CELEX: 51997PC0071
Language: en
Date: 1997-04-16
Title: Proposal for a European Parliament and Council Directive amending Council Directive 93/6/EEC on the capital adequacy of investment firms and credit institutions

Avis juridique important

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51997PC0071

Proposal for a European Parliament and Council Directive amending Council Directive 93/6/EEC on the capital adequacy of investment firms and credit institutions  /* COM/97/0071 final - COD 97/0124 */  

Official Journal C 240 , 06/08/1997 P. 0024

Proposal for a European Parliament and Council Directive amending Council Directive 93/6/EEC on the capital adequacy of investment firms and credit institutions (97/C 240/02) (Text with EEA relevance) COM(97) 71 final - 97/0124(COD)(submitted by the Commission on 16 June 1997)THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION,Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community, and in particular the first and third sentences of Article 57 (2) thereof,Having regard to the proposal from the Commission,Having regard to the opinion of the Economic and Social Committee,Having regard to the opinion of the European Monetary Institute,Acting in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article 189b of the Treaty,Whereas the risks associated with commodities trading and commodity derivatives are currently subject to Council Directive 89/647/EEC of 18 December 1989 on a solvency ratio for credit institutions (1), as last amended by European Parliament and Council Directive 96/10/EC (2); whereas, however, the market risks associated with those positions are not captured accurately by Directive 89/647/EEC; whereas it is necessary to extend the concept of the 'trading book` to positions in commodities or commodity derivatives which are held for trading purposes and are subject mainly to market risks; whereas institutions must comply with this Directive as regards the coverage of commodity risks on their overall business;Whereas Council Directive 93/6/EEC of 15 March 1993 on the capital adequacy of investment firms and credit institutions (3) lays down a standardized method for the calculation of capital requirements for market risks incurred by investment firms and credit institutions; whereas institutions have developed their own risk-management systems (internal models), designed to measure more accurately than the standardized method the market risks incurred by investment firms and credit institutions; whereas the use of more accurate methods of measuring risks should be encouraged;Whereas the use of such internal models for the purpose of calculating capital requirements requires strict internal control mechanisms and should be subject to authorization and supervision by the competent authorities; whereas the continued reliability of the results of the internal model calculation should be verified by a back-testing procedure;Whereas the rules adopted at the wider international level may, in order to encourage more sophisticated risk-management methods based on internal models, lower capital requirements for credit institutions from third countries; whereas those credit institutions compete with investment firms and credit institutions incorporated in the Member States; whereas for investment firms and credit institutions incorporated in the Member States, only an amendment of Directive 93/6/EEC can provide similar incentives for the development and use of internal models;Whereas for the purpose of calculating market-risk-capital requirements, positions in gold and gold derivatives should be treated in a similar fashion to foreign-exchange positions;Whereas the issue of subordinated debt should not automatically exclude an issuer's equity from being included in a portfolio qualifying for a 2 % specific-risk weighting according to point 33 of Annex I to Directive 93/6/EEC;Whereas this Directive is in accordance with the work of another international forum of banking supervisors on the supervisory treatment of market risk and of trading-book positions in commodities and commodity derivatives;Whereas some investment firms dealing primarily in commodities and commodity derivatives may not yet be able to use internal models or to comply with the capital requirements for commodities risk as laid down in this Directive; whereas it is expected that appropriate, cost-effective internal models for investment firms on the risk management of commodities and commodities derivatives, in particular for options, will be available shortly; whereas, in order to give those firms sufficient time to upgrade their risk-management systems, competent authorities, under certain conditions, should not be obliged to prescribe the capital charges for commodities referred to in Annex VII to Directive 93/6/EEC for investment firms before 1 January 2000;Whereas adoption of this Directive constitutes the most appropriate means of attaining the desired objectives; whereas this Directive is limited to the minimum necessary to attain these objectives and does not go beyond what is needed for this purpose;Whereas this Directive concerns the European Economic Area (EEA) and whereas the procedure under Article 99 of the Treaty on the European Economic Area has been complied with;Whereas the Banking Advisory Committee has been consulted on the adoption of this Directive,HAVE ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE:Article 1Directive 93/6/EEC is amended as follows:1. Article 2 is amended as follows:(a) Point 6 (a) and (b), the introductory phrase and (i) and (ii) are replaced by the following:'(a) its proprietary positions in financial instruments, commodities and commodity derivatives, which are held for resale and/or which are taken on by the institution with the intention of benefiting in the short term from actual and/or expected differences between their buying and selling prices, or from other price or interest-rate variations, and positions in financial instruments, commodities and commodity derivatives, arising from matched principal broking, or positions taken in order to hedge other elements of the trading book;(b) the exposures due to the unsettled transactions, free deliveries and over-the-counter (OTC) derivative instruments referred to in paragraphs 1, 2, 3 and 5 of Annex II, the exposures due to repurchase agreements and securities and commodities lending which are based on securities or commodities included in the trading book as defined in (a) referred to in paragraph 4 of Annex II, those exposures due to reverse repurchase agreements and securities-borrowing and commodities-borrowing transactions described in the same paragraph, provided the competent authorities so approve, which meet either the conditions (i), (ii), (iii) and (v) or conditions (iv) and (v) as follows:(i) the exposures are marked to market daily following the procedures laid down in Annex II;(ii) the collateral is adjusted in order to take account of material changes in the value of the securities or commodities involved in the agreement or transaction in question, according to a rule acceptable to the competent authorities;`(b) Points 15 and 16 are replaced by the following:'15. "warrant" shall mean a security which gives the holder the right to purchase an underlying asset at a stipulated price until or at the warrant's expiry date. It may be settled by the delivery of the underlying asset itself or by cash settlement.16. "stock financing" shall mean positions where physical stock has been sold forward and the cost of funding has been locked in until the date of the forward sale.`(c) Point 17, first sentence, is replaced by the following:'17. "repurchase agreement" and "reverse repurchase agreement" shall mean any agreement in which an institution or its counter-party transfers securities or commodities or guaranteed rights relating to title to securities or commodities where that guarantee is issued by a recognised exchange which holds the rights to the securities or commodities and the agreement does not allow an institution to transfer or pledge a particular security or commodity to more than one counter-party at one time, subject to a commitment to repurchase them (or substituted securities or commodities of the same description) at a specified price on a future date specified, or to be specified, by the transferor, being a "repurchase agreement" for the institution selling the securities or commodities and a "reverse repurchase agreement" for the institution buying them.`(d) Point 18 is replaced by the following:'18. "securities or commodities lending" and "securities or commodities borrowing" shall mean any transaction in which an institution or its counter-party transfers securities or commodities against appropriate collateral subject to a commitment that the borrower will return equivalent securities or commodities at some future date or when requested to do so by the transferor, that transaction being securities or commodities lending for the institution transferring the securities or commodities and being securities or commodities borrowing for the institution to which they are transferred.Securities or commodities borrowing shall be considered an interprofessional transaction when the counterparty is subject to prudential coordination at Community level or is a Zone A credit institution as defined in Directive 89/647/EEC or is a recognised third-country investment firm or when the transaction is concluded with a recognized clearing house or exchange;`2. Article 4 (1), first subparagraph, points (i) and (ii), are replaced by the following:'(i) the capital requirements, calculated in accordance with Annexes I, II and VI and as appropriate Annex VIII, for their trading-book business;(ii) the capital requirements, calculated in accordance with Annexes III and VII and as appropriate Annex VIII, for all of their business activities;`3. Article 5 (2) is replaced by the following:'2. Notwithstanding paragraph 1, those institutions which calculate the capital requirements for their trading-book business in accordance with Annexes I and II, and as appropriate Annex VIII, shall monitor and control their large exposures in accordance with Directive 92/121/EEC subject to the modifications laid down in Annex VI to this Directive.`4. Article 7 (10) and (11), first sentence, are replaced by the following:'10. Where the rights of waiver provided for in paragraphs 7 and 9 are not exercised, the competent authorities may, for the purpose of calculating the capital requirements set out in Annexes I and VIII and the exposures to clients set out in Annex VI on a consolidated basis, permit net positions in the trading book of one institution to offset positions in the trading book of another institution according to the rules set out in Annexes I, VI and VIII.In addition, they may allow foreign-exchange positions in one institution to offset foreign-exchange positions in another institution in accordance with the rules set out in Annex III and/or Annex VIII. They may also allow commodities positions in one institution to offset commodities positions in another institution in accordance with the rules set out in Annex VII and/or Annex VIII.11. The competent authorities may also permit offsetting of the trading book and of the foreign-exchange and commodities positions, respectively, of undertakings located in third countries, subject to the simultaneous fulfilment of the following conditions:`5. Article 8 (5) is replaced by the following:'5. The competent authorities shall oblige institutions to report to them immediately any case in which their counterparties in repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements or securities and commodities-lending and securities and commodities-borrowing transactions default on their obligations. The Commission shall report to the Council on such cases and their implications for the treatment of such agreements and transactions in this Directive not more than three years after the date referred to in Article 12. Such reports shall also describe the way that institutions meet those of conditions (i) to (v) in Article 2 (6) (b) that apply to them, in particular condition (v). Furthermore it shall give details of any changes in the relative volume of institutions' traditional lending and their lending through reverse repurchase agreements and securities-borrowing or commodities-borrowing transactions. If the Commission concludes on the basis of this report and other information that further safeguards are needed to prevent abuse, it shall make appropriate proposals.`6. Article 12a is inserted:'Article 12a1. Member States whose investment firms, in the opinion of their competent authorities, are not yet in a position to use internal models for the purpose of calculating the capital requirement on commodities risk in accordance with Annex VIII may, until 31 December 1999, prescribe alternative spread, carry and outright rates from those indicated in Annex VII, paragraphs 13 and 16.2. The alternative rates described in paragraph 1 are subject to the following conditions:(i) the alternative rates are set by the competent authorities;(ii) the competent authorities review the alternative rates regularly in the light of developments in commodities markets;(iii) the alternative rates are in no case lower than half the rates prescribed in paragraphs 13 and 16 of Annex VII;(iv) the competent authorities notify the Commission of the alternative rates and make available to the Commission and to other Member States the data on the basis of which the alternative rates have been calculated.`7. Annexes I, II, III, V and VI are amended in accordance with Annex I to this Directive.8. Annexes VII and VIII set out in Annex II to this Directive are added.Article 21. Member States shall bring into force the laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with this Directive by 31 December 1997 at the latest. They shall immediately inform the Commission thereof.When Member States adopt these provisions, these shall contain a reference to this Directive or shall be accompanied by such reference at the time of their official publication. The procedure for such reference shall be adopted by Member States.2. Member States shall communicate to the Commission the text of the main provisions of national law which they adopt in the field covered by this Directive.Article 3This Directive shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Communities.Article 4This Directive is addressed to the Member States.(1) OJ No L 386, 30. 12. 1989, p. 14.(2) OJ No L 85, 3. 4. 1996, p. 17.(3) OJ No L 141, 11. 6. 1993, p. 1.ANNEX I 1. Annex I is amended as follows:(a) In paragraph 4, the last sentence is replaced by the following:'The competent authorities may allow the capital requirement for an exchange-traded future to be equal to the margin required by the exchange if they are fully satisfied that it provides an accurate measure of the risk associated with the future and that the method used to calculate the margin is equivalent to the method of calculation set out in the remainder of this Annex or in Annex VIII.`(b) In paragraph 5, the third subparagraph is replaced by the following:'The competent authorities shall require that the other risks, apart from the delta risk, associated with options are safeguarded against. The competent authorities may allow the requirement against a written exchange-traded option to be equal to the margin required by the exchange if they are fully satisfied that it provides an accurate measure of the risk associated with the option and that the method used to calculate the margin is equivalent to the method of calculation set out in the remainder of this Annex or in Annex VIII for such options. In addition they may allow the requirement on a bought exchange-traded or OTC option to be the same as that for the instrument underlying it, subject to the constraint that the resulting requirement does not exceed the market value of the option. The requirement against a written OTC option shall be set in relation to the instrument underlying it.`(c) Paragraph 6 is replaced by the following:'6. Warrants relating to debt instruments and equities shall be treated in the same way as options under paragraph 5.`(d) Paragraph 33 (i) is replaced by the following:'(i) the equities shall not be those of issuers which have issued only traded debt instruments that currently attract an 8 % requirement in Table 1 appearing in paragraph 14 or that attract a lower requirement only because they are guaranteed or secured;`2. Annex II is amended as follows:(a) Paragraph 1 is replaced by the following:'1. In the case of transactions in which debt instruments, equities and commodities (excluding repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements and securities or commodities lending and securities or commodities borrowing) are unsettled after their due delivery dates, an institution must calculate the price difference to which it is exposed. This is the difference between the agreed settlement price for the debt instrument, equity or commodity in question and its current market value, where the difference could involve a loss for the institution. It must multiply this difference by the appropriate factor in column A of the table appearing in paragraph 2 in order to calculate its capital requirement.`(b) Paragraph 3 is replaced by the following:'3.1. An institution shall be required to hold capital against counterparty risk if:(i) it has paid for securities or commodities before receiving them or it has delivered securities or commodities before receiving payment for them; and(ii) in the case of cross-border transactions, one day or more has elapsed since it made that payment or delivery.3.2. The capital requirement shall be 8 % of the value of the securities or commodities or cash owed to the institution multiplied by the risk weighting applicable to the relevant counterparty.`(c) The heading to paragraph 4 and the first subparagraph of paragraph 4.1 are replaced by the following:'Repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements, securities or commodities lending and borrowing4.1. In the case of repurchase agreements and securities or commodities lending based on securities or commodities included in the trading book the institution shall calculate the difference between the market value of the securities or commodities and the amount borrowed by the institution of the market value of the collateral, where that difference is positive. In the case of reverse repurchase agreements and securities or commodities borrowing, the institution shall calculate the difference between the amount the institution has lent or the market value of the collateral and the market value of the securities or commodities it has received, where that difference is positive.`3. Annex III is amended as follows:(a) Paragraph 1 is replaced by the following:'1. If the sum of an institution's overall net foreign-exchange position and its net gold position, calculated in accordance with the procedure set out below, exceeds 2 % of its total own funds, it shall multiply the sum of its net foreign-exchange position and its net gold position by 8 % in order to calculate its own-funds requirement against foreign-exchange risk.`(b) Paragraph 3 is replaced by the following:'3.1. Firstly, the institution's net open position in each currency (including the reporting currency) and in gold shall be calculated. This position shall consist of the sum of the following elements (positive or negative):- the net spot position (i.e. all asset items less all liability items, including accrued interest, in the currency in question or, for gold, the net spot position in gold),- the net forward position (i.e. all amounts to be received less all amounts to be paid under forward exchange and gold transactions, including currency and gold futures and the principal on currency swaps not included in the spot position),- irrevocable guarantees (and similar instruments) that are certain to be called and likely to be irrecoverable,- net future income/expenses not yet accrued but already fully hedged (at the discretion of the reporting institution and with the prior consent of the competent authorities, net future income/expenses not yet entered in accounting records but already fully hedged by forward foreign-exchange transactions may be included here). Such discretion must be exercised on a consistent basis,- the net delta (or delta-based) equivalent of the total book of foreign-currency and gold options,- the market value of other (i.e. non-foreign-currency and non-gold) options,- any positions which an institution has deliberately taken in order to hedge against the adverse effect of the exchange rate on its capital ratio may be excluded from the calculation of net open currency positions. Such positions should be of a non-trading or structural nature and their exclusion, and any variation of the terms of their exclusion, shall require the consent of the competent authorities. The same treatment subject to the same conditions as above may be applied to positions which an institution has which relate to items that are already deducted in the calculation of own funds.3.2. The competent authorities shall have the discretion to allow institutions to use the net present value when calculating the net open position in each currency and in gold.`(c) Paragraph 4, first sentence, is replaced by the following:'4. Secondly, net short and long positions in each currency other than the reporting currency and the net long or short position in gold shall be converted at spot rates into the reporting currency.`(d) Paragraph 7 is replaced by the following:'7. Secondly, the competent authorities may allow institutions to apply an alternative method to those outlined in paragraphs 1 to 6 for the purposes of this Annex. The capital requirement produced by this method must be sufficient to exceed 2 % of the net open position as measured in paragraph 4 and, on the basis of an analysis of exchange-rate movements during all the rolling 10-working-day periods over the preceding three years, to exceed the likely loss 99 % or more of the time.The alternative method described in this paragraph may only be used under the following conditions:(i) the calculation formula and the correlation coefficients are set by the competent authorities, based on their analysis of exchange-rate movements;(ii) the competent authorities review the correlation coefficients regularly in the light of developments in foreign-exchange markets.`4. Annex V is amended as follows:(a) Paragraph 2, first sentence, is replaced by the following:'Notwithstanding paragraph 1, the competent authorities may permit those institutions which are obliged to meet the own-funds requirements laid down in Annexes I, II, III, IV, VI, VII and VIII to use an alternative definition when meeting those requirements only.`(b) Paragraph 4 is replaced by the following:'4. The subordinated loan capital referred to in paragraph 2(c) may not exceed a maximum of 150 % of the original own funds left to meet the requirements laid down in Annexes I, II, III, IV, VI, VII and VIII and may approach that maximum only in particular circumstances acceptable to the relevant authorities.`(c) Paragraphs 6 and 7 are replaced by the following:'6. The competent authorities may permit investment firms to exceed the ceiling for subordinated loan capital prescribed in paragraph 4 if they judge it prudentially adequate and provided that the total of such subordinated loan capital and the items referred to in paragraph 5 does not exceed 200 % of the original own funds left to meet the requirements imposed in Annexes I, II, III, IV, VI, VII and VIII or 250 % of the same amount where investment firms deduct item 2 (d) referred to in paragraph 2 when calculating own funds.7. The competent authorities may permit the ceiling for subordinated loan capital prescribed in paragraph 4 to be exceeded by a credit institution if they judge it prudentially adequate and provided that the total of such subordinated loan capital and the items referred to in paragraph 5 does not exceed 250 % of the original own funds left to meet the requirements imposed in Annexes I, II, III, VI, VII and VIII.`5. Annex VI is amended as follows:(a) Paragraph 2 (i) is replaced by the following:'(i) the excess - where positive - of an institution's long positions over its short positions in all the financial instruments issued by the client in question;`(b) Paragraph 8 (2), second subparagraph, is replaced by the following:'As from 10 days after the excess has occurred, the components of the excess, selected in accordance with the above criteria, shall be allocated to the appropriate line in column 1 of the table below in ascending order of specific-risk requirements in Annex I and/or, if applicable, Annex VIII and/or requirements in Annex II.The institution shall then meet an additional capital requirement equal to the sum of the specific-risk requirements in Annex I, Annex VIII, if applicable, and/or the Annex II requirements on these components multiplied by the corresponding factor in column 2;`ANNEX II 'ANNEX VIICOMMODITIES RISK1. Each position in commodities or commodity derivatives shall be expressed in terms of the standard unit of measurement. The spot price in each commodity shall be expressed in the reporting currency.2. Positions in gold or gold derivatives shall be considered as being subject to foreign-exchange risk and treated according to Annex III or Annex VIII, as appropriate, for the purpose of calculating market risk.3. For the purposes of this Annex, positions which are purely stock financing may be excluded from the commodities risk calculation only.4. The interest-rate and foreign-exchange risks not covered by other provisions of this Annex shall be included in the calculation of General Risk for Traded Debt Instruments and in the calculation of Foreign-Exchange Risk.5. When the short position falls due before the long position, institutions shall also guard against the risk of a shortage of liquidity which may exist in some markets.Netting6. For the purpose of paragraph 17, the excess of an institution's long (short) positions over its short (long) positions in the same commodity and identical commodity futures, options and warrants shall be its net position in each commodity. The competent authorities shall allow positions in derivative instruments to be treated, as laid down in paragraphs 8, 9 and 10, as positions in the underlying commodity.7. The competent authority may permit offsetting between different sub-categories of commodities in cases where the sub-categories are deliverable against each other or between similar commodities if they are close substitutes and a minimum correlation between them of 90 % over a minimum of one year can be clearly established. No offsetting may be permitted, however, where the two legs of a commodity swap are in different commodities which do not belong to the same sub-category as defined above.Particular instruments8. Commodity futures and forward commitments to buy or sell individual commodities shall be incorporated in the measurement system as notional amounts in terms of the standard unit of measurement and assigned a maturity with reference to expiry date. The competent authorities may allow the capital requirement for an exchange-traded future to be equal to the margin required by the exchange if they are fully satisfied that it provides an accurate measure of the risk associated with the future and that the method used to calculate the margin is equivalent to the method of calculation set out in this Annex or in Annex VIII.9. Commodity swaps where one side of the transaction is a fixed price and the other the current market price shall be incorporated into the maturity ladder approach as a series of positions equal to the notional amount of the contract, with one position corresponding with each payment on the swap and slotted into the maturity ladder (Table 4) accordingly. The positions would be long positions if the institution is paying a fixed price and receiving a floating price and short positions if the institution is receiving a fixed price and paying a floating price.Commodity swaps where the sides of the transaction are in different commodities are to be reported in the relevant reporting ladder for the maturity ladder approach.10. Options on commodities or commodity derivatives shall be treated as if they were positions equal in value to the amount of the underlying asset to which the option refers, multiplied by its delta for the purposes of this Annex. The latter positions may be netted off against any offsetting positions in the identical underlying commodity or commodity derivative. The delta used shall be that of the exchange concerned, that calculated by the competent authorities or, where none of those is available or for OTC options, that calculated by the institution itself, subject to the competent authorities' being satisfied that the model used by the institution is reasonable.However, the competent authorities may also prescribe that institutions calculate their deltas using a methodology specified by the competent authorities.The competent authorities shall require that the other risks, apart from the delta risk, associated with commodity options are safeguarded against. The competent authorities may allow the requirement for a written exchange-traded commodity option to be equal to the margin required by the exchange if they are fully satisfied that it provides an accurate measure of the risk associated with the option and that the method used to calculate the margin is equivalent to the method of calculation set out in the remainder of this Annex or in Annex VIII for such options. In addition they may allow the requirement on a bought exchange-traded or OTC commodity option to be the same as that for the commodity underlying it, subject to the constraint that the resulting requirement does not exceed the market value of the option. The requirement for a written OTC option shall be set in relation to the commodity underlying it.11. Warrants relating to commodities shall be treated in the same way as commodity options under paragraph 10.12. The transferor of commodities or guaranteed rights relating to title to commodities in a repurchase agreement and the lender of commodities in a commodities lending agreement shall include such commodities in the calculation of its capital requirement under this Annex.(a) Maturity ladder approach13. The institution shall assign all positions to the appropriate maturity bands in Table 4, with physical stocks being assigned to the first maturity band. For markets which have daily delivery dates, any contracts maturing within ten days of each other may be offset.>TABLE>14. The institution shall then work out the sum of the long positions and the sum of the short positions in each maturity band. The amount of the former (latter) which are matched by the latter (former) in a given maturity band shall be the matched positions in that band, while the residual long or short position shall be the unmatched position for the same band.15. That part of the unmatched long (short) position for a given maturity band that is matched by the unmatched short (long) position for a maturity band further out shall be the matched position between two maturity bands. That part of the unmatched long or unmatched short position that cannot be thus matched shall be the unmatched position.16. The institution's capital requirement shall be calculated as the sum of:(i) the sum of the matched long and short positions, multiplied by the appropriate spread rate as indicated in the second column of Table 4 for each maturity band and by the spot price for the commodity;(ii) the matched position between two maturity bands for each maturity band into which an unmatched position is carried forward, multiplied by 0,6 % (carry rate) and by the spot price for the commodity;(iii) the residual unmatched positions, multiplied by 15 % (outright rate) and by the spot price for the commodity.(b) Simplified approach17. The institution's capital requirement shall be calculated as the sum of:(i) 15 % of the net position, long or short, in each commodity, multiplied by the spot price for the commodity;(ii) 3 % of the gross position, long plus short, in each commodity, multiplied by the spot price for the commodity.ANNEX VIIIINTERNAL MODELS1. The competent authorities may, subject to the conditions laid down in this annex, allow institutions to calculate their capital requirements for Position Risk, Foreign-Exchange Risk and/or Commodities Risk using their own internal risk-management models instead of or in combination with the methods described in Annexes I, III and VII. Explicit approval of the use of models by the competent authority shall be required in each case.2. Approval shall only be given if the competent authority is satisfied that the institution's risk-management system is conceptually sound and implemented with integrity and that, in particular, the following qualitative standards are met:(i) The internal risk-measurement model is closely integrated into the daily risk-management process of the institution and serves as the basis for reporting risk exposures to senior management of the institution;(ii) The institution has a risk control unit that is independent from business trading units and reports directly to senior management. The unit must be responsible for designing and implementing the institution's risk-management system. It shall produce and analyse daily reports on the output of the risk-measurement model and on the appropriate measures to be taken in terms of trading limits;(iii) The institution's board of directors and senior management is actively involved in the risk-control process and the daily reports produced by the risk-control unit are reviewed by a level of management with sufficient authority to enforce both reductions of positions taken by individual traders as well as in the institution's overall risk exposure;(iv) The institution has sufficient numbers of staff skilled in the use of sophisticated models in the trading, risk-control, audit and back-office areas;(v) The institution has established procedures for monitoring and ensuring compliance with a documented set of internal policies and controls concerning the overall operation of the risk-measurement system;(vi) The institution's models have a proven track record of reasonable accuracy in measuring risks;(vii) The institution frequently conducts a rigorous programme of stress testing and the results of these tests are reviewed by senior management and reflected in the policies and limits it sets.3. The competent authorities shall also be satisfied that the institution's models continue to be reasonably accurate, as evidenced by a regular back-testing programme to be conducted by the institution.4. The institution must conduct, as part of its regular internal auditing process, an independent review of the risk-measurement system. This review must include both the activities of the business trading units and of the independent risk-control unit. At least once a year, the institution must conduct a review of its overall risk-management process. The review must consider:(i) the adequacy of the documentation of the risk-management system and process and the organisation of the risk-control unit;(ii) the integration of market risk measures into daily risk management and the integrity of the management information system;(iii) the process the institution employs for approving risk-pricing models and valuation systems that are used by front and back-office personnel;(iv) the scope of market risks captured by the risk-measurement model and the validation af any significant changes in the risk-measurement process;(v) the accuracy and completeness of position data, the accuracy and appropriateness of volatility and correlation assumptions, and the accuracy of valuation and risk sensitivity calculations;(vi) the verification process the institution employs to evaluate the consistency, timeliness, and reliability of data sources used to run internal models, including the independence of such data sources; and(vii) the verification process the institution uses to evaluate back-testing that is conducted to assess the model's accuracy.5. Notwithstanding paragraph 1, institutions using models shall be subject to a separate capital charge to cover the specific risk of traded debt instruments and equities as described in Annex I to the extent that the competent authorities consider that this risk is not incorporated sufficiently into their models. The competent authorities shall in any case set a minimum specific risk charge of 50 % of the charge as calculated according to Annex I for institutions using models.6. For the purpose of paragraph 8 (ii) the results of the institution's own calculation shall be scaled up by a multiplication factor of 3.7. For the same purpose and in addition to the multiplication factor, a "plus"-factor of between 0 and 1 shall be applied to the results of the institution's own calculation in accordance with Table 5, depending on the outcome of the backtesting procedure outlined below.The value-at-risk number calculated by means of the model shall be compared with the actual change in value of the portfolio. Backtesting shall be carried out daily on the basis of both effective and, assuming unchanged end-of-day positions, hypothetical changes in the portfolio value.If the change in portfolio value exceeds the value-at-risk calculated using the model, the target has been overshot. The number of overshootings, as set out in Table 5, shall be based on a spot check of 250 values.>TABLE>The competent authorities can, in individual cases, waive the requirement to add a plus factor if, owing to an exceptional situation, an increase in the multiplication factor would be unjustified and the model is basically sound. In this context, the institution has to prove that an increase would be unjustified.In the event of numerous overshootings, the competent authority shall revoke the model's recognition or impose appropriate measures to ensure that the model is improved promptly.The institution is to record all overshootings ascertained by back-testing, together with the reasons for them, and to notify the competent authorities immediately of the extent of the overshootings and the reasons for them.8. Each institution must meet a capital requirement expressed as the higher of(i) its previous day's value-at-risk number measured according to the parameters specified in this Annex; and(ii) an average of the daily value-at-risk measures on each of the preceding sixty business days, multiplied by the factors mentioned in paragraph 6, adjusted by the factor mentioned in paragraph 7.9. The calculation of value-at-risk shall be subject to the following minimum standards:(i) at least daily calculation of value-at-risk;(ii) a 99th percentile, one-tailed confidence interval;(iii) a ten-day equivalent holding period;(iv) an effective historical observation period of at least one year;(v) three-monthly data set updates.10. The competent authorities shall also require that the model captures accurately all the material price risks of options or option-like positions.11. The competent authorities shall require that the risk-measurement model captures a sufficient number of risk factors, depending on the level of activity of the institution in the respective markets. At a minimum, the following provisions shall be respected:(i) For interest-rate risk, the risk-measurement system shall model the yield curve using one of a number of generally accepted approaches. For material exposures to interest-rate risk in the major currencies and markets, the yield curve shall be divided into a minimum of six maturity segments, to capture the variations of volatility of rates along the yield curve. The risk-measurement system must also capture the risk of less than perfectly correlated movements between different yield curves;(ii) For foreign-exchange risk, the risk-measurement system shall incorporate risk factors corresponding to the individual foreign currencies in which the institution's positions are denominated. A separate risk factor shall be used for gold;(iii) For equity risk, the risk-measurement system shall use a separate risk factor at least for each of the equity markets in which the institution holds significant positions;(iv) For commodity risk, the risk-measurement system shall use a separate risk factor at least for each commodity in which the institution holds significant positions. The risk-measurement system must also capture the risk of less than perfectly correlated movements between similar, but not identical, commodities and the exposure to changes in forward prices arising from maturity mismatches. It shall also take account of market characteristics, notably delivery dates and the scope provided to traders to close out positions.12. The competent authorities may allow institutions to use empirical correlations within risk categories and across risk categories if they are satisfied that the institution's system for measuring correlations is sound and implemented with integrity.`