CELEX: 32017R1915
Language: en
Date: 2017-10-19 00:00:00
Title: Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/1915 of 19 October 2017 prohibiting the introduction into the Union of specimens of certain species of wild fauna and flora

20.10.2017   
               
               
                  EN
               
               
                  Official Journal of the European Union
               
               
                  L 271/7
               
            COMMISSION IMPLEMENTING REGULATION (EU) 2017/1915
      of 19 October 2017
      prohibiting the introduction into the Union of specimens of certain species of wild fauna and flora
      THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION,
      Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union,
      Having regard to Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97 of 9 December 1996 on the protection of species of wild fauna and flora by regulating trade therein (1), and in particular Article 4(6) thereof,
      Whereas:
      
                  (1)
               
               
                  The purpose of Regulation (EC) No 338/97 is to protect species of wild fauna and flora and to guarantee their conservation by regulating trade in animal and plant species listed in its Annexes. The species listed in the Annexes include the species set out in the Appendices to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora signed in 1973 (2) (the Convention) as well as species whose conservation status requires that trade from, into and within the Union be regulated or monitored.
               
            
                  (2)
               
               
                  Article 4(6) of Regulation (EC) No 338/97 provides that the Commission may establish restrictions to the introduction of specimens of certain species into the Union in accordance with the conditions laid down in points (a) to (d) thereof.
               
            
                  (3)
               
               
                  On the basis of recent information, the Scientific Review Group established pursuant to Article 17 of Regulation (EC) No 338/97 has concluded that the conservation status of certain species listed in Annex B to Regulation (EC) No 338/97 would be seriously jeopardised if their introduction into the Union from certain countries of origin is not prohibited. The introduction into the Union of specimens of the following species should therefore be prohibited:
                  
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Macaca fascicularis from Laos;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Kinyongia fischeri and Kinyongia tavetana from Tanzania;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Trioceros quadricornis from Cameroon;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Hippocampus algiricus from Guinea and Senegal;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Ornithoptera priamus from Solomon Islands (wild and ranched specimens)
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Pandinus imperator (ranched specimens) from Ghana;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Phelsuma borai, Phelsuma gouldi, Phelsuma hoeschi and Phelsuma ravenala from Madagascar.
                           
                        
            
                  (4)
               
               
                  The Scientific Review Group has also concluded that, on the basis of the most recent available information, the prohibition of the introduction into the Union of certain species listed in Annex A to Regulation (EC) No 338/97 should no longer be required for specimens of the following species:
                  
                     Falco cherrug from Bahrain.
               
            
                  (5)
               
               
                  The Scientific Review Group has also concluded that, on the basis of the most recent available information, the prohibition of the introduction into the Union of certain species listed in Annex B to Regulation (EC) No 338/97 should no longer be required for specimens of the following species:
                  
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Saiga borealis, Cypripedium macranthos, Orchis coriophora, Orchis pallens and Orchis ustulata from Russia;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Hexaprotodon liberiensis, Cercopithecus pogonias, Cercopithecus preussi, Lophocebus albigena, Euoticus pallidus and Arctocebus calabarensis from Nigeria;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Profelis aurata, Cercopithecus mona, Cercopithecus petaurista, Perodicticus potto and Chamaeleo gracilis (wild and ranched specimens (with snout to vent length greater than 8 cm)) from Togo;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Hydrictis maculicollis from Tanzania;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Zaglossus bartoni from Indonesia and Papua New Guinea;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Zaglossus bruijni from Indonesia;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Alouatta guariba from Argentina, Bolivia and Brazil;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Ateles belzebuth from Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Ateles fusciceps from Colombia, Ecuador and Panama;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Ateles geoffroyi from Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico and Panama;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Ateles hybridus, Lagothrix lugens and Podocnemis lewyana from Colombia and Venezuela;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Lagothrix lagotricha from Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Lagothrix poeppigii from Brazil, Ecuador and Peru;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Cercopithecus erythrogaster from Benin and Nigeria;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Cercopithecus erythrotis from Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea and Nigeria;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Cercopithecus hamlyni from Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda and Uganda;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Colobus vellerosus from Nigeria and Togo;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Macaca cyclopis from Japan and Taiwan (POC);
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Piliocolobus badius from Côte d'Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Senegal and Sierra Leone;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Galago matschiei and Balearica regulorum from Rwanda;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Pithecia pithecia and Paleosuchus trigonatus from Guyana;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Gyps bengalensis from Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, Iran, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Thailand and Viet Nam;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Gyps indicus from Pakistan;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Gyps tenuirostris from Bangladesh, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand and Vietnam;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Leucopternis lacernulatus and Aratinga auricapillus from Brazil;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Bugeranus carunculatus from South Africa;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Charmosyna diadema, Hippopus hippopus, Tridacna maxima and Tridacna squamosa from New Caledonia;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Agapornis nigrigenis from Botswana, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Hapalopsittaca amazonina from Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Hapalopsittaca pyrrhops from Ecuador and Peru;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Leptosittaca branickii from Colombia, Ecuador and Peru;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Poicephalus gulielmi from Côte d'Ivoire;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Poicephalus robustus from Nigeria and Uganda;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Psittrichas fulgidus from Indonesia and Papua New Guinea;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Uromastyx dispar and Ophrys pallida from Algeria;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Calumma ambreense, Calumma capuroni, Calumma cucullatum, Calumma furcifer, Calumma guibei, Calumma hilleniusi, Calumma linota, Calumma peyrierasi, Calumma tarzan, Calumma tsaratananense, Calumma vatosoa, Furcifer angeli, Furcifer balteatus, Furcifer belalandaensis, Furcifer monoceras, Furcifer nicosiai, Furcifer tuzetae, Phelsuma abbotti, Phelsuma antanosy, Phelsuma barbouri, Phelsuma berghofi, Phelsuma flavigularis, Phelsuma guttata, Phelsuma hielscheri, Phelsuma klemmeri, Phelsuma malamakibo, Phelsuma masohoala, Phelsuma modesta, Phelsuma mutabilis, Phelsuma pronki, Phelsuma pusilla, Phelsuma seippi, Phelsuma serraticauda, Uroplatus ebenaui, Uroplatus fimbriatus, Uroplatus guentheri, Uroplatus henkeli, Uroplatus lineatus, Uroplatus malama, Uroplatus phantasticus, Uroplatus pietschmanni, Uroplatus sameiti, Uroplatus sikorae, Mantella bernhardi, Mantella expectata and Mantella milotympanum from Madagascar;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Trioceros eisentrauti from Cameroon;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Phelsuma comorensis, Phelsuma laticauda and Phelsuma v-nigra from Comoros;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Phelsuma dubia from Comoros and Madagascar;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Boa constrictor from Honduras;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Python natalensis (ranched specimens) and Stigmochelys pardalis from Mozambique;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Python reticulatus from Malaysia (Peninsular);
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Python sebae from Mauritania;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Batagur borneoensis from Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Gopherus agassizii from the United States;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Gopherus berlandieri from Mexico and the United States;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Tridacna derasa from New Caledonia and Philippines;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Galanthus nivalis from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Switzerland and Ukraine;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Anacamptis pyramidalis, Barlia robertiana, Dactylorhiza romana, Ophrys holoserica, Ophrys tenthredinifera, Ophrys umbilicata, Orchis italica, Orchis morio, Orchis punctulata, Orchis purpurea, Orchis tridentata, Serapias cordigera, Serapias parviflora, Serapias vomeracea, Cyclamen intaminatum, Cyclamen mirabile, Cyclamen pseudibericum and Cyclamen trochopteranthum from Turkey;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Cypripedium japonicum from Japan and North Korea;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Cypripedium margaritaceum from China;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Euphorbia guillauminiana, Pachypodium inopinatum, Pachypodium rosulatum and Pachypodium sofiense from Madagascar
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Orchis mascula (wild and ranched specimens) from Albania;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Orchis simia from Bosnia and Herzegovina, former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Turkey.
                           
                        
            
                  (6)
               
               
                  The species Chitra chitra, Manis temminckii, Manis tricuspis, Macaca sylvanus, Psittacus erithacus and Psittacus erithacus timneh have recently been included in Appendix I to the Convention as well as in Annex A to Regulation (EC) No 338/97. The prohibition of the introduction into the Union for specimens of these species formerly listed in Annex B to Regulation (EC) No 338/97 is therefore no longer required:
                  
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Chitra chitra from Malaysia,
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Manis temminckii from the Democratic Republic of the Congo;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Manis tricuspis fom Guinea;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Macaca sylvanus from Algeria and Morocco;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Psittacus erithacus from Benin, Equatorial Guinea, Liberia and Nigeria
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              
                                 Psittacus erithacus timneh from Guinea and Guinea-Bissau.
                           
                        
            
                  (7)
               
               
                  The species Trachemys scripta elegans, Callosciurus erythraeus, Sciurus carolinensis, Sciurus niger, Oxyura jamaicensis and Lithobates catesbeianus have been removed from the Annex B to Regulation (EC) No 338/97. The prohibition of the introduction into the Union for specimens of these species formerly listed in Annex B to Regulation (EC) No 338/97 is therefore no longer required:
                  Trachemys scripta elegans, Callosciurus erythraeus, Sciurus carolinensis, Sciurus niger, Oxyura jamaicensis and Lithobates catesbeianus from all countries of origin.
               
            
                  (8)
               
               
                  The countries of origin of the species which are subject to new restrictions to the introduction into the Union have all been consulted bilaterally or through the multilateral processes under the Convention.
               
            
                  (9)
               
               
                  At the 17th Conference of the Parties to the Convention, new nomenclatural references (splitting/lumping/renaming of taxa) for animals were adopted and should be reflected accordingly in Union legislation. These changes concern the species Poicephalus robustus/fuscicollis, Calumma linota/linotum, Cordylus/Smaug mossambicus, Cuora bourreti/galbinifrons/picturata, Geochelone/Centrochelys sulcata, Kinixys belliana/nogueyi/zombensis, Pandinus imperator/roesli, Tridacna maxima/noae, Trioceros quadricornis/eisentrauti as well as the class name Actinopteri.
               
            
                  (10)
               
               
                  The list of species for which the introduction into the Union is prohibited should therefore be updated and Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2015/736 (3) should, for reasons of clarity, be replaced.
               
            
                  (11)
               
               
                  The Scientific Review Group has been consulted on this Regulation.
               
            
                  (12)
               
               
                  Applications for import permits for specimens of species for which import is restricted pursuant to Article 4(6) of Regulation (EC) No 338/97 shall be treated by Member States in accordance with Article 71 of Commission Regulation (EC) No 865/2006 (4).
               
            
                  (13)
               
               
                  The measures provided for in this Regulation are in accordance with the opinion of the Committee on Trade in Wild Fauna and Flora established pursuant to Article 18 of Regulation (EC) No 338/97,
               
            HAS ADOPTED THIS REGULATION:
      Article 1
      The introduction into the Union of specimens of the species of wild fauna and flora set out in the Annex to this Regulation from the countries of origin indicated therein is prohibited.
      Article 2
      Implementing Regulation (EU) 2015/736 is repealed.
      References to the repealed Implementing Regulation shall be construed as references to this Regulation.
      Article 3
      This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union.
      
         This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States.
         Done at Brussels, 19 October 2017.
         
            
               For the Commission
            
            
               The President
            
            Jean-Claude JUNCKER
         
      
      
         (1)  OJ L 61, 3.3.1997, p. 1.
      
         (2)  https://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/disc/CITES-Convention-EN.pdf
      
         (3)  Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2015/736 of 7 May 2015 prohibiting the introduction into the Union of specimens of certain species of wild fauna and flora (OJ L 117, 8.5.2015, p. 25).
      
         (4)  Commission Regulation (EC) No 865/2006 of 4 May 2006 laying down detailed rules concerning the implementation of Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97 of the protection of species of wild fauna and flora by regulating trade therein (OJ L 166, 19.6.2006, p. 1).
      
         ANNEX
         I.   Specimens of species included in Annex A to Regulation (EC) No 338/97 whose introduction into the Union is prohibited
         
         
                     Species
                  
                  
                     Source(s) covered
                  
                  
                     Specimen(s) covered
                  
                  
                     Countries of origin
                  
                  
                     Basis in Article 4(6), Point:
                  
               
                     
                        FAUNA
                     
                  
               
                     
                        
                           CHORDATA
                        
                     
                  
                  
                      
                  
                  
                      
                  
                  
                      
                  
                  
                      
                  
               
                     
                        
                           MAMMALIA
                        
                     
                  
               
                     
                        ARTIODACTYLA
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Bovidae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Capra falconeri
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     Hunting trophies
                  
                  
                     Uzbekistan
                  
                  
                     (a)
                  
               
                     
                        CARNIVORA
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Canidae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Canis lupus
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     Hunting trophies
                  
                  
                     Belarus, Mongolia, Tajikistan, Turkey
                  
                  
                     (a)
                  
               
                     
                        Ursidae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Ursus arctos
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     Hunting trophies
                  
                  
                     Canada (British Columbia), Kazakhstan
                  
                  
                     (a)
                  
               
                     
                        Ursus thibetanus
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     Hunting trophies
                  
                  
                     Russia
                  
                  
                     (a)
                  
               
                     
                        PROBOSCIDEA
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Elephantidae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Loxodonta africana
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     Hunting trophies
                  
                  
                     Cameroon
                  
                  
                     (a)
                  
               II.   Specimens of species included in Annex B to Regulation (EC) No 338/97 whose introduction into the Union is prohibited
         
         
                     Species
                  
                  
                     Source(s) covered
                  
                  
                     Specimen(s) covered
                  
                  
                     Countries of origin
                  
                  
                     Basis in Article 4(6), Point:
                  
               
                     
                        FAUNA
                     
                  
               
                     
                        
                           CHORDATA
                        
                     
                  
                  
                      
                  
                  
                      
                  
                  
                      
                  
                  
                      
                  
               
                     
                        
                           MAMMALIA
                        
                     
                  
               
                     
                        ARTIODACTYLA
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Bovidae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Ovis vignei bochariensis
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Uzbekistan
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Cervidae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Cervus elaphus bactrianus
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Uzbekistan
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Hippopotamidae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Hippopotamus amphibius
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Mozambique
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Moschidae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Moschus moschiferus
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Russia
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        CARNIVORA
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Eupleridae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Cryptoprocta ferox
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Madagascar
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Felidae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Panthera leo
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Ethiopia
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Profelis aurata
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Tanzania
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Odobenidae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Odobenus rosmarus
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Greenland
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        PRIMATES
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Cercopithecidae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Cercopithecus dryas
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Democratic Republic of the Congo
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Macaca fascicularis
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Laos
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Piliocolobus badius (synonym Colobus badius)
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Guinea
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Pitheciidae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Chiropotes chiropotes
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Guyana
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        
                           AVES
                        
                     
                  
               
                     
                        CICONIIFORMES
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Balaenicipitidae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Balaeniceps rex
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Tanzania
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        FALCONIFORMES
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Accipitridae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Accipiter erythropus
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Guinea
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Accipiter melanoleucus
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Guinea
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Accipiter ovampensis
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Guinea
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Aquila rapax
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Guinea
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Aviceda cuculoides
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Guinea
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Gyps africanus
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Guinea
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Gyps bengalensis
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Afghanistan, India
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Gyps indicus
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Afghanistan, India
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Gyps rueppellii
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Guinea
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Gyps tenuirostris
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     India
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Hieraaetus ayresii
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Cameroon, Guinea, Togo
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Hieraaetus spilogaster
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Guinea, Togo
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Lophaetus occipitalis
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Guinea
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Macheiramphus alcinus
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Guinea
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Polemaetus bellicosus
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Cameroon, Guinea, Tanzania, Togo
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Spizaetus africanus
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Guinea
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Stephanoaetus coronatus
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Tanzania, Togo
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Terathopius ecaudatus
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Tanzania
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Torgos tracheliotus
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Cameroon, Sudan, Tanzania
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Trigonoceps occipitalis
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Urotriorchis macrourus
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Guinea
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Falconidae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Falco chicquera
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Guinea, Togo
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Sagittariidae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Sagittarius serpentarius
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Cameroon, Guinea, Tanzania, Togo
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        GRUIFORMES
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Gruidae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Balearica pavonina
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Guinea, Mali, South Sudan, Sudan
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Balearica regulorum
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Botswana, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Bugeranus carunculatus
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Tanzania
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        PSITTACIFORMES
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Psittacidae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Agapornis fischeri
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Tanzania
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Agapornis pullarius
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Democratic Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Mali, Togo
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Coracopsis vasa
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Madagascar
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Deroptyus accipitrinus
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Suriname
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Poicephalus fuscicollis
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Guinea, Mali, Togo
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Poicephalus gulielmi
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Cameroon, Congo, Guinea
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Pyrrhura caeruleiceps
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Colombia
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Pyrrhura pfrimeri
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Brazil
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Pyrrhura subandina
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Colombia
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        STRIGIFORMES
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Strigidae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Asio capensis
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Guinea
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Bubo lacteus
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Guinea
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Bubo poensis
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Guinea
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Glaucidium capense
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Rwanda
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Glaucidium perlatum
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Cameroon, Guinea
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Ptilopsis leucotis
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Guinea
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Scotopelia bouvieri
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Cameroon
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Scotopelia peli
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Guinea
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        
                           REPTILIA
                        
                     
                  
               
                     
                        SAURIA
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Agamidae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Uromastyx dispar
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Mali, Sudan
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Uromastyx geyri
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Mali, Niger
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Chamaeleonidae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Brookesia decaryi
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Madagascar
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Chamaeleo africanus
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Niger
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Chamaeleo gracilis
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Benin, Ghana
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     Ranched
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Benin
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Chamaeleo senegalensis
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Benin, Ghana, Togo
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     Ranched
                  
                  
                     Snout to vent length greater than 6 cm
                  
                  
                     Benin, Togo
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Furcifer labordi
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Madagascar
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Kinyongia fischeri
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Tanzania
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Kinyongia tavetana
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Tanzania
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Trioceros camerunensis
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Cameroon
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Trioceros deremensis
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Tanzania
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Trioceros feae
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Equatorial Guinea
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Trioceros fuelleborni
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Tanzania
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Trioceros montium
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Cameroon
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Trioceros perreti
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Cameroon
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Trioceros quadricornis
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Cameroon
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Trioceros serratus
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Cameroon
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Trioceros werneri
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Tanzania
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Trioceros wiedersheimi
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Cameroon
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Cordylidae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Cordylus rhodesianus
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Mozambique
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Cordylus tropidosternum
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Mozambique
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Cordylus vittifer
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Mozambique
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Smaug mossambicus
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Mozambique
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Gekkonidae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Phelsuma borai
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Madagascar
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Phelsuma breviceps
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Madagascar
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Phelsuma gouldi
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Madagascar
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Phelsuma hoeschi
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Madagascar
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Phelsuma ravenalla
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Madagascar
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Phelsuma standingi
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Madagascar
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Scincidae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Corucia zebrata
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Solomon Islands
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Varanidae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Varanus albigularis
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Tanzania
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Varanus beccarii
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Indonesia
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Varanus dumerilii
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Indonesia
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Varanus exanthematicus
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Benin, Togo
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     Ranched
                  
                  
                     Greater than 35 cm total length
                  
                  
                     Benin, Togo
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Varanus jobiensis (synonym V. karlschmidti)
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Indonesia
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Varanus niloticus
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Benin, Togo
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     Ranched
                  
                  
                     Greater than 35 cm total length
                  
                  
                     Benin
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     Ranched
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Togo
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Varanus ornatus
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Togo
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     Ranched
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Togo
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Varanus salvadorii
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Indonesia
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Varanus spinulosus
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Solomon Islands
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        SERPENTES
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Boidae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Calabaria reinhardtii
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Togo
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     Ranched
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Benin, Togo
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Candoia carinata
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Indonesia
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Colubridae
                     
                  
                  
                      
                  
                  
                      
                  
                  
                      
                  
                  
                      
                  
               
                     
                        Elapidae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Naja atra
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Laos
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Naja kaouthia
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Laos
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Naja siamensis
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Laos
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Pythonidae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Liasis fuscus
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Indonesia
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Morelia boeleni
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Indonesia
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Python bivittatus
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     China
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Python molurus
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     China
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Python regius
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Benin, Guinea
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        TESTUDINES
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Emydidae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Chrysemys picta
                     
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Live
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     (d)
                  
               
                     
                        Geoemydidae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Cuora amboinensis
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Indonesia, Malaysia
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Cuora bourreti
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Laos
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Cuora galbinifrons
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     China, Laos
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Heosemys annandalii
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Laos
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Heosemys grandis
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Laos
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Heosemys spinosa
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Indonesia
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Leucocephalon yuwonoi
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Indonesia
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Malayemys subtrijuga
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Indonesia
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Notochelys platynota
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Indonesia
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Siebenrockiella crassicollis
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Indonesia
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Podocnemididae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Erymnochelys madagascariensis
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Madagascar
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Peltocephalus dumerilianus
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Guyana
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Podocnemis unifilis
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Suriname
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Testudinidae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Centrochelys sulcata
                     
                  
                  
                     Ranched
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Benin, Togo
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Indotestudo forstenii
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Indotestudo travancorica
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Kinixys erosa
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Democratic Republic of the Congo, Togo
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Kinixys homeana
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Benin, Ghana, Togo
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     Ranched
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Benin
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     Ranched
                  
                  
                     Greater than 8 cm straight carapace length
                  
                  
                     Togo
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Kinixys nogueyi
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Benin, Ghana
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     Ranched
                  
                  
                     Greater than 5 cm straight carapace length
                  
                  
                     Benin
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Kinixys spekii
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Mozambique
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Kinixys zombensis
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Mozambique
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Manouria emys
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Indonesia
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Manouria impressa
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Vietnam
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Stigmochelys pardalis
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Testudo horsfieldii
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Kazakhstan
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Trionychidae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Amyda cartilaginea
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Indonesia
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Pelochelys cantorii
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Indonesia
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        
                           AMPHIBIA
                        
                     
                  
               
                     
                        ANURA
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Conrauidae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Conraua goliath
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Cameroon
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Dendrobatidae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Hyloxalus azureiventris
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Peru
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Ranitomeya variabilis
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Peru
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Ranitomeya ventrimaculata
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Peru
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Mantellidae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Mantella aurantiaca
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Madagascar
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Mantella cowani
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Madagascar
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Mantella crocea
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Madagascar
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Mantella pulchra
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Madagascar
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Mantella viridis
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Madagascar
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Microhylidae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Scaphiophryne gottlebei
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Madagascar
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        
                           ACTINOPTERI
                        
                     
                  
               
                     
                        PERCIFORMES
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Labridae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Cheilinus undulatus
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Indonesia
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        SYNGNATHIFORMES
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Syngnathidae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Hippocampus algiricus
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Guinea, Senegal
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Hippocampus barbouri
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Indonesia
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Hippocampus comes
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Indonesia
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Hippocampus erectus
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Brazil
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Hippocampus histrix
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Indonesia
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Hippocampus kelloggi
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Indonesia
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Hippocampus kuda
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     China, Indonesia, Vietnam
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Hippocampus spinosissimus
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Indonesia
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        
                           ARTHROPODA
                        
                     
                  
                  
                      
                  
                  
                      
                  
                  
                      
                  
                  
                      
                  
               
                     
                        
                           ARACHNIDA
                        
                     
                  
               
                     
                        SCORPIONES
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Scorpionidae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Pandinus imperator
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Benin, Ghana, Togo
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     Ranched
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Benin, Ghana, Togo
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Pandinus roeseli
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Benin, Ghana, Togo
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     Ranched
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Benin, Ghana, Togo
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        
                           INSECTA
                        
                     
                  
               
                     
                        LEPIDOPTERA
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Papilionidae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Ornithoptera croesus
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Indonesia
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Ornithoptera priamus
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Solomon Islands
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Ornithoptera priamus
                     
                  
                  
                     Ranched
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Solomon Islands
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Ornithoptera victoriae
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Solomon Islands
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     Ranched
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Solomon Islands
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        
                           MOLLUSCA
                        
                     
                  
                  
                      
                  
                  
                      
                  
                  
                      
                  
                  
                      
                  
               
                     
                        
                           BIVALVIA
                        
                     
                  
               
                     
                        VENEROIDA
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Tridacnidae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Hippopus hippopus
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Tonga, Vanuatu, Vietnam
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Tridacna crocea
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Cambodia, Fiji, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu, Vietnam
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Tridacna derasa
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Fiji, Palau, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu, Vietnam
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Tridacna gigas
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Marshall Islands, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vietnam
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Tridacna maxima
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Cambodia, Fiji, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Mozambique, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu, Vietnam
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Tridacna noae
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Fiji, Micronesia, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu
                  
                  
                      
                  
               
                     
                        Tridacna rosewateri
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Mozambique
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Tridacna squamosa
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Cambodia, Fiji, Mozambique, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu, Vietnam
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Tridacna tevoroa
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Tonga
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        
                           GASTROPODA
                        
                     
                  
               
                     
                        MESOGASTROPODA
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Strombidae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Strombus gigas
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Grenada, Haiti
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        
                           CNIDARIA
                        
                     
                  
                  
                      
                  
                  
                      
                  
                  
                      
                  
                  
                      
                  
               
                     
                        
                           ANTHOZOA
                        
                     
                  
               
                     
                        HELIOPORACEA
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Helioporidae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Heliopora coerulea
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Solomon Islands
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        SCLERACTINIA
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Scleractinia spp.
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Ghana
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Agariciidae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Agaricia agaricites
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Haiti
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Caryophylliidae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Catalaphyllia jardinei
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Solomon Islands
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Euphyllia divisa
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     Live corals except maricultured specimens attached to artificial substrates
                  
                  
                     Indonesia
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Euphyllia fimbriata
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     Live corals except maricultured specimens attached to artificial substrates
                  
                  
                     Indonesia
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Euphyllia paraancora
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     Live corals except maricultured specimens attached to artificial substrates
                  
                  
                     Indonesia
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Euphyllia paradivisa
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     Live corals except maricultured specimens attached to artificial substrates
                  
                  
                     Indonesia
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Euphyllia yaeyamaensis
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     Live corals except maricultured specimens attached to artificial substrates
                  
                  
                     Indonesia
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Plerogyra discus
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All except maricultured specimens attached to artificial substrates
                  
                  
                     Indonesia
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Plerogyra simplex (Plerogyra taisnei)
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All except maricultured specimens attached to artificial substrates
                  
                  
                     Indonesia
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Faviidae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Favites halicora
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Tonga
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Platygyra sinensis
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Tonga
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Mussidae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Acanthastrea hemprichii
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Tonga
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Blastomussa merleti
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All except maricultured specimens attached to artificial substrates
                  
                  
                     Indonesia
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Cynarina lacrymalis
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All except maricultured specimens attached to artificial substrates
                  
                  
                     Indonesia
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Scolymia spp.
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Tonga
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Pocilloporidae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Seriatopora stellata
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Indonesia
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Trachyphylliidae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Trachyphyllia geoffroyi
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Fiji
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        FLORA
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Cycadaceae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Cycadaceae spp.
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Mozambique
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Euphorbiaceae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Euphorbia ankarensis
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Madagascar
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Euphorbia banae
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Madagascar
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Euphorbia berorohae
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Madagascar
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Euphorbia bongolavensis
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Madagascar
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Euphorbia bulbispina
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Madagascar
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Euphorbia duranii
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Madagascar
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Euphorbia fianarantsoae
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Madagascar
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Euphorbia iharanae
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Madagascar
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Euphorbia kondoi
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Madagascar
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Euphorbia labatii
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Madagascar
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Euphorbia lophogona
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Madagascar
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Euphorbia millotii
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Madagascar
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Euphorbia neohumbertii
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Madagascar
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Euphorbia pachypodioides
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Madagascar
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Euphorbia razafindratsirae
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Madagascar
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Euphorbia suzannae-marnierae
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Madagascar
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Euphorbia waringiae
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Madagascar
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Orchidaceae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Cypripedium japonicum
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     China, South Korea
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Cypripedium macranthos
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     South Korea,
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Cypripedium micranthum
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     China
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Dendrobium bellatulum
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Vietnam
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Dendrobium nobile
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Laos
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Dendrobium wardianum
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Vietnam
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Myrmecophila tibicinis
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Belize
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Phalaenopsis parishii
                     
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Vietnam
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Stangeriaceae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Stangeriaceae spp.
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Mozambique
                  
                  
                     (b)
                  
               
                     
                        Zamiaceae
                     
                  
               
                     
                        Zamiaceae spp.
                  
                  
                     Wild
                  
                  
                     All
                  
                  
                     Mozambique
                  
                  
                     (b)