CELEX: 31995M0495
Language: en
Date: 1995-04-03 00:00:00
Title: COMMISSION DECISION of 03/04/1995 declaring a concentration to be compatible with the common market (Case No IV/M.495 - Behringwerke AG / Armour Pharmaceutical Co) according to Council Regulation (EEC) No 4064/89 (Only the English text is authentic)

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31995M0495

COMMISSION DECISION of 03/04/1995 declaring a concentration to be compatible with the common market (Case No IV/M.495 - Behringwerke AG / Armour Pharmaceutical Co) according to Council Regulation (EEC) No 4064/89 (Only the English text is authentic)  

Official Journal C 134 , 01/06/1995 P. 0004

 COMMISSION DECISION of 03/04/1995 declaring a concentration to be compatible with the  common market (Case No IV/M.495 - Behringwerke AG / Armour Pharmaceutical Co.) according  to Council Regulation (EEC) No 4064/89  (Only the English text is authentic).  The paper version of the decision is available through the sales offices of the Office of Official  Publications of the European Communities. PUBLIC VERSION MERGER PROCEDURE ARTICLE 6(1)(b) DECISION To the notifying parties Dear Sirs, Subject: <tab> Case No. IV/M.495 - Behringwerke AG/Armour Pharmaceutical Co. <tab> <ind> Your notification of 28.02.1995 pursuant to Article 4 of Council Regulation  No.4064/89 1.<ind> On 28 February 1995 Behringwerke AG (Behring) and the Armour Pharmaceutical Co  (Armour) notified to the Commission an operation whereby they create a concentrative joint venture  and transfer to it their worldwide plasma derivative businesses. 2.<ind> After examination of the notification, the Commission has concluded that the operation falls  within the scope of Council Regulation No 4064/89 and does not raise serious doubts as to its  compatibility with the common market and the EEA agreement. I<ind> THE PARTIES 3.<ind> Armour manufactures and distributes human pharmaceutical products.  It is incorporated in  the United States of America.  Its ultimate parent is Rhône-Poulenc SA (France), the companies in  whose group are engaged in organic intermediates and minerals, specialty chemicals, fibres and  polymers, health care and agrochemicals. 4.<ind> Behring, incorporated in Germany, is a manufacturer and distributor of pharmaceutical  products.  Its ultimate parent is Hoechst AG (Germany).  The activities of the Hoechst group are the  manufacture and sale of chemicals, plastics, dyestuffs, fibres, pharmaceuticals and crop protection  products. II<ind> THE OPERATION <ind> Joint control 5.<ind> The joint venture will operate through subsidiaries, each of which will be under the ultimate  control of the directors of the holding company of the joint venture.  Three of these directors will be  appointed by Behring and three by Armour.  One of them will be the chairman of the board; he may  in different circumstances be a nominee of Behring or Armour.  The chairman has a casting vote but  not in relation to matters beyond operational decisions in the ordinary course of business;  these  expressly include the approval of the business plan (including the annual budget and the investment  plan) and the annual financial statement, the acquisition or divestiture of shares in any company,  accumulated investments in excess of USD [deleted business secrets] the appointment or removal of  the senior executives, the disposal of accumulated assets in excess of USD [deleted business secrets]  and all other matters of extraordinary importance (defined generally as any matter which involves  more than [deleted business secrets] of the consolidated revenues of the joint venture).  In relation to  matters reserved to the shareholders each party is obliged (unless required otherwise by law) to vote  in accordance with any resolution adopted by the board.  The joint venture is accordingly subject to  the joint control of the parties. <ind> Full function joint venture 6.<ind> The parties will transfer to the joint venture their worldwide plasma derivative businesses,  including plasma collection.  Its activities will be - blood- and plasma-derived products, recombinant  or synthetically produced substitutes for plasma-derived products, gene therapy (another substitute  for plasma-derived products), collection of blood and blood plasma, and research and development  in blood plasma.  Each party will assign  to the joint venture or grant to it long licences of the  necessary assets - all its plasma collection centres, all manufacturing facilities which undertake  fractionation of plasma, all research and development activity in blood and plasma derivatives and  their substitutes, all marketing and sales organisations and sales organisations and know-how and  the required management skills and intellectual property.  The operation thus creates a full-function  joint venture. 7.<ind> The only exception is that, at least in the short term, the joint venture will use the existing  distribution systems used by Behring and Hoechst in those countries where its sales do not justify the  creation of its own distribution system.  The distributors might in certain countries be Hoechst or  Behring themselves;  in such cases the agreement between them and the joint venture will be at  arm's length and will give the distributor no exclusivity and no authority to vary the conditions of  sale.  The countries in the European Union where the joint venture will have its own distribution  system from the beginning are Germany, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Spain and Austria. <tab> Absence of coordination 8.<ind> Neither Behring nor any other company in the Hoechst group will be active on the market of  the joint venture or on any neighbouring market.  Although Behring and Armour have other human  pharmaceutical interests, the supply of blood- and plasma-derived products is entirely distinct from  any of those activities. 9.<ind> Another Rhône-Poulenc company, Pasteur Mérieux Sérums et Vaccins (Mérieux),  participates with Merck & Co Inc (USA) in a cooperative joint venture (Merck-Mérieux JV) which  has been exempted under the EEC Treaty art 85(3) and the EEA Agreement. (O.J. L309/1 of  02.12.1994).  The Merck-Mérieux JV supplies immunoglobulins as part of its vaccines business. But  the two products (Immunoglobulin Antibacterial and Immunoglobulin Antiviral) which are common  to both the Merck-Mérieux JV and the present joint venture represent no more than [deleted business  secrets: less than 5%] of the turnover of the present joint venture in the EEA. They represent only a  subsidiary part of the Merck-Mérieux JV's vaccine business which is also reflected by its low market  share in these products. In addition the distribution systems used by the two joint ventures are largely  distinct. 10.<ind> There is thus no possibility of coordination between the parties among themselves or  between them and the joint venture. <tab> Conclusion 11.<ind> The operation thus creates a concentration within articles 3(1)(b) and 3(2) of the  Regulation. III<ind> COMMUNITY DIMENSION 12.<ind> Hoechst and Rhône-Poulenc have a combined aggregate worldwide turnover in excess of  5000 million ECU (Hoechst - 25,860 million ECU, Rhône-Poulenc - 13,278 million ECU). Each of  them has a Community-wide turnover in excess of 250 million ECU (Hoechst - 11,973 million ECU,  Rhône-Poulenc - 6,514 million ECU), but they do not achieve more than two-thirds of their  aggregate Community-wide turnover within one and the same Member State. The notified operation  therefore has a Community dimension. IV<ind> COMPATIBILITY WITH THE COMMON MARKET <tab> A. Relevant Product Markets 13.<ind> Medicines can be broken down into therapeutic classes according to the Anatomical  Therateupic Classification ("ATC") which is recognised and used by the World Health Organisation.  This classification, previously used by the Commission [see inter alia decisions IV/M.072 - Sanofi /  Sterling Drug (10.06.1991); IV/M.457 - La roche / Syntex (20.06.1994); IV/M.500 - AHP /  American Cynamid (19.09.1994); IV/M.555 - Glaxo Wellcome (28.02.1995)] enables medicines to  be grouped according to their composition and therapeutic properties. 14.<ind> The third level classes of the ATC classification provide a grouping of medicines  according to their therapeutic properties, that is, their intended use and therefore may be accepted as  an operational market definition. It may be necessary, however, to carry out analyses at another level  of ATC classification where it is appropriate to group particular 3rd level categories together, for  example. This will be the case where products from different ATC classes compete as possible  treatments for a specific diagnosed medical condition. <ind> <ind>  15.<ind> According to the above approach, the current operation involves 13 (3rd and 4th level)  pharmaceutical plasma products which the joint venture will manufacture and market. Plasma  products are derived from human plasma, which is one of the components of whole blood, by means  of a series of technical processes called fractionation, and must be licensed by government authority.  Products derived from plasma are in a special domain in the pharmaceutical world because they  come from a natural body fluid for the collection of which manufacturers depend on the willingness  of donors.  When the plasma has been collected, it can be frozen for later use in blood transfusions or  it can be separated in many of its components which are used to treat clinical conditions. <tab> The Affected Markets 16.<ind> The concentration will only lead to combined markets shares in the case of four of the  above-mentioned 13 plasma products. These product markets are the following: <tab> a)<tab> Human  Albumin <tab> b)<tab> <tab> Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG) <tab> c)<tab> Factor VIII <tab> d)<tab> Factor IX. <ind> a)<ind> Human albumin is a plasma fraction which restores the volume of the blood  following severe shock, trauma, surgery and burns. It is, along with Factor VIII, the most important  product to be derived from plasma as it is a necessity in the emergency rooms and operating theatres  of hospital. It is also used for protein-consuming and circulatory disorders. This plasma product has  been  in the market for the past 50 years and there are no significant worldwide patents in force  today. <ind> b)<ind> Intravenous immunoglobulin is currently used to substitute for primary and  secondary antibody deficiencies and for the treatment of autoimmune disorders. This plasma product  was first introduced in Europe in the late 1960's by Behring and the market was opened up to  competition in the 1980's. Since then its use has accelerated at a tremendous rate due to the  development of liquid preparations which have made administration easier and increased its  acceptance. <ind> c)<ind> Factor VIII is, together with Factor IX, the human coagulation factor in which most  common deficiencies occur. There are at least 14 clotting factors which work interactively. If any  one of these factors is missing, or defective, or present in insufficient amount, the remaining factors  cannot together achieve clotting. Factor VIII is the coagulation factor which is lacking from the  plasma of patients with haemophilia A, which is the best known of clotting deficiencies and an  inherited blood disorder. Factor VIII plasma-derived concentrates  have been used for over two  decades to treat patients with this deficiency, improving considerably the quality and longevity of  their lives. Intravenous infusions of these plasma product, at the earliest symptom of bleeding, are  the mainstay  of treatment for this disease. <ind> <tab> Product Innovation 17.<ind> <ind> The Factor VIII market is characterized by continuous product innovation, mainly  in an effort to achieve virus safety through inactivating, as effectively as possible, the viruses  naturally occurring in human plasma. These viruses are primarily the hepatitis A, B and C viruses  and the HIV (AIDS) virus. The second reason for continuous product innovation is the  manufacturers' effort to achieve the highest possible degree of product purity through the elimination  of substances which could impair the effectiveness of the products. In relation to this last concern,  according to the parties, Monoclonal Purification, a method which was developed in 1987, has  proved to achieve a high degree of Factor VIII purity. 18.<ind> <ind> With regard to virus inactivation, several different methods are used for processing  the  different plasma-derived concentrates which are in the market today. These are, namely, Solvent  Detergent (SD) in combination with Dry Heat, SD with Pasteurization, SD with Monoclonal  Purification, Pasteurization, Pateurization with Monoclonal Purification, and Vapour Steam. In  general, different manufacturers use different procedures, or combinations of procedures, for  processing their own factor VIII concentrates, but, as no method has so far proved to be clearly the  best, in that it guarantees at the same time both maximum safety and the greatest degree of purity,  all of these products compete with each other. 19.<ind> <ind> Moreover, in 1993/1994, two recombinant products were introduced in the market  in competition with the plasma-derived concentrates. In these recombinant technology products  Factor VIII is produced in hamster cells by way of genetic engineering. While, according to the  parties, these recombinant products are widely perceived as offering more guarantees of safety and  purity because of not being derived from human plasma, this last advantage is for the moment offset  by the need to use human albumin as a stabilizer in these products. They are also dependent on the  Monoclonal Purification method for their optimal quality. Consequently, for both the plasma-derived  products and the more "state of the art" recombinant products, the relative degree of virus safety and  product purity are the basis for the arguments used by manufacturers in competing for market shares  with their particular products which, though manufactured through different methods, are  nonetheless interchangeable with those of their competitors.  <tab> d)<ind> Factor IX is used to treat patients with haemophilia B, a condition caused by a  deficiency in this coagulation factor. Similar to Factor VIII products, Factor IX products are  differentiated based on viral inactivation and purification procedures of manufacturers. <tab> B. Geographic markets 20.<ind> The harmonisation of technical legislation within the Community and the entry into force  on 1.1.1995 of new marketing authorisation procedures for medicines represent the completion of  the Single Market Programme from the point of view of the scientific and technical requirements for  medicines. Since the beginning of 1995, pharmaceutical companies have the option (and indeed the  obligation as far as biotechnical products are concerned) to submit an application for authorisation of  new medicines to the European Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA), which makes a  recommendation to the Commission whose decision is binding on all Member States. 21.<ind> However, the geographic reference markets for the sale of medicines remain for the  purpose of a competition assessment essentially national, for reasons stated in the Commission´s  previous decisions (see footnote 1). In the notification form Behring and Armour refer to the same  source without contesting this approach. 22.<ind> In addition, the parties refer to the traditionally different national registration, safety  standards, social security and pricing systems for plasma derivatives. As a result of these conditions,  market entry of major suppliers like Behring, Immuno (A), Bayer (D) or Sandoz (CH) in different  Member States occurred over a period of 40 years and rather inconsistently. There are substantial  differences in the undertakings´ market shares as well as significant price differences for similar or  identical products  between different Member States. 23.<ind> For the above reasons, the impact of the concentration has to be assessed in relation to  national markets. The notified operation involves the markets in different Member States, in  particular Germany and Austria. V. <ind> ASSESSMENT 24.<ind> The total sales of the joint venture achieve a combined volume of 836 million Ecu of which  330 Mio Ecu fall to the EU. More than 60% are outside the EU, i.e. in the U.S., Japan and other  parts of the world due to Armour's strong presence in these markets. Armour only achieved 59 Mio  Ecu in plasma-derived products in the EU. While the sales of the JV will fall to 13 different plasma  derivatives, the parties have, on the basis of the ATC classification, identified only 4 affected  markets with a combined market share of more than 10%. These are the markets for Human  Albumin, Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG), Factor VIII and Factor IX, described under Relevant  Product Markets above. <ind> Human Albumin 25.<ind> With regard to Human Albumin, Armour is rather insignificant on European markets; it  achieves an EEA-wide market share of [Deleted business secret: below 5%] (market shares for  Human Albumin, Immungoglobulins and Factor IX in 1993 represent actual sales of Behringwereke  and Armour and, for competitors, they are derived from publications from Marketing Research  Bureau Inc./California (MRB), a recognised market research institute which provides worldwide and  country surveys of the plasma market.  For 1994, figures rely on estimation by the parties.  As to  market shares for factor VIII in Germany, see para 29).  In 1994, the only overlap between the  parties occurred on the German market, where Behring and the German Red Cross are the largest  supplier of Human Albumin, each with a market share of [deleted business secret: below 30%].  The  increment by Armour is only [deleted business secret: below 5%].  (1993: [deleted business secret:  below 5%]. Another significant competitor is the large Austrian pharmaceutical manufacturer  Immuno who achieves [deleted business secret: below 15%] of the market. The rest falls to smaller  suppliers. The concentration will thus undoubtedly not lead to the creation or strengthening of a  dominant position. <ind> Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG) 26.<ind> IVIG has been a particularly rapid-growing market since 1980 due to new indications and  increased efficiencies in production. The only overlap of the parties´ activities within the EEA is  again in the German market. Behring here achieved [deleted business secret: below 25%] in 1993  and [$deleted business secret: below 25%] in 1994. Armour´s share also declined slightly from  [deleted business secret: below 15%] in 1993 to [deleted business secret: below 15%] in 1994. The  parties, with a combined market share of [deleted business secret] below are exposed to competition  from large, research based pharmaceutical firms like Sandoz and Bayer as well as from specialised  medium-sized pharmaceutical companies like Immuno and Biotest who all have market shares  between [deleted business secrets: below 25%] and [deleted business secrets: below 25%]  respectively, and from some other smaller manufacturers. Although the new entity will become the  leading supplier of IVIG, it will, due to this market structure, not have an unlimited scope of  action. <ind> Factor VIII 27.<ind> Factor VIII is in terms of sales the most important plasma-derived product apart from  Human Albumin. Total sales of factor VIII in the EEA amounted in 1993 to 443 Mio Ecu (Human  Albumin: 403 Mio; IVIG: 196 Mio; Factor IX: 107 Mio). Factor VIII will also represent the core  business of the plasma derivatives of the JV in the EEA of which it represents about [deleted  business secrets: below 50%].  Since Behring as a traditionally strong supplier in this field and  Armour as a relatively new entrant in Europe are both active in this market, it is also the product  which shows several overlaps of market shares, two of which exceed 40% (Germany and Austria).  These countries will be dealt with in detail below. At EEA level, the parties have, according to the  figures given in the notification, achieved a combined share of [deleted business secrets: below  25%], followed by Baxter [deleted business secrets: below 35%] and Immuno [deleted business  secrets: below 15%] in 1994. 28.<ind> In Denmark, the Netherlands, Italy and Sweden, Behring and Armour have a combined  market share of [deleted business secrets: below 30%] or less in 1994; in the UK, Armour's share of  [deleted business secrets: below 30%] will be increased by [deleted business secrets: below 5%] of  Behring. (Source: MRB figures provided by the parties). The new entity will be faced with strong  domestic and partly state-owned suppliers in those markets. This is equally true for Spain, where  Behring achieved [deleted business secrets: below 35%], Armour [deleted business secrets: below  15%] in 1994. Baxter and Grifols who achieve [deleted business secrets: below 35%] and [deleted  business secrets: below 30%] respectively in Spain, can be considered to limit the scope of action of  the new JV in Spain. <tab> Germany 29.<ind> The enquiry made by the Commission revealed that data on market shares from different  sources differ. According to sales figures which the Commission obtained from the parties and from  the other suppliers to the German market, the market volume amounted to about 206 Mio Ecu in  1994 (1993: 184 Mio Ecu). Germany, thus, represents more than 40% of the total EEA market. The  parties achieved a combined market share of [deleted business secrets: below 50%] (Behring about  [deleted business secrets: below 35%]) (Armour  [deleted business secrets: below 15%]). This share,  lower than in 1993 ([deleted business secrets: below 50%]),  is due to a decrease of Behring's share  in 1994.  The rest of the market falls to 7 suppliers two of which are comparatively insignificant, at  least in the area of factor VIII, whereas the other five competitors have shares of between 8 and 19%  (for reasons of confidentiality, exact sales figures or percentages cannot be provided).  The suppliers  are either large pharmaceutical manufacturers (Bayer, Baxter, Alpha) or medium-sized but  specialised and research-based companies like Immuno, Octopharma and Biotest. Immuno is said to  have a broader product portfolio than suppliers like Baxter and Bayer. 30.<ind> The German market for factor VIII has in the past been characterised by the leading role of  Behring over several years. By means of its plasma-derivatives manufactured on the basis of the  pasteurisation method, Behring increased its market share to [deleted business secrets: below 50%]  in 1991 or even more according to some competitors.  Since then, Behring saw a decline of its  position in factor VIII to the current share of about [deleted business secrets: below 40%].  This  decline, in particular since 1994, is due to a significant change in the product range of Factor VIII  resulting from the gradual introduction of recombinant products (see para 19 above). These new  products are perceived by clinics and patients as better in terms of virus safety and purity. Their  long-term health risks have not yet been fully explored but are not considered as an issue which will  delay the gradual penetration of recombinant products. 31.<ind> Behring will, through the JV, get access to products with this new technology since  Armour has, through supply arrangements, been granted a fixed annual quantity of recombinant  products by Bayer and Baxter, [deleted business secrets].  Baxter and Bayer who are currently the  only worldwide manufacturers, were granted the exclusive license for recombinant products by  Genetics Institute (USA) and Genentech (USA) respectively, who developed the products. They are  supplying them to the German market since early 1994 (Baxter) and mid 1994 (Bayer). Due to their  recombinant products, both companies have been able to increase their shares in the German market  significantly. Armour is expected to launch its recombinant products in mid-1995, after completing  registration procedures. 32.<ind> The parties furthermore claim that the access of the JV to the new recombinant products is  limited by the quantities to be supplied under their agreements with Bayer and Baxter. Thus, in  1995, supplies could not exceed [deleted business secrets] units which represent [(deleted business  secrets: below 10%] of the total world factor VIII market. It can be questioned if these limitations,  [deleted business secret], substantially hinder the JV from supplying the gradually increasing  demand in Germany and other EEA countries and in the US, which is the other major market for  factor VIII products. The attractive price level for recombinant products in Germany as compared to  the US might rather make it plausible to supply the German market with the amount which is  actually demanded. However, the entity will be exposed to actual competition in Germany by two  strong manufacturers, Baxter and Bayer, who are already present with their recombinant products  and who appear to be able to constrain the scope of action of the JV. 33.<ind> Further evidence of the decisive influence of recombinant products is given by what market  participants expect to be the future development of the factor VIII market. Competitors consulted by  the Commission had either already switched to selling only recombinant factor VIII products or  expected an increase of the share of recombinant products up to 50% in 2 to 3 years in Germany  (1994: 15%). This view is shared by the demand side, represented mainly by the German university  clinics (see para 34 below).  The clinic of Bonn, for example, even expects up to 80% of its own  consumption to be of recombinant products within 2 years; for 1995 it indicated a share of  probably  50% of its total factor VIII purchases. The parties estimated the share of recombinant products in  Germany at 25% in 1995 and 60 to 80% by the year 2000. Competition in the field of factor VIII  products will finally result from potential competitors like Pharmacia (S) and Novo Nordisk (DK).  Pharmacia (previously Kabi), in particular, is expected to enter the German market in 2 to 3 years  after having completed clinical tests and the registration of its own product. 34.<ind> While such a delay in launching a new product might limit the chance of gaining a  significant market share, the structure of the demand side in plasma-derived products, in particular  in factor VIII, in Germany, nonetheless allows smaller or new entrants to achieve a position in the  market. German pharmaceutical legislation allows direct marketing of factor VIII products to the  haemophilia centres of clinics; since autumn 1994, this equally includes recombinant products.  Thus, almost all sales are made to the university clinics where haemophilia patients are treated. The  remaining sales are made to  pharmacies who supply those patients who treat themselves at home,  following the instructions given by the university clinics. Most of the sales fall to 10 major clinics.  Among these, the University Clinic of Bonn is by far the largest customer with 30-40% of total  purchase volume. The investigation made by the Commission showed that clinics purchase from at  least 3 suppliers; the clinic of Bonn has 7 different suppliers. The volume falling to each supplier per  clinic varies, and supply agreements are, if not continuously revised, concluded for a maximum of 12  months. While in the past, long-standing relationships between clinics and supplies characterised the  market, clinics now appear to switch more easily to other suppliers. 35.<ind> Innovation in the sensitive field of virus safety and purity is a more important element of  competition than prices (see para 19 above).  This is supported by the example of the clinic of Bonn  which reduced its purchases from Behring from [deleted business secrets] in 1993 to [deleted  business secrets] in 1994 and has announced a purchase commitment of [deleted business secrets] in  1995. This partly explains the decrease of Behring's market share and is attributed by the parties to  the arrival of recombinant products and to their relatively old pasteurisation method. 36.<ind> It can, for the above reasons, be expected that the demand side in factor VIII will exercise  purchase power which would equally constrain the behaviour of the JV in the market. 37.<ind> As to research and development, it has already been set out that innovation is a decisive  element of competition in the factor VIII market (see para 17 above). The JV between Behring and  Armour will have an enhanced capacity to invest in research and development. However, research  and development on Factor VIII will, likewise, be carried out by the other main manufacturers, in  response to the continued demand of patients, doctors and hospitals for greater product safety, purity  and efficiency, and innovation can be expected to continue on the market as a whole.  The basic  research in new technologies, such as recombinant technology and gene therapy, is carried out by  university departments or private industry bio-technnology companies, through licensing, co- operation, sponsorship or joint-ventures with  pharmaceutical companies. These university  departments and bio-technology companies usually rely on the  superior strength of the  pharmaceutical manufacturers in financial and other capital resources for the ensuing phases of  expensive clinical trials, completion of the product development, the obtention of regulatory  approvals, and finally the marketing of the finished product. In this respect, not only Behring and  Armour, but also Baxter, Bayer, Alpha and Immuno are able to carry out R&D with universities and  bio-technology companies.   38.<ind> With regard to research and development in recombinant technology, at present clinical  trials are being carried out on a second generation recombinant product, without human albumin,  which is expected to be in the market in the next 2 to 3 years.  However, the research and  development in gene therapy, in which several of the main pharmaceutical manufactuers in the  Factor VIII market are involved, is not expected to result  in the launch of a new product in the  market before the beginning or middle of the next decade (2002 - 2005). 39.<ind> In conclusion, Behring and Armour will through the JV maintain the position of market  leader in the German factor VIII market which is at  present held by Behring alone. For the time  being, there is also a considerable gap in market shares between the new entity and the following  competitor. However, as the market for factor VIII is undergoing a significant structural change due  to the recombinant products, the position of the JV will be exposed to competition from at least two  large suppliers in this field. In addition, its scope of action will be constrained by a highly  concentrated demand side (clinic haemophilia centres). Thus, it is not expected that the proposed  concentration will create or strengthen a dominant position in the German market for factor VIII. <ind> Austria 40.<ind> The Austrian market for factor VIII had a total volume of 13,3 Mio Ecu in 1994 and  aounted to less than 3% of the total EEA market. Although similar to Germany in regulatory  framework, structure of demand side, access by foreign suppliers and imports of plasma, the  Austrian market is currently characterised by a significantly higher degree of concentration than the  German market. The combined share of the parties in factor VIII amounted to [deleted business  secrets: below 75%] in 1994 (1993: [deleted business secrets: below 75%] on the basis of  their own  sales figures and MRB data provided by the parties. Immuno, the national producer, achieved  [deleted business secrets: below 30%] in 1994. 41.<ind> This market structure, however, is the result of a substantial change of traditional purchase  behaviour of Austrian customers, i.e. haemophilia centres of clinics, in recent years. Due to  [deleted  business secrets].  Austrian clinics significantly reduced their purchases from Immuno  and switched  to Behring and, more recently, also to Armour. Immuno´s share decreased from [deleted business  secrets: below 75%] in 1990 to [deleted business secrets below 30%] in 1993, whereas Behring saw  an increase from[deleted business secrets: below 30%] to [deleted business secrets: below 70%].   Armour who only entered the Austrian market in 1993, achieved [deleted business secrets: below  20%] last year. This strong fluctuation of market shares, which distinguishes the Austrian market  from the German market, is due to the small Austrian market volume which falls to a few large  clinic customers. The reaction by clinics as reflected in their purchasing policy, following particular  developments such as infection problems, may lead to rapid changes in the market structure. This  feature of the Austrian market is supported by the fact that most recently it was Behring who saw a  substantial decline (from [deleted business secrets: below 70%] in 1993 to [deleted business secrets:  below 60%] in 1994, and with the expectation of a further decrease since it lost [deleted business  secrets: below 15% in Jan./Febr. 1995] as it has indicated during the investigation made by the  Commission. The recent losses of Behring apparently were to the benefit of  Armour whose  monoclonally purified plasma- derived products have been perceived as superior to Behring´s  pasteurised products. Immuno, however, started to recover slightly ([deleted business secrets: below  35% in 1994] [deleted business secrets]. Furthermore, Immuno has applied for registration for a  high purity plasma-derived product (Immunate STIM+), which can be expected to challenge, in  particular, the position of Armour´s plasma derivatives. In the field of plasma derivatives, the  German producer, Octopharma, is also expected to launch a new plasma-derived factor VIII product  in Austria. 42.<ind> The most important element of competition in the Austrian market is, however, the  imminent introduction of recombinant factor VIII products. As opposed to the situation in the  German market, neither Bayer nor Baxter have yet entered the Austrian market. However, both have  applied for registration. The registration process for Bayer's recombinant product is already well  advanced and registration is expected in the very near future. Baxter expects to obtain registration  within 1 or 2 years. Likewise, Pharmacia (Kabi) is currently testing its recombinant factor VIII  product in clinics in Austria. It is expected to be in the market in about three years at the latest. The  new JV will, as for Germany, be supplied with a limited quantity of Bayer and Baxter´s recombinant  products. Nonetheless, the supply arrangement combined with the requirements of registration for  Armour´s future recombinant products will lead to a considerable delay in Armour´s entry into the  Austrian market.[deleted business secrets].  This registration by Armour will, as experience has  shown, take another 6 to 12 months. The delay for Armour in entering the Austrian market gives  Baxter and Bayer a significant competitive advantage. Clinics in Austria, which have been contacted  by the Commission, stated that they are waiting for the registration of the recombinant products and  would be willing to switch to these products.  43.<ind> Once Baxter and Bayer have entered into supply agreements with major Austrian clinics,  any other supplier, including Armour, will have more difficulty in entering the market. Armour will  have to make patients and clinics switch to their products and will therefore be forced to compete  fiercely, e.g. on prices. This is equally true for Pharmacia (Kabi) who will probably enter the  Austrian market still later than Armour. Both Armour and Pharmacia (Kabi) may have a reasonable  chance of gaining a market position in recombinant products due to the purchasing policies of clinics  which aim at splitting purchases among several suppliers. However, the market structure with 3 or 4  suppliers, which is to be expected in the future, will ensure competition in the total factor VIII  market  in Austria and, thus, constrain the scope of action of the new JV. <ind> Factor IX 44.<ind> As to Factor IX,  the only member state where the combined market shares of the parties  exceed 25% is Germany.  In 1993 the market share of Behring in Germany was [deleted business  secrets: below 60%] and of Armour [deleted business secrets: below 3%].  Here the chief competitor  of Behring is Immuno, whose market share increased from [deleted: below 30%] in 1992 to [deleted:  below 35%] in 1993, contributing substantially to a corresponding decline ([deleted: below 60%] to  [deleted: below 60%] in Behring's market share for the same period.  Concern about the safety of  another Factor IX product of Behring during 1994 caused at least a temporary reduction in Behring's  market share in 1994 to [deleted: below 45%] Immuno increased its share to [deleted: below 40%]  but the main beneficiary was Armour, which increased its share from [deleted: below 3%] to  [deleted: below 10 %].  A further decrease arising from the same cause is anticipated for 1995.  Thus  even though a small increase in market share results from the operation no dominant position is  created through the proposed concentration in this market. <tab> Market for the collection of blood plasma 45.<ind> Behring and Armour have up to now been both active in the upstream market for the  collection of blood or plasma through collection centres in the US. Behring, in addition, has six  blood collection centres in Germany.  These activities will be transfered to the JV. The need for  plasma is determined by the demand for plasma-derived end products such as Human Albumin,  Factor VIII, etc. Up to now, several markets in Europe have had a constant need for imports of  plasma since they were not self-sufficient in this respect. The European Directive 89/381 adopted in  1989 aims at encouraging self-sufficiency of Member States in blood and plasma "coming from  voluntary unpaid donations". This, however, is still far from being achieved. For example, in  Germany and Austria all the suppliers import plasma for part of their needs. Whereas Armour is  nearly completely integrated upstream, Behring purchases a significant volume from third party  plasma centres in the U.S., as do Bayer, Baxter and Alpha, besides obtaining plasma from their own  centres. Pharmacia's supply is entirely from donations in Scandinavia. Therefore, the proposed  concentration does not appear to have a restrictive impact on the access of other suppliers to the  collection of blood plasma. VI.<ind> CONCLUSION 46.<ind> Based on the above information, the concentration will not create or strengthen a dominant  position as a result of which effective competition will be significantly impeded in the common  market or in a substantial part of it. 47.<ind> For the reasons outlined above, the Commission has decided not to oppose the  concentration and to declare it compatible with the common market and with the functioning of the  EEA agreement. This decision is adopted in application of Article 6(1)(b) of Council Regulation  4064/89. For the Commission