CELEX: 62009TJ0137
Language: en
Date: 2010-11-24
Title: Judgment of the General Court (Fourth Chamber) of 24 November 2010. # Nike International Ltd v Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs) (OHIM). # Community trade mark - Opposition proceedings - Application for Community word mark R10 - Non-registered national word mark R10 - Assignment of the national mark - Procedural defect. # Case T-137/09.

Case T-137/09
      Nike International Ltd
      v
      Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs) (OHIM)
      (Community trade mark – Opposition proceedings – Application for Community word mark R10 – Non-registered national word mark R10 – Assignment of the national mark – Procedural defect)
      Summary of the Judgment
      1.      Community trade mark – Appeals procedure – Appeals before the Community judicature – Condition of admissibility – Grounds
            of appeal directed only against decisions of the Boards of Appeal
      (Council Regulation No 40/94, Art. 63(1))
      2.      Community trade mark – Appeals procedure – Appeal brought against a decision of the Opposition Division of the Office – Assignment
            of the earlier mark after the opposition was filed and before the adoption of the decision by the Office – Examination by
            the Board of Appeal of the assignee’s locus standi
      3.      Community trade mark – Transfer of the intellectual property right – Evidence of the transfer of the earlier national right
            – Application of Rule 31(6) of Regulation No 2868/95 to the assignment of national trade marks
      (Commission Regulation No 2868/95, Art. 1, Rule 31(6))
      1.      By virtue of Article 63(1) of Regulation No 40/94 on the Community trade mark, actions may be brought before the Community
         judicature only against decisions of the Boards of Appeal. Accordingly, it is only pleas directed against the decision of
         the Board of Appeal itself which are admissible in such an action. Consequently, pleas in law alleging infringement of a regulatory
         provision by a decision of an Opposition Division must be rejected as inadmissible.
      
      (see para. 13)
      2.      Where, following an assignment after an opposition has been filed, the copy of the registration certificate of the trade mark
         on which the opposition is based mentions as owner a company other than that which brought an action against the decision
         of an Opposition Division rejecting the opposition, the action is not admissible on the basis of the assumption that the earlier
         mark was transferred to the applicant. Thus, the Board of Appeal is legally entitled to examine the applicant’s locus standi.
         
      
      Unlike the situation in which an assignment occurred before the opposition was filed, if the assignment of the trade mark
         relied on occurred after the opposition was filed and before the adoption of the final decision of the Office for Harmonisation
         in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs), the Office must ensure that the rights of the party which originally filed
         the opposition or the trade mark application are protected, since the purpose of admitting the assignee of the trade mark
         is to conclude, so far as the aforementioned party is concerned, proceedings initiated by that party. Furthermore, the Board
         of Appeal is required to ensure that the person who brought the appeal has locus standi with regard to the Opposition Division’s
         decision. 
      
      (see para. 17)
      3.      In the absence of a legal provision concerning evidence of the transfer of the earlier national right relied on in support
         of an opposition, the Guidelines of the Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs) – with which
         the Office is, in principle, required to comply – are based in that respect on the provisions laid down by Rule 31(6) of Regulation
         No 2868/95 implementing Regulation No 40/94 on the Community trade mark. Thus, in ‘Part 1: Procedural Matters’ in ‘Part C:
         Opposition’, those guidelines provide that if the new owner of the earlier national right ‘informs the Office of the transfer,
         but does not submit (sufficient) evidence thereof, the opposition proceedings have to be suspended while the new owner is
         given two months to provide evidence of the transfer’. The application of Rule 31(6) of Regulation No 2868/95 to the assignment
         of national trade marks cannot be challenged since, where national law makes no provision for a procedure for registration
         of transfers of ownership of registered marks, the examination carried out by the Opposition Division or the Board of Appeal
         in order to check that the transfer of the trade mark relied on in support of the opposition actually occurred is, in essence,
         the same as the examination carried out by the appropriate departments of the Office when examining transfer applications
         relating to Community trade marks. Furthermore, although that procedure specifically relates to registered national marks,
         it must be applied by analogy to the transfer of national non-registered marks, since the type of examination to be carried
         out by the Office is the same.
      
      (see para. 24)
JUDGMENT OF THE GENERAL COURT (Fourth Chamber)
      24 November 2010(*)
      
      (Community trade mark – Opposition proceedings – Application for Community word mark R10 – Non-registered national word mark R10 – Assignment of the national mark – Procedural defect)
      In Case T‑137/09,
      Nike International Ltd, established in Beaverton, Oregon (United States), represented by M. de Justo Bailey, lawyer,
      
      applicant,
      v
      Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs) (OHIM), represented by J. Crespo Carrillo, acting as Agent,
      
      defendant,
      the other party to the proceedings before the Board of Appeal of OHIM being
      Aurelio Muñoz Molina, residing at Petrer (Spain), 
      
      ACTION brought against the decision of the First Board of Appeal of OHIM of 21 January 2009 (Case R 551/2008-1) relating to
         opposition proceedings between DL Sports & Marketing Ltda and Mr Aurelio Muñoz Molina,
      
      THE GENERAL COURT (Fourth Chamber),
      composed, at the time of the deliberation, of O. Czúcz (Rapporteur), President of the Chamber, I. Labucka and K. O’Higgins,
         Judges,
      
      Registrar: E. Coulon,
      having regard to the application lodged at the Registry of the Court on 6 April 2009,
      having regard to the response lodged at the Registry of the Court on 23 July 2009,
      having regard to the fact that no application for a hearing was submitted by the parties within a period of one month from
         notification of closure of the written procedure, and having therefore decided, acting upon a report of the Judge-Rapporteur
         and pursuant to Article 135a of the Rules of Procedure of the General Court, to give a ruling without an oral procedure,
      
      gives the following
      Judgment
       Background to the dispute
      1        On 2 January 2006, Aurelio Muñoz Molina filed an application for registration of a Community trade mark at the Office for
         Harmonisation in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs) (OHIM) pursuant to Council Regulation (EC) No 40/94 of 20 December
         1993 on the Community trade mark (OJ 1994 L 11, p. 1), as amended (replaced by Council Regulation (EC) No 207/2009 of 26 February
         2009 on the Community trade mark (OJ 2009 L 78, p. 1)). 
      
      2        The trade mark in respect of which registration was sought is the word sign R10.
      
      3        The Community trade mark application was published in Community Trade Marks Bulletin No 30/2006 of 24 July 2006.
      
      4        On 24 October 2006, DL Sports & Marketing Ltda filed a notice of opposition under Article 42 of Regulation No 40/94 (now Article
         41 of Regulation No 207/2009) to the registration of the trade mark applied for. That opposition was based on the non-registered
         mark or the sign used in the course of trade, R10, and was directed against all of the goods covered by the trade mark applied
         for. The grounds put forward in support of the opposition were those referred to in Article 8(2)(c) and Article 8(4) of Regulation
         No 40/94 (now Article 8(2)(c) and Article 8(4) of Regulation No 207/2009).
      
      5        On 28 November 2006, the Opposition Division allowed DL Sports & Marketing a period of four months, until 29 March 2007, in
         order, inter alia, to prove the existence and validity of the earlier right relied on. On 29 March 2007, DL Sports & Marketing
         requested an extension of the deadline, which, on 8 June 2007, was extended until 9 August 2007. On 24 October 2007, the Opposition
         Division noted that no evidence had been submitted in support of the opposition. 
      
      6        By letter of 31 October 2007, the lawyers acting for the applicant, Nike International Ltd, informed the Opposition Division
         that, by a contract dated 20 June 2007, DL Sports & Marketing had assigned to the applicant – through Nike, Inc. – ownership
         of numerous trade marks and industrial property rights (‘the transfer agreement’). The applicant’s lawyers stated that they
         had been instructed by the new owner of the earlier right to pursue the opposition proceedings and, accordingly, asked to
         be entered as representatives in those proceedings. 
      
      7        On 19 February 2008, the Opposition Division rejected the opposition on the ground that DL Sports & Marketing had not substantiated,
         within the prescribed period, the existence of the earlier right relied on in support of the opposition (‘the Opposition Division’s
         decision’). 
      
      8        On 28 March 2008, the applicant appealed to OHIM pursuant to Articles 57 to 62 of Regulation No 40/94 (now Articles 58 to
         64 of Regulation No 207/2009) against the Opposition Division’s decision. 
      
      9        By decision of 21 January 2009 (‘the contested decision’), the First Board of Appeal of OHIM dismissed that appeal as inadmissible
         on the ground that the applicant had not produced proof of its status as a party to the opposition proceedings and, consequently,
         that it was not entitled to appeal the Opposition Division’s decision. The Board of Appeal found that, at that stage of the
         proceedings, the applicant’s lawyers had not claimed – much less produced proof – that the earlier right relied on in support
         of the opposition was among the trade marks transferred to the applicant. It stated that, during the appeal also, the applicant
         had not been in a position to prove that it was the owner of the earlier right. The Board of Appeal therefore concluded that
         the transfer agreement merely showed that the applicant had acquired certain Community trade marks, but not, specifically,
         the earlier right relied on. 
      
       Forms of order sought
      10      The applicant claims that the Court should:
      
      –        amend the contested decision by holding the appeal to the Board of Appeal to be admissible, and order the Board of Appeal
         to act in accordance therewith and to give a ruling on the substance of the appeal;
      
      –        in the alternative, find that there was an infringement by the Board of Appeal and by the Opposition Division of Article 73
         of Regulation No 40/94 (now Article 75 of Regulation No 207/2009) and of the other provisions applicable, and order that the
         proceedings revert to an earlier stage so as to remedy the fact that the applicant did not have the opportunity to correct
         the deficiencies as assignee of the earlier right and/or, at the very least, that the decision be correctly notified to the
         representative of the owner of the earlier right.
      
      11      OHIM contends, in essence, that the Court should:
      
      –        dismiss the application; 
      –        order the applicant to pay the costs.
       Law
      12      The applicant raises, in essence, four pleas in law alleging (i) infringement by the Opposition Division of the obligation
         to state reasons; (ii) infringement both by the Opposition Division and by the Board of Appeal of the rights of the defence
         recognised by Article 73 of Regulation No 40/94 and of other provisions applicable; (iii) infringement by the Board of Appeal
         of the guidelines relating to proceedings before OHIM (‘the OHIM Guidelines’); and (iv) error of assessment with regard to
         the assignment of the earlier right. 
      
      13      The first and second pleas in law must be rejected at the outset in so far as they relate to the Opposition Division’s decision.
         By virtue of Article 63(1) of Regulation No 40/94 (now Article 65(1) of Regulation No 207/2009), actions may be brought before
         the Community judicature only against decisions of the Boards of Appeal. Accordingly, it is only pleas directed against the
         decision of the Board of Appeal itself which are admissible in such an action (Case T‑303/03 Lidl Stiftung v OHIM – REWE-Zentral (Salvita) [2005] ECR II‑1917, paragraph 59).
      
      14      Next, the Court must examine the third plea in so far as the applicant submits, in essence, that, according to the OHIM Guidelines,
         the Board of Appeal was not legally entitled to consider whether the applicant had actually acquired the earlier right relied
         on in support of the opposition.
      
       The third plea in law, alleging infringement of the OHIM Guidelines
       Arguments of the parties
      15      The applicant submits that the Board of Appeal was not entitled to dismiss its appeal as inadmissible on the ground that it
         was not the owner of the right on which the opposition was based. It states that, according to the OHIM Guidelines, in particular
         point A.V.2.5.3 of ‘Part 1: Procedural Matters’ in ‘Part C: Opposition’, if the copy of the registration certificate of the
         trade mark on which an opposition is based mentions as owner a company other than that which filed the opposition, the opposition
         is accepted as admissible on the assumption that the earlier mark was transferred to the opponent before the opposition was
         filed. The applicant takes the view that that presumption ought to be applied in the context of an appeal against an Opposition
         Division decision. 
      
      16      OHIM challenges those arguments.
      
       Findings of the Court
      17      It must be observed that, unlike the situation in which the assignment occurred before the opposition was filed, if the assignment
         of the trade mark relied on occurred after the opposition was filed and before the adoption of OHIM’s final decision, OHIM
         must ensure that the rights of the party which originally filed the opposition or the trade mark application are protected,
         since the purpose of admitting the assignee of the trade mark is to conclude, so far as the aforementioned party is concerned,
         proceedings initiated by that party. Furthermore, the Board of Appeal is required to ensure that the person who brought the
         appeal has locus standi with regard to the Opposition Division’s decision (see, to that effect and by analogy, Case T‑301/03 Canali Ireland v OHIM – Canal Jean (CANAL JEAN CO. NEW YORK) [2005] ECR II‑2479, paragraphs 19 and 20). Consequently, contrary to the applicant’s submission, it must be concluded that
         the OHIM guideline invoked cannot be applied by analogy to the admissibility of an appeal against an Opposition Division decision
         and, moreover, that the Board of Appeal was legally entitled to examine the applicant’s locus standi.
      
      18      In those circumstances, the present plea must be rejected.
      
       The second plea in law, alleging infringement of the rights of the defence recognised by Article 73 of Regulation No 40/94
            and of other provisions applicable in so far as they relate to the contested decision
       Arguments of the parties
      19      The applicant submits that the contested decision was adopted (i) in breach of the applicant’s rights of defence, since it
         is based on an interpretation of the transfer agreement on which the applicant was unable to submit observations, and (ii)
         in breach of other provisions applicable, including Rule 31(6) of Commission Regulation (EC) No 2868/95 of 13 December 1995
         implementing Regulation No 40/94 (OJ 1995 L 303, p. 1), since the applicant did not have the opportunity to correct deficiencies
         in relation to proof of the transfer of the earlier right. 
      
      20      OHIM contends that the Board of Appeal was not in a position to infringe the applicant’s rights of defence since the latter
         was not a party to the proceedings before the Opposition Division. OHIM states, in this respect, that the applicant asked
         to be regarded as such only after 10 August 2007, the date on which those proceedings had come to an end following the expiry
         of the last extension of time for submission of evidence concerning the existence, validity and scope of the earlier right
         invoked, notwithstanding the fact that the decision rejecting the opposition was not delivered until several months later.
         In addition, the applicant produced no evidence of the assignment in its favour of the earlier right relied on in support
         of the opposition. Nor, according to OHIM, did the Board of Appeal infringe Rule 31(6) of Regulation No 2868/95 or other provisions
         applicable, since it could have invited the parties to correct deficiencies identified only if the opposition proceedings
         had not already been concluded. 
      
      21      In any event, OHIM takes the view that, even on the assumption that the applicant’s rights of defence had been infringed,
         that infringement could not result in the annulment of the contested decision since, even if the applicant had been invited
         to submit observations regarding the expiry of the deadline and closure of the opposition proceedings, those proceedings could
         not have resulted in anything other than a rejection of the opposition and the inadmissibility of the appeal. 
      
       Findings of the Court
      22      The applicant submits, in essence, that the Board of Appeal was not entitled to dismiss its appeal as inadmissible without,
         in particular, giving it the opportunity to respond to the doubts as to the sufficiency of the evidence produced by the applicant
         to show that it had acquired the right on which the opposition was based.
      
      23      Rule 31(6) of Regulation No 2868/95 provides, with regard to the transfer of trade marks or of applications for Community
         trade marks, that, where the conditions applicable to the registration of a transfer, which include the obligation to produce
         documents duly establishing that transfer, are not fulfilled, OHIM is required to ‘notify the applicant of the deficiencies’
         and that, ‘[i]f the deficiencies are not remedied within a period specified by [OHIM], it shall reject the application for
         registration of the transfer’.
      
      24      In the absence of a legal provision concerning evidence of the transfer of the earlier national right relied on in support
         of an opposition, the OHIM Guidelines – with which OHIM is, in principle, required to comply (see, to that effect, Case T‑410/07
         Jurado Hermanos v OHIM (JURADO) [2009] ECR II‑1345, paragraph 20) – are based in that respect on the provisions laid down by Rule 31(6) of Regulation No 2868/95.
         Thus, in ‘Part 1: Procedural Matters’ in ‘Part C: Opposition’, those guidelines – which, as the applicant observes in connection
         with its third plea, are applicable in the present case – provide that if the new owner of the earlier national right ‘informs
         [OHIM] of the transfer, but does not submit (sufficient) evidence thereof, the opposition proceedings have to be suspended
         while the new owner is given two months to provide evidence of the transfer’ (point E.VIII.1.3.1). The application of Rule
         31(6) of Regulation No 2868/95 to the assignment of national trade marks cannot be challenged since, where national law makes
         no provision for a procedure for registration of transfers of ownership of registered marks, the examination carried out by
         the Opposition Division or the Board of Appeal in order to check that the transfer of the trade mark relied on in support
         of the opposition actually occurred is, in essence, the same as the examination carried out by the appropriate OHIM departments
         when examining transfer applications relating to Community trade marks. Furthermore, although that procedure specifically
         relates to registered national marks, it must be applied by analogy to the transfer of national non-registered marks, since
         the type of examination to be carried out by OHIM is the same.
      
      25      Finally, under Rule 50(1) of Regulation No 2868/95, the provisions relating to proceedings before the department which has
         made the decision against which the appeal is brought are to be applicable to appeal proceedings mutatis mutandis.
      
      26      In the present case, the Board of Appeal found that the applicant had not been in a position to prove that it was the owner
         of the earlier right and, consequently, that it had not produced proof of its status as a party to the opposition proceedings
         and was not entitled to appeal the Opposition Division’s decision. The Board of Appeal failed, however, contrary to the rules
         referred to above, to give the applicant an opportunity to produce additional evidence of the transfer of the earlier right
         on which it had relied in order to show that it had locus standi.
      
      27      The Court cannot accept OHIM’s arguments seeking to justify this approach taken by the Board of Appeal and asserting that
         the applicant applied to be substituted for the original opponent after the closure of the opposition proceedings. It must
         be observed that, even on the assumption that the substitution application made by the assignee of the earlier national mark
         between closure of the opposition examination procedure and adoption of the Opposition Division’s decision could not be accepted
         and could even be entirely disregarded without specifically being rejected as inadmissible, that circumstance cannot deprive
         that assignee of the right to bring an appeal against the Opposition Division’s decision. As the owner of the trade mark relied
         on in support of the opposition, the assignee necessarily has locus standi with regard to the decision by which the opposition proceedings are concluded (see, to that effect and by analogy, CANAL JEAN CO. NEW YORK, cited in paragraph 17 above, paragraphs 18 and 19), irrespective of whether it made a substitution application to the Opposition
         Division and whether such an application was admissible. While the Board of Appeal is indeed required to satisfy itself that
         the assignee is actually the owner of the earlier mark, its examination must be carried out in accordance with the applicable
         procedural rules, including the OHIM Guidelines.
      
      28      Nor can the Court accept OHIM’s argument that the applicant produced no evidence of the assignment to it of the earlier right
         relied on in support of the opposition. It must be noted that the applicant’s objection is precisely that the Board of Appeal
         ought to have allowed it to comment on the interpretation of the evidence produced or to remedy the insufficiency of that
         evidence.
      
      29      That being the case, the Court must examine OHIM’s argument that the infringement committed by the Board of Appeal cannot,
         in the present case, give rise to annulment of the contested decision since that infringement has no bearing on the substance,
         the opposition having to be rejected in any event on the ground that the original opponent had failed to produce evidence
         of the existence of the earlier right relied on in support of the opposition.
      
      30      It must be noted that it is, admittedly, clear from the case-law that a procedural irregularity can justify the annulment
         of a legislative act only if it is shown that, had it not been for that irregularity, the act might have been substantively
         different (see, to that effect, Case T‑24/01 Staelen v Parliament [2003] ECR-SC I‑A‑79 and II‑423, paragraph 53). In the present case, however, the contested decision dismissed the applicant’s
         appeal as inadmissible, without ruling on the substance of the applicant’s arguments concerning the Opposition Division’s
         decision to reject the opposition. In those circumstances, the fact, invoked by OHIM, that that decision rejecting the opposition
         is, in its view, manifestly correct is irrelevant. It cannot be denied that a decision rejecting an appeal as inadmissible
         does not have the same substance as a decision on the merits. Furthermore, the Court cannot directly examine the legality
         of the Opposition Division’s decision, and thereby examine the arguments which the Board of Appeal did not address, in order
         to ascertain whether the infringement of the procedural rules by the Board of Appeal could have had any influence on the ultimate
         rejection of the opposition (see, to that effect, Case T‑402/07 Kaul v OHIM – Bayer (ARCOL) [2009] ECR II‑737, paragraphs 47 and 49).
      
      31      The present plea must, therefore, be upheld in so far as it concerns the contested decision, and there is no need to consider
         whether the applicant’s rights of defence, considered independently of the provisions referred to above, were infringed.
      
      32      As regards the consequences to be drawn from this, it must be recalled that the applicant requests the Court, in essence,
         principally to amend the contested decision by ruling that its appeal is admissible and, in the alternative, to annul that
         decision.
      
      33      However, even on the assumption that the power to amend decisions is such that the Court could adopt a decision contrary to
         that taken by the Board of Appeal, it cannot, in this instance, make good the infringement committed by the latter. The Court
         cannot properly invite the applicant to put forward additional arguments and evidence concerning the assignment to it of the
         national right relied on in support of the opposition and give a ruling on the admissibility of the appeal before the Board
         of Appeal in the light of that new evidence (see, to that effect, Case C‑29/05 P OHIM v Kaul [2007] ECR I‑2213, paragraph 54, and Case T‑128/01 DaimlerChrysler v OHIM (Grille) [2003] ECR II‑701, paragraph 18). In those circumstances, the Court must annul the contested decision and reject the claim
         for amendment of that decision, without there being any need to examine the fourth plea in law put forward by the applicant.
      
       Costs
      34      Under Article 87(2) of the Rules of Procedure of the General Court, the unsuccessful party is to be ordered to pay the costs
         if they have been applied for in the successful party’s pleadings. In the present case, since OHIM has been essentially unsuccessful
         but the applicant has not applied for costs, each party must be ordered to bear its own costs.
      
      On those grounds,
      THE GENERAL COURT (Fourth Chamber)
      hereby:
      1.      Annuls the decision of the First Board of Appeal of the Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs)
            (OHIM) of 21 January 2009 (Case R 551/2008‑1);
      2.      Dismisses the remainder of the action;
      3.      Orders each party to bear its own costs.
      
               Czúcz 
            
            
               Labucka 
            
            
               O’Higgins
            
         Delivered in open court in Luxembourg on 24 November 2010.
      [Signatures]
      * Language of the case: Spanish.