CELEX: 
Language: en
Date: 2019-05-23
Title: COMMISSION IMPLEMENTING REGULATION (EU) …/... prohibiting the introduction into the Union of specimens of certain species of wild fauna and flora in accordance with Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97 on the protection of species of wild fauna and flora by regulating trade therein

COMMISSION IMPLEMENTING REGULATION (EU) …/...
            
            
               of XXX
            
            
               prohibiting the introduction into the Union of specimens of certain species 
                  of wild fauna and flora in accordance with Council Regulation  (EC) No 338/97 on the protection of species of wild fauna and flora by regulating trade therein
            
            
               THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION,
            
            
               Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union,
            
            
               Having regard to Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97 of 9 December 1996 on the protection of species of wild fauna and flora by regulating trade therein
                  1
               , and in particular Article 4(6) (a) and (b) thereof,
            
            
               Whereas:
            
            
               (1)The purpose of Regulation (EC) No 338/97 is to protect species of wild fauna and flora and to guarantee their conservation by regulating trade in animal and plant species listed in its Annexes. The Commission may implement that Regulation by establishing restrictions to the introduction of specimens of certain species into the Union.
            
            
               (2)The currently applicable list of species for which the introduction into the Union is prohibited was established in October 2017 by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/1915
                  2
               .
            
            
               (3)Taking into account relevant recommendations made by the CITES Standing Committee at its 69th and 70th meetings
                  3
               , and based on reports prepared for the EU Scientific Review Group
                  4
               , the Group has concluded that the conservation status of certain additional species listed in Annex B to Regulation (EC) No 338/97 would be seriously jeopardised if their introduction into the Union from certain countries of origin is not prohibited.
                  5
                The introduction into the Union of specimens of the following species should therefore be prohibited:
            
            
               –Pericopsis elata from Côte D'Ivoire;
            
            
               –Prunus africana from Equatorial Guinea.
            
            
               (4)Further taking into account the secession of South Sudan from Sudan on 9 July 2011 and its admission as a new Member State ‎by the United Nations General Assembly on 14 ‎July 2011, to maintain the provisions that were already in force with regard to the predecessor State, the introduction into the Union of specimens of the following species should also be prohibited:
            
            
               –Torgos tracheliotus from South Sudan.
            
            
               (5)Taking into account further recommendations made by the CITES Standing Committee at its 69th and 70th meetings, and also based on reports prepared for the Scientific Review Group
                  6
               , the Group has furthermore concluded that the prohibition of the introduction into the Union is no longer required for specimens of the following species:
            
            
               –Hippopotamus amphibius, Stangeriaceae spp. and Zamiaceae spp. from Mozambique;
            
            
               –Balearica regulorum and Agapornis fischeri from Tanzania;
            
            
               –Poicephalus fuscicollis from Mali;
            
            
               –Phelsuma breviceps and Phelsuma standingi from Madagascar;
            
         
         
            
               –Naja atra, Naja kaouthia, Naja siamensis, Cuora galbinifrons, Heosemys annandalii and Heosemys grandis from Laos;
            
            
               –Stigmochelys pardalis from the Democratic Republic of the Congo;
            
            
               –Hippocampus kuda from Viet Nam;
            
            
               –Pandinus roeseli
                  7
                from Benin, Ghana and Togo;
            
            
               –Acanthastrea hemprichii, Favites halicora and Platygyra sinensis from Tonga.
            
            
               (6)The Scientific Review Group has furthermore concluded that, on the basis of the most recent available information on nomenclature, the name of the species Ovis vignei bochariensis should be amended to Ovis aries cycloceros. This change in nomenclature does not affect the scope of the suspension already in force.
            
            
               (7)The Scientific Review Group has finally concluded that, on the basis of the most recent available information, the prohibition of the introduction into the Union of specimens of the family Cycadaceae from Mozambique should be amended so that it refers only to specimens of the species Cycas thouarsii of that family.
            
            
               (8)Taking into account the conclusions of the Scientific Review Group, and – in the case of the species/country combinations referred to in (3) above – after consulting the countries of origin concerned in the context of the CITES Standing Committee, the list of species for which the introduction into the Union is prohibited should be updated and Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/1915 should, for reasons of clarity, be replaced. 
            
            
               (9)The measures provided for in this Regulation are in accordance with the opinion of the Committee on Trade in Wild Fauna and Flora established pursuant to Article 18 of the Regulation,
            
            
               HAS ADOPTED THIS REGULATION:
            
            
               Article 1
            
            
               The introduction into the Union of specimens of the species of wild fauna and flora set out in the Annex to this Regulation from the countries of origin indicated therein is prohibited.
            
            
               Article 2
            
            
               Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/1915 is repealed.
            
            
               References to the repealed Implementing Regulation shall be construed as references to this Regulation.
            
            
               Article 3
            
            
               This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union.
            
            
               This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States.
            
            
               Done at Brussels,
            
            
               
                     For the Commission
               
            
         
         
            
               
                     The President
               
            
         
         
      
    ---documentbreak--- 
      
         
         
            
               ANNEX
            
            
               (1)Specimens of species included in Annex A to Regulation (EC) No 338/97 whose introduction into the Union is prohibited
            
            
                     
                        Species
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Source(s) covered
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Specimen(s) covered
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Countries of origin
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Basis in Article 4(6), Point:
                     
                  
               
                     
                        FAUNA
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        CHORDATA
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        MAMMALIA
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        ARTIODACTYLA
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Bovidae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Capra falconeri
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Hunting trophies
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Uzbekistan
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (a)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        CARNIVORA
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Canidae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Canis lupus
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Hunting trophies
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Belarus, Mongolia, Tajikistan, Turkey
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (a)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Ursidae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Ursus arctos
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Hunting trophies
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Canada (British Columbia), Kazakhstan
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (a)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Ursus thibetanus
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Hunting trophies
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Russia
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (a)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        PROBOSCIDEA
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Elephantidae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Loxodonta africana
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Hunting trophies
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Cameroon
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (a)
                     
                  
               
               (2)Specimens of species included in Annex B to Regulation (EC) No 338/97 whose introduction into the Union is prohibited
            
            
                     
                        Species
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Source(s) covered
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Specimen(s) covered
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Countries of origin
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Basis in Article 4(6), Point:
                     
                  
               
                     
                        FAUNA
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        CHORDATA
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        MAMMALIA
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        ARTIODACTYLA
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Bovidae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Ovis aries cycloceros 
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Uzbekistan
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Cervidae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Cervus elaphus bactrianus
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Uzbekistan
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Moschidae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Moschus moschiferus
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Russia
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        CARNIVORA
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Eupleridae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Cryptoprocta ferox
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Madagascar
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Felidae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Panthera leo
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Ethiopia
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Profelis aurata
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Tanzania
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Odobenidae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Odobenus rosmarus
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Greenland
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        PRIMATES
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Cercopithecidae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Cercopithecus dryas
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Democratic Republic of the Congo
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Macaca fascicularis
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Laos
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Piliocolobus badius (synonym Colobus badius)
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Guinea
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Pitheciidae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Chiropotes chiropotes
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Guyana
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        AVES
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Ciconiiformes
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Balaenicipitidae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Balaeniceps rex
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Tanzania
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        FALCONIFORMES
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Accipitridae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Accipiter erythropus
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Guinea
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Accipiter melanoleucus
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Guinea
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Accipiter ovampensis
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Guinea
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Aquila rapax
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Guinea
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Aviceda cuculoides
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Guinea
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Gyps africanus
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Guinea
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Gyps bengalensis
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Afghanistan, India
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Gyps indicus
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Afghanistan, India 
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Gyps rueppellii
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Guinea
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Gyps tenuirostris
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        India 
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Hieraaetus ayresii
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Cameroon, Guinea, Togo
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Hieraaetus spilogaster
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Guinea, Togo
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Lophaetus occipitalis
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Guinea
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Macheiramphus alcinus
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Guinea
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Polemaetus bellicosus
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Cameroon, Guinea, Tanzania, Togo
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Spizaetus africanus
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Guinea
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Stephanoaetus coronatus
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Tanzania, Togo
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Terathopius ecaudatus
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Tanzania
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Torgos tracheliotus
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Cameroon, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Trigonoceps occipitalis
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea 
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Urotriorchis macrourus
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Guinea
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Falconidae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Falco chicquera
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Guinea, Togo
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Sagittariidae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Sagittarius serpentarius
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Cameroon, Guinea, Tanzania, Togo
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        GRUIFORMES
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Gruidae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Balearica pavonina
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Guinea, Mali, South Sudan, Sudan
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Balearica regulorum
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Botswana, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Bugeranus carunculatus
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Tanzania
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        PSITTACIFORMES
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Psittacidae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Agapornis pullarius
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Democratic Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Mali, Togo
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Coracopsis vasa
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Madagascar
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Deroptyus accipitrinus
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Suriname
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Poicephalus fuscicollis
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Guinea, Togo
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Poicephalus gulielmi
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Cameroon, Congo, Guinea
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Pyrrhura caeruleiceps
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Colombia
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Pyrrhura pfrimeri
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Brazil
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Pyrrhura subandina
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Colombia
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        STRIGIFORMES
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Strigidae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Asio capensis
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Guinea
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Bubo lacteus
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Guinea
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Bubo poensis
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Guinea
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Glaucidium capense
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Rwanda
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Glaucidium perlatum
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Cameroon, Guinea
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Ptilopsis leucotis
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Guinea
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Scotopelia bouvieri
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Cameroon
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Scotopelia peli
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Guinea
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        REPTILIA
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        SAURIA
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Agamidae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Uromastyx dispar
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Mali, Sudan
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Uromastyx geyri
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Mali, Niger
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Chamaeleonidae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Brookesia decaryi
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Madagascar
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Chamaeleo africanus
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Niger
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Chamaeleo gracilis
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Benin, Ghana
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Ranched
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Benin
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Chamaeleo senegalensis
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Benin, Ghana, Togo
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Ranched
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Snout to vent length greater than 6 cm
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Benin, Togo 
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Furcifer labordi
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Madagascar
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Kinyongia fischeri
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Tanzania
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Kinyongia tavetana
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Tanzania
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Trioceros camerunensis
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Cameroon
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Trioceros deremensis
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Tanzania
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Trioceros feae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Equatorial Guinea
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Trioceros fuelleborni
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Tanzania
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Trioceros montium
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Cameroon
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Trioceros perreti
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Cameroon
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Trioceros quadricornis
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Cameroon
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Trioceros serratus
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Cameroon
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Trioceros werneri
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Tanzania
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Trioceros wiedersheimi
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Cameroon
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Cordylidae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Cordylus rhodesianus
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Mozambique
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Cordylus tropidosternum
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Mozambique
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Cordylus vittifer
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Mozambique
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Smaug mossambicus
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Mozambique
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Gekkonidae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Phelsuma borai
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Madagascar
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Phelsuma gouldi
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Madagascar
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Phelsuma hoeschi
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Madagascar
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Phelsuma ravenalla
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Madagascar
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Scincidae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Corucia zebrata
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Solomon Islands
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Varanidae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Varanus albigularis
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Tanzania
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Varanus beccarii
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Indonesia
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Varanus dumerilii
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Indonesia
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Varanus exanthematicus
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Benin, Togo
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Ranched
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Greater than 35 cm total length
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Benin, Togo
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Varanus jobiensis (synonym V. karlschmidti)
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Indonesia
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Varanus niloticus
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Benin, Togo
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Ranched
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Greater than 35 cm total length
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Benin
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Ranched
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Togo
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Varanus ornatus
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Togo
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Ranched
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Togo
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Varanus salvadorii
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Indonesia
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Varanus spinulosus
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Solomon Islands
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        SERPENTES
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Boidae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Calabaria reinhardtii
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Togo
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Ranched
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Benin, Togo
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Candoia carinata
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Indonesia
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Pythonidae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Liasis fuscus
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Indonesia
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Morelia boeleni
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Indonesia
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Python bivittatus
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        China
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Python molurus
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        China
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Python regius
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Benin, Guinea
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        TESTUDINES
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Emydidae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Chrysemys picta
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Live
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (d)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Geoemydidae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Cuora amboinensis
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Indonesia, Malaysia
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Cuora bourreti
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Laos
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Cuora galbinifrons
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        China
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Heosemys spinosa
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Indonesia
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Leucocephalon yuwonoi
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Indonesia
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Malayemys subtrijuga
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Indonesia
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Notochelys platynota
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Indonesia
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Siebenrockiella crassicollis
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Indonesia
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Podocnemididae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Erymnochelys madagascariensis
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Madagascar
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Peltocephalus dumerilianus
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Guyana
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Podocnemis unifilis
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Suriname
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Testudinidae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Centrochelys sulcata
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Ranched
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Benin, Togo
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Indotestudo forstenii
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Indotestudo travancorica
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Kinixys erosa
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Democratic Republic of the Congo, Togo
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Kinixys homeana
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Benin, Ghana, Togo
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Ranched
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Benin
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Ranched
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Greater than 8 cm straight carapace length
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Togo
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Kinixys nogueyi 
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Benin, Ghana
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Ranched
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Greater than 5 cm straight carapace length
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Benin
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Kinixys spekii 
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Mozambique
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Kinixys zombensis 
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Mozambique
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Manouria emys
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Indonesia
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Manouria impressa
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Vietnam
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Stigmochelys pardalis
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Uganda
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Testudo horsfieldii
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Kazakhstan
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Trionychidae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Amyda cartilaginea
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Indonesia
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Pelochelys cantorii
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Indonesia
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        AMPHIBIA
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        ANURA
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Conrauidae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Conraua goliath
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Cameroon
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Dendrobatidae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Hyloxalus azureiventris
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Peru
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Ranitomeya variabilis
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Peru
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Ranitomeya ventrimaculata
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Peru
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Mantellidae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Mantella aurantiaca
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Madagascar
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Mantella cowani
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Madagascar
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Mantella crocea
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Madagascar
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Mantella pulchra
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Madagascar
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Mantella viridis
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Madagascar
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Microhylidae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Scaphiophryne gottlebei
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Madagascar
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        ACTINOPTERI
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        PERCIFORMES
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Labridae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Cheilinus undulatus
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Indonesia
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        SYNGNATHIFORMES
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Syngnathidae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Hippocampus algiricus
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Guinea, Senegal
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Hippocampus barbouri
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Indonesia
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Hippocampus comes
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Indonesia
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Hippocampus erectus
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Brazil
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Hippocampus histrix
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Indonesia
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Hippocampus kelloggi
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Indonesia
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Hippocampus kuda
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        China, Indonesia
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Hippocampus spinosissimus
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Indonesia
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        ARTHROPODA
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        ARACHNIDA
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        SCORPIONES
                     
                  
                  
                     
                         
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Scorpionidae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Pandinus imperator
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Benin, Ghana, Togo
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Ranched
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Benin, Ghana, Togo
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Insecta
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Lepidoptera
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Papilionidae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Ornithoptera croesus
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Indonesia
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Ornithoptera priamus
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Solomon Islands
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Ornithoptera priamus
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Ranched
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Solomon Islands
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Ornithoptera victoriae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Solomon Islands
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Ranched
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Solomon Islands
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        MOLLUSCA
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        BIVALVIA
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        VENEROIDA
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Tridacnidae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Hippopus hippopus
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Tonga, Vanuatu, Vietnam
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Tridacna crocea
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Cambodia, Fiji, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu, Vietnam
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Tridacna derasa
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Fiji, Palau, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu, Vietnam
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Tridacna gigas
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Marshall Islands, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vietnam
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Tridacna maxima
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Cambodia, Fiji, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Mozambique, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu, Vietnam
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Tridacna noae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Fiji, Micronesia, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Tridacna rosewateri
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Mozambique
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Tridacna squamosa
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Cambodia, Fiji, Mozambique, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu, Vietnam
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Tridacna tevoroa
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Tonga
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        GASTROPODA
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        MESOGASTROPODA
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Strombidae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Strombus gigas
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Grenada, Haiti
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        CNIDARIA
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        ANTHOZOA
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        HELIOPORACEA
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Helioporidae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Heliopora coerulea
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Solomon Islands
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        SCLERACTINIA
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Scleractinia spp.
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Ghana
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Agariciidae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Agaricia agaricites
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Haiti
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Caryophylliidae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Catalaphyllia jardinei
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Solomon Islands
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Euphyllia divisa
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Live corals except maricultured specimens attached to artificial substrates 
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Indonesia
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Euphyllia fimbriata
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Live corals except maricultured specimens attached to artificial substrates 
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Indonesia
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Euphyllia paraancora
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Live corals except maricultured specimens attached to artificial substrates
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Indonesia
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Euphyllia paradivisa
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Live corals except maricultured specimens attached to artificial substrates
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Indonesia
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Euphyllia yaeyamaensis
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Live corals except maricultured specimens attached to artificial substrates
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Indonesia
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Plerogyra discus
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All except maricultured specimens attached to artificial substrates
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Indonesia
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Plerogyra simplex (Plerogyra taisnei)
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All except maricultured specimens attached to artificial substrates
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Indonesia
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Mussidae 
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Blastomussa merleti
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All except maricultured specimens attached to artificial substrates
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Indonesia
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Cynarina lacrymalis
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All except maricultured specimens attached to artificial substrates
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Indonesia
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Scolymia spp.
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All 
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Tonga
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Pocilloporidae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Seriatopora stellata
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All 
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Indonesia
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Trachyphylliidae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Trachyphyllia geoffroyi
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All 
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Fiji
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        FLORA
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Cycadaceae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Cycas thouarsii
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Mozambique
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Euphorbiaceae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Euphorbia ankarensis
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Madagascar
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Euphorbia banae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Madagascar
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Euphorbia berorohae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Madagascar
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Euphorbia bongolavensis
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Madagascar
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Euphorbia bulbispina
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Madagascar
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Euphorbia duranii
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Madagascar
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Euphorbia fianarantsoae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Madagascar
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Euphorbia iharanae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Madagascar
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Euphorbia kondoi
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Madagascar
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Euphorbia labatii
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Madagascar
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Euphorbia lophogona
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Madagascar
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Euphorbia millotii
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Madagascar
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Euphorbia neohumbertii
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Madagascar
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Euphorbia pachypodioides
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Madagascar
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Euphorbia razafindratsirae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Madagascar
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Euphorbia suzannae-marnierae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Madagascar
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Euphorbia waringiae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Madagascar
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Leguminosae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Pericopsis elata
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Côte d'Ivoire
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Orchidaceae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Cypripedium japonicum
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        China, South Korea
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Cypripedium macranthos
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        South Korea, 
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Cypripedium micranthum
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        China
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Dendrobium bellatulum
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Vietnam
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Dendrobium nobile
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Laos
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Dendrobium wardianum
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Vietnam
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Myrmecophila tibicinis
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Belize
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Phalaenopsis parishii
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Vietnam
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Rosaceae
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
                  
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Prunus africana
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Wild
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        All
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        Equatorial Guinea
                     
                  
                  
                     
                        (b)