CELEX: 62009CC0396
Language: en
Date: 2011-03-10 00:00:00
Title: Opinion of Advocate General Kokott delivered on 10 March 2011. # Interedil Srl, in liquidation v Fallimento Interedil Srl and Intesa Gestione Crediti SpA. # Reference for a preliminary ruling: Tribunale di Bari - Italy. # Reference for a preliminary ruling - Whether a lower court has the power to refer a question to the Court for a preliminary ruling - Regulation (EC) No 1346/2000 - Insolvency proceedings - International jurisdiction - The centre of a debtor’s main interests - Transfer of a registered office to another Member State - Concept of establishment. # Case C-396/09.

OPINION OF ADVOCATE GENERAL
      KOKOTT
      delivered on 10 March 2011 (1)
      
      Case C‑396/09
      Interedil Srl, in Liquidation
      v
      Fallimento Interedil Srl
      Intesa Gestione Crediti SpA
      (Reference for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunale di Bari (Italy))
      (Reference for a preliminary ruling – Regulation (EC) No 1346/2000 – Insolvency proceedings – International jurisdiction – Article 3(1) of Regulation No 1346/2000 – Centre of a debtor’s main interests – Presumption in favour of the place of the registered office – Transfer of registered office to another Member State – Article 3(2) and Article 2(h) of Regulation No 1346/2000 – Concept of ‘establishment’ – Power of a national court of first instance to bring an action before the Court of Justice)I –  Introduction
      1.        Article 3 of Council Regulation (EC) No 1346/2000 of 29 May 2000 on insolvency proceedings (2) (‘the Insolvency Regulation’) determines the Member States whose courts have jurisdiction to open insolvency proceedings
         in internal market cases of a cross‑border nature. (3) The courts of the Member State within the territory of which the centre of a debtor’s main interests is situated have jurisdiction
         to open insolvency proceedings. The present case gives the Court of Justice the opportunity to further define the concept
         of ‘the centre of main interests’.
      
      2.        The distinctive feature of the present case is that an Italian company transferred its registered office from Italy to the
         United Kingdom. Over a year after the company was wound up and removed from the British register of companies, a creditor
         applied for insolvency proceedings to be opened in Italy. The referring court entertains doubt as to whether it may consider
         itself to have international jurisdiction in the case which has been submitted to it.
      
      II –  Legislative framework
      A –    European Union law
      3.        In Article 2 of the Insolvency Regulation the concept of ‘establishment’ is defined as follows:
      
      ‘For the purposes of this Regulation:
      ...
      (h)      “establishment” shall mean any place of operations where the debtor carries out a non-transitory economic activity with human
         means and goods.’
      
      4.        Article 3 of the Insolvency Regulation concerns international jurisdiction and provides:
      
      ‘1.      The courts of the Member State within the territory of which the centre of a debtor’s main interests is situated shall have
         jurisdiction to open insolvency proceedings. In the case of a company or legal person, the place of the registered office
         shall be presumed to be the centre of its main interests in the absence of proof to the contrary.
      
      2. Where the centre of a debtor’s main interests is situated within the territory of a Member State, the courts of another
         Member State shall have jurisdiction to open insolvency proceedings against that debtor only if he possesses an establishment
         within the territory of that other Member State. The effects of those proceedings shall be restricted to the assets of the
         debtor situated in the territory of the latter Member State.
      
      …’
      5.        Recital 13 of the Insolvency Regulation states:
      
      ‘The “centre of main interests” should correspond to the place where the debtor conducts the administration of his interests
         on a regular basis and is therefore ascertainable by third parties.’
      
      B –    National law
      6.        The Tribunale di Bari (Italy) draws attention to the fact that under Article 382 of the Italian Codice di procedura civile
         (Code of Civil Procedure) and according to settled domestic case‑law in relation to that provision, a preliminary ruling on
         the question of jurisdiction from the Corte di Cassazione is final and binding on the lower instance court before which the
         case is pending.
      
      III –  Main proceedings and questions referred for a preliminary ruling
      7.        According to the order for reference, the facts are as follows: 
      
      8.        Interedil Srl was formed in Italy with its registered office in Monopoli. On 18 July 2001, it transferred its registered office
         to London. It was entered in the United Kingdom companies register (4) as an ‘FC’ (Foreign Company). Also on 18 July 2001, Interedil Srl was removed from the Italian companies register. (5) (6)
      
      9.        According to the order for reference, Interedil had pointed out that on the same date – 18 July 2001 – on which it transferred
         its registered office, it engaged in corporate transactions in London as a result of which the British Canopus Group acquired
         Interedil Srl and contracts were negotiated and entered into for the transfer of a business concern. In addition, the properties
         situated in Taranto (Italy) were transferred, a few months later, to Windowmist Limited, as assets of the business that had
         been transferred.
      
      10.      According to the order for reference, on 22 July 2002 Interedil Srl was ‘closed down’ (7) and struck off the register of companies in the United Kingdom. 
      
      11.      In October 2003, Intesa Gestione Crediti SpA filed a petition before the Tribunale di Bari for the opening of insolvency proceedings
         in respect of the assets of Interedil.
      
      12.      Interedil Srl, in liquidation (‘Interedil’) contested the jurisdiction of that Italian court and in December 2003 issued an
         application for a preliminary ruling on the question of jurisdiction from the Italian Corte di Cassazione, arguing that since
         the company’s registered office had been transferred from Italy to the United Kingdom, the Italian courts no longer had jurisdiction
         over the opening of insolvency proceedings. 
      
      13.      The Tribunale di Bari rejected the plea alleging that the Italian courts lacked jurisdiction as manifestly unfounded and established
         that the company was insolvent and it accordingly made an order in May 2004 for the winding-up of ‘Interedil Srl, in liquidation, whose registered office [was formerly] 262 Chelsea Chambers, Fulham Road, London’ without waiting for the result of the proceedings before the Corte di Cassazione on the question of jurisdiction.
      
      14.      By action brought on 18 June 2004, Interedil challenged the winding-up order.
      
      15.      By its Order No 10606/2005 of 20 May 2005, the Corte di Cassazione declared that jurisdiction lay with the Italian courts.
         It held that the following factors were sufficient to regard the presumption in the second sentence of Article 3(1) of Council
         Regulation No 1346/2000, pursuant to which the centre of a debtor’s main interests corresponds to the registered office of
         the company, as rebutted: the existence in Italy of immovable property owned by Interedil, a lease agreement in respect of
         two hotel complexes, a contract with a banking institution, and failure to notify the Bari register of companies of the transfer
         of the company’s registered office to London.
      
      16.      In view of the judgment of the Court of Justice in Eurofood IFSC, (8) the Tribunale di Bari has doubts about that assessment by the Corte di Cassazione. Accordingly, it decided to stay the main
         proceedings and referred to the Court of Justice the following questions for a preliminary ruling: 
      
      ‘(1)      Is the term “the centre of a debtor’s main interests” in Article 3(1) of Regulation No 1346/2000 to be interpreted in accordance
         with Community law or national law, and, if the former, how is that concept to be defined and what are the decisive factors
         or considerations for the purpose of identifying the “centre of main interests”?
      
      (2)      Can the presumption laid down in Article 3(1) of Regulation No 1346/2000, according to which “[i]n the case of a company ...
         the place of the registered office shall be presumed to be the centre of its main interests in the absence of proof to the
         contrary”, be rebutted if it is established that the company carries on genuine business activity in a State other than that
         in which it has its registered office, or is it necessary, in order for the presumption to be deemed rebutted, to establish
         that the company has not carried on any business activity in the State in which it has its registered office?
      
      (3)      If a company has, in a Member State other than that in which it has its registered office, immovable property, a lease agreement
         concluded by the debtor company with another company in respect of two hotel complexes, and a contract with a banking institution,
         are these sufficient factors or considerations to rebut the presumption laid down in Article 3(1) of Regulation No 1346/2000
         that the place of the company’s “registered office” is the centre of its main interests and are such circumstances sufficient
         for the company to be regarded as having an “establishment” within the meaning of Article 3(2) of Regulation No 1346/2000?
      
      (4)      If the ruling on jurisdiction by the Corte di Cassazione in the aforementioned Order No 10606/2005 is based on an interpretation
         of Article 3 of Regulation No 1346/2000 which is at variance with that of the Court of Justice of the European Communities,
         is the application of that provision of Community law, as interpreted by the Court of Justice, precluded by Article 382 of
         the Code of Civil Procedure, according to which rulings on jurisdiction by the Corte di Cassazione are final and binding?’
      
      IV –  Legal assessment
      A –    Admissibility of the reference for a preliminary ruling
      17.      Before considering the questions referred for a preliminary ruling, it is necessary, as a first step, to clarify whether the
         reference for a preliminary ruling made by the Tribunale di Bari is admissible.
      
      1.      Courts’ restricted right to refer questions for preliminary rulings pursuant to Article 68 EC
      18.      The Tribunale di Bari referred its questions to the Court of Justice by its order of 6 July 2009, lodged at the Court of Justice
         on 13 October 2009. At that time the Lisbon Treaty had not yet entered into force.
      
      19.      The Insolvency Regulation was adopted on the basis of Article 61(c) and 67(1) EC. It is consequently an act in relation to
         which lower instance courts did not have a right to refer questions for preliminary rulings pursuant to Article 68 EC. As
         the Commission stated, there are essentially judicial remedies against the decisions of the referring court available under
         national law. (9) Accordingly, pursuant to Article 68 EC, the referring court did not have the right to refer questions for preliminary rulings.
      
      20.      However, when the Lisbon Treaty came into force on 1 December 2009, Article 68 EC was repealed, with the effect that the restriction
         of the right to refer questions for preliminary rulings no longer exists at the current time. (10) As the Court of Justice decided in its judgment in Weryński, in such a case the right to refer questions for preliminary rulings must be assessed according to the legal position at
         the time of the decision of the Court of Justice on the reference for a preliminary ruling and not according to that at the
         time the reference was lodged. (11) Consequently, the Court of Justice has, since 1 December 2009, had jurisdiction to hear requests for preliminary rulings
         from courts whose decisions are appealable under national law, even if the request was lodged before that date. (12) Accordingly, the reference for a preliminary ruling is not inadmissible as a result of the lack of a right to refer questions
         for preliminary rulings.
      
      2.      Inadmissibility due to non-existence of the company
      21.      In the oral procedure before the Court of Justice, Interedil (in liquidation) emphasised that the questions referred for a
         preliminary ruling were hypothetical and therefore inadmissible, since Interedil had no longer existed since its removal from
         the United Kingdom companies register and therefore the questions referred to the Court of Justice were of a hypothetical
         nature. The Commission also identified this problem in its pleading.
      
      22.      In this respect, it must be recalled that the Court may only decline to give a ruling on a question referred to it by a national
         court if it is obvious that the interpretation of Union law sought by that court bears no relation to the true nature of the
         main action or its purpose, or where the problem is hypothetical or where the Court does not have before it the factual or
         legal material necessary to give a useful answer to the questions submitted to it. (13)
      
      23.      It is not apparent in any obvious way from the statements made in the reference for a preliminary ruling that the questions
         referred bear no relation to the purpose of the main action. Even if Interedil no longer exists in law, that does not preclude
         Italian law from providing in such circumstances for possibilities for satisfying creditors’ claims by means of a supplementary
         liquidation and the referring court wanting to open insolvency proceedings for that reason. 
      
      3.      The objections of inadmissibility raised by the defendants in the main proceedings concerning the reference for a preliminary
         ruling and the answer to the fourth question referred
      
      24.      The defendants in the main proceedings are of the opinion that the reference for a preliminary ruling is inadmissible for
         three further reasons. They refer to the binding decision of the Italian Corte di Cassazione, which had already held in interim
         proceedings that the Italian courts had jurisdiction in respect of the insolvency proceedings. That decision had become final.
         Consequently, they assert that it is no longer a pending case within the meaning of Article 267 TFEU.
      
      25.      The defendants in the main proceedings also criticise the formulation of the questions referred: the first and the fourth
         question do not reveal any contradiction between the EU law provisions and their application by the national courts. They
         submit that the second and third questions request the Court of Justice to apply the EU law provisions to the specific case.
      
      26.      By its first three questions, in essence the referring court would like to know how the concept of the centre of main interests
         in Article 3 of the Insolvency Regulation should be interpreted. This is an admissible subject-matter for a reference for
         a preliminary ruling.
      
      27.      Therefore, it is only necessary to consider below the first two objections of the defendants in the main proceedings in relation
         to admissibility, which are based on the final and binding decision of the Corte di Cassazione.
      
      28.      In this context it is also appropriate to consider the fourth question referred by the referring court. By that question,
         the referring court would in essence like to know whether it is bound by the decision of the Corte di Cassazione confirming
         the international jurisdiction of the Italian courts, which is binding under national law, even if that decision should prove
         to be incompatible with the case-law of the Court of Justice. If that were the case, then the remaining questions would not
         have any significance for the dispute in the main proceedings and would therefore be inadmissible.
      
      29.      Pursuant to Article 382 of the Italian Code of Civil Procedure, a lower instance court is bound by a decision made by the
         Corte di Cassazione in the context of interim proceedings on jurisdiction.
      
      30.      The Court of Justice has already established that a rule of national procedure, pursuant to which a court, which is called
         upon to decide a case referred back to it by a higher court hearing an appeal, is bound by legal rulings of the higher court,
         cannot call into question the discretion of lower instance courts to make a reference to the Court for a preliminary ruling
         where they have doubts as to the interpretation of EU law. (14)
      
      31.      Nothing else can apply in the present case which concerns a rule of national procedure which relates to the binding effect
         of decisions of a higher court in the context of interim proceedings on international jurisdiction.
      
      32.      Finally, according to settled case-law, a national court which is called upon, within the limits of its jurisdiction, to apply
         provisions of EU law is under a duty to give full effect to those provisions, if necessary refusing to apply any conflicting
         provision of national legislation without it being necessary for the court to request or await the prior setting aside of
         such provision by legislative or other constitutional means. (15) This might also include a rule of national procedure, such as that applicable in the present case, which results in the binding
         effect of the decision of the higher court. (16)
      
      33.      Accordingly, the decision of the Court of Justice continues to be solely decisive in relation to the interpretation of EU
         law and it is of no consequence that a national higher court has already considered the interpretation of EU law in the context
         of interim proceedings.
      
      4.      Interim conclusion
      34.      As an interim conclusion, it must therefore be maintained that the reference for a preliminary ruling is admissible.
      
      35.      The fourth question referred must be answered as follows: it is not compatible with EU law for a national court which is called
         upon to decide a case after a binding interim decision on jurisdiction by a higher court to be bound, in accordance with national
         procedural law, by legal rulings of the higher court, if it considers, having regard to the interpretation which it has sought
         from the Court, that those rulings are inconsistent with EU law.
      
      B – Questions referred for a preliminary ruling
      36.      The first, second and third questions referred relate to the interpretation of the concept of the centre of a debtor’s main
         interests in Article 3(1) of the Insolvency Regulation; they can therefore be examined together (under 1 below). The third
         question referred is aimed at additionally defining more precisely the concept of establishment under Article 3(2) of the
         Insolvency Regulation (under 2 below).
      
       1. Concept of centre of main interests in Article 3(1) of the Insolvency Regulation
      37.      Article 3(1) determines international jurisdiction for opening insolvency proceedings. That provision provides that the courts
         of the Member State within the territory of which the centre of a debtor’s main interests is situated shall have jurisdiction
         to open insolvency proceedings.
      
      a)      Autonomous definition
      38.      By its first question referred, to begin with the referring court would like to know whether the concept of the centre of
         main interests should be defined autonomously for the purposes of the regulation or by reference to national law.
      
      39.      According to settled case-law, it follows from the requirements for uniform application of EU law and from the principle of
         equality that the terms of a provision of EU law which makes no express reference to the law of the Member States for the
         purpose of determining its meaning and scope must normally be given an autonomous and uniform interpretation throughout the
         European Union; that interpretation must take into account the context of the provision and the purpose of the legislation
         in question. (17)
      
      40.      Accordingly, the Court of Justice has also established already in Eurofood IFSC on Article 3(1) of the Insolvency Regulation that ‘the concept of the centre of main interests is peculiar to the Regulation.
         Therefore, it has an autonomous meaning and must therefore be interpreted in a uniform way, independently of national legislation.’ (18)
      
      b)      Determining the centre of main interests
      41.      In the case of a company or legal person, the place of the registered office shall be presumed to be the centre of its main
         interests in the absence of proof to the contrary. 
      
      42.      The referring court asks about the interpretation of the concept of the centre of main interests and about the criteria with
         which the presumption laid down in the second sentence of Article 3(1) can be rebutted.
      
      i)      The decisive time 
      43.      The facts of the present case are distinguished by two special features. Firstly, according to the statements made in the
         reference for a preliminary ruling, at the time the application for insolvency proceedings was filed the company concerned
         had already been closed down and struck off the register of companies in the United Kingdom for over a year. Secondly, prior
         to the winding-up phase, the company had transferred its registered office from Italy to the United Kingdom. Consequently,
         it is first of all necessary to consider what influence a transfer of the registered office has on determining jurisdiction.
         As a second step, it is then necessary to clarify what point in time should be taken for the purposes of determining the insolvency
         forum in which jurisdiction lies if the company has already been removed from the register of companies a considerable time
         prior to the application for insolvency proceedings being filed.
      
      44.      There is no express rule in Regulation No 1346/2000 which deals with the transfer of the registered office. Therefore in accordance
         with the general rule in Article 3 the last registered office should be taken as a basis unless the presumption in Article
         3(1) is rebutted by proof that the centre of main interests did not in fact follow the change of registered office, but remained
         in the State of departure. 
      
      45.      These consequences of a transfer of the registered office for determining which insolvency court has jurisdiction could certainly
         lead to disadvantages for creditors who had entered into their legal relationships with the debtor in the State of departure:
         at the time of entering into legal relationships with the debtor, the creditors would have assumed that any potential insolvency
         proceedings would be conducted in one place, which would no longer prove to be applicable after the transfer of the registered
         office. Therefore by taking into account a transfer of the registered office for the purposes of determining jurisdiction,
         the expectation of the creditors in the State of departure in this respect are not met. 
      
      46.      The provisions of the Insolvency Regulation on international jurisdiction are in fact based on the very aim of making it possible
         for potential creditors to be able to clearly identify in advance the legal system which would resolve any insolvency affecting
         their interests. (19) International jurisdiction, which pursuant to Article 4(1) also entails the application of the substantive insolvency laws
         of a given State, is based on a place known to the debtor’s potential creditors, thus enabling the legal risks which would
         have to be assumed in the case of insolvency to be calculated. (20)
      
      47.      The fact that in the event of a change of registered office international jurisdiction for insolvency proceedings may however
         subsequently move is nevertheless consciously accepted by the regulation. Unlike the provisions in some national legal systems,
         or in the draft of an EC Insolvency Convention from 1980, (21) it does not contain any specific provision for the event of a transfer of the registered office, pursuant to which for a
         transitional period after the transfer of the registered office the courts of the State of departure also continue to have
         jurisdiction.
      
      48.      On the contrary, by basing itself solely on the centre of main interests and its effective transfer accordingly also resulting
         in a change in the international jurisdiction for insolvency proceedings, the Insolvency Regulation instead logically takes
         into account the basic freedom of establishment, which would be at least indirectly affected by a more restrictive provision.
         Essentially, for that reason it may also not be demanded that the new registered office must have existed for a certain period
         before an application for insolvency proceedings is filed. The question of whether in exceptional cases – direct correlation
         in terms of timing between the transfer of the registered office and the application for insolvency proceedings being filed
         – a different rule must apply does not need to be considered here, since there was over a year between the transfer of the
         registered office and the application for insolvency proceedings.
      
      49.      It remains to be considered below what point in time should be taken as a basis if at the time the insolvency application
         is filed the company has already been removed from the register of companies.
      
      50.      The Court of Justice has decided, in connection with a transfer of a registered office which took place after filing an application for insolvency proceedings but before the proceedings were opened, that the State of departure retains
         jurisdiction to open those proceedings. (22) Accordingly, in essence the time of filing the application for insolvency proceedings is decisive for the purposes of assessing
         the centre of main interests.
      
      51.      However, in a case such as the present one, in which the company has already been wound up and removed from the register for
         some time at the time the application for insolvency proceedings is filed, on the face of it the problem arises when taking
         the time of filing the application for insolvency proceedings as a basis, that at the time the application is filed the company
         no longer has any interests within the meaning of Regulation No 1346/2000, because it no longer exists.
      
      52.      This problem could be solved by only taking the registered office as a basis in such a case and no longer permitting the presumption
         to be rebutted: a company still has a registered office after it has been wound up. Then for a company which has been wound
         up, without exception, the Member State of the registered office would have jurisdiction in respect of the insolvency proceedings.
      
      53.      However, the result of this ad hoc approach is unconvincing. It may be argued in its favour that, even in the case of a liquidation
         company, the registered office is also easily ascertainable and that basing jurisdiction on that registered office accordingly
         ensures legal certainty. It may be said against this approach, however, that its consequence would be that even in cases in
         which the company’s centre of main interests prior to its removal from the register had never been located at the place of
         its registered office, the latter would nevertheless establish jurisdiction. However, this approach should be rejected, since
         by using the concept of the centre of main interests, the regulation aims to base jurisdiction on the place which is identifiable
         by its creditors as being the place with which the company objectively demonstrates the closest links. If the registered office
         of the active company constituted a mere letterbox and the centre of its main interests therefore lay in another place, it
         is not appropriate to nevertheless then base jurisdiction on the registered office after the removal of the company from the
         register. 
      
      54.      Consequently, even in the case of a company which has been closed down, the presumption in Article 3(1) can still be rebutted
         if it is proven that prior to closing down, the company did not have the centre of its main interests in the State of the
         registered office. Then the place of the last centre of its main interests prior to closing down is decisive. The period which
         should be taken as a basis for these purposes must be ascertained by means of an evaluatory overall assessment from the creditors’
         perspective.
      
      ii)    Interpretation of the concept of ‘centre of main interests’
      55.      Next it is necessary to examine which criteria determine the centre of a debtor’s main interests within the meaning of Article
         3(1) of the Insolvency Regulation.
      
      56.      Regrettably, there is no definition of centre of main interests in Article 2 of the regulation, which defines the most important
         concepts in the regulation. The Committee on Citizens’ Freedoms and Rights, Justice and Home Affairs rightly criticised that
         during the legislative procedure. (23) Only recital 13 of the regulation states that the centre of main interests ‘should correspond to the place where the debtor
         conducts the administration of his interests on a regular basis and is therefore ascertainable by third parties’.
      
      57.      With reference to recital 13, in Eurofood IFSC the Court of Justice took into consideration ‘that the centre of main interests must be identified by reference to criteria
         that are both objective and ascertainable by third parties. That objectivity and that possibility of ascertainment by third
         parties are necessary in order to ensure legal certainty and forseeability concerning the determination of the court with
         jurisdiction to open main insolvency proceedings’. (24) The Court of Justice emphasised the importance of legal certainty and forseeability specifically against the background that
         pursuant to Article 4(1) of the regulation, determining the Member State with jurisdiction also determines the applicable
         law.
      
      58.      Therefore the presumption laid down in Article 3 in favour of the registered office can be rebutted only if factors which
         are both objective and ascertainable by third parties enable it to be established that an actual situation exists which is
         different from that which locating it at that registered office is deemed to reflect. (25) As a possible example of a rebuttal of the presumption, the Court of Justice cited the case of a letterbox company not carrying
         out any business in the territory of the Member State in which its registered office is situated. (26)
      
      59.      The Corte di Cassazione referred in its decision issued in relation to the interim proceedings to the fact that after the
         transfer of its registered office Interedil had not carried on any business activity in the United Kingdom, had not carried
         out any transactions there and had not even carried out winding-up activities there: in fact, it said, the centre of the administration
         and organisation had not been transferred to London at all. 
      
      60.      In relation to a company which does not carry on any business activity or any administrative activity at all in the State
         of the registered office, the presumption in Article 3 of the regulation could indeed be rebutted.
      
      61.      However, the second question referred implies that the referring court does not proceed on the basis that Interedil did not
         carry on any activity at all at its new registered office in London. Therefore, unlike in the case of a mere letterbox firm,
         which was cited as a possible example for the rebuttal of the presumption in the Eurofood IFSC case, the further question arises as to how the centre of main interests should be defined more precisely now. 
      
      62.      A consideration of the legislative background to the regulation is not particularly helpful in this respect: such a consideration
         establishes that the specific terminology was even the subject of dispute during the legislative process. The starting point
         was an initiative of Germany and Finland, reproducing the EU Convention on insolvency proceedings which did not enter into
         force. (27) Recital 13 of that proposal still contained a more comprehensive definition of the concept of centre of main interests. There
         it was stated: ‘the centre of main interests is taken as meaning a place with which a debtor regularly has very close contacts,
         in which his manifold commercial interests are concentrated and in which the bulk of his assets is for the most part situated.
         The creditor is also very familiar with that place’. The Luxembourg delegation criticised the fact that this made the assets
         the focal point, rather than, as it favoured, the debtor’s activities or the administration of his assets. (28)
      
      63.      After an amended draft (29) by the General Secretariat of the Council was also critically received, (30) the legislature decided to adopt the first sentence of point 75 of the explanatory report on the Insolvency Convention (31) as recital 13 and accordingly took as a basis the place where the administration of interests is conducted. 
      
      64.      With all this lack of conceptual clarity, the Court of Justice rightly based its judgment in Eurofood IFSC conclusively on the creditors’ perspective. (32) In so doing, it took as a basis the wording of recital 13, which talks about the centre of main interests being ascertainable
         by third parties. It should be possible for potential creditors to know from the outset which Member State – according to
         the status quo – has jurisdiction in respect of insolvency proceedings and consequently at the same time which law would govern
         any such proceedings.
      
      65.      Accordingly, in order to establish the centre of commercial interests, a comprehensive overall assessment must be made from
         the creditors’ perspective. As Advocate General Jacobs emphasised in his Opinion in Eurofood IFSC, for these purposes each case should be decided on its specific circumstances. (33)
      
      66.      Therefore a universally applicable isolated assessment of individual factors is ruled out from the outset. Neither the location
         of immovable property of the insolvency debtor, nor the location of rented property in relation to which it has concluded
         lease agreements with another company, nor the existence of a contract between the insolvent company and a banking institution
         situated in a certain Member State constitute in themselves factors which make it possible to conclusively determine the centre
         of main interests. 
      
      67.      As the consideration of the legislative background has shown, the legislature also refrained from taking assets as a focal
         point for the purposes of defining the centre of main interests. Therefore merely taking as a basis the location of the substantial
         assets of the company is ruled out. This also appears convincing for the reason that it is often not straightforward for third
         parties to identify where most of a debtor’s assets are located, particularly if they are distributed amongst several Member
         States.
      
      68.      Proceeding on the basis of the rebuttable presumption in Article 3(1) and the wording of recital 13, which is based on the
         administration of interests, the overall assessment which is necessary must instead always include which activities it is
         possible for third parties to objectively identify as being carried on by the company in the place of its registered office.
      
      69.      According to the scheme of the regulation, if the central administration of a company is located at the place of its registered
         office, that means that its management is based there and the latter steers the affairs of the company from there and acts
         in a way which is identifiable to the outside world, where the substantial assets or places of business of the company are
         located being of no significance for the purpose of determining jurisdiction. The presumption in Article 3(1) and its reference
         to the registered office is based on the intention to determine the place of the central administration of the company, which
         is typically situated there, as being a connecting factor which is also identifiable for third parties. The explanatory report
         on the Convention, from which the formulation of recital 13 originates, proceeds on the basis that the registered office usually
         coincides with the debtor’s principal place of business. (34) Therefore if the central administration is in fact located at the registered office, a different location of the main interests
         is ruled out from the outset. 
      
      70.      A rebuttal of the presumption in Article 3(1) by also taking into account the location of the company’s assets, its places
         of business or even its commercial activities therefore only comes into consideration if from the creditors’ perspective the
         place of the central administration is not at the registered office. In those circumstances, if necessary further objective
         factors are required, also from the creditors’ viewpoint, in order to clarify jurisdiction for the insolvency proceedings.
         In this respect an evaluatory overall assessment of the individual case must be carried out. 
      
      71.      In the case in the main proceedings, after the transfer of its registered office the debtor appears to have carried out only
         winding-up activities. The legal transactions and acts carried out for the purposes of winding up a company are also in essence
         of relevance for the purposes of determining a company’s centre of main interests. Ultimately, even a company’s move to another
         Member State in order to wind itself up there is also covered by the basic freedoms in EU law. Hence in so far as the administration
         of these winding-up activities has been carried out from the new registered office, in a manner identifiable by third parties,
         then in the relevant period prior to the removal of the company from the register of companies, the administration of its
         main interests would have occurred at its registered office: consequently a rebuttal of the presumption in Article 3(1) would
         be ruled out.
      
      72.      For the purposes of the present case it is not necessary to consider the problem of a transfer of the centre of main interests
         in order to escape the provisions on insolvency or liability in the State of origin or in order to put available assets beyond
         the reach of the creditors. The issue of a potential misuse of rights in respect of a transfer gives rise to interesting questions
         in relation to the conflicting priorities between the basic freedoms of the debtor on the one hand and creditor protection
         and the avoidance of ‘forum shopping’ which is addressed in recital 4 of Regulation No 1346/2000 on the other hand. (35) However, since the referring court did not formulate a question on this topic and it is not possible to infer sufficient
         grounds to suggest misuse of rights from the facts of the case which have been outlined, the present case does not permit
         these questions to be determined conclusively.
      
      73.      Nor is it necessary – the referring court not having requested it – to examine a further aspect arising from the decision
         of the Corte di Cassazione in the main proceedings. In that judgment, reference is made to the fact that the transfer of the
         registered office was not communicated to the Italian register of companies. However, the reference for a preliminary ruling
         states that on 18 July 2001 Interedil Srl was removed from the Italian companies register. If a company is entered in the
         registers of two Member States at the time of filing the application for insolvency proceedings, questions could arise as
         to the appearance of legality when considering the situation from the creditors’ perspective. However, since the referring
         court proceeds on the basis that the company was removed from the Italian register, there are no grounds for considering this
         further here.
      
      c)      Interim conclusion
      74.      The answer to the first and the second questions referred and to the first part of the third question referred must therefore
         be as follows: 
      
      The concept of ‘the centre of a debtor’s main interests’ in Article 3(1) of Regulation No 1346/2000 has an autonomous meaning
         and must therefore be interpreted in a uniform way, independently of national legislation.
      
      75.      If a company has, in a Member State other than that in which it has its registered office, immovable property, a lease agreement
         concluded by the debtor company with another company in respect of two hotel complexes, and a contract with a banking institution,
         these are not as such sufficient factors to rebut the presumption laid down in Article 3(1) of Regulation No 1346/2000 that
         the place of the company’s ‘registered office’ is the centre of its main interests. An overall assessment is necessary, which
         evaluates the place at which the company administers its interests according to objective criteria which are at the same time
         ascertainable by third parties. If the central administration is in fact located at the registered office, then another location
         for the main interests is ruled out.
      
       2. Concept of establishment in Article 3(2) of the Insolvency Regulation
      76.      By the second part of its third question, the referring court alludes to the circumstances which must exist in order to be
         able to speak of an establishment within the meaning of Article 3(2) of the Insolvency Regulation. If it should in fact prove
         to be the case that Interedil did not have the centre of its interests in Italy and accordingly that the Italian courts did
         not have jurisdiction to open main insolvency proceedings, then there would at most be the possibility of conducting secondary
         insolvency proceedings in Italy. Pursuant to Article 3(2), a precondition to such proceedings is that Interedil possesses
         an establishment in Italy. Are the location of immovable property, a lease agreement in respect of two hotel complexes, and
         a contract with a banking institution sufficient for the existence of an establishment?
      
      77.      According to Article 2(h) of the Insolvency Regulation, establishment shall be taken to mean any place of operations where the debtor carries out a non-transitory economic activity with human means and goods. 
      
      78.      With this wording, the Insolvency Regulation adopted that of the Convention on insolvency proceedings of the Member States
         of the European Union of 23 November 1995. In the explanatory report it was stated in relation to this that: ‘“place of operations”
         describes a place at which economic activities, whether commercial or industrial or of a professional nature are carried on
         in the market (that is outwardly). The statement that the economic activity requires human means implies that a minimum level
         of organisation must exist. A place of operations at which an activity is only occasionally carried on may not be described
         as an establishment. A certain amount of permanence is required. ... How the activity appears to the outside world is decisive,
         not the purposes which the debtor pursues with this activity’. (36)
      
      79.      As with the rebuttal of the presumption pursuant to the second sentence of Article 3(1) of the regulation, the existence of
         assets alone is not in itself sufficient for Article 3(2). The referring court must instead examine whether human means and
         a minimum level of organisation existed there.
      
      80.      The answer to the second part of the third question referred must therefore be:
      
      If a company has, in a Member State other than that in which it has its registered office, immovable property, a lease agreement
         concluded by the debtor company with another company in respect of two hotel complexes, and a contract with a banking institution,
         this can only be sufficient for the company to be regarded as having an ‘establishment’ within the meaning of Article 3(2)
         of Regulation No 1346/2000, if these factors individually or as a whole, on the basis of a permanently established organisational
         structure, are embedded in a place of operations where the debtor carries out a non-transitory economic activity with human
         means and goods.
      
      V –  Conclusion
      81.      In the light of the foregoing considerations, I suggest that the Court should answer the request for a preliminary ruling
         as follows:
      
      (1)      The concept of ‘centre of a debtor’s main interests’ in Article 3(1) of Council Regulation (EC) No 1346/2000 of 29 May 2000
         on insolvency proceedings has an autonomous meaning and must therefore be interpreted in a uniform way, independently of national
         legislation.
      
      (2)      If a company has, in a Member State other than that in which it has its registered office, immovable property, a lease agreement
         concluded by the debtor company with another company in respect of two hotel complexes, and a contract with a banking institution,
         these are not as such sufficient factors or considerations to rebut the presumption laid down in Article 3(1) of Regulation
         No 1346/2000 that the place of the company’s ‘registered office’ is the centre of its main interests. What is necessary is
         an overall assessment which evaluates the place at which the company administers its interests according to objective criteria
         which are at the same time ascertainable by third parties. If the central administration is in fact located at the registered
         office, then another location for the main interests is ruled out.
      
      (3)      If a company has, in a Member State other than that in which it has its registered office, immovable property, a lease agreement
         concluded by the debtor company with another company in respect of two hotel complexes, and a contract with a banking institution,
         these factors can only be sufficient for the company to be regarded as having an ‘establishment’ within the meaning of Article 3(2)
         of Regulation No 1346/2000, if these factors, individually or as a whole, on the basis of a permanently established organisational
         structure, are embedded in a place of operations where the debtor carries out a non-transitory economic activity with human
         means and goods.
      
      (4)      It is not compatible with European Union law for a national court which is called upon to decide a case after a binding interim
         decision on jurisdiction by a higher court to be bound, in accordance with national procedural law, by legal rulings of the
         higher court, if it considers, having regard to the interpretation which it has sought from the Court, that those rulings
         are inconsistent with European Union law.
      
      1 –	Original language:  German.
      
      2 –	OJ 2000 L 160, p. 1. The regulation currently applies as amended by the Implementing Regulation of the Council (EU) No 210/2010
         of 25 February 2010.
      
      3 –	According to recital 33, the Insolvency Regulation does not apply to Denmark and applies in other respects subject to the
         restrictions of its Article 44 which regulates its relationship to other Conventions concluded by the Member States.
      
      4 –	Companies House.
      
      5 –	Registro delle imprese.
      
      6 –	The Tribunale di Bari appears to consider this removal to have been unlawful, though the precise reasons for this are not
         given.
      
      7 –	‘Chiusa e dunque cancellata dal Registro delle Imprese’.
      
      8 –	Case C–341/04 [2006] ECR I–3813.
      
      9 –	According to Article 18 of the Italian Law on insolvency (Legge Fallimentare) in the version of the Decreto Legislativo
         No 169 of 12 September 2007 the decision of the Tribunale di Bari may be appealed. 
      
      10 –	In relation to the transitional regime see footnote 4 to my Opinion in Case C‑283/09 Weryński [2010] ECR I‑601.
      
      11 –	Weryński, paragraph 30; see also in relation to this points 23 to 25 of my Opinion in Weryński (cited in footnote 10,).
      
      12 –	Weryński, paragraph 31.
      
      13 –	This is settled case-law, see only Case C‑77/09 Gowan ComércioInternacional e Serviços [2010] ECR I‑ 13533, paragraph 25.
      
      14 –	Case C‑173/09 Elchinov [2010] ECR I‑8889, paragraph 25.
      
      15 –	Elchinov (cited in footnote 13, paragraph 31, with reference to Case 106/77 Simmenthal [1978] ECR 629, paragraph 24, and Case C‑314/08 Filipiak [2009] ECR I‑11049, paragraph 81).
      
      16 –	To this effect, see Elchinov (cited in footnote 14, paragraph 31).
      
      17 –	Case C‑174/08 NCC Construction Danmark [2009] ECR I‑10567, paragraph 24 with further references.
      
      18 –	Cited above in footnote 8, paragraph 31.
      
      19 –	See Opinion of Advocate General Jacobs Eurofood IFSC, cited above in footnote 8, point 118.
      
      20 –	Opinion of Advocate General Jacobs in Eurofood IFSC, cited above in footnote 8, point 122.
      
      21 –	See Article 6f of the draft Convention on Insolvency Proceedings from 1980 (Übereinkommens über den Konkurs, Vergleich
         und ähnliche Verfahren von 1980, EG-Dok. III/D/72/80-DE, printed in: Gerhard Kegel (publisher) and Jürgen Thieme (editor),
         Vorschläge und Gutachten zum Entwurf eines EG-Konkursübereinkommens, Tübingen 1988).
      
      22 –	Case C‑1/04 Staubitz-Schreiber [2006] ECR I‑701, paragraph 29.
      
      23 –	Contained in the report on the proposal for a council regulation on insolvency proceedings of the Committee on Legal Affairs
         and the Internal Market (rapporteur Kurt Lechner), Document A5-0039/2000, where it was proposed that the following definition
         should be incorporated in Article 2 of the regulation: ‘“centre of main interests”: the place where the debtor has his main
         commercial interests and carries on other economic activities and with which he therefore has very close contacts.’
      
      24 –	Eurofood IFSC, cited above in footnote 8, paragraph 33.
      
      25 –	Eurofood IFSC, cited above in footnote 8, paragraph 34).
      
      26 –	Eurofood IFSC, cited above in footnote 8, paragraph 34 and 35.
      
      27 –	Initiative of the Federal Republic of Germany and the Republic of Finland with a view to the adoption of a Council Regulation
         on insolvency proceedings, submitted to the Council on 26 May 1999 (OJ 1999 C 221, p. 8).
      
      28 –	Comments from the Luxembourg delegation, Council document No 10342/99 of 20 July 1999.
      
      29 –	See Council document No 9934/1/99 of 29 July 1999 and for a further reformulation, Council document No 9934/2/99 of 22
         October 1999.
      
      30 –	Thus for example the British delegation criticised the fact that the definition was problematic since a debtor might carry
         on his interests from various places and the criteria for determining the ‘main’ interests were also unclear (see Council
         document No 10683/99 of 13 September 1999).
      
      31 –	M. Virgós and E. Schmit, Report of the Convention on Insolvency Procedures, Council of the European Union (Doc 6500/1/96
         REV 1, paragraph 75).
      
      32 –	For these purposes, a broad understanding of the concept of creditor is assumed, which may also include the employee of
         an undertaking.
      
      33 –	Point 125 of the Opinion of Advocate General Jacobs in Eurofood IFSC, cited above in footnote 8.
      
      34 –	Explanatory report (cited in footnote 31, paragraph 75).
      
      35 –	See also, on this point, Case C‑212/97 Centros [1999] ECR I‑1459; Case C‑208/00 Überseering [2002] ECR I‑9919; and Case C‑167/01 Inspire Art [2003] ECR I‑10155.
      
      36 –	Explanatory report (cited in footnote 31, paragraph 71).