles 4, 10 and 10a - Short-term incapacity benefit in youth - Sickness benefit or invalidity benefit - Conditions of residence, presence on the date on which the claim is made and past presence - Citizenship of the Union - Proportionality. # Case C-503/09.

Case C-503/09
      Lucy Stewart
      v
      Secretary of State for Work and Pensions
      (Reference for a preliminary ruling from the Upper Tribunal (Administrative Appeals Chamber))
      (Social security – Regulation (EEC) No 1408/71 – Articles 4, 10 and 10a – Short‑term incapacity benefit in youth – Sickness benefit or invalidity benefit – Conditions of residence, presence on the date on which the claim is made and past presence – Citizenship of the Union – Proportionality)
      Summary of the Judgment
      1.        Social security for migrant workers – European Union legislation – Matters covered – Short-term incapacity benefit in youth
            – Inclusion as an invalidity benefit and not as a sickness benefit
      (Council Regulation No 1408/71, Art. 4(1)(b))
      2.        Social security for migrant workers – Benefits – Residence clauses – Waiver – Condition of residence for the award of a short-term
            incapacity benefit in youth
      (Council Regulation No 1408/71, Art. 10(1), first subpara.)
      3.        Citizenship of the European Union – Right to move and reside freely in the territory of the Member States – Social advantages
            – Short-term incapacity benefit in youth
      (Art. 21(1), TFEU)
      1.        Short-term incapacity benefit in youth is an invalidity benefit within the meaning of Article 4(1)(b) of Regulation No 1408/71,
         in the version amended and updated by Regulation No 118/97, as amended by Regulation No 647/2005, if it is clear that, on
         the date on which the claim is made, the claimant has a permanent or long-term disability. In such a situation, that benefit
         relates directly to the risk of invalidity referred to in that provision.
      
      (see paras 53-54, operative part1)
      2.        The first subparagraph of Article 10(1) of Regulation No 1408/71, in the version amended and updated by Regulation No 118/97,
         as amended by Regulation No 647/2005, precludes a Member State from making the award of short-term incapacity benefit in youth,
         which is regarded as an invalidity benefit, subject to a condition of ordinary residence by the claimant in that State.
      
      (see para. 70, operative part 2)
      3.        Article 21(1) TFEU precludes a Member State from making the award of short-term incapacity benefit in youth subject:
      
      – to a condition of past presence of the claimant in that State to the exclusion of any other element enabling the existence
         of a genuine link between the claimant and that Member State to be established, or
      
      – to a condition of presence of the claimant in that State on the date on which the claim is made.
      (see paras 104, 109-110, operative part 2)
JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (Second Chamber)
      21 July 2011 (*)
      
      (Social security – Regulation (EEC) No 1408/71 – Articles 4, 10 and 10a – Short-term incapacity benefit in youth – Sickness benefit or invalidity benefit – Conditions of residence, presence on the date on which the claim is made and past presence – Citizenship of the Union – Proportionality)
      In Case C‑503/09,
      REFERENCE for a preliminary ruling under Article 267 TFEU from the Upper Tribunal (Administrative Appeals Chamber) (United
         Kingdom), made by decision of 16 November 2009, received at the Court on 4 December 2009, in the proceedings
      
      Lucy Stewart
      v
      Secretary of State for Work and Pensions,
      THE COURT (Second Chamber),
      composed of J.N. Cunha Rodrigues, President of the Chamber, A. Arabadjiev (Rapporteur), A. Rosas, A. Ó Caoimh and P. Lindh,
         Judges,
      
      Advocate General: P. Cruz Villalón,
      Registrar: C. Strömholm, Administrator,
      having regard to the written procedure and further to the hearing on 24 November 2010,
      after considering the observations submitted on behalf of:
      –        Ms Stewart, by P. Stewart, her appointee, and R. Drabble QC, 
      –        the United Kingdom Government, by H. Walker, acting as Agent, and T. de la Mare, Barrister,
      –        the European Commission, by V. Kreuschitz and N. Yerrell, acting as Agents,
      after hearing the Opinion of the Advocate General at the sitting on 17 March 2011,
      gives the following
      Judgment
      1        This reference for a preliminary ruling concerns the interpretation of Articles 4(1)(a) and (b), 10(1), 19 and 28 of Regulation
         (EEC) No 1408/71 of the Council of 14 June 1971 on the application of social security schemes to employed persons, to self-employed
         persons and to members of their families moving within the Community, in the version amended and updated by Council Regulation
         (EC) No 118/97 of 2 December 1996 (OJ 1997 L 28, p. 1), as amended by Regulation (EC) No 647/2005 of the European Parliament
         and of the Council of 13 April 2005 (OJ 2005 L 117, p. 1; ‘Regulation No 1408/71’). 
      
      2        The reference has been made in proceedings between Ms Stewart, a national of the United Kingdom residing in Spain, and the
         Secretary of State for Work and Pensions, concerning the latter’s refusal to award her short-term incapacity benefit in youth.
      
       Legal context 
       European Union legislation 
      3        Article 2 of Regulation No 1408/71, headed ‘Persons covered’, provides in paragraph 1: 
      
      ‘This Regulation shall apply to employed or self-employed persons and to students who are or have been subject to the legislation
         of one or more Member States and who are nationals of one of the Member States or who are stateless persons or refugees residing
         within the territory of one of the Member States, as well as to the members of their families and their survivors.’
      
      4        Article 4 of Regulation No 1408/71, headed ‘Matters covered’, provides: 
      
      ‘1.      This Regulation shall apply to all legislation concerning the following branches of social security: 
      (a)      sickness and maternity benefits; 
      (b)      invalidity benefits, including those intended for the maintenance or improvement of earning capacity; 
      ...
      2.      This Regulation shall apply to all general and special social security schemes, whether contributory or non-contributory …
      ...’
      5        The first subparagraph of Article 10(1) of Regulation No 1408/71, headed ‘Waiving of residence clauses – Effect of compulsory
         insurance on reimbursement of contributions’, provides:
      
      ‘Save as otherwise provided in this Regulation, invalidity, old-age or survivors’ cash benefits, pension[s] for accidents
         at work or occupational diseases and death grants acquired under the legislation of one or more Member States shall not be
         subject to any reduction, modification, suspension, withdrawal or confiscation by reason of the fact that the recipient resides
         in the territory of a Member State other than that in which the institution responsible for payment is situated.’ 
      
      6        Under Article 10a of Regulation No 1408/71, headed ‘Special non-contributory benefits’, the provisions of Article 10 and of
         Title III of that regulation do not apply to the special non-contributory cash benefits referred to in Article 4(2a) of that
         regulation. The persons to whom Regulation No 1408/71 applies are to receive those benefits exclusively in the territory of
         the Member State in which they reside and under the legislation of that State, in so far as those benefits are mentioned in
         Annex IIa to that regulation.
      
      7        The short-term incapacity benefit in youth at issue in the main proceedings is not mentioned in Annex IIa. 
      
      8        Article 19, headed ‘Residence in a Member State other than the competent State – General rules’, of Section 2, headed ‘Employed
         or self‑employed persons and members of their families’, in Chapter 1, entitled ‘Sickness and maternity’, of Title III of
         Regulation No 1408/71 is worded as follows: 
      
      ‘1.      An employed or self-employed person residing in the territory of a Member State other than the competent State, who satisfies
         the conditions of the legislation of the competent State for entitlement to benefits, taking account where appropriate of
         the provisions of Article 18, shall receive in the State in which he is resident: 
      
      ...
      (b)      cash benefits provided by the competent institution in accordance with the legislation which it administers. ... 
      2.      The provisions of paragraph 1 shall apply by analogy to members of the family who reside in the territory of a Member State
         other than the competent State in so far as they are not entitled to such benefits under the legislation of the State in whose
         territory they reside.
      
      ...’ 
      9        In Section 5, entitled ‘Pensioners and members of their families’, in Chapter 1 of Title III of Regulation No 1408/71, Article
         28 thereof, entitled ‘Pensions payable under the legislation of one or more States, in cases where there is no right to benefits
         in the country of residence’, provides in paragraph 1: 
      
      ‘A pensioner who is entitled to a pension under the legislation of one Member State or to pensions under the legislation of
         two or more Member States and who is not entitled to benefits under the legislation of the Member State in whose territory
         he resides shall nevertheless receive such benefits for himself and for members of his family, in so far as he would, taking
         account where appropriate of the provisions of Article 18 and Annex VI, be entitled thereto under the legislation of the Member
         State or of at least one of the Member States competent in respect of pensions if he were resident in the territory of such
         State. …
      
      ...’
       National legislation 
      10      Under the terms of section 20(1)(b) of the Social Security Contributions and Benefits Act 1992 (‘the SSCBA’), incapacity benefit
         is a contributory benefit.
      
      11      Contributory benefits are paid, in accordance with section 163(1)(a) of the Social Security Administration Act 1992, from
         the National Insurance Fund. The budget necessary for that fund to make the payments in question is provided, pursuant to
         section 1(1) of the SSCBA, by means of contributions payable by income earners and employers.
      
      12      Section 30A(4) and (5) of the SSCBA provide:
      
      ‘4.      In any period of incapacity for work a person is not entitled to short-term incapacity benefit for more than 364 days.
      5.      Where a person ceases by virtue of subsection (4) above to be entitled to short-term incapacity benefit, he is entitled to
         long-term incapacity benefit in respect of any subsequent day of incapacity for work in the same period of incapacity for
         work on which he is not over pensionable age.’
      
      13      Under section 30B(2) of, and Part I of Schedule 4 to, the SSCBA, short‑term incapacity benefit is payable at two rates. For
         the first 196 days, the rate payable is lower than that for the remainder of the period of 364 days. The basic rate of long‑term
         incapacity benefit is higher than the higher rate of short-term incapacity benefit. 
      
      14      Those entitled to statutory sick pay from their employers are, under paragraph 1 of Schedule 12 to the SSCBA, excluded from
         entitlement to incapacity benefit. 
      
      15      Entitlement to incapacity benefit is essentially conditional on the claimant’s record of contributions. However, those who
         are incapable of work in their youth are, under Article 30A(2A) of the SSCBA, entitled to incapacity benefit without a record
         of contributions, provided that the claimant:
      
      ‘(a) … is aged 16 or over on the relevant day; 
      (b) … is under the age of 20 or, in prescribed cases, 25 on a day which forms part of the period of incapacity for work; 
      (c) … was incapable of work throughout a period of 196 consecutive days immediately preceding the relevant day, or an earlier
         day in the period of incapacity for work on which he [or she] was aged 16 or over; 
      
      (d) on the relevant day … satisfies the prescribed conditions as to residence in Great Britain, or as to presence there; and
      (e) … is not, on that day, a person who is receiving full-time education.’
      16      Regulation 16(1) of the Social Security (Incapacity Benefit) Regulations 1994 (‘the SSIBR’) is worded as follows: 
      
      ‘The prescribed conditions for the purposes of section 30A(2A)(d) of the [SSCBA] as to residence or presence in Great Britain
         in relation to any person on the relevant day shall be that on that day: 
      
      (a) he is ordinarily resident in Great Britain; 
      (b) he is not a person subject to immigration control within the meaning of section 115(9) of the Immigration and Asylum Act
         1999 or he is a person to whom paragraph 5 applies; 
      
      (c) he is present in Great Britain; and 
      (d) he has been present in Great Britain for a period of, or for periods amounting in aggregate to, not less than 26 weeks
         in the 52 weeks immediately preceding that day.’ 
      
      17      Under Regulation 16(6) of the SSIBR, those conditions have to be satisfied on the date of the claim.
      
       The dispute in the main proceedings and the questions referred for a preliminary ruling 
      18      Ms Stewart is a British national born in November 1989 who has Down’s Syndrome. She moved with her parents to Spain in August
         2000 and they have lived there since then. She has retrospectively been awarded disability living allowance from its inception
         in April 1992. It has been paid to her in Spain under Article 95b of Regulation No 1408/71.
      
      19      Ms Stewart’s father last worked in Great Britain in the 2000/01 tax year. He has an occupational pension and, since October
         2009, has received a retirement pension. Her mother has received a retirement pension since 25 July 2005 and previously received
         incapacity benefit. 
      
      20      The appellant in the main proceedings has never worked and, in all probability, will never be able to. 
      
      21      Ms Stewart’s mother, as her daughter’s appointee, made a claim for short-term incapacity benefit in youth for her daughter
         from her 16th birthday, that date being the first date on which she could claim it. The claim was refused on 24 November 2005
         by the Secretary of State for Work and Pensions on the ground that Ms Stewart did not satisfy the condition of presence in
         Great Britain. At the same time, the appellant in the main proceedings was informed that she would be credited with national
         insurance contributions as long as she continued to be incapable of work. 
      
      22      Ms Stewart’s mother appealed on behalf of her daughter against the decision of the Secretary of State for Work and Pensions.
         Following rejection of that appeal, she appealed to the referring tribunal claiming that the decision of the United Kingdom
         authorities refusing to award her daughter such incapacity benefit was incompatible with European Union (‘EU’) law.
      
      23      The referring tribunal points out that the incapacity benefit at issue is often presented, on account of all the circumstances
         in which it applies, as ‘incapacity benefit in youth’. 
      
      24      It is stated, moreover, in the decision making the reference that the appellant satisfies all the conditions for the award
         of short-term incapacity benefit in youth, except those prescribed in Regulation 16(1) of the SSIBR connected with ordinary
         residence, past presence and presence in Great Britain on the date on which the claim was made. The referring tribunal points
         out that although the Secretary of State for Work and Pensions refused the appellant’s claim on the ground that she was not
         present in Great Britain on the date on which the claim was made, it could also have been refused on the ground that she did
         not satisfy the other two abovementioned conditions.
      
      25      The referring tribunal is asking, first, whether short-term incapacity benefit in youth is a sickness benefit within the meaning
         of Article 4(1)(a) of Regulation No 1408/71 or an invalidity benefit within the meaning of Article 4(1)(b). The tribunal considers
         that the benefit at issue cannot be regarded as a sickness benefit, because it does not replace income during an interruption
         of earnings since the appellant, like most claimants in her situation, has never worked. Moreover, in the referring tribunal’s
         view, the appellant’s incapacity is not temporary. 
      
      26      That tribunal also has its doubts as to the classification of short-term incapacity benefit in youth as an invalidity benefit
         within the meaning of Article 4(1)(b) of Regulation No 1408/71 because it is payable for a maximum of 364 days. However, after
         that period, the appellant should receive, according to the tribunal, long-term incapacity benefit like many others in her
         situation. Short-term and long-term incapacity benefit is therefore a single benefit, despite its internal structure. 
      
      27      Secondly, the referring tribunal is asking whether the three conditions mentioned in paragraph 24 of the present judgment
         are compatible with the law of the European Union. 
      
      28      In those circumstances the Upper Tribunal (Administrative Appeals Chamber) decided to stay the proceedings and to refer the
         following questions to the Court for a preliminary ruling: 
      
      ‘1.      Is a benefit with the characteristics of short-term incapacity benefit in youth a sickness benefit or an invalidity benefit
         for the purposes of Regulation [No 1408/71]?
      
      2.      If the answer to question 1 is that such a benefit is to be treated as a sickness benefit: 
      (a)      Is a person, such as the claimant’s mother, who has definitively ceased all employed or self-employed activity by virtue of
         retirement nevertheless an “employed person” for the purposes of Article 19 [of that regulation] by reason of [her] former
         employed or self-employed activity, or do Articles 27 to 34 [thereof] (pensioners) contain the applicable rules? 
      
      (b)      Is a person, such as the claimant’s father, who has not undertaken an employed or self-employed activity since 2001, nevertheless
         an “employed person” for the purposes of Article 19 [of that regulation] by reason of [his] former employed or self-employed
         activity? 
      
      (c)      Is a claimant to be treated as a “pensioner” for the purposes of Article 28 [of Regulation No 1408/71] by virtue of the award
         of a benefit acquired pursuant to Article 95b [thereof], notwithstanding the facts that: (i) the claimant in question has
         never been an employed person under Article 1(a) of Regulation [No 1408/71]; (ii) the claimant has not reached State retirement
         age; and (iii) the claimant only comes within the personal scope of Regulation [No 1408/71] as a family member? 
      
      (d)      Where a pensioner falls within Article 28 of Regulation [No 1408/71], can a family member of that pensioner who has at all
         times resided with and in the same State as the pensioner claim, pursuant to Article 28(1) [of that regulation], as read with
         Article 29 [thereof], a cash sickness benefit from the competent institution determined by Article 28(2) [of that regulation]
         where such benefit is (if due) payable to the family member (and not payable to the pensioner)? 
      
      (e)      If applicable (by reason of the answers to (a) to (d) above), is the application of a condition of national social security
         law limiting the initial acquisition of entitlement to a sickness benefit to those having completed a requisite period of
         past presence within the competent Member State within a defined prior period compatible with the provisions of Articles 19
         and/or 28 of Regulation [No 1408/71]? 
      
      3.      If the answer to question 1 is that such a benefit is to be treated as an invalidity benefit, does the wording in Article
         10 of Regulation [No 1408/71] referring to benefits “acquired under the legislation of one or more Member States” mean that
         Member States remain entitled under Regulation [No 1408/71] to set conditions of initial acquisition to such invalidity benefits
         that are based upon residence in the Member State or upon demonstration of requisite periods of past presence in the Member
         State, such that a claimant cannot first claim entitlement to such benefit from another Member State?’ 
      
       Consideration of the questions referred
       The first question
      29      By its first question, the referring tribunal asks, in essence, whether short-term incapacity benefit in youth, such as that
         at issue in the main proceedings, is, for the purposes of Regulation No 1408/71, a sickness benefit or an invalidity benefit.
         
      
      30      By way of a preliminary remark, that question does not therefore concern the general scheme of incapacity benefits awarded
         under the legislation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, but relates specifically to incapacity
         benefit in youth, the nature of, and conditions for entitlement to which, are distinct, as is apparent from paragraphs 10
         to 17 of the present judgment.
      
      31      Under Article 4(1)(a) and (b) of Regulation No 1408/71, that regulation applies to legislation concerning the two branches
         of social security which relate, respectively, to sickness benefits and invalidity benefits, including those intended to maintain
         or improve earning capacity.
      
      32      According to settled case-law, a benefit may be regarded as a social security benefit in so far as it is granted to the recipients,
         without any individual and discretionary assessment of personal needs, on the basis of a legally defined position and relates
         to one of the risks expressly listed in Article 4(1) of Regulation No 1408/71 (see, in particular, Case C‑286/03 Hosse [2006] ECR I‑1771, paragraph 37; Joined Cases C‑396/05, C‑419/05 and C‑450/05 Habelt and Others [2007] ECR I‑11895, paragraph 63; and Case C‑228/07 Petersen [2008] ECR I‑6989, paragraph 19).
      
      33      In the present case, it is not disputed that that is the case in regard to the benefit at issue in the main proceedings since
         its grant depends on objective criteria legally defined in section 30A(2A) of the SSCBA and the competent authorities do not
         have the power to assess the individual needs of the claimant and the benefit is intended to cover, according to the particular
         case, the risks of sickness or invalidity which appear in Article 4(1)(a) and (b) of Regulation No 1408/71 respectively.
      
      34      In addition, it is not disputed that the appellant in the main proceedings comes within the personal scope of Regulation No
         1408/71, as defined in Article 2(1) thereof. 
      
      35      With regard to determining the precise nature of the benefit at issue in the main proceedings, it follows from the Court’s
         settled case-law that the requirement that EU law be applied uniformly implies that the concepts to which that law refers
         should not vary according to the particular features of each system of national law but rest upon objective criteria defined
         in a context specific to EU law. In accordance with that principle, the concepts of sickness and invalidity benefits in Article
         4(1)(a) and (b) of Regulation No 1408/71 are to be determined, for the purpose of applying the regulation, not according to
         the type of national legislation containing the provisions giving those benefits, but in accordance with EU rules which define
         what those benefits shall consist of (see, to that effect, Case 69/79 Jordens-Vosters [1980] ECR 75, paragraph 6).
      
      36      In that regard, in order to distinguish between different categories of social security benefit, the risk covered by each
         benefit must also be taken into consideration (Case C‑406/04 De Cuyper [2006] ECR I‑6947, paragraph 27).
      
      37      As the United Kingdom Government and the European Commission correctly submit, a sickness benefit, within the meaning of Article
         4(1)(a) of Regulation No 1408/71, covers the risk connected to a morbid condition involving temporary suspension of the concerned
         person’s activities. 
      
      38      By contrast, an invalidity benefit, within the meaning of Article 4(1)(b) of the regulation, is intended, as a general rule,
         to cover the risk of disability of a prescribed degree, where it is probable that such disability will be permanent or long-term
         (see, by analogy, Case C‑13/05 Chacón Navas [2006] ECR I‑6467, paragraph 45).
      
      39      The referring tribunal’s doubts as regards the classification of short‑term incapacity benefit in youth as a sickness benefit
         or as an invalidity benefit, within the meaning of Article 4(1)(a) or (b) of Regulation No 1408/71, arise from the fact that
         the benefit is covered by national legislation which provides for payment in two stages, the first designated as short-term
         incapacity benefit, for a maximum period of 364 days, and the second, designated as long-term incapacity benefit, for an indefinite
         period until the claimant reaches State pensionable age.
      
      40      It is appropriate to note in that regard, as the referring tribunal states, that the appellant, like most of those who claim
         short-term incapacity benefit in youth, is unable to work and has never done so. That is, in that tribunal’s view, a regular
         feature of claimants who qualify for that benefit. 
      
      41      The referring tribunal points out next that, at the end of the period for payment of short-term incapacity benefit in youth,
         the appellant, like most people entitled to that benefit, will inevitably be entitled, because of the permanent nature of
         her disability, to long-term incapacity benefit. 
      
      42      Indeed, it is clear from the contents of the file submitted to the Court that if short‑term incapacity benefit in youth is
         awarded, it is converted, at the end of the period for its payment, into long-term incapacity benefit, on the sole condition
         that the claimant’s disability persists. However, the claimant cannot be entitled to long-term incapacity benefit from the
         outset, even if it is accepted, in the light of the permanent or long-term nature of the disability, that he or she is eligible
         for it. Thus, for a claimant with such a disability, short-term incapacity benefit in youth is but a preliminary stage so
         that he or she may claim, at the end of the period for its payment, entitlement to long-term incapacity benefit. 
      
      43      Therefore, in a case such as that in the main proceedings, where the claimant has a permanent or long-term disability, short-term
         and long-term incapacity benefits in youth necessarily form part of a continuum. 
      
      44      In fact, the referring tribunal points out that short-term and long-term incapacity benefits are a single benefit, despite
         the rules for their application.
      
      45      Consequently, in circumstances, such as those in question in the main proceedings, where it is established, at the time of
         the claim, that the claimant has a permanent or long-term disability, short-term incapacity benefit in youth has, in view
         of the continuity between it and long-term incapacity benefit, the characteristics of an invalidity benefit within the meaning
         of Article 4(1)(b) of Regulation No 1408/71.
      
      46      That conclusion is supported both by the subject-matter and purpose of short-term incapacity benefit in youth and by the basis
         on which it is calculated and the conditions for granting it (see, by analogy, Case 171/82 Valentini [1983] ECR 2157, paragraph 13; De Cuyper, paragraph 25; and Petersen, paragraph 21).
      
      47      As regards, first, the subject-matter and purpose of short-term incapacity benefit in youth, it replaced severe disablement
         allowance. Those entitled to the incapacity benefit are those aged from 16 to 25 who are incapable of work because of sickness
         or disability. 
      
      48      However, those entitled to statutory sick pay are excluded, under paragraph 1 of Schedule 12 to the SSCBA, from entitlement
         to the benefit. Thus, those who are incapable of work because of a temporary health problem who simultaneously satisfy the
         requirements for the grant of both statutory sick pay and short-term incapacity benefit in youth, receive, as a general rule,
         the former and not the latter. 
      
      49      Moreover, it appears from the file submitted to the Court that such benefit is intended to provide claimants with the financial
         means to meet their needs. The referring tribunal makes clear in that regard that, as opposed to a sickness benefit, short-term
         incapacity benefit in youth is not to replace income during an interruption of earnings, since most of those entitled to that
         benefit, just like the appellant, have never worked. There is, consequently, according to that tribunal, neither income to
         be replaced nor interruption of earnings.
      
      50      As regards, next, the conditions for the award of that benefit, they relate essentially, under section 30A(2A) of the SSCBA,
         to the claimant’s age and incapacity for work, to the fact that he or she is not receiving full-time education, as well as
         requirements in respect of residence and presence in Great Britain. In that regard, those conditions are the same for short-term
         and long-term incapacity benefit in youth. Long‑term incapacity benefit is a continuation of short-term incapacity benefit
         in youth with no need to demonstrate again that those conditions are met, provided that the incapacity for work persists.
      
      51      As regards, finally, the basis for calculating both short-term and long-term incapacity benefit in youth, it is a weekly benefit,
         the amount of which depends neither on recipients’ means nor on their contributions record. That amount is fixed according
         to three different rates applicable respectively during the first half of the period for payment of short-term incapacity
         benefit in youth, the second half of that period and the period for payment of long-term incapacity benefit. 
      
      52      The fact that different rates apply to short-term and long-term incapacity benefit in youth does not lead to the conclusion
         that the nature of the benefit changes by reference to the rates applicable since, in this case, there are two different rates
         for short-term incapacity benefit in youth, as stated in the preceding paragraph. In any event, as stated in paragraph 44
         of the present judgment, short-term and long-term incapacity benefits are, despite their internal structure, a single benefit.
         
      
      53      Therefore it follows both from the subject-matter and purpose of short-term and long-term incapacity benefit and from its
         conditions for entitlement that, in a situation such as that in the main proceedings, where it is clear, when the claim is
         made, that the claimant has a permanent or long-term disability, and notwithstanding the fact that such benefit will be paid
         in two successive stages, it relates directly to the risk of invalidity referred to in Article 4(1)(b) of Regulation No 1408/71.
      
      54      In the light of the foregoing, the answer to the first question is that short-term incapacity benefit in youth, such as that
         at issue in the main proceedings, is an invalidity benefit within the meaning of Article 4(1)(b) of Regulation No 1408/71
         if it is clear that, on the date on which the claim is made, the claimant has a permanent or long-term disability.
      
       The second question
      55      Given the reply to the first question there is no need to reply to the second question.
      
       The third question
      56      By its third question, the referring tribunal asks, in essence, whether, if short-term incapacity benefit in youth, such as
         that at issue in the main proceedings, is to be treated as an invalidity benefit, the first subparagraph of Article 10(1)
         of Regulation No 1408/71 is to be interpreted as precluding a Member State from making the award of that benefit subject to
         conditions requiring the claimant’s ordinary residence or past presence in that Member State. 
      
      57      It is clear from the decision making the reference that the award of short-term incapacity benefit in youth is subject, among
         other matters, to three cumulative conditions, namely that the claimant:
      
      –        is ordinarily resident in Great Britain;
      –        has been present in Great Britain for a period of, or for periods amounting in aggregate to, not less than 26 weeks in the
         52 weeks immediately preceding the date on which the claim was made for the benefit in question, and
      
      –        is present in Great Britain on that date.
      58      It is appropriate to make clear that those conditions concern the acquisition of the benefit in question but not its retention.
         
      
       The ordinary residence condition
      59      As is clear from the reply given to the first question, short-term incapacity benefit in youth is to be treated, in circumstances
         such as those in the main proceedings, as an invalidity benefit for the purposes of applying Regulation No 1408/71. As such,
         it comes within the scope of Article 10 of that regulation. Under the first subparagraph of Article 10(1), ‘[s]ave as otherwise
         provided in this Regulation, invalidity … cash benefits … acquired under the legislation of one or more Member States shall
         not be subject to any reduction, modification, suspension, withdrawal or confiscation by reason of the fact that the recipient
         resides in the territory of a Member State other than that in which the institution responsible for payment is situated’.
         
      
      60      In that regard, the United Kingdom Government submits that Regulation No 1408/71 establishes a system of coordination, under
         which the Member States remain competent to define the conditions for granting social security benefits provided that those
         conditions do not give rise to any discrimination between EU workers. Thus, that regulation permits a distinction to be drawn
         between the acquisition of a benefit, on the one hand, and its retention, once acquired, on the other. The wording of the
         first subparagraph of Article 10(1) of that regulation confirms that that provision has no effect on the conditions for acquiring
         the right to invalidity benefit.
      
      61      That submission cannot be accepted. As the Court has already observed, the purpose of Article 10 of Regulation No 1408/71
         is to protect the persons concerned against any adverse effects that might arise from the transfer of their residence from
         one Member State to another. It follows from that principle not only that the person concerned retains the right to receive
         benefits referred to in that provision acquired under the legislation of one or more Member States even after taking up residence
         in another Member State, but also that the acquisition of such entitlement may not be refused on the sole ground that he or
         she does not reside in the Member State in which the institution responsible for payment is situated (see, to that effect,
         Case 51/73 Smieja [1973] ECR 1213, paragraphs 20 to 22; Case 92/81 Camera [1982] ECR 2213, paragraph 14; and Joined Cases 379/85 to 381/85 and 93/86 Giletti and Others [1987] ECR 955, paragraph 15). 
      
      62      The Court has also had occasion to rule that, contrary to the United Kingdom Government’s submission, under Article 10 of
         Regulation No 1408/71, neither the acquisition nor the retention of entitlement to the benefits covered by that provision
         may be denied on the sole ground that the person concerned does not reside in the territory of the Member State in which the
         institution responsible for payment is situated (Case C‑356/89 Newton [1991] ECR I‑3017, paragraph 23).
      
      63      In addition, making the application of the principle of waiving residence clauses enshrined in the first subparagraph of Article
         10(1) of Regulation No 1408/71 dependent on whether such clauses are imposed in the national legislation as a condition for
         acquiring the benefits listed in that provision or as a condition for retaining them would be tantamount to permitting the
         Member States to frustrate that principle’s effectiveness by choosing to treat residence clauses which they impose as conditions
         for the acquisition of those benefits rather than as conditions for retaining them so as to exclude a particular benefit from
         the scope of that principle. 
      
      64      The fact that short-term incapacity benefit in youth is a non-contributory benefit, since it is awarded irrespective of the
         record of contributions by claimants, does not affect the preceding analysis.
      
      65      Indeed, it is clear from Article 4(2) of Regulation No 1408/71 that the regulation applies, as a rule, to both contributory
         and non-contributory social security schemes. 
      
      66      In addition, the first subparagraph of Article 10(1) of Regulation No 1408/71 prohibits the competent institutions, in general
         terms, from reducing, modifying, suspending, withdrawing or confiscating invalidity benefits by reason of the fact that the
         recipient resides in a Member State other than that in which the institution responsible for payment is situated. The only
         exceptions to that prohibition are those expressly provided for in EU legislation (see, to that effect, Giletti and Others, paragraph 16). 
      
      67      Such an exception is laid down in Article 10a of Regulation No 1408/71. It provides that the persons to whom that regulation
         applies are to receive the special non-contributory benefits referred to in Article 4(2a) thereof exclusively in the territory
         of the Member State in which they reside and under the legislation of that State, in so far as those benefits are mentioned
         in Annex IIa to that regulation. However, short-term incapacity benefit in youth is not mentioned in that annex. Consequently,
         the principle stated in Article 10a of Regulation No 1408/71 under which special non-contributory benefits are not exportable
         does not apply to the benefit at issue in the main proceedings.
      
      68      Since no other provision of that regulation allows Member States to derogate, in a situation such as that of Ms Stewart, from
         the principle, enshrined in the first subparagraph of Article 10(1) of that regulation, of waiving residence clauses, it follows
         that invalidity benefits are, as a rule, exportable to a Member State other than that in which the institution responsible
         for payment is situated (see, to that effect, Case C‑20/96 Snares [1997] ECR I‑6057, paragraph 40, and Petersen, paragraph 38).
      
      69      Short-term incapacity benefit in youth is therefore not outside the principle of waiving residence clauses stated in the first
         subparagraph of Article 10(1), which precludes, as is clear from paragraphs 61 and 62 of the present judgment, both acquisition
         and retention of entitlement to the benefits referred to in that provision from being refused on the sole ground that the
         claimant resides in a Member State other than the competent Member State.
      
      70      Consequently, the first subparagraph of Article 10(1) of Regulation No 1408/71 precludes the acquisition of entitlement to
         short-term incapacity benefit in youth from being made subject to a condition of ordinary residence in the competent Member
         State.
      
       The past presence condition
      71      The appellant in the main proceedings and the Commission submit that the first subparagraph of Article 10(1) of Regulation
         No 1408/71 precludes not only a condition of ordinary residence in the competent Member State but also a condition of past
         presence there. They submit that it is not appropriate to differentiate between two such conditions, since the condition of
         past presence should be treated as a condition of temporary residence inasmuch as it requires a claimant to have been present
         in Great Britain for a certain period. 
      
      72      In that regard, the first subparagraph of Article 10(1) of Regulation No 1408/71 covers residence clauses, as is clear, in
         particular, from its heading. However, for the purposes of applying that regulation, the word ‘residence’ means, under Article
         1(h) thereof, ‘habitual residence’.
      
      73      Admittedly, in certain cases, a condition of past presence could be equivalent, in practice, to an habitual residence clause,
         if, in particular, such condition requires long periods of presence in the Member State concerned and/or if that condition
         must be met for as long as the benefit in question is paid. In such cases, the first subparagraph of Article 10(1) of Regulation
         No 1408/71 also precludes a condition of past presence since it can be assimilated to a residence clause within the meaning
         of that provision. 
      
      74      In this case, as is clear from paragraphs 17 and 57 of the present judgment, it is a question of a condition of presence in
         Great Britain for a period of, or for periods amounting in aggregate to, not less than 26 weeks in the 52 weeks immediately
         preceding the date on which the claim to entitlement to the benefit in question was made, with that condition having to be
         met only on the date of that claim. Since the condition of past presence is therefore not necessarily a ‘residence clause’
         within the meaning of the first subparagraph of Article 10(1) of Regulation No 1408/71, the Court must examine its conformity
         with the other relevant provisions of EU law. 
      
      75      It must be pointed out, in that regard, that Regulation No 1408/71 does not set up a common scheme of social security, but
         allows different national social security schemes to exist and its sole objective is to ensure the coordination of those schemes
         (Case 21/87 Borowitz [1988] ECR 3715, paragraph 23; Case C‑331/06 Chuck [2008] ECR I‑1957, paragraph 27; and Petersen, paragraph 41). Thus, according to settled case-law, Member States retain the power to organise their social security schemes
         (see, to that effect, Case 238/82 Duphar and Others [1984] ECR 523, paragraph 16; Case C‑70/95 Sodemare and Others [1997] ECR I‑3395, paragraph 27; and Case C‑212/06 Government of the French Community and Walloon Government [2008] ECR I‑1683, paragraph 43). 
      
      76      Therefore, in the absence of harmonisation at EU level, it is for the legislation of each Member State to determine, first,
         the conditions concerning the right or duty to be insured with a social security scheme and, second, the conditions for entitlement
         to benefits (Case C‑158/96 Kohll [1998] ECR I‑1931, paragraph 18 and the case-law cited). 
      
      77      In exercising those powers, Member States must none the less comply with the law of the European Union and, in particular,
         with the provisions of the FEU Treaty giving every citizen of the Union the right to move and reside within the territory
         of the Member States (see, by analogy, Case C‑224/02 Pusa [2004] ECR I‑5763, paragraph 19, and Case C‑192/05 Tas-Hagen and Tas [2006] ECR I‑10451, paragraph 22). 
      
      78      It is appropriate to recall, in that regard, that Article 20 TFEU confers on every person holding the nationality of a Member
         State the status of citizen of the Union (see, in particular, Case C‑224/98 D’Hoop [2002] ECR I‑6191, paragraph 27, and Case C‑34/09 Ruiz Zambrano [2011] ECR I‑0000, paragraph 40). The appellant in the main proceedings, who holds the nationality of a Member State, benefits
         from that status. 
      
      79      Even if the referring tribunal has limited its question to the interpretation of Regulation No 1408/71, such a situation does
         not prevent the Court from providing the national court or tribunal with all the elements of interpretation of EU law which
         may enable it to rule on the case before it, whether or not reference is made thereto in the question referred (see, to that
         effect, Case C‑241/89 SARPP [1990] ECR I‑4695, paragraph 8; Case C‑152/03 Ritter-Coulais [2006] ECR I‑1711, paragraph 29; and Case C‑392/05 Alevizos [2007] ECR I‑3505, paragraph 64).
      
      80      The status of citizen of the Union is destined to be the fundamental status of nationals of the Member States, enabling those
         among such nationals who find themselves in the same situation to receive, as regards the material scope of the Treaty, the
         same treatment in law irrespective of their nationality, subject to such exceptions as are provided for in that regard (see,
         to that effect, Case C‑184/99 Grzelczyk [2001] ECR I‑6193, paragraph 31; D’Hoop, paragraph 28; and Case C‑544/07 Rüffler [2009] ECR I‑3389, paragraph 62).
      
      81      Situations falling within the material scope of EU law include those involving the exercise of the fundamental freedoms guaranteed
         by the Treaties, in particular those involving the freedom to move and reside within the territory of the Member States, as
         conferred by Article 21 TFEU (see, to that effect, Grzelczyk, paragraph 33; D’Hoop, paragraph 29; and Rüffler, paragraph 63 and the case-law cited).
      
      82      In the case in the main proceedings, it is common ground that Ms Stewart has, in her capacity as a citizen of the Union, exercised
         her freedom to move and to stay in a Member State other than her Member State of origin. 
      
      83      Inasmuch as a citizen of the Union must be granted, in all Member States, the same treatment in law as that accorded to nationals
         of those Member States who find themselves in the same situation, it would be incompatible with the right to freedom of movement
         were citizens to receive, in the Member State of which they are nationals, treatment less favourable than that which they
         would enjoy if they had not availed themselves of the opportunities offered by the Treaty in relation to freedom of movement
         (D’Hoop, paragraph 30, and Pusa, paragraph 18). 
      
      84      Those opportunities could not be fully effective if a national of a Member State could be deterred from availing himself of
         them by obstacles placed in the way of his freedom to move and to stay in another Member State by national legislation penalising
         the fact that he has used them (see, to that effect, D’Hoop, paragraph 31; Pusa, paragraph 19; Tas‑Hagen and Tas, paragraph 30; and Case C‑221/07 Zablocka‑Weyhermüller [2008] ECR I‑9029, paragraph 34; and Rüffler, paragraph 65).
      
      85      Legislation, such as that at issue in the main proceedings, which makes acquisition of the right to short-term incapacity
         benefit in youth subject to a condition of past presence is likely, by its very nature, to deter claimants such as the appellant
         from exercising their right to freedom of movement and residence by leaving the Member State of which they are nationals to
         take up residence in another Member State. Indeed, while claimants who have not made use of the opportunities offered by the
         Treaty in relation to freedom of movement and residence can easily satisfy the abovementioned condition, that is not the case
         for claimants who have taken advantage of them. It is actually very probable that the latter, because they have take up residence
         in another Member State, do not satisfy that condition.
      
      86      Such national legislation, which disadvantages some nationals of a Member State simply because they have exercised their freedom
         to move and to reside in another Member State, amounts to a restriction on the freedoms conferred by Article 21(1) TFEU on
         every citizen of the Union (see D’Hoop, paragraph 35; Pusa, paragraph 20; De Cuyper, paragraph 39; and Rüffler, paragraph 73). 
      
      87      Such a restriction can be justified, under EU law, only if it is based on objective considerations independent of the nationality
         of the persons concerned and is proportionate to the legitimate objective of the national provisions (see De Cuyper, paragraph 40; Tas-Hagen and Tas, paragraph 33; Zablocka-Weyhermüller, paragraph 37; and Rüffler, paragraph 74). 
      
      88      The United Kingdom Government submits in that regard that there are objective justifications permitting acquisition of the
         right to short-term incapacity benefit in youth to be made subject to a condition of past presence in the competent Member
         State. It submits that the national legislation is intended to guarantee, first, the existence of a continuous effective link
         between that Member State and the recipient of the benefit and, second, the financial balance of the national social security
         system.
      
      89      The Court has already held that it is legitimate for the national legislature to wish to ensure that there is a genuine link
         between a claimant to a benefit and the competent Member State (see, to that effect, D’Hoop, paragraph 38, and Case C‑138/02 Collins [2004] ECR I‑2703, paragraph 67), as well as to guarantee the financial balance of a national social security system (see,
         to that effect, Kohll, paragraph 41, and Petersen, paragraph 57). 
      
      90      It follows that the objectives of national legislation such as that at issue in the main proceedings which seek to establish
         a genuine link between a claimant to short-term incapacity benefit in youth and the competent Member State and to preserve
         the financial balance of the national social security system, constitute, in principle, legitimate objectives capable of justifying
         restrictions on the rights of freedom of movement and residence under Article 21 TFEU. 
      
      91      The United Kingdom Government argues, further, that the condition of past presence in the competent Member State is proportionate
         in the light of the objective pursued, since it requires only a short period of presence of 26 weeks in total. In addition,
         the claimant has to satisfy that condition only on the date on which the claim is made. Moreover, in that government’s submission,
         there is no other means which enables both the existence of a sufficient link with the United Kingdom to be established and
         the integrity of the social security system to be protected.
      
      92      In circumstances such as those in the main proceedings, where acquisition of entitlement to a non-contributory benefit is
         not subject to conditions as regards contributions, it can be considered to be legitimate for a Member State to award such
         benefit only after it has been established that there was a genuine link between the claimant and the competent State.
      
      93      The existence of such a link could effectively be established, in particular, by a finding that the person in question had
         been, for a reasonable period, actually present in that Member State. 
      
      94      In this case, the condition of past presence in the competent Member State means, under the national legislation, that, to
         be eligible for short-term incapacity benefit in youth, the claimant must have been present in Great Britain for a period
         of, or for periods amounting in aggregate to, not less than 26 weeks in the 52 weeks immediately preceding the date of the
         claim. In addition, under Article 16(6) of the SSIBR, as the United Kingdom Government argues, it suffices if that condition
         of past presence is satisfied on the date on which the claim is made.
      
      95      While the rules for applying that condition do not, in themselves, appear to be unreasonable, none the less that condition
         is too exclusive in nature. Indeed, by requiring specific periods of past presence in the competent Member State, the condition
         of past presence unduly favours an element which is not necessarily representative of the real and effective degree of connection
         between the claimant to short-term incapacity benefit in youth and that Member State, to the exclusion of all other representative
         elements. It therefore goes beyond what is necessary to attain the objective pursued (see, by analogy, D’Hoop, paragraph 39).
      
      96      In fact, is not inconceivable that the existence of such a connection could be established from other representative elements.
         
      
      97      Such elements must be sought, in the first place, in the relationship between the claimant and the social security system
         of the competent Member State. In that regard, the decision making the reference states that the appellant is already entitled,
         under United Kingdom legislation, to disability living allowance.
      
      98      Moreover, it is apparent from that decision that the appellant is credited with United Kingdom national insurance contributions
         which are added each week to her national insurance account.
      
      99      It follows that Ms Stewart is already, in a certain way, connected to the national social security system in question.
      
      100    Other elements capable of demonstrating the existence of a genuine link between the claimant and the competent Member State
         may, secondly, be apparent from the claimant’s family circumstances. In the case in the main proceedings, it is common ground
         that Ms Stewart, who is incapable of acting on her own behalf because of her disability, remains dependent on her parents
         who care for her and represent her in her relations with the outside world. Both Ms Stewart’s mother and her father receive
         retirement pensions under United Kingdom legislation. In addition, her father worked in that Member State before retiring,
         whereas her mother previously received, also under United Kingdom legislation, incapacity benefit.
      
      101    Finally, it is common ground that the appellant, a United Kingdom national, has passed a significant part of her life in the
         United Kingdom.
      
      102    The elements mentioned in paragraphs 97 to 101 of the present judgment appear to be capable of demonstrating the existence
         of a genuine and sufficient connection between the appellant and the competent Member State.
      
      103    The foregoing considerations also apply with regard to the objective of guaranteeing the financial balance of the national
         social security system. In fact, the necessity of establishing a genuine and sufficient connection between the claimant and
         the competent Member State enables that State to satisfy itself that the economic cost of paying the benefit at issue in the
         main proceedings does not become unreasonable.
      
      104    Consequently, national legislation, such as that at issue in the main proceedings, which makes acquisition of the right to
         short-term incapacity benefit in youth subject to a condition of past presence in the competent Member State to the exclusion
         of any other element enabling the existence of a genuine link between the claimant and that Member State to be established,
         goes beyond what is necessary to attain the objective pursued and therefore amounts to an unjustified restriction on the freedoms
         guaranteed by Article 21(1) TFEU for every citizen of the Union. 
      
       The condition of presence on the date on which the claim is made
      105    It is clear from the decision making the reference that the appellant’s claim to short-term incapacity benefit in youth was
         rejected because she was not present in the United Kingdom on the date on which the claim was made. In those circumstances,
         even if the formulation of the third question does not refer expressly to that condition of presence, in the procedure laid
         down by Article 267 TFEU for cooperation between national courts and the Court of Justice, it is for the latter to examine
         that condition in order to provide the referring court with an answer which will be of use to it and enable it to determine
         the case before it (see, in particular, Case C‑334/95 Krüger [1997] ECR I‑4517, paragraph 22; Case C‑88/99 Roquette Frères [2000] ECR I‑10465, paragraph 18; and Case C‑62/00 Marks & Spencer [2002] ECR I‑6325, paragraph 32). 
      
      106    In that regard, the condition of presence in the competent Member State on the date on which the claim is made constitutes,
         for the reasons stated in paragraphs 80 to 87 of the present judgment, a restriction on the freedoms conferred by Article
         21(1) TFEU on every citizen of the Union. 
      
      107    Such a restriction can be justified, under EU law, only if it is, among other things, appropriate to attain the legitimate
         objective of the national provisions. 
      
      108    However, that condition cannot be described as an appropriate means of attaining the objectives referred to in paragraph 89
         of the present judgment. Indeed, the fact that claimants must be present in the competent Member State on the date on which
         their claims are made for short-term incapacity benefit in youth enables neither a genuine link to be established between
         those claimants and the competent Member State nor the financial balance of the national social security system to be preserved.
         
      
      109    It follows that the condition of presence in the competent Member State on the date on which the claim is made, to which acquisition
         of short-term incapacity benefit in youth is subject, amounts to an unjustified restriction on the freedoms conferred by Article
         21(1) TFEU on every citizen of the Union.
      
      110    In the light of the foregoing, the reply to the third question is as follows:
      
      –        the first subparagraph of Article 10(1) of Regulation No 1408/71 precludes a Member State from making the award of short-term
         incapacity benefit in youth, such as that at issue in the main proceedings, subject to a condition of ordinary residence by
         the claimant in that State;
      
      –        Article 21(1) TFEU precludes a Member State from making the award of such a benefit subject:
      –        to a condition of past presence of the claimant in that State to the exclusion of any other element enabling the existence
         of a genuine link between the claimant and that Member State to be established, or
      
      –        to a condition of presence of the claimant in that State on the date on which the claim is made.
       Costs
      111    Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action pending before the national court,
         the decision on costs is a matter for that court. Costs incurred in submitting observations to the Court, other than the costs
         of those parties, are not recoverable.
      
      On those grounds, the Court (Second Chamber) hereby rules:
      1.      Short-term incapacity benefit in youth, such as that at issue in the main proceedings, is an invalidity benefit within the
            meaning of Article 4(1)(b) of Regulation (EEC) No 1408/71 of the Council of 14 June 1971 on the application of social security
            schemes to employed persons, to self-employed persons and to members of their families moving within the Community, in the
            version amended and updated by Council Regulation (EC) No 118/97 of 2 December 1996, as amended by Regulation (EC) No 647/2005
            of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 April 2005, if it is clear that, on the date on which the claim is made,
            the claimant has a permanent or long-term disability.
      2.      The first subparagraph of Article 10(1) of Regulation No 1408/71, in that version, as amended by Regulation No 647/2005, precludes
            a Member State from making the award of short-term incapacity benefit in youth, such as that at issue in the main proceedings,
            subject to a condition of ordinary residence by the claimant in that State.
      Article 21(1) TFEU precludes a Member State from making the award of such a benefit subject:
      –        to a condition of past presence of the claimant in that State to the exclusion of any other element enabling the existence
            of a genuine link between the claimant and that Member State to be established, or
      –        to a condition of presence of the claimant in that State on the date on which the claim is made.
      [Signatures]
      * Language of the case: English.