CELEX: 51998PC0096
Language: sv
Date: 1998-02-23
Title: Förslag till rådets beslut om Europeiska gemenskapernas undertecknande av ett protokoll till Förenta nationernas ramkonvention om klimatförändringar

EUROPEISKA GEMENSKAPERNAS KOMMISSION

                                           Bryssel den 23.02.1998
                                           KOM(1998) 96 slutlig

                            Förslag till

                        RÅDETSBESMJT

om Europeiska gemenskapernas undertecknande av ett protokoll till Förenta
           nationernas ramkonvention om klimatförändringar

                   (framlagt av kommissionen)
 ---pagebreak---  ---pagebreak---                                      MQtivering

Den 4 februari 1991 bemyndigade rådet kommissionen att på gemenskapens vägnar
delta iförhandlingarnaom en konvention om klimatförändringar och alla därtill
relaterade protokoll .

Förenta nationernas ramkonvention om klimatförändringar undertecknades av
gemenskapen och samtliga dess medlemsstater i juni 1992 och ratificerades av
gemenskapen genom beslutet av den 15 december 1993 .

Det första mötet för parternas konferens ägde rum i Berlin från den 28 mars till den 7
april 1995. Vid mötet kom parterna överens om att inleda en process som skulle
möjliggöra att lämpliga åtgärder kunde vidtas för tiden efter år 2000, bl.a. att skärpa
parternas åtaganden enligt bilaga 1 till konventionen om klimatförändringar genom ett
antagande av ett protokoll eller annat rättsligt instrument. En icke tidsbegränsad ad
hoc-grupp av parter inrättades för att rapportera till det andra mötet för parternas
konferens om hur processen framskred.

Denna ad hoc-grupp för det s.k. "Berlin-mandatet" sammanträdde vid åtta tillfällen.

Förhandlingar i frågor inom gemenskapens behörighet fördes i enlighet med de
fbrhandlingsdirektiv som fastställdes av rådet den 4 februari 19913 och rådets
slutsatser om klimatförändringar, av vilka de senaste antogs av rådet (miljö) den 3
mars, 19 juni respektive 16 oktober 1997. Vid parternas konferens, som hölls i Kyoto
i Japan från den 1 till den 10 december, antogs ett protokoll.

Även om det slutligen antagna protokollet är mindre ambitiöst än Europeiska
unionens mål vidförhandlingarnaärförhandlingsresultatenpositiva för den globala
miljön, samtidigt som de är i överensstämmelse med gemenskapslagstiflningen och
rådets ovannämnda slutsatser. Gemenskapen bör vara drivande även när det gäller
undertecknandet och det ligger därför i gemenskapens intresse att kunna underteckna
det så snart som möjligt efter det att perioden för undertecknande inleds den 16 mars
1998 i New York. Det kommer sedan att vara möjligt att underteckna protokollet fram
till den 15 mars 1999. När det gäller den fortsatta processen träder protokollet i kraft
när det ratificerats, accepterats eller antagits av parterna till konventionen. Därefter
kommer ett förslag till rådsbeslut om vilka slutsatser som bör dras att läggas fram av
kommissionen. I offentliga ställningstaganden har andra nyckelaktörer gjort klart att
globalt genomförande kräver fortsatta framsteg under det kommande året, inte minst
när det gäller frågor som gemensamt genomförande, förutsättningarna för handel med
utsläppsrätter och utvecklingsländernas roll. Kommissionen kommer vid behov att
lägga fram förslag inom dessa områden.

Rådet ombeds därför besluta att protokollet till konventionen om klimatförändringar
skall undertecknas och bemyndiga rådets ordförande att utse de personer som på
gemenskapens vägnar skall ha befogenhet att underteckna det.

1
  DOC 4446/91 ENV 34 ENER 4
2
  EGTL 33, 7.2.94, s. 11.
3
  DOC 4446/91 ENV 34 ENER 4
 ---pagebreak---                   Förslag till rådets beslut om Europeiska gemenskapernas
                  undertecknandet av ett protokoll till Förenta nationernas
                           ramkonvention om klimatförändringar

EUROPEISKA UNIONENS RÄD HAR BESLUTAT FÖLJANDE

med beaktande av Fördraget om upprättandet av Europeiska gemenskapen,

med beaktande av kommissionens förslag, och

med beaktande av följande:

Gemenskapen är part i Förenta nationernas ramkonvention om klimatförändringar.

I enlighet med rådets förhandlingsdirektiv den 4 februari 1991 och i
överensstämmelse med senare rådsbeslut om klimatförändringar, har kommissionen
på gemenskapens vägnar deltagit i ad hoc-gruppen för Berlinmandatet som inrättades
vid den första konferensen för parterna till konventionen den 7 april 1995 i syfte att
vidta lämpliga åtgärder för tiden efter år 2000.

Ett protokoll antogs vid parternas till Förenta nationernas ramkonvention om
klimatförändringars konferens i Kyoto från den 1 till den 10 december 1997.

Syftet med protokollet är att utsläppen av växthusgaser skall minskas, vilket kommer
att bidra till att gemenskapens miljöpolitiska mål kan uppfyllas.

Det är därför lämpligt för gemenskapen att underteckna protokollet

HÄRIGENOM FÖRESKRIVS FÖLJANDE.

ENDA ARTIKEL

Rådets ordförande bemyndigas härmed att utse de personer som skall ha befogenhet
att på gemenskapens vägnar underteckna det protokoll till konventionen om
klimatförändringar som antogs den 10 december 1997 i Kyoto, Japan.

             Utfardat i Bryssel den                                    På rådets vägnar
                                                                            Ordförande

                                      3
 ---pagebreak---             UNITED
            NATIONS

           FrameworkConvention                                        Distr.
               on                                                     LIMTTED

                                                                      FCCC/CP/1997/L.7/Add.l
                                                                      10 December 1997
Subject to technical revision
                                                                      Original: ENGLISH

   CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES
   Third session
   Kyoto, 1-10 December 1997
   Agenda item 5

                      *. KYOTO PROTOCOLTO THE
         UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE

          The Parties to this Protocol,

          Being Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,
   hereinafter referred to as "the Convention",

          Inpursuit of the ultimate objective of the Convention as stated in its Article 2,

          Recalling the provisions of the Convention,

          Being guidedby Article 3 of the Convention,

          Pwsuantfothe Berlin Mandate adopted by decision 1/CP.l of the
   Conference of the Parties to the Convention at its first session,

          Have agreed as follows:

                                                Article 1

          For the purposes of this Protocol, the definitions contained in Article 1 of the Convention
   shallapply. Inaddition:

    1.     'Conference of the Parties" means the Conference of the Parties to the Convention.

                                            W
 ---pagebreak--- FCCC/CP/1997/L.7/Add.l
English
Page2

2.     "Convention" means the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,
adopted in New York on 9 May 1992.

3.     "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change" means the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change established in 1988 jointly by the World Meteorological Organization and the
United Nations Environment Programme.

4.     "Montreal Protocol" means the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
Layer, adopted in Montreal on 16 September 1987 and as subsequently adjusted and amended.

5.      "Parties presént and voting" means Parties present and caStjng an affirmative or negative
vote.

6.      "Party" means, unless the context otherwise indicates, a Party to this Protocol.

7.    "Party included in Annex I" means a Party included in Annex I to the Convention, as
may be amended, or a Party which has made a notification under Article 4, paragraph 2(g), of the
Convention.

                                             Article 2

1.      Each Party included in Annex I in achieving its quantified emission limitation and
reduction commitments under Article 3, in order to promote sustainable development, shall:

       (a)     Implement and/or further elaborate policies and measures in accordance with its
national circumstances, such as:

                (i)     Enhancement of energy efficiency in relevant sectors of the national
                        economy;

                (ii)    Protection and enhancement of sinks and reservoirs of greenhouse gases
                        not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, taking into account its
                        commitments under relevant international environmental agreements;
                        promotion of sustainable forest management practices, afforestation and-
                         reforestation;

                (iii)   Promotion of sustainable forms of agriculture in light of climate change
                        considerations;

                (iv)    Promotion, research, development and increased use of new and
                        renewable forms of energy, of carbon dioxide sequestration technologies
                        and of advanced and innovative environmentally sound technologies;

                                                   x-
 ---pagebreak---                                                              FCCC/CP/1997/L.7/Add.l
                                                             English
                                                             Page 3

               (v)      Progressive reduction or phasing out of market imperfections, fiscal
                        incentives, tax and duty exemptions and subsidies in all greenhouse gas
                        emitting sectors that run counter to the objective of the Convention and
                        apply market instruments;

               (vi)     Encouragement of appropriate reforms in relevant sectors aimed at
                        promoting policies and measures which limit or reduce emissions of
                        greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol;

               (vii)    Measures to limit and/or reduce emissions of greenhouse gases not
                        controlled by the Montreal Protocol in the transport sector;

               (viii)   Limitation and/or reduction of methane through recovery and use in waste
                        management, as well as in the production, transport and distribution of
                        energy;

        (b)     Cooperate with other such Parties to enhance the individual and combined
effectiveness of their policies and measures adopted under this Article, pursuant to Article 4,
paragraph 2(e)(i), of the Convention. To this end, these Parties shall take steps to share their
experience and exchange information on such policies and measures, including developing ways
of improving their comparability, transparency and effectiveness. The Conference of the Parties
serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, at itsfirstsession or as soon as
practicable thereafter, consider ways to facilitate such cooperation, taking into account all
relevant information.

2.     The Parties included in Annex I shall pursue limitation or reduction of emissions of
greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol from aviation and marine bunker fuels,
working through the International Civil Aviation Organization and the International Maritime
Organization, respectively.

3.      The Parties included in Annex I shall strive to implement policies and measures under
this Article in such a way as to minimize adverse effects, including the adverse effects of climate
change, effects on international trade, and social, environmental and economic impacts on other
Parties, especially developing country Parties and in particular those identified in Article 4,
paragraphs 8 and 9 of the Convention, taking into account Article 3 of the Convention. The
Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol may take further
action, as appropriate, to promote the implementation of the provisions of this paragraph.

4.      The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, if it
decides that it would be beneficial to coordinate any of the policies and measures in
paragraph l(a) above, taking into account different national circumstances and potential effects,
shall consider ways and means to elaborate the coordination of such policies and measures.

                                                  c
 ---pagebreak--- FCCC/CP/1997/L.7/Add.l
English
Page 4

                                             Article 3

1.      The Parties included in Annex I shall, individually or jointly, ensure that their aggregate
anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent emissions öf the greenhouse gases listed in Annex A do
not exceed their assigned amounts, calculated pursuant to their quantified emission limitation and
reduction commitments inscribed in Annex B and in accordance with the provisions of this
Article, with a view to reducing their overall emissions of such gases by at least 5 per cent below
1990 levels in the commitment period 2008 to 2012.

2.     Each Party included in Annex I shall, by 2005, have made demonstrable progress in
achieving its commitments under this Protocol.              "^ J

3.      The net changes in greenhouse gas emissions from sources and remo^a&byjäinks
resultingfromdirect human-induced land use change^indjforestry activitie0JnittCTto~
afforestation, reforestation, and deforestation since 1990, measured as verinable changes in
stocks in each cornmitmenf period shall be used to meet the commitments in this Article of each
Party included in Annex I. The greenhouse gas emissions from sources and removals by sinks
associated with those activities shall be reported in a transparent and verifiable manner and
reviewed in accordance with Articles 7 and 8.

4.       Prior to thefirstsession of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the
Parties to this Protocol, each Party included in Annex I shall provide for consideration by the
Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice data to establish its level of carbon
stocks in 1990 and to enable an estimate to be made of its changes in carbon stocks in subsequent
years. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall,
at itsfirstsession or as soon as practicable thereafter, decide upon modalities, rules and
guidelines as to how and which additional human-induced activities related to changes in
greenhouse gas emissions and removals in the agricultural soil and land use change and forestry
categories, shall be added to, or subtractedfrom,the assigned amount for Parties included in
Annex I, taking into account uncertainties, transparency in reporting, verifiability, the
methodological work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the advice provided by
the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice in accordance with Article 5 and
the decisions of the Conference of the Parties. Such a decision shall apply in the second and
subsequent commitment periods. A Party may choose to apply such a decision on these
additional human-induced activities for itsfirstcommitment period, provided that these activities
have taken place since 1990.

5.      The Parties included in Annex I undergoing the process of transition to a market
economy whose base year or period was established pursuant to decision 9/CP.2 of the
Conference of the Parties at its second session, shall use that base year or period for the
implementation of their commitments under this Article. Any other Party included in
Annex I undergoing the process of transition to a market economy which has not yet submitted
itsfirstnational communication under Article 12 of the Convention may also notify the

                                                   "\
 ---pagebreak---                                                              FCCC/CP/1997/L.7/Add.l
                                                             English
                                                             Page 5

Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol that it intends to
use a historical base year or period other than 1990 for the implementation of its commitments
under this Article. ITie Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to thisv
Protocol shall decide on the acceptance of such notification.

6.       Taking into account Article 4, parägraph 6, of the Convention, in the implementation of
their commitments under this Protocol other than those in this Article, a certain degree of
flexibility shall be allowed by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties
to this Protocol to the Parties included in Annex I undergoing the process of transition to a
market economy.

7.     In thefirstquantified emission limitation and reduction commitment period, from
2008 to 2012, the assigned amount for each Party included in Annex I shall be equal to the
percentage inscribed for it in Annex B of its aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent
emissions of the greenhouse gases listed in Annex A in 1990, or the base year or period
determined in accordance with parägraph 5 above, multiplied by five. Those Parties included in
Annex I for whom land use change and forestry constituted a net source of greenhouse gas
emissions in 1990 shall include in their 1990 emissions base year or period the aggregate
anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent emissions minus removals in 1990fromland use
change for the purposes of calculating their assigned amount

8.      Any Party included in Annex I may use 1995 as its base year for hydrofluorocarbons,
perfluorocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride, for the purposes of the calculation referred to in
parägraph 7 above.

9.      Commitments for subsequent periods for Parties included in Annex I shall be established
in amendments to Annex B to this Protocol, which shall be adopted in accordance with the
provisions of Article 20, parägraph 7. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of
the Parties to this Protocol shall initiate the consideration of such commitments at ieast seven
years before the end of thefirstcommitment period mentioned in parägraph 7 above.

10. - Any emission reduction units, or any part of an assigned amount, which a Party acquires
from another Party in accordance with the provisions of Article 6 and of Article 16 bis shall be
added to the assigned amount for that Party.

11.     Any emission reduction units, or any part of an assigned amount, which a Party transfers
to another Party in accordance with the provisions of Article 6 and of Article 16 bis shall be
subtracted from the assigned amount for that Party.

12.    Any certified emission reductions which a Party acquiresfromanother Party in
accordance with the provisions of Article 12 shall be added to the assigned amount for that Party.
 ---pagebreak--- FCCC/CP/1997/L.7/Add.l
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Page 6

13.      If the emissions of ja Party included in Annex I during a commitment period are less than
its assigned amount under this Article, this difference shall, on request of that Party, be added to
the assigned amount for that Party for subsequent commitment periods.

14.     Each Party included in Annex I shall strive to implement the commitments mentioned in
paragraph 1 above in such a way as to minimize adverse social, environmental and econpmic
impacts on developing country Parties, particularly those identified in Article 4, paragraphs 8 and
9, of the Convention. In line with relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties on the
implementation of those paragraphs, the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the
Parties to this Protocol shall, at itsfirstsession, consider what actions are necessary to minimize
the adverse effects of climate change and/or the impacts oijesponse measures on Parties referred
to in those paragraphs. Among the issues to be considered shall be the establishment of funding,
insurance and transfer of technology.

                                              Article 4

1.       Any Parties included in Annex I that have agreed to jointly fulfil their commitments
under Article 3 shall be deemed to have met those commitments provided that their total
combined aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent emissions of the greenhouse gases
listed in Annex A do not exceed their assigned amounts calculated pursuant to their quantified
emission limitation and reduction commitments inscribed in Annex B and in accordance with the
provisions of Article 3. The respective emission level allocated to each of the Parties to the
agreement shall be set out in that agreement

2.     The Parties to any such agreement shall notify the secretariat of the terms of the
agreement on the date of deposit of their instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or
accession. The secretariat shall in turn inform the Parties and signatories to the Convention of the
terms of the agreement.

3.      The agreement shall remain in operation for the duration of the commitment period
specified in Article 3, paragraph 7.

4.       If Parties acting jointly do so in theframeworkof, and together with, a regional
economic integration organization, any alteration in the composition of the organization after
adoption of this Protocol shall not affect existing commitments under this Protocol. Any
alteration in the composition of the organization shall only apply for the purposes of those
commitments under Article 3 that are adopted subsequent to that revision.

5.     In the event of failure by the Parties to such an agreement to achieve their total
combined level of emission reductions, each Party to such an agreement shall be responsible for
its own level of emissions set out in the agreement
 ---pagebreak---                                                              FCCC/CP/1997/L.7/Add.l
                                                             English
                                                             Page 7

6.       If Parties acting jointly do so ih theframeworkof, and together with, a regional
economic integration organization which is itself a Party to this Protocol, each member State of
that regional economic integration organization individually, and together with the regional
economic integration organization acting in accordance with Article 23, shall, in the event of
failure to achieve the total combined level of emission reductions, be responsible for its level of
emissions as notified in accordance with this Article.

                                              Article 5

1.      Each Party included in Annex I shall have in place, no later than one year prior to the
start-o£thefirstcommitment period, a national system for the estimation of anthropogenic
emissions by sources and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the
Montreal Protocol. Guidelines for such national systems, which shall incorporate the
methodolotgies specified in paragraph 2 below, shall be decided upon by the Conference of the
Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol at itsfirstsession.

2.       Methodologies for estimating anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks
of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol shall be those accepted by the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties at
its third session. Where such methodologies are not used, appropriate adjustments shall be
applied according to methodologies agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties serving as the
meeting of the Parties to this Protocol at itsfirstsession. Based on the work of, inter alia, the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and advice provided by the Subsidiary Body for
Scientific and Technological Advice, the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the
Parties to this Protocol shall regularly review and, as appropriate, revise such methodologies and
adjustments, taking fully into account any relevant decisions by the Conference of the Parties.
Any revision to methodologies or adjustments shall be used only for the purposes of ascertaining
compliance with commitments under Article 3 in respect of any commitment period adopted
subsequent to that revision.

3.      The global warming potentials used to calculate the carbon dioxide equivalence of
anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases not controlled by
the Montreal Protocol listed in Annex A shall be those accepted by the Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change and agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties at its third session. Based
on the work of, inter alia, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and advice provided
by the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice, the Conference of the Parties
serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall regularly review and, as appropriate,
revise the global warming potential of each such greenhouse gas, taking fully into account any
relevant decisions by the Conference of the Parties. Any revision to a global warming potential
shall apply only to those commitments under Article 3 in respect of any commitment period
adopted subsequent to that revision.

                                                  /|o
 ---pagebreak--- FCCC/CP/1997/L.7/Add.l
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Page 8

                                               Article 6

1.    For the purpose of meeting its commitments under Article 3, any Party included in
Annex I may transfer to, or acquirefrom,any other such Party emission reduction units resulting
from projects aimed at reducing anthropogenic emissions by sources or enhancing anthropogenic
removals by sinks of greenhouse gases in any sector of the economy, provided that:

        (a)     Any such project has the approval of the Parties involved;

       (b)    Any such project provides a reduction in emissions by sources, or an enhancement
of removals by sinks, that is additional to any that wouldotherwise occur;

        (c)    It does not acquire any emission reduction units if it is not in compliance with its
obligations under Articles 5 and 7; and

        (d)     The acquisition of emission reduction units shall be supplemental to domestic
actions for the purposes of meeting commitments under Article 3.

2.        The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol may,
at its first session or as soon as practicable thereafter, further elaborate guidelines for the
implementation of this Article, including for verification and reporting.

3.     A Party included in Annex I may authorize legal entities to participate, under its
responsibility, in actions leading to the generation, transfer or acquisition under this Article of
emission reduction units.

4.      If a question of implementation by a Party included in Annex I of the requirements
referred to in this paragraph is identified in accordance with the relevant provisions of
Article 8, transfers and acquisitions of emission reduction units may continue to be made after
the question has been identified, provided that any such units may not be used by a Party to meet
its commitments under Article 3 until any issue of compliance is resolved.

                                               Article 7

1.      Each Party included in Annex I shall incorporate in its annual inventory of anthropogenic
emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal
Protocol, submitted in accordance with the relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties,
the necessary supplementary information for the purposes of ensuring compliance with Article 3,
to be determined in accordance with paragraph 4 below.

2.     Each Party included in Annex I shall incorporate in its national communication,
submitted under Article 12 of the Convention, the supplementary information necessary to

                                               A*
 ---pagebreak---                                                              FCCC/CP/1997/L.7/Add.l
                                                             English
                                                             Page9

demonstrate compliance with its commitments under this Protocol, to be determined in
accordance with paragraph 4 below.

3.      Each Party included in Annex I shall submit the information required under
paragraph 1 above annually, beginning with thefirstinventory due under the Convention for the
first year of the commitment period after this Protocol has entered into force for it. Each such
Party shall submit the information required under paragraph 2 above as part of thefirstnational
communication due under the Convention after this Protocol has entered into force for it and
after the adoption of guidelines as provided for in paragraph 4 below. Thefrequencyof
subsequent submission of information required under this Article shall be determined by the
Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, taking into
account any timetable for the submission of national communications decided upon by the
Conference of the Parties.

4.      The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall
adopt at its first session, and review periodically thereafter, guidelines for the preparation of the
information required under this Article, taking into account guidelines for the preparation of
national communications by Parties included in Annex I adopted by the Conference of the Parties.
The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall also,
prior to thefirstcommitment period, decide upon modalities for the accounting of assigned
amounts.

                                              Article 8

1.      The information submitted under Article 7 by each Party included in Annex I shall be
reviewed by expert review teams pursuant to the relevant decisions of the Conference of the
Parties and in accordance with guidelines adopted for this purpose by the Conference of the
Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol under paragraph 4 below. The
information submitted under Article 7, paragraph 1, by each Party included in Annex I shall be
reviewed as part of the annual compilation and accounting of emissions inventories and assigned
amounts. Additionally, the information submitted under Article 7, paragraph 2, by each Party
included in Annex I shall be reviewed as part of the review of communications.

2.      Expert review teams shall be coordinated by the secretariat and shall be composed of
experts selectedfromthose nominated by Parties to the Convention and, as appropriate, by
intergovernmental organizations, in accordance with guidance provided for this purpose by the
Conference of the Parties.

3.       The review process shall provide a thorough and comprehensive technical assessment
of all aspects of the implementation by a Party of this Protocol. The expert review teams shall
prepare a report to the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this
Protocol, assessing the implementation of the commitments of the Party and identifying any
potential problems in, and factors influencing, the fulfiiment of commitments. Such reports shall

                                           *\z.
 ---pagebreak--- FCCC/CP/1997/L.7/Add.l
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Page 10

be circulated by the secretariat to all Parties to the Convention. The secretariat shall list those
questions of implementation indicated in such reports for further consideration by the
Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol.

4.     The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall
adopt at its first session, and review periodically thereafter, guidelines for the review of
implementation by expert review teams taking into account the relevant decisions of the
Conference of the Parties.

5.      The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall,
with the assistance of the Subsidiary Body for Implementation and,as appropriate, the
Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice, consider:

        (a)    The information submitted by the Parties under Article 7 and the reports of the
expert reviews thereon conducted under this Article; and
                            *
       (b)    Those questions of implementation listed by the secretariat under
paragraph 3 above, as well as any questions raised by Parties.

6.      Pursuant to its consideration of the information referred to in paragraph 5 above, the
Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall take
decisions on any matter required for the implementation of this Protocol.

                                               Article 9

1.      The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall
periodically review this Protocol in the light of the best available scientific information and
assessments on climate change and its impacts, as well as relevant technical, social and economic
information. Such reviews shall be coordinated with pertinent reviews under the Convention, in
particular those required by Article 4, paragraph 2(d), and Article 7, paragraph 2(a), of the
Convention. Based on these reviews, the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the
Parties to this Protocol shall take appropriate action.

2.      The first review shall take place at the second session of the Conference of the Parties
serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol. Further reviews shall take place at regular
intervals and in a timely manner.

                                               Article 10

        All Parties, taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilities and
their specific national and regional development priorities, objectives and circumstances, without
introducing any new commitments for Parties not included in Annex I, but reaffirming existing
commitments in Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention, and continuing to advance the

                                              AT>
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                                                             English
                                                             Page 11

implementation of these commitments in order to achieve sustainable development, taking into
account Article 4, paragraphs 3, 5 and 7, of the Convention, shall:

        (a)     Formulate, where relevant and to the extent possible, cost-effective national,
and where appropriate regional programmes to improve the quality of local emission factors,
activity data and/or models which reflect the socio-economic conditions of each Party for the
preparation and periodic updating of national inventories of anthropogenic emissions by sources
and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, using
comparable methodologies to be agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties, and consistent
with the guidelines for national communications adopted by the Conference of the Parties;

         (b)     Formulate, implement, publish and regularly update national and, where
appropriate, regional programmes containing measures to mitigate climate change and measures
to facilitate adequate adaptation to climate change:

               (i)     Such programmes would, inter alia, concern the energy, transport and
                       industry sectors as well as agriculture, forestry and waste management.
                       Furthermore, adaptation technologies and methods for improving spatial
                       planning would improve adaptation to climate change; and

               (ii)    Parties included in Annex I shall submit information on action under this
                       Protocol, including national programmes, according to the guidelines laid
                       down in Article 8; and other Parties shall seek to include in their national
                       communications, as appropriate, information ori programmes which
                       contain measures that the Party believes contribute to addressing climate
                       change and its adverse impacts, including the abatement of increase in
                       greenhouse gas emissions, and enhancement of and removals by sinks,
                       capacity building and adaptation measures.

        (c)     Cooperate in the promotion of effective modalities for the development,
application and diffusion of, and take all practicable steps to promote, facilitate and finance, as
appropriate, the transfer of, or access to, environmentally sound technologies, know-how,
practices and processes pertinent to climate change, in particular to developing countries,
including the formulation ofpolicies and programmes for the effective transfer of
environmentally sound technologies that are publicly owned or in the public domain and the
creation of an enabling environment for the private sector, to promote and enhance access to, and
transfer of, environmentally sound technologies;

        (d)     Cooperate in scientific and technical research and promote the maintenance and
the development of systematic observation systems and development of data archives to reduce
uncertainties related to the climate system, the adverse impacts of climate change and the
economic and social consequences of various response strategies, and promote the development
and strengthening of endogenous capacities and capabilities to participate in international and

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intergovernmental efforts, programmes and networks on research and systematic observation,
taking into account Article 5 of the Convention;

         (e)     Cooperate in and promote at the international level, and, where appropriate,
using existing bodies, the development and implementation of education and training
programmes, including the strengthening of national capacity building, in particular human and
institutional capacities and the exchange or secondment of personnel to train experts in this field,
in particular for developing countries, and facilitate at the national level public awareness and
public access to information on climate change. Suitable modalities should be developed to
implement these activities through the relevant bodies of the Convention taking into account
Article 6 of the Convention;

         (f)    Include in their national communications information on programmes and
activities undertaken pursuant to this Article in accordance with relevant decisions of the
Conference of the Parties; and

        (g)     Give fuU consideration, m implement
Article 4, paragraph 8, of the Convention.

                                             Article 11

1.      In the implementation of Article 10, Parties shall take into account the provisions of
Article 4, paragraphs 4, 5, 7, 8 and 9 of the Convention.

2.     In the context of the implementation of Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention, in
accordance with the provisions of Article 4, paragraph 3, and Article 11 of the Convention, and
through the operating entity or entities of thefinancialmechanism of the Convention, the
developed country Parties and other developed Parties included in Annex II to the Convention
shall:

        (a)    Provide new and additionalfinancialresources to meet the agreed full costs
incurred by developing country Parties in advancing the implementation of existing
commitments under Article 4, paragraph l(a), of the Convention that are covered in
Article 10, subparagraph (a); and

         (b)    Also provide suchfinancialresources, including for the transfer of technology,
needed by the developing country Parties to meet the agreed full incremental costs of advancing
the implementation of existing commitments in Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention that are
covered by Article 10 and that are agreed between a developing country Party and the
international entity or entities referred to in Article 11 of the Convention, in accordance with that
Article.

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The implementation of these existing commitments shall take into account the need for adequacy
and predictability in the flow of funds and the importance of appropriate burden sharing among
developed country Parties. The guidance to thefinancialmechanism of the Convention in
relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties, including those agreed before the adoption of
this Protocol, shall apply mutatis mutandis to the provisions of this paragraph.

3.     The developed country Parties and other developed Parties in Annex II to the
Convention may also provide, and developing country Parties avail themselves of, financial
resources for the implementation öf Article 10, through bilateral, regional and other multilateral
channels.

                                             Article 12

1.     A clean development mechanism is hereby defined.

2.      The purpose of the elean development mechanism shall be to assist Parties not included
in Annex I in achieving sustainable development and in contributing to the ultimate objective of
the Convention, and to assist Parties included in Annex I in achieving compliance with their
quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments under Article 3.

3.      Under the clean development mechanism:

         (a)    Parties not included in Annex I will benefitfromproject activities resurting in
certified emission reductions; and

         (b)    Parties included in Annex I may use the certified emission reductions accruing
from such project activities to contribute to compliance with part of their quantified emission
limitation and reduction commitments under Article 3, as determined by the Conference of the
Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol.

4.     The clean development mechanism shall be subject to the authority and guidance of the
Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol and be supervised
by an executive board of the clean development mechanism.

5.       Emission reductions resultingfromeach project activity shall be certified by operational
entities to be designated by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to
this Protocol, on the basis of:

        (a)     Voluntary participation approved by each Party involved;

       (b)      Real, measurable, and long-term benefits related to the mitigation of climate
change; and

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Page 14

        (c)      Reductions. in emissions that are additional to any that would occur in the absence
of the certified project activity.

6.       The clean development mechanism shall assist in arranging funding of certified project
activities as necessary.

7.       The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall,
at itsfirstsession, elaborate modalities and procedures with the objective of ensuring
transparency, efficiency and accountability through independent auditing and verification of
project activities.

8.      The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall
ensure that a share of the proceedsfromcertified project activities is used to cover administrative
expenses as well as to assist déveloping country Parties that are particularly vulnerable to the
adverse effects of climate change to meét the costs of adaptation.

9.      Participation under the clean development mechanism, including in activities mentioned
in paragraph 3(a) above and acquisition of certified emission reductions, may involve private
and/or public entities, and is to be subject to whatever guidance may be provided by the
executive board of the clean development mechanism.

10.     Certified emission reductions obtained during the periodfromthe year 2000 up to the
teginning of thefirstcommitment period can be used to assist in achieving compliance in the
first commitment period.

                                              Article 13

1.     The Conference of the Parties, the supreme body of the Convention, shall serve as the
meeting of the Parties to this Protocol.

2.      Parties to the Convention that are not Parties to this Protocol may participate as
observers in the proceedings of any session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the
meeting of the Parties to this Protocol. When the Conference of the Parties serves as the meeting
of the Parties to this Protocol, decisions under this Protocol shall be taken only by those that are
Parties to it.

3.    When the Conference of the Parties serves as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol,
any member of the Bureau of the Conference of the Parties representing a Party to the
Convention but, at that time, not a Party to this Protocol, shall be substituted by an additional
member to be elected by andfromamongst the Parties to this Protocol.

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4.      The Conference ofthe Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall
keep under regular review the implementation of this Protocol and shall make, within its
mandate, the decisions necessary to promote its effective implementation. It shall perform the
functions assigned to it by this Protocol and shall:

        (a)     Assess, on the basis of all information made available to it in accordance with
the provisions of this Protocol, the implementation of this Protocol by the Parties, the overall
effects ofthe measures taken pursuant to this Protocol, in particular environmental, economic
and social effects as well as their cumulative impacts and the extent to which progress towards
the objective ofthe Convention is being achieved;

       (b)     Periodically examine the obligations ofthe Parties under this Protocol, giving due
consideration to any reviews required by Article 4, paragraph 2{d), and Article 7, paragraph 2, of
the Convention, in the light ofthe objective ofthe Convention, the experience gained in its
implementation and the evolution of scientific and technological knowledge, and in this respect
consider and adopt regular*eports on the implementation of this Protocol;

        (c)      Promote and facilitate the exchange of information on measures adopted by the
Parties to address climate change and its effects, taking into account the differing circumstances,
responsibilities and capabilities ofthe Parties and their respective commitments under this
Protocol;

       (d)     Facilitate, at the request of two or more Parties, the coordination of measures
adopted by them to address climate change and its effects, taking into account the differing
circumstances, responsibilities and capabilities ofthe Parties and their respective commitments
under this Protocol;

        (e)     Promote and guide, in accordance with the objective ofthe Convention and the
provisions of this Protocol, and taking fully into account the relevant decisions by the
Conference of the Parties, the development and periodic refinement of comparable
methodologies for the effective implementation of this Protocol, to be agreed on by the
Conference ofthe Parties serving as the meeting ofthe Parties to this Protocol;

       (f)      Make recommendations on any matters necessary for the implementation of this
Protocol;

        (g)     Seek to mobilize additionalfinancialresources in accordance with
Article 11, paragraph 2;

        (h)     Establish such subsidiary bodies as are deemed necessary for the implementation
of this Protocol;

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Page 16

       (i)     Seek and utilize, where appropriate, the services and cooperation of, and
information provided by, competent international organizations and intergovernmental and
non-governmental bodies; and

       (j)     Exercise such otherfiinctionsas may be required for the implementation of this
Protocol, and consider any assignment resultingfroma decision by the Conference of the Parties.

5.      The rules of procedure of the Conference of the Parties andfinancialprocedures of the
Convention shall be applied mutatis mutandis under this Protocol, except as may be otherwise
decided by consensus by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to
this Protocol.

6.      Thefirstsession of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to
this Protocol shall be convened by the secretariat in conjunction with thefirstsession of the
Conference of the Parties thät is schéduled after the date of the entry into force of this Protocol.
Subsequent ordinary sessions of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the
Parties to this Protocol shall be held every year and in conjunction with ordinary sessions of the
Conference of the Parties unless otherwise decided by the Conference of the Parties serving as
the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol.

7.      Extraordinary sessions of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the
Parties to this Protocol shall be held at such other times as may be deemed necessary by the
Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, or at the written
request of any Party, provided that, within six months of the request being communicated to the
Parties by the secretariat, it is supported by at least one third of the Parties.

8.      The United Nations, its specialized agencies and the International Atomic Energy
Agency, as well as any State member thereof or observers thereto not party to the Convention,
may be represented at sessions of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the
Parties to this Protocol as observers. Any body or agency, whether national or international,
governmental or non-governmental, which is qualified in matters covered by this Protocol and
which has informed the secretariat of its wish to be represented at a session of the Conference of
the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol as an observer, may be so
admitted unless at least one third of the Parties present object. The admission and participation
of observers shall be subject to the rules of procedure, as referred to in paragraph 5 above.

                                              Article 14

1.      The secretariat established by Article 8 of the Convention shall serve as the secretariat of
this Protocol.

2,      Article 8, paragraph 2, of the Convention on the functions of the secretariat, and

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                                                              Page 17

Article 8, paragraph 3, of the Convention on arrangements made for the functioning of the
secretariat, shall apply mutatis mutandis to this Protocol. The secretariat shall, in addition,
exercise the functions assigned to it under this Protocol.

                                             Article 15

1.      The Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and the Subsidiary Body
for Implementation established by Articles 9 and 10 of the Convention shall serve as,
respectively, the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and the Subsidiary
Body for Implementation of this Protocol. The provisions relating to the functioning of these
two bodies under the Convention shall apply mutatis mutandis to this Protocol. Sessions of the
meetings of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and the Subsidiary
Body for Implementation of this Protocol shall be held in conjunction with the meetings of,
respectively, the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and the Subsidiary
Body for Implementation of the Convention.
                            *
2.      Parties to the Convention that are not Parties to this Protocol may participate as observers
in the proceedings of any session of the subsidiary bodies. When the subsidiary bodies serve as
the subsidiary bodies of this Protocol, decisions under this Protocol shall be taken only by the
Parties to this Protocol.

3.      When the subsidiary bodies established by Articles 9 and 10 of the Convention exercise
their functions with regard to matters concerning this Protocol, any member of the Bureaux of
those subsidiary bodies representing a Party to the Convention but, at that time, not a party to
this Protocol, shall be substituted by an additional member to be elected by andfromamongst the
Parties to this Protocol.

                                              Article 16

        The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall,
as soon as practicable, consider the application to this Protocol of, and modify as appropriate, the
multilateral consultative process referred to in Article 13 of the Convention, in the light of any
relevant decisions that may be taken by the Conference of the Parties. Any multilateral
consultative process that may be applied to this Protocol shall operate without prejudice to the
procedures and mechanisms established in accordance with Article 17.

                                            Article 16 bis

        The Conference of the Parties shall define the relevant principles, modalities, rules and
guidelines, in particular for verification, reporting and accountability for emissions trading. The
Parties included in Annex B may participate in emissions trading for the purposes of fulfiUing
their cornmitments under Article 3 of this Protocol. Any such trading shall be supplemental to
domestic actions for the purpose of meeting quantified emission limitation and reduction
cornmitments under that Article.

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Page 18

                                             Article 17

         The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall,
at itsfirstsession, approve appropriate and effective procedures and mechanisms to deterrnine
and to address cases of non-compliance with the provisions of this Protocol, including through
the development of an indicative list of consequences, taking into account the cause, type, degree
andfrequencyof non-compliance. Any procedures and mechanisms under this Article entailing
binding consequences shall be adopted by means of an amendment to this Protocol.

                                             Article 18

       The provisions of Article 14 of the Convention on settlemerit of disputes shall apply
mutatis mutandis to this Protocol.

                                             Article 19

1.      Any Party may propose amendments to this Protocol.

2.     Amendments to this Protocol shall be adopted at an ordinary session of the Conference of
the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol. The text of any proposed
amendment to this Protocol shall be communicated to the Parties by the secretariat at least six
months before the meeting at which it is proposed for adoption. The secretariat shall also
communicate the text of any proposed amendments to the Parties and signatories to the
Convention and, for information, to the Depositary.

3.      The Parties shall make every effort to reach ägreement on any proposed amendment to
this Protocol by consensus. If all efforts at consensus have been exhausted, and no ägreement
reached, the amendment shall as a last resort be adopted by a three-fourths majority vote of the
Parties present and voting at the meeting. The adopted amendment shall be communicated by
the secretariat to the Depositary, who shall circulate it to all Parties for their acceptance.

4.      Instruments of acceptance in respect of an amendment shall be deposited with the
Depositary. An amendment adopted in accordance with paragraph 3 above shall enter into force
for those Parties having accepted it on the ninetieth day after the date of receipt by the
Depositary of an instrument of acceptance by at least three fourths of the Parties to this Protocol.

5.     The amendment shall enter into force for any other Party on the ninetieth day after the
date on which that Party deposits with the Depositary its instrument of acceptance of the said
amendment.

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                                                              Page 19

                                              Article 20

 1.      Annexes to this Protocol shall form an integral part thereof and, unless otherwise
expressly provided, a reference to this Protocol constitutes at the same time a reference to any
annexes thereto. Any annexes adopted after the entry into force of this Protocol shall be
restricted to lists, forms and any other material of a descriptive nature that is of a scientific,
technical, procedural or administrative character.

2.   Any Party may make proposals for an annex to this Protocol and may propose
amendments to annexes to this Protocol.

3.      Annexes to this Protocol and amendments to annexes to this Protocol shall be adopted at
an ordinary session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this
Protocol. The text of any proposed annex or amendment to an annex shall be communicated to
the Parties by the secretariat at least six months before the meeting at which it is proposed for
adoption. The secretariat shall also communicate the text of any proposed annex or amendment
to an annex to the Parties and signatories to the Convention and, for information, to the
Depositary.

4.      The Parties shall make every effort to reach agreement on any proposed annex or
amendment to an annex by consensus. If all efforts at consensus have been exhausted, and no
agreement reached, the annex or amendment to an annex shall as a last resort be adopted by a
three-fourths majority vote of the Parties present and voting at the meeting. The adopted annex
or amendment to an annex shall be communicated by the secretariat to the Depositary, who shall
circulate it to all Parties for their acceptance.

5.      An annex, other than Annex A or B, that has been adopted or amended in accordance
with paragraphs 3 and 4 above shall enter into force for all Parties to this Protocol six months
after the date of the communication by the Depositary to such Parties of the adoption or
amendment of the annex, except for those Parties that have notified the Depositary in writing
within that period of their non-acceptance of the annex or amendment to the annex. The annex
or amendment to an annex shall enter into force for Parties which withdraw their notification of
non-acceptance on the ninetieth day after the date on which withdrawal of such notification has
been received by the Depositary.

6.     If the adoption of an annex or an amendment to an annex involves an amendment to this
Protocol, that annex or amendment to an annex shall not enter into force until such time as the
amendment to this Protocol enters into force.

7.      Amendments to Annexes A and B to this Protocol shall be adopted and enter into force in
accordance with the procedure set out in Article 19, provided that any amendments to Annex B
shall be adopted only with the written consent of the Party concerned.

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Page20

                                             Article21

1.      Each Party shall have one vote, except as provided for in paragraph 2 below.

2.      Regional economic integration organizations, in matters within their competence, shall
exercise theirrightto vote with a number of votes equal to the number of their member States
which are Parties to this Protocol. Such an organization shall not exercise itsrightto vote if any
of its member States exercises itsright,and vice versa.

                                             Article 22

       The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall be the Dépositary of this Protocol.

                                             Article 23

1.      This Protocol shall-be open for signature and subject to ratification, acceptance or
approval by States and regional economic integration organizations which are Parties to the
Convention. It shall be open for signature at United Nations Headquarters in New York from
16 March 1998 to 15 March 1999. This Protocol shall be open for accessionfromthe day after
the date on which it is closed for signature. Instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or
accession shall be deposited with the Dépositary.

2.      Any regional economic integration organization which becomes a Party to this Protocol
without any of its member States being a Party shall be bound by all the obligations under this
Protocol. In the case of such organizations, one or more of whose member States is a Party to
this Protocol, the organization and its member States shall decide on their respective
responsibilities for the performance of their obligations under this Protocol. In such cases, the
organization and the member States shall not be entitled to exerciserightsunder this Protocol
concurrently.

3.      In their instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, regional economic
integration organizations shall declare the extent of their competence with respect to the matters
governed by this Protocol. These organizations shall also inform the Dépositary, who shall in
turn inform the Parties, of any substantial modification in the extent of their competence.

                                             Article 24

1.       This Protocol shall enter into force on the ninetieth day after the date on which not less
than 55 Parties to the Convention, incorporating Parties included in Annex I which accounted in
total for at least 55 per cent of the total carbon dioxide emissions for 1990 of the Parties included
in Annex I, have deposited their instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.

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                                                             Page 21

2.       For the purposes of this Article, "the total carbon dioxide emissions for 1990 of the
Parties included in Annex I" means the amount communicated on or before the date of adoption
of this Protocol by the Parties included in Annex I in theirfirstnational communications
submitted in accordance with Article 12 of the Convention.

3.      For each State or regional economic integration organization that ratifies, accepts or
 approves this Protocol or accedes thereto after the conditions set out in paragraph 1 above for
the entry into force have been fulfilled, this Protocol shall enter into force on the ninetieth day
following the date of deposit of its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.

4.      For the purposes of this Article, any instrument deposited by a regional-economic
integration organization shall not be counted as additional to those deposited by States members
of the organization.

                                             Article 25

       No reservations may be made to this Protocol.

                                             Article 26

1.      At any time after three yearsfromthe date on which this Protocol has entered into force
for a Party, that Party may withdrawfromthis Protocol by giving written notification to the
Depositary.

2.      Any such withdrawal shall take effect upon expiry of one yearfromthe date of receipt by
the Depositary of the notification of withdrawal, or on such later date as may be specified in the
notification of withdrawal.

3.     Any Party that withdraws from the Convention shall be considered as also having
withdrawnfromthis Protocol.

                                             Article 27

       The original of this Protocol, of which the Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and
Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the
United Nations.

       Done at Kyoto this tenth day of December one thousand nine hundred and
ninety-seven.

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Page 22

                                            Annex A

Greenhouse gases

Carbon dioxide (C02)
Methane (CH4)
Nitrous oxide (N20)
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)

Sectors/source categories

Energy
         Fuel combustion
                Energy industries
                Manufacturing industries and construction
                Transport
                 Other sectors
                 Other
         Fugitive emissionsfromfuels
                 Solid fuels
                 Oil and natural gas
                 Other

Industrial processes
        Mineral products
        Chemical industry
        Metal production
        Other production
        Production of halocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride
        Consumption of halocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride
        Other

Solvent and other product use.

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                                                Page 23

Agriculture
       Enteric fermentation
       Manure management
       Rice cultivation
       Agricultural soils
       Prescribed burning of savannas
       Field burning of agricultural residues
       Other

Waste
        Solid waste disposal on land
        Wastewater handling
        Waste incineration
        Other

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Page 24        -                                                 -
                                                   Annex B

Party                                               Quantified emission limitation or
                                                    reduction commitment
                                                    (percentage of base year or period)

Australia                                                             108
Austria                                                                 92
Belgium                                                                 92
Bulgaria*                                                               92
Canada                                                                  94
Croatia*                                                              . 95
Czech Republic*                                                         92 ^
Denmark                                                                 92
Estonia*                                                                92
European Community                                                      92
Finland                                                                 92
France                    *                                             92
Germany                                                                 92
Greece                                                                  92
Hungary*                                                                94
Iceland                                                                110
Ireland                                                                 92
Italy                                                                   92
Japan                                                                   94
Latvia*                                                                 92
Liechtenstein                                                           92
Lithuania*                                                              92
Luxembourg                                                              92
Monaco                                                                   92
Netherlands                                                              92
New Zealand                                                            100
Norway                                                                 101
Poland*                                                                  94
Portugal                                                                 92
Romania*                                                                 92
Russian Federation*                                                    100
 Slovakia*                                                               92
 Slovenia*                                                               92
 Spain                                                                   92
 Sweden                                                                  92
 Switzerland                                                             92
 Ukraine*                                                               100
 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland                    92
 United States of America                                                93

 * Countries that are undergoing the process of transition to a market economy.

                                            11
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