CELEX: 62005CJ0097
Language: en
Date: 2006-12-14 00:00:00
Title: Judgment of the Court (First Chamber) of 14 December 2006.#Mohamed Gattoussi v Stadt Rüsselsheim.#Reference for a preliminary ruling: Verwaltungsgericht Darmstadt - Germany.#Euro-Mediterranean Agreement - Tunisian worker with permission to remain in a Member State and to work there - Principle of non-discrimination as regards working conditions, remuneration and dismissal - Curtailment of the period of validity of the residence permit.#Case C-97/05.

Case C-97/05
      Mohamed Gattoussi
      v
      Stadt Rüsselsheim
      (Reference for a preliminary ruling from the 
      Verwaltungsgericht Darmstadt)
      (Euro-Mediterranean Agreement – Tunisian worker with permission to remain in a Member State and to work there – Principle of non-discrimination as regards working conditions, remuneration and dismissal – Curtailment of the period of validity of the residence permit)
      Summary of the Judgment
      1.        International agreements – Agreements concluded by the Community – Direct effect 
      (Euro-Mediterranean Agreement Association EU-Tunisia, Art. 64(1))
      2.        International agreements – Euro-Mediterranean Agreement Association EU-Tunisia – Tunisian workers employed in a Member State
      (Euro-Mediterranean Agreement Association EU-Tunisia, Art. 64(1))
      1.        A provision in an agreement concluded by the Communities with a non-member country must be regarded as having direct effect
         where, regard being had to its wording and to the purpose and nature of the agreement, the provision lays down a clear and
         precise obligation which is not subject, in its implementation or its effects, to the adoption of any subsequent measure.
         
      
      This is the case with Article 64(1) of the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement Association EU-Tunisia has.
      (see paras 25-28)
      2.        Article 64(1) of the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement Association EU-Tunisia must be interpreted as meaning that that provision
         may have effects on the right of a Tunisian national to remain in the territory of a Member State in the case where that person
         has been duly permitted by that Member State to work there for a period extending beyond the period of validity of his permission
         to remain. It is clear from the actual wording of Article 64(1) of the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement and of the Joint Declaration
         relating to that provision, adopted by the Contracting Parties and amended to the Final Act of the Agreement, that the aim
         of that provision per se is not to regulate the position of Tunisian nationals as regards the right to remain in the Member
         States.
      
      Accordingly, the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement, not being designed to secure any kind of freedom of movement for workers, does
         not in principle prohibit a Member State from taking measures concerning the right to remain of a Tunisian national whom it
         has previously authorised to enter its territory and to engage in gainful employment there and the fact that the adoption
         of such a measure will oblige the person concerned to terminate his employment relationship in the host Member State before
         the contractual term agreed with his employer comes to an end will not, as a general rule, affect that conclusion. 
      
      However, if the host Member State has previously granted the migrant worker specific rights in relation to employment which
         are more extensive than the rights of residence conferred on him by that State, it cannot then reopen the question of that
         worker’s situation on grounds unrelated to the protection of a legitimate national interest such as public policy, public
         security or public health. Indeed, it would be quite unacceptable for the Member States to deal with the principle of non-discrimination
         laid down in Article 64(1) of the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement by using provisions of national law to limit its effectiveness.
         
      
      (see paras 35-37, 39-40, 43, operative part)
JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (First Chamber) 
      14 December 2006 (*)
      
      (Euro-Mediterranean Agreement – Tunisian worker with permission to remain in a Member State and to work there – Principle of non-discrimination as regards working conditions, remuneration and dismissal – Curtailment of the period of validity of the residence permit)
      In Case C‑97/05,
      REFERENCE for a preliminary ruling under Article 234 EC, by the Verwaltungsgericht Darmstadt (Germany), made by order of 25
         January 2005, received at the Court on 23 February 2005, in the proceedings
      
      Mohamed Gattoussi
      v
      Stadt Rüsselsheim,
      
      THE COURT (First Chamber),
      composed of P. Jann, President of the Chamber, K. Lenaerts, J.N. Cunha Rodrigues, M. Ilešič and E. Levits (Rapporteur), Judges,
      Advocate General: D. Ruiz-Jarabo Colomer,
      Registrar: B. Fülöp, Administrator,
      having regard to the written procedure and further to the hearing on 9 March 2006,
      after considering the observations submitted on behalf of:
      –        Mr Gattoussi, by P. von Schumann, Rechtsanwältin,
      –        the German Government, by M. Lumma, C. Schulze-Bahr and U. Bender, acting as Agents,
      –        the Greek Government, by G. Karipsiadis and T. Papadopoulou, acting as Agents,
      –        the Commission of the European Communities, by G. Rozet and V. Kreuschitz, acting as Agents,
      after hearing the Opinion of the Advocate General at the sitting on 6 April 2006,
      gives the following
      Judgment
      1        The reference for a preliminary ruling concerns the interpretation of Article 64(1) of the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing
         an association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Tunisia, of
         the other part, done at Brussels on 17 July 1995 and approved on behalf of the European Community and the European Coal and
         Steel Community by Decision 98/238/EC, ECSC of the Council and the Commission of 26 January 1998 (OJ 1998 L 97, p. 1, hereinafter
         ‘the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement’).
      
      2        The reference has been made in the context of a dispute between Mr Gattoussi, a Tunisian national, and Stadt Rüsselsheim (Municipality
         of Rüsselsheim, Germany) concerning the decision of the Mayor of Rüsselsheim retroactively to curtail the period of validity
         of Mr Gattoussi’s residence permit. On the date of adoption of that decision, Mr Gattoussi held a work permit of unlimited
         duration and was in employment.
      
       Legal context
       The Euro-Mediterranean Agreement
      3        Article 64 of the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement is to be found in Chapter I (‘Workers’) of Title VI (‘Cooperation in Social
         and Cultural Matters’) and is worded as follows:
      
      ‘1.      The treatment accorded by each Member State to workers of Tunisian nationality employed in its territory shall be free from
         any discrimination based on nationality, as regards working conditions, remuneration and dismissal, relative to its own nationals.
      
      2.      All Tunisian workers allowed to undertake paid employment in the territory of a Member State on a temporary basis shall be
         covered by the provisions of paragraph 1 with regard to working conditions and remuneration.
      
      3.      Tunisia shall accord the same treatment to workers who are nationals of a Member State and employed in its territory.’
      4        Article 66 of the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement further provides:
      
      ‘The provisions of this Chapter shall not apply to nationals of the Parties residing or working illegally in the territory
         of their host countries.’
      
      5        The Joint Declaration relating to Article 64(1) of the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement, adopted by the Contracting Parties and
         annexed to the Final Act of the Agreement (‘the Joint Declaration’) additionally specifies:
      
      ‘With regard to the absence of discrimination as regards redundancy, Article 64(1) may not be invoked to obtain renewal of
         a residence permit. The granting, renewal or refusal of a residence permit shall be governed by the legislation of each Member
         State and the bilateral agreements and conventions …’
      
      6        Pursuant to Article 91 of the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement, the Joint Declaration forms an integral part of that agreement.
      
       The relevant provisions of German law
      7        Paragraph 12(2) of the Law on Aliens (Ausländergesetz), as it stood at 23 July 2004 (BGBl. 2004 I, p. 1842, ‘the AuslG’),
         provides that:
      
      ‘Permission to remain shall be granted for a limited period or, where the law so provides, for an unlimited period. Where,
         in the case of permission for a limited period, one of the essential conditions for granting or for extending that permission,
         or for fixing its period of validity, is no longer satisfied, its duration may be retroactively curtailed.’
      
      8        Pursuant to Paragraph 19(1) of the AuslG, in cases where marital cohabitation has ceased, the foreign spouse acquires an independent
         right to remain, inter alia if lawful marital cohabitation within Germany has lasted for at least two years or if it is necessary,
         in order to avoid placing the foreign spouse in a situation of particular hardship, to allow that person to extend his or
         her stay (in cases where there is no possibility of permission being granted for an unlimited period).
      
      9        Under Paragraph 284 of Book Three of the Social Law Code (Sozialgesetzbuch), as it stood at 24 March 1997 (BGBl. I, p. 594,
         hereinafter ‘the SGB III’), a foreigner may undertake employment only if issued with a permit to do so by the Employment Exchange
         and may not be employed unless in possession of such a permit. Paragraph 284(5) specifies that a work permit may be issued
         only if the foreigner holds a residence permit.
      
       The facts in the main proceedings and the questions referred
      10      On 30 August 2002 Mr Gattoussi married a German citizen. For the purpose of his entry into Germany he was issued with a visa
         by the Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany in Tunis for the purpose of family reunification.
      
      11      On 24 September 2002 Mr Gattoussi was granted a residence permit valid for three years by the Mayor of Rüsselsheim, the municipality
         in which the couple had decided to settle.
      
      12      On 22 October 2002 the Arbeitsamt (Employment Exchange), Darmstadt, granted Mr Gattoussi a work permit of indefinite duration,
         on which it was indicated that Paragraph 284 of the SGB III applied.
      
      13      On 11 March 2003 Mr Gattoussi entered into a one-year fixed-term contract of employment, the duration of which was later extended
         up to 31 March 2005.
      
      14      On being informed by Mr Gattoussi’s wife that she had been living apart from her husband since 1 April 2004, the Mayor of
         Rüsselsheim, by decision of 23 June 2004, curtailed the period of validity of Mr Gattoussi’s residence permit to the date
         on which that decision was notified, and required Mr Gattoussi to leave Germany without delay, failing which he would be deported
         to Tunisia.
      
      15      The grounds for that decision were, first, that the original justification for granting Mr Gattoussi a residence permit was
         now lacking in so far as he was no longer living with his wife and, secondly, that a work permit of indefinite duration does
         not give rise under German law to any right – independent of and prevailing over the terms of the residence permit – to continue
         in employment and to remain for a longer period of time in the country.
      
      16      The decision also took into account the fact that Mr Gattoussi had no independent right to remain. He could not rely on the
         provisions of the AuslG since, in the first place, his lawful cohabitation in Germany with his spouse had not lasted for at
         least two years, that is to say, for the period required by law, and, secondly, his circumstances did not amount to a situation
         of particular hardship within the terms of the AuslG.
      
      17      Nor, lastly, could Mr Gattoussi rely on any right deriving from the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement, since the prohibition of
         discrimination laid down in Article 64(1) thereof does not confer on Tunisian nationals any right to remain.
      
      18      Mr Gattoussi lodged an objection to the decision with the Regierungspräsidium (Regional Council), Darmstadt, claiming that
         termination of his stay in Germany would place him in a situation of particular hardship since, in those circumstances, it
         would be difficult, if not impossible, for him to succeed in his efforts to resume cohabitation with his wife and to settle
         the debts arising from their wedding.
      
      19      Mr Gattoussi’s objection was dismissed by decision of 17 September 2004 on the grounds that, in his case, there was no basis
         in German law for recognition of a right to remain, and that the Mayor of Rüsselsheim had not exceeded his discretion by adopting
         a decision curtailing the period of validity of Mr Gattoussi’s residence permit.
      
      20      Mr Gattoussi has challenged that decision before the Verwaltungsgericht Darmstadt (Administrative Court, Darmstadt), claiming
         that, in so far as he is engaged in full-time gainful employment in Germany, has become fully integrated in the German way
         of life and plans to remarry as soon as his divorce is finalised, a return to Tunisia would place him in a situation of particular
         hardship both financially and in terms of family relationships.
      
      21      In the course of that action, the Verwaltungsgericht Darmstadt decided to suspend proceedings and to refer the following questions
         to the Court for a preliminary ruling:
      
      ‘(1)      Does Article 64 of the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement … have any effect on the right to remain?
      (2)      If Question (1) is answered in the affirmative: can it be inferred from the prohibition of discrimination laid down in Article
         64 of the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement … that the legal position in relation to the right to remain precludes making that
         right subject to a time-limit in the case of a Tunisian citizen who holds a work permit of indefinite duration, is actually
         in employment and, on the date of the decision under the law on aliens, already has a right to remain for a specified period?
      
      (3)      If Question (2) is answered in the affirmative: can the legal position relating to the right to remain and construed in the
         light of Article 64 of the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement …, be determined by reference to a date subsequent to the decision
         under the law on aliens making the right to remain subject to a time-limit?
      
      (4)      If Question (3) is answered in the affirmative: is it necessary to comply with the principles developed in relation to Article
         39(3) EC when applying the proviso in respect of grounds relating to the protection of a legitimate national interest?’
      
       The questions
      22      By its questions, which should be examined together, the national court is essentially asking whether it is appropriate to
         apply in the main proceedings the approach adopted by the Court in its judgment in Case C‑416/96 El‑Yassini [1999] ECR I‑1209 concerning the interpretation of the first paragraph of Article 40 of the Cooperation Agreement between
         the European Economic Community and the Kingdom of Morocco, signed in Rabat on 27 April 1976 and approved on behalf of the
         Community by Council Regulation (EEC) No 2211/78 of 26 September 1978 (OJ 1978 L 264, p. 1, ‘the EEC-Morocco Agreement’) and,
         more specifically, whether Article 64(1) of the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement precludes the host Member State from curtailing
         the period of validity of the residence permit of a Tunisian national, to whom it has granted leave to remain in its territory
         for a specified period and to undertake gainful employment there for a period of indefinite duration, in the case where the
         original justification for his right to remain lapses before the date on which the validity of his residence permit expires.
      
      23      In order to provide a useful reply to the national court, it is necessary first to examine whether Article 64(1) of the Euro-Mediterranean
         Agreement may be relied on by an individual before the courts of a Member State and, if so, to determine the scope of the
         principle of non-discrimination which that provision lays down. 
      
       The direct effect of Article 64(1) of the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement
      24      It should be pointed out that, as the question of the effect of the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement within the legal systems
         of the parties thereto has not been addressed in the Agreement itself, it is for the Court to resolve that question in the
         same way as any other question of interpretation concerning the application of agreements within the Community (see inter
         alia, by way of analogy, Case C‑149/96 Portugal v Council [1999] ECR I‑8395, paragraph 34, and Case C‑265/03 Simutenkov [2005] ECR I‑2579, paragraph 20).
      
      25      According to well-established case-law, a provision in an agreement concluded by the Communities with a non-member country
         must be regarded as having direct effect where, regard being had to its wording and to the purpose and nature of the agreement,
         the provision lays down a clear and precise obligation which is not subject, in its implementation or its effects, to the
         adoption of any subsequent measure (see to that effect, inter alia, Case C‑63/99 Gloszczuk [2001] ECR I‑6369, paragraph 30; Case C‑171/01 Wählergruppe Gemeinsam [2003] ECR I‑4301, paragraph 54; and Simutenkov, paragraph 21).
      
      26      As regards, first, the wording of Article 64(1) of the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement, it appears that Article 64(1) is framed
         in terms that are almost identical to those of the first paragraph of Article 40 of the EEC-Morocco Agreement and merely extends
         the principle of non-discrimination laid down therein to the conditions governing dismissal. The Court has accepted that the
         first paragraph of Article 40 satisfies the requirements necessary for being accorded direct effect (see El‑Yassini, paragraph 27).
      
      27      Secondly, as regards the purpose and nature of the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement, it should be pointed out that, under Article 96(2)
         thereof, that Agreement replaces the Cooperation Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Republic of Tunisia,
         which was approved on behalf of the Community by Council Regulation (EEC) No 2212/78 of 26 September 1978 concerning the conclusion
         of the Cooperation Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Republic of Tunisia (OJ 1978 L 265, p. 2, hereinafter
         ‘the EEC-Tunisia Agreement’), which it follows in stating that its aim is to promote cooperation in the economic, social,
         cultural and financial fields. That Cooperation Agreement was itself substantially identical to the EEC-Morocco Agreement,
         the purpose and nature of which have been held by the Court to be compatible, particularly as regards cooperation in the field
         of labour, with the direct effect deriving from the terms of the first paragraph of Article 40 thereof (see El‑Yassini, paragraphs 28 to 31). That is a fortiori the position in the case of the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement which, by contrast with the EEC-Morocco Agreement, establishes
         under Article 1(1) an association between the Community and its Member States, of the one part, and Tunisia, of the other
         part.
      
      28      In those circumstances, it must be held that Article 64(1) of the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement has direct effect.
      
       The scope of Article 64(1) of the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement 
      29      By way of a preliminary point, it should be noted that in El‑Yassini the Court ruled that, as Community law stood at the time of that judgment, the first paragraph of Article 40 of the EEC-Morocco
         Agreement had to be interpreted as not precluding in principle a host Member State from refusing to extend the residence permit
         of a Moroccan national whom it has authorised to enter its territory and to take up gainful employment there, for the entire
         period during which he has that employment there, where the initial reason for the grant of his leave to stay no longer exists
         by the time at which his residence permit expires. The Court made it clear that the situation would be different only if,
         in the absence of grounds relating to the protection of a legitimate national interest, such as public policy, public security
         or public health, that refusal were to affect the right actually to engage in employment conferred on the person concerned
         in that Member State by a work permit duly granted by the competent national authorities for a period exceeding that of his
         residence permit (see El‑Yassini, paragraph 67).
      
      30      It is clear from the order for reference that the circumstances in the main proceedings are comparable to those examined by
         the Court in its judgment in El‑Yassini.
      
      31      In both cases, by curtailing the right to remain, the host Member State has restricted the right accorded to a national of
         a non-member country to engage in employment, even though the person had been granted that right through the issue of a work
         permit.
      
      32      The German Government, however, contends that there are a number of differences between Article 64(1) of the Euro-Mediterranean
         Agreement and the first paragraph of Article 40 of the EEC-Morocco Agreement which preclude the interpretation espoused in
         relation to the latter provision in El‑Yassini from being applied in relation to Article 64(1) of the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement.
      
      33      First, it argues, the Joint Declaration relating to Article 64(1) of the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement reflects the intention
         of the Contracting Parties to that agreement to prevent Tunisian nationals from relying on the prohibition of discrimination
         laid down in that provision for the purposes of claiming a right to remain.
      
      34      Secondly, it submits, in view of the terms used in Article 64(1) of the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement, the practical effect
         to which it is in essence directed, and its conceptual framework, it cannot be recognised as having any effect whatsoever
         on the right to remain of Tunisian nationals.
      
      35      As the German Government points out, it is clear from the actual wording of Article 64(1) of the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement,
         as it is from the wording of the Joint Declaration relating to that provision, that the aim of that provision per se is not to regulate the position of Tunisian nationals as regards the right to remain in the Member States.
      
      36      It must therefore be held, along the same lines as the ruling in El‑Yassini concerning the EEC-Morocco Agreement, that the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement, not being designed to secure any kind of freedom
         of movement for workers, does not in principle prohibit a Member State from taking measures concerning the right to remain
         of a Tunisian national whom it has previously authorised to enter its territory and to engage in gainful employment there
         (see El‑Yassini, paragraphs 58 to 62).
      
      37      The fact that the adoption of such a measure will oblige the person concerned to terminate his employment relationship in
         the host Member State before the contractual term agreed with his employer comes to an end will not, as a general rule, affect
         that conclusion (see El‑Yassini, paragraph 63).
      
      38      However, contrary to the contention of the German Government, it does not follow from that interpretation that a Tunisian
         national will never be able to rely on the prohibition of discrimination laid down in Article 64(1) of the Euro-Mediterranean
         Agreement for the purposes of contesting a measure taken by a Member State in limitation of his right to remain.
      
      39      Indeed, it would be quite unacceptable for the Member States to deal with the principle of non-discrimination laid down in
         Article 64(1) of the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement by using provisions of national law to limit its effectiveness. In the first
         place, to do so would undermine the provisions of an agreement entered into by the Community and its Member States and, secondly,
         would jeopardise the uniform application of that principle.
      
      40      In particular, as the Court has already held, if the host Member State has previously granted the migrant worker specific
         rights in relation to employment which are more extensive than the rights of residence conferred on him by that State, it
         cannot then reopen the question of that worker’s situation on grounds unrelated to the protection of a legitimate national
         interest such as public policy, public security or public health (El‑Yassini, paragraphs 64, 65 and 67).
      
      41      On that point, it is settled case-law that the concept of public policy presupposes the existence of a genuine and sufficiently
         serious threat to one of the fundamental interests of society (see, to that effect, Case 36/75 Rutili [1975] ECR 1219, paragraph 28; Case C‑340/97 Nazli [2000] ECR I‑957, paragraph 57; and Case C‑459/99 MRAX [2002] ECR I‑6591, paragraph 79).
      
      42      In the light of the principles of the protection of legitimate expectations and of legal certainty, the rule referred to in
         paragraph 40 applies a fortiori in cases, such as that before the national court, in which permission to remain has been limited
         by the host Member State retroactively.
      
      43      It follows from all of the foregoing that, on a proper construction of Article 64(1) of the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement,
         that provision may have effects on the right of a Tunisian national to remain in the territory of a Member State in the case
         where that person has been duly permitted by that Member State to work there for a period extending beyond the period of validity
         of his permission to remain.
      
       Costs
      44      Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action pending before the national court,
         the decision on costs is a matter for that court. Costs incurred in submitting observations to the Court, other than the costs
         of those parties, are not recoverable.
      
      On those grounds, the Court (First Chamber) hereby rules:
      On a proper construction of Article 64(1) of the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an association between the European
            Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Tunisia, of the other part, done at Brussels on
            17 July 1995 and approved on behalf of the European Community and the European Coal and Steel Community by Decision 98/238/EC,
            ECSC of the Council and the Commission of 26 January 1998, that provision may have effects on the right of a Tunisian national
            to remain in the territory of a Member State in the case where that person has been duly permitted by that Member State to
            work there for a period extending beyond the period of validity of his permission to remain.
      [Signatures]
      * Language of the case: German.