CELEX: 62007CJ0318
Language: en
Date: 2009-01-27 00:00:00
Title: Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 27 January 2009.#Hein Persche v Finanzamt Lüdenscheid.#Reference for a preliminary ruling: Bundesfinanzhof - Germany.#Free movement of capital - Income tax - Deduction of gifts to bodies recognised as charitable - Deduction restricted to gifts to national bodies - Gifts in kind - Directive 77/799/EEC - Mutual assistance by the competent authorities of the Member States in the field of direct taxation.#Case C-318/07.

Case C-318/07
      Hein Persche
      v
      Finanzamt Lüdenscheid
      (Reference for a preliminary ruling from the Bundesfinanzhof)
      (Free movement of capital – Income tax – Deduction of gifts to bodies recognised as charitable – Deduction restricted to gifts to national bodies – Gifts in kind – Directive 77/799/EEC – Mutual assistance by the competent authorities of the Member States in the field of direct taxation)
      Summary of the Judgment
      1.        Free movement of capital – Provisions of the Treaty – Scope
      (Arts 56 EC and 58 EC)
      2.        Free movement of capital – Restrictions – Tax legislation – Income tax
      (Art. 56 EC)
      1.        Where a taxpayer claims, in a Member State, the deduction for tax purposes of gifts to bodies established and recognised as
         charitable in another Member State, such gifts come within the compass of the Treaty provisions relating to the free movement
         of capital, even if they are made in kind in the form of everyday consumer goods.
      
      Indeed, national legislation can come within the compass of Articles 56 EC to 58 EC even if it concerns the transfer of assets
         which can include both sums of money and movable and immovable property. Like the tax levied on inheritances, the tax treatment
         of gifts in money or in kind therefore comes within the compass of the Treaty provisions on the movement of capital, except
         in cases where the constituent elements of the transactions concerned are confined within a single Member State.
      
      (see paras 26-27, 30, operative part 1)
      2.        Article 56 EC precludes legislation of a Member State by virtue of which, as regards gifts made to bodies recognised as having
         charitable status, the benefit of a deduction for tax purposes is allowed only in respect of gifts made to bodies established
         in that Member State, without any possibility for the taxpayer to show that a gift made to a body established in another Member
         State satisfies the requirements imposed by that legislation for the grant of such a benefit.
      
      Since the possibility of obtaining a deduction for tax purposes can have a significant influence on the donor’s attitude,
         the inability in the Member State of taxation to deduct gifts to bodies recognised as charitable if they are established in
         other Member States is likely to affect the willingness of taxpayers in the former Member State to make gifts for their benefit
         and constitutes, therefore, a restriction on the free movement of capital prohibited, as a rule, by Article 56 EC.
      
      Admittedly, it is permissible for a Member State, as part of its legislation relating to the deduction for tax purposes of
         gifts, to apply a difference in treatment between national bodies recognised as charitable and those established in other
         Member States if the latter bodies pursue objectives other than those advocated by its own legislation. In that regard, it
         is not a requirement under Community law for Member States automatically to confer on foreign bodies recognised as having
         charitable status in their Member State of origin the same status in their own territory. However, a body which is established
         in one Member State but satisfies the requirements imposed for that purpose by another Member State for the grant of tax advantages,
         is, in respect of the grant by the latter Member State of tax advantages intended to encourage the charitable activities concerned,
         in a situation comparable to that of bodies recognised as having charitable purposes which are established in the latter Member
         State.
      
      Furthermore, since nothing prevents the tax authorities of the Member State of taxation from requiring a taxpayer, wishing
         to obtain the deduction for tax purposes for gifts made for the benefit of bodies established in another Member State, to
         provide the relevant evidence, that Member State of taxation cannot invoke the need to safeguard the effectiveness of fiscal
         supervision to justify national legislation which absolutely prevents the taxpayer from producing such evidence. In that context,
         before granting a tax exemption to a body established and recognised as having charitable status in another Member State,
         a Member State is authorised to apply measures enabling it to ascertain in a clear and precise manner whether the body meets
         the conditions imposed by national law in order to be entitled to the exemption and to monitor its effective management. On
         the other hand, any administrative disadvantages arising from the fact that such bodies may be established in another Member
         State are not sufficient to justify a refusal on the part of the authorities of the State concerned to grant such bodies the
         same tax exemptions as are granted to national bodies of the same kind. The same applies in the case of the taxpayer who claims
         a tax deduction in a Member State for a gift to a body established and recognised as charitable in another Member State.
      
      Moreover, the tax authorities concerned may, pursuant to Directive 77/799 concerning mutual assistance by the competent authorities
         of the Member States in the field of direct taxation, call upon the authorities of another Member State in order to obtain
         all the information that may be necessary to effect a correct assessment of a taxpayer’s liability to tax. However, that directive
         does not in any way affect the powers of the competent authorities of the donor’s Member State to assess in particular whether
         the conditions to which that legislation subjects the grant of a tax advantage are fulfilled. Thus, as regards a body established
         and recognised as having charitable status in another Member State, the donor’s Member State must allow identical tax treatment
         to that applied to gifts made to national bodies only if that body satisfies the requirements laid down by the legislation
         of that latter Member State for the grant of tax advantages, among which are the pursuit of objectives identical to those
         promoted by the tax law of that Member State. It is for the competent national authorities, including the national courts,
         to establish whether, under the rules of national law, compliance with the requirements imposed by the donor’s Member State
         for the grant of the tax advantage in question has been proved.
      
      Finally, a Member State cannot exclude the grant of tax advantages for gifts made to a body established and recognised as
         charitable in another Member State on the sole ground that, in relation to such bodies, the tax authorities of the former
         Member State are unable to check, on-the-spot, compliance with the requirements which their tax legislation imposes.
      
      As regards charitable bodies in a non-member country, it is, as a rule, legitimate for the Member State of taxation to refuse
         to grant such a tax advantage if, in particular, because that non-member country is not under any international obligation
         to provide information, it proves impossible to obtain the necessary information from that country.
      
      (see paras 38-39, 47-48, 50, 55-56, 60-61, 63, 66, 70, 72, operative part 2)
JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (Grand Chamber)
      27 January 2009 (*)
      
      (Free movement of capital – Income tax – Deduction of gifts to bodies recognised as charitable – Deduction restricted to gifts to national bodies – Gifts in kind – Directive 77/799/EEC – Mutual assistance by the competent authorities of the Member States in the field of direct taxation)
      In Case C‑318/07,
      REFERENCE for a preliminary ruling under Article 234 EC from the Bundesfinanzhof (Germany), made by decision of 9 July 2007,
         received at the Court on 11 July 2007, in the proceedings
      
      Hein Persche
      v
      Finanzamt Lüdenscheid,
      THE COURT (Grand Chamber),
      composed of V. Skouris, President, P. Jann, A. Rosas, K. Lenaerts (Rapporteur), J.-C. Bonichot and T. von Danwitz, Presidents
         of Chambers, R. Silva de Lapuerta, K. Schiemann, J. Makarczyk, P. Kūris and E. Juhász, Judges,
      
      Advocate General: P. Mengozzi,
      Registrar: B. Fülöp, Administrator,
      having regard to the written procedure and further to the hearing on 17 June 2008,
      after considering the observations submitted on behalf of:
      –        Finanzamt Lüdenscheid, by H. Brandenberg, Leitender Ministerialrat,
      –        the German Government, by M. Lumma and C. Blaschke, acting as Agents,
      –        the Greek Government, by S. Spyropoulos, Z. Chatzipavlou and I. Pouli, acting as Agents,
      –        the Spanish Government, by M. Muñoz Pérez, acting as Agent,
      –        the French Government, by J.-C. Gracia, G. de Bergues and J.‑C. Niollet, acting as Agents,
      –        Ireland, by D. O’Hagan and G. Hogan, acting as Agents, assisted by E. Barrington, BL,
      –        the United Kingdom Government, by I. Rao and R. Hill, acting as Agents,
      –        the Commission of the European Communities, by R. Lyal and W. Mölls, acting as Agents,
      –        the EFTA Surveillance Authority, by P. Bjørgan and I. Hauger, acting as Agents,
      after hearing the Opinion of the Advocate General at the sitting on 14 October 2008,
      gives the following
      Judgment
      1        This reference for a preliminary ruling concerns the interpretation of Articles 56 EC to 58 EC.
      
      2        The reference was made in proceedings between Mr Persche, a tax adviser established in Germany, and Finanzamt Lüdenscheid
         (District Tax Office, Lüdenscheid; ‘the Finanzamt’) regarding the deduction for tax purposes of a gift in kind donated to
         a body in Portugal recognised as being charitable.
      
       Legal framework
       Community legislation
      3        Article 1(1) of Council Directive 77/799/EEC of 19 December 1977 concerning mutual assistance by the competent authorities
         of the Member States in the field of direct taxation (OJ 1977 L 336, p. 15), as amended by the Act concerning the conditions
         of accession of the Republic of Austria, the Republic of Finland and the Kingdom of Sweden and the adjustments to the Treaties
         on which the European Union is founded (OJ 1994 C 241, p. 21, and OJ 1995 L 1, p. 1), (‘Directive 77/799’) provides:
      
      ‘In accordance with the provisions of this Directive the competent authorities of the Member States shall exchange any information
         that may enable them to effect a correct assessment of taxes on income and on capital …’
      
      4        Article 2(1) of Directive 77/799 provides:
      
      ‘The competent authority of a Member State may request the competent authority of another Member State to forward the information
         referred to in Article 1(1) in a particular case. The competent authority of the requested State need not comply with the
         request if it appears that the competent authority of the State making the request has not exhausted its own usual sources
         of information, which it could have utilised, according to the circumstances, to obtain the information requested without
         running the risk of endangering the attainment of the sought after result.’
      
       National legislation
      5        Under Paragraph 10b(1) of the German Law on Income Tax (Einkommensteuergesetz; ‘the EStG’), taxpayers may deduct, from the
         total amount of their income, as exceptional deductible expenses up to certain limits, expenditure which promotes benevolent,
         church, religious or scientific charitable purposes, and purposes recognised as particularly worthy of support. Under Paragraph
         10(b)(3) of the EStG, such right to deduct applies also to donations in kind.
      
      6        Under Paragraph 49 of the Regulations implementing Income Tax (Einkommensteuer-Durchführungsverordnung; ‘the EStDV’), donations
         are deductible for tax purposes only if the recipient is a resident legal person governed by public law, a resident public
         office, a corporation, an unincorporated association or a fund listed in Paragraph 5(1)(9) of the Law on Corporation Tax (Körperschaftsteuergesetz;
         ‘the KStG’). This latter provision defines all the bodies, that is to say the corporations, unincorporated associations and
         funds which are exempt from corporation tax, namely those which, in terms of their statutes and in the way they actually conduct
         their operations, pursue exclusively and directly charitable, benevolent or church purposes. However, Paragraph 5(2)(2) of
         the KStG provides that that exemption applies only to bodies established in Germany.
      
      7        Paragraph 50(1) of the EStDV provides that, subject to special provisions relating to donations of up to EUR 100 in value,
         donations in the sense of Paragraph 10b of the EStG may be deducted only if supported by an official form completed by the
         recipient body. For the purposes of the donor’s assessment to income tax, that form is sufficient evidence that the recipient
         of the gift satisfies the statutory requirements. Thus it is not for the tax authority responsible for assessing the donor
         to tax to check the recipient body’s compliance with the requirements for entitlement to the exemption from corporation tax.
      
      8        Paragraphs 51 to 68 of the German Regulations on Taxes (Abgabenordnung; ‘the AO’) define the purposes which a body must pursue
         and the manner in which those purposes must be pursued in order to benefit from the tax exemption.
      
      9        Under Paragraph 52(1) and (2)(2) of the AO, a body carries on its activities for charitable purposes if its activities are
         intended to promote the interests of the general public, for example by supporting children or old people. In accordance with
         Paragraph 55(1)(1) and (5) of the AO, the body must act altruistically, which means, for example, that its assets must be
         used exclusively and immediately for purposes treated favourably by tax law and not for the benefit of its members. Under
         Paragraph 59 of the AO, such a body is entitled to tax advantages only if its statutes show that it pursues exclusively and
         directly purposes that satisfy the requirements of Paragraphs 52 to 55 of the AO.
      
      10      Under Paragraph 63(3) of the AO, such a body is required to establish, by accounting regularly for its receipts and expenditure,
         that its activities are actually conducted with a view to fulfilling exclusively and directly purposes which are treated favourably
         by tax law. In the case of gifts in kind, the second sentence of Paragraph 50(4) of the EStDV requires the recipient body
         to retain documentary evidence of the value of the gift which it declares.
      
      11      Under Paragraph 193 et seq. of the AO, whether the way a body actually conducts its operations complies with its statutes
         and whether its assets are used altruistically and immediately, can be verified by an on-the-spot inspection. If the body
         satisfies the requirements for entitlement to the tax exemption, it may issue donation certificates for the donations it receives,
         using the form prescribed for that purpose. If a body completes an incorrect donation certificate, whether deliberately or
         recklessly, it is liable, under the second sentence of Paragraph 10b(4) of the EStG, for the ensuing loss of tax revenue.
      
       The dispute in the main proceedings and the questions referred for a preliminary ruling
      12      In his tax return for 2003, Mr Persche claimed the deduction, as an exceptional deductible expense, of a gift of bed-linen
         and towels, and also zimmer-frames and toy cars for children, which he made to the Centro Popular de Lagoa (Portugal, ‘the
         centre’) in a total value of EUR 18 180. The centre is a retirement home to which a children’s home has been added, situated
         in an area where the appellant in the main proceedings owns a house.
      
      13      Mr Persche enclosed with his tax return a document dated 31 July 2003 by which the centre confirmed receipt of that donation,
         and a declaration dated 21 March 2001 by the Director of the Faro (Portugal) District Centre for Solidarity and Social Security
         that in 1982 the centre was registered as a private social solidarity body with the General Directorate of Social Services
         and that it was accordingly entitled to all exemptions and tax benefits conferred by Portuguese law on charitable bodies.
         The appellant in the main proceedings submits that the original donation certificate is sufficient under Portguese law to
         entitle him to a deduction for tax purposes. 
      
      14      By its assessment for 2003, the Finanzamt refused the deduction claimed. It also rejected, as unfounded, the objection lodged
         against that assessment by the appellant in the main proceedings. The appeal which he brought before the Finanzgericht Münster
         (District Tax Court, Münster) was also unsuccessful. The appellant in the main proceedings subsequently lodged an appeal on
         a point of law before the Bundesfinanzhof.
      
      15      In its order for reference, that court points out that the Finanzamt had to disallow the deduction of the gift in question
         since, under German law, the recipient of the gift was not established in Germany and the taxpayer had not provided a donation
         certificate in proper form. The referring court is uncertain, however, whether a gift of everyday consumer goods falls within
         the scope of application of Articles 56 EC to 58 EC and, if so, whether those articles preclude a Member State from allowing
         the deduction for tax purposes of such a gift only if the recipient is established in its national territory.
      
      16      In that regard, the referring court observes that the Court of Justice acknowledged, in its judgment in Case C‑386/04 Centro di Musicologia Walter Stauffer [2006] ECR I‑8203, that it is for the Member States to determine what are the interests of the general public they wish to promote by granting
         tax benefits, relying on the view of the national court in that case that the promotion of those interests, within the meaning
         of Paragraph 52 of the AO, does not mean that such measures have to benefit German nationals or residents. However, in the
         main proceedings, the referring court states that, in German law, that view is disputed.
      
      17      The national court then notes that, in paragraph 49 of its judgment in Centro di Musicologia Walter Stauffer, cited above, the Court held that a Member State cannot invoke the requirement for effective fiscal supervision to justify
         a refusal to grant an exemption to a foundation established in another Member State since the former Member State may always
         require the foundation to provide the relevant supporting evidence. In that regard, the national court points out that, according
         to the case-law of the Bundesverfassungsgericht, for reasons of equal tax treatment, a tax assessment cannot depend solely
         on a declaration of, and information provided by, the taxable person, and the declaration procedure must be supplemented by
         on-the-spot inspections.
      
      18      Against that background, the national court is uncertain, first, whether the mutual assistance required by Directive 77/799
         can constrain the authorities of the Member State in which the body in question is established to carry out an on‑the‑spot
         inspection and, secondly, even if that were possible, whether it would not be contrary to the principle of proportionality
         to require the German tax authorities, in circumstances such as those of the main proceedings, to carry out checks as to the
         nature of the recipient bodies in order to determine the deductibility for tax purposes of gifts made to them, whatever the
         value of those gifts.
      
      19      In those circumstances, the Bundesfinanzhof decided to stay the proceedings and to refer the following questions to the Court
         for a preliminary ruling: 
      
      ‘1.      Do donations [in kind] of everyday [consumer] goods by a national of a Member State to bodies which have their seat in a different
         Member State and, under the law of that Member State, are recognised as charitable, fall within the scope of the principle
         of free movement of capital (Article 56 EC)? 
      
      2.      If question 1 is answered in the affirmative:
      Having regard to the obligation of tax authorities to verify statements made by taxable persons and to the principle of proportionality
         (third paragraph of Article 5 EC), is it incompatible with the principle of free movement of capital (Article 56 EC) for the
         law of a Member State to confer a tax benefit on donations to charitable bodies only if the latter are resident in that Member
         State? 
      
      3.      If question 2 is answered in the affirmative: 
      Does Directive 77/799 … impose an obligation on the tax authorities of Member States to obtain assistance from the administrative
         authorities of another Member State in order to verify facts which have occurred in that other Member State, or can the procedural
         rules of a taxable person’s home Member State require him to bear the burden of proof (objective burden of proof) in relation
         to facts which have occurred abroad?’
      
       The questions referred for a preliminary ruling
       The first question
      20      By its first question, the national court asks, in essence, whether, where a taxpayer claims, in a Member State, the deduction
         for tax purposes of gifts to bodies established and recognised as charitable in another Member State, such gifts come within
         the compass of the provisions of the EC Treaty relating to the free movement of capital, even if they are made in kind in
         the form of everyday consumer goods.
      
      21      In their observations, the Finanzamt, the German, Spanish and French Governments, as well as Ireland maintain that those provisions
         cover only capital movements made for the purposes of an economic activity and not gifts made for altruistic motives to bodies
         which are not managed to enrich themselves and whose activities must not be profit-making. The Greek Government, for its part,
         submits that transfers, not made for the purposes of investment, of everyday consumer goods which do not constitute means
         of payment come exclusively within the scope of the free movement of goods.
      
      22      The Commission of the European Communities and the EFTA Surveillance Authority submit, for their parts, that gifts in kind
         to charitable bodies established in a Member State other than that responsible for the taxation of the donor are covered by
         Articles 56 EC to 58 EC.
      
      23      It is to be noted that Article 56(1) EC lays down a general prohibition on restrictions on the movement of capital between
         Member States.
      
      24      In the absence of a definition in the Treaty of ‘movement of capital’ for the purposes of Article 56(1) EC, the Court has
         previously recognised the nomenclature annexed to Council Directive 88/361/EEC of 24 June 1988 for the implementation of Article
         67 of the Treaty [an article repealed by the Treaty of Amsterdam] (OJ 1988 L 178, p. 5) as having indicative value, even though
         that directive was adopted on the basis of Articles 69 and 70(1) of the EEC Treaty (Articles 67 to 73 of the EEC Treaty were
         replaced by Articles 73B to 73G of the EC Treaty, now Articles 56 EC to 60 EC), subject to the qualification, contained in
         the introduction to the nomenclature, that the list set out therein is not exhaustive (see, in particular, Case C‑513/03 van Hilten‑van der Heijden [2006] ECR I‑1957, paragraph 39; Centrodi Musicologia Walter Stauffer, paragraph 22; and Case C‑11/07 Eckelkamp [2008] ECR I‑0000, paragraph 38). Gifts and endowments are listed under Heading XI, entitled ‘Personal capital movements’
         in Annex I to Directive 88/361.
      
      25      Where a taxpayer of a Member State seeks the deduction for tax purposes of a sum reflecting the value of gifts to third persons
         resident in another Member State, it does not matter, in order to determine whether the national legislation in question is
         covered by the Treaty provisions on the movement of capital, whether the underlying gifts were made in money or in kind.
      
      26      Indeed, the reference, under Heading XI in Annex I to Directive 88/361, to inheritances and legacies shows that, in order
         to determine whether the tax treatment by a Member State of certain transactions is covered by the provisions on the free
         movement of capital, there is no need to distinguish between transactions effected in money and those effected in kind. Thus,
         the Court has noted that inheritances consist in the transfer to one or more persons of assets left by a deceased person or,
         in other words, a transfer to the heirs of ownership of the various items of property and rights which make up those assets
         (see, particularly, van Hilten‑van der Heijden, cited above, paragraph 42, and Eckelkamp, cited above, paragraph 39). It follows that national legislation can come within the compass of Articles 56 EC to 58 EC
         even if it concerns the transfer of assets which can include both sums of money and movable and immovable property.
      
      27      Like the tax levied on inheritances, the tax treatment of gifts in money or in kind therefore comes within the compass of
         the Treaty provisions on the movement of capital, except in cases where the constituent elements of the transactions concerned
         are confined within a single Member State (see, to that effect, Eckelkamp, paragraph 39 and the case-law cited).
      
      28      As regards the question whether, as the Greek Government argues, a gift of consumer goods should not rather come within the
         scope of the Treaty provisions on the free movement of goods, it must be noted that, according to well established case-law,
         in order to determine whether national legislation falls within the scope of one or other of the freedoms of movement, the
         purpose of the legislation concerned must be taken into consideration (see, particularly, Case C‑157/05 Holböck [2007] ECR I‑4051, paragraph 22 and the case-law cited).
      
      29      In that regard, it is sufficient to point out that the national legislation in question in the main proceedings excludes the
         deduction of gifts made to bodies established in other Member States irrespective of whether those gifts are made in money
         or in kind, and, in the case of gifts in kind, of the place of purchase of the goods donated. It is therefore not in the least
         apparent from the purpose of that legislation that it comes within the compass of the Treaty provisions on the free movement
         of goods rather than those on the free movement of capital.
      
      30      Therefore, the answer to the first question referred is that, where a taxpayer claims, in a Member State, the deduction for
         tax purposes of gifts to bodies established and recognised as charitable in another Member State, such gifts come within the
         compass of the provisions of the Treaty relating to the free movement of capital, even if they are made in kind in the form
         of everyday consumer goods.
      
       The second and third questions
      31      By its second and third questions, with which it is appropriate to deal together, the national court asks, in essence, whether
         Article 56 EC precludes legislation of a Member State which allows the benefit of a deduction for tax purposes only for gifts
         made in favour of charitable bodies established in that State, having regard to the fact that the tax authorities of that
         Member State must be able to verify the taxpayer’s declarations and cannot be required to act in breach of the principle of
         proportionality. That court is uncertain, in that context, whether Directive 77/799 requires those tax authorities to have
         recourse to the assistance of the competent authorities of the recipient body’s Member State of establishment to obtain the
         necessary information or whether, on the other hand, the said tax authorities may require the taxpayer himself to provide
         all the necessary evidence.
      
      32      In that regard, the Finanzamt, the German, Spanish and French Governments, as well as Ireland and the United Kingdom Government,
         maintain that it is not contrary to the Treaty provisions on the free movement of capital that a Member State provides for
         the deduction for tax purposes of gifts only if they benefit bodies located in that State. First of all, national charitable
         bodies and those established abroad are not in a comparable situation for the purposes of Article 58(1)(a) EC. In addition,
         the restriction of tax advantages to gifts made to national charitable bodies is, in their submission, justified by the need
         to guarantee the effectiveness of fiscal supervision.
      
      33      The German and United Kingdom Governments submit that, in the case of a gift by a taxpayer to a body established in another
         Member State, the Member State of taxation of the donor (‘the donor’s Member State’) is not obliged to procure the information
         necessary to assess the donor to tax either by its own means or through the mechanism of mutual assistance under Directive
         77/799.
      
      34      The German Government, Ireland and the United Kingdom Government submit, that would, in any event, be contrary to the principle
         of proportionality to constrain the donor’s Member State to verify compliance with the requirements imposed on charitable
         bodies, or to have it verified, for each gift made by a taxpayer to bodies situated in one or more other Member States, and
         that that is so whatever the value of the gift or gifts donated.
      
      35      By contrast, the Commission and the EFTA Surveillance Authority submit that the national legislation in question in the main
         proceedings constitutes a restriction on the free movement of capital and cannot be justified by the need to safeguard the
         effectiveness of fiscal supervision. 
      
      36      In the Commission’s submission, even if Directive 77/799 itself does not require a Member State to have recourse to the assistance
         of another Member State in order to inform itself of a fact, the evidence of which is in that other Member State, the former
         State would however be required, within the scope of application of Article 56 EC, to have recourse to the possibilities offered
         by that directive in order to exclude any less favourable treatment of cross-border situations as compared to purely internal
         situations. The EFTA Surveillance Authority, for its part, submits that, even if the taxpayer seeking a tax advantage can
         be required to provide the necessary evidence, the tax authorities cannot refuse that advantage because of doubts as to the
         authenticity of the information provided without having had recourse to the other means available to obtain or verify that
         information.
      
      37      In the present case, the German legislation provides for the deduction for tax purposes of gifts to charitable bodies situated
         in Germany which satisfy the other requirements laid down by that legislation, whilst excluding that tax advantage for gifts
         to bodies established and recognised as charitable in another Member State.
      
      38      As the Advocate General pointed out in paragraphs 47 and 48 of his Opinion, since the possibility of obtaining a deduction
         for tax purposes can have a significant influence on the donor’s attitude, the inability in Germany to deduct gifts to bodies
         recognised as charitable if they are established in other Member States is likely to affect the willingness of German taxpayers
         to make gifts for their benefit.
      
      39      Such legislation constitutes, therefore, a restriction on the free movement of capital prohibited, as a rule, by Article 56
         EC.
      
      40      It is true that, under Article 58(1)(a) EC, Article 56 EC is without prejudice to the right of Member States to distinguish,
         in their tax law, between taxpayers who are not in the same situation with regard to the place where their capital is invested.
      
      41      However, it is important to distinguish unequal treatment permitted under Article 58(1)(a) EC from arbitrary discrimination
         or disguised restrictions prohibited under Article 58(3) EC. Indeed, for national tax legislation such as that at issue in
         the main proceedings, which distinguishes between national bodies and those established in another Member State, to be regarded
         as compatible with the Treaty provisions on the free movement of capital, the difference in treatment must concern situations
         which are not objectively comparable or it must be justified by an overriding reason in the public interest, such as the need
         to safeguard effective fiscal supervision. In order to be justified, moreover, the difference in treatment must not go beyond
         what is necessary in order to attain the objective of the legislation in question (see, to that effect, Centro di Musicologia Walter Stauffer, paragraph 32 and the case-law cited).
      
       The comparability of national bodies recognised as being charitable with those established in another Member State 
      42      The German, Spanish and French Governments, as well as Ireland and the United Kingdom Government point out that gifts to national
         bodies and those in favour of bodies established in another Member State are not comparable in the sense that the Member States
         concerned, first, may apply different concepts of benevolence as well as different requirements for recognition of acts of
         benevolence and, second, they are not in a position to monitor compliance with the requirements they impose other than in
         relation to national bodies. The German, Spanish and French Governments add that if a Member State abstains from levying certain
         tax revenue by exempting gifts made for the benefit of charitable bodies established in that State, that is because such bodies
         absolve that Member State of certain charitable tasks which it would otherwise have to fulfil itself using tax revenues.
      
      43      At the outset, it is appropriate to point out that it is for each Member State to determine whether, in order to encourage
         certain activities recognised as being charitable, it will provide for tax advantages in favour of both public and private
         bodies which concern themselves with those activities and taxpayers who make them gifts.
      
      44      Whilst it is lawful for a Member State to restrict the grant of tax advantages to bodies pursuing certain of its charitable
         purposes (see, to that effect, Centro di Musicologia Walter Stauffer, paragraph 57), a Member State cannot however restrict the benefit of such advantages only to bodies established in that
         State whose activities are thus capable of absolving it of some of its responsibilities.
      
      45      Admittedly, by encouraging taxpayers, with the prospect of a tax deduction for gifts made to bodies recognised as charitable
         in support of their activities, a Member State encourages such bodies to develop charitable activities for which, usually,
         it would or could take responsibility itself. It is conceivable, therefore, that national legislation providing for a deduction
         for tax purposes of gifts for the benefit of charitable bodies could encourage such bodies to substitute themselves for the
         public authorities in assuming certain responsibilities, and that such assumption could lead to a reduction of the expenses
         of the Member State concerned capable of compensating, at least partly, for its decreased tax revenues resulting from the
         right to deduct gifts.
      
      46      However, it does not follow that a Member State can introduce a difference in treatment, in respect of the deduction for tax
         purposes of gifts, between national bodies recognised as being charitable and those established in another Member State on
         the grounds that gifts made for the benefit of the latter, even if their activities are among the purposes of the legislation
         of the former Member State, cannot lead to such budgetary compensation. It is settled case-law that the need to prevent the
         reduction of tax revenues is neither among the objectives stated in Article 58 EC nor an overriding reason in the public interest
         capable of justifying a restriction on a freedom instituted by the Treaty (see, to that effect, Case C‑319/02 Manninen [2004] ECR I-7477, paragraph 49, and Centro di Musicologia Walter Stauffer, paragraph 59; see, by analogy, as regards the freedom to supply services, Case C‑136/00 Danner [2002] ECR I-8147, paragraph 56, and Case C‑76/05 Schwarz and Gootjes-Schwarz [2007] ECR I‑6849, paragraph 77).
      
      47      Conversely, it is permissible for a Member State, as part of its legislation relating to the deduction for tax purposes of
         gifts, to apply a difference in treatment between national bodies recognised as charitable and those established in other
         Member States if the latter bodies pursue objectives other than those advocated by its own legislation.
      
      48      As the Court held in paragraph 39 of the judgment in Centro di Musicologia Walter Stauffer, it is not a requirement under Community law for Member States automatically to confer on foreign bodies recognised as having
         charitable status in their Member State of origin the same status in their own territory. Member States have a discretion
         in this regard that they must exercise in accordance with Community law. In those circumstances, they are free to define the
         interests of the general public that they wish to promote by granting benefits to associations and bodies which pursue objects
         linked to such interests in a disinterested manner and comply with the requirements relating to the implementation of those
         objects.
      
      49      The fact remains that where a body recognised as having charitable status in one Member State satisfies the requirements imposed
         for that purpose by the law of another Member State and where its object is to promote the very same interests of the general
         public, so that it would be likely to be recognised as having charitable status in the latter Member State, which it is a
         matter for the national authorities of that same Member State, including its courts, to determine, the authorities of that
         Member State cannot deny that body the right to equal treatment solely on the ground that it is not established in that Member
         State (see, to that effect, Centro di Musicologia Walter Stauffer, paragraph 40; see, by analogy, as regards the freedom to provide services, Schwarz and Gootjes-Schwarz, cited above, paragraph 81).
      
      50      Contrary to what the Governments which have submitted observations maintain in that regard, a body which is established in
         one Member State but satisfies the requirements imposed for that purpose by another Member State for the grant of tax advantages,
         is, in respect of the grant by the latter Member State of tax advantages intended to encourage the charitable activities concerned,
         in a situation comparable to that of bodies recognised as having charitable purposes which are established in the latter Member
         State.
      
       The justification based on the need to safeguard the effectiveness of fiscal supervision
      51      Contrary to what the Governments having lodged observations maintain, the exclusion of the deduction for tax purposes for
         gifts to bodies established and recognised as charitable in a Member other than the donor’s Member State cannot be justified
         by the difficulty, for the donor’s Member State, of verifying whether such bodies actually satisfy the statutory objectives
         for the purposes of its national legislation or by the necessity of monitoring the actual running of those bodies.
      
      52      Admittedly, the need to guarantee the effectiveness of fiscal supervision constitutes an overriding reason in the public interest
         capable of justifying a restriction on the exercise of the freedoms of movement guaranteed by the Treaty. However, for a restrictive
         measure to be justified, it must comply with the principle of proportionality, in that it must be appropriate for securing
         the attainment of the objective it pursues and must not go beyond what is necessary to attain it (Case C‑101/05 A [2007] ECR I‑11531, paragraphs 55 and 56, and the case‑law cited).
      
      53      In that context, the Court has decided that the possibility cannot be excluded a priori that the taxpayer is able to provide
         relevant documentary evidence enabling the tax authorities of the Member State of taxation to ascertain, clearly and precisely,
         the nature and genuineness of the expenditure incurred in other Member States (see Case C‑254/97 Baxter and Others [1999] ECR I‑4809, paragraph 20, and Case C‑39/04 Laboratoires Fournier [2005] ECR I‑2057, paragraph 25).
      
      54      Nothing would prevent the tax authorities concerned from requiring the taxpayer to provide such proof as they may consider
         necessary in order to determine whether the conditions for deducting expenses provided for in the legislation at issue have
         been met and, consequently, whether to allow the deduction requested (see, to that effect, Danner, cited above, paragraph 50, and Case C‑422/01 Skandia and Ramstedt [2003] ECR I‑6817, paragraph 43).
      
      55      In the light of the principles extracted by the Court in paragraph 48 of the judgment in Centro di Musicologia Walter Stauffer, before granting a tax exemption to a body established and recognised as having charitable status in another Member State,
         a Member State is authorised to apply measures enabling it to ascertain in a clear and precise manner whether the body meets
         the conditions imposed by national law in order to be entitled to the exemption and to monitor its effective management, for
         example, by requiring the submission of annual accounts and an activity report. Any administrative disadvantages arising from
         the fact that such bodies may be established in another Member State are not sufficient to justify a refusal on the part of
         the authorities of the State concerned to grant such bodies the same tax exemptions as are granted to national bodies of the
         same kind.
      
      56      The same applies in the case of the taxpayer who claims a tax deduction in a Member State for a gift to a body established
         and recognised as charitable in another Member State, even if, in such circumstances, and contrary to what was the case in
         Centro di Musicologia Walter Stauffer, the taxpayer from whom the tax authorities have to obtain the necessary information is not the body which received the gift
         but, indeed, the actual donor.
      
      57      Whilst it is true that, in contrast to such a recipient body, the donor does not himself have all the information necessary
         for the tax authorities to verify whether that body satisfies the conditions required by the national legislation for the
         grant of tax advantages, particularly those relating to the manner in which the funds paid are managed, it is usually possible,
         for a donor, to obtain from that body documents confirming the amount and nature of the gift made, identifying the objectives
         pursued by the body and certifying the propriety of the management of the gifts which were made to it during previous years.
      
      58      In that regard, declarations by a body which fulfils, in its Member State of establishment, the requirements of the law of
         that Member State for the grant of tax advantages, cannot be left out of consideration, particularly if that legislation makes
         the grant of tax advantages intended to encourage charitable activities subject to identical requirements.
      
      59      As regards the administrative burden which the preparation of such documents may entail for the bodies concerned, it is sufficient
         to point out that it is for those bodies to decide whether they consider it opportune to invest resources in the establishment,
         distribution and possible translation of documents addressed to donors established in other Member States desirous of benefiting
         from tax advantages there.
      
      60      Since nothing prevents the tax authorities of the Member State of taxation from requiring a taxpayer, wishing to obtain the
         deduction for tax purposes for gifts made for the benefit of bodies established in another Member State, to provide the relevant
         evidence, that Member State of taxation cannot invoke the need to safeguard the effectiveness of fiscal supervision to justify
         national legislation which absolutely prevents the taxpayer from producing such evidence.
      
      61      Moreover, the tax authorities concerned may, pursuant to Directive 77/799, call upon the authorities of another Member State
         in order to obtain all the information that may be necessary to effect a correct assessment of a taxpayer’s liability to tax
         (Centro di Musicologia Walter Stauffer, paragraph 50). That directive provides, with a view to preventing tax evasion, for the possibility of national tax authorities
         requesting information which they cannot obtain for themselves (Case C‑184/05 Twoh International [2007] ECR I‑7897, paragraph 32).
      
      62      Contrary to the submissions of Ireland and the United Kingdom Government, a request by the tax authorities of a Member State
         for information concerning a body established in another Member State, in order to determine whether a gift made to that body
         can benefit from a tax advantage, is by no means outside the scope of Directive 77/799. The information which Directive 77/799
         allows the competent authorities of a Member State to request is in fact all the information which appears to them to be necessary
         in order to ascertain the correct amount of tax in relation to the legislation which they have to apply themselves (Twoh International, cited above, paragraph 36). The information required in order to supplement that which a taxpayer has provided to the tax
         authorities of a Member State in order to obtain a tax advantage constitutes information capable of enabling each competent
         authority of the Member States concerned to effect a correct assessment of the income tax in a particular case within the
         meaning of Articles 1(1) and 2(1) of Directive 77/799.
      
      63      However, Directive 77/799 does not in any way affect the powers of the competent authorities of the donor’s Member State to
         assess in particular whether the conditions to which that legislation subjects the grant of a tax advantage are fulfilled
         (see, to that effect, Twoh International, paragraph 36). Thus, as regards a body established and recognised as having charitable status in another Member State, the
         donor’s Member State must allow identical tax treatment to that applied to gifts made to national bodies only if that body
         satisfies the requirements laid down by the legislation of that latter Member State for the grant of tax advantages, among
         which are the pursuit of objectives identical to those promoted by the tax law of that Member State. It is for the competent
         national authorities, including the national courts, to establish whether, under the rules of national law, compliance with
         the requirements imposed by the donor’s Member State for the grant of the tax advantage in question has been proved.
      
      64      Furthermore, Directive 77/799 does not require the donor’s Member State to have recourse to the mechanism of mutual assistance
         under that directive each time that the information provided by that donor is not sufficient to establish whether the recipient
         body fulfils the conditions laid down by the national legislation for the grant of tax advantages.
      
      65      Since Directive 77/799 provides for the possibility of national tax authorities requesting information which they cannot obtain
         for themselves, the Court has ruled that the use, in Article 2(1) of Directive 77/799, of the word ‘may’ indicates that, whilst
         those authorities have the possibility of requesting information from the competent authority of another Member State, such
         a request does not in any way constitute an obligation. It is for each Member State to assess the specific cases in which
         information concerning transactions by taxable persons in its territory is lacking and to decide whether those cases justify
         submitting a request for information to another Member State (Twoh International, paragraph 32).
      
      66      Finally, a Member State cannot exclude the grant of tax advantages for gifts made to a body established and recognised as
         charitable in another Member State on the sole ground that, in relation to such bodies, the tax authorities of the former
         Member State are unable to check, on-the-spot, compliance with the requirements which their tax legislation imposes.
      
      67      In fact, as the German Government explained at the hearing, even in relation to national charitable bodies, an on-the-spot
         inspection is not usually required since the monitoring of compliance with the conditions imposed by the national legislation
         is carried out, generally, by checking the information provided by those bodies.
      
      68      In addition, where the Member State of establishment of the recipient body has a system of tax advantages intended to support
         the activities of charitable bodies, it will normally be sufficient for the donor’s Member State to be informed by the other
         Member State, within the framework of mutual assistance under Directive 77/799, of the subject matter and detailed arrangements
         for the supervision to which such bodies are subject, for tax authorities of the Member State of taxation to be able to identify,
         with sufficient precision, the additional information which they need to verify whether the recipient body fulfils the conditions
         imposed by the national legislation for the grant of tax advantages.
      
      69      Indeed, even if it proves difficult to verify the information provided by the taxpayer, in particular due to the limited nature
         of the exchange of information provided for by Article 8 of Directive 77/799, nothing prevents the tax authorities concerned
         refusing the deduction applied for if the evidence that they consider they need to effect a correct assessment of the tax
         is not supplied (see, to that effect, Case C-204/90 Bachmann [1992] ECR I‑249, paragraph 20; Case C‑451/05 ELISA [2007] ECR I-8251, paragraph 95; and A, cited above, paragraph 58).
      
      70      As regards charitable bodies in a non-member country, it must be added that it is, as a rule, legitimate for the Member State
         of taxation to refuse to grant such a tax advantage if, in particular, because that non-member country is not under any international
         obligation to provide information, it proves impossible to obtain the necessary information from that country (see, to that
         effect, A, paragraph 63).
      
      71      In those circumstances, the argument of the German Government, Ireland and the United Kingdom Government must be rejected
         whereby it is contrary to the principle of proportionality to constrain the donor’s Member State, when a taxpayer claims the
         benefit of a deduction for gifts which he has made to bodies established in another Member State, to verify or to have verified
         compliance with the conditions imposed on national charitable bodies.
      
      72      Therefore, the answer to the second and third questions is that Article 56 EC precludes legislation of a Member State by virtue
         of which, as regards gifts made to bodies recognised as having charitable status, the benefit of a deduction for tax purposes
         is allowed only in respect of gifts made to bodies established in that Member State, without any possibility for the taxpayer
         to show that a gift made to a body established in another Member State satisfies the requirements imposed by that legislation
         for the grant of such a benefit.
      
       Costs
      73      Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action pending before the national court,
         the decision on costs is a matter for that court. Costs incurred in submitting observations to the Court, other than the costs
         of those parties, are not recoverable.
      
      On those grounds, the Court (Grand Chamber) hereby rules:
      1.      Where a taxpayer claims, in a Member State, the deduction for tax purposes of gifts to bodies established and recognised as
            charitable in another Member State, such gifts come within the compass of the provisions of the EC Treaty relating to the
            free movement of capital, even if they are made in kind in the form of everyday consumer goods.
      2.      Article 56 EC precludes legislation of a Member State by virtue of which, as regards gifts made to bodies recognised as having
            charitable status, the benefit of a deduction for tax purposes is allowed only in respect of gifts made to bodies established
            in that Member State, without any possibility for the taxpayer to show that a gift made to a body established in another Member
            State satisfies the requirements imposed by that legislation for the grant of such a benefit.
      [Signatures]
      * Language of the case: German.