CELEX: 62001TJ0168
Language: en
Date: 2006-09-27
Title: Judgment of the Court of First Instance (Fourth Chamber, extended composition) of 27 September 2006. # GlaxoSmithKline Services Unlimited v Commission of the European Communities. # Competition - Wholesale distribution of medicines - Parallel trade - Differentiated prices - Article 81(1) EC - Agreement - Restriction of competition - Object - Relevant market - Effect - Article 81(3) EC - Contribution to the promotion of technical progress - No elimination of competition - Evidence - Statement of reasons - Subsidiarity. # Case T-168/01.

Case T‑168/01
      GlaxoSmithKline Services Unlimited
      v
      Commission of the European Communities
      (Competition – Wholesale distribution of medicines – Parallel trade – Differentiated prices – Article 81(1) EC – Agreement – Restriction of competition – Object – Relevant market – Effect – Article 81(3) EC – Contribution to the promotion of technical progress – No elimination of competition – Proof – Statement of reasons – Subsidiarity)
      Judgment of the Court of First Instance (Fourth Chamber, Extended Composition), 27 September 2006 
      Summary of the Judgment
      1.     Acts of the institutions – Statement of reasons – Obligation – Scope – Judicial review
      (Art. 253 EC)
      2.     Actions for annulment – Pleas in law – Lack of or inadequate statement of reasons – Distinction from challenge to merits of
            the grounds 
      (Arts 230 EC and 253 EC)
      3.     Actions for annulment – Commission decision adopted on the basis of Article 81(1) EC – Complex economic assessment – Judicial
            review – Limits 
      (Arts 81(1) EC and 230 EC)
      4.     Actions for annulment – Subject-matter – Decision applying Article 81 EC – Acceptable evidence 
      (Arts 81 EC and 230 EC)
      5.     Competition – Community rules – Substantive scope – Conduct imposed by national measures – Not included – Evaluation of actual
            scope for free competition 
      (Art. 81(1) EC)
      6.     Competition – Agreements, decisions and concerted practices – Agreements between undertakings – Concept – Covering only bilateral
            or multilateral conduct – Existence of a joint intention as to the conduct to be adopted on the market – Sufficient condition
            
      (Art. 81(1) EC)
      7.     Competition – Agreements, decisions and concerted practices – Agreements between undertakings – Burden of proving the infringement
            borne by the Commission – Evidence of having distanced itself from the agreement borne by the undertaking relying on its intention
            to do so 
      (Art. 81(1) EC)
      8.     Competition – Community rules – Substantive scope – Sector of medicines reimbursed by the national sickness insurance scheme
            – Included notwithstanding national intervention in matters of prices 
      (Art. 81(1) EC)
      9.     Competition – Agreements, decisions and concerted practices – Adverse effect on competition – Criteria for assessment – Assessment
            by reference to the economic and legal context – Anti-competitive object rendering proof of anti-competitive effects unnecessary
            
      (Arts 3(1)(g) EC and 81(1) EC)
      10.   Competition – Agreements, decisions and concerted practices – Adverse effect on competition – Agreements intended to limit
            parallel trade – Criteria for assessment – Taking into account of effects for final consumers – Presumption of anti-competitive
            object – Limits – Sector of medicines reimbursed by the sickness insurances scheme – Not included 
      (Art. 81(1) EC)
      11.   Competition – Agreements, decisions and concerted practices – Adverse effect on competition – Application of unequal conditions
            to equivalent services – System of differentiated prices – Assessment – Need to take account of the different regulatory framework
            depending on the Member States – Circumstance of medicines reimbursed by the national sickness insurance schemes
      (Art. 81(1)(d) EC)
      12.   Community law – Principles – Principle of subsidiarity – Application in the sphere of competition – Requirement of an effect
            on trade between Member States 
      (Arts 5, second para., EC and 81(1) EC)
      13.   Competition – Agreements, decisions and concerted practices – Not allowed – Exemption – Conditions – Burden of proof – Scope
            – Examination by the Commission 
      (Art. 81(3) EC)
      14.   Competition – Agreements, decisions and concerted practices – Not allowed – Exemption – Conditions – Complex economic assessment
            – Discretion of the Commission – Judicial review – Limits 
      (Art. 81(3) EC)
      15.   Competition – Agreements, decisions and concerted practices – Not allowed – Exemption – Conditions – Improvement in the production
            or distribution of goods or promotion of technical or economic progress – Appreciable objective advantages of such a kind
            as to offset the disadvantages of the agreement for competition – Examination by the Commission 
      (Art. 81(3) EC)
      16.   Actions for annulment – Action against a Commission decision on a request for negative clearance or exemption under Regulation
            No 17 – Judgment annulling act – Effects 
      (Art. 233, first para., EC; Council Regulations No 17 and No 1/2003)
      1.     Article 253 EC states, in particular, that decisions adopted by the Commission are to state the reasons on which they are
         based.
      
      In order to state the reasons to the requisite legal standard, a decision of the Commission must disclose clearly the reasoning
         followed by that institution in such a way as to enable the persons concerned to understand the basis for it and the Court
         to ascertain whether it is well founded. On the other hand, such a decision is not required to go into all the relevant facts
         and points of law, since the question of compliance with Article 253 EC is assessed by reference to both the wording of the
         measure and its legal and factual context.
      
      The need to state the reasons for its decisions therefore does not place the Commission under any general obligation to refer
         to a specific judicial decision in the decisions which it adopts.
      
      (see paras 49-51)
      2.     The examination of the existence and the scope of the reasons on which a Commission decision is based forms part of the review
         of essential procedural requirements and of the formal legality of that decision. It must therefore be distinguished from
         the examination of the merits of the grounds of the decision, which forms part of the review of its substantive legality.
      
      (see para. 54)
      3.     When it is dealing with an application for annulment of a Commission decision applying Article 81(1) EC, the Community judicature
         carries out, in accordance with Article 230 EC, a review of the lawfulness of that decision.
      
      In that regard, the Court must undertake a comprehensive review of the examination carried out by the Commission, unless that
         examination entails a complex economic assessment, in which case review by the Court is confined to ascertaining that there
         has been no misuse of powers, that the rules on procedure and on the statement of reasons have been complied with, that the
         facts have been accurately stated and that there has been no manifest error of assessment of those facts.
      
      (see paras 57, 145)
      4.     Review by the Court dealing with an action for annulment of a decision applying Article 81 EC is carried out solely by reference
         to the elements of fact and of law existing on the date of adoption of the contested decision, without prejudice to the possibility
         afforded to the parties, in the exercise of their rights of defence, to supplement them by evidence established after that
         date but for the specific purpose of contesting or defending that decision.
      
      (see paras 58, 245)
      5.     Article 81(1) EC applies only to anti-competitive conduct engaged in by undertakings on their own initiative.
      Where, in order to decide whether that provision is applicable, it is necessary first to evaluate the possible impact of national
         regulations, it must be determined whether those regulations leave any scope for competition that might be prevented, restricted
         or distorted by autonomous conduct on the part of undertakings.
      
      Where it is clear, following that evaluation, that the regulations in question require that undertakings engage in anti-competitive
         conduct, or eliminate any possibility of competitive activity on their part, Article 81(1) EC does not apply.
      
      Where, on the other hand, it is clear that those regulations do leave scope for competition that might be prevented, restricted
         or distorted by autonomous conduct on the part of undertakings, Article 81(1) EC does apply.
      
      The possibility of excluding particular anti-competitive conduct from the scope of that provision on the ground that it is
         required by national regulations has been applied restrictively by the Community Courts.
      
      (see paras 66-70)
      6.     Article 81(1) EC applies only to bilateral or multilateral conduct on the part of undertakings and such conduct may take the
         form of agreements, concerted practices or decisions of associations.
      
      In order for there to be an agreement, it is sufficient that at least two undertakings have expressed their joint intention
         to conduct themselves on the market in a specific way.
      
      While it is therefore essential that the decisions in which the Commission applies Article 81(1) EC show the existence of
         a joint intention to act on the market in a specific way, those decisions are not required to establish the existence of a
         joint intention to pursue an anti-competitive aim.
      
      (see paras 75-77)
      7.     It is for the Commission to prove the infringements which it finds by adducing, in the decisions in which it applies the competition
         rules, precise and coherent evidence demonstrating convincingly the existence of the facts constituting those infringements.
      
      That evidence may consist of direct evidence, taking the form, for example, of a written document, or, failing that, indirect
         evidence, for example in the form of conduct.
      
      Where the Commission has adduced evidence of the existence of an agreement, it is for an undertaking which has taken part
         in that agreement and denies having committed an infringement to adduce evidence that it distanced itself from that agreement,
         evidence which must demonstrate a clear intention, brought to the notice of the other participating undertakings, to withdraw
         from that agreement.
      
      (see paras 82-83, 86)
      8.     The sector of medicines reimbursed by the national sickness insurance scheme continues to be characterised, in a number of
         Member States, by the existence of regulations which go beyond the mere regulation of an economic activity, in particular
         in matters of prices. The coexistence of those different national regulations may distort competition. It tends, moreover,
         to favour a certain partitioning of the national markets on that point.
      
      However, it is only where the sector in which the agreement is applied is subject to regulations which preclude the possibility
         of competition that might be prevented, distorted or restricted by that agreement that Article 81(1) EC is inapplicable.
      
      In the sector in question, there may be competition between a producer and his distributors, or between parallel traders and
         national distributors, which specifically takes advantage of the significant differences in price to which the national regulations
         in question contribute and which, where the medicines are protected by a patent which confers a temporary monopoly on its
         holder, is, until the expiry of that patent, the only form of price competition envisageable in respect of them.
      
      (see paras 104-107)
      9.     The competition referred to in Article 3(1)(g) EC and Article 81 EC is taken to mean effective competition, that is to say,
         the degree of competition necessary to ensure the attainment of the objectives of the Treaty. Its intensity may vary to an
         extent dictated by the nature of the product concerned and the structure of the relevant market. Furthermore, its parameters
         may assume unequal importance, as price competition does not constitute the only effective form of competition or that to
         which absolute priority must in all circumstances be given.
      
      Consequently, the characterisation of a restriction of competition within the meaning of Article 81(1) EC must take account
         of the actual framework and, therefore, of the legal and economic context in which the agreement to which that restriction
         is imputed is deployed. Such an obligation is imposed for the purpose of ascertaining both the object and the effect of the
         agreement.
      
      Thus, when examination of the clauses of an agreement, carried out in their legal and economic context, reveals in itself
         the existence of an alteration of competition, it may be presumed that that agreement has as its object the prevention, restriction
         or distortion of competition, so that there is no need to examine its effect.
      
      Where that is not so, on the other hand, it is necessary to examine the effect of the agreement and to prove to the requisite
         legal standard that it actually or potentially prevents, restricts or distorts competition.
      
      (see paras 109-112)
      10.   Agreements which ultimately seek to prohibit parallel trade must in principle be regarded as having as their object the prevention
         of competition, while agreements that clearly intend to treat parallel trade unfavourably must in principle be regarded as
         having as their object the restriction of competition.
      
      However, the mere fact that an agreement is intended to restrict parallel trade is not sufficient to support the conclusion
         that there is an infringement of Article 81(1) EC. In effect, the objective assigned to that provision is to prevent undertakings,
         by restricting competition between themselves or with third parties, from reducing the welfare of the final consumer of the
         products in question.
      
      Consequently, the application of Article 81(1) EC cannot depend solely on the fact that an agreement is intended to limit
         parallel trade or to partition the common market, which leads to the conclusion that it affects trade between Member States,
         but also requires an analysis designed to determine whether it has as its object or effect the prevention, restriction or
         distortion of competition on the relevant market, to the detriment of the final consumer. That analysis, which may be abridged
         when the clauses of the agreement reveal in themselves the existence of an alteration of competition must, on the other hand,
         be supplemented, depending on the requirements of the case, where that is not so.
      
      While it is accepted that parallel trade must be given a certain protection, it is therefore not as such but in so far as
         it favours the development of trade, on the one hand, and the strengthening of competition, on the other hand, that is to
         say, in this second respect, in so far as it gives final consumers the advantages of effective competition in terms of supply
         or price. It is the repercussions which that restriction of parallel trade has or may have on one or other of the parameters
         of competition, such as the quantity in which a product is supplied or the price at which it is sold, that provides evidence
         of such a restriction of competition.
      
      Then, while it is accepted that an agreement intended to limit parallel trade must in principle be regarded as having as its
         object the restriction of competition, that applies in so far as the agreement may be presumed to deprive final consumers
         of those advantages.
      
      However, it cannot be presumed that agreements intended to hinder parallel imports of medicines have the effect of depriving
         final consumers of the advantages linked with those imports. In effect, the prices at which medicines are sold at retail level
         are subject to control by the Member States, which fix them directly or indirectly at what they deem to be the appropriate
         level, are determined at structurally different levels in the various Member States, so that it cannot be presumed that parallel
         trade has an impact on the retail prices charged to the final consumers of medicines reimbursed by the national sickness insurance
         scheme and thus confers on final consumers an appreciable advantage analogous to that which it would confer if those prices
         were determined by the free play of supply and demand.
      
      (see paras 115-122, 133-134, 140)
      11.   Where it is common ground that, in the case of a given product, in this instance medicines reimbursed by the national sickness
         insurance schemes, each of the Member States constitutes a distinct market, owing to the differences in the national regulations
         on the prices and the reimbursement of the medicines in question, the fact that different prices are charged depending on
         the Member State in which the medicines are intended to be resold and reimbursed is not sufficient to characterise discrimination
         for the purposes of Article 81(1)(d) EC.
      
      (see paras 178-179)
      12.   In the context of Article 81(1) EC, the principle of subsidiarity is given concrete form by the limitation of the prohibition
         contained therein to agreements between undertakings, decisions by associations of undertakings and concerted practices which
         may affect trade between Member States. Thus, where a series of objective factors of law or fact makes it possible to foresee
         with a sufficient degree of probability that such conduct may have an influence, direct or indirect, actual or potential,
         on the pattern of trade between Member States, that conduct must be regarded as capable of affecting trade between Member
         States, so that it is appropriate for the Community to take action, by reason of the scale and the effects of its action.
      
      Where that action takes the form of a Commission decision, the Commission is therefore acting in accordance with the principle
         of subsidiarity where it establishes to the requisite legal standard that trade between Member States is capable of being
         affected by the agreement between undertakings, the decision by an association of undertakings or the concerted practice the
         legality of which it is examining.
      
      (see paras 201-202)
      13.   Any agreement which restricts competition, whether by its effects or by its object, may in principle benefit from an exemption
         under Article 81(3) EC.
      
      The application of that provision is subject to certain conditions, satisfaction of which is both necessary and sufficient.
         First, the agreement concerned must contribute to improving the production or distribution of the goods in question, or to
         promoting technical or economic progress; second, consumers must be allowed a fair share of the resulting benefit; third,
         it must not impose on the participating undertakings any restrictions which are not indispensable; and, fourth, it must not
         afford them the possibility of eliminating competition in respect of a substantial part of the products in question.
      
      Consequently, an economic operator who relies on Article 81(3) EC must demonstrate that those conditions are satisfied, by
         means of convincing arguments and evidence.
      
      The Commission, for its part, must adequately examine those arguments and that evidence, that is to say, it must determine
         whether they demonstrate that the conditions for the application of Article 81(3) EC are satisfied. In certain cases, those
         arguments and that evidence may be of such a kind as to require the Commission to provide an explanation or justification,
         failing which it is permissible to conclude that the burden of proof borne by the person who relies on Article 81(3) EC has
         been discharged. In such a case the Commission must refute those arguments and that evidence.
      
      (see paras 233-236)
      14.   The Court dealing with an application for annulment of a decision applying Article 81(3) EC carries out, in so far as it is
         faced with complex economic assessments, a review confined, as regards the merits, to verifying whether the facts have been
         accurately stated, whether there has been any manifest error of appraisal and whether the legal consequences deduced from
         those facts were accurate.
      
      It is for the Court to establish not only whether the evidence relied on is factually accurate, reliable and consistent, but
         also whether it contains all the information which must be taken into account for the purpose of assessing a complex situation
         and whether it is capable of substantiating the conclusions drawn from it.
      
      On the other hand, it is not for the Court to substitute its own economic assessment for that of the institution which adopted
         the decision the legality of which it is requested to review.
      
      The Commission has, in particular, a margin of discretion which is subject to a restricted judicial review, in the operation
         consisting, once it has been ascertained that one of the criteria on which Article 81(3) EC makes provision for an exemption
         was satisfied, in weighing up the advantages expected from the implementation of the agreement and the disadvantages which
         the agreement entails for the final consumer owing to its impact on competition, which takes the form of a balancing exercise
         carried out in the light of the general interest appraised at Community level.
      
      (see paras 241-244)
      15.   In order to be capable of being exempted under Article 81(3) EC, an agreement must contribute to improving the production
         or distribution of goods or to promoting technical or economic progress. That contribution is not identified with all the
         advantages which the undertakings participating in the agreement derive from it as regards their activities, but with appreciable
         objective advantages, of such a kind as to offset the resulting disadvantages for competition.
      
      It is therefore for the Commission, in the first place, to examine whether the factual arguments and the evidence submitted
         to it show, in a convincing manner, that the agreement in question must enable appreciable objective advantages to be obtained,
         it being understood that these advantages may arise not only on the relevant market but also on other markets and that they
         are not required to be a direct consequence of the agreement.
      
      That approach may entail a prospective analysis, in which case it is appropriate to ascertain whether, in the light of the
         factual arguments and the evidence provided, it seems more likely either that the agreement in question must make it possible
         to obtain appreciable advantages or that it will not.
      
      In the affirmative, it is for the Commission, in the second place, to evaluate whether those appreciable objective advantages
         are of such a kind as to offset the disadvantages identified for competition in the context of the examination carried out
         under Article 81(1) EC.
      
      Last, where the Commission is required to determine whether the conditions for the application of Article 81(3) EC are satisfied
         in a legal and economic context, such as that characteristic of the pharmaceutical sector, where competition is distorted
         by the presence of national regulations, it must examine with particular attention the arguments and evidence submitted to
         it by the economic operator relying on Article 81(3) EC.
      
      (see paras 247-250, 276, 280, 298, 301)
      16.   Pursuant to the first paragraph of Article 233 EC, the Commission is required to take the necessary measures to comply with
         a judgment annulling a decision determining a request for exemption under Regulation No 17. 
      
      To that end, although the notification procedure provided for in Regulation No 17 no longer exists under Regulation No 1/2003
         on the implementation of the rules on competition laid down in Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty, it falls upon the Commission
         to rule on the request for exemption by reference to the date of that request, in so far as the request remains before it.
      
      (see paras 319-320)
JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE (Fourth Chamber, Extended Composition) 
      27 September 2006 (*)
      
      (Competition – Wholesale distribution of medicines – Parallel trade – Differentiated prices – Article 81(1) EC – Agreement – Restriction of competition – Object – Relevant market – Effect – Article 81(3) EC – Contribution to the promotion of technical progress – No elimination of competition – Evidence – Statement of reasons – Subsidiarity)
      In Case T‑168/01,
      GlaxoSmithKline Services Unlimited, formerly Glaxo Wellcome plc, established in Brentford, Middlesex (United Kingdom), represented by S. Martínez Lage, lawyer,
         I. Forrester QC, F. Depoortere, A. Schultz, T. Louko and I. Vandenborre, lawyers,
      
      applicant,
      v
      Commission of the European Communities, represented initially by P. Oliver, then by É. Gippini Fournier, acting as Agents,
      
      defendant,
      supported by 
      European Association of Euro Pharmaceutical Companies (EAEPC), established in Brussels (Belgium), represented initially by U. Zinsmeister and M. Lienemeyer, then by A. Martin‑Ehlers, and
         finally by M. Hartmann‑Rüppel, lawyers,
      
      by 
      Bundesverband der Arzneimittell-Importeure eV, established in Mülheim an der Ruhr (Germany), represented initially by M. Epping and W. Rehmann, then by W. Rehmann, lawyers,
      
      by
      Spain Pharma, SA, established in Madrid (Spain), represented by P. Muñoz Carpena, B. Ortúzar Somoza and R. Gutiérrez Sánchez, lawyers,
      
      and by 
      Asociación de exportadores españoles de productos farmacéuticos (Aseprofar), established in Madrid (Spain), represented initially by M. Araujo Boyd and R. Sanz, then by M. Araujo Boyd and J.L. Buendia
         Sierra, lawyers,
      
      interveners,
      APPLICATION for annulment of Commission Decision 2001/791/EC of 8 May 2001 relating to a proceeding pursuant to Article 81
         of the EC Treaty (Cases IV/36.957/F3 Glaxo Wellcome (notification), IV/36.997/F3 Aseprofar and Fedifar (complaint), IV/37.121/F3
         Spain Pharma (complaint), IV/37.138/F3 BAI (complaint) and IV/37.380/F3 EAEPC (complaint)) (OJ 2001 L 302, p. 1),
      
       
      THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES (Fourth Chamber, Extended Composition),
      composed of H. Legal, President, P. Lindh, I. Wiszniewska‑Białecka, V. Vadapalas and E. Moavero Milanesi, Judges,
      Registrar: C. Kristensen, Administrator,
      having regard to the written procedure and further to the hearing on 7 June 2006,
      delivers the following
      Judgment
       Legal and factual framework
       Community law
      1       Article 3(1)(g) EC provides that the activities of the Community are to include a system ensuring that competition in the
         internal market is not distorted.
      
      2       Article 81(1) EC provides, in particular, that all agreements between undertakings which may affect trade between Member States
         and which have as their object or effect the prevention, restriction or distortion of competition within the common market
         are to be prohibited as incompatible with the common market.
      
      3       Article 81(3) EC provides that the provisions of Article 81(1) EC may be declared inapplicable, inter alia, in the case of
         any agreement between undertakings which contributes to improving the distribution of goods or to promoting technical or economic
         progress, while allowing consumers a fair share of the resulting benefit, and which does not impose on the undertakings concerned
         restrictions which are not indispensable to the attainment of these objectives, or afford such undertakings the possibility
         of eliminating competition in respect of a substantial part of the products in question.
      
      4       On 21 December 1988, the Council, acting on the basis of Article 100a of the EC Treaty (now, after amendment, Article 95 EC),
         adopted Directive 89/105/EEC relating to the transparency of measures regulating the prices of medicines for human use and
         their inclusion in the scope of national health insurance systems (OJ 1989 L 40, p. 8). The objective of that directive is
         to obtain an overall view of pricing arrangements and of direct and indirect controls on the prices of medicines which the
         Member States have adopted in order to control public health expenditure on such products, and to eliminate disparities in
         such measures, which may hinder or distort intra-Community trade in medicines and thereby directly affect the functioning
         of the common market in medicines. To that end, it establishes, as a first step, a series of requirements intended to ensure
         that all concerned can verify that the national measures do not constitute quantitative restrictions on imports or exports
         or measures having equivalent effect thereto. However, those requirements are not to affect either the policies of those Member
         States, or national policies on price setting and on the determination of social security schemes, except as far as it is
         necessary to attain transparency. The period within which Member States were to comply with that directive expired on 31 December
         1989.
      
       Spanish law
      5       On 20 December 1990 the Kingdom of Spain adopted Ley 25/1990 del Medicamento (Law 25/1990 on medicines, BOE No 306 of 22 December
         1990, p. 2643; ‘Law 25/1990’). That law was amended, in particular, by Ley 66/1997 of 30 December 1997 (BOE No 313 of 31 December
         1997, p. 38517) and, during the administrative procedure which led to the adoption of the decision contested in the present
         case, by Ley 55/1999 of 30 December 1999 (BOE No 312 of 30 December 1997, p. 46095).
      
      6       On 23 February 1990, the Kingdom of Spain adopted Real Decreto 271/1990 de reorganización de la intervención de los precios
         de las especialidades farmacéuticas de uso humano (Royal Decree 271/1990 on the reorganisation of intervention in the prices
         of pharmaceutical products for human use) (BOE No 53 of 2 March 1990, p. 6086; ‘Decree 271/1990’). That decree was intended,
         in particular, to allow the Kingdom of Spain to comply with Directive 89/105/EEC.
      
      7       The provisions of Title VIII of Law 25/1990 and Decree 271/1990 establish, in particular, a system of intervention on the
         part of the Spanish Ministry of Health and Consumption and the Comisión Interministerial de Precios de los Medicamentos (Interministerial
         Commission on the prices of medicines) attached to it (together ‘the Spanish authorities’), on the maximum wholesale price
         of medicines reimbursed by the Spanish sickness insurance scheme.
      
       Background to the dispute
      8       The applicant, GlaxoSmithKline Services Unlimited (‘GSK’), formerly Glaxo Wellcome plc, is a company incorporated under the
         laws of England and Wales and having its registered office in Brentford (United Kingdom). The GlaxoSmithKline group, to which
         it belongs, is one of the world’s main producers of pharmaceutical products. The group was formed following a concentration
         between Glaxo Wellcome plc and Smithkline Beecham plc, a transaction which the Commission, by a decision of 8 May 2000 (Case
         N IV/M.1846 – Glaxo Wellcome/Smithkline Beecham), declared that it did not oppose. 
      
      9       Glaxo Wellcome, SA (‘GW’), a company incorporated under Spanish law and established in Madrid (Spain), is one of the Spanish
         subsidiaries of the GlaxoSmithKline group. Its main activity, directly and via its subsidiaries, is the development, manufacture
         and marketing of medicines in Spain.
      
      10     By letter of 6 March 1998, GW notified to the Commission a document entitled ‘General Sales Conditions of pharmaceutical specialities
         belonging to [GW] and its subsidiaries to authorised wholesalers’ (‘the General Sales Conditions’) with a view to obtaining
         negative clearance or an exemption pursuant to Council Regulation No 17 of 6 February 1962, First Regulation implementing
         Articles [81] and [82] of the Treaty (OJ, English Special Edition 1959-62, p. 87). By letter of 28 July 1998, GSK sent a supplementary
         notification to the Commission. 
      
      11     The General Sales Conditions apply to 82 medicines intended for sale to wholesalers established in Spain with whom GW has
         commercial relations in Spain outside any distribution network. Those wholesalers may intend to resell the medicines to Spanish
         hospitals or to Spanish pharmacies, which dispense them to patients on presentation of a medical prescription. They may also
         intend to resell them in other Member States, through parallel trade, in which they engage on account of price differentials.
         The 82 medicines to which the General Sales Conditions apply include eight medicines which, according to GSK, are prime candidates
         for parallel trade, principally between Spain and the United Kingdom. Those medicines are: 
      
      –       an anti-allergy, Beconase;
      –       five anti-asthma products, Becloforte, Becotide, Flixotide, Serevent and Ventolín;
      –       an anti-epileptic, Lamictal;
      –       an anti-migraine, Imigran.
      12     For all 82 medicines concerned, Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions provides for two different prices, ‘the Clause 4
         A price’ and ‘the Clause 4 B price’. Clause 4 is worded as follows:
      
      ‘(A) Pursuant to the provisions of subsections 1 (first paragraph) and 2 of Article 100 of [Law 25/1990], the price of pharmaceutical
         products of [GW] and its subsidiary companies shall, in no event, exceed the maximum industrial price, established by the
         Spanish health authorities when the two factors which allow for the application of the said legal rules are present, namely:
      
      –       that the aforementioned pharmaceutical products are financed by the funds of the Spanish Social Security or by Spanish public
         funds,
      
      –       that the acquired pharmaceutical products are subsequently marketed at a national level i.e. through pharmacies or Spanish
         hospitals.
      
      (B) In the absence of one of these two factors (i.e. in all cases where Spanish law gives full freedom to the laboratories
         to set the prices of their pharmaceutical products themselves), [GW] and its subsidiaries will fix the price of their pharmaceutical
         products according to real, objective and non-discriminatory economic criteria and completely irrespective of the destination
         of the product determined by the purchasing warehouse. In particular, [GW] and its subsidiary companies will apply to their
         pharmaceutical products the price which, on the basis of their internal economic surveys, had been initially proposed to the
         Spanish health authorities and objectively updated taking account of the increase in the cost of living in accordance with
         the provisions of subsections 1 (first paragraph) and 2 of Article 100 of [Law 25/1990] and other prior Spanish legislation
         concerning setting of prices of medicines.’
      
      13     By letters of 6 March 1998, GW sent the General Sales Conditions to 89 wholesalers established in Spain. Those letters contain,
         in particular, the following:
      
      ‘Important: As proof of acceptance, please return to us a copy of the attached document duly signed. This should be in our
         possession before 13 March 1998’.
      
      14     Seventy-five wholesalers, with sales accounting for more than 90% of GW’s total sales in Spain in 1998, did as requested.
      15     The General Sales Conditions entered into force on 9 March 1998.
      16     Their lawfulness was subsequently disputed before the Spanish Competition Authority and the Spanish courts by two Spanish
         trade associations, Asociación de Exportadores Españoles de Productos Farmacéuticos (Aseprofar) and Asociación de Empresarios
         de Cooperativas Farmacéuticas, and also by a Spanish wholesaler, Spain Pharma, SA.
      
      17     In addition, a number of complaints that the General Sales Conditions infringed Article 81(1) EC were lodged with the Commission
         by Aseprofar, supported by another Spanish trade association, Federación Nacional de Asociaciones de Mayoristas Distribuidores
         de Especialidades Farmacéuticas y Productos Parafarmacéuticos (Fedifar), by Spain Pharma and by two other trade associations,
         the Bundesverband der Arzneimittel-Importeure eV (‘BAI’) and the European Association of Euro Pharmaceutical Companies (EAEPC).
         
      
      18     On 8 May 2001, the Commission adopted Decision 2001/791/EC relating to a proceeding pursuant to Article 81 of the EC Treaty
         (Cases: IV/36.957/F3 Glaxo Wellcome (notification), IV/36.997/F3 Aseprofar and Fedifar (complaint), IV/37.121/F3 Spain Pharma
         (complaint), IV/37.138/F3 BAI (complaint), IV/37.380/F3 EAEPC (complaint)) (OJ 2001 L 302, p. 1; ‘the Decision’).
      
      19     Article 1 of the Decision provides that GW ‘has infringed Article 81(1) [EC] by entering into an agreement with Spanish wholesalers
         operating a distinction between prices charged to wholesalers in the case of domestic resale of reimbursable drugs to pharmacies
         or hospitals and higher prices charged in the case of exports to any other Member State’.
      
      20     Article 2 of the Decision provides that the request for an exemption of the agreement is rejected.
      21     Articles 3 and 4 of the Decision order GW to bring the infringement to an end immediately and to inform the Commission of
         the steps which it has taken in order to do so.
      
       Procedure
      22     By application lodged at the Registry of the Court of First Instance on 23 July 2001, GSK brought the present action.
      23     By documents lodged at the Court Registry on 8, 12 and 16 November 2001, EAEPC, BAI, Spain Pharma and Aseprofar sought leave
         to intervene in support of the form of order sought by the Commission, in accordance with the second paragraph of Article
         40 of the Statute of the Court of Justice and Article 115(1) of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of First Instance.
      
      24     By documents lodged at the Court Registry on 28 November 2001, 14 December 2001 and 21 March 2002, GSK requested that certain
         items and secret or confidential information be excluded from the communication of the parties’ submissions to the persons
         granted leave to intervene in the proceedings, in accordance with Article 116(2) of the Rules of Procedure.
      
      25     By order of 27 November 2002, the President of the First Chamber granted the applications to intervene and reserved the decision
         on the merits of the requests for confidential treatment.
      
      26     By order of 5 August 2003, the President of the First Chamber of the Court of First Instance granted in part the requests
         for confidential treatment and, for the remainder, rejected those requests.
      
      27     When the Judge-Rapporteur was assigned to the Fourth Chamber owing to the change in the composition of the Chambers of the
         Court of First Instance on 1 October 2003, the case was reallocated to that Chamber.
      
      28     By document lodged at the Court Registry on 25 March 2004, GSK requested that certain secret or confidential information be
         excluded from the communication to the interveners of its observations on the statements in intervention. That request was
         granted.
      
      29     By letter of 16 April 2004, the Court requested GSK and the Commission to produce certain documents and to answer a written
         question, on the basis of Articles 49 and 64 of the Rules of Procedure. The parties complied with those measures of organisation
         of procedure within the prescribed period.
      
      30     By document lodged at the Registry of the Court of First Instance on 7 May 2004, Spain Pharma requested permission, in accordance
         with Article 35(2) of the Rules of Procedure, to use the Spanish language in the oral procedure. After the parties had been
         heard, that request was granted.
      
      31     By documents lodged at the Registry of the Court of First Instance on 27 May and 22 June 2004, GSK requested that certain
         secret or confidential information be excluded from the communication to the interveners of its and the Commission’s answers
         to the Court’s requests of 16 April 2004. That request was granted.
      
      32     On 7 March 2006, the Court, in accordance with Article 14 of the Rules of Procedure and on a proposal from the Fourth Chamber,
         decided, after hearing the parties, to refer the case to the Fourth Chamber, Extended Composition.
      
      33     On 15 March 2006, the Court of First Instance (Fourth Chamber), after hearing the report of the Judge-Rapporteur, opened the
         oral procedure.
      
      34     By letters of 7 and 20 March 2006, the Court requested GSK, the Commission and the interveners to answer a number of written
         questions and to produce a document, pursuant to Articles 49 and 64 of the Rules of Procedure. The parties complied with those
         measures of organisation of procedure within the period prescribed for that purpose, with the exception of one question which
         GSK answered in a document lodged at the Court Registry on 6 June 2006. In the absence of any objections by the parties, who
         were invited to comment on that point at the hearing, that document was placed on the file.
      
      35     By a document lodged at the Court Registry on 28 April 2006, GSK requested that certain secret or confidential information
         be excluded from the communication to the interveners of its answers to the Court’s requests of 7 and 20 March 2006. That
         request was granted.
      
      36     By a document lodged at the Court Registry on 16 May 2000, Aseprofar requested leave to use Spanish during the oral procedure,
         in accordance with Article 35(2) of the Rules of Procedure. After hearing the parties, the Court granted that request.
      
      37     The parties submitted oral argument and their answers to the questions put by the Court at the hearing on 7 June 2006.
       Forms of order sought by the parties
      38     GSK claims that the Court should:
      –       annul the Decision;
      –       order the Commission to pay the costs.
      39     The Commission contends that the Court should:
      –       dismiss the application;
      –       order GSK to pay the costs.
      40     Aseprofar submits that the Court should:
      –       dismiss the application;
      –       order GSK to pay the costs, including those incurred by Aseprofar.
      41     BAI submits that the Court should:
      –       dismiss the application;
      –       order GSK to pay the costs, including those incurred by BAI.
      42     EAEPC submits that the Court should:
      –       dismiss the application;
      –       order GSK to pay the costs, including those incurred by EAEPC.
      43     Spain Pharma submits that the Court should:
      –       dismiss the application;
      –       order GSK to pay the costs, including those incurred by Spain Pharma.
       Law
      44     In support of the form of order which it seeks, GSK relies in substance on six pleas, which may be arranged according to whether
         they seek annulment in whole or, in the alternative, annulment in part of the Decision.
      
      45     In support of its principal claim, whereby it seeks annulment of Article 1 of the Decision, which finds an infringement of
         Article 81(1) EC, GSK puts forward three pleas in law, alleging, respectively:
      
      –       failure to state sufficient reasons;
      –       infringement of Article 81(1) EC;
      –       misuse of powers, breach of the principle of subsidiarity and infringement of Article 43 EC.
      46     In support of its alternative claim, whereby it seeks annulment of Article 2 of the Decision, which rejects its claim for
         an exemption under Article 81(3) EC, GSK relies on three pleas in law, alleging, respectively:
      
      –       failure to state sufficient reasons;
      –       infringement of Article 81(3) EC;
      –       breach of the principle of proportionality.
      I –  The pleas seeking annulment of Article 1 of the Decision 
      A –  The plea alleging inadequate reasoning
      1.     Arguments of the parties
      47     GSK claims, in substance, that the fact that the Decision makes no reference to the judgment of the Court of First Instance
         of 26 October 2000 in Case T-41/96 Bayer v Commission [2000] ECR II-3383 means that it is vitiated by inadequate reasoning.
      
      48     The Commission, supported by the interveners, contends that this plea is unfounded.
      2.     Findings of the Court
      49     Article 253 EC states, in particular, that decisions adopted by the Commission are to state the reasons on which they are
         based.
      
      50     In order to state the reasons to the requisite legal standard, a decision of the Commission must disclose clearly the reasoning
         followed by that institution in such a way as to enable the persons concerned to understand the basis for it and the Court
         to ascertain whether it is well founded. On the other hand, such a decision is not required to go into all the relevant facts
         and points of law, since the question of compliance with Article 253 EC is assessed by reference to both the wording of the
         measure and its legal and factual context (Case 2/56 Geitling v High Authority [1957] ECR 2, at 16, and Case T-171/02 Regione Autonoma della Sardegna v Commission [2005] ECR II-2123, paragraph 73).
      
      51     The need to state the reasons for its decisions therefore does not place the Commission under any general obligation to refer
         to a specific judicial decision in the decisions which it adopts.
      
      52     In the present case, GSK merely asserts that the Decision is vitiated by inadequate reasoning in that it does not refer to
         a judicial decision.
      
      53     Accordingly, the plea alleging that the reasoning on which the Decision is based is inadequate in that it does not refer to
         the judgment in Bayer v Commission, paragraph 47 above, must be rejected.
      
      54     In so far as GSK intends in reality, by this plea, to challenge the content of the Decision, it must be observed that the
         examination of the existence and the scope of the reasons on which a Commission decision is based forms part of the review
         of essential procedural requirements and of the formal legality of that decision. It must therefore be distinguished from
         the examination of the merits of the grounds of the decision, which forms part of the review of its substantive legality (Case
         C‑367/95 P Commission v Sytraval and Brink’s France [1998] ECR I-1719, paragraph 67, and Case T-93/02 Confédération nationale du Crédit Mutuel v Commission [2005] ECR II‑143, paragraph 67). To that extent, the plea is indissociable from the plea alleging infringement of Article
         81(1) EC, which will be examined below.
      
      B –  The plea alleging infringement of Article 81(1) EC
      1.     Preliminary considerations
      55     The application of Article 81(1) EC depends on a series of distinct conditions being satisfied (Case 56/65 Société technique minière [1966] ECR 235, at pp. 248 and 249, and Bayer v Commission, paragraph 47 above, paragraph 174), which must be proved by the person relying on that provision (Joined Cases C‑204/00 P,
         C‑205/00 P, C‑211/00 P, C‑213/00 P, C‑217/00 P and C‑219/00 P Aalborg Portland and Others v Commission [2004] ECR I‑123, paragraph 78). It is thus necessary to establish, first, that there is an agreement between undertakings,
         a concerted practice or a decision of an association of undertakings; second, that that agreement, concerted practice or decision
         has as its object or effect the restriction of competition to an appreciable extent; and, third, that trade between Member
         States must be capable of being affected, the purpose of that last requirement being solely to determine the application of
         Community law (Société technique minière, p. 249; Joined Cases C‑89/85, C‑104/85, C‑114/85, C‑116/85, C‑117/85 and C‑125/85 to C‑129/85 Ahlström Osakeyhtiö and Others v Commission [1993] ECR I‑1307, paragraph 176; and Bayer v Commission, paragraph 47 above, paragraph 174).
      
      56     In the present case, since GSK maintains that the Commission applied Article 81(1) to conduct not constituting an agreement
         within the meaning of that provision, that is to say, a restrictive agreement, it must be borne in mind that the question
         of the existence of an agreement between undertakings and the question of the restrictive nature of such agreement are distinct
         and must be examined separately (see, to that effect, Société technique minière, paragraph 55 above, pp. 248 and 249).
      
      57     In that regard, the Court hearing an application for annulment of a decision applying Article 81(1) EC must undertake a comprehensive
         review of the examination carried out by the Commission (Case 42/84 Remia and Others v Commission [1985] ECR 2545, paragraph 34, and Bayer v Commission, paragraph 47 above, paragraph 62), unless that examination entails a complex economic assessment, in which case review by
         the Court is confined to ascertaining that there has been no misuse of powers, that the rules on procedure and on the statement
         of reasons have been complied with, that the facts have been accurately stated and that there has been no manifest error of
         assessment of those facts (Remia and Others v Commission, paragraph 34, and Aalborg Portland and Others v Commission, paragraph 55 above, paragraph 279).
      
      58     Furthermore, that review is carried out solely by reference to the elements of fact and of law existing on the date of adoption
         of the contested decision (Joined Cases 15/76 and 16/76 France v Commission [1979] ECR 321, paragraph 7, and Case T-395/94 Atlantic Container Line and Others v Commission [2002] ECR II-875, paragraph 252), without prejudice to the possibility afforded to the parties, in the exercise of their
         rights of defence, of supplementing them by evidence established after that date, but for the specific purpose of contesting
         or defending that decision (Case T-87/05 EDP v Commission [2005] ECR II-0000, paragraph 158; see also, to that effect, Case 75/84 Metro v Commission [1986] ECR 3021 (‘Metro II’), paragraphs 75 and 78, and Atlantic Container Lines and Others v Commission, cited above, paragraph 254). 
      
      59     In the present case, it follows that the elements of fact that did not exist on the date of adoption of the Decision, in particular
         the figures relating to the period 2001/2005, and the evidence which did not exist at that date and which was not established
         for the specific purpose of contesting or defending the Decision in so far as it concludes that there was an infringement,
         in particular the studies generally covering the effects of parallel trade in medicines in the Community, other than those
         produced during the administrative procedure, must be excluded from the discussion at the outset. 
      
      2.     The existence of an agreement between undertakings
      a)     Content of the Decision 
      60     The Commission found, at recital 109 to the Decision, that the General Sales Conditions constituted an agreement between GW
         and all the wholesalers who had subscribed to them.
      
      b)     Arguments of the parties
      61     GSK claims that the General Sales Conditions do not constitute an agreement.
      62     It maintains that GW and the Spanish wholesalers who signed the General Sales Conditions did not manifest an independent will,
         in so far as the wholesale price of the medicines reimbursed by the Spanish sickness insurance scheme is imposed on them by
         the applicable Spanish regulations.
      
      63     Furthermore, they did not manifest a concurrent will to restrict competition, but merely a concurrent will to sell and purchase
         medicines according to the terms set out in the General Sales Conditions.
      
      64     The Commission, supported by the interveners, disputes the merits of those arguments.
      c)     Findings of the Court
      65     GSK’s arguments lead the Court to examine, in the first place, whether GW and the Spanish wholesalers did manifest an independent
         will by reference to the Spanish regulations on the wholesale price of medicines reimbursed by the Spanish sickness insurance
         scheme and therefore whether the conduct with which the Commission was faced was indeed conduct on the part of undertakings
         and not conduct on the part of the State. Its arguments also lead the Court to examine, in the second place, should it prove
         necessary to do so, whether GW and those wholesalers manifested a concurrent will, and therefore whether the Commission was
         indeed faced with bilateral conduct and not with unilateral conduct.
      
       Independence of wills
      66     Article 81(1) EC applies only to anti-competitive conduct engaged in by undertakings on their own initiative (Case 267/86
         Van Eycke [1988] ECR 4769, paragraph 16; Joined Cases C‑359/95 P and C‑379/95 P Commission and France v Ladbroke Racing [1997] ECR I‑6265, paragraph 33; and Case C-198/01 CIF [2003] ECR I-8055, paragraph 45).
      
      67     Where, in order to decide whether that provision is applicable, it is necessary first to evaluate the possible impact of national
         regulations, it must be determined whether those regulations leave any scope for competition that might be prevented, restricted
         or distorted by autonomous conduct on the part of undertakings (Commission and France v Ladbroke Racing, paragraph 66 above, paragraphs 32 and 35, and CIF, paragraph 66 above, paragraph 66). 
      
      68     Where it is clear, following that evaluation, that the regulations in question require that undertakings engage in anti-competitive
         conduct, or eliminate any possibility of competitive activity on their part, Article 81(1) EC does not apply (Commission and France v Ladbroke Racing, paragraph 66 above, paragraph 33, and CIF, paragraph 66 above, paragraph 67).
      
      69     Where, on the other hand, it is clear that those regulations do leave scope for competition that might be prevented, restricted
         or distorted by autonomous conduct on the part of undertakings, Article 81(1) EC does apply (Commission and France v Ladbroke Racing, paragraph 66 above, paragraph 34, and CIF, paragraph 66 above, paragraph 56).
      
      70     The possibility of excluding particular anti-competitive conduct from the scope of that provision on the ground that it is
         required by national regulations has been applied restrictively by the Community Courts (CIF, paragraph 66 above, paragraph 67, and Case T-513/93 Consiglio Nazionale degli Spedizionieri Doganali v Commission [2000] ECR II‑1807, paragraph 60).
      
      71     It is therefore necessary to determine whether, as GSK maintains, the Spanish regulations require GW to apply, in the contracts
         which it concludes with Spanish wholesalers, prices which differ according to whether or not the medicines which it sells
         to them will be reimbursed by the Spanish sickness insurance scheme.
      
      72     It is quite clear that the Spanish regulations, which result from the provisions of Title VIII of Law 25/1990 in conjunction
         with those of Decree 271/1990, do not in any way determine the wholesale prices of medicines which are not reimbursable by
         the Spanish sickness insurance scheme. GSK has acknowledged, moreover, both in its written submissions and at the hearing,
         that that assertion, which followed by implication but necessarily from the fact that Law 25/1990, in the version applicable
         when the General Sales Conditions entered into force, was silent as regards those products, was expressly confirmed by the
         subsequent amendments to that law, as stated at recitals 37 and 139 to the Decision.
      
      73     Thus, even on the assumption that GSK’s argument, according to which the wholesale prices of medicines which are reimbursable
         by the scheme are fixed wholly independently by the Spanish authorities and are binding on GW and the Spanish wholesalers,
         is correct, contrary to the interveners’ contention, the fact remains that the conduct consisting in establishing, by contract,
         a system of differentiated prices prohibiting the Spanish wholesalers dealing with GW from purchasing at that price (the Clause
         4A price) medicines which they will resell in other Member States, and obliging them to purchase those products at a higher
         price (the Clause 4B price), is not imposed by the Spanish regulations. When questioned on that point at the hearing, moreover,
         GSK was forced to agree.
      
      74     Accordingly, it cannot be accepted that the national regulations in question required GW to apply, in the contracts which
         it concluded with Spanish wholesalers, prices which differ according to whether or not the medicines which it sells to them
         will be reimbursed by the Spanish sickness insurance scheme.
      
       Concurrence of wills
      75     Article 81(1) EC applies only to bilateral or multilateral conduct on the part of undertakings (Case C-49/92 P Commission v Anic Partecipazioni [1999] ECR I‑4125, paragraphs 79 and 112) and such conduct may take the form of agreements, concerted practices or decisions
         of associations.
      
      76     In order for there to be an agreement, it is sufficient that at least two undertakings have expressed their joint intention
         to conduct themselves on the market in a specific way (Case 41/69 ACF Chemiefarma v Commission [1970] ECR 661, paragraph 112; Case C-277/87 Sandoz Prodotti Farmaceutici v Commission [1990] ECR I‑45, summary publication, paragraph 13; and Bayer v Commission, paragraph 47 above, paragraphs 67 and 173).
      
      77     While it is therefore essential that the decisions in which the Commission applies Article 81(1) EC show the existence of
         a joint intention to act on the market in a specific way, those decisions, contrary to GSK’s contention, are not required
         to establish the existence of a joint intention to pursue an anti-competitive aim.
      
      78     In the present case, the Decision concludes that there is a joint intention expressed by GW and the Spanish wholesalers who
         subscribed to the General Sales Conditions to conduct themselves on the market in the manner specified in Clause 4 of those
         conditions, that is to say, to sell and purchase one or other of the 82 medicines to which those conditions apply at the Clause
         4A price or the Clause 4B price, depending on whether the conditions laid down in point A of that clause are or are not satisfied.
      
      79     Clearly, that conclusion is confirmed by the case-file, which shows, first of all, that GW adopted General Sales Conditions
         providing for a system of differentiated prices. Then, GW sent those General Sales Conditions to 89 wholesalers with whom
         it had commercial relations in Spain. On that occasion, it requested them, emphasising the importance which it ascribed to
         that request, to return a signed copy ‘[a]s proof of [their] acceptance’, within a mandatory period. Those factual elements
         reveal the intention expressed by GW to seek the Spanish wholesalers’ agreement to its General Sales Conditions and, therefore,
         to make them an offer concerning those conditions. Last, 75 of the 89 wholesalers to whom that offer was made did as requested
         by GW, signing the General Sales Conditions and returning them to GW within the prescribed period. Those factual elements
         reveal the intention expressed by those wholesalers to accept GW’s offer and thus to form an agreement with GW, as GSK acknowledged
         at the hearing.
      
      80     None of the arguments put forward by GSK appears to be capable of upsetting that conclusion.
      81     In particular, GSK cannot find support in the fact that the Commission did not adduce evidence of the existence of a formal
         prohibition on exports imposed by GW on the Spanish wholesalers or of conduct revealing the tacit acceptance of that prohibition
         by those wholesalers.
      
      82     It is for the Commission to prove the infringements which it finds by adducing, in the decisions in which it applies the competition
         rules, precise and coherent evidence demonstrating convincingly the existence of the facts constituting those infringements
         (Joined Cases 29/83 and 30/83 CRAM and Rheinzink v Commission [1984] ECR 1679, paragraph 20, and Joined Cases C‑2/01 P and C‑3/01 P BAI and Commission v Bayer [2004] ECR I‑23, paragraph 62).
      
      83     That evidence may consist of direct evidence, taking the form, for example, of a written document (Joined Cases T‑25/95, T‑26/95,
         T‑30/95 to T‑32/95, T‑34/95 to T‑39/95, T‑42/95 to T‑46/95, T‑48/95, T‑50/95 to T‑65/95, T‑68/95 to T‑71/95, T‑87/95, T‑88/95,
         T‑103/95 and T‑104/95 Cimenteries CBR and Others v Commission [2000] ECR II‑491, paragraph 862, and, on appeal, Aalborg Portland and Others v Commission, paragraph 55 above, paragraph 237), or, failing that, indirect evidence, for example in the form of conduct (Bayer v Commission, paragraph 47 above, paragraph 73, and, on appeal, BAI and Commission v Bayer, paragraph 82 above, paragraph 100).
      
      84     In the present case, it was observed above that the Commission had relied on an exchange of documents showing, beyond all
         possible doubt, that GW had proposed to the Spanish wholesalers that they conduct themselves on the market in the manner specified
         in the General Sales Conditions and that most of them had agreed to that proposal. The Commission therefore saw no point,
         as it again emphasised at the hearing, in seeking other evidence, such as evidence of the conduct of GW and the conduct of
         those wholesalers. 
      
      85     Likewise, GSK cannot validly maintain, in essence, that the wholesalers approached by GW would ultimately have disagreed with
         GW.
      
      86     Where, as in this case, the Commission has adduced evidence of the existence of an agreement, it is for an undertaking which
         has taken part in that agreement to adduce evidence that it distanced itself from that agreement, evidence which must demonstrate
         a clear intention, brought to the notice of the other participating undertakings, to withdraw from that agreement (see, to
         that effect, BAI and Commission v Bayer, paragraph 82 above, paragraph 63; Aalborg Portland and Others v Commission, paragraph 55 above, paragraphs 81 to 84; and Case T‑61/99 Adriatica di Navigazione v Commission [2003] ECR II‑5349, paragraphs 135 to 138).
      
      87     In the present case, while it is true that some of the Spanish wholesalers who had subscribed to the General Sales Conditions
         expressed doubts as to the legality of those conditions, as stated at recital 12 to the Decision, there is no indication in
         the case-file that they distanced themselves from the agreement within the meaning of the case-law. Likewise, it is true that
         a number of them exported medicines purchased from GW at the Clause 4A price. However, it is also apparent from the case-file
         that they eventually agreed, at GSK’s request, to pay the invoices corresponding to the difference between that price and
         the Clause 4B price. In any event, those facts concern only a few wholesalers and it cannot be concluded that they all distanced
         themselves from the agreement which they had previously concluded with GW.
      
      88     It is also true that three trade associations, Aseprofar, the Asociación de empresarios de cooperativas farmacéuticas and
         Fedifar, lodged complaints with the Commission and with the Servicio de defensa de competencia (service for the protection
         of competition), as stated at recital 3 to the Decision, and that the members of those associations, direct members in the
         case of the first two associations and indirect members in the case of the third, included some of the wholesalers who signed
         the General Sales Conditions. None the less, the mere fact that a number of trade associations whose members included, among
         others, some of the signatories of the General Sales Conditions, submitted such complaints cannot suffice to prove that all
         the wholesalers did not really intend, or no longer intended as from the date on which those complaints were lodged, to collude
         with GW.
      
      89     Accordingly, it cannot be accepted that GW and the wholesalers who subscribed to the General Sales Conditions did not manifest
         a joint intention.
      
      90     It follows from the foregoing that it is not apparent, on the basis of GSK’s arguments, that the Commission was wrong to conclude
         that there was an agreement.
      
      3.     The existence of a restriction of competition
      a)     Content of the Decision 
      91     The Commission found at recitals 116 to 143 and 189 to the Decision that Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions had both
         the object and the effect of restricting competition.
      
      92     The Commission began by examining the object of that clause and observed at the outset, at recital 116 to the Decision, that
         the clause sought to limit parallel trade between Spain and other Member States in the medicines sold by GW. The Commission
         also found, at recital 117 to the Decision, that a comparison between the Clause 4A price, applicable to medicines intended
         to be resold and reimbursed in Spain, and the Clause 4B price, applicable to medicines intended to be resold or reimbursed
         in other Member States, revealed that its application would have the effect, depending on the case, of excluding or impeding
         parallel trade.
      
      93     The Commission then considered, at recitals 117 to 119 to the Decision, that Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions produced
         effects tantamount to those of an export ban in a considerable number of cases while impeding parallel trade in other cases
         in very much the same way as a system of dual pricing. The Commission also considered, at recitals 120 to 123 to the Decision,
         that the existence in Spain of national regulations relating to the procedures for fixing the wholesale prices of medicines
         reimbursed by the national Spanish sickness insurance scheme was not capable of altering that analysis.
      
      94     Last, the Commission observed, at recitals 124 and 125 to the Decision, that the Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance
         had always qualified agreements containing export bans, dual-pricing systems or other limitations of parallel trade as restricting
         competition ‘by object’, so that Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions must be regarded as having the object of restricting
         competition.
      
      95     The Commission proceeded to examine the effect of Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions and considered at the outset, at
         recital 126 to the Decision, that the fact of establishing a higher wholesale price where the medicines were to be exported,
         to which the transaction costs connected with that operation (shipping, repackaging, etc.) had to be added, tended to limit
         the parallel trade that would be expected in the absence of that price.
      
      96     The Commission then considered, at recitals 127 to 135 to the Decision, that Clause 4 did not merely neutralise a distortion
         of competition attributable to the Kingdom of Spain and was not justified by the existence of a specific regulatory context.
      
      97     The Commission also found, at recitals 136 to 140 to the Decision, that the differentiated prices specified in Clause 4 of
         the General Sales Conditions had the effect, first, of restricting the freedom of action of the wholesalers operating in the
         Member State of origin of the parallel trade and, second, of restricting competition between those wholesalers and the distributors
         operating in the Member State of destination of that parallel trade.
      
      98     The Commission finally referred, at recitals 141 to 143 to the Decision, to the extent to which currency fluctuations had
         contributed to parallel trade in medicines between 1996 and 1998, in particular between Spain and the United Kingdom.
      
      b)     Arguments of the parties
      99     GSK claims, in substance, that Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions does not constitute a restriction of competition.
      100   In the first place, it maintains that competition is distorted at the outset in the prescription medicines sector and that
         Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions seeks only to neutralise that situation, which is attributable to the existence of
         national regulations governing the price of those medicines and also to the absence of Community rules designed to harmonise
         the national regulations. 
      
      101   In the second place, GSK submits that Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions does not have the object of restricting competition
         and that the Commission has not demonstrated that it has the effect of doing so, in the light of the specific features of
         the relevant market and, more generally, of the legal and economic context in which Clause 4 applies.
      
      102   The Commission, supported by the interveners, disputes the merits of those arguments. It contends that it was correct to find
         that Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions, which was capable of excluding or impeding parallel trade, had the object and
         the effect of restricting competition.
      
      c)     Findings of the Court
      103   GSK does not dispute the material accuracy of the facts on which the Commission relied for the purpose of applying Article
         81(1) EC, but contests the Commission’s assessment of those facts. All of the applicant’s criticisms relate, in substance,
         to the consequences to be drawn, when analysing the existence of a restriction of competition, from the legal and economic
         context peculiar to the medicines sector. More particularly, its criticisms concern, in the first place, the competitive situation
         existing before Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions was adopted and, in the second place, the restriction of competition
         attributed to that clause.
      
       The competitive situation existing before Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions was adopted
      104   As GSK rightly asserts, the sector of medicines reimbursed by the national sickness insurance scheme continues to be characterised,
         in a number of Member States, by the existence of regulations which go beyond the mere regulation of an economic activity,
         in particular in matters of prices (Case 181/82 Roussel and Others [1983] ECR 3849, paragraph 8). The coexistence of those different national regulations may distort competition (Joined Cases
         C‑267/95 and C‑268/95 Merck and Beecham [1996] ECR I‑6285, paragraph 47). It tends, moreover, to favour a certain partitioning of the national markets on that point
         (see, by analogy, Joined Cases 40/73 to 48/73, 50/73, 54/73 to 56/73, 111/73, 113/73 and 114/73 Suiker Unie and Others v Commission [1975] ECR 1663, paragraph 24).
      
      105   However, in accordance with the case-law cited at paragraphs 67 to 70 above, it is only where the sector in which the agreement
         is applied is subject to regulations which preclude the possibility of competition that might be prevented, distorted or restricted
         by that agreement that Article 81(1) EC is inapplicable. 
      
      106   In the present case, however, there is competition between producers of medicines, which is mainly concerned with parameters
         other than price, in particular innovation (Roussel, paragraph 104 above, paragraph 9), as GSK maintained in its written submissions and at the hearing.
      
      107   Furthermore, there may be competition between a producer and his distributors, or between parallel traders and national distributors,
         which specifically takes advantage of the significant differences in price to which the national regulations in question contribute
         and which, where the medicines are protected by a patent which confers a temporary monopoly on its holder, is, until the expiry
         of that patent, the only form of price competition envisageable in respect of them, as GSK also maintained in its written
         submissions.
      
      108   Accordingly, as the regulatory situation described by GSK is capable of restricting competition, but not of excluding it,
         it does not have the consequence of rendering Article 81(1) EC inapplicable.
      
       The restriction of competition attributed to Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions 
      109   As GSK claims that the Commission did not take proper account of the relevant legal and economic context when it examined
         the existence of a restriction of competition, it should be noted at the outset that the competition referred to in Article
         3(1)(g) EC and Article 81 EC is taken to mean effective competition, that is to say, the degree of competition necessary to
         ensure the attainment of the objectives of the Treaty. Its intensity may vary to an extent dictated by the nature of the product
         concerned and the structure of the relevant market. Furthermore, its parameters may assume unequal importance, as price competition
         does not constitute the only effective form of competition or that to which absolute priority must in all circumstances be
         given (Case 26/76 Metro v Commission [1977] ECR 1875 (‘Metro I’), paragraphs 20 and 21, and CIF, paragraph 66 above, paragraph 68).
      
      110   Consequently, the characterisation of a restriction of competition within the meaning of Article 81(1) EC must take account
         of the actual framework and, therefore, of the legal and economic context in which the agreement to which that restriction
         is imputed is deployed. Such an obligation is imposed for the purpose of ascertaining both the object and the effect of the
         agreement (Société technique minière, paragraph 55 above, pp. 249 and 250; Joined Cases 56/64 and 58/64 Consten and Grundig v Commission [1966] ECR 299, at p. 343; and Case C‑399/93 Oude Luttikhuis and Others [1995] ECR I‑4515, paragraph 20).
      
      111   Thus, when examination of the clauses of an agreement, carried out in their legal and economic context, reveals in itself
         the existence of an alteration of competition, it may be presumed that that agreement has as its object the prevention, restriction
         or distortion of competition (see Société technique minière, paragraph 55 above, pp. 249, 251 and 252, and Consten and Grundig v Commission, paragraph 110 above, p. 343), so that there is no need to examine its effect (Consten and Grundig v Commission, paragraph 110 above, p. 342, and Commission v Anic Participazioni, paragraph 75 above, paragraph 99).
      
      112   Where that is not so, on the other hand, it is necessary to examine the effect of the agreement and to prove to the requisite
         legal standard that it actually or potentially prevents, restricts or distorts competition (Société technique minière, paragraph 55 above, pp. 249, 251 and 252, and Case C-7/95 P John Deere v Commission [1998] ECR I‑3111, paragraphs 75 and 77).
      
      113   In the present case, the Court will examine, in turn, GSK’s arguments concerning the object and the effect of Clause 4 of
         the General Sales Conditions.
      
      –       The existence of an anticompetitive object
      114   GSK does not dispute that Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions was inserted with the intention of limiting the parallel
         trade between Spain and other Member States, in particular the United Kingdom, in 82 medicines sold by GW.
      
      115   It follows from the case-law that agreements which ultimately seek to prohibit parallel trade must in principle be regarded
         as having as their object the prevention of competition (Consten and Grundig v Commission, paragraph 110 above, pp. 342 and 343; Case 19/77 Miller International v Commission [1978] ECR 131, paragraphs 7 and 18; Joined Cases 32/78, 36/78 and 82/78 BMW Belgium v Commission [1979] ECR 2435, paragraphs 20 to 28 and 31; and Sandoz Prodotti Farmaceutici v Commission, paragraph 76 above, paragraph 16).
      
      116   It also follows from the case-law that agreements that clearly intend to treat parallel trade unfavourably must in principle
         be regarded as having as their object the restriction of competition (Joined Cases 96/82 to 102/82, 104/82, 105/82, 108/82
         and 110/82 IAZ and Others v Commission [1983] ECR 3369, paragraphs 23 to 25; and Case C‑551/03 P General Motors v Commission [2006] ECR I-0000, paragraphs 67 and 68).
      
      117   However, GSK is correct to maintain that, having regard to the legal and economic context, the Commission could not rely on
         the mere fact that Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions established a system of differentiated price intended to limit
         parallel trade as the basis for its conclusion that that provision had as its object the restriction of competition.
      
      118   In effect, the objective assigned to Article 81(1) EC, which constitutes a fundamental provision indispensable for the achievement
         of the missions entrusted to the Community, in particular for the functioning of the internal market (Case C‑126/97 Eco Swiss [1999] ECR I‑3055, paragraph 36, and Case C‑453/99 Courage v Crehan [2001] ECR I‑6297, paragraph 20), is to prevent undertakings, by restricting competition between themselves or with third
         parties, from reducing the welfare of the final consumer of the products in question (Joined Cases T‑213/01 and T‑214/01 Österreichische Postsparkasse and Bank für Arbeit und Wirtschaft v Commission [2006] ECR II-0000, paragraph 115; see also, to that effect, Consten and Grundig v Commission, paragraph 110 above, p. 493, and Case 28/77 Tepea v Commission [1978] ECR 1391, paragraph 56). At the hearing, in fact, the Commission emphasised on a number of occasions that it was from
         that perspective that it had carried out its examination in the present case, initially concluding that the General Sales
         Conditions clearly restricted the welfare of consumers, then considering whether that restriction would be offset by increased
         efficiency which would itself benefit consumers.
      
      119   Consequently, the application of Article 81(1) EC to the present case cannot depend solely on the fact that the agreement
         in question is intended to limit parallel trade in medicines or to partition the common market, which leads to the conclusion
         that it affects trade between Member States, but also requires an analysis designed to determine whether it has as its object
         or effect the prevention, restriction or distortion of competition on the relevant market, to the detriment of the final consumer.
         As may be seen from the case-law cited at paragraphs 111 and 112 above, that analysis, which may be abridged when the clauses
         of the agreement reveal in themselves the existence of an alteration of competition, as the Commission observed at the hearing,
         must, on the other hand, be supplemented, depending on the requirements of the case, where that is not so (Société technique minière, paragraph 55 above, pp. 248 to 251, and Consten and Grundig v Commission, paragraph 110 above, pp. 342 and 343).
      
      120   In particular, in Consten and Grundig v Commission, paragraph 110 above, which gave rise to the case-law cited at paragraphs 115 and 116 above, the Court of Justice, contrary
         to the Commission’s contention in its written submissions, did not hold that an agreement intended to limit parallel trade
         must be considered by its nature, that is to say, independently of any competitive analysis, to have as its object the restriction
         of competition. On the contrary, the Court of Justice merely held, first, that an agreement between a producer and a distributor
         which might tend to restore the national divisions in trade between Member States might be of such a kind as to frustrate
         the most fundamental objectives of the Community (p. 340), a consideration which led it to reject a plea alleging that Article
         81(1) EC was not applicable to vertical agreements (pp. 339 and 340). The Court of Justice then carried out a competitive
         analysis, abridged but real, during the course of which it held, in particular, that the agreement in question sought to eliminate
         any possibility of competition at the wholesale level in order to charge prices which were sheltered from all effective competition,
         considerations which led it to reject a plea alleging that there was no restriction of competition (pp. 342 and 343).
      
      121   While it has been accepted since then that parallel trade must be given a certain protection, it is therefore not as such
         but, as the Court of Justice held, in so far as it favours the development of trade, on the one hand, and the strengthening
         of competition, on the other hand (Case C‑373/90 X [1992] ECR I‑131, paragraph 12), that is to say, in this second respect, in so far as it gives final consumers the advantages
         of effective competition in terms of supply or price (Tepea v Commission, paragraph 118 above, paragraphs 43 and 56). Consequently, while it is accepted that an agreement intended to limit parallel
         trade must in principle be considered to have as its object the restriction of competition, that applies in so far as the
         agreement may be presumed to deprive final consumers of those advantages. 
      
      122   However, if account is taken of the legal and economic context in which GSK’s General Sales Conditions are applied, it cannot
         be presumed that those conditions deprive the final consumers of medicines of such advantages. In effect, the wholesalers,
         whose function, as the Court of Justice has held, is to ensure that the retail trade receives supplies with the benefit of
         competition between producers (Metro I, paragraph 109 above, paragraph 40), are economic agents operating at an intermediate stage of the value chain and may keep
         the advantage in terms of price which parallel trade may entail, in which case that advantage will not be passed on to the
         final consumers. 
      
      123   That context is described in Section I of the Decision, which deals with the facts, and more particularly in Subsections F,
         entitled ‘Parallel trade in pharmaceutical products with the Community – impact of national regulatory frameworks and currency
         fluctuations’ and G, entitled ‘Parallel trade in GW products within the Community – impact of the GW sales conditions’.
      
      124   It is apparent on reading that description that the main characteristics of the legal and economic context are as follows,
         as GSK agreed both in its written submissions and at the hearing.
      
      125   First, according to recitals 31, 36 and 50 to the Decision, the price of medicines reimbursed by the national health insurance
         schemes is not determined as a result of a competitive process throughout the Community but is directly fixed following an
         administrative procedure in most Member States and indirectly controlled by the other Member States. 
      
      126   Second, according to recital 31 to the Decision, at this stage the harmonisation of the applicable national provisions is
         limited. In fact, Directive 89/105 endeavours to provide that where the pricing of those medicines is provided for in national
         law it must be preceded by a transparent procedure and be based on objective and verifiable criteria. For the remainder, according
         to recital 50 to the Decision, national law may provide that various criteria are to be taken into account, depending on the
         policy pursued by the Member State concerned as regards public health and the financing of the national sickness insurance
         scheme, as Directive 89/105 also explains. That is the case, in particular, of Spanish law, which, according to recitals 37
         and 38 to the Decision, provides for the direct fixing of a maximum wholesale price and the indirect fixing of a maximum retail
         price. United Kingdom law does not provide for the fixing of prices but, according to recitals 44 to 46 to the Decision, for
         control of pharmaceutical companies’ profits.
      
      127   Third, according to recitals 29 to 31 and 34 to the Decision, the differences between the applicable national provisions are
         a structural cause of the existence of significant price differentials between Member States.
      
      128   Fourth, according to recitals 30, 32 and 53 to the Decision, fluctuations in exchange rates are a cyclical cause of those
         price differentials. That phenomenon, which potentially affected all Member States of the Community on 6 March 1998, the date
         on which GSK notified the General Sales Conditions to the Commission, still affected the United Kingdom, Denmark and Sweden
         on 8 May 2001, the date on which the Commission adopted the Decision, as stated at recital 53 to the Decision.
      
      129   Fifth, those price differentials are themselves the cause of parallel trade in medicines in the Community, according to recital
         29 to the Decision. As indicated at recitals 33 and 34 to the Decision, the main Member States of destination of that parallel
         trade are Denmark, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. 
      
      130   Sixth, certain Member States have adopted provisions which, independently of the question whether they are intended to encourage
         parallel trade – which the Commission explains at recitals 31, 33, 34, 36 and 52 to the Decision, but which GSK disputes –,
         may have such an effect. That is notably the case in the United Kingdom, where, as stated at recital 49 to the Decision, the
         National Health Service automatically pays pharmacists a sum equal to the manufacturer’s list price on the United Kingdom
         market, minus a standard discount of 4 to 5%, which is supposed to correspond to the savings made by pharmacists where they
         obtain their supplies elsewhere, at a lower price.
      
      131   Seventh, as stated at recitals 31 and 51 to the Decision, the patient generally bears only a limited part, although this varies
         from Member State to Member State, of the price of the medicines reimbursed by the national sickness insurance scheme which
         he consumes. The national sickness insurance scheme bears the essential part. That is notably the case in the United Kingdom,
         where, according to recital 48 to the Decision, the patient pays GBP 6 per item, unless he belongs to a category exempt from
         such payment.
      
      132   The Commission refers to certain aspects of that description when it examines the object of Clause 4 of the General Sales
         Conditions. It thus makes reference to that description, at recital 117 to the Decision, in order to establish the impact
         of that requirement on parallel trade, which is not disputed. It also refers to that description, at recital 121 to the Decision,
         in order to explain that, contrary to GSK’s contention, the pharmaceutical companies have a power of negotiation in the Spanish
         procedure for setting the wholesale price of medicines.
      
      133   At no point, however, does the Commission examine the specific and essential characteristic of the sector, which relates to
         the fact that the prices of the products in question, which are subject to control by the Member States, which fix them directly
         or indirectly at what they deem to be the appropriate level, are determined at structurally different levels in the Community
         and, unlike the prices of other consumer goods to which the Commission referred in its written submissions and at the hearing,
         such as sports items or motor cycles, are in any event to a significant extent shielded from the free play of supply and demand.
      
      134   That circumstance means that it cannot be presumed that parallel trade has an impact on the prices charged to the final consumers
         of medicines reimbursed by the national sickness insurance scheme and thus confers on them an appreciable advantage analogous
         to that which it would confer if those prices were determined by the play of supply and demand.
      
      135   Incidentally, the Commission itself agrees with what is at first sight the ambiguous impact of parallel trade in medicines
         on the welfare of final consumers, since it states in Communication COM(1998) 588 final of 25 November 1999 on the single
         market in pharmaceuticals, which is cited at recital 161 to the Decision and referred to by the parties in their written submissions
         and in their answers to the written questions put by the Court, that unless parallel trade can operate dynamically on prices,
         it creates inefficiencies because most, although not all, of the financial benefit accrues to the parallel trader rather than
         to the health care system or the patient (p. 6).
      
      136   Accordingly, it cannot be considered that examination of Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions, which according to GSK
         is designed to ensure that the wholesale price set by the Kingdom of Spain is actually charged only for the medicines to which
         it was intended by law to apply, reveals in itself that competition is prevented, restricted or distorted.
      
      137   None of the arguments of the Commission or the interveners appears to be capable of calling that conclusion in question.
      138   In particular, the Commission is not entitled, as it did at recitals 118 and 119 to the Decision and in its written submissions,
         merely to draw parallels with the agreements which it has had occasion to examine in its previous practice in taking decisions
         and take the view that Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions resembles those agreements or can be treated in the same way
         as them. Such an approach ultimately ignores the elements of legal and economic context described above, which are not present
         in the decisions adopted pursuant to Article 81(1) EC to which the Commission referred.
      
      139   Furthermore, the Commission is not correct to claim that the existence of the Spanish regulations on the setting of the wholesale
         price of medicines is ultimately not decisive, owing to the power of negotiation which those regulations confer on the pharmaceutical
         companies, as it did in recitals 120 to 123 to the Decision and in its written submissions. Nor is it correct to submit that
         the coexistence of different State rules on that subject is also not decisive, in the light of the case-law (BMW Belgium v Commission, paragraph 115 above, paragraph 5, and Case T-175/95 BASF v Commission [1999] ECR II‑1581, paragraphs 121 to 123 and 136), as it also did in its written submissions.
      
      140   In effect, even on the assumption that the Spanish regulations confer a power of negotiation on the pharmaceutical companies,
         as the Commission and the interveners again maintained at the hearing, the fact remains that the existence of those regulations,
         and their coexistence with the regulations of other Member States, has a significant impact on an essential parameter of competition
         (see, by analogy, Suiker Unie and Others v Commission, paragraph 104 above, paragraphs 17 and 71), a contextual element which cannot be overlooked in the competitive analysis.
      
      141   No parallel can therefore be drawn between the cases to which the Commission refers, which, as the Commission itself observed
         at the hearing, concerned price-freezing measures relating to new vehicles (BMW Belgium v Commission, paragraph 115 above, paragraph 5) or vehicle refinishing paints (BASF v Commission, paragraph 139 above, paragraph 123) in force in a single Member State of the Community, and the present case, which is characterised
         by the fact that the price of the products in issue, which is finally set by the Member States, falls structurally outside
         the play of supply and demand and is established at structurally different levels throughout the Community, notwithstanding
         a residual competition which may be revealed by parallel trade. 
      
      142   Last, it cannot be inferred from paragraph 75 of General Motors v Commission, paragraph 116 above, to which the Commission referred in its answer to the written questions put by the Court and at the
         hearing, that the situation of fact recalled in the preceding paragraph should be completely overlooked.
      
      143   In fact, it follows from paragraph 75 of that judgment that the absence of fiscal harmonisation does not prevent the conclusion
         that an agreement intended to limit parallel trade in motor vehicles has the object of restricting competition, although,
         as the Commission observed at the hearing, the absence of such harmonisation has an effect on competition in that sector.
         On the other hand, it does not in any way follow that the State rules at issue in the present case are indifferent to the
         competitive analysis, when they have as their object to shield the pricing of medicines reimbursed by the national sickness
         insurance schemes from competition.
      
      144   As regards the interveners, for their part, it does not avail them to rely as they did at the hearing on the fact that, in
         reality, the national regulations at issue are not intended to shield the pricing of those medicines from the play of supply
         and demand, but to compensate for the absence of competition caused by the weight of the pharmaceutical companies on the market
         and to ensure fair prices.
      
      145   When it is dealing with an application for annulment of a Commission decision applying the competition rules, the Community
         judicature carries out, in accordance with Article 230 EC, a review of the lawfulness of that decision. The interveners’ arguments
         rely on facts which are neither mentioned nor, a fortiori, examined by the Commission in the Decision. It is not for the Court
         to substitute itself for the Commission and examine them for the first time.
      
      146   Furthermore, those arguments must be contrasted with GSK’s arguments that the national rules on patents are intended to allow
         the pharmaceutical companies to recover their research and development (‘R&D’) costs by granting them a temporary monopoly,
         following which manufacturers of generic medicines restore competition on price, so that parallel traders, which operate on
         the market during the lifetime of the patents, are the vectors of artificial competition and not of effective competition
         within the meaning of Article 3(1)(g) EC and Article 81 EC.
      
      147   Consequently, the principal conclusion reached by the Commission, namely that Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions must
         be considered to be prohibited by Article 81(1) EC in so far it has as its object the restriction of parallel trade, cannot
         be upheld. As the prices of the medicines concerned are to a large extent shielded from the free play of supply and demand
         owing to the applicable regulations and are set or controlled by the public authorities, it cannot be taken for granted at
         the outset that parallel trade tends to reduce those prices and thus to increase the welfare of final consumers. An analysis
         of the terms of Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions, carried out in that context, therefore does not permit the presumption
         that that provision, which seeks to limit parallel trade, thus tends to diminish the welfare of final consumers. In this largely
         unprecedented situation, it cannot be inferred merely from a reading of the terms of that agreement, in its context, that
         the agreement is restrictive of competition, and it is therefore necessary to consider the effects of the agreement, if only
         to ascertain what the regulatory authority was able to apprehend on the basis of such a reading.
      
      –       The existence of an anti-competitive effect
      148   In order to examine the effect of an agreement on competition, it is necessary, first of all, to define the relevant market
         or markets, from both a material and a geographic point of view (Case C‑234/89 Delimitis [1991] ECR I‑935, paragraphs 15, 16 and 18).
      
      149   In the present case, as regards the relevant products market, the Commission considered at recitals 112 and 113 to the Decision
         that, taking into account GSK’s observations that the nature and scope of parallel trade and the General Sales Conditions
         could give rise to the existence of a product market comprising all prescription medicines, it was not necessary to determine
         precisely GW’s market shares for each of the 82 medicines involved. Since the Commission, at the hearing, cast doubt on the
         existence of the GSK observations on which those recitals are based, it must be held that a reading of the supplementary notification
         reveals that the Decision is not vitiated by an error of fact on that point.
      
      150   As regards the relevant geographic market, the Commission finally considered, at recital 114 to the Decision, that it must
         be considered to be the national market, owing, in particular, to the existence in the Member States of the Community of different
         price and reimbursement regulations, different brand and packing strategies, different distribution systems and different
         prescribing habits.
      
      151   The markets affected by the agreement were not expressly set out by the Commission. It may be inferred from recitals 112 to
         114, 117 and 126 to the Decision, however, as the Commission confirmed in its answers to the written questions put by the
         Court, that these were, first, the Spanish market, where the Spanish wholesalers may purchase medicines from GW, and, second,
         all the national markets of the Community where they may resell them, that is to say, those where the differential between
         the Spanish price and the domestic price is sufficient to make parallel trade lucrative.
      
      152   GSK does not dispute the Commission’s approach to the definition of the relevant geographic market, as it again confirmed
         at the hearing. It is therefore common ground that the geographic market, which is to be understood as the territory on which
         the objective conditions of competition relating to the relevant product are, if not the same, at least sufficiently homogeneous
         for all traders (Case 27/76 United Brands v Commission [1978] ECR 207, paragraphs 44 and 53, and Case T‑83/91 Tetra Pak v Commission [1994] ECR II‑755, paragraph 91), may in the present case be taken to be the national market, having regard in particular
         to the different regulations on the prices and reimbursement of medicines.
      
      153   On the other hand, GSK disputes the Commission’s approach to the definition of the relevant product market. It maintains that,
         having regard to the Spanish regulations in that regard, the Commission ought to have drawn a distinction between a regulated
         market, consisting of the medicines intended to be resold and reimbursed in Spain, and a free market, consisting of the medicines
         intended to be resold and reimbursed in any other Member State. However, that criticism does not appear to be well founded.
      
      154   It follows from recitals 112 and 113 to the Decision that the Commission did not thoroughly investigate the question of the
         definition of the relevant product market. However, when questioned about the framework within which it had reasoned in practice,
         the Commission indicated in its answers to the written questions put by the Court that, while taking the view that it was
         not required to define the relevant product market in so far as it had been able to conclude that there was an anti-competitive
         object, it had made a summary definition of that market.
      
      155   It also explained, in its written answers and then at the hearing, that, while not adopting an extremely detailed approach
         in that regard, it had ultimately adhered to the definition traditionally used in such matters, namely a definition based
         on the third level of the ‘Anatomical therapeutic classification’ (ATC) drawn up by the European Pharmaceutical Medical Research
         Association (EphMRA). As stated at recitals 16 and 110 to the Decision, that level corresponds to subgroups defined by reference
         to the therapeutic indication and the pharmacological properties of the medicines concerned.
      
      156   Where the Court rules on an application for annulment of a Community measure, it falls upon it to interpret that measure itself,
         in particular where the institution which adopted it provides explanations of the way in which it should be understood (Case
         C‑194/99 P Thyssen Stahl v Commission [2003] ECR I‑10821, paragraphs 55 and 56). In the present case, a reading of the Decision as a whole reveals that the Commission,
         by implication but necessarily, reasoned within the framework of a market perceived as the market in medicines reimbursed
         by the Spanish sickness insurance scheme, in so far as they might be subject to parallel trade to other Member States of the
         Community. Thus, it was in a global manner that the Commission described the parallel trade in medicines sold by GW in Spain,
         at recitals 64 to 71 to the Decision, and the impact of the General Sales Conditions on that phenomenon, at recitals 72 to
         75 to the Decision. It followed the same approach when it examined the restrictive effect of Clause 4 of those conditions,
         at recitals 117, 126, 137, 139 and 140 to the Decision, while concentrating its attention on a sample of eight medicines particularly
         suitable for parallel trade about which GSK had provided information to the Commission. It also followed the same approach,
         ultimately, when it evaluated the appreciable nature of that anti-competitive effect, at recital 144 to the Decision, and
         also the appreciable effect on trade between Member States, at recital 146 to the Decision.
      
      157   As may be seen from paragraphs 13 and 14 of Commission Notice 97/C 372/03 on the definition of relevant market for the purposes
         of Community competition law (OJ 1997 C 372, p. 5, paragraphs 13 and 14), the Commission has undertaken to define the relevant
         product market principally by reference to demand substitutability and supply substitutability.
      
      158   As regards the first aspect, it follows from Article 1(a) of Commission Regulation No 2790/1999 of 22 December 1999 on the
         application of Article 81(3) of the Treaty to categories of vertical agreements and concerted practices (OJ 1999 L 336, p. 21)
         that in the context of an agreement such as that at issue in the present case it is necessary to ascertain what products the
         buyer regards as interchangeable or substitutable by reason of their characteristics, their prices and their intended use.
      
      159   It does not appear to be manifestly incorrect to consider that the buyer, that is to say, the Spanish wholesaler who might
         engage in parallel trade, is less interested, for that purpose, in the therapeutic indication and the pharmacological products
         of each of the medicines which he buys from GW than in the fact that all of those medicines are reimbursed by the Spanish
         sickness insurance scheme and that their price is therefore set by the Spanish authorities. Likewise, it does not appear to
         be manifestly incorrect to consider that the buyer is less interested in the price of each of the medicines as such than in
         the fact that there is a sufficient price differential to render parallel trade lucrative, for all of those medicines, between
         Spain and the Member State of destination. In those circumstances, it is not manifestly incorrect to accept that all the medicines
         reimbursed by the Spanish sickness insurance scheme which are capable of being sold at a profit owing to the price differential
         between Spain and the Member State of destination constitute a product market.
      
      160   As regards the second aspect, it may be noted that, as is apparent from the observations of GSK on which the Commission relied
         at recitals 112 and 113 to the Decision, Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions was conceived in order to address, in a
         global manner, the question of parallel trade in medicines sold by GW between Spain and the Member States to which parallel
         trade might be lucrative for the Spanish wholesalers.
      
      161   Accordingly, the existence of the Spanish rules appears, from the point of view of both buyers and GSK, to be more a factor
         which confers unity on the relevant product market than an element which ought to serve to distinguish a market for the distribution
         of medicines intended for domestic consumption, which would be regulated, from a market for the distribution of medicines
         intended for export, which would be free. In reality, the distinction suggested by GSK relates rather to the evidently territorial
         nature of the Spanish rules and the national dimension of the relevant geographic market, as, moreover, GSK acknowledged at
         the hearing.
      
      162   It is necessary, in the second place, to examine the actual or potential effects of the agreement on competition. That examination
         entails a comparison of the competitive situation resulting from the agreement and the situation that would exist in its absence
         (Société technique minière, paragraph 55 above, p. 250, and John Deere v Commission, paragraph 112 above, paragraph 76). 
      
      163   In the present case, it must be observed at the outset that it follows from recitals 26 and 28 to the Decision that the application
         of the General Sales Conditions, which became applicable on 9 March 1998, was suspended on 16 October 1998 and remained suspended
         until the date of adoption of the Decision, as the parties recalled at the hearing. Consequently, the examination carried
         out by the Commission must be interpreted as being mainly devoted to their potential effects on competition, as the parties
         agreed at the hearing.
      
      164   In that regard, GSK accepts that Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions has, or may have, the effect of limiting parallel
         trade, but denies that it has or may have the effect of restricting competition. The main arguments which it puts forward
         concern, in substance, four aspects of the Commission’s reasoning in the Decision. First, the fact that Clause 4 of the General
         Sales Conditions limits parallel trade and impinges on the freedom of action of the Spanish wholesalers does not in itself
         mean that it has the effect of restricting competition. Second, in the light of the legal and economic context in which Clause
         4 operates, the fact that it establishes a system of differentiated prices does not in itself mean that it has the effect
         of restricting competition. Third, the Commission simply concluded that Clause 4 limited parallel trade, impinged on the freedom
         of action of the Spanish wholesalers and imposed differentiated prices, so that it did not demonstrate to the requisite legal
         standard that that provision had the effect of restricting competition. Fourth, the Commission did not in any event take account
         of the fact that Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions was confined to neutralising a distortion of competition attributable
         to the Kingdom of Spain.
      
      165   The Court must determine whether those various criticisms reveal that the Decision was incorrect to find that Clause 4 of
         the General Sales Conditions had the effect of restricting competition.
      
      166   First, it is common ground that, as stated at recital 126 to the Decision, Clause 4 has the effect of limiting parallel trade
         in medicines sold by GW in Spain. In numerous cases, it substitutes for a Clause 4A price significantly lower than the prices
         in force in certain Member States other than Spain a Clause 4B price for which the differential is less or non-existent. To
         that extent, it cancels or reduces the profits which the Spanish wholesalers might make by exporting the medicines.
      
      167   However, it must be borne in mind that, considered in itself, the fact that an agreement has or may have the effect of limiting
         parallel trade admittedly affects trade between Member States but does not necessarily restrict competition. It is the repercussions
         which that restriction of parallel trade has or may have on one or other of the parameters of competition, such as the quantity
         in which a product is supplied or the price at which it is sold, that provides evidence of such a restriction (see, to that
         effect, Tepea v Commission, paragraph 118 above, paragraphs 41, 43 and 56). 
      
      168   Thus, the fact that in the absence of Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions the Spanish wholesalers would be able to buy
         medicines at the wholesale price set by the Spanish authorities, independently of the Member State in which those medicines
         are intended to be resold and of the national sickness insurance scheme by which they are intended to be reimbursed, and then
         to resell them in any Member State in which the price is sufficiently higher than the Spanish price to allow them to make
         a profit, taking into account the transaction costs, does not, independently of any examination of the extent to which parallel
         trade contributes to price competition, regard being had to the role played by the Member States in that regard, permit the
         conclusion that there is an effect restrictive of competition.
      
      169   In consequence, GSK is correct to maintain that, after referring to the effect which Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions
         has on parallel trade, the Commission was still required to demonstrate the effect on competition.
      
      170   Second, it is not disputed that, as stated at recitals 137 to 139 to the Decision, Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions
         has the effect of restricting the freedom of action of the Spanish wholesalers, in particular their freedom to choose their
         customers.
      
      171   However, not every agreement which restricts the freedom of action of the participating undertakings, or of one of them, necessarily
         falls within the prohibition in Article 81(1) EC (Case C‑309/99 Wouters and Others [2002] ECR I‑1577, paragraph 97, and Case T‑112/99 M6 and Others v Commission [2001] ECR II‑2459, paragraph 76). In particular, any contract concluded between economic agents operating at different stages
         of the production and distribution chain has the consequence of binding them and, consequently, of restricting them, according
         to the stipulated terms, in their freedom of action. In the present case, whatever the price at which the Spanish wholesalers
         agree to buy a medicine from GW on the Spanish market (the Clause 4A price or the Clause 4B price), they are limited in their
         freedom of action since, from an economic point of view, they are not capable in the long term of reselling them at a lower
         price on the other national markets of the Community. However, as the objective of the Community competition rules is to prevent
         undertakings, by restricting competition between themselves or with third parties, from reducing the welfare of the final
         consumer of the products in question (paragraph 118 above), it is still necessary to demonstrate that the limitation in question
         restricts competition, to the detriment of the final consumer. Incidentally, the Commission itself explained, at the hearing,
         that the limitation of the freedom of action of the Spanish wholesalers was difficult to envisage in isolation and constituted
         only the starting-point of its examination.
      
      172   Consequently, GSK is correct to maintain that, after relying on the effect of Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions on
         the freedom of action of the Spanish wholesalers, the Commission was still required to demonstrate how that provision had
         the effect of restricting competition to the detriment of the final consumer.
      
      173   Third, it is not disputed that Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions establishes a system of differentiated prices according
         to whether each of the 82 medicines concerned is intended to be resold and reimbursed in Spain or in any other Member State.
      
      174   Although at first reading recital 139 to the Decision may appear ambiguous on that point, it is apparent on examination that
         the Commission took the view in that recital that such a system had a discriminatory effect on account of the destination
         of the products in question (the Spanish market, on the one hand, and the other national markets, on the other hand). A reading
         of the Commission’s submissions confirms that interpretation. First, the system of differentiated prices established by GW
         is compared with a prohibitive discrimination on price according to the country of destination, the Commission taking the
         view that it results in applying dissimilar conditions to equivalent transactions within the meaning of Article 81(1)(d) EC.
         Second, the Commission refers to the case-law on Article 82(c) EC, the wording of which is identical to that of Article 81(1)(d) EC.
      
      175   Article 81(1)(d) EC prohibits agreements which apply dissimilar conditions to equivalent transactions with other trading parties,
         thereby placing them at a competitive disadvantage.
      
      176   In the present case, it is not open to doubt that the Spanish wholesalers are GW’s trading partners and that GW imposes unequal
         conditions on them according to whether they resell those medicines in Spain or in other Member States of the Community. On
         the other hand, it is not demonstrated that those sales constitute equivalent transactions and that the constituent elements
         of Article 81(1)(d) EC are therefore satisfied.
      
      177   It follows from the case-law to which the Commission refers that Article 82(c) EC does not preclude an undertaking in a dominant
         position from setting different prices in the various Member States, in particular where the price differences are justified
         by variations in the conditions of marketing and the intensity of competition, but prohibits it from applying artificial price
         differences in the various Member States such as to place its customers at a disadvantage and to distort competition in the
         context of an artificial partitioning of national markets (Tetra Pak v Commission, paragraph 152 above, paragraph 160 and the case-law cited). More generally, it follows from that case-law that, while the
         fact that an undertaking in a dominant position applies different prices may, in the absence of objective explanation, constitute
         an indicium of discrimination where those prices are applied on a particular geographic market, characterised by sufficiently
         homogeneous conditions of competition, that is not the case where they are applied on separate geographic markets, characterised
         by insufficiently homogeneous conditions of competition, regard being had in particular to the relevant regulatory framework
         (see, to that effect, United Brands v Commission, paragraph 152 above, paragraphs 44 to 56 and 207, 208, 225, 228 and 233, and Tetra Pak v Commission, paragraph 152 above, paragraphs 92 to 96 and 161, 164, 165, 167 and 170).
      
      178   Those considerations may be transposed to the present case, where a producer and its wholesalers agree to apply different
         prices according to the Member State in which the products in question are intended to be resold and reimbursed. It is common
         ground that each of those Member States constitutes a distinct market, in so far as the relevant geographic market is national
         owing, in particular, to the differences in the national regulations on the prices and the reimbursement of the medicines
         in question. The Commission itself therefore found in the Decision that where it supplied one or other of those national markets,
         a Spanish wholesaler operated, having regard in particular to the relevant regulatory framework, in conditions of competition
         which, as regards price, the parameter specifically concerned by Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions, were heterogeneous.
         
      
      179   Consequently, GSK is correct to maintain that the finding of a difference in price is not sufficient to support the conclusion
         that there is discrimination. It is possible that GSK applies different prices because different markets exist and not so
         that different markets will exist.
      
      180   Such an explanation is suggested by the Commission itself, moreover, which indicated in Communication COM(1998) 588 final,
         paragraph 135 above, that the pharmaceutical companies apply price discrimination to reflect the differences in the ability
         to pay (p. 4) and adds, generally, that it would be extremely difficult to establish an appropriate level of price across
         the Community, as the choice of a low level would benefit immediate health care expenditure objectives but would provide a
         steady diminution of Europe’s contribution to global pharmaceutical R&D investment, and the choice of a high level would have
         the effect of reducing access to care by consumers and payers in countries where economic and social conditions mean that
         such prices cannot be afforded (p. 11).
      
      181   Fourth, GSK maintains, in substance, that the Commission has not shown in any other way that Clause 4 of the General Sales
         Conditions had the effect of restricting competition.
      
      182   That is not the case, however. On the contrary, the Commission concluded, following a relatively brief examination, as it
         acknowledged in its answer to the written questions put by the Court, which was none the less sufficiently complete in the
         light of the facts of the case (see paragraph 119 above) and of GSK’s arguments, that Clause 4 also had the effect of reducing
         the welfare of final consumers by preventing them from taking advantage, in the form of a reduction in prices and costs, of
         the participation of the Spanish wholesalers in intrabrand competition on the markets of destination of the parallel trade
         originating in Spain. 
      
      183   Thus, the Commission found, at recitals 72 to 75 to the Decision, that Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions required the
         Spanish wholesalers who bought the medicines sold in Spain by GW to pay a higher price (the Clause 4B price) than the price
         set by the Spanish authorities, which they would have paid in the absence of the General Sales Conditions (the Clause 4A price).
         Clause 4 thus has the effect of reducing or cancelling, in numerous cases, the differential hitherto existing between the
         prices applicable in Spain and those applicable in other Member States of the Community. The number of cases concerned is
         significant, whether the costs incurred by the Spanish wholesalers when they engage in parallel trade (transport, repackaging,
         etc.) are disregarded or whether they are taken into consideration. GSK does not dispute those findings of fact.
      
      184   Next, the Commission found, at recitals 48 and 51 to the Decision, that in some Member States an admittedly small part of
         the price of medicines covered by the General Sales Conditions was borne by the patient, who in that sense constituted a final
         consumer, within the economic sense of that term, of the products in question. The Commission also found, at recitals 49 and
         51 to the Decision, that the remainder of the price of those medicines was reimbursed by the national sickness insurance scheme,
         which also constituted a final consumer of the products in question, in that it spread the economic risks borne for their
         health by those covered by the insurance schemes. The Court of Justice has already referred to the special nature, in that
         respect, of the trade in pharmaceutical products, namely the fact that social security institutions are substituted for consumers
         as regards responsibility for the payment of medical expenses (Case 238/82 Duphar and Others [1984] ECR 523, paragraph 20). GSK does not dispute those findings of fact, the importance of which the Commission recalled
         to mind in the context of the reasoning which it had applied in the Decision.
      
      185   Even accepting that competition between the Spanish wholesalers who engage in parallel trade, or between those wholesalers
         and the distributors established on the market of the Member State of destination of the parallel trade, is limited to the
         point of allowing them to apply resale prices which are lower than the prices applied by those distributors only to the extent
         strictly necessary to attract retailers, as convincingly explained in some of the documents produced by GSK, the Commission
         was entitled to infer, as it did at recital 140 to the Decision, from the findings of fact set out in the preceding paragraphs
         that Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions impeded that competition and, in substance, the pressure which in its absence
         would have existed on the unit price of the medicines in question, to the detriment of the final consumer, taken to mean both
         the patient and the national sickness insurance scheme acting on behalf of claimants.
      
      186   It is true that, as the Commission observed at recital 133 to the Decision, and then in its answers to the written questions
         put by the Court and at the hearing, that pressure, considered at the individual level of one of the national markets affected
         by Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions, such as the United Kingdom market, may be marginal. However, the Commission also
         observed, at recital 140 to the Decision, that the fact of impeding this pressure, by means of an agreement concluded with
         a significant number of Spanish wholesalers and affecting a significant number of products and national markets in the Community,
         contributed or could contribute, by a network effect, to reinforcing the pre-existing price rigidity on the market. Such reinforcement
         infringes Article 81(1) EC (see, to that effect, Metro I, paragraph 109 above, paragraph 22, and Case 209/78 Van Landewyck and Others v Commission [1980] ECR 3125, paragraph 139).
      
      187   GSK has not adduced evidence of an error on that point. On the contrary, it acknowledged at the hearing that Clause 4 of the
         General Sales Conditions, although mainly intended to prevent the transfer of surplus to the wholesalers, might have the effect
         of reducing the admittedly restricted benefit which their participation in competition provides for the final consumer on
         the markets of destination of the parallel trade.
      
      188   Last, the Commission found, at recitals 33, 34, 52 and 134 to the Decision, that some national sickness insurance schemes
         took advantage, to various degrees and according to different procedures, of parallel trade in order to reduce the cost of
         the medicines which they reimburse. Although GSK denies that the national measures to which the Commission refers have as
         their object to encourage parallel trade, it does not deny that they may have such an effect, as the Commission observed at
         the hearing, without being contradicted. Some of the documents which GSK produced, on the contrary, emphasise convincingly
         that that may be the case. GSK also acknowledges, most recently in its answers to the written questions and at the hearing,
         that some Member States have adopted measures in order to recover a proportion of the savings which pharmacists have made
         by means of parallel trade.
      
      189   By focusing on the example of the United Kingdom, which in GSK’s submission was the main target market for parallel trade
         in medicines sold in Spain by GW, the Commission was able to infer, at recital 134 to the Decision, that Clause 4 of the General
         Sales Conditions had the effect of depriving the national sickness insurance schemes of the advantage which they would have
         derived, in the form of a reduction in costs and even independently of any reduction in the retail price, from the participation
         of the Spanish wholesalers in intrabrand competition. Although it emphasised that that effect is minor, GSK also acknowledged
         its existence at the hearing. It also acknowledged that such an effect might be produced in Member States other than the United
         Kingdom.
      
      190   Accordingly, it must be concluded that the Commission was entitled to find, in the light of elements whose relevance has not
         been validly called in question by GSK, that Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions had the effect of reducing the welfare
         of final consumers by preventing them from taking advantage, in the form of a reduction in prices and costs, of the participation
         of the Spanish wholesalers in intrabrand competition on the national markets of destination of the parallel trade originating
         in Spain.
      
      191   None of GSK’s arguments appears to be capable of upsetting that conclusion.
      192   In particular, its fundamental argument that Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions is justified because it would neutralise
         a distortion of competition attributable to the Kingdom of Spain is unfounded. The fact that the legal and economic context
         in which undertakings operate contributes to restricting competition cannot lead to acceptance of conduct on the part of those
         undertakings which, by preventing or restricting the competition which that context allows to subsist or to arise, in turn
         infringes the competition rules (Suiker Unie and Others v Commission, paragraph 56 above, paragraph 620, and CIF, paragraph 66 above, paragraph 57). 
      
      4.     Conclusion
      193   It follows from the foregoing that GSK has not succeeded in calling in question the Commission’s conclusion that the General
         Sales Conditions constituted an agreement within the meaning of Article 81(1) EC.
      
      194   It also follows that, although the Commission’s principal conclusion that Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions has as
         its object the restriction of competition is incorrect, GSK has not succeeded in calling in question its subsidiary conclusion
         that that provision had the effect of depriving final consumers of the advantage which they would have derived, in terms of
         price and costs, from the participation of the Spanish wholesalers in intrabrand competition on the national markets of destination
         of the parallel trade originating in Spain.
      
      195   Accordingly, the plea alleging infringement of Article 81(1) EC must be rejected.
      C –  The plea alleging misuse of powers, failure to observe the principle of subsidiarity and infringement of Article 43 EC
      1.     Arguments of the parties
      196   GSK claims, in substance, that by prohibiting it from applying differentiated prices the decision ultimately requires it to
         apply the prices set by the Spanish authorities for the purposes of the wholesale of medicines intended to be resold in Spain
         and reimbursed by the Spanish sickness insurance scheme in the context of the wholesale of medicines intended to be resold
         in other Member States or reimbursed by other national sickness insurance schemes, which have their own price control systems.
         In doing so, it fails to observe the principle of subsidiarity. Furthermore, it infringes the right of establishment provided
         for in Article 43 EC. Last, in so far as the Commission’s intention is thus to favour the convergence of the price of medicines
         in the Community, it is guilty of a misuse of powers.
      
      197   The Commission, supported by the interveners, disputes the merits of this plea.
      2.     Findings of the Court
      198   It should be observed, in the first place, that a decision is vitiated by misuse of powers only if it appears, on the basis
         of objective, relevant and consistent indicia, to have been taken with the exclusive or main purpose of achieving an end other
         than that stated (Case 8/57 Aciéries belges v High Authority [1958] ECR 245, at 255, and Joined Cases C‑186/02 P and C‑188/02 P Ramondín and Others v Commission [2004] ECR I‑10653, paragraph 44).
      
      199   In the present case, it is apparent from its written submissions that GSK is speculating as to the aim which it attributes
         to the Commission but does not rely on indicia on which it might be established to the requisite legal standard that the Decision
         was adopted with the exclusive or decisive aim of favouring the convergence of prices of medicines in the Community.
      
      200   In the second place, the second paragraph of Article 5 EC provides that, in areas which do not fall within its exclusive competence,
         the Community is to take action, in accordance with the principle of subsidiarity, only if and in so far as the objectives
         of the proposed action cannot be sufficiently achieved by the Member States and can therefore, by reason of the scale or effects
         of the proposed action, be better achieved by the Community.
      
      201   In the context of Article 81(1) EC, the principle of subsidiarity is given concrete form by the limitation of the prohibition
         contained therein to agreements between undertakings, decisions by associations of undertakings and concerted practices which
         may affect trade between Member States. Thus, where a series of objective factors of law or fact makes it possible to foresee
         with a sufficient degree of probability that such conduct may have an influence, direct or indirect, actual or potential,
         on the pattern of trade between Member States, that conduct must be regarded as capable of affecting trade between Member
         States (Consten and Grundig v Commission, paragraph 110 above, p. 341, and Case C‑359/01 P British Sugar v Commission [2004] ECR I‑4933, paragraph 27), so that it is appropriate for the Community to take action, by reason of the scale and
         the effects of its action (see, to that effect, Case T‑65/98 Van den Bergh Foods v Commission [2003] ECR II‑4653, paragraphs 197 and 198).
      
      202   Where that action takes the form of a Commission decision, the Commission is therefore acting in accordance with the principle
         of subsidiarity where it establishes to the requisite legal standard that trade between Member States is capable of being
         affected by the agreement between undertakings, the decision by an association of undertakings or the concerted practice the
         legality of which it is examining.
      
      203   In the present case, the Commission found, in substance, at recitals 145 and 146 to the Decision, that Clause 4 of the General
         Sales Conditions was capable of affecting trade between Member States in so far as it established differentiated prices according
         to whether the wholesalers with whom GW had commercial relations in Spain intended that the medicines which they bought from
         GW would be resold in Spain or in other Member States of the Community, and GSK does not dispute that.
      
      204   In the third and final place, Article 43 EC confers on the nationals of any Member State, to whom Article 48 EC assimilates
         companies or firms formed in accordance with the law of a Member State and having their registered office, central administration
         or principal place of business within the Community, the fundamental freedom (Case 246/80 Broekmeulen [1981] ECR 2311, paragraph 20, and Case C‑19/92 Kraus [1993] ECR I‑1663, paragraphs 28 and 29) to establish themselves in any other Member State on the same conditions as the
         nationals of that State and prohibits the maintenance or introduction of restrictions on that freedom.
      
      205   Such restrictions consist in any national measures which, even though they are applicable without discrimination on grounds
         of nationality, are liable to place the nationals of other Member States in a less favourable legal or factual situation by
         comparison with that of the nationals of the Member State of establishment and thus to hinder or render less attractive the
         exercise of that fundamental freedom, subject to the exceptions provided for in the Treaty and those recognised by the Court
         of Justice (Case C‑255/97 Pfeiffer [1999] ECR I‑2835, paragraphs 18 and 19, and Case C‑140/03 Commission v Greece [2005] ECR I‑3177, paragraph 27).
      
      206   In the present case, GSK seeks annulment of a decision applying Article 81(1) EC which was adopted by the Commission in the
         exercise of the powers conferred on it by the Community competition rules. By its nature, such a decision neither constitutes
         nor contains any national measure capable of constituting a restriction prohibited by Article 43 EC. It is therefore pointless
         to claim that that decision constitutes an infringement of that provision (see, by analogy, as concerns Article 49 EC, order
         of the Court of Justice in Case C‑171/05 P Piau v Commission [2006] ECR I-0000, paragraph 58).
      
      207   Accordingly, the plea alleging misuse of powers, failure to observe the principle of subsidiarity and infringement of Article
         43 EC must be rejected in its entirety, as must GSK’s form of order in so far as it seeks annulment of Article 1 of the Decision.
      
      II –  The pleas seeking annulment of Article 2 of the Decision
      A –  The plea alleging inadequate reasoning 
      1.     Arguments of the parties
      208   GSK claims, in substance, that the Decision is vitiated by insufficient reasoning, in that the Commission did not carry out
         an adequate examination of the factual arguments and the evidence submitted to it during the administrative procedure concerning
         the respective advantages and disadvantages of parallel trade and of Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions for competition
         in the medicine sector, as it ought to have done in the light of the judgment in Bayer v Commission, paragraph 47 above.
      
      209   The Commission, supported by the interveners, disputes the validity of this plea.
      2.     Findings of the Court
      210   The question of the adequacy of the examination carried out by the Commission in a decision applying the competition rules
         is not a matter for the review of the existence or the extent of the reasoning in that decision but for the review of the
         merits of its grounds (Commission v Sytraval and Brink’s France, paragraph 54 above, paragraph 67, and Case T‑158/99 Thermenhotel Stoiser Franz and Others v Commission [2004] ECR II‑1, paragraph 97). 
      
      211   In the present case, GSK claims that the Decision is vitiated by insufficient reasoning in that the examination of the factual
         arguments and the evidence submitted in support of its request for an exemption is inadequate. It therefore disputes not so
         much the reasoning in the Decision as the merits of the grounds devoted to the appraisal of that request under Article 81(3)
         EC.
      
      212   Accordingly, the present plea relates in reality to the plea alleging infringement of Article 81(3) EC, which is examined
         below.
      
      213   In so far as GSK also intends to claim that the Decision is insufficiently reasoned as regards the rejection of its request
         for an exemption, that criticism does not appear to be well founded. At recitals 147 to 188 to the Decision, the Commission
         explains, in a sufficiently developed manner to enable GSK to understand its reasoning and the Court to review it, that that
         request must, in the Commission’s view, be rejected on the ground that evidence that the conditions necessary for the grant
         of an exemption, and primarily an efficiency gain, are satisfied was not adduced to the requisite legal standard.
      
      B –  The plea alleging infringement of Article 81(3) EC
      1.     Content of the Decision
      214   The Commission found, at recitals 147 to 189 to the Decision, that GSK had not proved that the conditions for the application
         of Article 81(3) EC were satisfied in the present case.
      
      215   With reference to the first conditions for the application of that provision, the Commission considered, at recitals 151 and
         154 to 176 to the Decision, that GSK had not demonstrated to the requisite legal standard that the General Sales Conditions
         would contribute to promoting technical progress or to improving the distribution of medicines.
      
      216   With reference to the second condition for the application of Article 81(3) EC, the Commission considered, at recitals 177
         to 186 to the Decision, that GSK had not demonstrated to the requisite legal standard that a fair share of the benefits resulting
         from the General Sales Conditions would be reserved for consumers.
      
      217   The Commission further stated, at recitals 187 and 188 to the Decision, that it was also not established that the General
         Sales Conditions did not impose restrictions which were not indispensable and did not eliminate competition in respect of
         a substantial part of the medicines in question.
      
      2.     Arguments of the parties
      218   GSK maintains that the Commission’s conclusion that it was not demonstrated that the conditions for the grant of an exemption
         were satisfied is vitiated by errors which justify annulment of Article 2 of the Decision.
      
      219   Generally, it submits, in substance, that the Commission did not seriously examine the factual arguments and the evidence
         supporting its request for an exemption. It then puts forward a number of arguments relating to each of the conditions for
         the application of Article 81(3) EC.
      
      220   As regards, first of all, the first of those conditions, GSK claims that the Commission did not seriously examine its factual
         arguments and its evidence that parallel trade would lead to a loss in efficiency by reducing its capacity to innovate, whereas
         Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions would bring about a gain in efficiency by enabling it to increase its capacity for
         innovation. It contends that the Commission was incorrect to conclude that it was not shown that parallel trade was not linked
         to innovation and, in any event, that it had an appreciable effect on innovation. The applicant contends that it has demonstrated
         the existence of a contribution to the promotion of technical progress.
      
      221   GSK further maintains that the Commission was incorrect to conclude that it was not demonstrated that Clause 4 of the General
         Sales Conditions would contribute to improving the distribution of medicines by limiting parallel trade, which leads to delays
         in placing products on the market in certain Member States and to a less than optimum allocation of the medicines offered
         for sale by GSK.
      
      222   As regards, next, the second condition for the application of Article 81(3) EC, GSK submits that the Commission was incorrect
         to conclude that it did not appear that a fair share of the benefits attached to Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions
         would be reserved for consumers. It maintains that the Commission misidentified the consumers by including the wholesalers
         and by not taking fully into account the role played by the Member States in the sector concerned. Furthermore, the Commission
         manifestly erred in evaluating all the advantages which consumers could expect from its differentiated price system, by comparison
         with the situation in which they are as a result of parallel trade.
      
      223   GSK further contends that it has clearly demonstrated that Clause 4 of the GSK was indispensable, within the meaning of the
         third condition for the application of Article 81(3) EC, to the attainment of the advantages which it expected for consumers.
      
      224   Last, GSK submits that it has demonstrated that Clause 4 would not have the effect of eliminating a substantial part of competition,
         owing to the nature and intensity of competition, in accordance with the fourth condition for the application of Article 81(3) EC.
      
      225   The Commission, supported by the interveners, disputes the merits of those arguments.
      226   It claims, in the first place, that it carried out a serious and adequate examination of all the factual arguments and the
         evidence submitted by GSK in support of its request for an exemption. 
      
      227   It maintains, in the second place, that it was entitled to conclude that evidence of the existence of the conditions for the
         application of Article 81(3) EC had not been adduced by GSK.
      
      228   In that regard, it contends, first, that GSK cannot merely claim that the agreement that it concluded with the intention or
         the effect of impeding parallel trade will allow it to maximise its commercial profits and to allocate a part of them to the
         financing of its R&D activities. It is incumbent on GSK, on the contrary, to establish, by adducing sufficient evidence to
         carry conviction, the existence of an objective, specific and direct causal link between the restriction of competition caused
         by the agreement and the efficiency gains apt to compensate for that restriction. In the present case, the Commission was
         entitled to find that such a causal link had not been demonstrated. 
      
      229   Second, the Commission contends that, even on the assumption that they were sufficiently specific to be capable of being taken
         into account, GSK’s arguments that parallel trade disrupts the distribution of medicines and leads to delays in placing them
         on the market, difficulties which Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions would redress, were not supported to the requisite
         legal standard at any time during the administrative procedure. 
      
      230   Third, the Commission is of the view, in substance, that the wholesalers must be counted among consumers and that they, like
         patients and the national sickness insurance schemes, may be considered to benefit from parallel trade. The Commission adds
         that, on the other hand, it has never been demonstrated to the requisite legal standard that consumers would also benefit
         from Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions. 
      
      231   Fourth, the Commission submits that GSK’s arguments do not reveal that, contrary to what the Commission found in the Decision,
         the indispensability of Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions was demonstrated. 
      
      232   Fifth, the Commission likewise submits that GSK’s arguments do not seriously call in question the finding that it was not
         demonstrated that Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions would not ultimately eliminate competition in respect of a substantial
         part of the products in question. 
      
      3.     Findings of the Court
      a)     Preliminary considerations
      233   Any agreement which restricts competition, whether by its effects or by its object, may in principle benefit from an exemption
         (Consten and Grundig v Commission, paragraph 110 above, pp. 342, 343 and 347, and Case T‑17/93 Matra Hachette v Commission [1994] ECR II‑595, paragraph 85), as the Commission, moreover, observed at recital 153 to the Decision and at the hearing.
      
      234   The application of that provision is subject to certain conditions, satisfaction of which is both necessary and sufficient
         (Remia and Others v Commission, paragraph 57 above, paragraph 38, and Matra Hachette v Commission, paragraph 233 above, paragraph 104). First, the agreement concerned must contribute to improving the production or distribution
         of the goods in question, or to promoting technical or economic progress; second, consumers must be allowed a fair share of
         the resulting benefit; third, it must not impose on the participating undertakings any restrictions which are not indispensable;
         and, fourth, it must not afford them the possibility of eliminating competition in respect of a substantial part of the products
         in question.
      
      235   Consequently, a person who relies on Article 81(3) EC must demonstrate that those conditions are satisfied, by means of convincing
         arguments and evidence (Joined Cases 43/82 and 63/82 VBVB and VBBB v Commission [1984] ECR 19, paragraph 52, and Aalborg Portland and Others v Commission, paragraph 55 above, paragraph 78).
      
      236   The Commission, for its part, must adequately examine those arguments and that evidence (Consten and Grundig v Commission, paragraph 110 above, p. 347), that is to say, it must determine whether they demonstrate that the conditions for the application
         of Article 81(3) EC are satisfied. In certain cases, those arguments and that evidence may be of such a kind as to require
         the Commission to provide an explanation or justification, failing which it is permissible to conclude that the burden of
         proof borne by the person who relies on Article 81(3) EC has been discharged (Aalborg Portland and Others v Commission, paragraph 55 above, paragraph 79). As the Commission agrees in its written submissions, in such a case it must refute those
         arguments and that evidence.
      
      237   In the present case, the Commission concentrated its examination on the first condition for the application of Article 81(3)
         EC, as, moreover, it stated in its written submissions and then at the hearing. It considered, at recitals 151 and 154 to
         176 to the Decision, that the factual arguments and the evidence submitted by GSK during the administrative procedure did
         not demonstrate that that condition was satisfied.
      
      238   The factual arguments and the evidence submitted by GSK for the purpose of establishing that consumers would be allowed a
         fair share of the benefit resulting from the General Sales Conditions and, consequently, that the second condition for the
         application of Article 81(3) EC was satisfied were rejected by way of consequence, as the Commission confirmed at the hearing.
         The Commission found, at recital 179 to the Decision, that as GSK had not demonstrated that the restriction of parallel trade
         actually achieved any of the benefits required under the first condition, the second condition could also not be fulfilled
         and therefore needed no further examination. It was only subsequently, and solely in the interest of completeness, that the
         Commission responded, at recitals 180 to 186 to the Decision, to certain of the arguments put forward by GSK, with a view
         to establishing that the parallel trade would not give rise to a benefit of which a fair part would be allowed to consumers.
      
      239   As regards the third and fourth conditions for the application of Article 81(3) EC, they were examined summarily, as the Commission
         indicated in its written submissions and then at the hearing, and were also essentially rejected by way of consequence. Thus,
         the third condition was rejected, at recital 187 to the Decision, on the ground that, as there was no evidence that the General
         Sales Conditions gave rise to advantages, it followed that there was no contribution whose indispensability could be analysed.
         The fourth condition was rejected, at recital 188 to the Decision, because GSK did not put forward any arguments concerning
         that condition which it had not already submitted and which had not already been rejected.
      
      240   In those circumstances, it is for the Court to determine before all else whether the Commission was entitled to conclude that
         the factual arguments and the evidence supporting GSK’s request for an exemption did not demonstrate that the first condition
         for the application of Article 81(3) EC was satisfied. Only if it is not the case must the Court also determine whether the
         Commission was entitled to conclude that it had also not been shown that the three other conditions for the application of
         that provision were satisfied. 
      
      241   In that regard, the Court dealing with an application for annulment of a decision applying Article 81(3) EC carries out, in
         so far as it is faced with complex economic assessments, a review confined, as regards the merits, to verifying whether the
         facts have been accurately stated, whether there has been any manifest error of appraisal and whether the legal consequences
         deduced from those facts were accurate (Consten and Grundig v Commission, paragraph 110 above, p. 347; Metro I, paragraph 109 above, paragraph 25; Remia and Others v Commission, paragraph 57 above, paragraph 34; and Aalborg Portland and Others v Commission, paragraph 55 above, paragraph 279).
      
      242   It is for the Court to establish not only whether the evidence relied on is factually accurate, reliable and consistent, but
         also whether it contains all the information which must be taken into account for the purpose of assessing a complex situation
         and whether it is capable of substantiating the conclusions drawn from it (Case C‑12/03 P Commission v Tetra Laval [2005] ECR I‑987, paragraph 39, and Case T‑210/01 General Electric v Commission [2005] ECR II-0000, paragraphs 62 and 63).
      
      243   On the other hand, it is not for the Court to substitute its own economic assessment for that of the institution which adopted
         the decision the legality of which it is requested to review.
      
      244   The Commission has, in particular, a margin of discretion which is subject to a restricted judicial review, in the operation
         consisting, once it has been ascertained that one of the criteria on which Article 81(3) EC makes provision for an exemption
         was satisfied, in weighing up the advantages expected from the implementation of the agreement and the disadvantages which
         the agreement entails for the final consumer owing to its impact on competition, which takes the form of a balancing exercise
         carried out in the light of the general interest appraised at Community level.
      
      245   Furthermore, review of the Commission’s decision is carried out solely by reference to the elements of fact and of law existing
         on the date of adoption of the contested decision, without prejudice to the possibility afforded to the parties, in the exercise
         of their rights of defence, to supplement them by evidence established after that date but for the specific purpose of contesting
         or defending that decision (see paragraph 58 above).
      
      246   In the present case, it follows that the evidence which did not exist at the date of adoption of the Decision and which was
         not established for the specific purpose of contesting or defending it in so far as the Decision concludes that GSK’s request
         for an exemption must be rejected, in particular the factual information relating to the period 2001/2005 and the studies
         entitled ‘Benefits to Payers and Patients from Parallel Trade’ carried out by the University of York in May 2003, ‘The Economic
         Impact of Pharmaceutical Parallel Trade in European Member States: A Stakeholder Analysis’ carried out by the London School
         of Economics and Political Sciences in January 2004 and ‘Parallel Imports and the Pricing of Pharmaceutical Products: Evidence
         from the European Union’ carried out by M. Ganslandt and K.E. Maskus in February 2004, must, as the Commission properly states
         in its answers to the written questions put by the Court and at the hearing, be disregarded.
      
      b)     Evidence of a gain in efficiency
      247   In order to be capable of being exempted under Article 81(3) EC, an agreement must contribute to improving the production
         or distribution of goods or to promoting technical or economic progress. That contribution is not identified with all the
         advantages which the undertakings participating in the agreement derive from it as regards their activities, but with appreciable
         objective advantages, of such a kind as to offset the resulting disadvantages for competition (see, for a contribution towards
         improvement in production or distribution, Consten and Grundig v Commission, paragraph 110 above, pp. 348 and 349; Case T‑7/93 Langnese-Iglo v Commission [1995] ECR II‑1533, paragraph 180; and Van den Bergh Foods v Commission, paragraph 201 above, paragraph 139; see also, for a contribution towards the promotion of progress, Matra Hachette v Commission, paragraph 233 above, paragraphs 108 to 111).
      
      248   It is therefore for the Commission, in the first place, to examine whether the factual arguments and the evidence submitted
         to it show, in a convincing manner, that the agreement in question must enable appreciable objective advantages to be obtained
         (see, to that effect, Metro I, paragraph 109 above, paragraph 43; Metro II, paragraph 58 above, paragraph 55; M6 and Others v Commission, paragraph 171 above, paragraph 143; and Case T‑231/99 Joynson v Commission [2002] ECR II‑2085, paragraphs 48 and 49), it being understood that these advantages may arise not only on the relevant market
         but also on other markets (Case T‑86/95 Compagnie générale maritime and Others v Commission [2002] ECR II‑1011, paragraph 343).
      
      249   That approach may entail a prospective analysis, in which case it is appropriate to ascertain whether, in the light of the
         factual arguments and the evidence provided, it seems more likely either that the agreement in question must make it possible
         to obtain appreciable advantages or that it will not (see, to that effect, Compagnie générale maritime and Others v Commission, paragraph 248 above, paragraph 365, and Van den Bergh Foods v Commission, paragraph 201 above, paragraph 143; see also, by analogy, Tetra Laval v Commission, paragraph 242 above, paragraphs 42 and 43, and General Electric v Commission, paragraph 242 above, paragraph 64).
      
      250   In the affirmative, it is for the Commission, in the second place, to evaluate whether those appreciable objective advantages
         are of such a kind as to offset the disadvantages identified for competition in the context of the examination carried out
         under Article 81(1) EC (see, to that effect, Van Landewyck and Others v Commission, paragraph 186 above, paragraphs 183 to 185).
      
      251   In the present case, GSK claimed that Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions would make it possible to secure advantages
         both upstream of the relevant market, by encouraging innovation, and on the market itself, by optimising the distribution
         of medicines. As those markets correspond to different stages of the value chain, the final consumer likely to benefit from
         those advantages is the same.
      
      252   The Court must therefore determine, first of all, whether the Commission was entitled to conclude that GSK’s factual arguments
         and evidence, examination of which entailed a prospective analysis, did not demonstrate, with a sufficient degree of probability,
         that Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions would make it possible to obtain an appreciable advantage of such a kind as
         to offset the disadvantage which it entailed for competition, by encouraging innovation.
      
       The existence of an appreciable objective advantage 
      253   Having regard to the nature of GSK’s criticisms, it is appropriate, in the first place, to present the factual arguments and
         the evidence in support of its request for an exemption on this point and then, in the second place, to review the way in
         which the Commission examined them.
      
      254   In the first place, recitals 90, 92 to 99, 151 and 154 to the Decision, and also recitals 64 to 68 to the Decision, to which
         they refer, briefly set out the arguments presented by GSK with a view to convincing the Commission that Clause 4 of the General
         Sales Conditions would enable innovation to be encouraged.
      
      255   As may be seen from the Decision, those arguments centre on two axes, which are closely linked yet distinct. First, as indicated
         in the first sentence of recital 154 to the Decision, parallel trade in medicines marketed by GW in Spain leads to a loss
         in efficiency for interbrand competition, in so far as it reduces GSK’s capacity for innovation. Second, as stated in the
         second and third sentences of that recital, Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions will lead to a gain in efficiency for
         interbrand competition in so far as it will enable GSK’s capacity for innovation to be increased.
      
      256   As may also be seen from the Decision, those two axes of reasoning are developed in GW’s notification, in GSK’s supplementary
         notification and, above all, in a number of items of economic or econometric evidence submitted by GSK during the administrative
         procedure, in particular in response to the Commission’s statement of objections. That evidence was placed on the file, principally
         in annexes to GSK’s written submissions, the content of which it supports and supplements, and for the remainder in answers
         to the measures of organisation of procedure. They consist of the following documents:
      
      –       the study entitled ‘Glaxo Wellcome’s Spanish Pricing System: The Need for a New Approach to Parallel Imports’, by London Economics;
      –       the study entitled ‘Pharmaceutical Pricing in the EU – A note in response to the European Commission’s Statement of objections
         concerning GlaxoWellcome’s Spanish Pricing Agreements’, by Frontier Economics;
      
      –       the study entitled ‘The Adverse Effects of Parallel Imports on Consumer Welfare’, by Professor P. Rey;
      –       the study entitled ‘The Effects of Parallel Imports on Social Welfare I: Critique’, by Frontier Economics;
      –       the study entitled ‘The Effects of Parallel Imports on Social Welfare II: Critique’, by Professor P. Rey;
      –       the presentation entitled ‘Glaxo Wellcome’s R&D budgeting process’, by A. Baxter.
      257   It is apparent upon reading the Decision as a whole and the other documents cited in the preceding paragraph that although
         GSK’s arguments are divided between different documents, although their presentation may vary and although their content may
         be developed to a greater or lesser extent, particularly in the light of the aspect of the statement of objections against
         which the document containing them is directed, they are essentially as follows.
      
      258   First, according to the documents produced by GSK, parallel trade in medicines marketed in Spain by GW entails a loss in efficiency.
         In effect: 
      
      –       the sector for patented medicines reimbursed by a national sickness insurance scheme is characterised by the fact that innovation
         constitutes the determining parameter of interbrand competition;
      
      –       innovation in ensured by a level of R&D expenditure which is both substantial and higher than that which characterises most
         other industries; in GSK’s case, that expenditure represents approximately 14% of its turnover, or approximately GBP 1.3 billion;
      
      –       as investment in R&D is costly, high-risk and long-term, it is mainly financed from the undertaking’s own funds rather than
         by borrowing; in GSK’s case it is financed exclusively from its own funds;
      
      –       R&D financing is dependent on current returns and also on anticipated returns; in GSK’s case, the fact that its capacity for
         financing increased by 230 times in the 1980s and 1990s was made possible by the existence of very successful medicines, in
         particular Zantac, which accounted for 40% of its world-wide revenues until 1994;
      
      –       parallel trade has the effect of reducing the returns of the pharmaceutical company concerned (schematically, for each unit
         sold at a price of 100 in the country of origin there is a corresponding unsold unit at a price of 100 + n in the country
         of destination) and, thus, of impeding the possibility of applying, for all sales made in each national market, an optimum
         price, that is to say, a price set by reference to the preferences peculiar to each Member States;
      
      –       that impact is concentrated on certain products and on certain geographic markets; in GSK’s case, the losses mainly affect
         certain medicines consumed in the United Kingdom;
      
      –       that impact is significant, owing to the significant differential existing between the prices in force in the various Member
         States of the Community; in particular, the differential between the Spanish price and the United Kingdom price was, in 1998,
         for the eight medicines principally concerned (paragraph 11 above), between a minimum of 21% and a maximum of 132%;
      
      –       in that regard, GSK provides estimates, containing confidential figures, of the loss of revenue caused by parallel trade from
         all Member States to the United Kingdom and concerning all of its medicines, and also relating to the loss of revenue caused
         by parallel trade from Spain to the United Kingdom and relating to the eight medicines principally concerned, for 1996, 1997
         and 1998;
      
      –       parallel trade also has the effect of reducing the amount which GSK is authorised to deduct, by way of investment in R&D,
         from the amount of its profits taken into account for the purpose of determining whether it exceeds the maximum rate of return
         on investment set by National Health Service; in that regard, GSK provides estimates, containing confidential figures, of
         the amount of the reduction caused by parallel trade from all origins and parallel trade from Spain, in 1998;
      
      –       the fact that the pharmaceutical company continues to make what are apparently significant profits does not deprive those
         arguments of relevance, in so far as it is necessary to take account of the method of accounting for investments in R&D, the
         way in which they are spread over time, their average cost and the degree of risk which they entail;
      
      –       last, parallel trade has the effect of reducing the capacities for financing R&D; in that regard, GSK provides estimates,
         containing confidential figures, relating to the percentage of its pre-tax profits which it reinvests in R&D and to the reduction
         in its R&D budget to which the loss in revenue caused by parallel trade from Spain to the United Kingdom and relating to the
         eight medicines principally concerned correspond, for the years 1996 to 1998;
      
      –       the fact that that reduction is quantitatively limited does not deprive that argument of relevance, in so far as it concerns
         the impact of parallel trade from Spain to the United Kingdom and relating to the eight medicines principally concerned between
         1996 and 1998 and in so far as a quantitatively limited reduction may in any event have significant qualitative effects, in
         particular by leading to less profitable or more risky projects being abandoned; GSK provides a list of nine projects abandoned
         for that reason;
      
      –       on the other hand, parallel trade has few positive effects, as parallel traders do not compete on price to any significant
         extent and keep for themselves a substantial part of the differential between the price in force in the Member State of origin
         and that applied in the Member State of destination, so that the downward pressure on prices is reduced and the final consumer
         ultimately derives only a limited benefit.
      
      259   Second, according to the documents produced by GSK, Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions will lead to a gain in efficiency.
         In effect:
      
      –       the cost of R&D is global and joint in that it corresponds to an activity carried out on a world-wide scale and that, for
         a significant proportion, it is not attributable to a specific production site or a specific product;
      
      –       the pharmaceutical companies do not control their prices in most Member States; they agree to serve a national market on condition
         that the price set by the public authorities allows them to cover their marginal costs, but they must still succeed, where
         they can, in covering their entire global and joint R&D costs;
      
      –       the differentiated pricing system provided for in Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions will make it possible to cover
         the cost of R&D by ensuring that the prices are set, on each national market, at the level corresponding to the preferences
         of the final consumer, that is to say, ultimately of the Member State concerned; in particular, it will make it possible to
         prevent the price fixed by the Kingdom of Spain from being exported to the United Kingdom;
      
      –       the strong competitive pressure by innovation which prevails in the sector ensures that GSK will act as a rational economic
         operator by transforming, in so far as necessary, those additional profits into investment in R&D.
      
      260   In the second place, the Commission found, at recitals 151, 154, 155 and 169 to the Decision, that it was not proved that
         parallel trade had a negative impact on GSK’s R&D activities and, in any event, that it was not proved that parallel trade
         had an appreciable negative effect on those activities.
      
      261   Thus, the Commission essentially examined, at recitals 157 to 168 to the Decision, whether it was demonstrated that parallel
         trade gave rise to a loss in efficiency, a question which it answered in the negative. It therefore did not consider it necessary
         to examine in detail whether it was demonstrated that Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions entailed a gain in efficiency,
         as that question was addressed only on one specific occasion, at recital 156 to the Decision.
      
      262   Having regard to the relevance of the factual arguments and the evidence submitted by GSK, the Commission’s examination of
         the loss in efficiency associated with parallel trade, of the extent of that loss of efficiency and of the gain in efficiency
         associated with Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions cannot be accepted as sufficient to support the conclusions which
         the Commission reached on those points.
      
      –       The relevance of the factual arguments and the evidence submitted by GSK
      263   The factual arguments and the supporting evidence submitted by GSK appear to be relevant, reliable and credible, having regard
         to their content (Cimenteries CBR and Others v Commission, paragraph 83 above, paragraph 1838), which is itself corroborated on a number of significant aspects by documents originating
         with the Commission.
      
      264   Thus, Communication COM(1998) 588 final, paragraph 135 above, which is essentially devoted to enhancing the single market
         in the pharmaceutical sector, which is not at issue here, also records the relationship existing, in the Commission’s opinion,
         between innovation, parallel trade and competition in the sector. A reading of that communication reveals that, apart from
         the statement cited at paragraph 115 above concerning the ambiguous impact of parallel trade on the welfare of final consumers,
         the Commission makes the following assertions:
      
      –       the pharmaceutical industry is based on research (pp. 3 and 11) and it is clear that in the patented medicines sector there
         is very fierce competition in terms of innovation (p. 16), which leads to a continuous flow of new products on the market
         (p. 11); on the other hand, there is relatively little dynamic competition on prices after the products have been launched
         (p. 16);
      
      –       the pharmaceutical industry must pay for investments in R&D (p. 14) and for that purpose it needs to achieve a sufficient
         level of profitability to be able to devote the necessary resources to R&D to develop innovative products (pp. 17 and 23);
      
      –       although the European pharmaceutical industry is a powerful industrial sector (the amount of European investments in R&D tripled
         in 1997 by reference to the 10 previous years), it shows a fall in apparent competitiveness, which is confirmed although that
         situation is beginning to change; one of the reasons for that situation is that its global profitability and its financial
         profitability ratio appear to be higher in the United States than in the European Union (pp. 4 and 5); 
      
      –       in order to finance its R&D activities, the pharmaceutical industry seeks to make profits at world-wide level (p. 3);
      –       there are significant differences between the Member States, both in general macroeconomic conditions (especially per-capita
         income and wealth) and in health systems; there seems to be a well-established positive link between health care expenditure
         and incomes, although that relationship is not perfect (pp. 3 and 4);
      
      –       there are important differences between Member States from the point of view of prices, which can be explained by a number
         of factors; one of the factors responsible for those differences appears to be the extent to which Member States rely on price
         control, although there are also conjunctural factors such as inflation and currency fluctuations (p. 4);
      
      –       in that regard, the change to the euro should help to provide a more stable environment for Member States participating in
         the economic and monetary union (EMU). However, it will also make price differentials in the existing European market much
         more visible, which could stimulate wholesalers and pharmacists to engage in cross-border transactions (pp. 6 and 7);
      
      –       it would be extremely difficult to establish a price level which would be appropriate for all the Community. A low level would
         benefit immediate health care expenditure objectives (at least in the Member States where prices are currently high), but
         would provoke a steady diminution of Europe’s contribution to global pharmaceutical R&D investment, leading ultimately to
         disinvestment from the European economy. High levels would reduce access to consumers and payers in those countries where
         economic and social conditions mean that such prices cannot be afforded (p. 11);
      
      –       the pharmaceutical companies charge different prices to take account of the differences in the ability to pay (p. 4).
      265   Admittedly, those extracts concerning the role of innovation and the impact which parallel trade and price differentials,
         respectively, have on innovation must not be taken to mean that GSK’s factual arguments are necessarily well founded, or to
         provide a complete and definitive picture of the Commission’s position on that complex question. The fact remains, however,
         that they corroborate a part of those arguments and of the economic analyses in the supporting evidence, thus attesting to
         their reliability and their credibility.
      
      266   In its answers to the written questions put by the Court, the Commission stated that Communication (1998) 588 final, paragraph
         135 above, also indicated that, in spite of important differences in prices between Member States, it was necessary to adopt
         an approach consistent with the principles of the single market, which made it impossible to justify measures the effect of
         which would be to maintain or increase the partitioning of the common market along national lines (p. 18). The Commission
         further explained that the decision was consistent with that approach. However, that argument cannot be accepted. It presumes
         that an agreement providing that patented medicines reimbursed by the national sickness insurance schemes will be sold at
         different prices on different geographic markets, according to the preferences of the final consumer who bears the cost, cannot
         be granted an exemption in any circumstances. Article 81 EC makes no such provision.
      
      267   As regards, more generally, economic theory, the Commission submitted, as an annex to its defence, the ‘Executive Summary’
         of a study dated 8 February 1999 by NERA for the Commission’s Directorate-General ‘Internal Market and Financial Services’,
         entitled ‘The Economic Consequences of the Choice of Regime of Exhaustion in the Area of Trademarks’. That extract, and in
         particular the considerations on p. 5, corroborate certain of the analyses put forward in the evidence submitted by GSK concerning
         the interest that a pharmaceutical company might have in applying different prices according to the market on which the medicines
         are sold and the particular preferences of final consumers.
      
      268   In those circumstances, the Commission, which itself analysed the system of differentiated prices established by Clause 4
         of the General Sales Conditions as discriminatory owing to the destination of the medicines concerned (paragraph 174 above),
         in the context of the examination which it carried out under Article 81(1) EC, cannot claim, as it did in its answers to the
         written questions put by the Court, that that question is not relevant in the context of the examination to be carried out
         under Article 81(3) EC. Nor can it maintain that GSK did not rely on it during the administrative procedure or during these
         proceedings. On the contrary, by repeatedly claiming that it intends to prevent the prices imposed in Spain from being exported
         to the United Kingdom, GSK refers in particular to the idea that it intends to establish differentiated prices in order to
         ensure that the sales which it makes in the United Kingdom will all be made at the price which that Member State allows it
         to charge and not at the price which the Kingdom of Spain imposes on it.
      
      –       The loss of efficiency associated with parallel trade 
      269   The Court notes that the conclusion that it has not been shown that parallel trade leads to a loss in efficiency by altering
         GSK’s capacity for innovation is based on an examination, at recitals 155 to 161 to the Decision, which does not take into
         consideration all the factual arguments and evidence pertinently submitted by GSK, contrary to what the Commission maintained
         in its written submissions, and is not supported by convincing evidence. While the Commission is clearly not required to examine
         all the arguments submitted to it, it must, on the other hand, in accordance with the case-law cited at paragraphs 236 and
         242 above, adequately examine all the evidence which is relevant and, so far as necessary, refute it by means of evidence
         capable of substantiating its conclusion.
      
      270   Taken as a whole, those arguments revealed that the competitive problem faced by GSK and the solution which it had sought
         to apply were, according to GSK, as follows.
      
      271   First, the medicines sector is characterised by the importance of competition by innovation. R&D is costly and risky. Its
         cost is simultaneously a fixed cost (it is not connected with the number of medicines sold), a joint cost (it is incurred
         upstream from production and distribution and, in part, is not linked with a particular medicine) and a global cost (it is
         not connected with a particular country). It is most frequently financed from an undertaking’s own funds rather than from
         borrowing. It therefore requires an optimum flow of income. The optimisation of income may be ensured by adapting the prices
         of medicines to the preferences of final consumers, where those preferences differ. Price differentiation thus allows the
         cost of R&D to be recovered from the final consumers who are prepared to pay for it. That practice of differentiated prices,
         which is presented here in a simplified form, is known to economists as ‘Ramsey Pricing’.
      
      272   Second, the implementation of that practice in the medicines sector is characterised by certain particular traits. When medicines
         are protected by patents, their price may be maintained, in the particular interest of the producer, at a higher level than
         the marginal cost throughout the life of the patent. However, when those medicines are reimbursed by the national sickness
         insurance schemes, their price must, in the general interest, be maintained directly (price control) or indirectly (control
         of benefits) at a level which is not excessively higher than the marginal cost. The extent of that excess reflects the preference
         of the final consumer, that is to say, essentially, the national sickness insurance scheme. If the latter is relatively sensitive
         to the price of the medicine, the excess will tend to be small; if it is relatively insensitive to that price, the excess
         will tend to be significant. In practice, that degree of sensitivity depends on various parameters, such as the standard of
         living or the state of public finances. The fraction of the cost of R&D recovered by producers of medicines therefore varies
         from one Member State to another, according to the income which the applicable price makes available. In the present case,
         it is in the United Kingdom that GSK could, owing to the regulations applicable, recuperate the global and joint part of its
         R&D costs.
      
      273   Third, parallel trade has the effect of reducing that income, to an uncertain but real degree. That practice, which economists
         know as ‘free riding’, is characterised by the fact that the intermediary leaves the role which he traditionally plays in
         the value chain and becomes an arbitrageur and thus obtains a greater part of the profit. The legitimacy of that transfer
         of wealth from producer to intermediary is not in itself of interest to competition law, which is concerned only with its
         impact on the welfare of the final consumer. In so far as the intermediary participates in intrabrand competition, parallel
         trade may have a pro-competitive effect. In the medicines sector, however, that activity is also seen in a special light,
         since it does not bring any significant added value for the final consumer.
      
      274   Fourth, Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions seeks to optimise income and to neutralise parallel trade. It limits the
         possibilities previously afforded to GW’s wholesalers to sell, outside Spain, medicines bought at the price set with a view
         to reimbursement by the Spanish sickness insurance scheme. It therefore allows sales in other Member States to be made at
         the price determined with a view to reimbursement by their respective national sickness insurance schemes. The fact that the
         profit is retained by the producer will in all likelihood give rise to a gain in efficiency by comparison with the situation
         in which the profit is shared with the intermediary, because a rational producer which is able to ensure the profitability
         of its innovations and which operates in a sector characterised by healthy competition on innovation has every interest in
         reinvesting at least a part of its surplus profit in innovation.
      
      275   However, the very structure of recitals 155 to 161 to the Decision shows that the Commission, after acknowledging the importance
         of competition by innovation in the relevant sector, failed to undertake a rigorous examination of the factual arguments and
         the evidence submitted by GSK concerning the nature of the investments in R&D, the characteristics of the financing of R&D,
         the impact of parallel trade on R&D and the applicable regulations, but confined itself, as indicated at recital 155 to the
         Decision, to observations which, to say the least, are fragmentary and, as GSK rightly claims, of limited relevance or value.
      
      276   Such an omission is particularly serious where the Commission is required to determine whether the conditions for the application
         of Article 81(3) EC are satisfied in a legal and economic context, such as that characteristic of the pharmaceutical sector,
         where competition is distorted by the presence of national regulations. That circumstance obliges the Commission to examine
         with particular attention the arguments and evidence submitted to it by the person relying on Article 81(3) EC. 
      
      277   Thus, the first sentence of recital 157 to the Decision, which deals with the factors at the origin of decisions relating
         to R&D, relies on one of the economic studies in the file, but gives it an incomplete and unconvincing reading. Admittedly,
         that study indicates effectively that parallel trade is not the main factor underlying decisions on R&D. However, it immediately
         adds that those decisions are taken, in particular, according to the general level of current profits or the expected profitability
         of the products in the development pipeline, as indicated, moreover, in the second sentence of that recital. Those are factors
         in respect of which GSK maintains that parallel trade has a negative impact, which the Commission accepts in the third sentence
         of that recital. In those circumstances, the Commission could not omit to carry out a more thorough examination, in the light
         of the supporting evidence submitted.
      
      278   The remaining part of recital 157 to the Decision, which merely sets out GSK’s possible responses to the loss of efficiency
         that may be caused by parallel trade, by reducing other budgetary items or using a part of its substantial profits, does not
         take the place of a response to the arguments that GSK has every interest in investing in R&D, owing to the fact of the lively
         interbrand competition, which relies on innovation, and finds it impossible to recover the entire proceeds of that investment,
         in order to reinvest in R&D, because of parallel trade. It also disregards GSK’s arguments that the extent of its profits
         must be qualified because of the way in which they are accounted for.
      
      279   In those circumstances, the question of the degree of correlation between parallel trade and R&D could not be dealt with without
         a more thorough examination or be satisfied by the lapidary conclusion that it was not proved that there was a causal link
         between parallel trade (or its limitation) and R&D, as stated at recitals 151, 154, 155 and 159 to the Decision.
      
      280   As the Commission took advantage, in its written submissions, of the ambiguity of the wording of recital 169 to the Decision,
         in order to explain that what GSK had failed to prove was no longer the existence of a link between Clause 4 of the General
         Sales Conditions and the gain in efficiency which it expected from that provision but the existence of a direct link between
         those two elements, it must be observed that that argument, which was raised most recently at the hearing, cannot be accepted.
         That distinction is not to be found at recitals 155 to 161 to the Decision, to which recital 169 refers, since those recitals
         unreservedly conclude that there is no link between the General Sales Conditions and the contribution to the promotion of
         technical progress. Nor is that distinction provided for in Article 81(3) EC, which allows the exemption of agreements producing
         a gain in efficiency without distinction as to whether that effect is direct or indirect, and a distinction cannot in principle
         be drawn where the Treaty draws no distinction (Consten and Grundig v Commission, paragraph 110 above, p. 339). In accordance with the case-law cited at paragraphs 247 and 248 above, any advantage in the
         form of a gain in efficiency must therefore be taken into account, provided that it is objective and appreciable and that
         its existence is proved convincingly.
      
      –       The extent of the loss in efficiency associated with parallel trade 
      281   The subsidiary conclusion that it is not in any event demonstrated that parallel trade leads to an appreciable loss in efficiency
         by altering GSK’s capacity to innovate is not convincingly supported and the examination on which its is based, set out at
         recitals 159 and 162 to 168 to the Decision, does not take into account all the relevant elements put forward in that regard.
         In essence, it follows from that examination that the loss in efficiency alleged by GSK is limited, first, in time, because
         it is to be explained less by the price differentials linked to the existence of different regulations in the Member States
         of the Community, as indicted at recitals 162 and 163 to the Decision, than by the currency fluctuations between 1996 and
         1998, as stated at recitals 164 to 166 to the Decision. It also follows from that examination that it is limited in material
         terms, as indicated at recitals 167 to 169 to the Decision.
      
      282   In that regard, irrespective of the fact that Spanish prices would not be considerably lower than the Community average, which
         is explained at recitals 162 and 163 to the Decision and the relevance of which is limited in so far as national prices are
         at structurally different levels owing to the regulatory power of the Member States in that regard and as it therefore manifestly
         does not appear to be satisfactory, from an economic viewpoint, to reason by reference to a hypothetical Community average,
         it must be observed that the Commission did not carry out a serious examination before reaching the definitive conclusion,
         at recitals 164 and 165 to the Decision, that the parallel trade between Spain and the United Kingdom between 1996 and 1998
         was of a punctual and limited nature.
      
      283   As may be seen from its written submissions, GSK does not deny that the variations in exchange rates, in particular speculative
         movements against the GBP in the approach to the final stage of EMU, made a conjunctural contribution to parallel trade in
         medicines marketed by GW in Spain between 1996 and 1998. However, it maintains that that conjunctural impact, as marked as
         it could be, constitutes only an aggravating factor, since parallel trade is linked, independently of exchange rate fluctuations,
         to the fact that the coexistence of different national regulations is reflected in structurally different prices in the Member
         States of the Community.
      
      284   That argument is relevant and the evidence on which it is based is corroborated both by the extracts from Communication COM(1998)
         588 final set out at paragraph 264 above and by the Decision itself. In effect, recitals 31, 32 and 53 to the Decision state
         that currency fluctuations, which by their very nature have a cyclical effect on parallel trade, constitute only a complicating
         factor of a phenomenon which is explained, in structural terms, by the existence, in the different Member States of the Community,
         of different prices for the same medicine. 
      
      285   Admittedly, that situation did not in itself prevent the Commission from considering that the parallel trade between the Kingdom
         of Spain and the United Kingdom between 1996 and 1998 was a special case caused essentially by the appreciation of the GBP
         against the Spanish peseta (ESP).
      
      286   However, the figures cited by the Commission are too ambiguous to be capable of providing convincing support for that conclusion.
         According to the Decision, the GBP appreciated by 30% against the ESP between October 1996 and April 1998. During that period,
         the proportion which parallel imports from Spain represented by reference to all parallel imports into the United Kingdom
         remained stable in volume (approximately 40%), while those parallel imports increased in value (approximately GBP 20 million
         in 1996 and approximately GBP 42 million in 1998). As the Commission explained, most recently in its answers to the written
         questions put by the Court, that attests to the fact that the appreciation of the GBP gave rise to a flow of parallel imports
         from other Member States. However, that also confirms that, both before and after the appreciation of the GBP, the main part
         (approximately 40%) of parallel trade to the United Kingdom came from Spain, the remainder being shared among the other source
         Member States. It therefore does not constitute a sufficient response to GSK’s argument that while the appreciation of the
         GBP undoubtedly exacerbated the problem caused by parallel trade from Spain, it does not in any way detract from the structural
         origin of that problem. 
      
      287   The argument put forward by the Commission in its answers to the written questions put by the Court, that the increase in
         parallel trade from Spain during the period 1996/98 may be explained by the expiry, on 6 October 1995, of the transitional
         period provided for in Articles 47 and 209 of the Act of Accession of the Kingdom of Spain, during which the holder of a patent
         could exercise the rights which it held under that patent to oppose the import of medicines marketed by itself or with its
         consent in Spain, does not alter that conclusion, since it clearly has no bearing on the period after the date of notification,
         to which GSK’s arguments relate.
      
      288   Last, as indicated at recitals 15, 18 and 55 to the Decision, GSK stated during the administrative procedure that although
         the General Sales Conditions are applicable to 82 medicines, eight of them were prime candidates for parallel trade. In addition,
         as indicated at recitals 22 and 35 to the Decision, GSK also stated that while the General Sales Conditions were applicable
         irrespective of the final destination of the medicines concerned, they were mainly aimed at parallel trade between Spain and
         the United Kingdom. GSK therefore essentially, albeit not exclusively, provided the Commission with figures relating, first,
         to the price differentials between Spain and the United Kingdom, second, to parallel trade in Becloforte, Beconase, Becotide,
         Flixotide, Imigran, Lamictal, Serevent and Ventolín between Spain and the United Kingdom during the period 1996/98 and, third,
         to the impact which according to GSK parallel trade had on its income and its R&D budget. Those figures are set out at recitals
         55, 59 to 67, 70, 83, 92, 98 and 99 to the Decision.
      
      289   Furthermore, as indicated at recitals 70 and 71 to the Decision, GSK made clear that parallel trade lay outside formally audited
         distribution channels and added that the figures provided to the Commission were estimates which might not be reliable but
         which it could not further refine. Those allegations of fact, which were reiterated in the reply, were not disputed. 
      
      290   GSK is correct to maintain that those figures, quite apart from the fact that they are not derisory, must be regarded as a
         sample attesting not to a punctual and limited loss in efficiency but to a more general loss which was destined to continue.
      
      291   As regards the first aspect, it must be borne in mind that when the Commission considered whether Clause 4 of the General
         Sales Conditions might present a disadvantage, while it agreed to concentrate on the eight medicines which were the main candidates
         for parallel trade between Spain and the United Kingdom, as it indicated at recitals 18, 56, 57 and 69 to the Decision, it
         also took account of the network effect linked with parallel trade in other medicines, between Spain and other Member States,
         as indicated at recitals 72 to 75, 117, 126, 140 and 144 to the Decision. It is specifically that network effect that rendered
         significant a restriction of competition which would have been marginal at the level of the United Kingdom alone, according
         to recital 133 to the Decision. However, the Commission provides no explanation of why it must follow a different approach
         when examining the question whether Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions may present an advantage and concentrate exclusively
         on the figures provided to it by GSK, in the light of the difficulty in ascertaining the reality of parallel trade and of
         the fact that it agreed to regard the figures provided by GSK as a sample.
      
      292   As regards the second aspect, it must be observed that parallel trade is a phenomenon which may extend beyond the short period
         taken by the Commission, not only on account of the lasting nature of the price differentials which make it possible but also
         by reason of the cyclical nature of currency variations, in so far as they still exist. The Commission agrees in Communication
         COM(1998) 588 final, paragraph 135 above. It also acknowledges, in its defence, that currency fluctuations remain a reality
         in the case of the Member States which did not proceed to the third stage of EMU in 1999, which specifically include the United
         Kingdom.
      
      293   In that context, the sample of figures provided by GSK reveals a tendency. The Commission’s question at recital 168 to the
         Decision, as to whether the figure provided by GSK concerning its overall lost revenue in 1998 might be exaggerated, does
         not call that conclusion in question. The figure provided in that regard on 14 December 1998 and 14 February 2000 remains
         higher than the figure for the two preceding years, as indicated at recital 67 to the Decision. Furthermore, GSK’s explanation
         that the figure previously supplied in that regard, on 28 July 1998, was an estimate, whereas the figure provided in December
         1998 and in February 2000 was real and could be explained by the fact that the General Sales Conditions had been applied between
         spring and autumn 1998, as may be seen from recitals 19, 23, 26, 64, 67 and 168 to the Decision, was sufficiently credible
         to merit serious examination.
      
      –       The gain in efficiency associated with Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions 
      294   It must be observed that, as GSK correctly maintains, the Commission carried out no serious examination of its factual arguments
         and its evidence relating, not to the disadvantages of parallel trade, but to the advantages of Clause 4 of the General Sales
         Conditions.
      
      295   In the light of the structure of GSK’s arguments and also of the discussion of that point during the administrative procedure,
         the Decision could not avoid examining, first of all, whether parallel trade led to a loss in efficiency for the pharmaceutical
         industry in general, and for GSK in particular. Only in the absence of any dispute in that regard could the Commission validly
         dispense with such an examination (see, by analogy, Compagnie générale maritime and Others v Commission, paragraph 248 above, paragraph 345).
      
      296   However, a comparison of the evidence provided by GSK with the other evidence invoked by the Commission in the Decision clearly
         reveals that in the medicines sector the effect of parallel trade on competition is ambiguous, since the gain in efficiency
         to which it is likely to give rise for intrabrand competition, the role of which is limited by the applicable regulatory framework,
         must be compared with the loss in efficiency to which it is likely to give rise for interbrand competition, the role of which
         is central. 
      
      297   In those circumstances, the Commission could not refrain from examining, second, whether Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions
         could enable GSK’s capacity for innovation to be reinstated and thus could give rise to a gain in efficiency for interbrand
         competition.
      
      298   That, moreover, formed the very core of the prospective analysis which the Commission was under a duty to carry out in order
         to respond to GSK’s request for an exemption. According to the consistent case-law cited at paragraph 247 above, it is necessary
         to determine whether the agreement prohibited on account of the disadvantage which it represents for competition (Article
         81(1) EC) presents an advantage of such a kind as to offset that disadvantage (Article 81(3) EC).
      
      299   The Commission was therefore still required to examine GSK’s arguments relating to the advantages expected of Clause 4 of
         the General Sales Conditions. In that regard, recital 156 to the Decision, the only recital susceptible of attesting to an
         examination on that point, indicates essentially:
      
      ‘[I]t is a matter of discretion for pharmaceutical companies to decide how much they wish to invest in R&D. Any savings they
         might hypothetically make by preventing parallel trade would therefore not automatically lead to higher R&D investments. It
         is conceivable that these savings might merely be added to the companies’ profits. Obviously, the generation of extra profits
         alone cannot justify an exemption. In this regard, GSK’s argument would mean that the first condition for [the application
         of Article 81(3) EC] would be fulfilled for every agreement that could be said to contribute to an increase in the revenues
         of a firm engaged in R&D. The condition would in any case be meaningless, since it is in the nature of any agreement restricting
         competition to be likely to increase a firm’s earnings.’
      
      300   However, GSK did not claim that the creation of additional profits would in itself justify an exemption. On the contrary,
         it maintained that parallel trade prevented it from making the profits necessary for the optimum financing of its R&D, that
         Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions would enable it to increase its revenues and that it would have every interest, in
         the light of the fierce interbrand competition, of the central role played by innovation in that competition and of the methods
         of financing R&D, in investing a part of this surplus in R&D in order to overtake its competitors or to ensure that it would
         not be overtaken by them. In other words, it claimed that its General Sales Conditions should be exempted because they would
         have not merely the immediate effect of increasing its revenues, but above all the secondary effect of increasing its capacity
         for innovation. Furthermore, it maintained that that advantage must be compared with the fact that, when it was obtained by
         parallel traders, that surplus did not constitute an advantage, because, not being obliged to engage in genuine competition
         among themselves, the parallel traders reduced prices only to the extent necessary to attract retailers and therefore kept
         most of that surplus for themselves, as GSK again submitted at the hearing. 
      
      301   The Commission could not merely reject those arguments outright on the ground that the advantage described by GSK would not
         necessarily be achieved, as it did at recital 156 to the Decision, but was required, in accordance with the case-law, also
         to examine, as specifically as possible, in the context of a prospective analysis, whether, in the particular circumstances
         of the case and in the light of the evidence submitted to it, it seemed more likely that the advantages described by GSK would
         be achieved or, on the contrary, that they would not (Compagnie générale maritime and Others v Commission, paragraph 248 above, paragraph 365). It was not entitled to consider, in a peremptory manner and without providing proper
         arguments, that the factual arguments and the evidence submitted by GSK must be regarded as hypothetical, as it maintained
         most recently at the hearing.
      
      302   Furthermore, when questioned on that point at the hearing, the Commission admitted on a number of occasions that it was appropriate
         to reason in terms of probability, while adding that it was necessary to be strict in that regard and claiming, essentially,
         that in the present case, in the light of the evidence submitted, and in particular the figures obtained by GSK, it seemed
         more probable that the advantage claimed would not be achieved. However, that is not the reasoning followed by the Decision.
      
      303   It follows from the foregoing that the Decision is vitiated by a failure to carry out a proper examination, as the Commission
         did not validly take into account all the factual arguments and the evidence pertinently submitted by GSK, did not refute
         certain of those arguments even though they were sufficiently relevant and substantiated to require a response, and did not
         substantiate to the requisite legal standard its conclusion that it was not proved, first, that parallel trade was apt to
         lead to a loss in efficiency by appreciably altering GSK’s capacity for innovation and, second, that Clause 4 of the General
         Sales Conditions was apt to enable a gain in efficiency to be achieved by improving innovation.
      
       The balancing exercise
      304   After concluding its examination of the factual arguments and the evidence submitted by GSK and finding that they did not
         demonstrate the existence of an appreciable objective advantage, the Commission did not carry out the complex assessment (see
         paragraph 241 above) which would have been involved by the exercise seeking to balance that advantage against the disadvantage
         for competition identified in the part of the Decision devoted to the application of Article 81(1) EC, as it stated on a number
         of occasions at the hearing.
      
      305   In effect, the Commission considered, at recital 151 to the Decision, that GSK had not proved that Clause 4 of the General
         Sales Conditions brought advantages and, at recital 152 to the Decision, that, in such circumstances, no balancing test was
         necessary, further stating that, in any event, even if it had to undertake such a balancing exercise, the disadvantages in
         that provision would outweigh the advantages.
      
      306   As may be seen from the foregoing grounds, however, the Commission’s conclusion that evidence of the existence of an appreciable
         economic advantage had not been submitted is vitiated by a failure to examine adequately the relevant criteria (paragraph
         303 above). For its part, the Commission’s finding that Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions restricts competition is
         well founded only in so far as it finds that Clause 4 has the effect of depriving final consumers of medicines reimbursed
         by a national sickness insurance scheme of the advantage which they would have derived, in regard to prices and costs, from
         the participation of the Spanish wholesalers in intrabrand competition on the markets of destination of the parallel trade
         from Spain (paragraphs 147, 190 and 194 above).
      
      307   Consequently, the Commission’s conclusion that there is no need to carry out a balancing exercise, which would show in any
         event that the advantage associated with Clause 4 does not offset the disadvantage which it represents for competition, cannot
         be upheld. The Commission was required, first, to conduct an appropriate examination of GSK’s factual arguments and evidence,
         in order to be in a position to carry out, second, the complex assessment necessary in order to weigh up the disadvantage
         and the advantage associated with Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions.
      
       Conclusion
      308   It follows from the foregoing that the Commission could not lawfully conclude that, as regards the existence of a contribution
         to the promotion of technical progress, GSK had not demonstrated that the first condition for the application of Article 81(3) EC
         was satisfied. In those circumstances, there is no need to examine GSK’s arguments relating to a contribution to the improvement
         of the distribution of medicines.
      
      c)     Evidence of the advantage being passed on to the consumer, of the indispensability of Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions
         and of the absence of the elimination of competition
      
      309   As stated previously (paragraphs 237 to 239 above), it follows from the Decision and from the oral argument presented at the
         hearing that the summary conclusions which the Commission reached concerning the existence of a passing-on to consumers, the
         indispensability of Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions and the absence of elimination of competition rest on the conclusion
         relating to the existence of a gain in efficiency. 
      
      310   In so far as that conclusion is vitiated by illegality, in that it concerns the existence of a contribution towards the promotion
         of technical progress, those conclusions are themselves invalid. 
      
      311   In so far as, when it examined whether Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions would or would not eliminate competition for
         a substantial part of the products, the Commission further stated, at recital 188 to the Decision, that, in any event, for
         several of the leading products affected by the General Sales Conditions, GSK held substantial market shares (for example,
         for Zofran, Flixonase, Zovirax and Imigran) in one or more Member States, it remains necessary to review that assessment.
      
      312   In that regard, it must be observed that the Commission acknowledged at the hearing that it had not really resolved the question
         of GSK’s market power and further stated that it would have had to continue with the analysis in order to determine that point.
      
      313   In fact, owing to the particular legal and economic context of the sector under consideration, the fact of holding substantial
         market shares, which, moreover, is limited to certain of the relevant products, of which the Commission provided only four
         examples, clearly does not in itself make it possible to conclude, in a convincing manner, that competition would be eliminated
         for a substantial part of the relevant products.
      
      314   In effect, irrespective of the question of the definition of the relevant products market, which has been debated by the parties,
         a number of elements relied on by GSK during the administrative procedure, and then in its written submissions, prevent such
         a conclusion from being reached automatically.
      
      315   In particular, GSK’s argument to which reference is made at recital 188 to the Decision, which refers to recital 104 to the
         Decision, was not so irrelevant that the Commission could refrain from making it the subject of a specific assessment under
         the fourth condition for the application of Article 81(3) EC. In effect, the fact that Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions
         prevents the limited pressure which might exist, owing to parallel trade from Spain, on the price and the cost of medicines
         in the geographic markets of destination must be related to the facts, put forward by GSK and not disputed by the Commission,
         that competition by innovation is very fierce in the sector and that competition on price exists in another form, although
         by law it emerges only when, upon expiry of the patent, manufacturers of generic medicines are able to enter the market. In
         those circumstances, it was still necessary, in accordance with the case-law cited at paragraph 109 above, to assess what
         form of competition must be given priority with a view to ensuring the maintenance of effective competition sought by Article
         3(1)(g) EC and Article 81 EC.
      
      4.     Conclusion
      316   It follows from the foregoing that the plea alleging infringement of Article 81(3) EC must be upheld and, consequently, that
         GSK’s form of order must be granted in so far as it seeks annulment of Article 2 of the Decision, without there being any
         need to examine the plea alleging breach of the principle of proportionality.
      
      317   Accordingly, the Decision must be annulled in so far as, in Article 2, it rejects GSK’s request for an exemption.
      318   As the possibility that the provisions of Article 81(1) EC are inapplicable to Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions, pursuant
         to Article 81(3) EC, cannot be precluded, the Decision must also be annulled in so far as it orders GSK, in Article 3, to
         bring that infringement to an end immediately in so far as it has not already done so and, in Article 4, to inform the Commission
         of the steps which it has taken in order to do so.
      
      319   Pursuant to the first paragraph of Article 233 EC, the Commission is required to take the necessary measures to comply with
         this judgment.
      
      320   To that end, although the notification procedure provided for in Regulation No 17 no longer exists under Council Regulation
         (EC) No 1/2003 of 16 December 2002 on the implementation of the rules on competition laid down in Articles 81 and 82 of the
         Treaty (OJ 2003 L 1, p. 1), it falls upon the Commission, in the light of the partial annulment of the Decision and the retroactive
         effect thereof, to rule on the request for exemption presented by GSK by reference to the date of that request (see, to that
         effect, Case T‑328/03 O2 (Germany) v Commission [2006] ECR II‑0000, paragraphs 47 and 48), in so far as that request remains before it.
      
       Costs
      321   Under the first subparagraph of Article 87(2) of the Rules of Procedure, the unsuccessful party is to be ordered to pay the
         costs if they have been applied for in the successful party’s pleadings.
      
      322   The first subparagraph of Article 87(3) of the Rules of Procedure provides, in particular, that where each party succeeds
         on some and fails on other heads, the Court may order that the costs be shared or that each party bear its own costs.
      
      323   In the present case, GSK was unsuccessful in its claim for annulment of Article 1 of the Decision. The Commission, supported
         by the interveners, was unsuccessful in its claim that the application should be dismissed in its entirety.
      
      324   In those circumstances, the costs must be shared. GSK must bear one half of its own costs and pay one half of the costs incurred
         by the Commission, including those relating to the interventions. The Commission must bear one half of its own costs and pay
         one half of those incurred by GSK, including those relating to the interventions. The interveners must bear their own costs.
      
      On those grounds,
      THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE (Fourth Chamber, Extended Composition)
      hereby:
      1.      Annuls Articles 2, 3 and 4 of Commission Decision 2001/791/EC of 8 May 2001 relating to a proceeding pursuant to Article 81
            of the EC Treaty (Cases IV/36.957/F3 Glaxo Wellcome (notification), IV/36.997/F3 Aseprofar and Fedifar (complaint), IV/37.121/F3
            Spain Pharma (complaint), IV/37.138/F3 BAI (complaint) and IV/37.380/F3 EAEPC (complaint));
      2.      Dismisses the remainder of the application;
      3.      Orders GlaxoSmithKline Services Unlimited to bear one half of its own costs and to pay one half of the costs incurred by the
            Commission, including those relating to the interventions;
      4.      Orders the Commission to bear one half of its own costs and to pay one half of the costs incurred by GlaxoSmithKline Services,
            including those relating to the interventions;
      5.      Orders the Asociación de exportadores españoles de productos farmacéuticos (Aseprofar), the Bundesverband der Arzneimittell-Importeure
            eV, the European Association of Euro Pharmaceutical Companies (EAEPC) and Spain Pharma, SA, to bear their own costs.
      
      
      
      
      
               Legal
            
            
               Lindh
            
            
               Wiszniewska-Białecka
            
         
      
               Vadapalas
            
             
            
                     Moavero Milanesi
            
         Delivered in open court in Luxembourg on 27 September 2006.
      
      
      
               E. Coulon
            
             
            
                     H. Legal 
            
         
               Registrar
            
             
            
                     President
            
         Table of contents
      
      Legal and factual framework
      Community law
      Spanish law
      Background to the dispute
      Procedure
      Forms of order sought by the parties
      Law
      I –  The pleas seeking annulment of Article 1 of the Decision
      A –  The plea alleging inadequate reasoning
      1.  Arguments of the parties
      2.  Findings of the Court
      B –  The plea alleging infringement of Article 81(1) EC
      1.  Preliminary considerations
      2.  The existence of an agreement between undertakings
      a)  Content of the Decision
      b)  Arguments of the parties
      c)  Findings of the Court
      Independence of wills
      Concurrence of wills
      3.  The existence of a restriction of competition
      a)  Content of the Decision
      b)  Arguments of the parties
      c)  Findings of the Court
      The competitive situation existing before Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions was adopted
      The restriction of competition attributed to Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions
      –  The existence of an anticompetitive object
      –  The existence of an anti-competitive effect
      4.  Conclusion
      C –  The plea alleging misuse of powers, failure to observe the principle of subsidiarity and infringement of Article 43 EC
      1.  Arguments of the parties
      2.  Findings of the Court
      II –  The pleas seeking annulment of Article 2 of the Decision
      A –  The plea alleging inadequate reasoning
      1.  Arguments of the parties
      2.  Findings of the Court
      B –  The plea alleging infringement of Article 81(3) EC
      1.  Content of the Decision
      2.  Arguments of the parties
      3.  Findings of the Court
      a)  Preliminary considerations
      b)  Evidence of a gain in efficiency
      The existence of an appreciable objective advantage
      –  The relevance of the factual arguments and the evidence submitted by GSK
      –  The loss of efficiency associated with parallel trade
      –  The extent of the loss in efficiency associated with parallel trade
      –  The gain in efficiency associated with Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions
      The balancing exercise
      Conclusion
      c)  Evidence of the advantage being passed on to the consumer, of the indispensability of Clause 4 of the General Sales Conditions
         and of the absence of the elimination of competition
      
      4.  Conclusion
      Costs
      * Language of the case: English.