CELEX: 62002CC0303
Language: en
Date: 2003-09-25
Title: Opinion of Mr Advocate General Alber delivered on 25 September 2003. # Peter Haackert v Pensionsversicherungsanstalt der Angestellten. # Reference for a preliminary ruling: Oberster Gerichtshof - Austria. # Case C-303/02.

OPINION OF ADVOCATE GENERAL
      ALBER
      delivered on 25 September 2003 (1)
      
      Case C-303/02 
      Peter Haackert
      v
      Pensionsversicherungsanstalt der Angestellten
      (Reference for a preliminary ruling from the Oberster Gerichtshof (Austria))
      (Directive 79/7/EEC – Equal treatment for men and women in matters of social security – Early old-age pension on account of unemployment – Determination of age for pension entitlement differs according to sex)I –  Introduction 
      1.        This reference for a preliminary ruling from the Oberster Gerichtshof (Supreme Court), Austria, concerns the interpretation
         and application of Article 7 of Council Directive 79/7/EEC of 19 December 1978 on the progressive implementation of the principle
         of equal treatment for men and women in matters of social security (2) (hereinafter ‘Equal Treatment Directive’ or ‘Directive 79/7’). The referring court has doubts regarding the compatibility
         with Community law of a national provision which provides for different pensionable ages (3) for men and women in respect of a benefit described as an ‘early old-age pension in the event of unemployment.’ 
      
      2.        The question at issue in the present case is whether such an early old-age pension in the event of unemployment is to be treated
         as equivalent to an old-age pension or whether it is another benefit for which the determination of the pensionable age may
         have consequences. If either were the case, the Member States could, in accordance with Article 7(1)(a) of the Equal Treatment
         Directive, exclude the determination of the pensionable age for men and women from the scope of the Directive and therefore
         determine different qualifying ages for men and women. 
      
      II –  Legal framework 
      A –    Community law 
      Article 3 of Directive 79/7 provides the following: 
      ‘This Directive shall apply to 
      (a) statutory schemes which provide protection against the following risks: 
      –        ... 
      –        old age 
      –        ... 
      –        unemployment 
      ...’ 
      Article 4 reads: 
      ‘The principle of equal treatment means that there shall be no discrimination whatsoever on ground of sex either directly,
         or indirectly by reference in particular to marital or family status, in particular as concerns: 
      
      –        the scope of the schemes and the conditions of access thereto 
      –        the obligation to contribute and the calculation of contributions 
      –        the calculation of benefits including increases due in respect of a spouse and for dependants and the conditions governing
         the duration and retention of entitlement to benefits.’ 
      
      Article 7 provides that 
      ‘This Directive shall be without prejudice to the right of Member States to exclude from its scope: 
      (a) the determination of pensionable age for the purposes of granting old-age and retirement pensions and the possible consequences
         thereof for other benefits. 
      
      ...’ 
      B –    The national provisions 
      3.        Paragraph 253a of the Allgemeines Sozialversicherungsgesetz (General Law on Social Security, hereinafter ‘ASVG’) reads: 
      ‘(1) A male insured person is to be entitled to an early old-age pension in the event of unemployment after completion of
         his 738th month, and a female insured person after completion of her 678th month, if he or she: 
      
      1. has completed the qualifying period (Paragraph 236), 
      2. has acquired at least 180 months of compulsory insurance contributions on the material date, ..., and 
      3. has fulfilled the condition laid down in Paragraph 253b(1) No 4 on the material date (Paragraph 223(2)) and has received
         a cash benefit stemming from unemployment insurance for at least 52 weeks on account of unemployment within the last 15 months
         prior to the material date (Paragraph 223(2)) for the further duration of the unemployment. 
      
      ... 
      (4) Upon completion of the 65th year in the case of male insured persons and the 60th year in the case of female insured persons,
         the pension calculated in accordance with Paragraph 261 is at this point to be increased in accordance with Paragraph 261b;
         from the following first of the month the entitlement will be that to an old-age pension pursuant to Paragraph 253(1).’ 
      
      4.        Paragraph 253 of the ASVG is entitled ‘old-age pension’ and its first subparagraph reads: 
      ‘A male insured person is to be entitled to an old-age pension upon completion of his 65th year (regular pensionable age),
         a female insured person upon completion of her 60th year (regular pensionable age), provided the qualifying period (Paragraph
         236) is met.’ 
      
      III –  Facts and procedure 
      5.        The applicant in the main proceedings (hereinafter ‘the applicant’) had submitted an application for the grant of an early
         old-age pension in the event of unemployment. On the material date, the applicant had not yet completed his 738th month and
         his application was therefore rejected. (4) He subsequently brought legal proceedings to challenge this decision and an appeal on points of law is currently pending
         before the Oberster Gerichtshof. 
      
      6.        The referring court has reservations as to the contested provision’s compatibility with Directive 79/7. It considers it questionable whether
         the Austrian provision falls under the derogation contained in Article 7(1)(a) of the Directive. According to the narrow interpretation
         required by the case-law of the Court of Justice, it is at any rate doubtful whether the benefit to be categorised here is
         an old-age or a retirement pension. With regard to the contested benefit, the unemployment of the person concerned is the
         criterion which characterises the benefit, the attainment of a certain age and the fulfilment of qualifying periods being
         merely supplemental. 
      
      7.        If the early old-age pension in the event of unemployment is not to be categorised as an old-age pension, the question arises
         whether this benefit can be subsumed under the term ‘other benefits’ within the meaning of Article 7(1)(a) of the Directive
         ‘for which the determination of different pensionable ages may have consequences’. 
      
      8.        According to the established case-law of the Court, the scope of the permitted derogation is limited to forms of discrimination
         which are necessarily and objectively linked to the difference in pensionable age. (5) Therefore, determination of ages which differ in accordance with sex in rules on benefits other than old-age and retirement
         pensions can be justified only where such unequal treatment is necessary in order to avoid disturbing the financial equilibrium
         of the social security system or to ensure coherence between the retirement pension scheme and other benefit schemes. 
      
      9.        In this context, the referring court points out that early old-age pensions in the event of unemployment paid out in December
         2001 amounted to just under 1.2% as a proportion of the total old-age and early old-age pensions paid out. In its opinion
         it is not evident that the removal of the discrimination at issue in the present case, namely the consistent regulation of
         the minimum age for the receipt of the benefits for both men and women, could have any serious effects on the financial equilibrium
         of the social security system as a whole. The referring court also raised doubts regarding the coherence of the early old-age
         pension in the event of unemployment and the old-age pension provided for in Paragraph 253 of the ASVG. 
      
      10.      The Oberster Gerichtshof therefore refers the following question to the Court of Justice: 
      Is the derogation contained in Article 7(1)(a) of Council Directive 79/7/EEC of 19 December 1978 on the progressive implementation
         of the principle of equal treatment for men and women in matters of social security to be interpreted such that it is applicable
         to benefits such as early old-age pension in the event of unemployment for which the pensionable age under national law is
         different for men and women? 
      
      11.      The applicants, the Austrian Government and the Commission took part in the proceedings. I shall return to their submissions
         within the framework of my legal analysis. 
      
      12.      Before making submissions on the question referred, the applicant queries whether the derogating provision is still applicable
         to the pension law of the Republic of Austria overall. According to the case-law of the Court, the derogation provided for
         by Community law may only be maintained for a transitory period, that is, for a limited period of time. In Austria, the procedure
         for aligning the pensionable ages of men and women will be definitely completed only in the year 2033. This is clearly not
         a transitory period. Furthermore, Austria has not met its obligation to undertake periodical examinations within the meaning
         of Article 7(2) of the Directive. By, on the one hand, taking inadmissible steps causing an increase in unequal treatment
         and by failing to act on the other, Austria has forfeited its right to apply the derogating provision. 
      
      13.      This argument ought not to be addressed within the framework of this preliminary reference. According to the settled case-law
         of the Court, in a preliminary reference procedure only the questions posed by the referring court are to be addressed. In
         this regard, the Court stated in the Kaba (6) case: ‘The Court has, moreover, consistently ruled that, as the power to formulate the questions to be referred is vested
         in the national court or tribunal alone, the parties cannot alter the wording of those questions ... . It follows that the
         Court must in principle confine its examination to the matters which the court or tribunal making the reference has decided
         to submit to it for consideration. The Court must therefore, as regards application of the relevant national rules, proceed
         on the basis of the situation which that court or tribunal considers to be established; it cannot be bound by suppositions
         raised by one of the parties to the main proceedings ... .’ 
      
      14.      The Court furthermore stated in Hepple (7) that ‘the temporary maintenance of different retirement ages according to sex may necessitate the subsequent adoption, after
         expiry of the period prescribed for transposition of the Directive, of measures indissociable from that derogation and also
         amendments to such measures.’ 
      
      IV –  Observations submitted by the parties 
      A –    Applicant 
      15.      The applicant submits that an early old-age pension in the event of unemployment does not constitute an old-age pension within the meaning
         ascribed to this term under EU law. This can be deduced from the judgment of the Court in Buchner. (8) According to the applicant, the central question is therefore to what extent there is coherence between the old-age pension
         pursuant to Paragraph 253(1) of the ASVG, the early old-age pension in the event of unemployment pursuant to Paragraph 253a
         of the ASVG and the rules of the Arbeitslosenversicherungsgesetz (Law on the Insurance of the Unemployed, ‘AlVG’). 
      
      16.      As follows from the title of Paragraph 253a of the ASVG, unemployment is the central element of this type of pension. Pursuant
         to this provision, beneficiaries are entitled to this type of pension only ‘for the further duration of the unemployment’
         and the entitlement will cease once employment is resumed. Pursuant to Paragraph 253a(4) of the ASVG this type of pension
         is paid as a regular old-age pension to men with effect from completion of their 65th year and to women with effect from completion
         of their 60th year, at which point it will be calculated anew. It is therefore not a continuous maintenance payment, as is
         the case for the old-age pension pursuant to Paragraph 253 of the ASVG, but rather a transitional allowance for older unemployed
         persons. 
      
      17.      The applicant is of the opinion that there is no coherence between these two types of pension. The fact that both men and
         women can obtain an early old-age pension in the event of unemployment three and a half years before attainment of the regular
         pensionable age is only a seeming link between these two types of pension. The difference in qualifying age for the receipt
         of an early old-age pension in the event of unemployment is not a necessary and objective consequence of the different qualifying
         ages on the ground of sex contained in Paragraph 253 of the ASVG. The applicant therefore submits that the question referred
         be answered in the negative. 
      
      B –    Austrian Government 
      18.      The Austrian Government is of the opinion that the criteria developed by the Court in Buchner (9) cannot be applied to the early old-age pension in the event of unemployment. In contrast to the early old-age pension on
         account of incapacity for work, the pensionable age for the early old-age pension in the event of unemployment was initially,
         for both sexes, five years before the respective regular pensionable age and, following the parallel increase provided for
         in the Sozialrechtsänderungsgesetz (Law amending the Social Security Law) 2000, 3.5 years before that age. There can therefore
         be no doubt as to the coherence with the old-age pension. 
      
      19.      Early old-age pension in the case of unemployment is therefore an early pension for the long-term unemployed. The qualifying
         age for the early old-age pension in the event of unemployment is necessarily and objectively linked to the qualifying age
         applicable to the regular old-age pension. This is because the statistical chance of obtaining new employment is primarily
         dependent upon the period of time, namely how many months or years, after which the insured person can claim regular old-age
         pension benefits. 
      
      20.      The Austrian Government refers to the judgment of the Court in Graham. (10) The Court here considered a difference in qualifying ages for men and women for invalidity benefits to be justified as there
         was coherence between the retirement pension scheme and the invalidity pension scheme. These considerations are applicable
         to the present case and their content is equally true as regards the Austrian early old-age pension in the event of unemployment.
         
      
      21.      If the Court were to declare the Austrian rule to be incompatible with Community law, this would have far-reaching consequences. In
         this case the disadvantaged sex would have the right to equality of treatment with the favoured sex. Men would therefore be
         entitled to this benefit when 56.5 years old, namely 8.5 years before attainment of the regular pensionable age. The Republic
         of Austria is of the opinion that this constitutes an unjustified favourable treatment of men. Therefore, the qualifying age
         for women would have to be raised to that of men, namely to 61.5 years. However, in reality this would lead to the abolition
         of this type of pension for women as they reach their regular pensionable age at age 60 and can then claim regular pension
         benefits. Early old-age pension in the event of unemployment could therefore in practice be claimed by men only. From the
         point of view of the Republic of Austria, this result cannot be justified by equal treatment considerations. Therefore, taking
         this approach would force the Republic of Austria to abandon the ‘early old-age pension in the event of unemployment’ type
         of benefit altogether. EC law must not, however, have such far-reaching consequences. 
      
      22.      The Austrian Government is of the opinion that the solution adopted is the only, and consequently also a permitted, solution
         which ensures the coherence of the Austrian system. The derogation contained in Article 7(1)(a) of Directive 79/7 is to be
         interpreted as being applicable to a benefit such as an early old-age pension in the case of unemployment for which national
         law determines different pensionable ages for men and women. 
      
      C –    Commission 
      23.      The Commission takes the view that the early old-age pension in the event of unemployment pursuant to Paragraph 253a(1) of
         the ASVG does not constitute an old-age or retirement pension within the meaning of the Directive. It substantiates its opinion
         by referring to the judgment in Buchner. (11) The benefit which is the subject of these proceedings is thus not to be categorised as an old-age or retirement pension.
         
      
      24.      There is no link between the early old-age pension in the event of unemployment and the old-age pension. This is supported
         by the fact that upon attainment of the regular pensionable age the early old-age pension in the event of unemployment is
         replaced by the old-age pension. If one benefit is replaced by another, then the first type of benefit, here the early old-age
         pension in the event of unemployment, terminates and another type of benefit, namely old-age pension pursuant to Paragraph 253
         of the ASVG, commences. 
      
      25.      In the opinion of the Commission, the fact that the same period of time, namely 3.5 years before attainment of the regular
         retirement age, applies to both men and women for the grant of an early old-age pension in the event of unemployment does
         not lead to the conclusion that there is a link between these two types of benefit. Nor does it follow that the discrimination
         was objectively necessary in order to maintain the coherence of both types of pension. 
      
      26.      The Commission is therefore of the opinion that the derogation provided for in Article 7(1)(a) of the Directive is not applicable
         to the benefit which is the subject of these proceedings. 
      
      V –  Assessment 
      27.      In my Opinion in Buchner (12) I stated that the derogation in Article 7(1)(a) of the Directive applies, on the one hand, to old-age and retirement pensions
         and, on the other, to the possible consequences of the determination of pensionable age for other benefits. The derogation
         must therefore be analysed in two stages. Firstly, the benefit in question must be categorised and, if appropriate, the relevant
         criteria in Community law must be defined. Only once it is accepted that one is not dealing with an old-age or retirement
         pension will it become necessary to examine whether the determination of the different pensionable ages, as under the national
         legislation at issue, is to be interpreted as a consequence for the benefit in question of having lawfully determined different
         pensionable ages. 
      
      28.      The legal categorisation of the benefit in question is ultimately an assessment of national law that is to be carried out
         by the referring court. Nevertheless, such an assessment must take place within parameters laid down by Community law, and
         it is the Court of Justice’s task to specify those parameters. 
      
      29.      In order to be able to categorise a benefit under a particular risk, one must ascertain its characteristics. Those objective
         criteria should also make it possible to draw a clear dividing line between the different risks. In the case of an ‘old-age
         benefit’ the essential prerequisite of entitlement is the fact of having reached the statutory retirement age. In the case
         of an ‘unemployment benefit’, on the other hand, it is usually required that the beneficiary not be in an active employment
         relationship, but that he be nevertheless, in principle, ready to take up work again, which is manifested by the fact that
         he puts himself at the disposal of the employment authorities as someone looking for work. (13) Categorising a benefit can present problems where – as is the case here – it contains elements of one risk in addition to
         those of the other. 
      
      30.      The Court addressed the interpretation of the derogation provided for in Article 7(1) of the Equal Treatment Directive in
         De Vriendt. The Court stated that ‘it follows from the nature of the exceptions contained in Article 7(1) of the Directive that the
         Community legislature intended to allow Member States to maintain temporarily the advantages accorded to women with respect
         to retirement in order to enable them progressively to adapt their pension systems in this respect without disrupting the
         complex financial equilibrium of those systems, the importance of which could not be ignored’. (14)
      
      31.      In order to categorise the benefits at issue one has to revert to the criteria developed by the Court in Buchner. This case concerned the question of the compatibility with Community law of an Austrian national rule regarding an early
         old-age pension on account of incapacity for work. In this context, the Court stated (15) that ‘such a benefit cannot constitute an old-age pension within the meaning of Article 7(1)(a) of the Directive, which is
         a derogating provision, since, according to settled case-law, in view of the fundamental importance of the principle of equal
         treatment, any such provision must be interpreted strictly.’ (16) Furthermore, although the grant of the benefit at issue was subject to an age condition, the fact remains that it was granted
         only to persons who were incapable, following an illness or other infirmity or weakness of their physical or mental powers,
         of continuing to work. (17)
      
      32.      The substance of these criteria is applicable to the present case. Although the grant of an early old-age pension in the event
         of unemployment is subject to an age condition, this is not the only condition. It is supplemented by further conditions. The
         applicant must, inter alia, have completed the qualifying period pursuant to Paragraph 236 of the ASVG, acquired at least
         180 months of compulsory insurance contributions on the material date and, within the 15 months immediately preceding that
         date, have received a cash benefit stemming from unemployment insurance for at least 52 weeks. 
      
      33.      As the referring court, the Commission and the applicant correctly state, the criterion that is characteristic of the benefit
         at issue is not the attainment of a certain age but the state of unemployment. Early old-age pension in the event of unemployment
         is meant to bring forward the accrual of the old-age pension in all those cases in which the reintegration of the insured
         person into working life is hardly possible or inordinately difficult to achieve as a result of old age, illness and the like. The
         difficulty of the reintegration is reflected in the fact that the insured has already been receiving a cash benefit from unemployment
         insurance for 52 weeks. The early old-age pension in the event of unemployment therefore represents transitional assistance
         for older unemployed persons until receipt of the old-age pension. It particularly takes account of the fact that the chance
         of finding new employment strongly depends upon the date when the person concerned will reach the statutory pensionable age. Furthermore,
         the early old-age pension in the event of unemployment is intended to prevent the persons affected from being forced to claim
         social security shortly prior to receipt of the statutory old-age pension. 
      
      34.      The Court stated in its judgment in Molenaar (18) that the decisive factor in categorising a benefit is not its classification under the relevant national law, but rather
         the aim pursued by the benefit. The necessary conditions for granting an early old-age pension in the event of unemployment
         and the reasons for its introduction show that unemployment is the criterion which characterises this benefit. In comparable
         cases (19) which concerned benefits for the receipt of which the attainment of a certain age was one of the criteria to be fulfilled  but not the criterion that is characteristic of the benefit, the Court decided that such a benefit was not to be categorised as an old-age or retirement pension within
         the meaning of Directive 79/7. Accordingly, the benefit at issue in these proceedings is not an old-age or retirement pension
         within the meaning of article 7(1)(a) of that directive. 
      
      35.      As a consequence, it is necessary to consider whether this benefit may fall under the concept of ‘possible consequences thereof
         for other benefits’ within the meaning of the article cited above. 
      
      36.      This phrase limits the scope of the permitted derogation to forms of discrimination existing in other benefit systems which
         are necessarily  and objectively linked to this difference in pensionable age. This has been consistently held by the Court. Such a link exists where discrimination
         is objectively necessary either to avoid disturbing the financial equilibrium of the social security system or to ensure coherence
         between the retirement pension scheme and other benefit schemes. (20) The answer to the question whether this discrimination is objectively and necessarily linked to the setting of pensionable
         ages which differ according to sex is also a matter falling within the competence of the national court. However, the Court
         has jurisdiction to give the national court guidance enabling it to give judgment. (21)
      
      37.      In the present case a disturbance of the financial equilibrium of the social security system cannot be an argument justifying
         the difference in qualifying age for men and women for receipt of an early old-age pension in the event of unemployment. As
         illustrated by the referring court in its decision, the early old-age pensions in the event of unemployment paid out in December
         2001 amounted to just under 1.2% as a proportion of the total old-age and early old-age pensions paid out. Therefore, the
         assumption of the referring court and the Commission that the removal of the discrimination at issue would not have any serious
         effects on the financial equilibrium of the social security system as a whole is to be endorsed. 
      
      38.      The next question to be assessed is that of coherence. In this context, one can refer to the judgment of the Court in the
         case of Balestra. (22) The Court here held that the discrimination which was the subject of the main proceedings was ‘objectively linked to the
         setting of pensionable ages which differ for women and men in so far as it ensues directly from the fact that those pensionable
         ages are set at 55 for women and at 60 for men. The rule applicable to both men and women is that they may rely on their right
         to early retirement no more than five years before the date on which they reach the age at which they become entitled to a
         retirement pension ... .’ Applied to the present case, this reasoning means that the difference in qualifying age for the
         early old-age pension in the event of unemployment is objectively linked to the pensionable age in so far as men and women
         can apply for the grant of an early old-age pension in the event of unemployment three and a half years prior to the attainment
         of the regular pensionable age. In Austria, this is 65 for men and 60 for women. 
      
      39.      The benefits are also necessarily linked. The function of the early old-age pension in the event of unemployment is to guarantee
         an income to a person who has been unemployed for a certain amount of time and whose reintegration into the job market is
         difficult or impossible, but who has not yet reached the regular pensionable age. (23) This also follows from the explanations of the referring court, the Austrian Government and the Commission that the early
         old-age pension in the event of unemployment is transitional assistance for older unemployed persons until the attainment
         of the regular pensionable age. The Austrian Government states that the qualifying age for the early old-age pension in the
         event of unemployment is objectively and necessarily linked to the qualifying age for the regular pension as the statistical
         chance of obtaining new employment primarily depends upon when the insured person can claim regular old-age pension benefits. Employers
         are generally less willing to enter into an employment relationship with persons who are about to reach their pensionable
         age than with persons who will be available to work for a longer period of time. The risk of not finding an employment prior
         to attaining the regular pensionable age therefore primarily depends upon the regular pensionable age applicable at the time. This
         argument is convincing. 
      
      40.      A link between these two benefits also exists in so far as the regular old-age pension replaces the early old-age pension
         in the event of unemployment when the insured person reaches the regular pensionable age. In Graham  the situation was similar to that in the present proceedings. In this context, the Court stated (24) ‘that since invalidity benefit is designed to replace income from occupational activity, there is nothing to prevent a Member
         State from providing for its cessation and replacement by a retirement pension at the time when the recipients would in any
         case stop working because they have reached pensionable age.’ This means that also in the present case the fact that upon
         attainment of a certain age one benefit is replaced by another leads to the conclusion that both benefits are necessarily
         linked to each other. 
      
      41.      In Buchner, (25) to which the parties in the main proceedings repeatedly refer, the Court stated that there was no coherence between the early
         old-age pension on account of incapacity for work and the old-age pension. The Austrian Government takes the view that the
         criteria regarding coherence that were developed by the Court in Buchner  are not applicable in the present case. This view is correct. In Buchner, the right to early old-age pension on account of incapacity for work arose at 55 for women, that is to say five years before
         the regular retirement age, and at 57 for men, that is to say eight years before the regular retirement age. As stated by
         the referring court, the same period of time prior to attainment of the regular pensionable age has applied to both men and
         women for the grant of an early old-age pension in the event of unemployment. As the Austrian Government rightly emphasises,
         the qualifying age for the early old-age pension in the event of unemployment for men and women has always been, for both
         sexes, five years and, following the parallel increase provided for in the Sozialrechtsänderungsgesetz (Law amending Social
         Security Law) 2000, 3.5 years before their respective regular pensionable age. 
      
      42.      It can be concluded from these arguments that in the present case there is coherence between the rules on the old-age pension
         and the rules on the early old-age pension in the event of unemployment. 
      
      VI –  Conclusion 
      43.      I therefore suggest that the question referred by the Oberster Gerichtshof be answered as follows: 
      Article 7(1)(a) of Directive 79/7/EEC is to be interpreted as applying to a benefit such as the early old-age pension in the
         event of unemployment for which national law determined different pensionable ages for men and women. 
      
      1 –	 Original language: German.
      
      2 –	OJ 1979 L 6, p. 24.
      
      3 –	This note concerns only the German version of the Opinion.
      
      4 –	It is not entirely clear why the applicant’s application was rejected by way of notice of 5 December 2000 on the basis
         that the applicant had not yet completed his 738th month. According to the submissions of the referring court, the qualifying
         age for receipt of an early old-age pension in the event of unemployment was progressively increased by the Sozialrechtsänderungsgesetz
         (Law amending the Social Security Law) 2000, so that it amounted to 738 months for men only as of October 2002. This lack
         of clarity, however, is to be disregarded for the purposes of the present case as the referring court generally has doubts
         regarding the compatibility of the rule with Community law in so far as the rule provides for a different qualifying age for
         men and women.
      
      5 –	See Case C-104/98 Buchner and Others [2000] ECR I-3625, paragraph 25.
      
      6 –	Case C-466/00 Kaba [2003] ECR I-2219, paragraph 40 et seq.
      
      7 –	Case C-196/98 Hepple and Others [2000] ECR I-3701, paragraph 23.
      
      8 –	Cited in footnote 5.
      
      9 –	Cited in footnote 5.
      
      10 –	Case C-92/94 Graham and Others [1995] ECR I-2521.
      
      11 –	Cited in footnote 5.
      
      12 –	Opinion in Case C-104/98 Buchner [2000] ECR I-3628, point 10.
      
      13 –	Case C-88/95 Martínez Losada and Others [1997] ECR I-869 and Case C-320/95 Alvite [1999] ECR I-951.
      
      14 –	See Joined Cases C-377/96 to C-384/96 De Vriendt and Others [1998] ECR I-2105, paragraph 26.
      
      15 –	Buchner and Others, cited in footnote 5, paragraph 21.
      
      16 –	Compare judgments in Case C-328/91 Thomas and Others [1993] ECR I-1247, paragraph 8, Case C-154/96 Wolfs [1998] ECR I-6173, paragraph 24, and De Vriendt and Others, cited in footnote 14, paragraph 25.
      
      17 –	Buchner and Others, cited in footnote 5, paragraph 20.
      
      18 –	Case C-160/96 Molenaar [1998] ECR I-843, paragraph 19, also Case C-215/99 Jauch [2001] ECR I-1901, paragraph 25.
      
      19 –	Compare Buchner and Others (cited in footnote 5), Martínez Losada (cited in footnote 13) and Alvite (cited in footnote 13).
      
      20 –	Compare e.g. Buchner and Others (cited in footnote 5, paragraphs 25 and 26), Thomas (cited in footnote 16, paragraphs 20 and 12) or Graham (cited in footnote 10, paragraphs 11 and 12).
      
      21 –	Case C-139/95 Balestra [1997] ECR I-549, paragraph 39.
      
      22 –	Cited in footnote 21, paragraph 40.
      
      23 –	Compare also the reasoning of the Court in Balestra (cited in footnote 21, paragraph 41).
      
      24 –	Graham (cited in footnote 10, paragraph 14).
      
      25 –	Cited in footnote 5.