CELEX: 32020M9669
Language: en
Date: 2020-10-06 00:00:00
Title: Commission Decision of 06/10/2020 declaring a concentration to be compatible with the common market (Case No COMP/M.9669 - PPF GROUP / CENTRAL EUROPEAN MEDIA ENTERPRISES) according to Council Regulation (EC) No 139/2004 (Only the English text is authentic)

EUROPEAN COMMISSION
                                                                Brussels, 06.10.2020
                                                                C(2020) 6968 final
                                                                                 PUBLIC VERSION
                                                                 In the published version of this decision,
                                                                 some information has been omitted
                                                                 pursuant to Article 17(2) of Council
                                                                 Regulation (EC) No 139/2004 concerning
                                                                 non-disclosure of business secrets and
                                                                 other confidential information. The
                                                                 omissions are shown thus […]. Where
                                                                 possible the information omitted has been
                                                                 replaced by ranges of figures or a general
                                                                 description.
                                                                To the notifying party
Subject:            Case M.9669 – PPF GROUP / CENTRAL EUROPEAN MEDIA
                    ENTERPRISES
                    Commission decision pursuant to Article 6(1)(b) of Council Regulation
                    No 139/20041 and Article 57 of the Agreement on the European Economic
                    Area2
Dear Sir or Madam,
(1)       On 1 September 2020, the European Commission received notification of a proposed
          concentration pursuant to Article 4 of the Merger Regulation by which PPF Group
          N.V. ("PPF" or the "Notifying Party", Netherlands) proposes to acquire within the
          meaning of Article 3(1)(b) of the Merger Regulation sole control of the whole of
          Central European Media Enterprises Ltd. ("CME", Bermuda) (the “Transaction”).3.
          PPF and CME are collectively referred to as the "Parties".
1    OJ L 24, 29.1.2004, p. 1 (the “Merger Regulation”). With effect from 1 December 2009, the Treaty on the
     Functioning of the European Union (“TFEU”) has introduced certain changes, such as the replacement of
     “Community” by “Union” and “common market” by “internal market”. The terminology of the TFEU will
     be used throughout this decision.
2    OJ L 1, 3.1.1994, p. 3 (the “EEA Agreement”).
3    Publication in the Official Journal of the European Union No C 299, 09.09.2020, p. 11.
Commission européenne, DG COMP MERGER REGISTRY, 1049 Bruxelles, BELGIQUE
Europese Commissie, DG COMP MERGER REGISTRY, 1049 Brussel, BELGIË
Tel: +32 229-91111. Fax: +32 229-64301. E-mail: COMP-MERGER-REGISTRY@ec.europa.eu.
 ---pagebreak--- 1.  THE PARTIES
(2) PPF is a multinational finance and investment group focusing on financial services,
    consumer finance, telecommunications, biotechnology, retail services, real estate and
    agriculture. Through its subsidiaries (namely, O2 CR and CETIN in Czechia, O2 SK
    in Slovakia and Telenor in Bulgaria), PPF is active in the audio-visual and
    telecommunications sectors. Its activities include: (i) the acquisition of broadcasting
    rights to sport events in Czechia and Slovakia; (ii) the wholesale supply of TV
    channels in Slovakia; (iii) the retail supply of audio-visual services through IPTV
    and a video on demand (“VOD”) platform in Czechia and Slovakia; (iv) the sale of
    TV advertising space in Czechia; (v) the provision of retail fixed internet access
    services in Czechia and Slovakia; as well as (vi) the provision of retail
    telecommunications services in Czechia, Slovakia and Bulgaria. PPF is ultimately
    owned and controlled by Mr. Petr Kellner.
(3) CME is a media and entertainment company active in TV broadcasting and other
    media sectors, primarily in Bulgaria, Czechia, Slovakia, Romania and Slovenia. In
    particular, in Czechia, Slovakia and Bulgaria CME is present respectively through
    TV Nova, Markiza and bTV in various audio-visual markets. CME’s activities
    include (i) the acquisition of broadcasting rights to pre-produced audio-visual
    content; (ii) the wholesale supply of free-to-air (“FTA”) and pay TV channels; and
    (iii) the sale of TV advertising space. CME also is marginally active in the supply of
    retail audio-visual services via a VOD platform. CME is ultimately controlled by
    AT&T, Inc., which holds an approximately 75% aggregate beneficial ownership
    interest in CME through its wholly owned subsidiaries Warner Media, LLC, and
    Time Warner Media Holdings B.V.
2.  THE CONCENTRATION
(4) On 27 October 2019, CME and two of PPF’s affiliates, TV Bidco B.V. and TV
    Bermuda Ltd, entered into the Agreement and Plan of the Merger (the
    “Agreement”). Pursuant to the Agreement, TV Bermuda Ltd. will merge with and
    into CME, with CME continuing as the surviving company in the merger as a
    wholly-owned subsidiary of TV Bidco B.V.
(5) As a result of the Transaction, PPF will therefore acquire indirect sole control of
    CME and its subsidiaries within the sense of Article 3(1)(b) of the Merger
    Regulation.
3.  EU DIMENSION
(6) The undertakings concerned have a combined aggregate worldwide turnover of more
    than EUR 5 000 million (PPF: EUR […]; CME: EUR […]). Each of them has an
    EU-wide turnover in excess of EUR […] (PPF: EUR […]; CME: EUR […]), but
    they do not achieve more than two-thirds of their aggregate EU-wide turnover within
    one and the same Member State. The notified operation therefore has an EU
    dimension pursuant to Article 1(2) of the Merger Regulation.
                                              2
 ---pagebreak--- 4.      RELEVANT MARKETS
4.1.    Introduction
(7)     As a preliminary remark, the Commission notes that while CME is active in
        Czechia, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Romania and Slovenia, PPF is not active in any
        relevant market in Romania and Slovenia. Therefore, the Transaction does not lead
        to any horizontal or vertical overlaps in these two Member States and they will not
        be further discussed in this decision.
4.2.    The audio-visual value-chain
(8)     Audio-visual ("AV") content comprises all products (films, sports, series, shows,
        live events, documentaries, etc.) that are broadcast via any media. In previous
        decisions, the Commission has identified different activities in the AV value chain,
        namely: (i) the production of AV content; (ii) the licensing of broadcasting rights for
        AV content; (iii) the wholesale supply of TV channels; and (iii) the retail provision
        of AV services to end customers. In addition, the Transaction relates to: (iv) the sale
        of TV advertising space; (v) the retail supply of mobile telecommunications services;
        and (vi) the retail supply of fixed internet access services.
(9)     The following sections further describe these levels of the AV value-chain as well as
        provide an overview of the Parties' activities at each level in Czechia, Slovakia and
        Bulgaria.
4.3.    Market for the licensing of broadcasting rights for pre-produced audio-visual
        content
4.3.1. Introduction
(10)    The upstream level of the value chain concerns the production of new AV content.
        The parties are not active in this market.
(11)    The rights to AV “entertainment products” generally then belong to the creators of
        the content. These rights-holders license them to (i) TV channel suppliers (TV
        broadcasters), which then incorporate the AV content into linear TV channels, or (ii)
        content platform operators, which then retail the AV content to end users on a non-
        linear basis (that is to say, Pay-Per-View (“PPV”) or VOD), including non-
        traditional platforms, that is to say internet or so-called Over The Top (“OTT”)
        platforms.
(12)    TV broadcasters and TV distributors who source content for their TV channels or
        retail TV services generally have a choice between a number of sourcing models,
        which can be broadly categorised as follows:
        a.      Obtaining TV content produced on an “ad hoc” basis (that is to say tailor-
                made), by:
                i.      Commissioning TV content from a TV production company (which
                        owns the relevant TV format);
                                                    3
 ---pagebreak---                 ii.     Hiring a TV production company to provide the technical means and
                        deliver the finished TV content based on a format owned by the
                        broadcaster; or
                iii.    Producing the content themselves by relying on their in-house
                        facilities (captive TV production); or
       b.       Acquiring broadcasting rights from TV production companies for pre-
                produced TV content (pre-produced TV content, sometimes referred to as
                off-the-shelf or tape sales).
(13)   As regards pre-produced TV content, this upstream level of the value chain concerns
       the licensing of broadcasting rights relating to pre-existing TV content – that is to
       say TV content that has been previously produced and is subsequently made
       available ‘off-the-shelf’ by the rights holder (so-called pre-produced TV content) –
       and broadcasting rights relating to sports events.
(14)   The broadcasting rights relating to TV content can belong to one or more of the
       following: (i) the holder of the rights to the TV format; (ii) the production company
       that produced the TV content; and (iii) the company that commissioned the
       production of the TV content. In addition, the broadcasting rights can belong to a
       third-party distributor, to which they were licensed by the original owner, with a
       right to sub-license.
(15)   As regards the supply-side of the market:
       a.       In Czechia, PPF, through its subsidiary O2 CR, creates content for its own
                O2 TV channels.
                In Slovakia, O2 CR produces a customized channel for a single customer,
                Orange a. s. (“Orange”). This channel is produced and distributed under the
                Orange brand and is built using broadcasting rights for the UEFA Champions
                League for Slovakia which are owned by O2 CR. O2 CR [information about
                O2 CR’s production activities].
       b.       CME creates content and licenses the related rights for its own TV channels.
                In Czechia, CME neither sells nor licenses its content to third parties; it only
                provides certain input services to third parties, primarily comprising dubbing
                and subtitling services.
                In Slovakia, CME licenses TV content to third parties to a very limited
                extent.4
(16)   As regards the demand-side of the market:
       a.       In Czechia, PPF, through O2 CR, purchases broadcasting rights to audio-
                visual sports related content for its TV channels O2 TV Sport, O2 TV Tenis
                and O2 TV Fotbal. PPF acquires TV rights to sporting events, such as
4  The revenues of CME stemming from the licensing of TV content to third parties amounted to
   approximately EUR [sales data] in 2019.
                                                    4
 ---pagebreak---                   football, ice hockey, or basketball. The most important sporting events to
                  which PPF acquired broadcasting rights in Czechia are: (i) UEFA Champions
                  League matches for broadcast, (ii) Czech Fortuna Liga (football), (iii) Czech
                  Extraliga (ice hockey), and (iv) WTA.
                  In Slovakia, O2 CR holds the broadcasting rights for UEFA Champions
                  League matches and for the Czech football and ice hockey leagues.
        b.        In Czechia, CME acquires various types of content rights, including sports,
                  foreign movies, domestic movies, series, and other rights. In relation to
                  sporting rights, CME focuses on licensing rights to: (i) the U.S. branded
                  sports, such as NHL (ice hockey), NBA (basketball) or UFC (martial arts),
                  (ii) mainstream European sports, (iii) motorbike MOTO GP, and (iv)
                  emerging sports, such as darts or rugby.
                  In Slovakia, CME acquires various types of content rights, including sports,
                  foreign movies, domestic movies, series, and other rights. In relation to
                  sporting rights, CME focuses on licensing rights to: (i) the U.S. branded
                  sports, such as NHL (ice hockey), NBA (basketball) or UFC (martial arts),
                  (ii) mainstream European sports, (iii) motorbike MOTO GP, and (iv)
                  emerging sports, such as darts or rugby.
4.3.2. Product market definition
4.3.2.1. Commission precedents
(17)    With regard to the market for the supply of broadcasting rights, in previous
        decisions, the Commission has observed that content production companies produce
        TV content either (i) for internal use through incorporation into their own TV
        channels or VOD services if they are vertically integrated in the wholesale supply of
        TV channels and/or in the retail of TV services (i.e. captive TV production); or (ii)
        for supply to third-party customers (i.e. non-captive TV production).5 However, the
        Commission has previously found the product market for the production of TV
        content to be limited to non-captive TV production, thereby excluding captive TV
        production, as this TV content is not offered on the market.6
(18)    With regard to the market for the in-licencing of TV broadcasting rights, the
        Commission has considered that it may be further subdivided by nature and content
        type, in particular: (i) premium films; (ii) football events that take place regularly
5   Commission decision of 9 October 2014 in case M.7360 - 21st Century Fox/Apollo/JV, paragraph 12;
    Commission decision of 15 June 2018 in case M.8861 – Comcast/Sky, paragraph 11.
6   Commission decision of 24 February 2015 in case M.7194 - Liberty Global/Corelio/W&W/De Vijver
    Media, recital 51; Commission decision of 3 August 1999 in case M.1574 - Kirch/Mediaset, paragraph 14;
    Commission decision of 11 July 2000 in case M.1943 - Telefónica/Endemol, paragraph 8; Commission
    decision of 29 June 2000 in case M.1958 - Bertelsmann/GBL/Pearson TV, paragraphs 11–12; Commission
    decision of 22 September 2006 in case M.4353 - Permira/All3Media Group, paragraphs 11–12;
    Commission decision of 9 October 2014 in case M.7360 - 21st Century Fox/Apollo/JV, paragraph 36.
                                                        5
 ---pagebreak---         (every year); (iii) football events that are played more intermittently;7 and (iv) other
        sports.8
(19)    The Commission has also considered sub-dividing the market for the licensing of
        broadcasting rights for TV content into: (i) pay TV / FTA audio visual content; (ii)
        TV content for linear (TV channels) / non-linear broadcast (VOD), or into the more
        narrowly defined segment of iii) VOD / PPV / first pay TV window / second pay TV
        window / FTA TV.9
4.3.2.2. Notifying Party’s view
(20)    The Notifying Party submits that the relevant market is the market for the licensing
        of TV broadcasting rights for (linear) TV channels, with potential further
        segmentation based on content into the licensing of TV broadcasting rights to (i)
        football events, and (ii) other sports. The Notifying Party considers that it is
        irrelevant to consider other market segmentations due to the lack of overlap of
        Parties activities in these segments and given the substitutability of various rights
        from the perspective of TV broadcasters.10
4.3.2.3. Commission’s assessment
(21)    The results of the market investigation indicate that most content providers and
        broadcasters consider that the segmentations adopted in prior Commission decisions
        (by content type and exhibition window as indicated above) remain relevant.11
(22)    In any event, for the purpose of this decision, the exact product market definition for
        the licensing of broadcasting rights can be left open, as the Transaction does not
        raise serious doubts as to its compatibility with the internal market regardless of
        whether the market is segmented on the basis of content type or exhibition window
        as set out above.
4.3.3. Geographic market definition
4.3.3.1. Commission precedents
(23)    The Commission has previously considered the market for the licensing of TV
        broadcasting rights to be either national or regional, based on linguistically
        homogeneous areas.12
7   Neither PPF nor CME acquire rights for football events played intermittently, therefore this segment will
    not be further discussed in this decision.
8   Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M.8864 - Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global assets, recital
    322; Commission decision of 30 May 2018 in case M.7000 - Liberty Global/Ziggo, paragraph 42;
    Commission decision of 15 April 2013 in case M.6880 - Liberty Global/Virgin Media, paragraph 18.
9   See for instance, Commission decision of 21 December 2011 in case M.6369 - HBO/Ziggo/HBO
    Netherland, paragraph 18.
10 Form CO, paragraph 90.
11 Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to rightsholders, question 4; Replies to Questionnaire Q2 to broadcasters,
    questions 5 and 5.1.
12 Commission decision of 2 April 2003 in case M.2876 - Newscorp/Telepiu, recital 62; Commission
    decision of 15 April 2013 in case M.6880 - Liberty Global/Virgin Media, paragraph 23.
                                                         6
 ---pagebreak--- 4.3.3.2. Notifying Party’s view
(24)    The Notifying Party submits that the relevant market should be defined as national in
        scope because, despite the proximity of the territories of Czechia and Slovakia,
        tender procedures and languages differ in these countries. The Notifying Party
        submits that in any event the substantive analysis would not be materially different if
        the markets were combined into a region encompassing both Czechia and Slovakia.13
4.3.3.3. Commission’s assessment
(25)    The results of the market investigation show that the majority of the respondents
        license their content on a national basis. For specific content, the licenses sometimes
        cover smaller or larger areas.14 Accordingly, most of the respondents among TV
        broadcasters purchase content nationally or for certain linguistic regions.
        Broadcasters sometimes also purchase content on an EEA basis.15 The type of rights
        that this decision addresses, namely sports rights, are usually tendered and acquired
        at national level.
(26)    Therefore, the Commission considers that, for the purpose of this decision, the
        geographic market definition for the licensing of broadcasting rights is national in
        scope.
4.4.    Market for the wholesale supply of TV channels
4.4.1. Introduction
(27)    TV broadcasters package the AV content that they have acquired or produced in-
        house into linear TV channels. The demand side of this market comprises TV
        retailers, which aggregate TV channels and provide them to end users via various
        distribution infrastructures either on a FTA basis or on a pay TV basis.
(28)    At a very general level, FTA channels are TV channels that are available to viewers
        free of charge. Pay TV channels are channels for which the viewer must pay a
        subscription fee. Traditionally, FTA channels finance their operations via advertising
        revenues (with the exception of the publicly-owned TV channels in a number of
        Member States which are subject to advertising limitations), while pay TV channels
        generate revenues through subscription fees.
(29)    The Commission notes that TV broadcasters are increasingly complementing their
        traditional linear TV channel offering with non-linear services such as VOD
        services.
(30)    Some TV broadcasters are vertically integrated as they are also active as retail TV
        operators (TV distributors) in the market for the retail provision of TV services to
        end users. Other TV broadcasters are not vertically integrated and rely on third party
        TV distributors to distribute their TV channels at the retail level.
(31)    As regards the supply-side of the market:
13  Form CO, paragraphs 93 - 96.
14  Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to rightsholders, questions 5 and 5.1.
15 Replies to Questionnaire Q2 to broadcasters, questions 7 and 7.1.
                                                          7
 ---pagebreak---          a.         PPF is not active on the market for the wholesale supply of TV channels in
                    Czechia and Bulgaria. O2 CR incorporates content licensed from third parties
                    as well as its own content into its own O2 TV Sport channels, which it then
                    offers to viewers on its own IPTV platform (O2 TV) in Czechia. O2 CR does
                    not offer these channels to other distributors on the wholesale market.
                    In Slovakia, O2 CR supplies a customized channel to Orange since 2018.16
         b.        CME supplies TV channels on a wholesale basis to cable, satellite, IPTV and
                   other platform distributors in Czechia, Slovakia and Bulgaria through the
                   following subsidiaries:
                 i.    TV Nova s.r.o. in Czechia under the brand name “TV Nova”;
                ii.    MARKÍZA-SLOVAKIA spol. s.r.o. in Slovakia under the brand name
                       “Markíza”;
               iii.    bTV Media Group EAD in Bulgaria under the brand name “bTV”.
                   In Czechia, CME offers the following channels: nova, nova 2, nova Gold,
                   nova Cinema, nova Action, nova Sport 1, nova Sport 2 and Nova
                   International.
                   In Slovakia, CME offers the following channels: Markíza, TV Doma, Dajto,
                   nova Sport 1, nova Sport 2 and nova International.
                   In Bulgaria, CME offers the following channels: bTV, bTV Comedy, bTV
                   Cinema, bTV Action, bTV Lady and Ring.
(32)     As regards the demand side of the market:
         a.         PPF acquires TV channels for its IPTV platform in Czechia and Slovakia.
         b.         CME is not active on the demand-side of the market.
4.4.2. Product market definition
4.4.2.1. Commission precedents
(33)     In previous decisions, the Commission has identified a wholesale market for the
         supply of TV channels. Within that market, the Commission has identified two
         separate product markets for: (i) FTA TV channels; and (ii) pay TV channels,
         pointing to the differences between the financial models of these channels.17 The
         Commission has further concluded that within the pay TV channel market, there are
16  However, the Commission considers that PPF is not active on the market for the wholesale supply of TV
    channels in Slovakia, for the following reasons. PPF did not supply the channel in the relevant market. It
    produces a customized channel content for Orange, called Orange Sport, by utilizing its own licensing
    rights for the UEFA Champions League for Slovakia. Such channel content is supplemented by Slovak
    football leagues matches, the content rights to which are held by Orange, and certain other events as
    fillers. The Notifying Party submitted […].
17 Commission decision of 24 February 2015 in case M.7194 - Liberty Global/Corelio/W&W/De Vijver
    Media, recital 91; Commission decision of 15 April 2013 in case M.6880 - Liberty Global/Virgin Media,
    paragraph 37.
                                                         8
 ---pagebreak---          separate markets for: (i) premium pay TV channels; and (ii) basic pay TV
         channels.18 The Commission has considered FTA channels to be in the market for
         basic pay TV channels.19
(34)     The question whether this market could be sub-divided by channel genre20, in
         particular: (i) film; (ii) sport; (iii) news; (iv) youth; and by infrastructure used for
         transmission21: (i) cable; (ii) satellite; (iii) DTT; (iv) IPTV has been left open in
         previous decisions. The Commission has considered that individual premium sports
         channels do not form a separate market even if they show sports content that is
         particularly interesting to the same group of viewers.22
4.4.2.2. Notifying Party’s view
(35)     The Notifying Party submits that the Transaction should be assessed on the basis of
         the market for the wholesale supply of TV channels. In particular, it considers that it
         is not relevant to sub-divide the market by channel genre or by infrastructure used
         for transmission.23
4.4.2.3. Commission’s assessment
(36)     The market investigation did not provide a clear indication of the relevance of the
         distinctions drawn between FTA and pay TV channels as well as between basic and
         premium pay TV. Although a number of broadcasters and distributors agreed with
         these distinctions, several respondents found the difference to be negligible because
         both channels types compete for the same content. Additionally, respondents found
         that these channels compete for the same audiences as all pay TV subscribers can
         access FTA channels. Respondents additionally pointed to the fact that the
         penetration of premium pay TV services is rather limited in Czechia.24
(37)     With regard to the distinction between basic pay TV channels and FTA channels,
         respondents to the market investigation pointed out that in Czechia and in Slovakia
         basic pay TV mainly shows content that is also available through FTA TV and thus
         only differs in the infrastructure used for transmission.25
(38)     The majority of distributors are of the view that thematic channels are only
         substitutable with other channels that broadcast the same specific content.26
18  Commission decision of 12 November 2019 in case M.9064 - Telia Company/Bonnier Broadcasting
    Holding, recita 157.
19  Commission decision of 24 February 2015 in case M.7194 - Liberty Global/Corelio/W&W/De Vijver
    Media, recital 101.
20  Commission decision of 14 June 2013 in case M.6866 - Time Warner/CME, paragraph 46.
21  Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M.8864 - Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global assets, recital
    272.
22  Commission decision of 3 August 2016 in case M.7978 - Vodafone/Liberty Global/Dutch JV, paragraph
    176; confirmed by General Court judgment of 23 May 2019 in case T-370/17 - KPN v Commission,
    EU:T:2019:354, paragraphs 65 - 90.
23  Form CO, paragraphs 201 and 202.
24  Replies to Questionnaire Q2 to broadcasters, questions 6 and 6.1. Replies to Questionnaire Q3 to
    distributors, questions 6 and 6.1.
25  Replies to Questionnaire Q3 to distributors, questions 6 and 6.1.
26  Replies to Questionnaire Q3 to distributors, questions 7 and 7.1.
                                                           9
 ---pagebreak--- (39)     In any event, for the purpose of this decision, the exact product market definition for
         the wholesale supply of TV channels can be left open, as the Transaction does not
         raise serious doubts as to its compatibility with the internal market regardless of
         whether the market is segmented on the basis of channel genre or between FTA TV
         channels and premium/basic pay TV channels.
4.4.3. Geographic market definition
4.4.3.1. Commission precedents
(40)     The Commission has previously considered the market for the wholesale supply of
         TV channels to be either national or regional, based on linguistically homogeneous
         areas.27
4.4.3.2. The Notifying Party’s view
(41)     The Notifying Party submits that the relevant geographic market should be defined
         as national in scope.28
4.4.3.3. Commission’s assessment
(42)     In the present case, the market investigation indicated that the agreements for the
         wholesale supply of TV channels are, as a general rule, negotiated on a national
         basis, although they are also sometimes negotiated on a linguistic basis.
         Exceptionally, agreements are also entered into on a sub-national or EEA basis.29
         This is mainly explained by the fact that TV retailers mostly have a national
         footprint, and that negotiations take place, and prices are set on a national basis.
(43)     In light of the above, the Commission considers that the market for the wholesale
         supply of TV channels is national.
4.5.     Market for the retail supply of audio-visual services
4.5.1. Introduction
(44)     In the market for the retail supply of TV services, TV distributors provide end users
         with TV services, which typically consist of: (i) linear TV channels; and (ii) content
         aggregated in non-linear services, such as Subscription Video on Demand
         (“SVOD”), Transactional VOD (“TVOD”) and Advertising VOD (“AVOD”).
(45)     AV distributors either limit themselves to carrying TV channels and making them
         available to end users, or also act as content aggregators, which ‘package’ AV
         channels. The AV services supplied by AV distributors to end users consist of: (i)
         packages of linear TV channels (which they have either acquired or produced
         themselves); and (ii) content aggregated in non-linear services, such as VOD,
         SVOD, TVOD and PPV. AV content can be delivered to end users through a number
         of technical means including cable, satellite and IPTV. OTT players deliver channels
         and content in both a linear and non-linear fashion through the use of the internet.
27  Commission decision of 14 June 2013 in case M.6866 - Time Warner/CME, paragraph 54.
28  Form CO, paragraph 206.
29 Replies to Questionnaire Q2 to broadcasters, questions 8 and 8.1; Replies to Questionnaire Q3 to
    distributors, questions 14 and 14.1.
                                                      10
 ---pagebreak--- (46)    As regards the supply-side of the market:
        a.       In Czechia, PPF (through its subsidiary O2 CR) operates an IPTV platform
                 (O2 TV). Additionally, it operates a VOD platform as a supplementary
                 service.
                 In Slovakia, PPF is marginally active on the AV retail market, via the mobile
                 operator O2 SK’s digital television offers (O2 TV) over mobile and IPTV
                 platforms.
                 In Bulgaria, PPF is active through its subsidiary Telenor Bulgaria, which
                 distributes AT&T’s “HBO GO” VOD service as an add-on to or part of its
                 mobile tariffs.
        b.       CME operates a VOD platform, Voyo, in Czechia, Slovakia and Bulgaria and
                 offers an AVOD service on its website.
4.5.2. Product market definition
4.5.2.1. Commission precedents
(47)    In previous decisions, the Commission considered the retail provision of FTA TV
        and pay TV services as separate markets.30 The Commission also considered
        whether retail pay TV could be segmented further according to: (i) linear vs non-
        linear pay TV services31; or (ii) premium vs basic pay TV services32. With regard to
        the type of distribution technology, the Commission tends to include different
        technologies within the same product market, but has ultimately left open the precise
        market definition.33
4.5.2.2. Notifying Party’s view
(48)    The Notifying Party submits that the Transaction should be assessed on the basis of
        the market for the retail supply of pay TV services. In particular, the Notifying Party
        considers that it is irrelevant to consider other market segmentations due to the lack
        of overlap in these segments and substitutability of the services from the perspective
        of TV customers.34
30  Commission decision of 21 December 2011 in case M.6369 - HBO/Ziggo/HBO Netherland, paragraph 28;
    Commission decision of 21 December 2010 in case M.5932 - News Corp/BskyB, paragraph 99.
31  Commission decision of 24 February 2015 in case M.7194 - Liberty Global/Corelio/W&W/De Vijver
    Media, recital 124; Commission decision of 25 June 2008 in case M.5121 – News Corp/Premiere,
    paragraph 21; Commission decision of 10 October 2014 in case M.7000 - Liberty Global/Ziggo, recitals
    109 and 110.
32  See for instance, Commission decision of 24 February 2015 in case M.7194 - Liberty Global/Corelio/
    W&W/De Vijver Media, recitals 109-115; Commission decision of 30 May 2018 in case M.7000 - Liberty
    Global/Ziggo, paragraphs 127-137; Commission decision of 15 June 2018 in case M.8861 - Comcast/Sky,
    paragraph 55.
33  Commission decision of 24 February 2015 in case M.7194 - Liberty Global/Corelio/W&W/De Vijver
    Media, recital 126; Commission decision of 25 June 2008 in case M.5121 – News Corp/Premiere,
    paragraph 22; Commission decision of 10 October 2014 in case M.7000 - Liberty Global/Ziggo, recitals
    113 and 114.
34  Form CO, paragraph 364.
                                                        11
 ---pagebreak--- 4.5.2.3. Commission’s assessment
(49)     The results of the market investigation indicated that all distributors provide both
         linear and non-linear services.35 However, respondents indicated that broadcasting
         rights for linear and non-linear services may be acquired separately or together
         depending on each individual broadcaster.36 A majority of distributors did not
         consider VOD services offered by OTT providers substitutable to pay TV services.37
(50)     In any event, for the purpose of this decision, the exact product market definition for
         the retail supply of TV services can be left open, as the Transaction does not raise
         serious doubts as to its compatibility with the internal market regardless of whether
         the market is further segmented or not.
4.5.3. Geographic market definition
4.5.3.1. Commission precedents
(51)     In its previous decisions, the Commission considered the market for the retail supply
         of TV services to be national in scope, since suppliers compete on a nationwide basis
         for the business of end customers, or corresponding to the relevant language area.38
         The Commission found that the market can be limited to the geographic coverage of
         a supplier’s infrastructure.39
4.5.3.2. Notifying Party’s view
(52)     The Notifying Party submits that the relevant geographic market should be defined
         as national in scope.40
4.5.3.3. Commission’s assessment
(53)     Nothing in the market investigation contradicts the Commission's previous findings
         that the market is either national, or corresponds to the relevant language area as the
         distributors offer their services mainly on a national basis. 41 The countries in which
         the parties are active in retail TV services, namely Czechia, Slovakia, and Bulgaria,
         also constitute linguistic regions.
(54)     The Commission considers, for the purposes of this decision, that the relevant
         geographic market for the retail provision of TV services is national in scope.
35  Replies to Questionnaire Q3 to distributors, question 9.
36  Replies to Questionnaire Q3 to distributors, questions 10 and 10.1.
37  Replies to Questionnaire Q3 to distributors, questions 11.
38  Commission decision of 15 April 2013 in case M.6880 - Liberty Global/Virgin Media, paragraph 54;
    Commission decision of 21 December 2013 in case M.6369 -HBO/Ziggo/HBO Nederland, paragraph 40
    et. seq.; Commission decision of 21 December 2010 in case M.5932 - News Corp/BskyB, paragraph 110;
    Commission decision of 25 January 2010 in case M. 5734 - Liberty Global Europe/Unitymedia,
    paragraphs 40 and 43.
39  Commission decision of 15 June 2018 in case M.8861 - Comcast/Sky, paragraph 60; Commission decision
    of 24 February 2015 in case M.7194 – Liberty Global/Corelio/ W&W/De Vijver Media, recital 108.
40  Form CO, paragraph 366.
41  Replies to Questionnaire Q3 to distributors, question 14.
                                                          12
 ---pagebreak--- 4.6.    Market for the sale of TV advertising space
4.6.1. Introduction
(55)    TV broadcasters sell advertising space on their TV channels and on their OTT
        services. The sale of advertising space is an important source of revenues for FTA
        channels, while pay TV channels in general rely more on fees from retail providers
        of AV services or from end users.
(56)    As regards the supply-side of the market:
        a.        PPF, through its subsidiary O2 CR, sells advertising inventory on its channels
                  in Czechia to a minimal extent as the pay TV channels are financed
                  predominantly from subscription fees.
                  It is active on the market in Czechia but not in Slovakia and Bulgaria.
        b.        CME sells advertising inventory on its TV channels in Czechia.
                  In Slovakia and Bulgaria, CME sells advertising inventory on its TV
                  channels and its AVOD service.
(57)    As regards the demand-side of the market, PPF is active as it purchases TV
        advertising inventory in its function as a retailer of AV, mobile telecommunication
        and fixed internet access services, but also through other subsidiaries which are not
        active in the AV or telecommunications sectors.
4.6.2. Product market definition
4.6.2.1. Commission precedents
(58)    In its previous decisions, the Commission has distinguished between offline and
        online advertising and classified these two advertising methods as belonging to
        separate markets.42 The Commission has considered in that respect, that TV
        advertising, as part of the offline advertising market, constitutes a distinct product
        market, separate from advertising in other forms of media.43 The Commission has
        left open the questions, whether in light of the increasing digitization of all media
        platforms, there is a wider market for sale of advertising space in video format across
        platforms and whether advertising on pay TV and FTA TV are part of the same
        market.44
42  Commission decision of 11 March 2008 in case M.4731 - Google/DoubleClick, recital 45.
43  See, for instance, Commission decision of 24 February 2015 in case M.7194 – Liberty Global/Corelio/
    W&W/De Vijver Media, recital 140; or Commission decision of 14 June 2013 in case M.6866 - Time
    Warner/CME, paragraphs 62, 64 and 68; Commission decision of 6 February 2018 in case M.8665 –
    Discovery/Scripps, paragraphs 38 - 44; or Commission decision of 15 June 2018 in case M.8861 -
    Comcast/Sky, paragraphs 64 - 75.
44 Commission decision of 12 November 2019 in case M.9064 - Telia/Bonnier Broadcasting, recital 276;
    Commission decision of 15 June 2018 in case M.8861 - Comcast/Sky, paragraphs 65 and 70.
                                                      13
 ---pagebreak--- 4.6.2.2. Notifying Party’s view
(59)    The Notifying Party agrees with the Commission precedent definition and submits
        that the relevant product market should be defined as the market for the sale of TV
        advertising space.45
4.6.2.3. Commission’s assessment
(60)    The respondents to the market investigation largely confirm that the market for the
        supply of advertising space should be segmented by type of media, noting the
        particular importance of TV advertising due to its wide reach and the frequency of
        advertising. Nevertheless, several purchasers of advertising space observed that the
        lines between online and offline advertising is becoming increasingly blurred due to
        the digitization of all media platforms.46
(61)    The majority of the purchasers of advertising space did not consider procuring
        advertising space on pay TV channels as an alternative to procuring advertising
        space on FTA channels but they rather view pay TV and FTA channels as
        complementary. This is because of the much larger audience share of FTA channels
        and because the financing model of pay TV channels does not allow them to
        advertise as frequently as on FTA channels.47
(62)    Therefore, the Commission considers, for the purpose of this decision, that the sale
        of TV advertising space is not part of the same relevant product market as the sale of
        advertising space on other media. For the purpose of this decision, the market for the
        sale of TV advertising space does not need to be further segmented on the basis of
        the financing model (FTA or pay TV) because acquirers of advertising space do not
        view these two different models separately.
4.6.3. Geographic market definition
4.6.3.1. Commission precedents
(63)    In its previous decisions, the Commission considered the market for sale of TV
        advertising space to be national48 in scope or regional, based on linguistically
        homogeneous areas encompassing several Member States.49
4.6.3.2. Notifying Party’s view
(64)    The Notifying Party submits that, in accordance with the Commission practice, the
        relevant geographic market should be defined as national in scope.50
45  Form CO, paragraph 431.
46  Replies to Questionnaire Q4 to purchasers of TV advertising space, questions 4, 4.1, 5 and 5.1.
47  Replies to Questionnaire Q3 to distributors, questions 17 and 17.1; Questionnaire Q4 to purchasers of TV
    advertising space, questions 6 and 6.1.
48  Commission decision of 21 December 2011 in case M.6369 - HBO/Ziggo/HBO Nederland, paragraph 39;
    Commission decision of 15 April 2013 in case M.6880 - Liberty Global/Virgin Media, paragraph 41;
    Commission decision of 10 October 2014 in case M.7000 - Liberty Global/Ziggo, recital 98.
49  Commission decision of 21 December 2010 in case M.5932 - News Corp/BskyB, paragraphs 86–88;
    Commission decision of 15 April 2013 in case M.6880 - Liberty Global/Virgin Media, paragraph 41.
50  Form CO, paragraph 433.
                                                         14
 ---pagebreak--- 4.6.3.3. Commission’s assessment
(65)     Nothing in the market investigation contradicts the Commission's previous findings
         that the market is either national, or corresponds to the relevant language area as the
         purchasers of TV advertising space overwhelmingly procure this advertising
         inventory on a national basis.51 The countries in which the parties are active in the
         sale of TV advertising space, namely Czechia, Slovakia, and Bulgaria, also
         constitute linguistic regions.
(66)     Therefore, for the purposes of this decision, the Commission considers the
         geographic market definition for the retail provision of TV services is national in
         scope.
4.7.     Market for the retail supply of mobile telecommunications services 52
4.7.1. Introduction
(67)     Mobile telecommunications services for end customers include services for national
         and international voice calls, SMS (including MMS and other messages), mobile
         internet with data services, access to content via the mobile network and retail
         international roaming services.
(68)     These services are provided on 2G/GSM, 3G/UMTS and 4G/LTE networks, with the
         2G network historically having better coverage and the 3G network being better
         adapted for larger amounts of data and faster download speeds. 4G/LTE is a mobile
         technology that increases the speed and capacity of the network and is adapted for
         improved voice quality and high-speed data transmission from wireless devices, for
         example, to stream video, Internet TV and to use broadband Internet.
(69)     PPF is active on the market for retail mobile telecommunication services in Czechia
         and in Slovakia, through its portfolio company O2 CR (which wholly owns its
         subsidiary O2 SK through which O2 CR is active on the market for retail mobile
         telecommunication services in Slovakia). In Bulgaria, PPF is active on the market
         through its subsidiary Telenor Bulgaria, which holds a telecommunication license
         for this territory.
(70)     CME is not active on this market.
4.7.2. Product market definition
4.7.2.1. Commission precedents
(71)     In previous decisions, the Commission has identified an overall retail market for the
         mobile telecommunications services constituting a separate market from retail fixed
         telecommunication services. The Commission examined potential segmentations of
         the overall retail market for mobile telecommunication services between pre-paid or
         post-paid services and private customers or business customers as well as based on
51  Replies to Questionnaire Q4 to purchasers of TV advertising space, question 7.
52  In addition to the markets defined below, PPF’s subsidiaries are also active in the following
    telecommunications markets: (i) the market for the retail supply of multiple play services; (ii) the market
    for fixed line telecommunications services; (iii) the market for business connectivity; and (iv) the market
    for IT services. However, these markets are not affected by the Transaction.
                                                          15
 ---pagebreak---          the type of service or type of network technology, concluding that these did not
         constitute separate product markets, but rather represent market segments within an
         overall retail market.53
4.7.2.2. Notifying Party’s view
(72)     The Notifying Party agrees with this market definition and submits that the relevant
         product market should be defined as the overall retail market for mobile
         telecommunication services without further segmentation.54
4.7.2.3. Commission’s assessment
(73)     The market investigation in this case has not provided any indication that the
         Commission should depart from its previous findings. For the purposes of this
         decision, the Commission will not examine the possible segmentation of the overall
         market for the retail supply of mobile telecommunication services in relation to the
         provision of advertising space because the competitive assessment would remain
         unchanged under all possible segmentations mentioned below in paragraph (74).
(74)     Therefore, for the purpose of this decision, the Commission considers that the exact
         product market definition for the retail supply of mobile telecommunications
         services can be left open, as the Transaction does not raise serious doubts as to its
         compatibility with the internal market irrespective of a further segmentation between
         pre-paid or post-paid services and private customers or business customers as well as
         based on the type of service or type of network technology .
4.7.3. Geographic market definition
4.7.3.1. Commission precedents
(75)     The Commission has previously considered that the market for the retail provision of
         mobile telecommunication services is national in scope, due to the existing
         regulatory barriers and the complete national coverage of the operators.55
53  For instance, Commission decision of 30 May 2017 in case M.8465 – Vivendi/Telecom Italia, paragraph
    31; Commission decision of 1 September 2016 in case M.7758 - Hutchison 3G Italy/Wind/JV, recital 162;
    Commission decision of 3 August 2016 in case M.7978 - Vodafone/Liberty Global/Dutch JV, paragraph
    71; Commission decision of 11 May 2016 in case M.7612 - Hutchison 3G UK/Telefónica UK, recital 287;
    Commission decision of 24 October 2014 in case M.7307 – Electricity Supply Board/Vodafone
    Ireland/JV, paragraphs 27 – 30; Commission decision of 2 July 2014 in case M.7018 - Telefónica
    Deutschland/E-Plus, recital 30; Commission decision of 10 October 2014 in case M.7000 - Liberty
    Global/Ziggo, recital 141; Commission decision of 28 May 2014 in case M.6992 - Hutchison 3G UK/
    Telefónica Ireland, recital 141; Commission decision of 12 December 2012 in case M.6497 - Hutchison
    3G Austria/Orange Austria, recital 58.
54 Form CO, paragraph 507.
55 For instance, Commission decision of 16 September 2003 in case M.3245 –Vodafone/Singlepoint,
    paragraphs 16 et seq.; Commission decision of 20 August 2007 in case M.4748 - T-Mobile/Orange
    Netherlands, paragraph 16; Commission decision of 1 March 2010 in case M.5650 T-Mobile/Orange,
    paragraph 26; Commission Decision of 20 September 2013 in case M.6990 - Vodafone/Kabel
    Deutschland, paragraph 218; Commission decision of 10 October 2014 in case M.7000 - Liberty
    Global/Ziggo, recital142 et seq.; Commission decision of 28 May 2014 in case M.6992 -Hutchison 3G
    UK/Telefonica Ireland, recital 141; Commission decision of 15 April 2014 in case M.7109 - Deutsche
    Telekom/GTS, paragraph 43; Commission decision of 1 September 2016 in case M.7758 - Hutchison 3G
    Italy/Wind/JV, recital 166; Commission decision of 3 August 2016 in case M. 7978 Vodafone/Liberty
                                                         16
 ---pagebreak--- 4.7.3.2. Notifying Party’s view
(76)     The Notifying Party agrees with this market definition.56
4.7.3.3. Commission’s assessment
(77)     The market investigation in this case has not provided any indication that the
         Commission should depart from its previous findings.
(78)     Therefore, for the purpose of this decision, the Commission considers that the
         geographic market for the retail supply of mobile telecommunications services is
         national in scope.
4.8.     Market for the retail supply of fixed internet access services
4.8.1. Introduction
(79)     In the market for retail fixed internet access services, customers are provided with
         access to the internet through a fixed telecommunication connection. These services
         are provided over a fixed network such as cable, copper or fibre infrastructure.
(80)     PPF is active on the market for fixed internet access services in Czechia and in
         Slovakia, through its portfolio company O2 CR in Czechia (with its subsidiary O2
         SK active in Slovakia).
(81)     CME is not active on this market.
4.8.2. Product market definition
4.8.2.1. Commission precedents
(82)     With regard to the market for the retail supply of fixed internet access services, the
         Commission has considered a number of potential market segmentation, in
         particular; segmentation by (i) product type, distinguishing between narrowband,
         broadband and dedicated access; and (ii) distribution mode, distinguishing between
         xDSL, fiber, cable, and mobile broadband, but ultimately left the market definition
         open.57
(83)     The Commission has also considered segmentation of that market by type of
         customer, distinguishing between (i) residential customers and small business
         customers; and (ii) large business customers, concluding that large business
         customers form a part of business connectivity services because unlike residential
         and small business customers, their demands require an individual approach.58 The
         Commission has further concluded that the market for fixed internet access services
    Global/Dutch JV, paragraph 76; Commission decision of 11 May 2016 in case M.7612 - Hutchison 3G
    UK/Telefónica UK, recital 289 et seq.
56 Form CO, paragraph 509.
57 See Commission decision of 29 June 2010 in case M.5532 - Carphone Warehouse/Tiscali UK, paragraphs
    7-21; Commission decision of 20 September 2013 in case M.6990 - Vodafone/Kabel Deutschland,
    paragraphs 192-194; Commission decision of 3 August 2016 in case M.7978 - Vodafone/Liberty
    Global/Dutch JV, paragraph 38.
58 See Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M.8864 - Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets,
    recital 51.
                                                     17
 ---pagebreak---          should not be segmented according to download speed59 and that fixed internet
         services provided through mobile network infrastructure should be excluded from its
         scope.60
4.8.2.2. Notifying Party’s view
(84)     The Notifying Party submits that the relevant product market should be defined as
         the overall retail market for the provision of fixed internet access services, including
         all product types, distribution modes and speed/bandwidths, to residential and small
         business customers, excluding services provided through mobile network. In
         particular, it considers that it is not appropriate to sub-divide the market according to
         the product type and distribution mode since all these products are substitutable with
         each other. Nonetheless, the Notifying Party submits that the analysis would not be
         materially different if the market was divided according to the product type and
         distribution mode.61
4.8.2.3. Commission’s assessment
(85)     The market investigation in this case has not provided any indication that the
         Commission should depart from its previous findings. For the purposes of this
         decision, the Commission will not examine the possible segmentation of the overall
         market for the provision retail fixed internet access services in relation to the
         provision of advertising space because the competitive analysis would remain
         unchanged under all possible segmentations mentioned below in paragraph (86).
(86)     Therefore, for the purpose of this decision, the Commission considers that the exact
         product market definition for the retail supply of fixed internet access services can be
         left open as the Transaction does not raise serious doubts as to its compatibility with
         the internal market irrespective of a possible segmentation of the market by product
         type, distribution mode or type of customer
4.8.3. Geographic market definition
4.8.3.1. Commission precedents
(87)     The Commission has previously considered that the market for the fixed internet
         access services is national in scope, due to the fact that the supply of upstream
         wholesale services works on a national basis, and the fact that the pricing policies are
         mostly national.62
59  See Commission decision of 29 June 2009 in case M.5532 - Carphone Warehouse/Tiscali UK, paragraphs
    7-21; Commission decision of 20 September 2013 in case M.6990 - Vodafone/Kabel Deutschland,
    paragraphs 192-194; Commission decision of 3 August 2016 in case M.7978 - Vodafone/Liberty
    Global/Dutch JV, paragraph 38.
60 See Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M.8864 - Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets,
    recital 53.
61 Form CO, paragraphs 537, 538 and 540.
62 See Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M.8864 - Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets,
    recital 60.
                                                      18
 ---pagebreak--- 4.8.3.2. Notifying Party’s view
(88)    The Notifying Party agrees with this market definition.63
4.8.3.3. Commission’s assessment
(89)    The market investigation in this case has not provided any indication that the
        Commission should depart from its previous findings.
(90)    Therefore, for the purpose of this decision, the Commission consider that the
        geographic market definition for the retail supply of fixed internet access services is
        national in scope.
5.      COMPETITIVE ASSESSMENT
5.1.    Analytical framework
(91)    Under Article 2(2) and Article 2(3) of the Merger Regulation, the Commission must
        assess whether a proposed concentration would significantly impede effective
        competition in the internal market or in a substantial part of it, in particular through
        the creation or strengthening of a dominant position.
(92)    In this respect, a merger may entail horizontal and/or non-horizontal effects.
        Horizontal effects are those deriving from a concentration where the undertakings
        concerned are actual or potential competitors of each other in one or more of the
        relevant markets concerned. Non-horizontal effects are those deriving from a
        concentration where the undertakings concerned are active in different relevant
        markets.
5.1.1. Horizontal non-coordinated effects
(93)    The Horizontal Merger Guidelines64 describe horizontal non-coordinated effects as
        follows: “A merger may significantly impede effective competition in a market by
        removing important competitive constraints on one or more sellers who
        consequently have increased market power. The most direct effect of the merger will
        be the loss of competition between the merging firms. For example, if prior to the
        merger one of the merging firms had raised its price, it would have lost some sales to
        the other merging firm. The merger removes this particular constraint. Non-merging
        firms in the same market can also benefit from the reduction of competitive pressure
        that results from the merger, since the merging firms’ price increase may switch
        some demand to the rival firms, which, in turn, may find it profitable to increase
        their prices. The reduction in these competitive constraints could lead to significant
        price increases in the relevant market.”65
(94)    Therefore, a merger giving rise to such non-coordinated effects might significantly
        impede effective competition by creating or strengthening the dominant position of a
63  Form CO, paragraph 542.
64  Guidelines on the assessment of horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of
    concentrations between undertakings ("Horizontal Merger Guidelines"), OJ C 31, 05.02.2004.
65 Horizontal Merger Guidelines, paragraph 24.
                                                      19
 ---pagebreak---         single firm, one which, typically, would have an appreciably larger market share
        than the next competitor post-merger.
(95)    The Horizontal Merger Guidelines list a number of factors which may influence
        whether or not significant horizontal non-coordinated effects are likely to result from
        a merger, such as the large market shares of the merging firms, the fact that the
        merging firms are close competitors, the limited possibilities for customers to switch
        suppliers, or the fact that the merger would eliminate an important competitive
        force.66 That list of factors applies equally regardless of whether a merger would
        create or strengthen a dominant position, or would otherwise significantly impede
        effective competition due to non-coordinated effects. Furthermore, not all of these
        factors need to be present to make significant non-coordinated effects likely and it is
        not an exhaustive list.67
(96)    Finally, the Horizontal Merger Guidelines describe a number of factors, which could
        counteract the harmful effects of the merger on competition, including the likelihood
        of buyer power, entry and efficiencies.
5.1.2. Vertical effects
(97)    According to the Non-Horizontal Merger Guidelines, foreclosure occurs when actual
        or potential rivals’ access to supplies or markets is hampered, thereby reducing those
        companies’ ability and/or incentive to compete. Such foreclosure may discourage
        entry or expansion of rivals or encourage their exit.68
(98)    The Non-Horizontal Merger Guidelines distinguish between two forms of
        foreclosure: input foreclosure occurs where the merger is likely to raise the costs of
        downstream rivals by restricting their access to an important input and customer
        foreclosure occurs where the merger is likely to foreclose upstream rivals by
        restricting their access to a sufficient customer base.69
(99)    In order for foreclosure to be a concern, three conditions need to be met post-
        merger: (i) the merged entity needs to have the ability to foreclose its rivals70 ; (ii)
        the merged entity needs to have the incentive to foreclose its rivals 71; and (iii) the
        foreclosure strategy needs to have a significant detrimental effect on the parameters
        of competition on the downstream market (input foreclosure)72 or have an adverse
        impact in the downstream market and harm consumers (customer foreclosure).73 In
        practice, these factors are often examined together since they are closely
        intertwined.74
66  Horizontal Merger Guidelines, paragraphs 27 et seq.
67  Horizontal Merger Guidelines, paragraph 26.
68  Guidelines on the assessment of non-horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of
    concentration between undertakings (“Non-Horizontal Merger Guidelines”), OJ C 265/6, 18.10.2008,
    paragraphs 29-30.
69  Non-Horizontal Merger Guidelines, paragraph 30.
70  Non-Horizontal Merger Guidelines, paragraphs 33 to 39 and 60 to 67.
71  Non-Horizontal Merger Guidelines, paragraphs 40 to 46 and 68 to 71.
72  Non-Horizontal Merger Guidelines, paragraphs 47 to 57.
73  Non-Horizontal Merger Guidelines, paragraphs 72 to 77.
74  With regard to potential conglomerate effects, is the Commission notes that it is not possible to bundle the
    wholesale supply of TV channels or the sale of TV advertising space (i.e. CME’s main activities) with the
                                                          20
 ---pagebreak--- 5.2.     Horizontally affected markets
(100) The Transaction gives rise to horizontally affected markets in (i) certain segments of
         the market for the licensing of TV broadcasting rights in Czechia and Slovakia, and
         (ii) the market for the sale of TV advertising space in Czechia.
5.2.1. Licensing of TV broadcasting rights – Czechia and Slovakia
5.2.1.1.Overall market for the acquisition of broadcasting rights for TV content in Czechia
         and Slovakia
(101) Both PPF, through its subsidiary O2 Czech Republic, and CME acquire broadcasting
         rights for AV content for inclusion in their TV channels. Tables 1 to 675 below show
         the segments where the Parties` overlapping activities result in horizontally affected
         markets in Czechia and Slovakia, namely: (i) the overall market for the acquisition
         of TV broadcasting rights, (ii) the acquisition of rights to football events, (iii) the
         acquisition of rights to football events that occur regularly, (iv) the acquisition of
         rights to other sports, and (v) the acquisition of rights for linear transmission of AV
         content.
(102) Both Parties acquire TV content rights for inclusion in their TV channels in Czechia
         and Slovakia.
(103) In Czechia, PPF purchases broadcasting rights to audiovisual sports-related content
         for its TV channels O2 TV Sport, O2 TV Tenis and O2 TV Fotbal. CME acquires
         various types of content rights, including sports, foreign movies, domestic movies,
         series, and other rights. In relation to sporting rights, CME focuses on licensing
         rights to: (i) the U.S. branded sports, such as NHL (ice hockey), NBA (basketball) or
         UFC (martial arts), (ii) mainstream European sports , (iii) motorbike MOTO GP, and
         (iv) emerging sports, such as darts or rugby.
(104) In Slovakia, the Parties are mostly active on the demand side of the market and they
         only have a limited presence on the supply side. PPF, through O2 CR, has been
         active on the Slovakian licensing market since 2018. O2 CR, however, is not present
         in Slovakia. CME acquires various types of content rights, including sports, foreign
         movies, domestic movies, series, and other rights. In relation to sporting rights, CME
         focuses on licensing rights to: (i) the U.S. branded sports, such as NHL (ice hockey),
         NBA (basketball) or UFC (martial arts), (ii) mainstream European sports, (iii)
         motorbike MOTO GP, and (iv) emerging sports, such as darts or rugby.
    supply of retail TV services or retail telecommunication services because these services are sold to
    different customers. Customers for the wholesale supply of TV channels are the TV services retailers;
    customers for advertising space are persons or entities that wish to advertise on TV; customers for retail
    TV services and telecommunication services are the end-consumers. A potential link lies between CME’s
    SVOD platform and PPF’s telecommunication services in Czechia. However, SVOD services are typically
    not sold in a bundle in Czechia and customers of SVOD and telecommunication services do not tend to
    consider the two services to be connected. Furthermore, neither CME’s SVOD platform nor PPF’s
    telecommunications services have market power that could plausibly be leveraged in the context of a
    conglomerate strategy. For these reasons and as the results of the market investigation did not point to any
    plausible conglomerate concern, potential conglomerate effects will not be further discussed in this
    decision.
75 Market shares are calculated on the basis of costs incurred for the acquisition of the rights.
                                                          21
 ---pagebreak---  ---pagebreak---  ---pagebreak---  ---pagebreak---         Other acquirers include CT and AMC. CT had [20-30]% in 2017 which dropped to
        [5-10]% in 2018 and 2019. AMC represented [0-5]% of the market in 2017.
(109) In Slovakia, CME’s market share was [5-10]% in 2017 and [0-5]% in 2018-2019.
        PPF’s market share at [30-40]% for 2018-2019. The market leader is Digi with [50-
        60]% and [40-50]% for 2017 and 2018-2019 respectively, followed by RTVS ([20-
        30]% in 2017, [5-10]% in 2018-2019), Orange (which had no market share in 2017
        but increased its presence to [10-20]% of the market in 2018-2019), and AMC
        (which represented [5-10]% of the market in 2017 but had a negligible share in
        2018-2019).
5.2.1.2.1. Notifying Party’s view
(110) The Notifying Party submits that the Transaction will only bring about an immaterial
        increase to PPF’s market share given the limited market share increment both in
        Czechia and Slovakia. Further, the Notifying Party explains that CME and PPF are
        not close competitors, while Digi remains PPF’s closest competitor in Czechia and
        Slovakia. In addition, PPF will be constrained post-transaction by strong existing
        competitors such as CT, AMC, Arena, and Eurosport in Czechia, and RTVS,
        Orange, AMC, Arena and Eurosport in Slovakia. Lastly, the Notifying Party
        explains that the merged entity’s market share may decrease significantly for the
        coming seasons given that sports broadcasting rights are tendered in transparent
        procedures where many strong bidders participate each time.
5.2.1.2.2. Commission’s assessment
        (A)       Czechia
(111) The results of the market investigation are largely neutral vis-à-vis the Transaction.
        Overall, the large majority of rightsholders consider that the Transaction will have a
        neutral impact both on the market for the acquisition of football rights and on their
        own business.76 They consider that the merged entity will not be in a position to
        impose less favourable terms when negotiating the acquisition of rights77 and that
        competitors will remain able to credibly participate in tenders opposite the merged
        entity.78 From the demand-side, however, two competitors take the view that PPF
        generally has a decisive advantage in tenders due to the financial strength of the
        entire PPF group.79 These competitors consider that pre-transaction PPF has been
        leveraging its strong financial position, which increases overtime, in order to win
        tenders.
(112) In particular, a competitor considered that the Transaction would induce significant
        horizontal effects on the market for the acquisition of broadcasting rights for football
        events in Czechia. According to its submission, PPF’s particularly strong financial
        position enables it to outbid any other participant to a tender.
76  Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to rightsholders, questions 17 and 18.
77  Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to rightsholders, question 13.
78 Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to rightsholders, question 14.
79 Replies to Questionnaire Q2 to broadcasters, question 30.
                                                         25
 ---pagebreak--- (113) However, the Commission considers that the Transaction will not materially affect
        the market for the acquisition of broadcasting rights for football events that occur
        regularly in Czechia.
(114) First, the Commission notes that the increment brought about by the Transaction is
        limited. In Czechia, CME’s market share has not exceeded [5-10]% in the period
        2017-2019. The addition of this increment will not materially change PPF’s position
        on the segment for the acquisition of rights to football events that occur regularly.
(115) Second, the Parties are not competing to acquire the same sports rights. PPF and
        CME pursue different strategies, particularly with respect to the distribution of their
        sports channels, and specialize in different sports. They acquire different content and
        their channels attract different viewers. In particular, CME holds none of the main
        Czech football rights (holding only second pick and other rights for the UEFA
        Europe League 2019/2020) or the national ice hockey championship rights80 and a
        very limited set of other rights. As explained in paragraph (103), CME rather focuses
        on licensing rights to U.S. branded sports, mainstream European sports (e.g., the
        French Football League, motorbike, and emerging sports, such as darts). CT holds
        the majority of football rights (both for national and UEFA/Europa leagues as
        explained below in paragraph (118) (b)) and Digi Sport holds virtually all of the
        internationally attractive football league rights. Further, the majority of non-football
        rights are held by CT, Eurosport or Sport 1.
(116) As a result, PPF and CME generally do not meet in tenders for the various sports
        rights they acquire. Based on bidding data submitted by the Parties PPF and CME
        [confidential bidding data].
(117) While PPF increased its market share over the period 2017-2019 by successfully
        competing for the acquisition of attractive football rights, possibly as a result of
        superior financial capabilities, its very limited competitive interaction with CME
        pre-merger shows that the Transaction is not likely to materially impact PPF’s
        ability to win tenders post-transaction.
(118) Third, other companies that closely compete with PPF will remain active on the
        market post-transaction:
        (a)      Digi CZ, which holds the broadcasting rights for the English Premier league,
                 German Bundesliga, as well as the Spanish and Italian football leagues, and
                 the ATP (until 2021, after which the ATP rights will be held by Eurosport).
                 The Notifying Party estimates that Digi CZ’s market share on the Czech
                 market for the licensing of broadcasting rights for football events ranged
                 between [30-40]% and [40-50]% (from 2017/2018 season to 2019/2020
                 season).
        (b)      CT, the Czech public broadcaster, which holds the broadcasting rights for a
                 portion of the UEFA Champions League (highlights and final), Czech
                 football league (4th pick) and Europa League (1st pick) packages, UEFA Euro
                 2020, including qualifiers of the Czech team, and ice hockey, including the
                 Hockey World Championships, the Olympics, Euro Hockey Tour, certain
80 Respondents to the market investigation explained that ice hockey content in which the national team
   participates is a very important input in Czechia along with football.
                                                          26
 ---pagebreak---                 Czech national team hockey matches, and certain matches of the Czech
                National Hockey League. The Notifying Party estimates that CT’s market
                share on the Czech market for the licensing of broadcasting rights for football
                events ranged between [5-10]% and [20-30]% (from the 2017/2018 season to
                the 2019/2020 season).
       (c)      AMC Networks Entertainment LLC (Sport 1 and Sport 2 channels), which
                holds the broadcasting rights to one live match of the Slovak National
                Hockey League (Tipsport liga), rights for the football qualifiers for the Euro
                2020 and the FIFA World Cup 2022 (for all matches excluding the Czech
                national team), the Portuguese and Turkish football leagues, all Formula One
                races, NFL and boxing. The Notifying Party estimates that the market share
                of AMC on the Czech market for the licensing of broadcasting rights for
                football events ranged between [0-5]% and [10-20]% (from the 2017/2018
                season to the 2019/2020 season).
       (d)      Arena Sport, which holds the broadcasting rights for the Dutch football
                league.
       (e)      Discovery’s Eurosport channels, which held rights to Major League Soccer
                USA. Eurosports channels also feature a range of other sports rights,
                including non-exclusive broadcasting rights to all Alpine and Nordic Ski
                events (Alpine ski races, Biathlon, Ski jumping/Ski flying, Nordic events),
                the Olympic Games 2020 and 2022, and the main ATP and WTA tennis
                tournaments (1000 series and 500 series), and non-exclusive rights for the
                Tour de France relevant for the Czech market).
       (B)        Slovakia
(119) The results of the market investigation have been largely neutral vis-à-vis the
       Transaction. Rightholders consider that the merged entity will not be in a position to
       impose less favourable terms when negotiating the acquisition of rights 81 and take
       the view that other entities will be able to credibly participate in tenders opposite the
       merged entity. Form the demand-side, the majority of broadcasters consider that
       negotiations are ordinary and on equal footing and are not concerned with the
       Transaction.82 Accordingly, the Commission considers that the Transaction will not
       materially affect the market for the acquisition of broadcasting rights for football
       events that occur regularly in Slovakia.
(120) First, the Commission notes that the increment brought about by the Transaction is
       very limited. In Slovakia, CME’s market share has not exceeded [0-5]% in the
       period 2018-2019. The addition of this market share will therefore not materially
       change PPF’s position on the segment for the acquisition of rights to football events
       that occur regularly.
(121) Second, PPF, through O2 CR, has been active as an acquirer of sports rights on the
       Slovakian market since 2018. However, O2 CR does not broadcast its O2 TV Sport
       channels in Slovakia. In order to use the sports content that it acquired – which are
       often tendered together with broadcasting rights for the Czech market – O2 CR
81 Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to rightsholders, question 13.
82 Replies to Questionnaire Q2 to broadcasters Q2, question 30.
                                                        27
 ---pagebreak---       produces a customized channel for Orange, its sole customer in Slovakia. This
      channel is produced and distributed under the Orange brand and is built around O2
      CR rights for the UEFA Champions League and other content owned by Orange.
(122) Third, other companies that closely compete with PPF will remain active on the
      market post-transaction
      (a)    Digi SK (a subsidiary of Slovak Telekom/Deutsche Telekom), which holds
             the broadcasting rights for the English Premier league, German Bundesliga,
             as well as the Spanish and Italian first league football leagues. The Notifying
             Party estimates that Digi SK’s market share on the Slovak market for the
             licensing of broadcasting rights for football events ranged between [30-40]%
             and [50-60]% (from the 2017/2018 season to the 2019/2020 season).
      (b)    RTVS, the Slovak public broadcaster, which holds the broadcasting rights for
             the annual Hockey World Championships, games of the national Hockey
             team (Euro Hockey Challenge), the European Football Championship 2020,
             the next three years’ Slovak National Football Team qualifiers (including
             UEFA Nations League, the Euro 2020 and the World Cup 2022) on an
             exclusive basis, and the Olympic Games in 2020. Additionally, RTVS has
             non-exclusive broadcasting rights for all stages of the Tour de France and
             Tour de Suisse, and exclusive broadcasting rights for the U21 and U23
             Hockey youth team qualifiers. The Notifying Party estimates that the market
             share of RTVS on the Slovak market for the licensing of broadcasting rights
             for football events ranged between [5-10]% and [20-30]% (from the
             2017/2018 season to the 2019/2020 season).
      (c)    Orange, which among other rights holds the broadcasting rights for Slovak
             football league (1st pick, Fortuna liga). The Notifying Party estimates that the
             market share of Orange on the Slovak market for the licensing of
             broadcasting rights for football events amount to [10-20]% and [10-20]% in
             the 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 season, respectively.
      (d)    AMC Networks Entertainment LLC (Sport 1 and Sport 2), which holds the
             broadcasting rights to one live match of the Slovak National Hockey League
             (Tipsport liga), rights for the football qualifiers for the Euro 2020 and the
             FIFA World Cup 2022, Portuguese and Turkish football leagues, Formula
             One, NFL and boxing. The Notifying Party estimates that the market share of
             AMC on the Slovak market for the licensing of broadcasting rights for
             football events ranged between [0-5]% and [10-20]% (from 2017/2018
             season to 2019/2020 season).
      (e)    Arena Sport, which holds the broadcasting rights for the Dutch football
             league.
                                                28
 ---pagebreak---         (f)     Discovery’s Eurosport channels, which held the broadcasting rights to Major
                League Soccer USA. These channels also feature a range of other sports,
                including non-exclusive broadcasting rights to Alpine and Nordic Ski events,
                the Olympic Games 2020 and 2022, and the main ATP and WTA tennis
                tournaments, as well as non-exclusive rights for the Tour de France relevant
                for the Slovak market.
(123) Consequently, the Commission considers that the Transaction does not raise serious
        doubts as to its compatibility with the internal market with regard to the markets for
        the acquisition of broadcasting rights for football events and for football events that
        take place regularly, in Czechia and Slovakia.
5.2.1.3.Market for the acquisition of (i) other sports content and (ii) linear broadcasting
        rights in Czechia and Slovakia
(124) The Parties overlap in the acquisition of other sports, meaning all sports other than
        football events. They Parties also overlap in the acquisition of linear broadcasting
        rights, meaning rights for content that is transmitted via linear broadcasting.
(125) First, with respect to the market for the acquisition of rights for other sports, the
        Parties’ and their main competitors’ market shares are the following.
                                                   29
 ---pagebreak---  ---pagebreak---       state-operated broadcasters, who are particularly strong in this segment. In particular,
      Parties will be constrained by CT, which represented between [30-40]% and [40-
      50]% of the market between 2017 and 2019, AMC (between [10-20]% and [10-20]%
      between 2017 and 2019), and Discovery (between [10-20]% and [10-20]% between
      2017 and 2019). Lastly, the market investigation did not point to any particular
      concerns in relation to the segment of other sports in Czechia.
(127) In Slovakia, the increment brought about by the Transaction does not exceed [0-5]%,
      leading to a combined market share below 25%. Several credible competing buyers
      or sports rights will remain present in both countries. PPF is a recent entrant, having
      entered the market in 2018, mainly due to the fact that broadcasting rights are often
      tendered together for Czechia and Slovakia. Furthermore, PPF’s presence in
      Slovakia is limited to the production of a customized channel for Orange, as
      described above in paragraph 122. Lastly, the market investigation did not point to
      any particular concerns in relation to the segment of other sports in Slovakia.
(128) Consequently, the Commission considers that the Transaction does not raise serious
      doubts as to its compatibility with the internal market with regard to the segment for
      the acquisition of rights for other sports in Czechia and Slovakia.
(129) Second, with respect to the market for the acquisition of linear broadcasting rights,
      the Parties’ and their main competitors’ market shares are the following.
                                                  31
 ---pagebreak---  ---pagebreak---  ---pagebreak--- 5.2.2.1.Notifying Party’s view
(135) The Notifying Party submits that PPF’s market share is below [0-5]%. As the
        Transaction will not lead to a material market share increment, it will not have a
        material impact on CME’s competitive position.
5.2.2.2.Commission’s assessment
(136) The Commission considers that the Transaction will not materially affect the market
        for the sale of TV advertising space in Czechia.
(137) First, the increment brought about by the Transaction is limited as while CME has a
        market share of approximately [50-60]%, PPF’s share is below [0-5]%. The Parties’
        position would be similar on the segment for the sale of TV advertising space on
        linear channels.
(138) Second, whilst CME has a large share for the sale of TV advertising space in
        Czechia, the Transaction does not materially change the competitive landscape in
        this market and is unlikely to significantly increase CME's market power because of
        the limited increment that it generates.
(139) Third, alternative players will remain present in the market for sale of TV
        advertising space, including Media Club and CT.
(140) Fourth, the market investigation did not point to any horizontal concerns with regard
        to the combination of the Parties’ activities as regards the sale of TV advertising
        space.
(141) Consequently, the Commission considers that the Transaction does not raise serious
        doubts as to its compatibility with the internal market with regard to the sale of TV
        advertising space, including the sale of TV advertising space on linear channels.
5.2.2.3.Conclusion
(142) In light of the above, the Commission considers that the Transaction does not raise
        serious doubts as to its compatibility with the internal market with regard to the
        market for the acquisition of TV advertising space in Czechia and Slovakia.
5.3.    Vertically affected markets
(143) The Parties’ activities at different levels of the AV value chain and in some
        telecommunications markets give rise to the following vertically affected markets in
        Czechia, Slovakia and Bulgaria:
        (a)     CME’s activities in certain segments of the upstream market for the
                wholesale supply of TV channels and PPF’s activities in the downstream
                market for the retail supply of AV services in Czechia;
        (b)     CME’s activities in the sale of TV advertising space and PPF’s activities in
                the downstream markets for the retail supply of AV services, retail supply of
                mobile telecommunications services, and/or retail supply of fixed internet
                access services in Czechia, Slovakia and Bulgaria.
                                                  34
 ---pagebreak---  ---pagebreak---  ---pagebreak---  ---pagebreak---  ---pagebreak--- (157) As noted above, PPF produces three sport channels that it does not offer at a
         wholesale level, but exclusively distributes via its own pay TV platform. The
         Commission therefore considers that PPF’s sports channels are not part of the market
         for the wholesale supply of TV channels. Nevertheless, the Parties have provided
         estimates of PPF’s market shares on the possible segment for the wholesale supply
         of pay TV sports channels if captive channels were to be included. Based on these
         estimates, PPF would have a market share of [5-10]% by revenues and [0-5]% by
         audience for the possible segment for the wholesale supply of pay TV sports
         channels in Czechia in 201984. If PPF’s, Digi’s and Premier captive sports channels
         were included in the potential segment for the wholesale supply of sports TV
         channels, the revenue-based combined market share of the Parties would be
         approximately [20-30]%.85
(158) The segment for the wholesale supply of sports TV channels is not vertically
         affected since the Parties’ individual and combined market shares remain below 30%
         in this segment, as well as any potential segmentations thereof. In particular, the
         Commission notes that neither Party supplies its channels FTA in Czechia. On the
         potential pay TV segment, the Parties’ individual and combined market shares
         remain below 30% even when including PPF’s captive channels. Within the pay TV
         segment, PPF’s channels would qualify as premium pay TV channels, while CME
         only supplies sports channels as part of its basic pay TV offering. The Parties have
         not provided estimates of their market shares in the segment for premium pay TV
         sports channels, since CME does not have premium pay TV sports channels and PPF
         does not offer its channels on the market. As for the segment for basic pay TV sports
         channels, as shown in Table 11, CME’s market shares remain below 30% both by
         revenues and by audience.
(159) However, several market participants have pointed to the importance of CME’s
         sports channels for their retail AV services offerings and expressed concerns that
         PPF would no longer make them available on the wholesale market post-
         Transaction. The Commission will therefore assess the likelihood of input
         foreclosure of CME’s sports channels under Section 5.3.2.2 below.
5.3.1.2. Retail supply of AV services
(160) Table 12 sets out PPF’s and its main competitors’ market shares in the segment for
         the retail supply of pay TV services in Czechia86 by value (revenues) and by volume
         (number of connected households) for the years 2017, 2018 and 2019.
84  Form CO, paragraph 216 and Table 28.
85  Form CO, para. 275.
86 PPF through its mobile operator O2 SK is marginally active on the TV retail market in Slovakia through
    its offering of O2 TV (digital television) over mobile and ITV platforms. O2 SK has only [number of
    subscribers] to this service among approx. 1.7 million TV households and 1.56 million Pay TV in
    Slovakia. PPF is also marginally active in Bulgaria through Telenor IPTV that only offers HBO as an add-
    on the main mobile subscription with [number of subscribers] out of a total of 3 million Telenor
    subscribers. Theses marginal IPTV activities of PPF in Slovakia and Bulgaria will not be further discussed
    in the context of the competitive assessment of this decision.
                                                           39
 ---pagebreak---  ---pagebreak---  ---pagebreak---  ---pagebreak---  ---pagebreak---  ---pagebreak---                  –       partially foreclose downstream competitors by degrading the terms
                         and conditions of the acquisition of TV channels, for example through
                         worse terms and conditions or materially higher carriage fees.
(172) No respondent to the market investigation considered it likely that the merged entity
        would stop licensing all of its TV channels to competing suppliers of AV services.90
        However, several respondents were concerned that the merged entity may stop
        licensing some of its TV channels, and in particular its sports channels, to third
        parties post-Transaction.91 Moreover, all of the respondents to the market
        investigation considered it likely that the merged entity would degrade the terms and
        conditions when licensing all or some of its TV channels to third parties.92
(173) The Commission has therefore assessed specifically whether the merged entity
        would have the ability and incentive to stop licensing its sports channels or degrade
        the terms and conditions of all or some of its TV channels when licensing them to
        competing suppliers of retail AV services.
5.3.2.1.The Notifying Party’s view
(174) The Notifying Party submits that the merged entity would lack the ability to engage
        in input foreclosure. It argues that none of CME's channels can be considered to
        constitute important inputs to downstream competitors. It argues that, in any event,
        most of CME’s channels are part of standard retail TV packages and do not offer
        unique content.93 The Notifying Party also indicates that there will remain a
        sufficient number of wholesale competitors for downstream rivals to have access to
        alternative inputs, namely the commercial TV broadcasters Prima and Barrandov, as
        well as the public broadcaster CT.94
(175) In addition, the Notifying Party submits that the merged entity would lack the
        incentive to engage in total input foreclosure. It argues that [confidential data
        regarding revenues] of CME’s revenues in 2019 were generated by television
        advertising, not by carriage fees. Therefore, CME has an incentive to maximise its
        reach and not to foreclose downstream distributors. Moreover, the Notifying Party
        argues that any potential profits that could be generated by a foreclosure strategy
        could not offset the greater reductions in CME’s advertising revenues.95
(176) With regard to partial input foreclosure, the Notifying Party argues that CME’s
        bargaining position when negotiating carriage fees will not materially change post-
        Transaction. This is because CME relies on the broad availability of its channels
        through all TV retailers and its continued supply over DTT. Due to PPF’s limited
        position on the overall market for the retail supply of AV services, CME’s incentives
        to broadly supply its channels will likely not change post-Transaction.96
90  Replies to Questionnaire Q3 to distributors, question 23.
91  Replies to Questionnaire Q3 to distributors, questions 23 to 23.4.
92  Replies to Questionnaire Q3 to distributors, questions 24 to 24.4.
93  Form CO, paragraph 685.
94  Form CO, paragraph 682.
95  Form CO, paragraphs 691 et seqq.
96  Form CO, paragraph 700.
                                                          45
 ---pagebreak--- (177) Finally, the Notifying Party argues that any total or partial input foreclosure strategy
        would have a very limited impact on retail TV prices, given the number of
        alternative providers of TV channels, and therefore any potential impact on
        competition would be immaterial.97
5.3.2.2.The Commission’s assessment
(178) For the reasons set out below, the Commission considers that the merged entity will
        not have the ability and incentive to foreclose competing suppliers of retail AV
        services by engaging in input foreclosure, e.g. by stopping to supply all or some of
        CME’s channels to PPF’s downstream rivals or by increasing the prices or degrading
        the quality of the channels. Furthermore, even if the merged entity were to engage in
        input foreclosure, such a strategy would not have a significant detrimental effect on
        competition.
    (A) Ability to engage in input foreclosure
(179) CME holds a [30-40]% audience share in the general entertainment segment, [30-
        40]% audience share in the FTA general entertainment sub-segment, [30-40]%
        audience share in the basic pay TV general entertainment sub-segment and [30-40]%
        audience share in the FTA film channels sub-segment in Czechia.
(180) The Commission notes that in the overall market for the wholesale supply of TV
        channels and all other plausible segments, CME’s audience share remains below
        30%. In particular, in the segment for pay TV sports channels, CME has a market
        share of [10-20]% by revenues and [5-10]% by audience. Even if PPF’s captive
        sports channels were included, the Parties combined market share would remain
        below 30% both by revenues ([20-30]%) and by audience ([5-10]%). As for the sub-
        segment for basic pay TV sports channels, CME has a market share of [20-30]% by
        revenues and [5-10]% by audience.
(181) In respect of the merged entity’s ability to engage in input foreclosure, respondents
        to the market investigation consider that CME holds a leading market position and
        “must have” channels, which are important inputs to compete.98 This is particularly
        true with respect to Nova, which is a general entertainment channel and the channel
        generating the most audience out of CME’s portfolio, with a [20-30]% audience
        share among all FTA and basic pay TV channels.
(182) Additionally, several respondents considered CME’s sports channels, Nova Sport 1
        and Nova Sport 2, as important inputs to compete, in particular for suppliers of retail
        pay TV services. They submitted that, due to the importance of FTA distribution in
        Czechia, pay TV distributors rely on content, and in particular sports channels, to
        attract customers and distinguish themselves from competitors.99
(183) Moreover, most respondents to the market investigation submitted that they had no
        alternatives to CME’s channels. For CME’s main channel, Nova, this is due to the
        level of its audience share; for CME’s sports channels, respondents consider that
97  Form CO, paragraphs 701 et seqq.
98  Replies to Questionnaire Q3 to distributors, questions 20 and 20.1.
99 Replies to Questionnaire Q3 to distributors, questions 20 and 20.1.
                                                          46
 ---pagebreak---          there would be no alternatives with a similar quality of content. 100 Therefore, most
         respondents to the market investigation considered their bargaining position to be
         low when licensing TV channels from CME.101
(184) In order to assess whether Nova on the one hand, and Nova Sport 1 and Nova Sport
         2 on the other, should be considered as particularly important for distributors of AV
         services, more than their audience share would suggest, the Commission requested
         the Parties to provide viewer shares based on different parameters. 102 Table 19
         summarizes such information in relation to the total viewing, continuous viewing
         and prime time viewing of CME's channels and their closest competitors in Czechia.
         Table 19: Viewership data of FTA/basic pay TV channels in Czechia (2019, 4+)
               All      N All Day N All Day              N All Day        N Prime time     N Prime time      N
               Day         Total          Continuous         Continuous      Continuous        Continuous
               Total       time 180       time       30      tome     180    time 30 min.      time 180 min.
               time        min.           min.               min.
               30
               min.
 CME              […]    1    […]       1      […]        1       […]      2      […]       1       […]       1
 CT               […]    2    […]       2      […]        2       […]      1      […]       2       […]       2
 Prima            […]    3    […]       3      […]        3       […]      3      […]       3       […]       3
 Barrandov        […]    4    […]       4      […]        4       […]      4      […]       4       […]       4
 AMC              […]    5    […]       5      […]        5       […]      5      […]       5       […]       5
 Stanice O        […]    6    […]       6      […]        6       […]      6      […]       6       […]       6
 (Očko
 Music
 Channels)
         Source: Form CO, Table 124.
(185) The Commission notes that despite CME’s strong 2019 all day audience share
         position for FTA/basic pay TV channels, different viewership metrics described in
         Table 19 show that CME’s position remains comparable to those of CT’s and
         Prima’s channels, which rank second and third.
(186) With regard to the general entertainment channels, the data provided by the Parties
         confirms that CME’s general entertainment channels account together for [20-30] of
         the total audience share, while CT’s general entertainment channels account for [20-
         30] and Prima’s channels for [10-20] of the total audience share. Moreover, CME’s
100 Replies to Questionnaire Q3 to distributors, questions 26 and 26.1.
101 Replies to Questionnaire Q3 to distributors, questions 22 and 22.1.
102 In line with M.8861 – Comcast/Sky and M.7194 - Liberty Global/Corelio/W&W/De Vijver Media, the
    Commission requested viewership data based on (i) total viewing time per month, (ii) continuous viewing
    time per month and (iii) prime time viewing time per month. For each (i), (ii) and (iii), the Parties
    submitted data for (a) 6 minutes, (b) 30 minutes, (c) 60 minutes, (d) 180 minutes. Table 19 presents a
    summary of the data provided.
                                                          47
 ---pagebreak---  ---pagebreak---  ---pagebreak---  ---pagebreak--- (193) In addition, one competitor indicates that PPF currently does not sub-licence its TV
         channels to other distributors, which raises concerns that this practice will continue
         post-transaction and will extend to CME.
(194) The Notifying Party argues that it will lack the incentive to foreclose competing pay
         TV operators from CME’s TV channels in general, and sports channels in particular.
         It has submitted economic studies assessing the risk of (i) total and (ii) partial
         foreclosure of CME’s channels in general, as well as (iii) CME’s sports channels in
         particular.106
(195) As concerns the total foreclosure of CME’s Nova channels,107 the study assesses
         whether the merged entity would have an incentive to stop distributing CME’s Nova
         channels on rival pay TV platforms. The study assesses different scenarios
         (foreclosure of individual pay TV retailers; foreclosure of all pay TV retailers
         combined, foreclosure of both DTT and rival pay TV platforms) and finds that,
         under any conceivable strategy, additional retail profits would not suffice to offset
         carriage and advertising losses. This is because CME’s profitability relies
         significantly on advertising revenues. Therefore, CME has a strong economic
         incentive to maximize the reach of its channels, an incentive which will not change
         post-Transaction. If the merged entity would engage in total input foreclosure, it
         would thus lose a significant amount of advertising revenues and carriage fees, due
         to O2’s limited downstream footprint. On the other hand, the merged entity’s
         increase in retail profit would be limited due to the fact that not all customers would
         switch distributors, and even those who would all not switch to O2.108
(196) In respect of partial foreclosure of CME’s Nova channels109 in the form of higher
         carriage fees or generally degraded commercial conditions imposed on competing
         TV retailers, the study posits that the merged entity may internalise the possibility
         that a blackout of CME’s channels on rival TV platforms resulting from a refusal of
         the merged entity’s proposed terms would have a profit-enhancing effect on O2’s
         retail TV business, thus making such blackouts less costly for the merged entity.
         However, despite the merged entity’s improved ability to threaten blackouts, the
         study finds that, due to O2’s limited downstream footprint and the limited number of
         expected diversion in favour of O2 following a blackout of CME’s channels110, the
         merged entity’s bargaining position would not materially improve post-Transaction.
(197) Finally, in relation to CME’s sports channels,111 the study finds that, in light of those
         channels’ low audience shares, end-customers could not be expected to switch
         distributors following a blackout. As a result, the merged entity would expect to lose
         carriage fees without any significant gains to be expected on the retail side. As for
         partial foreclosure, the study found that CME’s bargaining position would not
         materially change post-Transaction and that in any event, the effects on retail prices
106 Form CO, Annexes 31 and 32; the Parties’ reply to RFI 9, Annex 1.
107 Form CO, Annex 31.
108 The study assessed the possible churn based on a TNS survey commissioned by CME in 2015. It assessed
    the diversion ratios to other distributors using their market shares as a proxy.
109 Form CO, Annex 32.
110 The study assessed the possible churn based on a TNS survey commissioned by CME in 2015. It assessed
    the diversion ratios to other distributors using their market shares as a proxy.
111 The Notifying Party’s reply to RFI 9, Annex 1.
                                                            51
 ---pagebreak---         would be even lower than in the case of a partial foreclosure of all of CME’s
        channels.
(198) With regard to CME’s sports channels in particular, the Notifying Party also
        submitted that “the Nova sport channels do not hold highly attractive rights and are,
        therefore not valuable as captive production alongside the more valuable sports
        content O2 already broadcasts on its O2 sports channels”.112
(199) A number of PPF’s internal documents support the Notifying Party’s claim that the
        merged entity would have no incentive to engage in input foreclosure. In particular,
        in a presentation for financing banks regarding the Transaction from September
        2019113 and a lender presentation regarding the loan for the Transaction from
        October 2019114, PPF has consistently presented long-term plans to its lenders that
        are based on a wide distribution of CME’s channels. PPF’s long term planning relies
        on the growth of CME’s advertising revenues and carriage fees revenues in the
        coming five years.115 PPF’s financial forecasts therefore assume that the merged
        entity will continue to ensure a broad distribution of CME’s main channel Nova,
        which accounts for most of CME’s advertising revenues, as well as of Nova’s sports
        channels, which accounted for [confidential data regarding revenues] of CME’s
        carriage revenues in Czechia in 2019.
(200) With regard to the increase in carriage fees in particular, the Commission notes that
        given the low audience shares of CME’s sports channels and the type of content they
        broadcast, any increase in carriage fees is unlikely without a service in return (such
        as an increase in quality and/or the offer of ancillary rights). Therefore, absent other
        evidence, the Commission considers that any increase in carriage fees would not
        result from the implementation of a foreclosure strategy.
    (C) Impact on effective competition of input foreclosure
(201) Regardless of whether the merged entity has either the ability or the incentive to
        foreclose competing downstream rivals with regard to the supply of TV channels,
        the Commission does not consider that such a strategy would have an impact on
        competition.
(202) As detailed above in paragraphs (144) to (158), there are several providers of FTA
        and basic pay TV channels that compete with CME’s channels and will remain
        active post-Transaction. In particular with regard to CME’s sports channels, even if
        the merged entity were to adopt a foreclosure strategy, downstream rivals would
        continue to have access to sufficient alternative sports channels.
(203) As for a partial foreclosure strategy, the Commission notes that CME’s carriage fees
        represent a small amount of the overall carriage fees payed by TV distributors.
        Moreover, carriage fees payed by TV retailers are relatively small when compared to
        the level of retail TV fees. Even if the merged entity would decide to increase
        carriage fees, it is unlikely that downstream rivals would be significantly impacted
        and unable to compete effectively post-merger.
112 The Notifying Party’s reply to RFI 9, Annex 1, page 9.
113 Form CO; Annex 4.
114 Form CO, Annex 5.
115 Form CO, Annex 4, slides 97, 103, 104, and Annex 5, slide 30.
                                                        52
 ---pagebreak--- 5.3.2.3.Conclusion
(204) In light of the above, the Commission considers that the Transaction does not give
        rise to serious doubts with regard to its compatibility with the internal market as a
        result of input foreclosure effects to the detriment of competing providers of retail
        AV services in Czechia.
5.3.3. Customer foreclosure relating to the wholesale supply of TV channels and the retail
        supply of AV services in Czechia
(205) The Transaction combines CME’s activities as a TV broadcaster with PPF’s
        downstream activities as a pay TV retailer in Czechia.
(206) According to the Non-Horizontal Merger Guidelines, a downstream firm being part
        of a vertical merger may refuse to buy inputs from its rival input suppliers as a result
        of the Transaction. This incentive to foreclose access to customers downstream may
        result from the vertical integration of an upstream supplier with an important
        customer downstream. Due to its downstream presence, the merged entity may
        foreclose its upstream rivals’ access to an important customer base. In turn, this can
        inhibit upstream rivals to effectively compete.116
(207) The Commission has assessed the risk of the following types of customer foreclosure
        strategies in Czechia: (i) complete foreclosure of rival TV broadcasters through the
        denial of access to PPF’s downstream distribution platform; and (ii) partial customer
        foreclosure of rival TV broadcasters through for instance a degradation of the quality
        of the viewer experience for competing channels of PPF’s platform or through a
        reduction in carriage fees.
5.3.3.1.The Notifying Party’s view
(208) The Notifying Party submits that, post-Transaction, it would have neither the ability
        nor the incentive to foreclose the Target’s competitors in the market for the
        wholesale supply of TV channels in Czechia.
(209) As regards ability, the Notifying Party submits that PPF’s position on the market for
        the retail supply of pay TV services is relatively low. The number of end users that
        watch TV over the Notifying Party’s IPTV platform is not large enough to enable
        PPF post-Transaction to successfully pursue a customer foreclosure strategy. 117
(210) As regards incentives, the Notifying Party argues that a customer foreclosure
        strategy would not be profitable, because it would lose customers and not be able to
        compensate the losses at retail level with potential gains at wholesale level.118
5.3.3.2.The Commission’s assessment
(211) The Commission considers that a potential customer foreclosure strategy is unlikely
        to have an adverse impact on the downstream markets of the wholesale supply of TV
        channels and the retail supply of AV services for the following reasons.
116 Non-Horizontal Merger Guidelines, paragraph 58.
117 Form CO, paragraphs 706 et seq.
118 Form Co, paragraph 708.
                                                    53
 ---pagebreak---          (A)      Ability to engage in customer foreclosure
(212) The Commission considers that the merged entity would lack the ability to engage in
         total or partial customer foreclosure to the detriment of competing TV broadcasters.
(213) At the outset, for customer foreclosure to be a concern, the Transaction must involve
         a company with a significant degree of market power as a customer on the
         downstream market.
(214) Downstream, PPF is active as a pay TV operator and had a market share of [20-30]%
         by number of connected households on the segment for the retail supply of pay TV
         services in Czechia in 2019. In a potential sub-segment for the supply of linear pay
         TV services, its market share was of [10-20]% by number of connected
         households.119 The Commission therefore considers that the merged entity does not
         have a significant degree of market power as customer of wholesale TV channels in
         Czechia.
(215) The merged entity has higher market shares on the potential sub-segment of the retail
         market for supply of AV services through IPTV technology. On this sub-segment,
         PPF had a [70-80]% market share in 2019. However, this does not translate into
         significant market power as an acquirer of TV channels, since IPTV operators are
         only a category of potential customers of TV channels in Czechia. In fact, the
         Commission notes that in Czechia in 2019, the main distribution technologies were
         DTT (with a 52% share), satellite (with a 22% share) and cable (with a 16% share),
         while IPTV had only a share of 11%.120 The TV channels of all major TV
         broadcasters (i.e. CME, CT, Prima and Barrandov) were shown on all types of
         distribution technologies (i.e. DTT, satellite, cable and IPTV).121
(216) The majority of respondents to the market investigation confirmed that PPF has a
         “normal” bargaining position when negotiating to acquire distribution rights for TV
         channels.122 Moreover, the majority of respondents to the market investigation does
         not consider that the merged entity would likely stop licensing TV channels from
         third parties or degrade the terms and conditions of the acquisition of TV channels
         from third parties post-Transaction.123
(217) However, a few respondents were concerned that the merged entity might stop
         acquiring certain TV channels from competing TV broadcasters or that it could
         degrade the terms on which it would acquire third party TV channels (e.g., by
         negotiating lower carriage fees or offering worse EPG slots).
(218) In this regard, the Commission notes that PPF must comply with the terms of
         existing distribution agreements with TV broadcasters. These agreements would
119 In the potential sub-segment for non-linear pay TV services, PPF’s market share did not exceed [5-10]%
    by number of connected households. However, suppliers of non-linear pay TV services do not acquire TV
    channels, and are therefore not a relevant customer group for TV broadcasters.
120 Form CO, paragraph 916.
121 Form CO, paragraph 230 and Table 19.
122 Replies to Questionnaire Q2 to broadcasters, questions 12 and 12.1.
123 Replies to Questionnaire Q2 to broadcasters, questions 13 and 14.
                                                          54
 ---pagebreak---         limit the merged entity to engage in total or partial input foreclosure before the end
        of their validity, which in most cases [confidential business information].124
(219) In addition, the merged entity’s ability to offer worse EPG slots is also limited to
        some extent. While the Commission notes that there is no EPG regulation in
        Czechia, the merged entity’s ability to arbitrarily alter the listing of the channels is
        limited by non-discrimination clauses in current distribution agreements.
        (B)      Incentive to engage in customer foreclosure
(220) The Commission also considers that the merged entity would not have the incentive
        to engage in total or partial foreclosure, for the following reasons.
(221) The Commission notes that pay TV providers have to offer a diverse portfolio of
        channels in order to maximise their attractiveness for a large number of viewers. The
        risk of a broad foreclosure strategy not targeting closely competing channels with
        CME’s channels, but including also channels that are not close competitors, can
        therefore be excluded from the outset.
(222) The Commission considers that potential targets of a total or partial foreclosure
        strategy could be CT and Prima, who closely compete with CME in the supply of
        general entertainment channels, as well as Eurosport and AMC, which closely
        compete with CME in the supply of sports channels (in addition to CT).
(223) With regard to the general entertainment channels, the Commission notes that PPF
        has licensed general entertainment channels from different broadcasters, including
        CME, CT and Prima in the past. These channels all belong to a standard basic pay
        TV package, which is expected by customers. There is no indication that PPF would
        have the incentive to drop competing general entertainment channels from its
        offering post-Transaction. Moreover, given that CME’s main channel was already
        the one with the largest audience share pre-Transaction, the Commission considers
        that PPF’s incentives for the allocation of EPG slots would not change.
(224) With regard to sports channels, the Commission notes that, as discussed above,
        already pre-Transaction, PPF produced three own sports channels, in which it
        bundled a number of attractive sports rights. Nevertheless, it still purchased sports
        channels from competitors.125 The change brought about by the Transaction is the
        addition of CME’s sports channels. Given the fact that CME’s sports channels have
        a relatively small combined audience share of [0-5], the Commission considers that
        the addition of CME’s sports channels will not materially change the incentives of
        the merged entity to acquire competing sports channels in comparison to the
        situation pre-merger.
(225) Moreover, the Notifying Party has submitted streaming measurements on the
        popularity of sport programs streamed on its IPTV platform. Besides its own
        channels, CT Sport and Eurosport offered the most attractive content, while CME’s
        channels were not even present in the top 15.126 The merged entity would therefore
124 The Notifying Party‘s reply to RFI 12, question 4.
125 Form CO, paragraph 213.
126 Reply of the parties to RFI 11, Annex 1.
                                                       55
 ---pagebreak---         have an incentive to continue to license third party sport channels that provide
        content which is attractive for viewers, in order to avoid the risk of customer churn.
(226) Additionally, the Commission notes that a foreclosure strategy would likely not be
        profitable, given that the merged entity’s forecasted downstream losses per customer
        would exceed the forecasted revenue gains per viewer.127
        (C)      Impact on effective competition of customer foreclosure
(227) The Commission considers that, regardless of whether the merged entity would have
        the ability or incentive to engage in customer foreclosure, any such strategy would
        not have any effects on competition in the upstream market for the wholesale supply
        of TV channels in Czechia. This is because, as discussed above, IPTV is only one of
        a number of distribution technologies available in Czechia and reaches only 11% of
        the connected households. Competing TV broadcasters would therefore not only
        have alternative suppliers of IPTV services to turn to, such as UPC (Vodafone) and
        T-Mobile Czechia, but also a number of alternative distributors using other types of
        technologies and offering a sufficiently wide coverage in Czechia.
(228) Finally, in the event that the merged entity would be able to negotiate reduced
        carriage fees, this would reduce its marginal costs per customer and, if passed
        through, would lead to lower retail TV fees to the benefit of consumers.
5.3.3.3.Conclusion
(229) On the basis of the paragraphs (211) to (228) above, the Commission considers it
        unlikely that any potential foreclosure of competitors in the upstream market would
        have an adverse impact on the downstream markets and would therefore be
        detrimental to consumers.
5.3.4. Input foreclosure relating to the sale of TV advertising space and the retail supply of
        AV and telecommunications services in Czechia, Slovakia and Bulgaria
5.3.4.1.Introduction
(230) The Transaction combines CME’s upstream activities as a supplier of TV
        advertising space and PPF’s downstream activities as a supplier of retail AV and
        telecommunications services in Czechia, Slovakia and Bulgaria. TV advertising
        provides a medium through which suppliers of retail AV and telecommunications
        services can promote their products and services. The Commission therefore
        considers that TV advertising space is an input for the supply of such services.
(231) The Commission has assessed whether the merged entity would have the ability and
        incentive to foreclose downstream competitors from the supply of TV advertising
        space on CME’s channels, by either denying them access to TV advertising space or
        by offering better terms and conditions for the supply of TV advertising space to its
        own subsidiaries than to its competitors, and whether such a strategy would have an
        impact on effective competition in the downstream markets in Czechia, Slovakia and
        Bulgaria.
127 Reply of the parties to to RFI 11.
                                                   56
 ---pagebreak--- 5.3.4.2.The Notifying Party’s view
(232) The Notifying Party argues that CME’s advertising inventory does not constitute an
        important input for suppliers of retail AV and telecommunications services. This is
        because the acquisition of TV advertising space does not represent an important cost
        factor for these retailers. Moreover, competing retailers could switch to alternative
        suppliers of TV advertising space or also use other means of advertising, in
        particular online advertising.128
(233) As regards the ability to engage in input foreclosure, the Notifying Party argues that
        in each Member State, there are alternative TV channels with sufficient inventory
        and reach to which downstream competitors could switch. In Czechia, this would be
        the channels of Prima and CT, in Slovakia the channels of JOJ and RTVS and in
        Bulgaria the AMG and BNT channels. Moreover, the Notifying Party argues that an
        input foreclosure strategy would merely realign purchase patterns among competing
        firms.129
(234) As regards the incentive to engage in input foreclosure, the Notifying Party argues
        that a total or partial input foreclosure strategy would not be profitable for the
        merged entity. The loss of advertising revenues would not be offset by increased
        sales of PPF’s subsidiaries on the downstream markets.130
(235) Finally, the Notifying Party argues that a potential input foreclosure strategy would
        not have any impact on the downstream competitor’s ability to compete effectively.
        This is supported by the fact that only few of PPF’s competitors currently purchase
        TV advertising space from CME in each of Czechia, Slovakia and Bulgaria.131
5.3.4.3.The Commission’s assessment
        (A) Ability to engage in input foreclosure
(236) As set out in Tables 6, 13 and 14, the Commission notes that the Parties had a
        combined market share of <[50-60]% in Czechia, [60-70]% in Slovakia and [50-
        60]% in Bulgaria on the market for the sale of TV advertising space in 2019.
(237) Despite its high market shares, the Commission considers that the merged entity will
        not have the ability to engage in total or partial input foreclosure, for the following
        reasons.
(238) Firstly, the market investigation confirmed that the acquisition of TV advertising
        space represented less than 10% of the cost for the supply of retail AV and
        telecommunications services.132 More precisely, the Parties estimate that the
        acquisition of TV advertising space represents less than [confidential financial
        information] of the total costs of PPF’s competitors in telecommunications
128 Form CO, paragraphs 718-720, 740-742, 758-761, 777-780, 796-799.
129 Form CO, paragraphs 722, 763, 781.
130 Form CO, paragraphs 724-728, 746-748, 765-766, 783-785, 802-804.
131 Form CO, paragraphs 729-730, 749-750, 767-768, 786-787, 805-806.
132 Replies to Questionnaire Q3 to distributors, questions 31 and 31.1; replies to Questionnaire Q4 to
    purchasers of TV advertising space, questions 11 to 11.2.
                                                         57
 ---pagebreak---         services.133 Given that these costs represent the acquisition of TV advertising space
        on several channels, the Commission considers that the absence of such advertising
        space on CME’s channels alone is unlikely to materially affect the production of
        retail AV or telecommunications services, or render ineffective the sale of such
        products to end users.
(239) Secondly, the results of the market investigation did not indicate that retail AV and
        telecommunications operators purchase advertising space from CME’s channels in a
        significant or exclusive manner, which particularly distinguished CME’s channels
        from other TV channels or means of advertising. As the results of the market
        investigation indicated, TV distributors and telecommunications operators appear to
        invest in advertising in several media134 and, with regard to TV advertising space,
        they purchase from several TV channels, including, but not only, from CME, in
        order to reach as many viewers as possible.135 Therefore, the advertising space
        available through CME does not appear to distinguish itself from advertising
        possibilities offered by other TV channels or other advertising venues.
(240) Thirdly, the Commission notes that, in practice, CME has sold TV advertising space
        only to a limited number of AV and telecommunications services retailers in Czechia
        in 2019. This indicates that advertising on CME’s TV channels is not a pre-requisite
        for being a competitive supplier of retail AV and telecommunications services.
(241) In Czechia, CME sold TV advertising space to only two competitors of PPF: T-
        Mobile (a telecommunications operator) and Skylink (a supplier of pay TV services).
        The combined spending of these two customers amounted to approximately
        [confidential financial information] in 2019, corresponding to [confidential financial
        information] of the Czech TV advertising market.136
(242) In Slovakia, CME sold TV advertising space to PPF’s two main competitors in the
        market for the retail supply of mobile telecommunications services, Orange
        Slovensko and Slovak Telekom, but not to PPF. The combined spending of these
        two customers amounted to approximately EUR [confidential financial information]
        in 2019, or approximately [confidential financial information] of the TV advertising
        market in Slovakia.137
(243) In Bulgaria, CME sold TV advertising space to all three suppliers of retail mobile
        telecommunications services (i.e. PPF, A1 (Mobitel) and Vivacom). However, these
        mobile telecommunications operators purchased limited amounts of CME’s TV
        advertising inventory.138
(244) Fourthly, in each of Czechia, Slovakia and Bulgaria, at least one other major supplier
        of TV advertising space, with a comparable offer of TV channels and a comparable
        reach will remain, as well as multiple smaller, credible suppliers.
133 The Parties’ reply to RFI 12, question 1a(i).
134 Replies to Questionnaire Q3 to distributors, questions 29 and 29.1; replies to Questionnaire Q4 to
    purchasers of TV advertising space, questions 9.4 and 11.1.
135 Replies to Questionnaire Q3 to distributors, question 30.
136 Form CO, paragraph 720; the Parties’ reply to RFI 12, question 1a(i).
137 The Parties’ reply to RFI 10, question 1.
138 Form CO, paragraph 780.
                                                          58
 ---pagebreak--- (245) In Czechia, the merged entity’s main competitor is Media Club, a media agency
        selling the TV advertising inventory of the Prima and TV Barrandov channels,
        among others, with a market share of [30-40]%. Additionally, the public broadcaster
        CT is also active on the market, though to a more limited extent with a market share
        of [5-10]%.
(246) In Slovakia, the merged entity’s main competitor is the JOJ Group, with a market
        share of [30-40]%, followed by the public broadcaster RTVS with a market share of
        [5-10]%.
(247) In Bulgaria, the merged entity’s main competitor is the Nova Group (which is not
        part of the Target), with a market share of [40-50]%, followed by BNT with a market
        share of [0-5]%.
(248) Fifthly, the majority of respondents to the market investigation considered that CME
        does not have a significant bargaining position when negotiating the sale of TV
        advertising space.139 The large majority of respondents to the market investigation
        did not consider it likely that the merged entity would stop selling TV advertising
        space to competing suppliers of AV and/or telecommunications services.140 A
        number of respondents confirmed that there would be sufficient alternatives on the
        TV advertising market.141
(249) Sixthly, the market investigation was inconclusive as to whether the merged entity
        would be able to offer better terms and conditions to its own subsidiaries than to
        competing third parties. Some respondents submitted that the merged entity would
        have the ability to engage in partial input foreclosure, due to its market power, as
        well as the fact that advertising contracts are typically of one year duration.142 Other
        respondents pointed to the very limited usage of CME’s channels by
        telecommunications companies.143
(250) Finally, the Commission notes that in each of Czechia, Slovakia and Bulgaria, the
        Notifying Party’s ability to engage in input foreclosure is limited by the fact that the
        vast majority of customers negotiate the terms and conditions and buy TV
        advertising space through media agencies or other intermediaries, and not directly
        with the suppliers of TV advertising space.144 Although media agencies do not
        acquire advertising space in bulk, they handle and affect the negotiations with the
        suppliers of advertising space. Thus, media agencies potentially have a higher buyer
        power, since they are able to leverage the combined purchasing power of their
        customers. Moreover, CME’s current pricing strategy is set by uniformly applicable
139 Replies to Questionnaire Q3 to distributors, questions 33 and 33.1; replies to Questionnaire Q4 to
    purchasers of TV advertising space, questions 13 and 13.1.
140 Replies to Questionnaire Q4 to purchasers of TV advertising space, question 14.
141 Replies to Questionnaire Q3 to distributors, questions 33.1-34.1Questionnaire.
142 Replies to Questionnaire Q3 to distributors, questions 35 and 35.1; replies to Questionnaire Q4 to
    purchasers of TV advertising space, questions 15 and 15.1.
143 Replies to Questionnaire Q4 to purchasers of TV advertising space, question 15.1.
144 Form CO, paragraph 903; replies to Questionnaire Q4 to purchasers of TV advertising space, questions
    13.1: About [confidential financial information] of CME’s customers purchase advertising space through
    media agencies, cf. the Parties’ reply to RFI 12, question 1a(iii).
                                                           59
 ---pagebreak---         station policies, which do not differentiate customers according to the industry in
        which they are active.145
        (B) Incentive to engage in input foreclosure
(251) Several of respondents to the market investigation considered that the merged entity
        would have the incentive to reduce the overall TV advertising spend of its own
        subsidiaries in order to increase their competitiveness on the retail AV and
        telecommunications markets.146
(252) The Commission notes that a total or partial input foreclosure strategy would likely
        be unprofitable for the merged entity. On the one hand, the merged entity would
        potentially lose revenues from TV advertising, which are the main source of
        revenues for CME’s main channels. However, the Commission notes that, based on
        the information provided by the Parties, suppliers of retail AV and
        telecommunications services do not appear to be important customers of TV
        advertising space on CME’s TV channels. Therefore, the losses in advertising
        revenues resulting from an input foreclosure strategy targeted at this group of
        customers would be negligible.
(253) On the other hand, given the fact that the acquisition of TV advertising space
        represents only a small percentage of the total costs of the provision of retail AV and
        telecommunications services, increases in advertising costs by the merged entity
        would not likely materially affect the costs of PPF’s competitors. Thus, their ability
        to compete for customers would not be substantially affected. Given the ability of
        the competitors to advertise on different channels and media, a potential foreclosure
        strategy would thus only have a limited impact on the profitability of PPF’s activities
        in these markets. Potential gains on the retail AV and telecommunications markets
        would therefore be unlikely to offset the losses in advertising revenue.
(254) Additionally, as discussed above in paragraph (200), internal documents provided by
        the Parties show that PPF’s long term planning relies on the continuous growth of
        CME’s advertising revenues.147 The merged entity therefore does not have an
        incentive to foreclose customers of TV advertising space. Should it either stop
        supplying TV advertising space to downstream competitors or offer TV advertising
        space on better conditions to PPF than to other market participants, the merged entity
        would incur losses in advertising revenues that would counter its long term strategic
        plans.
(255) Therefore, on balance, the Commission considers that the merged entity would not
        have an incentive to foreclose competing suppliers of retail AV or
        telecommunications services.
        (C) Impact on effective competition of a potential input foreclosure strategy
(256) Respondents to the market investigation provided mixed responses as to whether
        advertisers can organise effective TV advertising without access to advertising space
        on CME’s channels. While respondents pointed to CME’s strong position in each of
145 The Parties’ reply to RFI 12, question 1a(iv).
146 Replies to Questionnaire Q3 to distributors, question 35.2.
147 The Parties’ reply to RFI 12, question 1b(i).
                                                          60
 ---pagebreak---          Czechia, Slovakia and Bulgaria, they also acknowledged that due to the presence of
         other main channels, advertisers did have credible alternative options.148
(257) Respondents to the market investigation also provided mixed responses as to
         whether advertisers can reach a sufficient share of target audiences sufficiently
         quickly and sufficiently frequently by relying only on advertising space from TV
         channels other than CME’s channels. One respondent from Slovakia submitted that
         while major TV advertisers relied on both major TV broadcasters when planning
         reach and frequency, smaller advertisers could effectively rely on only one TV
         group.149
(258) As for a partial foreclosure strategy, whereby the merged entity would offer better
         terms and conditions for the supply of TV advertising space to its own subsidiaries
         that to its retail AV and telecommunications competitors, some respondents to the
         market investigation submitted that such a strategy could reduce sales and increase
         the churn of competing operators.150 This is because PPF could either offer its
         services at a lower price or use the savings on advertising spend to invest more on
         content, thus being able to offer better services to end-customers.
(259) However, the Commission considers that, given that the merged entity would have
         neither the ability, nor the incentive to engage in a total or partial input foreclosure
         strategy, the Transaction will not have any impact on effective competition. Firstly,
         the costs of TV advertising represent only a small amount of the total cost for the
         provision of retail AV and telecommunications services. Secondly, retail AV and
         telecommunications operators are able to compete successfully without acquiring TV
         advertising space on CME’s channels, as was the case for several of PPF’s
         competitors already pre-Transaction. Retail suppliers of AV services such as UPC
         and Telly in Czechia and important retail suppliers of telecommunications services
         such as Vodafone in Czechia do not currently advertise on CME’s channels. In
         Czechia, O2 CZ did not advertise in CME’s channels in 2017 and 2018 and only to a
         negligible extent in 2019.151 The Commission therefore considers that the costs of
         these downstream competitors would not be raised by a potential foreclosure strategy
         on the part of the merged entity.
5.3.4.4.Conclusion
(260) In light of the above, the Commission considers that the Transaction does not give
         rise to serious doubts with regard to its compatibility with the internal market as a
         result of input foreclosure effects to the detriment of competing providers of retail
         AV and telecommunications services in Czechia, Slovakia and Bulgaria.
148 Replies to Questionnaire Q2 to broadcasters, questions 24 and 24.1.
149 Replies to Questionnaire Q2 to broadcasters, questions 25 and 25.1.
150 Replies to Questionnaire Q3 to broadcasters, question 35.3.
151 In 2019, O2 CZ spent only EUR [confidential financial information] on advertising on CME’s channels,
    the Parties’ reply to RFI 12, question 1a(ii).
                                                         61
 ---pagebreak--- 5.3.5. Customer foreclosure relating to the sale of TV advertising space and the (i) retail
        supply of AV and (i) telecommunications services in Czechia, Slovakia and Bulgaria
5.3.5.1.Introduction
(261) The Transaction brings together CME’s upstream activities as a supplier of TV
        advertising space and PPF’s downstream activities as a supplier of retail AV and
        telecommunications services in Czechia, Slovakia and Bulgaria. PPF, as a retailer of
        TV services and a provider of telecommunication services (mobile and fixed
        internet), is a customer for CME’s TV advertising space in Czechia, Slovakia, and
        Bulgaria.
(262) The Commission has assessed whether post-transaction PPF will have the ability and
        the incentive to cease acquiring advertising space from CME’s rivals and only
        advertise its (i) retail TV services and (ii) its telecommunication services on CME’s
        channels, in Czechia, Slovakia and Bulgaria.
5.3.5.2. The Notifying Party’s view
        (A) Markets for the sale of TV advertising space and the retail supply of AV in
        Czechia
(263) The Notifying Party submits that post-transaction the merged entity is unlikely to
        engage into customer foreclosure by restricting the acquisition of advertising space
        by PPF only on CME’s channels.
(264) The Notifying Party will not have the ability post-Transaction to effectively
        foreclose CME’s rivals from supplying TV advertising inventory to PPF. When
        considering the acquisition of advertising space by retail TV services providers, PPF
        is not a sufficiently important advertiser because overall retail TV services providers
        are not important buyers of TV advertising inventory.
(265) The Notifying Party will also not have the incentive to engage in customer
        foreclosure post-Transaction. In light of the negligible importance of PPF as a buyer
        of TV advertising inventory, a customer foreclosure strategy would not result in any
        competitive advantage for the merged entity.
        (B) Market for the sale of TV advertising space and the supply of telecommunication
                  services in Czechia, Slovakia and Bulgaria
(266) The Notifying Party submits that post-transaction the merged entity is unlikely to
        engage into customer foreclosure by restricting the acquisition of advertising space
        by PPF only on CME’s channels.
(267) The Notifying Party will not have the ability post-Transaction to effectively
        foreclose CME’s rivals from supplying TV advertising inventory to PPF. When
        considering the acquisition of advertising space by telecommunication services
        providers, PPF is not a sufficiently important advertiser because providers of
        telecommunication services are not important buyers of TV advertising inventory.
(268) The Notifying Party will also not have the incentive to engage in customer
        foreclosure post-Transaction. In light of the negligible importance of PPF as a buyer
        of TV advertising inventory, a customer foreclosure strategy would not result in any
        competitive advantage for the merged entity.
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 ---pagebreak--- 5.3.5.3. The Commission’s assessment
(269) The Commission considers that a potential customer foreclosure strategy is unlikely
        to have an adverse impact on the market for the sale of advertising space for the
        following reasons.
(270) As set out above under paragraph (213), for customer foreclosure to be a concern,
        the Transaction must involve a company with a significant degree of market power
        as a customer on the downstream market.
        (A) Market for the sale of TV advertising space and the retail supply of AV in
                   Czechia
(271) The majority of the respondents to the market investigation did not raise any
        concerns with regard to potential customer foreclosure vis-à-vis CME’s rivals in the
        market for the sale of advertising space. Only one respondent to the market
        investigation raised the issue that post-transaction PPF would cease acquiring
        advertising space from CME’s rivals.152
(272) The Commission considers that the merged entity will lack the ability to engage in
        customer foreclosure because PPF (both as a group and as a retail TV provider) is
        not an important acquirer of advertising space. In 2019, O2 spent a total of approx.
        EUR [confidential financial information] on TV advertising in Czechia for the
        advertising of its entire portfolio, not just for retail AV services, and about
        [confidential financial information] for advertising in Czechia across all of PPF’s
        subsidiaries.153 Compared to the total size of the market for TV advertising
        inventory, these sales only accounted for approx. [confidential financial
        information], which is insufficient to enable successful customer foreclosure.
(273) Similarly, the Commission considers that the merged entity will also lack the
        incentive to engage in customer foreclosure because it would not result in any
        competitive advantage for the Parties. In light of the limited importance of PPF as a
        buyer of TV advertising inventory for its AV offering, a customer foreclosure
        strategy could result in additional costs as PPF may have to change its advertising
        campaigns, abandon its advertising contracts, or forego volume discounts. Given the
        absence of any benefits stemming from this strategy, the Notifying Party would have
        no incentive engage in such a strategy.
(274) With regard to the effects of a potential customer foreclosure strategy, the
        Commission considers that the market for advertising space would not be impacted
        by such a strategy on the part of PPF. PPF’s modest share of spending in advertising
        compared to the overall market and the existing demand for advertising space by a
        large number of customers would render any customer foreclosure effort ineffective.
        (B)        Market for the sale of TV advertising space and the supply of
                   telecommunication services in Czechia, Slovakia and Bulgaria
(275) The results of the market investigation did not point to a customer foreclosure
        concern in Czechia and Slovakia where O2 is a telecommunication services
152 Replies to Questionnaire Q2 to broadcasters, questions 23-27.
153 Reply of the parties to RFI 12, question 2a.
                                                         63
 ---pagebreak---         provider. In Bulgaria, a concern has been raised that Telenor (PPF’s
        telecommunication services provider) could potentially use exclusively CME’s
        advertising space for its advertising needs.154
(276) The Commission considers that the merged entity will lack the ability to engage in
        customer foreclosure because PPF (both as a group and as a telecommunication
        services provider) is not an important acquirer of advertising space. In 2019, PPF’s
        subsidiaries spent a total of EUR [confidential financial information] on TV
        advertising space in Czechia.155 Compared to the total size of the market for TV
        advertising inventory, these sales only accounted for approx. [confidential financial
        information], which, as indicated above, is insufficient to enable successful customer
        foreclosure. Similarly, in Slovakia, O2’s spending on TV advertising amounted to
        approximately EUR [confidential financial information]. PPF spent about EUR
        [confidential financial information] for advertising in Slovakia across all of its
        subsidiaries.156 These sales only accounted for approximately [confidential financial
        information] of the total size of the market for TV advertising inventory. . Lastly, in
        Bulgaria, Telenor Bulgaria spent a total (on the entire product portfolio – not just for
        retail telecommunication services) of approx. EUR [confidential financial
        information] on TV advertising in Bulgaria. These sales only accounted for
        approximately [confidential financial information] the total size of the market for TV
        advertising inventory.
(277) Similarly, the Commission considers that the merged entity will also lack the
        incentive to engage in customer foreclosure because it would not result in any
        competitive advantage for the Parties. In light of the negligible importance of PPF as
        a buyer of TV advertising inventory in relation to its telecommunication services, a
        customer foreclosure strategy could result in additional costs as PPF may have to
        change its advertising campaigns, abandon its advertising contracts, or forego
        volume discounts. Given the absence of any benefits stemming from this strategy,
        the Notifying Party would have no incentive engage in such a strategy in any of
        Czechia, Slovakia or Bulgaria.
(278) With regard to the effects of a potential customer foreclosure strategy, the
        Commission considers that the market for advertising space would not be impacted
        by such a strategy on the part of PPF. PPF’s low spending in advertising compared
        to the overall market and the existing demand for advertising space by a large
        number of customers would render any customer foreclosure effort ineffective.
5.3.5.2.Conclusion
(279) In light of the above, the Commission therefore concludes that the Transaction does
        not raise serious doubts as to its compatibility with the internal market in relation to
        full or partial customer foreclosure in Czechia, Slovakia, and Bulgaria on the vertical
        relationship between the sale of advertising space by CME and the provision of (i)
        retail TV services and (ii) telecommunication services by PPF.
154 Replies to Questionnaire Q2 to broadcasters, questions 23-27.
155 Reply of the parties to RFI 12, question 2a. Among the subsidiaries, O2 accounted with EUR [confidential
    financial information] for the largest amount spent on TV advertising, while other subsidiaries (Zonky,
    Air Bank, Home Credit, Mall Group and Heureka) spent between EUR [confidential financial
    information].
156 Reply of the parties to RFI 12, question 2a.
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 ---pagebreak--- 6.    CONCLUSION
(280) For the above reasons, the European Commission has decided not to oppose the
      notified operation and to declare it compatible with the internal market and with the
      EEA Agreement. This decision is adopted in application of Article 6(1)(b) of the
      Merger Regulation and Article 57 of the EEA Agreement.
                                                    For the Commission
                                                    (Signed)
                                                    Margrethe VESTAGER
                                                    Executive Vice-President
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