CELEX: 61988CC0369
Language: en
Date: 1991-01-16 00:00:00
Title: Opinion of Mr Advocate General Tesauro delivered on 16 January 1991. # Criminal proceedings against Jean-Marie Delattre. # Reference for a preliminary ruling: Tribunal de grande instance de Nice - France. # Interpretation of Articles 30 and 36 of the EEC Treaty - Concepts of "disease" or "illness" and "medicinal product" - Pharmacists' monopoly of the right to sell certain products. # Case C-369/88.

Important legal notice

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61988C0369

Opinion of Mr Advocate General Tesauro delivered on 16 January 1991.  -  Criminal proceedings against Jean-Marie Delattre.  -  Reference for a preliminary ruling: Tribunal de grande instance de Nice - France.  -  Interpretation of Articles 30 and 36 of the EEC Treaty - Concepts of "disease" or "illness" and "medicinal product" - Pharmacists' monopoly of the right to sell certain products.  -  Case C-369/88.  

European Court reports 1991 Page I-01487

Opinion of the Advocate-General

++++Mr President,  Members of the Court,  1. The questions submitted to this Court for a preliminary ruling by the Tribunal de Grande Instance, Nice, relate to the interpretation of the Community legislation on medicinal products (1) and other Community provisions concerning products (in particular cosmetics and foodstuffs) which may have an impact on health, (2) and to Articles 30 and 36 of the Treaty.  I refer you to the Report for the Hearing for matters of detail but will summarize here the essential facts of the case.  2. Following the complaint by the Conseil National de l' Ordre des Pharmaciens, Mr Delattre, a director of the French company Svensson Tour Pol S.à r.l. ("Svensson"), was charged with unlawfully practising the profession of pharmacist on the ground that he had sold certain products which, under the applicable French legislation, are regarded as medicinal products; an authorization is required to place such products on the market and, in addition, they may be sold only through pharmacies. (3)  The products with which the criminal proceedings before the national court are concerned are 11 in number: four slimming products ("Slim 4", "Zero 3", "Kilomin" and "Chlorella"), a garlic-based product to assist digestion (Macérat huileux d' ail"), two products to improve the circulation of the blood (herbal treatment for the legs and a gel for tiredness in the legs), an anti-itching product ("M27"), a product for the relief of tiredness (wheatgerm oil with vitamin E), a product for the joints ("Mineral 23") and, finally, a product to help people stop smoking ("Turn-off"). (4)  Svensson, whose registered office is in Nice, imports and sells by mail order those products, which are manufactured in Belgium where they are classified not as medicinal products but (with the exception of "Turn-off") either as food supplements or as cosmetic products; the same products are also distributed, under the same classifications, in the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Germany, the United Kingdom and Spain.  Mr Delattre maintains that the products in question are not medicinal products, eight of them being classified in Belgium as foodstuffs and two ("M27" and gel for the legs) as cosmetic products. Consequently, the application to them in France of the provisions governing medicinal products, involving the prior issue of a marketing authorization, is, in Mr Delattre' s opinion, incompatible with Community law, in particular the provisions on the free movement of goods.  3. The Juge d' Instruction at the Tribunal de Grande Instance, Nice, therefore submitted four questions for a preliminary ruling, which I think it is reasonable to summarize as follows:  I. Is there a Community definition of the terms "disease" and "illness" (with regard to the treatment of which the term "medicinal product" is used) which prevents one and the same product from being classified as food in one Member State and as a medicine in another, and does such a definition extend to natural physiological states such as hunger, tiredness, heaviness in the legs and itching, account being taken of the fact that, for example, Directive 80/777/EEC on natural mineral waters does not treat as illnesses physiological conditions concerning digestion and the elimination of bile; if, on the other hand, each Member State were free to adopt its own definition of "maladie", with the result that it was able to prohibit on its own territory the sale of a product legally marketed as food in another Member State, on the ground that it was a medicinal product, would it be free to do so without even consulting the special committees set up under the applicable legislation?  II. Having regard to the judgment in Van Bennekom, is a Member State allowed to limit the import and marketing of a product extracted from a commonly consumed plant (garlic) simply because the external form of the product (thus, without any indication or recommendation showing it to be "medicinal") is typical of medicinal products, even though Directive 85/573 permits the use of such a presentation for extracts of chicory, without requiring the latter to be classified as medicinal product; and is the measure in question justified under Article 36 even though the product concerned bears a clear statement that it is not a medicinal product, it is not presented as having therapeutic properties, its ingredients are not of a high concentration and consumption of it involves no scientifically ascertained risk to health?  III. Does the creation of a monopoly for pharmacists fall within the powers of the Member States and does it extend only to medicinal products of the kind defined in Directive 65/65 or also to those defined by each Member State; and does the prohibition of sale otherwise than through pharmacies of certain products classified differently in one or more Member States constitute a measure contrary to Articles 30 and 36, having regard in particular to the fact that in the State where the product is classified as a medicinal product it is none the less sold without a medical prescription?  IV. Finally, does Directive 89/463/EEC 74/329 prevent the Member States from imposing restrictions on the free movement of products (such as guar gum) referred to in Annex I to that directive; or must any such restrictions be explained and justified under Article 36?  A - GENERAL OBSERVATIONS  4. The preliminary questions, thus summarized, show clearly that the national court wishes to determine, on the basis of an interpretation by the Court of Justice, whether it is possible to trace a clear borderline between medicinal and other products (be they cosmetics or foodstuffs), a delimitation which, above all, would allow the products at issue to be classified according to Community criteria. Secondly, the national court asks whether, in the absence of a Community classification for the products in question, which would of course result in the reservation in Article 36 being inapplicable, the obligation to obtain prior authorization for the marketing of a product which is classified differently in one or more other Member States is compatible with Article 30 et seq. of the Treaty; and, finally, whether the different extent of the sales monopoly accorded to pharmacists, which is thus separate from the question whether all the Member States classify the same products as medicinal, is justified under Article 36.  These are not new problems, therefore, but they are not without considerable importance in so far as they reflect two fundamental values for the Community and the Member States: the free movement of goods and the protection of health.  That said, I would point out at the outset that the questions submitted, in particular the first two, have to a large extent been answered in the judgment in Van Bennekom, (5) but they also raise different issues, concerning in particular a systematic approach to Directive 65/65 in relation to other Community legislation which may be regarded as helping in some way to define the scope of that directive.  I think that it is therefore appropriate, before going on to examine the individual questions, to analyse briefly the extent to which national provisions on the manufacture and marketing of medicinal products have been harmonized and to consider possible links with the legislation concerning cosmetics and foodstuffs, and also the existing or potential problems concerning the free movement of medicinal products and of the products now described as "para-pharmaceutical" products.  5. Directive 65/65, the purpose of which is to remove obstacles to the free movement of medicinal products, is the basic instrument. It represents only the first stage in the harmonization of the national provisions which, although taken further by the second directive referred to earlier, Directive 75/319, is still only partial since, on the one hand, it does not apply to certain categories of medicinal products (for example vaccines, serums, homeopathic proprietary medicinal products and certain others - see Article 34 of the second directive); on the other, it has not yet introduced machinery for Community authorization or for reciprocal recognition of national authorizations.  Pursuant to Article 1 of Directive 65/65, a medicinal product is "Any substance or combination of substances presented for treating or preventing disease in human beings or animals" (first definition, medicinal product by virtue of presentation). The same article states that "Any substance or combination of substances which may be administered to human beings or animals with a view to making a medical diagnosis or to restoring, correcting or modifying physiological functions in human beings or in animals" is also to be regarded as a medicinal product (second definition, medicinal product by virtue of function).  Any ready-prepared product placed on the market under a special name and in a special pack is defined as a proprietary medicinal product.  Article 3 of the same directive prohibits the marketing of proprietary medicinal products in a Member State "unless an authorization has been issued by a competent authority of the Member State concerned".  This gives rise, therefore, to a specific obligation for Member States to impose the requirement of a prior authorization only for the marketing of proprietary medicinal products. On the other hand, the Member States have no obligation but rather a mere power, to be exercised within the limits imposed by Articles 30 and 36 of the EEC Treaty with respect to imported products, to subject to the requirement of prior authorization the marketing of products (a) which conform to the Community definition of medicinal products but not to that of proprietary medicinal products or those which are expressly excluded from the scope of the directive, and (b) those which, although not falling within the Community definition of medicinal products, are classified as such by one or more Member States or are in any event liable to have an impact on health.  The Court itself has confirmed that "subject to Article 30 et seq. of the Treaty concerning products imported from other Member States, Community law does not affect the right of Member States to subject such substances to controls or to require prior authorization in accordance with their own national laws on medicinal products". (6)  Indeed, notwithstanding the fact that the Court stated that the Community concept of medicinal product must be interpreted broadly, (7) it is quite possible for one or more Member States to adopt an even wider definition of medicinal products; in any event, other than in the case of the "proprietary medicinal products" referred to in Directive 65/65, it is necessary to ascertain, as regards imported products, whether the national restrictions on marketing are compatible with Articles 30 and 36.  6. As far as the present case is concerned, it is clear that the following alternative presents itself with respect to the products referred to by the national court: they are either proprietary medicinal products within the meaning of Directive 65/65 and for that very reason their marketing must be subject to prior authorization in all the Member States; or else they do not fall within that concept and therefore, if they are imported, the question arises of the compatibility of prior authorization with Articles 30 and 36 of the Treaty, since the requirement of that authorization appear prima facie to be an obstacle to the free movement of goods.  Again in general terms, therefore, I would observe that in most cases a product covered by the term medicinal product has a special name and special packaging, so that it also comes within the definition of proprietary medicinal products. That means that a product which falls within one of the definitions of medicinal products contained in Directive 65/65 will also normally be a proprietary medicinal product, with the result that its marketing must be subject to prior authorization, unless it is one of the products expressly excluded (Article 34 of the second directive).  That having been said, it is necessary to determine the nature of the products in question to see whether they come within the Community definition of medicinal product. Such an examination is extremely complex precisely because, in view of the particular features of the sector in question, scientific rather than legal considerations are involved. In addition, the Community definitions mentioned earlier raise more than a few problems concerning not only those products which purport to treat an illness (first definition) but also, in particular, products which aim at "restoring, correcting or modifying physiological functions" (second definition), in view of the looser terms used in the second case.  7. In particular, with regard to the first definition, the difficulty lies precisely in the fact that medicinal products are - obviously - defined by reference to the illness concerned, but the latter term is not itself defined. And the second definition is formulated in such broad terms that, if read literally, it can apply both to medicinal products and to foodstuffs, and also to some cosmetics.  In practice, that lack of precision (which in some degree is inherent in the very nature of the products to be defined) makes it difficult to draw a precise dividing line between medicinal products and, for example, food and cosmetic products. It may therefore be useful, in order better to define the concept of medicinal product, to refer, as the national court appears inclined to do, to the Community legislation on cosmetics and food products.  8. With respect to cosmetics, it will be remembered that, pursuant to Article 1 of Directive 76/768, a cosmetic product means "any substance or preparation intended for placing in contact with the various external parts of the human body ... or with the teeth and the mucous membranes of the oral cavity with a view exclusively or principally to cleaning them, perfuming them or protecting them in order to keep them in good condition, change their appearance or correct body odours". As is apparent, that is a very precise and detailed definition which, in principle, enables the sector in question to be distinguished from that of medicinal products. None the less, problems may arise regarding products which come not only within that definition but also within that of medicinal products (a circumstance which is liable to arise above all in the case of cosmetics which serve a protective function); in such cases, a useful criterion may be derived from the predominant use and therefore, in some degree, from the view generally held by consumers.  For example, in the case of the Svensson products classified as cosmetics, namely "M27" (a basil-based anti-itching product) and the gel for relieving tiredness in the legs (a herbal product presented as being beneficial to the circulation), it having been established that both are intended to be applied externally, it is necessary to verify whether they are used for any of the purposes envisaged in the directive on cosmetic products. I think it is reasonable to conclude that those products should be classified as cosmetics in so far as their penetration into the tissue is entirely superficial and their impact on physiological functions is virtually nil, since, for instance, one has a merely refreshing effect (I leave it to the experts to say what properties basil has other than those relating to its normal use, for food purposes) and the other has a primarily preventive effect (in the same way as normal hand creams). On the other hand, if it should be found that those products have a significant impact on the physiological functions (if, for example, the leg gel acts on the tissue in such a way as to cure or prevent poor circulation) then this is clearly a case of a medicinal product.  It is for the national court, perhaps with the help of an expert, ultimately to decide how the products in question are to be classified on the basis of the criteria suggested here.  9. More complex is the relationship with the legislation on food products - which of course does not give a Community definition of such products.  It is important to remember that under Directive 79/112 (8) it is prohibited to "attribute to any foodstuff the property of preventing, treating or curing a human disease, or refer to such properties". A partial exception to that prohibition of presenting food products as having therapeutic products is provided for in Article 9 of Directive 80/777 on natural mineral waters which allows statements such as "stimulates digestion" or "may facilitate the hepato-biliary functions", although that directive does not apply to waters used for curative purposes and it is also forbidden to refer to such properties. An exception of that kind may therefore reasonably be interpreted as meaning that products displaying the properties referred to (stimulation of the digestion and improvement of the hepato-biliary functions) do not thereby lose their status as foodstuffs, being consumed in any event for nutritional purposes; in other words, they are still used primarily for nutrition.  Further and even more significant confirmation of the view I have expressed is provided by Council Directive 89/398 of 3 May 1989 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relation to foodstuffs for particular nutritional uses. (9) That directive applies to those products which, although clearly different from everyday food products, have, in view of their particular composition or the particular way in which they are manufactured, a nutritional use designed to meet special requirements. In other words, they are food products intended for certain categories of people whose assimilative processes or metabolism are disturbed, or people who are able to obtain special benefit from the controlled consumption of certain substances in foodstuffs (Article 1(2)(b)).  It is important to emphasize at this point that such products, although having a specific beneficial effect on health, do not lose their status as food products. As a result, it is possible - although due caution must be exercised - to arrive at a more precise definition of medicinal products, having regard in particular to the second definition given in Directive 65/65. And it follows from the remarks which I have just made that, although it restores, corrects or modifies physiological functions, a product does not cease to be classified as a food product if its purpose continues to be essentially nutritional, even if it is used, albeit as a food product, either for its beneficial effect on a natural physiological condition (such as, for example, a few pounds excess weight) or as an effective adjunct to the treatment (using medicinal products) of an illness properly so called (such as diabetes). (10)  All the foregoing considerations prompt me to conclude that the second definition of medicinal products in Directive 65/65 must, when problems arise concerning the dividing line between food and medicinal products, be read in conjunction with the provisions concerning foodstuffs: essentially, therefore, a product will be a medicinal product where it is used exclusively or at least mainly to treat an illness or where it has a sufficiently far-reaching impact on the physiological functions to exceed the effects which food products have on such functions, whether they are everyday foods or are intended for special nutritional purposes.  I consider that such an interpretation is consonant with the aim pursued by that legislation. And whilst it is true that the second definition concerns those products which, regardless of presentation, are suitable for "restoring, correcting or modifying physiological functions", it is also true, on the one hand, that it is formulated in broad terms in order to embrace substances which may in particular modify physiological functions without having properties enabling them to treat or prevent an illness properly so called; on the other hand, it seems to me beyond doubt that such a formulation cannot be interpreted so as to extend to those products which, although without doubt inherently able to affect physiological functions, have an essentially nutritional purpose. Otherwise, salt, for example, which, in the absence of other products, is used by sportsmen to prevent or cure cramp, would have to be classified as a medicinal product.  Accordingly, I consider, for example, that a product such as Kilomin, a powder intended to be dissolved in water or milk to give a drink which, when taken before meals, reduces the appetite, whilst at the same time providing certain vitamins needed by the body, can be properly classified, subject to any contrary finding by the national court, as a dietetic food product, thus falling within the scope of Directive 89/398.  10. The same conclusion must be arrived at, in my opinion, in cases not of food products intended for a particular nutritional purpose but of substances normally contained in everyday food products which are intended for nutrition and are considered an essential part of the daily diet and are indispensable for the proper functioning of the body. It is clear that in such cases, as the Court itself stated in Van Bennekom with respect to vitamins, (11) the substances in question cannot be regarded as medicinal products when they are consumed in quantities corresponding to normal requirements and to make up for a deficiency thereof resulting from particular physiological conditions which are not attributable to a pathological abnormality.  Against the background of those general observations, we can now formulate a more specific answer to the individual questions submitted by the French court, where such answers do not follow directly from the foregoing considerations.  B - THE QUESTIONS  11. The first question raises in particular the problem of how to define the term disease or illness. I shall rule out the possibility that there might be a precise and exhaustive Community, and in more general terms a legal, concept of illness, it being a term which is used in numerous Community instruments and doubtless has a similar meaning in all the Member States. Essentially, I do not think we can go far beyond the common meaning of the term and consider pathological conditions of the human organism, which for that very reason require medical treatment and recourse to products which provide a specific remedy. On the other hand, particular physiological conditions, such as mere tiredness (resulting from physical or mental effort) or bad digestion (due to bad eating habits) cannot reasonably - and I refer here to common experience rather than common sense - be regarded intrinsically as illnesses. It seems to me that the question submitted by the national court on this point is almost rhetorical.  It is indeed true that tiredness or indigestion may also be a symptom or effect of a pathological condition; however, in such cases products made from natural substances, which merely amount to a food supplement designed to promote the proper functioning of the body, will certainly not provide an adequate remedy for the pathological condition in question: the primary need will be for products - medicinal products - which treat the illness itself and do not merely provide relief from the tiredness which it causes.  Thus, for example, a product to combat tiredness (made up of wheatgerm oil and vitamin E), such as that at issue in the main proceedings, cannot in my view reasonably be classified as a medicinal product since it is not intended, as such, to treat any pathological condition but merely has a beneficial effect and provides relief for a physiological condition the causes of which are natural and, I would add, entirely normal.  That having been said, I shall merely observe that the lack of a codified definition in Community legislation of the term illness, a term which relates to common experience and is a concept shared by the Member States, is not in itself such as to justify a different classification of the same product in different Member States. Furthermore, as was pointed out in my earlier observations, a systematic reading of the other instruments concerning food products and cosmetics makes it possible, in the present case, to arrive at a sufficiently clear dividing line between those products and the medicinal products defined by Directive 65/65.  It follows that differing classifications of one and the same product can legitimately exist not because the term illness is defined differently in the various Member States but rather because there are products which, although capable of being brought within the definition of medicinal products by virtue of their function within the meaning of the directive, are primarily intended for nutritional purposes. I refer in particular to those substances, essential for human nourishment, which are taken in order to remedy a deficiency of them resulting from what might be called temporary physiological conditions and therefore in amounts not exceeding a specified level.  In such cases of course it becomes difficult, above all in the absence of harmonization, to say to what extent such a substance is merely a food supplement (intended exclusively to add to daily nourishment) and when, on the other hand, because of its high concentration or a dosage which exceeds normal requirements, it becomes a medicinal product. As the Court itself stated in Van Bennekom with regard to vitamins, their classification as medicinal products "must be carried out case by case, having regard to the pharmacological properties of each such vitamin, to the extent to which they have been established in the present state of scientific knowledge". (12)  In view of the uncertainty and the development of scientific knowledge in many areas of pharmacology and, in particular, for the present purposes, regarding determination of the level of concentration at which the consumption of substances intended essentially for nutritional purposes may become harmful, it will be necessary to decide case by case how the products in question are to be classified. Therefore, it is entirely possible that a Member State might, on the basis of domestic legislation, regard such products as medicinal products, subject to the possibility of review by the courts to ensure compliance with Community law in other respects, in particular the question of compatibility with Article 30 et seq. of the EEC Treaty.  From that standpoint, consultation of the Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products or the Standing Committee for Foodstuffs or other special committees is not an appropriate way of avoiding differing classifications of the same product since the classification of products is not within the remit of those committees (and in any case their opinions are not binding on the Member States).  12. The second question relates in particular to the concept of medicinal products by virtue of presentation, as defined in the first subparagraph of Article 1(3) of Directive 65/65, pursuant to which "Any substance or combination of substances presented for treating or preventing disease in human beings or animals" is to be regarded as a medicinal product.  The Court has already given a ruling on that definition in Van Bennekom, in which it stated that "a product is 'presented for treating or preventing disease' within the meaning of Directive 65/65 not only when it is expressly 'indicated' or 'recommended' as such ... but also whenever any averagely well-informed consumer gains the impression, which, provided it is definite, may even result from implication, that the product in question should, regard being had to its presentation, have an effect such as is described by the first part of the Community definition". (13) This means that the directive in question is intended to "protect" consumers not only from harmful or toxic medicinal products but also from the various products presented as adequate remedies. And it is precisely for that reason that "the concept of the 'presentation' of a product must be broadly construed". (14) The Court also stated in the same judgment that the external form given to the product in question (including pills or capsules) may serve as strong evidence of the seller' s or manufacturer' s intention to market the product as a medicinal product, adding, however, that such evidence will not be conclusive "since otherwise certain food products which are traditionally presented in a similar form to pharmaceutical products would also be covered". (15)  It is specifically on the basis of the latter statement that the national court asks in particular whether a product extracted from a commonly consumed plant such as garlic must, in the absence of indications or recommendations showing it to be "medicinal", be regarded as such merely because of its external form, regard also being had to the fact that such presentation is permitted under the abovementioned Directive 85/573 in relation to chicory extracts, without the latter thereby coming within the concept of medicinal product "by virtue of presentation".  Let me say straight away that the reference to chicory extracts is of little relevance and in any event is not decisive, since that product, unless presented as being able to treat or prevent an illness, could certainly be brought within the category of food products which are traditionally (and often for eminently commercial reasons) presented in forms similar to those of medicinal products; and also precisely because it is covered by a specific provision applicable only to the product expressly mentioned.  With regard to the product at issue (garlic-based tablets) it should be recognized without more, as the Court has already held, that the criterion of the external form of the product cannot be the sole, decisive criterion for attributing curative properties to it and defining it as a medicinal product; and, even if I had no faith in the intellectual qualities of the average consumer, I would not believe that a consumer, faced with a product such as the one at issue, would feel certain that he was being offered a product for the treatment of an illness, regardless of whether it is presented in the usual form of garlic or as tablets; and this applies a fortiori where, as in the present case, it is stated on the pack that the product is not medicinal, thus making it clear that the manufacturer does not intend to market it as a medicinal product.  It is not, therefore, a medicinal product by virtue of its presentation; nor, in principle, is it a medicinal product by virtue of its function, in the light of what I said earlier regarding products that are intended merely to enhance digestion: they do not change their nature, remaining essentially foodstuffs.  It is not beyond probability, however, that a Member State may, where a product is of a high concentration or becomes harmful when used to excess, regard it as a medicinal product and impose the requirement of prior authorization. In such circumstances it will be for the national court to ascertain, with the assistance of an expert if necessary, whether the classification is appropriate having regard to the available scientific knowledge.  13. In that connection, I would point out that where, as in the present case, a product is not a "proprietary medicinal product" within the meaning of Directive 65/65, it is clear that the imposition by the national legislature of the requirement of a prior authorization for marketing amounts, in the case of imported products, to a rule capable of hindering intra-Community trade directly or indirectly, actually or potentially, to use the well-known dictum in Dassonville. A further consequence is that, as the Court has also made clear on several occasions, (16) rules which hinder free movement may be "justified" under Article 36, on grounds of health, only where such rules are proportional and not excessive in relation to the requirement concerned and there are no alternative solutions which would allow the Member States to achieve the same aim with less disturbance of trade.  With particular reference to the issue of protection of health, the Court has stated on several occasions (17) that the Member States may, in the absence of harmonization at Community level and in so far as there are uncertainties in the present state of scientific research, decide what degree of protection of the health and life of humans is justified. Their discretion is not, however, absolute, nor are powers reserved to them: the Member States must be in a position - and the burden of proof falls on them - to justify the restrictions adopted by them on grounds of protection of health, in so far as the rules in question must be limited to what is necessary to achieve the lawfully pursued aim of protecting health. In Van Bennekom, the Court stated that "it is for the national authorities to demonstrate in each case that their rules are necessary to give effective protection to the interests referred to in Article 36 of the Treaty and, in particular, to show that the marketing of the product in question creates a serious risk to public health". (18)  Consideration of that question, which is a matter for the national court, is extremely complex and delicate, in so far as there are uncertainties as to the critical threshold at which consumption of the products at issue might endanger health.  Therefore, whilst it must again be stressed that the obstacles to the free movement of goods may be justified on the grounds of protection of health under Article 36 of the EEC Treaty, it must be added that that provision cannot be invoked to limit the marketing of products (whether or not described as medicinal) which undeniably present no direct or indirect danger to health.  Even if the national court were to determine - as it seems to have done in the present case - that such a product does not have and is not presented as having therapeutic or preventive properties, does not contain substances in a high concentration such as to make it a medicinal product and does not present any serious risk to health, it is clear that the requirement of prior authorization for such a product, when imported, is not justified under Article 36 of the Treaty.  I would add, finally, that an unavoidable precondition for reliance on Article 36 is that the restrictive measure must not constitute a means of arbitrary discrimination or a disguised restriction on trade: and that would be the case if it were found or demonstrated that products similar to those at issue are marketed in France, as contended by Mr Delattre, without being subject to the requirement of prior authorization.  14. The third question seeks to determine whether, under Community law, the Member States are empowered to create a sales monopoly for pharmacists and if so what the extent of that monopoly is - does it cover only medicinal products as defined in Directive 65/65 or does it extend to medicinal products as defined by each Member State?  As is expressly recognized in the second recital in the preamble to Directive 85/432, (19) the creation of a monopoly for the distribution of medicinal products is a matter for the Member States. Such a monopoly is not in principle linked with the Community legislation on medicinal products, in so far as the objectives and scope of the two sets of rules are different. The main purpose of Directive 65/65 is to subject proprietary medicinal products to the requirement of prior marketing authorization and it does not indicate which products are to be subjected to restrictive conditions as to distribution; still less does it make sales subject to the requirement of a medical prescription. The only Community limitation is, in principle, that such a sales system must not be incompatible with Article 30 et seq. of the Treaty.  Mr Delattre contends that rules on sales which prescribe a specific distribution network constitute a measure having an effect equivalent to a quantitative restriction and that such a restriction may not be regarded as justified when applied to products for the use of which the advice of a pharmacist is unnecessary. The Commission, on the other hand, expresses some doubt as to whether a limitation on the marketing of medicinal products, deriving from the creation of a sales monopoly for pharmacists, can be regarded as incompatible with Article 30, since it is a measure that is applied without distinction to both domestic and imported products, and states that in any event it is justified by the objective of protection of health.  It is therefore necessary, by way of preliminary, to establish whether trading rules of the kind at issue add up to a measure equivalent to a quantitative restriction within the meaning of Article 30.  Let me say first of all that a measure which reserves the sale of a category of products to specified persons in specified places may constitute a measure having equivalent effect, in the sense defined by the Court in the well-known Dassonville judgment, (20) since they are trading rules "capable of hindering, directly or indirectly, actually or potentially, intra-Community trade".  In particular, rules such as those at issue, which confine sales to a restricted distribution network, may affect imports both by reducing the actual volume of sales and by causing prices to rise.  That said, I must nevertheless point out that such rules, and indeed all the rules on sales, apply without distinction to both domestic and imported products. Moreover, they do not impose an absolute prohibition on sales, with the result that, in principle, the marketing of imported products is not made more difficult than that of domestic products.  In fact, such obstacles to free movement do not arise, in such cases, from a disparity between national laws but rather from the very existence of the laws in question, in so far as their existence bears no relation to the fact that the Member State from which they originate prohibits sales of them otherwise than through pharmacies or, conversely, authorizes such sales. (21)  The relevant case-law of the Court may at first sight appear to have adopted divergent approaches. In some cases, the Court has held that it is necessary to examine the allegedly imperative requirement, in line with the course taken in the famous Cassis de Dijon case, in order to establish whether the means used to attain that end are proportionate in relation to the aim pursued, as well as necessary, in the sense that that objective could not be achieved by another means which interfered to a lesser extent with Community trade. (22) In other, apparently similar cases, it seems that no link with imports was attributed to rules of that kind. But on closer examination it is apparent that there are few examples of the latter approach and, moreover, that they derived from the fact that the Court considered that the rules at issue did not have an impact on the marketing of the product at a significant stage as far as intra-Community trade was concerned; (23) or that they did not affect marketing of the same product by other methods; (24) or, finally, that the product could be marketed through alternative channels. (25)  15. In the case of the monopoly enjoyed by pharmacies, on the other hand, it is clear that the products in question cannot be marketed otherwise than through pharmacies and the fact that one and the same product may be confined to sales in pharmacies in one Member State and authorized to be sold through other outlets in another Member State together with the fact that, in principle, it is not impossible for one Member State to extend the pharmacists' monopoly to products that are certainly not medicinal products, in itself makes it unacceptable for that Member State not to have to justify such rules under Article 36.  Returning to the present case, I shall merely point out that here too the imperative requirement relied on in order to justify the obstacles to free movement by both the Commission and the Member States which submitted observations is the protection of health.  Health is without doubt intrinsically deserving of protection at Community level and therefore that objective is, in principle, lawful. It is obvious that national legislation which limits the sale of medicinal products to specialized businesses (pharmacies) and to qualified professional persons (pharmacists) seeks to safeguard health, since the products in question are, by definition, linked with health.  The decisions of the Court to which I referred earlier support the view that, in view of the nature of the rules at issue, it is incumbent on the national authorities to show that the sale of the products in question otherwise than through pharmacies constitutes a "genuine risk to health".  Having said that, I can do no less than draw attention to the inconsistency which would afflict the entire system if it were to be concluded that a Member State should, in each instance, justify the decision to reserve to pharmacists the sale of products classified as "proprietary medicinal products" within the meaning of Directive 65/65. And although, as I have already pointed out, the aim of the directive in question is certainly not to subject medicinal products to a restricted distribution network, it is nevertheless true that, where a product falls within the Community definition of proprietary medicinal products, that product must, because of its intrinsic properties, be recognized as one which may possibly affect health, with the result that its consumption must be subject to special safeguards. Indeed, the adoption of a Community definition of medicinal products, implying in principle that a particular product is to be classified in the same way in all the Member States and, in particular, that the nature of the product in question is such that it may have an impact on health, renders it lawful and also logical that, as far as such "medicinal products" are concerned, the Member States should be lawfully entitled to grant pharmacists a monopoly.  On the other hand, for products which do not fall within the Community definition of proprietary medicinal products (whether they are medicinal products under the legislation of one or more Member States or are products of a different kind), a pharmacists' monopoly on sales obviously cannot be justified in absolute terms.  In fact, it will be necessary to establish in each individual case that the product in question is such that it presents risks to health and, in particular, that the presence of a pharmacist is essential when it is sold. That applies with greater force where, as has been contended in the present case with regard to the "La Vie Claire" and "Vitamin System" products, similar products of domestic manufacture are marketed otherwise than through pharmacies: discrimination which, let it be remembered, renders Article 36 of the Treaty inapplicable.  16. In its last question, the national court asks whether the products referred to in Annex I to Directive 74/329 may be subjected to trade restrictions by the Member States.  The answer is clearly negative but - and it hardly needs saying - only in the case of emulsifiers, stabilizers, thickeners and gelling agents which may be used in foodstuffs. Let me explain: the directive in question harmonized the provisions on certain agents used in the preparation of foodstuffs. This implies that it is only when they are used as such that the Member States are wholly precluded from restricting their marketing (other than in the cases referred to in Article 5 of that regulation).  The fact that guar gum (a product covered by the directive in question) is the only component of "Zero 3" raises the presumption that the national court, in submitting that question, took it for granted that "Zero 3" was not a medicinal product. Admittedly, the fact that the substance in question is allowed to be used - what is more, without any quantitative limitation - in food products cannot be regarded as indicating that that substance is harmless or, at the same time, that it is a product which does not in itself have any particular therapeutic characteristics.  That said, I would point out that the foregoing general observations and the answers to the first two questions are such as to provide the national court with the necessary criteria to establish whether "Zero 3" is a medicinal product or a food product. Needless to say, if the national court finds that it is not a medicinal product, the problem of any restrictions imposed on the marketing of guar gum would fall to be examined in relation to Articles 30 and 36 of the Treaty (see paragraph 13).  17. In the light of the foregoing considerations, I therefore propose that the Court give the following answers to the questions referred to it by the Tribunal de Grande Instance, Nice:  (1) Only proprietary medicinal products, as defined by Directive 65/65, are subject to the obligation on the part of the Member States to make their release on to the market subject to prior authorization. In the case of imported products which, in the assessment of the national court, do not fall within the definition of proprietary medicinal products in so far as they do not have properties for the treatment or prevention of pathological conditions but merely affect natural physiological conditions such as hunger, tiredness, digestion and itching, limitations on marketing, which are incompatible with Article 30 of the Treaty, may be justified under Article 36 only if they are necessary for effective protection of health and do not constitute arbitrary discrimination.  (2) If the national court finds that a product is not a medicinal product, by virtue either of its presentation or its function, and does not, on the basis of verifiable scientific knowledge, present any risk to health, the requirement of a prior marketing authorization for imported products is incompatible with Article 30 and is not justified under Article 36.  (3) The creation of a sales monopoly for pharmacists is a matter for the Member States; except, in principle, in the case of products which are proprietary medicinal products within the meaning of Directive 65/65, the extension of that monopoly to other products (whether or not classified as medicinal products), where they are imported, is justified by the requirement of the protection of health where the presence of a pharmacist is necessary when such products are sold.  (4) Directive 74/329 precludes the Member States from imposing restrictions on the free movement of the products referred to in Annex I thereto only where they are used for the purposes specified in the directive. Any restrictions imposed on the marketing of guar gum, when it is not used for the purposes envisaged in that directive, must therefore be examined the light of Article 30 et seq. of the Treaty.  (*) Original language: Italian.  (1) First and second Council Directives (65/65 and 75/319) on the approximation of provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action relating to proprietary medicinal products (Official Journal, English Special Edition 1965-1966, p. 20, and OJ 1975 L 147, p. 13).  (2) The national court refers in particular to certain provisions of the following directives:  Council Directive 76/768/EEC of 27 July 1976 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to cosmetic products (OJ L 262, p. 169);  Council Directive 74/329/EEC of 18 June 1974 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to emulsifiers, stabilizers, thickeners and gelling agents for use in foodstuffs (OJ L 189, p. 1);  Council Directive 80/777/EEC of 15 July 1980 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the exploitation and marketing of natural mineral waters (OJ L 229, p. 1);  Council Directive 85/573/EEC of 19 December 1985 which amends Council Directive 77/436/EEC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to coffee extracts and chicory extracts (OJ L 372, p. 22).  (3) See Articles L.512, L.596 and L.601 of the Code de la Santé Publique.  (4) By virtue of Article L.511 of the Code de Santé Publique, all anti-smoking products are treated as medicinal products.  (5) Case 227/82, [1983] ECR 3883.  (6) Judgment in Case 35/85 Procureur de la République v Tissier [1986] ECR 1207, paragraph 22.  (7) See the judgments in Van Bennekom and Tissier, both cited earlier.  (8) Council Directive on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the labelling, presentation and advertising of foodstuffs for sale to the ultimate consumer (OJ 1979 L 33, p. 1.).  (9) OJ 1989 L 186, page 27. That directive replaced Directive 77/94 (OJ 1977 L 26, page 55).  (10) Annex I to the directive in question contains a (non-exhaustive) list of groups of products covered by it (including, in fact, food products with low or reduced energy values intended to control weight and foods for diabetics) for which the adoption of directives is envisaged with a view to achieving complete harmonization of the applicable national laws.  (11) Supra, paragraph 26.  (12) Supra, paragraph 29.  (13) Supra, paragraph 18.  (14) Ibid., paragraph 17.  (15) Ibid., paragraph 19.  (16) The most recent example is Case C-42/90 Bellon [1990] ECR I-4863.  (17) See the judgments in Case 174/82 Sandoz [1983] ECR 2445 and Case 178/84 Commission v Germany [1987] ECR 1227.  (18) Supra, paragraph 40.  (19) Council Directive 85/432 of 15 September 1985 concerning the coordination of provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action in respect of certain activities in the field of pharmacy (OJ 1985 L 253, p. 34).  (20) Case 8/74, [1974] ECR 837.  (21) See in that regard the Opinion of Mr Advocate General Van Gerven of 29 June 1989 in Case C-145/88 B & Q [1989] ECR 3865.  (22) See to that effect the judgments in Case 382/87 Buet [1989] ECR 1235 and Case C-145/88 B & Q [1989] ECR 3851.  (23) Judgment in Case 155/80 Oebel [1981] ECR 1983, paragraphs 19 and 20.  (24) Judgment in Case 75/81 Blesgen [1982] ECR 1211, paragraph 9.  (25) Judgment in Case C-23/89 Quietlynn [1990] ECR I-3059.  Translation