CELEX: 62003CC0221
Language: en
Date: 2005-03-03 00:00:00
Title: Opinion of Mr Advocate General Geelhoed delivered on 3 March 2005. # Commission of the European Communities v Kingdom of Belgium. # Failure of a Member State to fulfil obligations - Directive 91/676/EEC - Incomplete transposition - Protection of water against pollution by nitrates from agricultural sources - Failure to identify waters that are or could be affected by pollution - Incorrect and inadequate designation of vulnerable zones - Code of good agricultural practice - Inadequacies - Action programme - Inadequacies and incomplete application. # Case C-221/03.

OPINION OF ADVOCATE GENERAL
      GEELHOED
      delivered on 3 March 2005 (1)
      
      Case C-221/03
      Commission of the European Communities
      v
      Kingdom of Belgium
      (Failure to fulfil obligations – Failure fully to transpose Council Directive 91/676/EEC of 12 December 1991 concerning the protection of waters against pollution
         caused by nitrates from agricultural sources – Failure appropriately to identify waters which are or may be polluted and to designate associated vulnerable zones)
      I –  Introduction 
      1.     In this action brought under Article 226 EC, the Commission of the European Communities requests the Court to declare that,
         by not adopting the appropriate measures to ensure the full transposition and proper implementation of Articles 3(1) and (2),
         4, 5 and 10 of Council Directive 91/676/EEC of 12 December 1991 concerning the protection of waters against pollution caused
         by nitrates from agricultural sources (‘the Nitrates Directive’) (2) in relation to the Flemish Region or of Articles 3(1) and (2) and 5 of the Nitrates Directive in relation to the Walloon
         Region, the Kingdom of Belgium has failed to fulfil its obligations under that directive. The Commission’s action is aimed
         at obtaining a declaration that the Kingdom of Belgium has so far failed correctly to apply and comply with the Nitrates Directive.
         
      
      II –  Legislative background
      A –    The relevant provisions of the Nitrates Directive
      2.     The objectives of the Nitrates Directive are to reduce water pollution caused or induced by nitrates from agricultural sources
         and to prevent any further such pollution (Article 1). Pollution is defined as the discharge, direct or indirect, of nitrogen
         compounds from agricultural sources into the aquatic environment, the results of which are such as to cause hazards to human
         health, harm to living resources and to aquatic ecosystems, damage to amenities or interference with other legitimate uses
         of water (Article 2(j)).
      
      3.     The Nitrates Directive imposes three kinds of obligation on the Member States. Firstly, Article 3(1) of the directive requires
         waters affected by pollution, as well as waters which could be so affected if action is not taken pursuant to Article 5, to
         be identified by the Member States in accordance with the criteria set out in Annex I. Secondly, Article 3(2) requires the
         Member States to designate as vulnerable zones all known areas of land in their territories which drain into the waters identified
         in accordance with Article 3(1) and which contribute to pollution. Thirdly, Article 5 requires them to establish action programmes
         in respect of the designated vulnerable zones with a view to preventing or solving – in line with the objectives referred
         to in Article 1 – the problems associated with water pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources.
      
      4.     The designation of vulnerable zones must be effected within two years of notification of the Nitrates Directive (Article 3(2))
         and notified to the Commission within six months. Action programmes suitable for realising the objectives of the Nitrates
         Directive, as set out in Article 1 thereof, must be established within two years of the initial designation referred to in
         Article 3(2) (Article 5(1)).
      
      5.     The Member States are also required to revise the list of vulnerable zones in order to take into account changes and factors
         unforeseen at the time of the previous designation (Article 3(4)). Similarly, they are to revise the action programmes initially
         established (Article 5(7)).
      
      6.     In addition, with the aim of providing for all waters a general level of protection against pollution, in accordance with
         Article 4 of the Nitrates Directive, the Member States are required to establish within two years of notification of the directive
         codes of good agricultural practice, to be implemented by farmers on a voluntary basis, and where necessary to set up programmes,
         including the provision of training and information for farmers, promoting the application of those codes.
      
      7.     Finally, Article 10(1) of the Nitrates Directive provides that the Member States are to submit a report to the Commission
         in respect of the four-year period following notification of the directive containing a statement of the preventive action
         taken to prevent pollution of waters, a map showing the waters identified and the location of the designated vulnerable zones,
         and a summary of the monitoring results for those zones and of the action programmes drawn up pursuant to Article 5.
      
      8.     Under Article 12 of the Nitrates Directive, the Member States were to bring into force the laws, regulations and administrative
         provisions necessary to comply with the directive within two years of its notification. Since the directive was notified to
         the Member States on 19 December 1991, they were to have transposed it into national law by 20 December 1993 at the latest.
      
      B –    The relevant national legislation
      9.     In the Flemish Region the approach to reducing water pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural resources and preventing
         further pollution was implemented at statute level by the Decree of 23 January 1991 on protection of the environment against
         fertiliser pollution (‘the Fertiliser Decree’). (3) The Fertiliser Decree was amended by the Decree of 20 December 1995. On the basis of the Fertiliser Decree, as amended, the
         Flemish Government adopted a number of implementing orders. An evaluation of the Fertiliser Decree in 1998 prompted an additional
         amendment, which entered into force on 1 January 2000. (4)
      
      10.   In the Walloon Region the Nitrates Directive was transposed by Order of the Walloon Government of 5 May 1994 on the protection
         of water against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources. (5)
      
      11.   The various provisions will be cited in so far as they are relevant for present purposes.
      III –  The pre-litigation procedure
      A –    Infringement procedure 94/2239
      12.   On 18 May 1995, under procedure 94/2239, the Commission sent the Kingdom of Belgium a formal notice concerning the implementation
         of the Nitrates Directive. After examining all the information which the Kingdom of Belgium provided, the Commission sent
         it a supplementary formal notice on 28 October 1997. By letter of 22 January 1998, the Kingdom of Belgium replied to the supplementary
         notice. After analysing that reply, the Commission sent the Kingdom of Belgium a reasoned opinion on 23 November 1998, in
         which it called on that Member State to take the necessary measures to comply with that opinion within two months of its notification.
         In the reasoned opinion, the Commission finds that the Kingdom of Belgium has not taken the necessary measures to implement
         Articles 3(2), 4, 5, 6 and 12 of the Nitrates Directive. With respect to Article 3(2) and Article 6, the Commission refers
         to infringement procedure 97/4750. The Belgian authorities responded to the reasoned opinion by letter of 19 February 1999,
         explaining the Flemish Region’s position on the Commission’s objections. In its application, the Commission also refers to
         the following letters:
      
      The Flemish Region
      –      Letter of 10 December 1998, in which the Flemish Region announces a new ‘Mest Actieplan’ (manure action plan) (MAP). The letter
         contains a proposal for the amendment of the Fertiliser Decree, containing an amendment of the Decree of 28 June 1985 on ecological
         authorisation;
      
      –      Letter of 25 June 1999, stating that the amending decree referred to in the letter of 10 December 1998 had been finally approved
         by the Flemish Parliament and had been promulgated and published on 11 May 1999;
      
      –      Letter of 4 September 2002, together with a copy of the Flemish Government Order of 14 June 2002 concerning the examination,
         review and extension of vulnerable water zones, as referred to in Article 15(3), (4) and (5) of the Fertiliser Decree.
      
      The Walloon Region
      –      Letter of 9 January 2001 (not attached as an annex), in which the Walloon Region confirms that the action programmes required
         by the Nitrates Directive had not yet been established in respect of the vulnerable zones of Crétacé de Hesbaye and the Sables
         Bruxelliens.
      
      B –    Infringement procedure 97/4750
      13.   As well as procedure 94/2239, the Commission initiated procedure 97/4750. In the formal notice of 28 October 1998 under procedure
         97/4750, the Commission gave further consideration to a number of the objections which had been lodged under procedure 94/2239.
         In the formal notice of 28 October 1998, the Commission finds that the Kingdom of Belgium has not taken the necessary measures
         to implement Articles 3, 5, 6, 10 and 12 of the Nitrates Directive. The Kingdom of Belgium replied to that notice at length
         in various letters. On 9 November 1999 the Commission then forwarded a reasoned opinion, in which it requested that the necessary
         measures be taken to comply with that opinion within two months of its notification. On 23 December 1999 the Kingdom of Belgium
         requested a stay of one month to enable it to draw up a reply to the reasoned opinion. On 18 February 2000 the Belgian authorities
         forwarded the Flemish Region’s response to the reasoned opinion. In procedure 97/4750 too, the Commission refers in its application
         to letters subsequently received from the Kingdom of Belgium:
      
      The Flemish Region
      –      Letter of 15 December 2000 concerning two Flemish Government orders implementing the Fertiliser Decree (MAP II);
      –      Letter of 17 January 2002, in which the Flemish Minister for the Environment and Agriculture refers to the progress currently
         being made in the definition of vulnerable zones under the Nitrates Directive;
      
      –      Letter of 24 April 2002 concerning the French-language version of the Fertiliser Decree and various government orders for
         its implementation;
      
      –      Letter of 21 June 2002, forwarding the government order defining the vulnerable zones and a note on the fertiliser policy
         in Flanders;
      
      –      Letter of 4 September 2002 concerning the Flemish Government Order of 14 June 2002 concerning the examination, review and
         extension of vulnerable water zones, as referred to in Article 15(3), (4) and (5) of the Fertiliser Decree;
      
      –      Letter of 19 September 2002 concerning the implementation of the Nitrates Directive, together with an annexed copy of the
         code of good agricultural practice (nutrients, field vegetables and fruit-growing).
      
      The Walloon Region
      –      Letter of 22 December 2000, forwarding a programme concerning sustainable nitrogen management in agriculture;
      –      Letters of 19 June 2001 and 5 September 2001, forwarding a draft government order on sustainable nitrogen management in agriculture;
      –      Letter of 13 June 2002, forwarding two government orders defining two vulnerable zones;
      –      Letter of 13 November 2002, forwarding a draft government order on sustainable nitrogen management in agriculture;
      –      Letter of 11 December 2002, forwarding the Walloon Government Order of 10 October 2002 on sustainable nitrogen management
         in agriculture.
      
      14.   As the Commission took the view that, despite the information provided by the Belgian authorities, the situation remained
         unsatisfactory, it brought the present action on 22 May 2003.
      
      15.   The Commission and the Kingdom of Belgium presented oral argument at the hearing on 12 January 2005.
      IV –  The action
      16.   The Commission has submitted five objections in respect of the measures taken by the Flemish Region:
      –      Contrary to Article 3(1) of the Nitrates Directive, the Kingdom of Belgium has failed to identify in any provision waters
         which are or may be polluted. Although the competent Flemish authorities claim to have designated those waters by Government
         Order of 14 June 2002, (6) the Commission has received no communication to that effect. Furthermore, the Commission maintains that the designation was
         not effected in accordance with the directive;
      
      –      When designating vulnerable zones in Flanders, the Kingdom of Belgium did not comply with the procedure and criteria set out
         in Article 3 of the Nitrates Directive;
      
      –      The Flemish code of good agricultural practice does not meet the requirements laid down in Article 4 of the Nitrates Directive
         and Annex II thereto;
      
      –      The Flemish action programme does not meet the requirements laid down in Article 5 of the Nitrates Directive and Annex III
         thereto, since it does not cover all the vulnerable zones designated by the Flemish Region and is incomplete;
      
      –      The report on the Flemish Region does not contain all the documents and information required pursuant to Article 10 of the
         Nitrates Directive, in conjunction with Annex V thereto.
      
      17.   The Commission has submitted the following objections in respect of the Walloon Region:
      –      The Kingdom of Belgium has infringed Articles 3(2) and 12 of the directive, since the Walloon Region has identified waters
         and designated vulnerable zones for only part of its territory, and did so belatedly, and the designation of the vulnerable
         zones is incomplete;
      
      –      When identifying polluted waters and designating vulnerable zones, the Walloon authorities have failed, contrary to Article
         3 of the directive, to take account of the pollution of coastal and marine waters;
      
      –      The Kingdom of Belgium has infringed Article 5 of the directive, in that the Walloon Region, having designated two vulnerable
         zones in its territory, has failed to establish action programmes within the period prescribed for that purpose.
      
      V –  The admissibility of the action
      18.   In its application the Commission asks the Court to bear in mind measures adopted in Belgium to implement the Nitrates Directive
         after the periods laid down in the reasoned opinion had expired. According to the Commission, that will enable the Court to
         appreciate that the alleged shortcomings in the implementation of the Nitrates Directive still persist, at least in part.
      
      19.   In my view, the Court cannot act upon such a request, through which the Commission probably hopes to spare itself a further
         pre-litigation procedure against Belgium.
      
      20.   The Nitrates Directive provides for a number of actions to be taken consecutively by the Member States in order for the intended
         objectives to be achieved. In their legislation they must lay the necessary foundations for the administrative action needed
         to implement the directive. They must then designate the waters polluted by nitrates and waters threatened by such pollution.
         The next step is the designation of vulnerable zones, the run-off from which adds further nitrates to the designated waters.
         With a view to reducing the use of nitrates in vulnerable zones, action programmes must be established and implemented. Finally,
         those action programmes must be periodically reviewed in the light of further developments in the designated vulnerable zones
         and elsewhere. This implementation chain, which is described in greater detail in points 2 to 8 above, entails a number of
         deadlines before which the various actions, as links in the chain, must be completed, and an obligation to report to the Commission
         must be discharged.
      
      21.   It is clear from the objectives and structure of the Nitrates Directive that it imposes an almost permanent obligation on
         the Member States to take appropriate measures, in the form of the actions provided for in the directive, to achieve the intended
         reduction in the concentration of nitrates in polluted waters. For this, consistent monitoring of the implementing measures
         taken or planned by the Member States is necessary.
      
      22.   As the implementation of the Nitrates Directive requires the Member States to take a number of consecutive measures, they
         may fail to fulfil their obligations in various ways:
      
      –      they may fail to take the required steps or take them belatedly;
      –      the measures taken by them may be inadequate or incorrect;
      –      they may be remiss in the implementation of the measures taken, or they may enforce them inadequately in relation to the economic
         operators to whom they are addressed;
      
      –      they may, after some time, fail to fulfil the obligations as regards the results which the Nitrates Directive is intended
         to achieve.
      
      23.   Precisely because the Nitrates Directive requires of the Member States an extensive system of actions continuing over a fairly
         long period, the Commission monitors those actions closely. In contrast to many other directives, the implementation of which
         by the Member States is completed upon their timely transposition into national legislation, the supervision of the implementation
         of the Nitrates Directive requires constant monitoring of all the successive phases of the implementation chain and of the
         actual results achieved through implementation.
      
      24.   In this context the Commission may consider it wise, for reasons of expediency, to ask the Court to give a ruling not only
         concerning a Member State’s conduct up to the close of the pre-litigation procedure but also extending to actions taken by
         that Member State thereafter. After all, that would enable a larger proportion of the implementation chain to be covered and
         other infringement procedures to be avoided. It may also be in the interests of the Member State concerned, because it will
         then feel more secure as to its future activities.
      
      25.   Nevertheless, I am of the view that, in the light of the Court’s settled case-law, that is not a route that can be taken.
         According to that case-law, the question whether a Member State has failed to fulfil its obligations must be determined by
         reference to the situation prevailing at the end of the period laid down in the reasoned opinion, and subsequent changes cannot
         be taken into account by the Court. (7)
      
      26.   The Court has given the reasons for that strict limitation:
      –      it ensures a procedural guarantee for the Member State, which must have an opportunity during the pre-litigation procedure
         to justify itself to the Commission; (8)      
      
      –      it meets the need for the Member State to have an opportunity still to take the required measures in consultation with the
         Commission and so to avoid an unfavourable judgment by the Court; (9)
      
      –      it ensures that in any proceedings before the Court the subject-matter of the action can be clearly defined. (10)      
      
      27.   An action – and this also applies to the present action – is inadmissible, therefore, in so far as it concerns complaints
         which were not considered in the pre-litigation procedure.
      
      28.   Moreover, the strict application of that case-law does not necessarily mean that monitoring and enforcement of compliance
         with such legislation as the Nitrates Directive will be seriously hampered. In the pre-litigation procedure, the Commission
         can, after all, accurately define the substance of the implementing measures which the Member State concerned should have
         taken. If its views are then confirmed by the Court during the contentious procedure, a ruling to that effect will also have
         implications for what the Member State has yet to do to fulfil the obligations arising from the directive.
      
      29.   For the present case, this means that the complaints voiced by the Commission – or aspects thereof – which are not based on
         the letter of formal notice and the reasoned opinion are inadmissible, and this is true of all measures taken in Belgium after
         the expiry of the period laid down in the reasoned opinions in both pre-litigation procedures.
      
      30.   When examining the various complaints, I shall therefore always consider whether and to what extent they are admissible.
      VI –  Analysis
      A –    Preliminary comments
      31.   In the federal structure of the Belgian State, responsibility for the implementation of the Nitrates Directive rests with
         the regions. In the analysis of the present action, it should therefore always be determined what measures the individual
         regions have taken in their sphere of competence and whether those measures are adequate. As the Belgian State continues to
         be accountable to the Community for the implementation of Community law, any finding that the implementation of the directive
         by the regions has been belated and/or inadequate means that the Kingdom of Belgium has not fulfilled its obligations.
      
      B –    Failure to fulfil the obligations laid down in Article 3
      Complaints in relation to the Flemish Region
      32.   The Commission begins by arguing that the Kingdom of Belgium has not fulfilled the obligations arising from Article 3(1) of
         the Nitrates Directive. The Flemish Region has not identified the waters which are affected by pollution or which could be
         so affected if action pursuant to Article 5 is not taken. The Commission also submits that the Belgian Government has in any
         case infringed Article 3(1) of the directive as well as paragraph A(3) of Annex I thereto by failing to regard the water of
         the North Sea as eutrophic within the meaning of the directive. Finally, the Commission submits that it did not receive any
         notification of the Flemish Government Order of 14 June 2002. (11) In addition, the method of identifying waters was not in conformity with Article 3(1) of the Nitrates Directive or with the
         criteria set out in Annex I.
      
      33.   In its defence, the Belgian Government explains that the Flemish Region immediately designated vulnerable zones on the basis
         of the criteria set out in Annex I to the Nitrates Directive, since it assumed that it was possible to effect identification
         under Article 3(1) and designation under Article 3(2) simultaneously. Although the waters had not been formally designated,
         the Flemish Region did not omit the step defined in Article 3(1). Before vulnerable zones were designated, measurements were
         taken in the waters, and those measurements were used in the indication of vulnerable zones.
      
      34.   The Commission also claims that the Flemish legislation does not satisfy the requirements of Article 3(2) of the Nitrates
         Directive. Various zones have, wrongly, not been rated as ‘vulnerable’, and the criteria for the designation of vulnerable
         zones were not wholly in conformity with those set out in Article 3 of the Nitrates Directive. Furthermore, an analysis of
         the results of the measures notified shows that many zones have not been designated as vulnerable even though they drain into
         waters identified in accordance with Article 3(1) and contribute to the pollution.
      
      35.   With respect to the designation of vulnerable zones, the Flemish Region differentiates four categories: zones which are vulnerable
         in respect of water quality (Article 15(6) of the Fertiliser Decree), vulnerable zones in ecologically valuable agricultural
         areas (Article 15 bis of the Fertiliser Decree), vulnerable nature zones (Article 15 ter of the Fertiliser Decree) and phosphorus pentoxide saturation areas (Article 15 quater of the Fertiliser Decree).
      
      36.   Firstly, the Commission maintains that under Article 15(6) of the Fertiliser Decree the only zones designated as being vulnerable
         in respect of water quality are those intended or used for the abstraction of drinking water. This approach is inconsistent
         with both the letter and the spirit of Article 3(1) and (2) and with the criteria set out in Annex I to the Nitrates Directive,
         as transposed by Article 15(4) and (5) of the Fertiliser Decree. It is clear from the provisions cited, after all, that, in
         the identification of waters affected by pollution, account must be taken of all groundwater, not just groundwater intended
         for human consumption. The result of this approach was that in Flanders the only zones designated as vulnerable in respect
         of water quality are located in areas intended or used for the abstraction of drinking water. This is confirmed in the Flemish
         Region’s reply to the Commission’s original formal notice. It states: ‘we believe that for the time being it is sufficient
         to indicate the surface waters which can be set aside or used for the preparation of drinking water’.
      
      37.   Secondly, criteria for the designation of vulnerable zones in the categories ‘vulnerable ecologically valuable agricultural
         zones’ and ‘vulnerable nature zones and phosphorus pentoxide saturation areas’ do not, according to the Commission, bear any
         (direct) relation to the criteria set out in Article 3(1) and (2) of the Nitrates Directive and Annex I thereto. That means
         that many zones have not been designated vulnerable even though they drain into waters identified pursuant to Article 3(1)
         and contribute to the pollution. Information forwarded by the Flemish Region shows that 70 to 80% of Flanders should be designated
         a vulnerable zone.
      
      38.   Thirdly, the Commission argues that the designation of vulnerable zones along the lines indicated in the Flemish Government
         Order of 14 June 2002 (12) is inconsistent with Article 3 and the criteria set out in Annex I to the Nitrates Directive.
      
      39.   In its response, the Belgian Government maintains that the definition of water zones does not consist solely in the designation
         of zones intended or used for the abstraction of drinking water: other zones which are vulnerable in respect of water quality
         have also been designated in implementation of the Nitrates Directive. The vulnerable zones defined under Article 15 bis – that is to say, ecologically valuable agricultural areas – and Article 15 ter – that is to say, zones which include vulnerable nature areas – are subject to additional mandatory measures, which go much
         further than the measures in force in the territory of Flanders. Those measures pursue the same objective as the directive
         without those vulnerable areas being designated zones which are vulnerable in respect of water quality as referred to in the
         Nitrates Directive. The designation of those vulnerable zones was not based on the criteria set out in that directive.
      
      40.   At the hearing, the Belgian Government emphasised that its policy with respect to Flanders is designed to make every farmer
         accountable down to the level of individual plots of land. This policy makes an effective contribution to the reduced run-off
         of nitrates, thus enabling the standards set in the Nitrates Directive to be achieved down to the level of individual plots
         of land.
      
      Complaints in relation to the Walloon Region
      41.   According to the Commission, the Kingdom of Belgium has infringed Articles 3(2) and 12 of the Nitrates Directive by identifying
         waters and designating vulnerable zones in only part of its territory. Nor has designation been effected within the prescribed
         period, and the designation of vulnerable zones remains incomplete.
      
      42.   The Commission refers to the report which was submitted pursuant to Article 10 of the Nitrates Directive by letter of 20 September
         1996 and from which it is clear that vulnerable zones were identified in only part of the region’s territory within the period
         prescribed by the Nitrates Directive, since, when that report was being drawn up, studies were still being carried out on
         three subregions, the Herve district, the Comines-Warneton municipality and the Condroz. According to the Commission, those
         subregions should have been designated vulnerable zones by 20 December 1993 at the latest. On 19 March 2002 the Comines-Warneton
         municipality and the Sud Namurois (part of the Condroz) had at last been designated vulnerable zones. However, only some of
         the western part of the Sud Namurois – that is to say, the area between the Sambre and the Meuse – has been designated a vulnerable
         zone, whereas the report by the Environmental Resources Management consultancy (13) shows the nitrate level there to be just as high as in the eastern part. In addition, the Herve district had still not been
         designated a vulnerable zone. The Commission concludes by claiming that not enough of the Crétacé de Hesbaye has been designated
         a vulnerable zone: the western part, too, should have been so designated according to the report by Environmental Resources
         Management.
      
      43.   The Belgian Government rejects the claim that designation has not been effected within the prescribed period and maintains
         that Article 3(4) of the Nitrates Directive is applicable in the present case. That provision requires Member States to review
         and, if necessary, to revise or add to the designation of vulnerable zones as appropriate, and at least every four years,
         to take into account changes and factors unforeseen at the time of the previous designation. Although initial research carried
         out under Article 3(1) and (2) of the Nitrates Directive in and around 1994 had already revealed the existence of the aforementioned
         problematical zones, the studies were not at that time complete, and the Comines-Warneton municipality and the Sud Namurois
         were therefore designated vulnerable zones on 19 March 2002 under Article 3(4) of that directive. The conclusions drawn in
         the Commission’s study, on the basis of which it seeks to demonstrate that the area between the Sambre and the Meuse must
         also be designated a vulnerable zone, are not endorsed by the Kingdom of Belgium. The designation of the Sud Namurois is based
         on measurements of the nitrate level and satisfies the criteria set out in Article 3 of the Nitrates Directive.
      
      44.   In response to the Commission’s complaint that the Herve district has not been designated a vulnerable zone, the Kingdom of
         Belgium refers to the special status accorded to that area. The measures for which Article 5 of the Nitrates Directive provides
         are not the most appropriate for combating pollution caused by nitrates, and specific measures therefore apply in that zone.
      
      45.   Finally, the Belgian Government rejects the Commission’s complaint that not enough of the Crétacé de Hesbaye area has been
         designated a vulnerable zone. Measurements of nitrate levels show that the western part of the Crétacé de Hesbaye is not polluted.
      
      46.   The Commission submits, in conclusion, that the Walloon authorities have infringed Article 3 of the Nitrates Directive by
         failing, when identifying polluted waters and designating vulnerable zones, to take account of the pollution of coastal and
         marine waters. The Commission points out that the Kingdom of Belgium itself notified the committees responsible for the application
         of the Oslo and Paris Conventions of a eutrophication problem along the Belgian coast and in the Scheldt estuary. As Belgian
         marine and coastal waters were eutrophied owing to the introduction of nutrients by large volumes of water polluted by nitrates
         originating from agricultural activities, the competent regional authorities must designate as a vulnerable zone any land
         which drains into the North Sea and contributes to the pollution.
      
      47.   The Belgian Government contends that the part played by nutrients introduced by large volumes of water polluted by nitrates
         originating from agricultural activities is insignificant in the Walloon Region.
      
      C –    Analysis
      Admissibility
      48.   The Commission’s objections concerning the Flemish Government Order of 14 June 2002 and its objection that not enough of the
         Crétacé de Hesbaye area has been designated a vulnerable zone must be regarded as inoperative since they represent an enlargement
         of the subject-matter of the action as compared with the reasoned opinion. (14)
      
      49.   The objections submitted by the Commission in that connection are therefore inadmissible.
      Substance
      50.   Article 3(1) and (2) of the Nitrates Directive requires the Member States to fulfil the following obligations by 20 December
         1993 at the latest:
      
      –      they must identify waters affected by pollution due to nitrogen compounds from agricultural sources and waters which could
         be so affected if no action is taken to reduce the nitrogen burden from agricultural sources;
      
      –      they must designate as vulnerable zones agricultural areas which drain into the waters identified as being, or in danger of
         becoming, overburdened with nitrogen compounds.
      
      51.   The waters which are, or may be, affected by pollution are designated by reference to the criteria set out in Annex I to the
         Nitrates Directive. According to those criteria, surface freshwaters – in particular those used or intended for the abstraction
         of drinking water – must be regarded as water affected by pollution where they contain or could contain, if action pursuant
         to Article 5 is not taken, a concentration of nitrates in excess of that specified in Directive 75/440/EEC. (15) The same applies to groundwaters which contain, or are in danger of containing, more than 50 mg/litre nitrates if action
         pursuant to Article 5 is not taken, and to natural freshwater lakes, other freshwater bodies, estuaries, coastal waters and
         marine waters which are found to be eutrophic, or which may become eutrophic in the near future if action pursuant to Article 5
         is not taken.
      
      52.   In applying those criteria, Member States must also take account of the physical and environmental characteristics of the
         waters and the land, current knowledge as regards the behaviour of nitrogen compounds in the environment (water and soil)
         and, finally, current knowledge as regards the impact of the action taken pursuant to Article 5.
      
      53.   It must first be pointed out that the Kingdom of Belgium has recognised that the waters in the Flemish Region which are, or
         may be, affected by pollution have not been formally identified. This has implications for designation as referred to in Article
         3(2) of the Nitrates Directive. The designation of vulnerable zones can be effected correctly only if the prior identification
         phase has been completed. On the expiry of the period laid down by the Commission in the reasoned opinion, the Kingdom of
         Belgium had not therefore fulfilled its obligations under Article 3(1) of the Nitrates Directive.
      
      54.   It is clear that the Kingdom of Belgium has not fulfilled its obligations under Article 3(2) of the Nitrates Directive, since
         the Flemish Region has designated only some of the vulnerable zones. As mentioned above, only zones which are vulnerable because
         the surface water and groundwater is contaminated by the run-off of nitrates are relevant for the purposes of implementing
         the Nitrates Directive. Although the Fertiliser Decree has resulted in the designation of zones which are vulnerable on other
         grounds, such as their ecological and natural value, that designation was effected in accordance with criteria other than
         those prescribed in Article 3 of the Nitrates Directive and Annex I thereto. In consequence, that designation does not meet
         the requirements set out in that directive. I do not regard as satisfactory the Belgian Government’s argument that such zones
         have been designated partly in the light of the objectives of the Nitrates Directive. After all, the nature of the vulnerability
         determines the action which must be taken to reduce that vulnerability. Any reliance on Standley and Others (16) is therefore inappropriate in this instance. Indeed, as a consequence of that judgment, the Member States enjoy considerable
         discretion in the application of the criteria laid down in Annex I. They may not, however, ignore those criteria when designating
         vulnerable zones.
      
      55.   With particular regard to the definition of zones which are vulnerable in respect of water quality, I would point out that
         Article 15(6) of the Fertiliser Decree restricts the application of the Nitrates Directive. Pursuant to that provision, three
         categories of zone vulnerable in respect of water quality are designated in the Flemish Region:
      
      (1)      water abstraction areas and protection zones of types I, II and III in respect of groundwater, defined in the accordance with
         the Decree of 24 January 1984 concerning measures relating to groundwater management;
      
      (2)      sensitive areas designated by the Flemish Government, where stricter standards are needed for subhydrographic basins of surface
         water intended for the production of drinking water, defined in accordance with the Law of 26 March 1971 on the protection
         of surface waters against pollution;
      
      (3)      areas with soils sensitive to nitrates, where stricter standards are needed, as determined by the Flemish Government and defined
         in accordance with the Decree of 24 January 1984 concerning measures relating to groundwater management.
      
      56.   Areas which do not fall within those categories, but which (as referred to in Article 3(2) of the Nitrates Directive) drain
         into waters found to be, or to be in danger of becoming, overburdened with nitrogen compounds are treated as if they were
         outside the ambit of the Nitrates Directive. That is in itself incompatible with the directive. In so doing, the Belgian Government
         also exceeds the discretion which the directive allows it.
      
      57.   The Commission’s complaints with respect to the Walloon Region are also justified. On the expiry of the period laid down by
         the Commission in its reasoned opinion, the Kingdom of Belgium had not fulfilled its obligation to identify all waters in
         accordance with Article 3(1) of the Nitrates Directive and to designate vulnerable zones under Article 3(2) thereof. From
         the Walloon Region’s reply to the formal notice, it is immediately evident that in the Herve district the limit of 50 mg/NO3/litre has been reached on several occasions and, moreover, that zones where that limit had not been exceeded were a rarity.
         In the municipality of Comines-Warneton, the measurements varied between 63 and 92 mg/NO3/litre, and in the Condroz a number of measurements showed that the limit of 50 mg/NO3/litre had been exceeded. In the same reply, the Walloon Region refers to serious pollution in the area between the Sambre
         and the Meuse, measurements revealing levels over 50 mg/NO3/litre. The Belgian Government’s argument that the studies on the areas affected had not yet been completed cannot therefore
         serve as justification for its failure to fulfil its obligations under Article 3. Nor can the Belgian Government rely on Article
         3(4), since that provision concerns the revision of the list of vulnerable zones, not the initial designation of vulnerable
         zones.
      
      58.   Finally, the complaints submitted by the Commission in respect of both the Flemish and the Walloon Regions concerning their
         failure to identify coastal and marine waters under Article 3(1) of the Nitrates Directive and consequently to designate vulnerable
         zones pursuant to Article 3(2) thereof are well founded. The fourth recital in the preamble to the Nitrates Directive, which
         expressly refers to the protection of the North Sea as one of the reasons for the Nitrates Directive, defies any interpretation
         and application of that directive in which the part played by large volumes of water polluted by nitrates originating from
         agricultural activities in the eutrophication of the North Sea is not taken into account.
      
      59.   The complaints by the Commission examined here are therefore justified.
      D –    Lacunae in the code of good agricultural practice
      Complaints in relation to the Flemish Region
      60.   The Commission maintains that the code of good agricultural practice established by the Flemish Region neglects the following
         four aspects specified in Annex II to the Nitrates Directive:
      
      –      periods when the land application of fertiliser is inappropriate;
      –      the conditions for the land application of fertiliser to steeply sloping ground;
      –      the conditions for the land application of fertiliser to water-saturated, flooded, frozen or snow-covered ground;
      –      the conditions for the land application of fertiliser near water courses.
      61.   The Belgian Government refers in its defence to Article 17 of the Fertiliser Decree and the government orders, which govern
         various aspects provided for in the Nitrates Directive in respect of the code of good agricultural practice. That provision
         has undergone various amendments over the years, and the obligations were communicated to farmers in Flanders in the brochure
         entitled ‘Mestgids – Wegwijs in het Vlaamse beleid december 2000’ (Manure guide – Handbook on Flemish policy, December 2000).
      
      Analysis
      62.   In its reply of 19 February 1999 to the reasoned opinion, the Flemish Region acknowledged that the four aspects referred to
         were not covered by the code of good agricultural practice and that the code would be adapted shortly to take account of those
         four aspects. As the Fertiliser Decree, subsequently amended by the Belgian Government, was not adopted before the expiry
         of the period laid down in the reasoned opinion, there is no need to consider whether it properly fulfils the obligations
         arising from Annex III to the directive. This complaint was raised by the Commission in the context of infringement procedure 94/2239,
         and on 23 November 1998 the Commission delivered a reasoned opinion in which it called on the Member State concerned to take
         the action necessary to satisfy the terms of that opinion within two months of its notification. The Fertiliser Decree of
         1 January 2000, as amended, was therefore adopted outwith the period laid down in the reasoned opinion.
      
      63.   This complaint of the Commission is therefore justified.
      E –    Action programmes
      Complaints in relation to the Flemish Region
      64.   The Commission points out that Article 5(1) of the Nitrates Directive requires the Member States to establish, within two
         years of the initial designation referred to in Article 3(2), action programmes in respect of vulnerable zones, which must,
         in their turn, have been designated within two years of the notification of the directive. As the directive was notified on
         19 December 1991, vulnerable zones should have been designated by 20 December 1993 at the latest, and the action programmes
         should have been established by 20 December 1995 at the latest.
      
      65.   The Commission alleges, firstly, unjustified incompatibility in that the action programmes which, pursuant to Article 5 of
         the Nitrates Directive, should have been applied within vulnerable zones are only partly applicable. The rule laid down in
         point 2 of Annex III to the Nitrates Directive that the quantity of livestock manure applied to the land each year must not
         exceed 170 kg N per hectare does not apply:
      
      –      in vulnerable ecologically valuable agricultural zones (Article 15 bis and Article 14 of the Fertiliser Decree; see point 14);
      
      –      on farms in zones which are vulnerable in respect of their natural values and which are covered by a waiver under Article 15 ter(2), points (1) and (2), and Article 15 ter(3) (Article 15 ter(8) of the Fertiliser Decree);
      
      –      in phosphorus pentoxide saturation areas (second subparagraph of Article 15 quater(1) of the Fertiliser Decree; see point 16).
      
      66.   Secondly, the Commission criticises the Belgian Government in relation to the fact that the measures notified by the Flemish
         Region as part of its action programme do not include any provisions which enable Article 5(4) of the Nitrates Directive to
         be applied in full. That provision requires action programmes to consist inter alia of the mandatory measures set out in Annex
         III. Those measures include rules relating to:
      
      (1) periods when the land application of certain types of fertiliser is prohibited;
      (2) the capacity of storage vessels for livestock manure; this capacity must exceed … .
      67.   The Commission submits, thirdly, that the requirement laid down in point 1.3 of Annex III to the Nitrates Directive has not
         been satisfied. When adopting measures to restrict the land application of fertilisers, the Belgian Government failed to take
         account of the nitrogen supply to the crops from the soil. It is evident from the scientific justification for the proposed
         standards submitted by the Belgian Government that those standards do not take account of the actual reserves of nitrogen
         in the soil.
      
      68.   The Commission concludes by alleging failure to meet the requirement laid down in point 2 of Annex III – which provides that
         the measures taken must ensure that, for each farm or livestock unit, the quantity of livestock manure applied to the land
         each year, including by the animals themselves, does not exceed 170 kg N per hectare – since that requirement does not apply
         to vulnerable ecologically valuable agricultural zones, zones vulnerable in respect to natural values and phosphorus pentoxide
         saturation areas.
      
      69.   In response to the Commission’s first complaint, the Belgian Government argues that the vulnerable zones are subject to implementing
         measures which go much further than the measures which are mandatory under Annex III to the Nitrates Directive, even as regards
         the standard of 170 kg N per hectare. The fact that the standard of 170 kg N per hectare is not applicable to farms in the
         vulnerable nature zones, which are covered by a waiver under Article 15 ter(2), points (1) and (2), and Article 15 ter(3) of the Fertiliser Decree is irrelevant in this case since the nitrate level of 50 mg/litre has not been exceeded in the
         zones concerned. All the other measures, such as the action programme and the code of good agricultural practice, are sufficient
         to ensure that the objective of the Nitrates Directive is achieved. Similarly, the measures applicable in the phosphorus pentoxide
         saturation areas go much further than the measures applicable in the zones not designated as vulnerable. In those areas the
         application of fertilisers is restricted to 40 g of diphosphorus pentoxide per hectare per year.
      
      70.   With respect to the second complaint, the Belgian Government acknowledges in its defence that at the end of the period laid
         down in the reasoned opinion the Flemish legislation did not meet the requirements set out in points 1.1 and 1.2 of Annex
         III to the Nitrates Directive.
      
      71.   As regards the third complaint, the Belgian Government emphasises that in the rules governing the application of fertilisers
         account was taken of an average reserve in the soil which is deemed to be identical for all plots of land. When applied with
         the quantities of nitrogen present at the end of the year, those rules ensure that the objectives of the directive are achieved.
      
      Complaints in relation to the Walloon Region
      72.   The Commission maintains that the Belgian Government has infringed Article 5 of the directive since, after designating two
         vulnerable zones in its territory, the Walloon Region should have established action programmes within the prescribed period,
         and it has failed to do so.
      
      73.   The Walloon Region has designated the Crétacé de Hesbaye and the Sables Bruxelliens as vulnerable zones by two ministerial
         orders of 28 July 1994. It should therefore have established by 20 December 1995 at the latest the action programme required
         under the Nitrates Directive. That obligation is even reproduced in Article 3 of the two Walloon orders designating the vulnerable
         zones referred to. That provision provides for the establishment by the competent authority of action programmes applicable
         to the designated zones, which should have been established by 20 December 1995 (date of entry into force) at the latest.
         After designating two vulnerable zones in its territory, however, the Walloon Region failed to establish any action programmes.
      
      74.   The Belgian Government maintains that it began establishing programmes at local level in 1996 for the Crétacé de Hesbaye and
         the Sables Bruxelliens with a view to preventing or reducing water pollution caused or induced by nitrates from agricultural
         sources, and those programmes had a significant impact.
      
      75.   In its response, the Commission points out that those programmes are being implemented by farmers on a voluntary basis and
         that they do not apply to all vulnerable zones.
      
      76.   Secondly, the Commission criticises the Belgian Government in relation to the fact that the Walloon Government Order of 10
         October 2002 on sustainable nitrogen management in agriculture – which was notified by the Walloon Government as an action
         programme – did not include any provisions which enabled Article 5(4) of the Nitrates Directive to be implemented in full.
      
      Analysis
      – Admissibility
      77.   The Commission’s complaint concerning the Walloon Government Order of 10 October 2002 on sustainable nitrogen management in
         agriculture must be regarded as inoperative since it represents an enlargement of the subject-matter of the action as compared
         with that defined in the reasoned opinion.
      
      78.   This complaint by the Commission is therefore inadmissible.
      – Substance
      79.   Article 5 of the Nitrates Directive requires Member States to establish action programmes with a view to preventing or reducing,
         in vulnerable zones designated in accordance with Article 3(2) and (4) of the Nitrates Directive, water pollution caused or
         induced by nitrates from agricultural sources.
      
      80.   A Member State may establish a single action programme relating to all the vulnerable zones in its territory or a number of
         programmes for various vulnerable zones or parts thereof in that territory.
      
      81.   The action programmes are to be implemented within four years of their establishment and must consist in particular of the
         mandatory measures referred to in Annex III to the Nitrates Directive. Those measures must include rules, the details of which
         are set out in that annex, concerning the periods during which the land application of certain types of fertiliser is prohibited,
         the capacity of storage vessels for livestock manure and the limitation of the land application of fertilisers, with account
         to be taken of the characteristics of the vulnerable zone concerned, to ensure that, for each farm or livestock unit, the
         quantity of livestock manure applied to the land each year does not exceed a specified quantity per hectare.
      
      82.   One of the aims of the action programmes is to reduce the supply of nitrogen to the soil. This will lessen the chance of nitrogen
         compounds not absorbed by crops being flushed out of the soil and ultimately reaching surface water which is already overburdened
         or in danger of becoming so.
      
      83.   First of all, it must be said that the Belgian Government has acknowledged with respect to the Flemish Region that at the
         end of the period laid down in the reasoned opinion the Flemish legislation did not satisfy the requirements set out in points
         1.1 and 1.2 of Annex III to the Nitrates Directive. The Belgian Government has also confirmed in its written pleadings that
         it takes account not of the actual supply of nitrogen in the soil but of an average supply. This is inconsistent with the
         requirement laid down in point 1.3 of Annex III.
      
      84.   The other complaints addressed by the Commission to the Flemish Region concern the failure to apply Article 5(4) of the Nitrates
         Directive in full in vulnerable ecologically valuable agricultural zones, vulnerable nature zones and phosphorus pentoxide
         saturation areas. It is abundantly clear that the measures referred to by the Belgian Government do not satisfy the requirements
         laid down in Article 5 of the Nitrates Directive. The Commission’s complaints with respect to the action programme concern
         zones which, as emerged at the hearing, were ultimately not designated in accordance with the Nitrates Directive (see point
         53). The Flemish Region has therefore designated vulnerable zones on the basis of criteria other than those provided for in
         Article 3 of the Nitrates Directive, and criteria other than those provided for in Article 5 of the Nitrates Directive are
         applied to those vulnerable zones. In addition, the Flemish Region has failed to designate large parts of its territory as
         vulnerable zones, with the result that no action programmes are applicable to those zones. I therefore conclude that the Kingdom
         of Belgium has failed to fulfil its obligations, in that the Flemish Region has omitted to take adequate measures to ensure
         the full and proper implementation of both Article 3 and Article 5 of the Nitrates Directive.
      
      85.   The Commission’s complaint with respect to the Walloon Region is similarly justified. Voluntary programmes which differ from
         one area to another and may be applied differently and which do not form an organised and coherent system intended to achieve
         a specific objective cannot, after all, be regarded as action programmes within the meaning of Article 5 of the Nitrates Directive.
      
      86.   Consequently, it must be said that those two complaints – alleging infringement of Article 5 of the Nitrates Directive – are
         also justified.
      
      F –    Incomplete reporting
      Complaints in relation to the Flemish Region
      87.   Article 10 of the Nitrates Directive provides that Member States must, in respect of the four-year period following the notification
         of that directive and in respect of each subsequent four-year period, submit a report to the Commission containing the information
         outlined in Annex V to the directive. The reports must be submitted to the Commission within six months of the end of the
         period to which they relate.
      
      88.   The Commission points out that the report submitted by the Kingdom of Belgium on behalf of the Flemish Region does not comply
         with Annex V to the directive as regards the following:
      
      –      the map showing waters identified in accordance with Article 3(1) of the directive and Annex I thereto, indicating in each
         case which of the criteria in Annex I was used for the purpose of identification;
      
      –      the summary of the monitoring results obtained pursuant to Article 6 of the directive, including a statement of the considerations
         which led to the designation of each vulnerable zone and to any revision of or addition to designations of vulnerable zones;
      
      –      the summary of the results of the monitoring programmes implemented pursuant to Article 5(6) of the directive;
      –      the assumptions made by the Member States about the likely timescale within which the waters identified in accordance with
         Article 3(1) of the directive are expected to respond to the measures in the action programme, along with an indication of
         the level of uncertainty incorporated in those assumptions.
      
      89.   The Flemish Region points out in its defence that the directly vulnerable waters were immediately designated in Flanders on
         the basis of the criteria laid down in Annex I to the Nitrates Directive. With its reply to the reasoned opinion, the Flemish
         Region had forwarded a map indicating vulnerable zones in the Kingdom of Belgium.
      
      90.   The Belgian Government does not otherwise dispute the Commission’s complaints.
      Analysis
      91.   It must be pointed out that the documents submitted by the Belgian authorities to the Commission on 9 January 1997 concerning
         the Flemish Region did not include a map of the waters identified in accordance with Article 3(1) and Annex I, as provided
         for in point 2(a) of Annex V to the Nitrates Directive. The map to which the Flemish Region refers falls under Article 10,
         read in conjunction with point 2(b) of Annex V to the Nitrates Directive. In addition, the documents for which points 3 and
         4(d) and (e) of Annex V to the Nitrates Directive provide were not submitted.
      
      92.   Accordingly, it must be held that, by not submitting to the Commission a full report as referred to in Article 10 of the Nitrates
         Directive, the Kingdom of Belgium has failed to fulfil its obligations under that provision.
      
      VII –  Conclusion
      93.   In the light of the foregoing, I propose that the Court should:
      (1)      declare that, with respect to the Flemish Region, the Kingdom of Belgium has failed to adopt the appropriate measures to ensure
         the full transposition and proper implementation of Articles 3(1) and (2), 4, 5 and 10 of Council Directive 91/676/EEC of
         12 December 1991 concerning the protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources;
      
      (2)      declare that, with respect to the Walloon Region, the Kingdom of Belgium has failed to adopt the appropriate measures to ensure
         the full and proper implementation of Articles 3(1) and (2) and 5 of Directive 91/676;
      
      (3)      as to the remainder, dismiss the application;
      (4)      order the Kingdom of Belgium to pay the costs. 
      1 –	Original language: Dutch.
      
      2 –	OJ 1991 L 375, p. 1.
      
      3 –	Belgisch Staatsblad of 28 February 1991.
      
      4 –	Decreet van 11 mei 1999 tot wijziging van het decreet van 23 januari 1991 inzake de bescherming van het leefmilieu tegen
         de verontreiniging door meststoffen en tot wijziging van het decreet van 28 Juni 1985 betreffende de milieuvergunning (Belgisch Staatsblad of 20 August 1999).
      
      5 –	Arrêté du 5 mai 1994 du Gouvernement wallon relatif à la protection des eaux contre la pollution par les nitrates à partir
         de sources agricoles (Belgisch Staatsblad of 28 June 1994).
      
      6 –      Flemish Government Order of 14 June 2002 concerning the examination, review and extension of vulnerable water zones, as referred
         to in Article 15(3), (4) and (5) of the Decree of 23 January 1991 on protection of the environment against fertiliser pollution.
      
      7 –	See, inter alia, Case C-214/96 Commission v Spain [1998] ECR I-7661, paragraph 25; Case 
         C-289/94 Commission v Italy [1996] ECR I-4405, paragraph 20; and Joined Cases C‑232/95 and C-233/95 Commission v Greece [1998] ECR I-3343, paragraph 38.
      
      8 –      Case C-306/91 Commission v Italy [1993] ECR I-2133, paragraph 22.
      
      9 –      Case C-392/99 Commission v Portugal [2003] ECR I-3373, paragraph 133.
      
      10 –      See, inter alia, Case 298/86 Commission v Belgium [1988] ECR 4343, paragraph 10, and Case C-274/93 Commission v Luxembourg [1996] ECR I-2019, paragraph 11.
      
      11 –	Cited in footnote 6.
      
      12 –	Cited in footnote 6.
      
      13 –	ERM Report for the European Commission (February 2000) on vulnerable zones in Belgium.
      
      14 –	See, in particular, Case C-384/97 Commission v Greece [2000] ECR I-3823, paragraph 35, and Case C-152/98 Commission v Netherlands [2001] ECR I-3463, paragraph 21.
      
      15 –	Council directive .of 16 June 1975 concerning the quality required of surface water intended for the abstraction of drinking
         water in the Member States (OJ 1975 L 194, p. 26).
      
      16 –	See Case C-293/97 [1999] ECR I-2603, paragraph 39.