CELEX: 62002TJ0279
Language: en
Date: 2006-04-05 00:00:00
Title: Judgment of the Court of First Instance (Third Chamber) of 5 April 2006. # Degussa AG v Commission of the European Communities. # Competition - Article 81 EC - Cartels - Methionine market - Single continuous nature of the infringement - Fine - Guidelines on the method of setting fines - Gravity and duration of the infringement - Cooperation during the administrative procedure - Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 - Presumption of innocence. # Case T-279/02.

Case T-279/02
      Degussa AG
      v
      Commission of the European Communities
      (Competition – Article 81 EC – Cartels – Methionine market – Single, continuous nature of the infringement – Fine – Guidelines on the method of setting fines – Gravity and duration of the infringement – Cooperation during the administrative procedure – Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 – Presumption of innocence)
      Summary of the Judgment
      1.      Community law – General principles of law – Legal certainty – Principle that penalties must have a proper legal basis
      2.      Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination 
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2); Commission communication 98/C 9/03)
      3.      Competition – Fines 
      (Arts 81 EC, 82 EC, 83(1) and (2)(a) and (d) EC, 202, third indent, EC, and 211, first indent, EC; Council Regulation No 17)
      4.      Competition – Administrative procedure – Commission decision finding an infringement 
      5.      Community law – Principles – Fundamental rights – Presumption of innocence 
      (Preamble to the Single European Act; Treaty on European Union, Art. 6(2); Charter of fundamental rights of the European Union,
            Art. 47)
      6.      Competition – Agreements, decisions and concerted practices – Concerted practice – Meaning 
      (Art. 81(1) EC)
      7.      Competition – Agreements, decisions and concerted practices – Not allowed – Infringements 
      (Art. 81(1) EC)
      8.      Competition – Fines – Decision imposing fines
      (Art. 253 EC; Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2))
      9.      Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Criteria – Gravity of the infringements 
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2))
      10.    Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Criteria – Gravity of the infringements 
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2))
      11.    Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Criteria – Deterrent effect of the fine
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2); Commission communication 98/C 9/03, point 1 A, fourth, fifth and sixth paras)
      12.    Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination 
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2); Commission communication 98/C 9/03, point 1 A, sixth para.)
      13.    Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Criteria – Gravity of the infringements – Mitigating circumstances 
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15)
      14.    Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination 
      (Art. 18(1) EC; Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2))
      15.    Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Waiver or reduction of the fine for cooperation of the undertaking concerned
            
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2); Commission communication 96/C 207/04, Title D, point 1)
      16.    Community law – General principles of law – Non-retroactivity of penal provisions 
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15; Commission communication 98/C 9/03)
      17.    Competition – Administrative procedure – Professional secrecy 
      (Art. 287 CE)
      1.      The principle that penalties must have a proper legal basis is a corollary of the principle of legal certainty, which constitutes
         a general principle of Community law and requires, inter alia, that any Community legislation, in particular when it imposes
         or permits the imposition of sanctions, must be clear and precise so that the persons concerned may know without ambiguity
         what rights and obligations flow from it and may take steps accordingly. That principle, which forms part of the constitutional
         traditions common to the Member States and which has been enshrined in various international treaties, in particular in Article
         7 of the European Convention on Human Rights, must be observed in regard both to provisions of a criminal nature and to specific
         administrative instruments imposing or permitting the imposition of administrative sanctions. It applies not only to the provisions
         which establish the ingredients of an offence, but also to those which define the consequences which flow from a contravention
         of the former. In that regard, it follows from Article 7(1) of that Convention that offences and the relevant penalties must
         be clearly defined by law. That requirement is satisfied where the individual can know from the wording of the relevant provision
         and, if need be, with the assistance of the courts’ interpretation of it, what acts and omissions will make him criminally
         liable.
      
      The case-law of the European Court of Human Rights shows that, in order to satisfy the requirements of that provision, it
         is not necessary for the wording of the provisions pursuant to which those sanctions are imposed to be so precise that the
         consequences which may flow from an infringement of those provisions are foreseeable with absolute certainty. The existence
         of vague terms in the provision does not necessarily entail an infringement of Article 7 of the European Convention on Human
         Rights and the fact that a law confers a discretion is not in itself inconsistent with the requirement of foreseeability,
         provided that the scope of the discretion and the manner of its exercise are indicated with sufficient clarity, having regard
         to the legitimate aim in question, to give the individual adequate protection against arbitrary interference. In that connection,
         apart from the text of the law itself, the European Court of Human Rights takes account of whether the indeterminate notions
         used have been defined by consistent and published case-law. Moreover, taking into account the constitutional traditions common
         to the Member States does not mean giving a different interpretation to the general principle of Community law that penalties
         must have a proper legal basis.
      
      (see paras 66-69, 71-73)
      2.      Even if Article 7(1) of the European Convention on Human Rights were to be regarded as applicable to sanctions imposed by
         the Commission in the event of infringement of Community competition rules, Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 concerning the
         imposition of fines on undertakings for breach of Community competition rules does not contravene the principle that penalties
         must have a proper legal basis, for the following reasons:
      
      –        the Commission does not have unlimited discretion in setting fines, as it has to comply with the ceiling fixed by reference
         to the turnover of the undertakings in question and has to take account of the seriousness and duration of the infringement;
      
      –        the Commission is required, when setting fines, to comply with general principles of law, particularly the principles of equal
         treatment and proportionality;
      
      –        those same limits apply in relation to the exercise by the Commission of its power to assess whether or not a fine should
         be imposed;
      
      –        review by the Community judicature has in fact made it possible, through a consistent and published body of case-law, to define
         any indeterminate concepts contained in Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17;
      
      –        the Commission has developed a well-known and accessible administrative practice which, although not constituting a legal
         framework for fines, may nevertheless serve as a reference concerning compliance with the principle of equal treatment, it
         being understood that an increase in the level of fines, within the limits fixed by Article 15(2), always remains possible
         if the proper application of the competition rules so requires;
      
      –        the Commission has adopted guidelines for the fixing of fines, thus limiting itself in the exercise of its discretion and
         thereby contributing to ensuring legal certainty, and must comply with the principles of equal treatment and the protection
         of legitimate expectations;
      
      –        the Commission is required under Article 253 EC to state reasons for decisions imposing a fine. 
      (see paras 71, 74-84)
      3.      The power to impose fines for infringements of Articles 81 EC and 82 EC cannot be regarded as belonging originally to the
         Council which has transferred it or delegated its exercise to the Commission, as provided for in the third indent of Article
         202 EC. In accordance with Article 83(1) and (2)(a) and (d) EC and the first indent of Article 211 EC, that power is part
         of the Commission’s role of ensuring the application of Community law, such role having been defined, set within a framework
         and formalised, as regards the application of Articles 81 EC and 82 EC, by Regulation No 17. The power to impose fines, which
         that regulation confers on the Commission, therefore stems from the provisions of the Treaty itself and is intended to facilitate
         the effective application of the prohibitions laid down in those articles.
      
      (see paras 86-87)
      4.      The requirement of legal certainty, on which economic operators are entitled to rely, entails that when there is a dispute
         as to the existence of an infringement of the competition rules, it is incumbent on the Commission to prove the infringements
         found by it and to adduce evidence capable of demonstrating to the requisite legal standard the existence of the circumstances
         constituting the infringement. With regard to the alleged duration of an infringement, the same principle of legal certainty
         requires that, if there is no evidence directly establishing the duration of the infringement, the Commission should adduce
         at least evidence of facts sufficiently proximate in time for it to be reasonable to accept that that infringement continued
         uninterruptedly between two specific dates.
      
      (see paras 114, 153)
      5.      The principle of the presumption of innocence, as it results in particular from Article 6(2) of the European Convention on
         Human Rights, is one of the fundamental rights which, according to the case-law of the Court of Justice, reaffirmed by the
         preamble to the Single European Act, by Article 6(2) of the Treaty on European Union and by Article 47 of the Charter of Fundamental
         Rights of the European Union, are recognised in the Community legal order. Given the nature of the infringements in question
         and the nature and degree of severity of the ensuing penalties, the principle of the presumption of innocence applies inter
         alia to the procedures relating to infringements of the competition rules applicable to undertakings that may result in the
         imposition of fines or periodic penalties.
      
      (see para. 115)
      6.      The concept of ‘concerted practices’ consists of a form of coordination between undertakings which, without having reached
         the stage where an agreement properly so-called has been concluded, knowingly substitutes practical cooperation between them
         for the risks of competition. The criteria of coordination and cooperation, far from requiring the elaboration of an actual
         ‘plan’, must be understood in the light of the concept inherent in the Treaty provisions relating to competition, according
         to which each economic operator must determine independently the policy which it intends to adopt on the common market. Although
         that requirement of independence does not deprive economic operators of the right to adapt themselves intelligently to the
         existing and anticipated conduct of their competitors, it strictly precludes any direct or indirect contact between such operators
         with the object or effect either of influencing the conduct on the market of an actual or potential competitor or of disclosing
         to such a competitor the course of conduct which they themselves have decided to adopt or contemplate adopting on the market.
      
      Consequently, in order to prove that there has been a concerted practice, it is not necessary to show that the competitor
         in question has formally undertaken, in respect of one or several others, to adopt a particular course of conduct or that
         the competitors have colluded over their future conduct on the market. It is sufficient that, through its declaration of intention,
         the competitor has eliminated or, at the very least, substantially reduced the uncertainty as to the conduct to be expected
         from it on the market. In addition, whilst the mutual communication by the participants in a cartel of their intention to
         terminate it is not a condition of its cessation, the fact remains that, where an undertaking participates, even without taking
         an active part, in meetings between undertakings with an anti‑competitive purpose and does not publicly distance itself from
         what occurred at those meetings, thus giving the impression to the other participants that it subscribes to the results of
         the meetings and will act in conformity with them, it may be held as established that it participates in the cartel resulting
         from those meetings.
      
      Moreover, although it is clear from the very terms of Article 81(1) EC that a concerted practice implies, besides undertakings’
         concerting together, conduct on the market pursuant to those collusive practices, and a relationship of cause and effect between
         the two, there must be a presumption, subject to proof to the contrary, which it is for the economic operators concerned to
         adduce, that the undertakings participating in the concerted action and remaining active on the market take account of the
         information exchanged with their competitors when determining their conduct on that market. That is all the more true where
         the undertakings concert together on a regular basis over a long period.
      
      (see paras 132-134, 136)
      7.      An infringement of Article 81(1) EC may result not only from an isolated act but also from a series of acts or from continuous
         conduct. That interpretation cannot be challenged on the ground that one or several elements of that series of acts or continuous
         conduct could also constitute in themselves and taken in isolation an infringement of that provision. When the different actions
         form part of an ‘overall plan’, because their identical object distorts competition within the common market, the Commission
         is entitled to impute responsibility for those actions on the basis of participation in the infringement considered as a whole.
      
      (see para. 155)
      8.      As regards the calculation of the amount of fines imposed by the Commission for infringements of Community competition law,
         the essential procedural requirement to state reasons is satisfied where the Commission indicates in its decision the factors
         which enabled it to determine the gravity of the infringement and its duration. Furthermore, the scope of the obligation to
         state reasons must be determined in the light of the fact that the gravity of infringements must be determined by reference
         to numerous factors, no binding or exhaustive list of the criteria which must be applied having been drawn up. Nor does the
         obligation to state reasons require the Commission to set out in its decision the figures showing the method of calculating
         the fines, it being sufficient merely to indicate the factors which enabled it to determine the gravity of the infringement
         and its duration.
      
      (see paras 193-194)
      9.      When determining the gravity of an infringement of the competition rules, account must be taken of, inter alia, the legislative
         background and economic context of the conduct to which exception is taken. In order to assess, as it is required to do each
         time it is possible, the actual impact of an infringement on the market, the Commission must refer to the competition which
         would normally have existed had it not been for the infringement. It follows that, in the case of price-fixing arrangements,
         the finding by the Commission that the agreements did in fact enable the undertakings concerned to achieve a higher level
         of transaction price than that which would have prevailed had there been no cartel allows the Commission to take into consideration,
         in determining the amount of the fine, the significance of the harmful effects of the infringement on the market and therefore
         to set the amount of the fine, in the light of the gravity of the infringement, at a higher level than it would have been
         set had it not been for such a finding. In that assessment, the Commission must take into account all objective conditions
         on the relevant market, having regard to the prevailing economic and, where necessary, legislative context. Account must be
         taken of the existence, where appropriate, of ‘objective economic factors’ showing that, in a context of ‘free play of competition’,
         the level of prices would not have evolved in an identical manner to the level of prices applied.
      
      (see paras 216, 222-224)
      10.    The seriousness of an infringement of the competition rules may be established by reference to the nature and the object of
         the abusive conduct. Factors relating to the object of a course of conduct may be more significant for the purposes of setting
         the amount of the fine than those relating to its effects. The effect of an anti‑competitive practice is not a conclusive
         criterion for assessing the proper amount of a fine. Factors relating to the intentional aspect may be more significant than
         those relating to the effects, particularly where they relate to infringements which are intrinsically serious, such as price‑fixing
         and market‑sharing. Moreover, horizontal price agreements have always been regarded as among the most serious infringements
         under Community competition law.
      
      (see paras 250-252)
      11.    In determining the amount of fines for infringements of competition law, the Commission must take into account not only the
         gravity of the infringement and the particular circumstances of the case but also the context in which the infringement was
         committed and must ensure that its action has the necessary deterrent effect, especially as regards those types of infringement
         which are particularly harmful to the attainment of the objectives of the Community.
      
      In that regard, the Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 and Article
         65(5) of the ECSC Treaty provide, moreover, that, apart from the nature of the infringement, its impact on the market and
         the latter’s geographic size, it is necessary to take account of the effective economic capacity of offenders to cause significant
         damage to other operators, in particular consumers, and to set the fine at a level which ensures that it has a sufficiently
         deterrent effect (point 1.A, fourth paragraph). Account may also be taken of the fact that large undertakings are better able
         to recognise that their conduct constitutes an infringement and be aware of the consequences stemming from it (point 1.A,
         fifth paragraph).
      
      As regards the first of those factors, the objective of deterrence which the Commission is entitled to pursue when setting
         the amount of a fine is intended to ensure compliance by undertakings with the competition rules laid down by the Treaty for
         the conduct of their activities within the Community or the European Economic Area. That objective can be properly achieved
         only if regard is had to the situation of the undertaking at the time when the fine is imposed. A distinction must be made
         between, on the one hand, the scale of the infringement on the market and the share of responsibility to be borne for it by
         each participant in the cartel (which is covered by point 1.A, fourth and sixth paragraphs, of the Guidelines) and, on the
         other, the deterrent effect which the imposition of the fine must have. 
      
      As regards the scale of the infringement on the market and the share of responsibility to be borne for it by each participant
         in the cartel, the proportion of the turnover accounted for by the goods in respect of which the infringement was committed
         gives a proper indication of the scale of the infringement on the relevant market. The turnover in the products which were
         the subject of a restrictive practice constitutes an objective criterion giving a proper measure of the harm which that practice
         does to normal competition.
      
      However, the need to ensure that the fine has a sufficient deterrent effect, where it is not found to justify raising the
         general level of fines in the context of the implementation of a competition policy, requires that the amount of the fine
         be adjusted in order to take account of the desired impact on the undertaking on which it is imposed, so that the fine is
         not rendered negligible, or on the contrary excessive, in particular in the light of the financial capacity of the undertaking
         in question, in accordance with the requirements arising from, on the one hand, the need to ensure effectiveness of the fine
         and, on the other, compliance with the principle of proportionality. However, inter alia as a result of transactions bringing
         about transfers or concentrations, an undertaking’s overall resources may vary, decreasing or increasing significantly within
         a relatively short space of time, in particular between the end of the infringement and the adoption of the decision imposing
         the fine. 
      
      It follows that those resources must be valued, so as properly to achieve the objective of deterrence, in accordance with
         the principle of proportionality, at the time when the fine is imposed. In that regard, for the same reasons, under Article
         15(2) of Regulation No 17, the upper limit of the fine set at 10% of the turnover of the undertaking concerned is to be determined
         according to the overall world turnover in the business year preceding the decision. Similarly, in determining any increase
         in the fine intended to ensure that it has a deterrent effect, it is important to take into account the undertaking’s financial
         capacity and actual resources at the time when the fine is imposed on it, and not the inherently notional pro forma valuation
         entered in its balance sheet, which results from the application of accounting rules imposed on itself by the undertaking
         concerned.
      
      As regards the second factor, namely the legal and economic infrastructures available to the undertakings to enable them to
         recognise that their conduct constitutes an infringement, it is intended to punish large undertakings more severely since
         they are presumed to have sufficient knowledge and structural resources to be aware that their conduct constitutes an infringement
         and to assess the potential benefits of it. For that purpose, the turnover on the basis of which the Commission determines
         the size of the undertakings in question, and therefore their capacity to determine the character and consequences of their
         conduct, must relate to their situation at the time of the infringement.
      
      (see paras 95-96, 272-274, 278-280, 283, 285, 289-290, 302)
      12.    The approach of dividing the cartel members into several categories, which has the consequence that a flat-rate starting amount
         is fixed for all the undertakings in the same category, although it effectively ignores the differences in size between undertakings
         in the same category, cannot in principle be condemned. The Commission is not required, when determining the amounts of fines,
         to ensure, where fines are imposed on a number of undertakings involved in the same infringement, that the final amounts of
         the fines reflect any distinction between the undertakings concerned in terms of their overall turnover. 
      
      The fact nevertheless remains that such a division into categories must comply with the principle of equal treatment under
         which comparable situations must not be treated differently and different situations must not be treated in the same way,
         unless such treatment is objectively justified. From the same perspective, the Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed
         pursuant to Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 and Article 65(5) of the ECSC Treaty provide, in the sixth paragraph of point
         1.A, that ‘considerable’ disparity between the sizes of the undertakings committing infringements of the same type is, inter
         alia, such as to justify a differentiation for the purposes of assessing the gravity of the infringement. Moreover, the amounts
         of fines must at least be proportionate in relation to the factors taken into account in assessing the gravity of the infringement.
         Consequently, where the Commission divides the undertakings concerned into categories for the purpose of setting the amount
         of the fines, the thresholds for each of the categories thus identified must be coherent and objectively justified.
      
      Having regard to the objective which it pursues, namely adjustment of the amount of the fine having regard to the overall
         resources of the undertaking and its capacity to mobilise the funds necessary for the payment of that fine, the setting of
         the rate of increase of the basic amount in order to ensure that the fine has a sufficiently deterrent effect is intended
         more to ensure the effectiveness of the fine than to reflect the harmfulness of the infringement to normal competition and
         thus the gravity of the infringement. It follows that the requirement relating to the objectively justified nature of the
         method consisting in classifying the undertakings by category must be interpreted more strictly where that classification
         is made, not for the purpose of determining the amount of the fine according to the gravity of the infringement, but for that
         of determining the increase in the basic amount with a view to ensuring that the fine imposed has a sufficient deterrent effect.
      
      In the context of determining the amount of the fine according to the gravity of the infringement, even if the effect of the
         division into groups is that certain applicants are allocated the same basic amount even though they differ in size, that
         difference in treatment is objectively justified by the importance attached to the nature of the infringement in comparison
         with the size of the undertakings in the assessment of the gravity of the infringement. However, that justification is not
         intended to apply to the determination of the rate of increase of the fine with a view to ensuring that it has a sufficient
         deterrent effect, given that that increase is essentially and objectively based on the size and resources of the undertakings,
         and not on the nature of the infringement.
      
      (see paras 323-325, 328-331)
      13.    In determining the amount of a fine for breach of the competition rules, whilst it is important that the applicant took steps
         to prevent fresh infringements of Community competition law from being committed by members of its staff in the future, that
         circumstance does not alter the fact that an infringement was found to have been committed. It follows that the mere fact
         that in certain cases the Commission took the implementation of a compliance programme into consideration as a mitigating
         factor does not mean that it is obliged to act in the same manner in any given case. The Commission is therefore not required
         to take a circumstance such as that into account as a mitigating factor, provided that it adheres to the principle of equal
         treatment, which requires that it should not assess the matter differently for any undertaking addressed by the same decision.
      
      In addition, mere adoption by an undertaking of a programme of compliance with the competition rules cannot constitute a valid
         and definite guarantee of future and continuing compliance by that undertaking with those rules, with the result that such
         a programme cannot require the Commission to reduce the fine on the ground that the objective of prevention pursued by it
         has already been at least partly achieved.
      
      (see paras 350-351, 361)
      14.    Whilst the prohibition of general preventive grounds applies to the particular situation of measures derogating from the principle
         of freedom of movement for citizens of the Union enshrined in Article 18(1) EC and adopted by Member States on grounds of
         public policy, it is far from constituting a general principle, and therefore clearly cannot purely and simply be transposed
         to the context of fines imposed by the Commission on undertakings for infringements of Community competition law. On the contrary,
         it is open to the Commission to have regard to the fact that anti‑competitive practices, although they were established as
         being unlawful at the outset of Community competition policy, are still relatively frequent on account of the profit that
         certain of the undertakings concerned are able to derive from them and, consequently, it is open to the Commission to consider
         that it is appropriate to raise the level of fines so as to reinforce their deterrent effect, which reflects, at least in
         part, the need to confer on fines a deterrent character in relation to undertakings other than those on which the fines are
         imposed.
      
      (see paras 359-360)
      15.    The reduction of fines where there is cooperation on the part of the undertakings participating in infringements of Community
         competition law is based on the consideration that such cooperation facilitates the Commission’s task. 
      
      However, an undertaking which simply refrains, during the administrative procedure, from expressing any view on the Commission’s
         factual allegations, and thus from acknowledging the correctness of those allegations, does not in fact further the Commission’s
         task. Similarly, it is not sufficient for an undertaking to state in general terms that it does not contest the facts alleged,
         in accordance with the Leniency Notice, if, in the circumstances of the case, that statement is not of any help to the Commission
         at all. Finally, a reduction under the Leniency Notice can be justified only where the information provided and, more generally,
         the conduct of the undertaking concerned might be considered to demonstrate genuine cooperation on its part. It is clear from
         the very concept of cooperation, as described in the Leniency Notice, and in particular in the introduction to and Section
         D(1) of that notice, that it is only where the conduct of the undertaking concerned reveals such a spirit of cooperation that
         a reduction may be granted on the basis of that notice.
      
      (see paras 380-383)
      16.    Concerning the change in the Commission’s general competition policy in the matter of fines, resulting, inter alia, from the
         Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 and Article 65(5) of the ECSC
         Treaty, it is necessary, in order to ensure that the principle of non-retroactivity is observed, to examine whether that change
         was reasonably foreseeable at the time when the infringements concerned were committed.
      
      In that regard, the principal innovation under the Guidelines consists in taking as a starting point for the calculation of
         the basic amount of the fine, determined on the basis of ranges provided for in that regard, those ranges reflecting the different
         degrees of gravity of the infringements, but which, as such, bear no relation to the relevant turnover. That method is thus
         based essentially on a standard scale of fines, albeit a relative and flexible one. It is therefore important to consider
         whether that new method of calculating fines, even if it had an aggravating effect on the level of the fines imposed, was
         reasonably foreseeable at the time when the infringements concerned were committed. The fact that the Commission has, in the
         past, imposed fines of a certain level for certain types of infringement does not mean that it is estopped from raising that
         level within the limits indicated in Regulation No 17 if that is necessary to ensure the implementation of Community competition
         policy, but that, on the contrary, the proper application of the Community competition rules requires that the Commission
         may at any time adjust the level of fines to the needs of that policy.
      
      It follows that the undertakings involved in an administrative procedure which may give rise to a fine cannot acquire a legitimate
         expectation that the Commission will not exceed the level of fines imposed previously or that a particular method will be
         used to calculate such fines. Consequently, those undertakings must take account of the possibility that the Commission may,
         at any time, decide, in compliance with the rules governing its action, to raise the level of the amount of the fines compared
         with that applied in the past. That is true not only when the Commission raises the level of the amounts of fines which it
         imposes in individual decisions, but also when it raises them by the application, to particular cases, of rules of conduct
         having general application, such as the Guidelines. It is moreover clear from the case‑law of the European Court of Human
         Rights that a law may still satisfy the requirement of foreseeability even if the person concerned has to take appropriate
         legal advice to assess, to a degree that is reasonable in the circumstances, the consequences which a given action may entail.
         This is particularly true in relation to persons carrying on a professional activity, who are used to having to proceed with
         a high degree of caution when pursuing their occupation. They can therefore be expected to take special care in assessing
         the risks that such activity entails. 
      
      It must be concluded that the Guidelines and, in particular, the new method of calculating fines which they contain, even
         if it had an aggravating effect on the level of the fines imposed, were reasonably foreseeable for undertakings at the time
         when the infringement concerned was committed.
      
      (see paras 388-396)
      17.    Article 287 EC requires the members, officials and other servants of the institutions of the Community ‘not to disclose information
         of the kind covered by the obligation of professional secrecy, in particular information about undertakings, their business
         relations or their cost components’. Although that provision refers primarily to information gathered from undertakings, the
         adverbial phrase ‘in particular’ shows that the principle in question is a general one which applies equally to other confidential
         information. In inter partes procedures which are liable to result in the imposition of a penalty, the nature and amount of the penalty proposed are by
         their very nature covered by business secrecy until the penalty has been finally approved and announced. That principle follows,
         in particular, from the need to have due regard for the reputation and standing of the person concerned during a period in
         which no penalty has been imposed on that person.
      
      Consequently, the Commission’s duty not to disclose to the press information on the specific penalty envisaged is coterminous
         not only with its obligation to respect professional secrecy, but also with its duty of good administration. Finally, the
         principle of the presumption of innocence applies to the procedures relating to infringements of the competition rules applicable
         to undertakings that may result in the imposition of fines or periodic penalty payments. That presumption is clearly not respected
         by the Commission where, prior to formally imposing a penalty on the undertaking charged, it informs the press of the proposed
         finding which has been submitted to the Advisory Committee and the college of Commissioners for deliberation.
      
      However, the reality of an infringement which has actually been proved at the end of an administrative procedure cannot be
         called into question by evidence of the Commission’s premature display of its belief as to the existence of that infringement
         and of the amount of the fine which it therefore envisages imposing on an undertaking. Nor can it be claimed that disclosure
         by the Commission of the content of a decision at the end of the administrative procedure and just prior to its formal adoption
         is, on its own, sufficient to show that the Commission pre‑judged the case or lacked objectivity in its investigation.
      
      Moreover, whilst an irregularity of that kind may lead to annulment of the decision in question, that is conditional upon
         it being established that the content of that decision would have been different if that irregularity had not occurred.
      
      That latter condition cannot be regarded as an infringement of the right to effective judicial protection of the rights which
         individuals derive from the Community legal order, which is one of the general principles of law stemming from the constitutional
         traditions common to the Member States and has also been enshrined in Articles 6 and 13 of the European Convention on Human
         Rights. That principle must be reconciled with the principle of legal certainty and the presumption that acts of the Community
         institutions are lawful.
      
      (see paras 409-411, 414-416, 421-423)
JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE (Third Chamber)
      5 April 2006 (*)
      
      (Competition – Article 81 EC – Cartels – Methionine market – Single continuous nature of the infringement – Fine – Guidelines on the method of setting fines – Gravity and duration of the infringement – Cooperation during the administrative procedure – Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 – Presumption of innocence)
      In Case T-279/02,
      Degussa AG, established in Düsseldorf (Germany), represented by R. Bechtold, M. Karl and C. Steinle, lawyers,
      
      applicant,
      v
      Commission of the European Communities, represented by A. Bouquet and W. Mölls, acting as Agents, and H.‑J. Freund, lawyer, with an address for service in Luxembourg,
      
      defendant,
      supported by
      Council of the European Union, represented by E. Karlsson and S. Marquardt, acting as Agents,
      
      intervener,
      APPLICATION, as the primary claim, for annulment of Commission Decision 2003/674/EC of 2 July 2002 relating to a proceeding
         pursuant to Article 81 of the EC Treaty and Article 53 of the EEA Agreement (Case C.37.519 – Methionine) (OJ 2003 L 255, p. 1),
         and, in the alternative, for reduction of the fine imposed on the applicant by that decision,
      
      THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCEOF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES (Third Chamber),
      
      composed of M. Jaeger, President, V. Tiili and O. Czúcz, Judges,
      Registrar: K. Andová, Administrator,
      having regard to the written procedure and further to the hearing on 27 April 2005,
      gives the following
      Judgment
       Facts
      1        Degussa AG (Düsseldorf) is a German company formed in 2000 by the merger of SKW Trostberg and Degussa-Hüls, the latter having
         itself been formed by the merger in 1998 of the German chemical companies Degussa AG (Frankfurt am Main) and Hüls AG (Marl)
         (‘Degussa’ or ‘the applicant’). It operates inter alia in the animal feed sector and is the only undertaking producing all
         three most important essential amino acids: methionine, lysine and threonine.
      
      2        Essential amino acids are amino acids which cannot be produced naturally by the body and must, therefore, be added to feeds.
         The first amino acid which, by its absence, interrupts protein synthesis of the other amino acids is called the ‘first limiting
         amino acid’. Methionine is an essential amino acid added to compound feeds and premixes for all animal species. Its main use
         is in poultry feed (for which it is the first limiting amino acid) and, increasingly, in pig feed and speciality animal feeds.
         
      
      3        Methionine comes in two principal forms: DL-Methionine (‘DLM’) and methionine hydroxy analogue (‘MHA’). DLM is produced in
         crystallised form with virtually 100% active content. MHA, which was introduced in the 1980s by Monsanto, the predecessor
         of Novus International Inc., has a nominal 88% active content. In 2002, it accounted for approximately 50% of world methionine
         consumption.
      
      4        At the material time, the world’s three leading producers of methionine were Rhône-Poulenc (now Aventis SA), whose subsidiary
         responsible for methionine production was Rhône-Poulenc Animal Nutrition (now Aventis Animal Nutrition SA), Degussa and Novus.
         Rhône-Poulenc produced methionine in both its forms whereas Degussa produced only DLM and Novus only MHA.
      
      5        On 26 May 1999, Rhône-Poulenc submitted to the Commission a statement admitting its participation in a cartel to fix prices
         and allocate quotas for methionine and requesting application of the Commission notice on the non-imposition or reduction
         of fines in cartel cases (OJ 1996 C 207, p. 4; ‘the Leniency Notice’).
      
      6        On 16 June 1999, Commission officials and officials of the Bundeskartellamt (German Federal Cartel Office) carried out an
         investigation under Article 14(3) of Regulation No 17 of the Council of 6 February 1962, First Regulation implementing Articles
         [81] and [82] of the Treaty (OJ, English Special Edition 1959-1962, p. 87), then in force, at the premises of Degussa-Hüls
         in Frankfurt am Main.
      
      7        Following that investigation, on 27 July 1999, the Commission sent a request for information to Degussa-Hüls under Article
         11 of Regulation No 17 regarding the documents obtained. Degussa-Hüls replied to the request on 9 September 1999.
      
      8        The Commission also sent requests for information to Nippon Soda Co. Ltd (‘Nippon Soda’), Novus International Inc. (‘Novus’)
         and Sumitomo Chemical Co. Ltd (‘Sumitomo’) on 7 December 1999 and to Mitsui & Co. Ltd on 10 December 1999. The replies were
         received during February 2000 and Nippon Soda submitted a supplementary statement on 16 May 2000.
      
      9        On 1 October 2001, the Commission adopted a statement of objections against five producers of methionine, including the applicant.
         The same statement of objections was sent to Aventis Animal Nutrition (‘AAN’), a wholly owned subsidiary of Aventis. 
      
      10      In its statement of objections, the Commission accused those companies of having participated from 1986 until, in the majority
         of cases, the beginning of 1999 in a continuous agreement contrary to Article 81 EC and Article 53 of the Agreement on the
         European Economic Area (‘the EEA Agreement’) covering the whole of the EEA. According to the Commission, the agreement in
         question involved the fixing of methionine prices, the implementation of a mechanism for implementing price increases, the
         allocation of national markets and market share quotas and a mechanism for monitoring and enforcing those agreements.
      
      11      All the parties submitted written observations in response to the Commission’s statement of objections, although Aventis and
         AAN informed the Commission that they would submit only one response on behalf of both companies.
      
      12      Replies were received by the Commission between 10 and 18 January 2002. Aventis, AAN (together ‘Aventis/AAN’) and Nippon Soda
         admitted the infringement and acknowledged the correctness of the facts as a whole. Degussa also admitted the infringement,
         but only in respect of the period from 1992 to 1997. On 25 January 2002, there was an oral hearing with the undertakings concerned.
      
      13      At the end of the proceeding, considering that Aventis/AAN, Degussa and Nippon Soda had participated in a continuous agreement
         and/or concerted action covering the whole of the EEA, by which they agreed on price targets for the product, agreed on and
         implemented a mechanism for implementing price increases, exchanged information on sales volumes and market shares and monitored
         and enforced their agreements, the Commission adopted Decision 2003/674/EC of 2 July 2002 relating to a proceeding pursuant
         to Article 81 of the EC Treaty and Article 53 of the EEA Agreement (Case C.37.519 – Methionine) (OJ 2003 L 255, p. 1; ‘the
         Decision’). 
      
      14      In recitals 63 to 81 to the Decision, the Commission described the cartel as aimed at fixing price ranges and ‘rock-bottom
         prices’. The participants agreed that they needed to increase their prices and discussed what the market would accept. The
         price increases were then organised in several successive ‘campaigns’, the implementation of which was reviewed during subsequent
         cartel meetings. The participants also exchanged information on sales volumes and production capacity and exchanged their
         respective estimates of the total volume of the market.
      
      15      As regards the implementation of target prices, the Commission found that sales were monitored by the participants, the figures
         exchanged being compiled and discussed at regular meetings, although no volume control scheme supported by a compensation
         scheme existed, despite the fact that Degussa had made a proposal to that effect. Regular multilateral (more than 25 between
         1986 and 1999) and bilateral meetings were an essential element of the organisation of the cartel. They took the form of ‘summit’
         meetings and more technical meetings at staff level. 
      
      16      Finally, the operation of the cartel went through three distinct periods. The first, during which prices were on an upward
         trend, extended from February 1986 to 1989 and ended with Sumitomo’s withdrawal from the arrangement and the entry into the
         market of Monsanto and MHA. During the second period, extending from 1989 to 1991, prices began to fall dramatically. The
         cartel members were then in doubt about how to react to this new situation (regain market shares or focus on prices?) and
         concluded, after holding several meetings in 1989 and 1990, that they needed to focus their efforts on increasing prices.
         During the third and last period, extending from 1991 to February 1999, the dramatic increase in sales of the MHA produced
         by Monsanto (Novus since 1991) led the participants in the arrangement to focus primarily on sustaining price levels.
      
      17      The Decision includes inter alia the following provisions:
      
      ‘Article 1
      Aventis … and [AAN], jointly liable, Degussa … and Nippon Soda … have infringed Article 81(1) of the Treaty and Article 53(1)
         of the EEA Agreement by participating, in the manner and to the extent set out in the reasoning, in a complex of agreements
         and concerted practices in the sector of methionine.
      
      The duration of the infringement was as follows:
      –        from February 1986 until February 1999.
      …
      Article 3
      The following fines are hereby imposed on the undertakings name[d] in Article 1 in respect of the infringement found [t]herein:
      –        Degussa …, a fine of EUR 118 125 000,
      –        Nippon Soda …, a fine of EUR 9 000 000 
      …’
      18      For the purpose of calculating the fine, the Commission, without expressly referring to them, essentially applied the methodology
         set out in the guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 and Article
         65(5) of the ECSC Treaty (OJ 1998 C 9, p. 3; ‘the Guidelines’) and the Leniency Notice.
      
      19      In setting the basic amount of the fine, the Commission took into consideration, firstly, the gravity of the infringement.
         It found that, taking into account the nature of the behaviour under scrutiny, its impact on the methionine market and the
         size of the relevant geographic market, the undertakings concerned by the Decision had committed a very serious infringement
         of Article 81(1) EC and Article 53(1) of the EEA Agreement (recitals 270 to 293). 
      
      20      Taking the view, moreover, that it was appropriate to apply differential treatment which took account of the effective economic
         capacity of the undertakings to cause significant damage to competition and to set the fine at a level which ensured that
         it had sufficient deterrent effect, the Commission considered that, in view of the considerable disparity in the size of the
         undertakings, it was necessary to take as a basis their respective shares of the world market for methionine and that accordingly
         Rhône-Poulenc and Degussa constituted a first category of undertakings and Nippon Soda a second category on its own. Consequently,
         the Commission set the basic amounts of the fines for Aventis/AAN and Degussa at EUR 35 million and the basic amount of the
         fine for Nippon Soda at EUR 8 million (recitals 294 to 302). 
      
      21      In order to ensure sufficient deterrent effect and to take account of the fact that large undertakings have legal and economic
         knowledge and infrastructures which enable them more easily to recognise that their conduct constitutes an infringement and
         be aware of the consequences stemming from it under competition law, the Commission took the view, finally, that the appropriate
         starting point for a fine, resulting from the criterion of the relative importance of the undertaking in the market concerned,
         required upward adjustment to take account of the size and overall resources of Aventis/AAN and Degussa respectively. The
         Commission therefore decided that the starting point for the fines imposed on Aventis/AAN and Degussa should be increased
         by 100% to EUR 70 million (recitals 303 to 305).
      
      22      As regards, secondly, the duration of the infringement, the Commission considered that Aventis/AAN, Degussa and Nippon Soda
         had participated in the infringement continuously from February 1986 until February 1999, that is, for 12 years and 10 months.
         The basic amount of the fine was therefore set at EUR 157.5 million in the case of Aventis/AAN and Degussa, and at EUR 18
         million in the case of Nippon Soda (recitals 306 to 312).
      
      23      Thirdly, the Commission considered that no aggravating or attenuating circumstances were to be taken into account with regard
         to the undertakings which had participated in the infringement (recitals 313 to 331).
      
      24      Fourthly and lastly, the Commission, by application of the Leniency Notice, reduced Aventis/AAN’s fine by 100% under Section
         B of that notice. By contrast, it considered that Nippon Soda and Degussa did not fulfil either the conditions for a very
         substantial reduction of the amount of the fine under Section B or those for a substantial reduction of the amount of the
         fine under Section C of the Leniency Notice. It nevertheless accepted that Nippon Soda fulfilled the conditions set out in
         the first and second indents of Section D(2) and that Degussa fulfilled the conditions set out in the first indent of Section
         D(2) of that notice and therefore reduced the amounts of the fines imposed on those undertakings by 50% and 25% respectively
         (recitals 332 to 355).
      
       Procedure and forms of order sought by the parties
      25      By application lodged at the Registry of the Court of First Instance on 16 September 2002, the applicant brought the present
         action.
      
      26      On 13 December 2002, the Council applied for leave to intervene. By order of 13 February 2003, the President of the Fourth
         Chamber of the Court of First Instance granted the Council leave to intervene in support of the forms of order sought by the
         Commission.
      
      27      By decision of the Court of First Instance, the Judge-Rapporteur was attached to the Third Chamber, to which this case was
         therefore assigned.
      
      28      By way of measures of organisation of procedure provided for in Article 64 of its Rules of Procedure, the Court of First Instance
         asked the parties to reply to certain questions and to produce certain documents. The parties complied with those requests.
      
      29      Following the report of the Judge-Rapporteur, the Court of First Instance (Third Chamber) decided to open the oral procedure.
         The parties presented oral argument and replied to oral questions put by the Court at the hearing on 27 April 2005.
      
      30      The applicant claims that the Court should:
      
      –        annul the Decision;
      –        in the alternative, reduce the amount of the fine imposed on it;
      –        order the Commission to pay the costs.
      31      The Commission contends that the Court should:
      
      –        dismiss the application;
      –        order the applicant to pay the costs.
      32      The Council contends that the Court should:
      
      –        dismiss the application;
      –        make an appropriate order as to costs.
       Law
      33      The applicant puts forward essentially four pleas in support of its action. The first plea, in which the applicant raises
         an objection of illegality against Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17, alleges breach of the principle that penalties must
         have a proper legal basis. The second plea alleges error of assessment as to the single, continuous nature and as to the duration
         of the infringement in which the applicant participated. The third plea alleges errors of assessment, errors of law, errors
         as to the facts and breach of the principles of proportionality, non-retroactivity and equal treatment, and of the obligation
         to state reasons in setting the amount of the fine. Finally, the fourth plea alleges breach of the principles of ‘respect
         for professional secrecy’, sound administration and the presumption of innocence.
      
      I –  The first plea, alleging breach of the principle that penalties must have a proper legal basis 
      A –  The objection of illegality raised against Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17
      1.     Arguments of the parties
      34      The applicant raises an objection of illegality as provided for in Article 241 EC and submits that Article 15(2) of Regulation
         No 17, the provision which authorises the Commission to impose fines for infringements of Community competition law, infringes
         the principle that penalties must have a proper legal basis, as a corollary of the principle of legal certainty, a general
         principle of Community law, since that provision does not sufficiently predetermine the Commission’s decision-making practice.
         
      
      35      As a preliminary point, the applicant recalls that the principle that penalties must have a proper legal basis is enshrined
         in Article 7(1) of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (‘the ECHR’) which
         provides that ‘[no] heavier penalty [shall] be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the criminal offence was
         committed’. It adds that that same principle (nulla poena sine lege) is also enshrined in Article 49(1) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union proclaimed at Nice on 7 December
         2000 (OJ C 364, p. 1) (‘the Charter’) and forms an integral part of the constitutional traditions of the Member States (see,
         for example, Article 103(2) of the German Basic Law). According to the interpretation of the European Court of Human Rights,
         both the principle of non-retroactivity and the principle that penalties must have a proper legal basis stem from that principle
         (see, inter alia, Eur. Court HR, S.W. v. the United Kingdom, judgment of 22 November 1995, Series A no. 335‑B, § 35, and Joined Cases C‑74/95 and C‑129/95 X [1996] ECR I‑6609, paragraph 25). According to the case-law of the Court of Justice, the principle that penalties must have
         a legal basis stems from the principle of legal certainty, which is recognised as a general principle of Community law (Joined
         Cases 212/80 to 217/80 Salumi and Others [1981] ECR 2735, paragraph 10, and Case 70/83 Kloppenburg [1984] ECR 1075, paragraph 11) and requires inter alia that Community legislation be clear and foreseeable by individuals,
         and that certainty and foreseeability are requirements which must be observed all the more strictly in the case of rules liable
         to entail financial consequences in order that those concerned may know precisely the extent of the obligations which it imposes
         on them (see Case C‑30/89 Commission v France [1990] ECR I‑691, paragraph 23, and the case-law cited). 
      
      36      With regard to the criteria for determining whether a ‘law’ within the meaning of Article 7(1) of the ECHR is sufficiently
         certain and foreseeable, the applicant recalls that the European Court of Human Rights requires that it be accessible to the
         persons concerned and formulated with sufficient precision to enable them – if need be, with appropriate advice – to foresee,
         to a degree that is reasonable in the circumstances, the consequences which a given action may entail. However, according
         to the European Court of Human Rights, a law which confers a discretion is not in itself inconsistent with this requirement,
         provided that the scope of the discretion and the manner of its exercise are indicated with sufficient clarity, having regard
         to the legitimate aim in question, to give the individual adequate protection against arbitrary interference (Eur. Court HR,
         Margareta and Roger Andersson v. Sweden, judgment of 25 February 1992, Series A no. 226-A, § 75, and Malone v. the United Kingdom, judgment of 2 August 1984, Series A no. 82, § 66).
      
      37      The applicant submits that the principle that penalties must have a proper legal basis is intended to apply both to criminal
         penalties and to penalties which are not strictly criminal in character, and therefore also to Article 15(2) of Regulation
         No 17, regardless of the legal nature of the fines imposed by the Commission under that provision. The Court of Justice has
         held that ‘a penalty, even of a non-criminal nature, cannot be imposed unless it rests on a clear and unambiguous legal basis’
         (Case 117/83 Könecke [1984] ECR 3291, paragraph 11, and Case 137/85 Maizena [1987] ECR 4587, paragraph 15). The statement in Article 15(4) of Regulation No 17, that Commission decisions imposing fines
         for infringements of Community competition law ‘shall not be of a criminal law nature’, is immaterial in this regard, since
         the designation of a legal act is not decisive in its assessment (Eur. Court HR, Engel and Others v. the Netherlands, judgment of 8 June 1976, Series A no. 22, § 81). On the contrary, it follows from the severity of the fines imposed and
         from their punitive and preventive function that they are essentially of a quasi-criminal, or even, in the broad sense, criminal
         law nature.
      
      38      That interpretation is also consistent with that given by the European Court of Human Rights as regards the concept of a criminal
         charge (Eur. Court HR, Belilos v. Switzerland, judgment of 29 April 1988, Series A no. 132, §§ 62 and 68; Öztürk v. Germany, judgment of 21 February 1984, Series A no. 73, § 46 et seq.; and Engel and Others v. the Netherlands, cited in paragraph 37 above, § 80 et seq.), according to which even small fines imposed by way of administrative procedures
         are criminal in nature. The applicant takes the view a fortiori that that is also the case with the fines imposed by the Commission
         for infringements of Community law, given the size of the amounts involved.
      
      39      The applicant recalls that, according to the Court of Justice, the requirement of clarity is ‘indeed imperative in a sector
         in which any uncertainty may well lead to … the application of particularly serious sanctions’ (Case 32/79 Commission v United Kingdom [1980] ECR 2403, paragraph 46), which is the case with fines imposed under Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17.
      
      40      In addition, the applicant points out that the effect of the division of powers between the Council and the Commission provided
         for in Articles 83 EC and 85 EC is that only the Council is competent to lay down the appropriate regulations or directives
         to give effect to the principles set out in Articles 81 EC and 82 EC. The requirements arising from the principle that penalties
         must have a proper legal basis therefore imply that the Council is not entitled to delegate the power to impose fines to the
         Commission in the absence of a sufficiently well-defined system. 
      
      41      The applicant maintains that the Commission concurrently enjoys powers of investigation, indictment and judgment. Such powers,
         which are not in keeping with the constitutional traditions of the Member States, should be set within a framework of clear,
         unequivocal rules. The applicant thus submits that the Council regulation implementing Articles 81 EC and 82 EC should define
         precisely the content, objective and severity of penalties. In addition, the principle that penalties must have a proper legal
         basis requires that a ceiling be specified, which must not be excessively high so that the fine does not acquire a criminal
         law character. If the fine can be unlimited, it is not, in the final analysis, determined in advance by the Council, but imposed
         by the Commission as the executive authority. 
      
      42      The applicant submits that Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 does not fulfil the requirements arising from the principle that
         the penalties described above should have a proper legal basis.
      
      43      Firstly, it maintains that Regulation No 17 does not prescribe the cases in which an infringement of Articles 81 EC and 82
         EC must be the subject of a fine, leaving the Commission discretion to decide on the appropriateness of a fine. It recalls
         in that regard the judgment in Joined Cases 32/78, 36/78 to 82/78 BMW Belgium and Others v Commission [1979] ECR 2435, paragraph 53, according to which the Commission has complete freedom in the exercise of the discretion which
         it enjoys in regard to whether or not to impose a fine. 
      
      44      Secondly, the applicant submits that Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 does not contain any limit expressed as a figure. The
         applicant thus takes the view that that framework is incompatible with the principle that penalties must have a legal basis
         and that it constitutes a transfer to the Commission of a power belonging, under the Treaty, to the Council. The amount of
         the fine is not, in reality, determined in advance by the regulation but exclusively by the Commission, in a manner which
         is neither foreseeable nor ascertainable (see Commission v France, cited in paragraph 35 above, paragraph 23, and the case-law cited). The need to ensure that the fine has a deterrent effect
         cannot justify that absence of an absolute ceiling since that requirement must be reconciled with the higher-ranking fundamental
         principle of Community law that penalties must have a proper legal basis (Kloppenburg, cited in paragraph 35 above, paragraph 11, and Salumi and Others, cited in paragraph 35 above, paragraph 10). 
      
      45      Thirdly, the applicant draws attention to the absence of any criteria laid down by the legislature for setting the fine, apart
         from the gravity and duration of the infringement. In practice, those two criteria have no restrictive effect on the Commission’s
         discretion. On the one hand, the Commission is not bound by any binding or exhaustive list of the criteria which must be applied
         (order of the Court of Justice in Case C‑137/95 P SPO and Others v Commission [1996] ECR I‑1611, paragraph 54; Case C‑219/95 P Ferriere Nord v Commission [1997] ECR I‑4411, paragraph 33; and Case T‑9/99 HFBand Others v Commission [2002] ECR II‑1487, paragraph 443) and, on the other hand, the Commission takes account of numerous aggravating or attenuating
         factors which individuals cannot know in advance. 
      
      46      Moreover, the requirements arising from observance of the principle of equal treatment do not make it possible to compensate
         for that vagueness since, according to the case-law, the Commission is not required to ensure that the final amounts of fines
         reflect any distinction between the undertakings concerned in terms of their turnover (Case T‑23/99 LR AF 1998 v Commission [2002] ECR II‑1705, paragraph 278). 
      
      47      The applicant’s view is confirmed by a judgment of the Bundesverfassungsgericht (German Federal Constitutional Court), according
         to which a criminal provision laying down as the upper limit of the penalty the value of the convicted person’s assets must
         be annulled as contrary to the principle that penalties must have a proper legal basis (judgment of 20 March 2002, BvR 794/95,
         NJW 2002, p. 1779). Contrary to the Council’s assertions, Paragraph 81(2) of the German Gesetz gegen Wettbewerbsbeschränkungen
         (Law against Restrictions on Competition; ‘the GWB’) does not contain any provision analogous to Article 15(2) of Regulation
         No 17, since the legislature deliberately dispensed with such a framework. 
      
      48      Fourthly, the applicant states that the Commission’s decision-making practice illustrates the validity of its view. That practice
         is marked by substantial differences between the amounts of fines imposed and by a recent dramatic increase in those amounts.
         It thus notes inter alia that eight of the ten largest fines were imposed after 1998 and that a record fine of EUR 855.23
         million, including EUR 462 million imposed on a single undertaking, was imposed in 2001 in the ‘Vitamins’ case (Commission
         Decision C (2001) 3695 final of 21 November 2001, Case COMP/E‑1/37.512). The latter amount is 15 times higher than the average
         fine imposed between 1994 and 2000 and the second-highest fine (Commission Decision C (2001) 4573 final, Case COMP/E-1/36.212
         – Carbonless paper) for 2001 is still equivalent to six times that average value. 
      
      49      Fifthly, the applicant submits that the existing system cannot be justified by the necessary deterrent effect which fines
         must have on undertakings. On the one hand, the applicant acknowledges that, while the exact amount of the fine does not have
         to be determinable in advance, the objective of deterrence does not authorise the Council to refrain from ‘indicating clearly
         the limits of the power conferred on the Commission’. On the other hand, it points out that the absence of a minimum of foreseeability
         of the fine has, in reality, had the effect of deterring undertakings from cooperating with the Commission. If it were possible
         to estimate, even only approximately, the potential consequences of a course of conduct, that would, by contrast, be a much
         better way of ensuring the intended effect of deterrence, as is the case with national criminal laws. 
      
      50      Sixthly, the applicant maintains that the Guidelines cannot be regarded as compensating for the unlawfulness of Article 15(2)
         of Regulation No 17. On the one hand, those guidelines cannot, in its view, constitute a legal act as referred to in Article
         249 EC and, on the other hand, only the Council is entitled to adopt provisions on this question, in accordance with Article
         83 EC. It submits that the onus of complying with the principle that penalties must have a proper legal basis therefore rests
         with the Council. For the same reasons, the unlimited jurisdiction conferred on the Court of Justice by Article 17 of Regulation
         No 17 cannot compensate for the unlawfulness of Article 15(2) of that regulation. The applicant points out that, despite that
         jurisdiction, it is primarily the task of the Commission to set the amount of the fine and to establish the facts during the
         administrative procedure. Moreover, the applicant points out that the vagueness of Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 and the
         absence of review criteria render meaningless the unlimited jurisdiction conferred on the Community Courts. Finally, the applicant
         notes that individuals cannot be expected as a matter of course to bring proceedings before the courts on the ground that
         the legal framework for the imposition of fines is not sufficiently well defined. It adds that compensation by the Community
         judicature for the errors of the legislature would go beyond the tasks of the judiciary and would therefore be open to challenge
         under Article 7(1) EC.
      
      51      The Commission submits that the applicant’s argument is unfounded.
      
      52      It points out that Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 constitutes a clear and unambiguous legal basis enabling undertakings
         to foresee the possible consequences of their actions with sufficient precision. 
      
      53      In addition, it points out that the discretion which it has must be exercised in compliance with the criteria of gravity and
         duration of the infringement laid down by that article, with the general principles of Community law, in particular the principles
         of proportionality and equal treatment, and with the case-law of the Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance. The
         Commission thus maintains that it must comply with those principles whenever it makes use of its discretion (see, with regard
         to compliance with the principle of equal treatment, Case T‑15/99 Brugg Rohrsysteme v Commission [2002] ECR II‑1613, paragraph 149 et seq., and Case T‑224/00 Archer Daniels Midland and Archer Daniels Midland Ingredients v Commission [2003] ECR II‑2597, paragraphs 69, 207, 281 and 308, and the Opinion of Advocate General Ruiz Jarabo Colomer in Joined Cases
         C‑204/00 P, C‑205/00 P, C‑211/00 P, C-213/00 P, C‑217/00 P and C‑219/00 P Aalborg Portland and Others v Commission [2004] ECR I-123, I-133, point 96 et seq.). 
      
      54      Contrary to the applicant’s claims, it cannot be inferred in that regard from the judgment in BMW Belgium and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 43 above, that those controls do not extend to the decision whether or not to impose a fine. In that
         case, the fact that the Court of Justice acknowledged that the Commission was entitled to impose a fine on resellers even
         though it had not done so in earlier cases does not mean that the Commission’s power to impose or not to impose a fine is
         unlimited, since that power must be exercised on the basis of objective reasons corresponding to the purpose of the provision
         conferring the power in question on the Commission. 
      
      55      The applicant is not justified in relying on the fact that the Decision is a ‘surprise decision’, since the deterrent function
         of the fine requires that it cannot be calculated in advance by the undertakings and compared with expected profits. The Commission
         points out that, in any event, the applicant had no basis for a legitimate expectation that it would not face a fine higher
         than the highest fines imposed during the course of the infringement (LR AF 1998 v Commission, cited in paragraph 46 above, paragraph 241, and Archer Daniels Midland and Archer Daniels Midland Ingredients v Commission, cited in paragraph 53 above, paragraphs 63 and 64). 
      
      56      Moreover, the unlimited jurisdiction of the Court of First Instance and the adoption in January 1998 of the Guidelines, which
         were declared compatible with Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17, contradict the applicant’s position that the determination
         of the fine is arbitrary and non-transparent. 
      
      57      Nor can the Council be accused of having transferred powers to the Commission in breach of the Treaty since Article 15(2)
         of Regulation No 17, by virtue of the criteria, as interpreted by the Community Courts, which it mentions and of the requirement
         of compliance with the general principles of Community law, constitutes a legal basis which is sufficiently well defined in
         the light of the objective pursued by the imposition of fines. The complaint that the Guidelines cannot compensate for the
         lack of definiteness of that provision is therefore to no purpose. Moreover, the Guidelines have improved the legal certainty
         and transparency of the decision-making procedure. 
      
      58      Finally, with regard to the increase in the amounts of fines over the last few years, the Commission points out, firstly,
         that the increase in the turnovers of undertakings since the 1960s in itself justifies the freedom of action left to the Commission
         by the contested provision and, secondly, that, according to settled case-law (Joined Cases 100/80 to 103/80 Musique Diffusion française and Others v Commission [1983] ECR 1825, paragraphs 108 and 109; LR AF 1998 v Commission, cited in paragraph 46 above, paragraph 237; and Joined Cases T‑202/98, T‑204/98 and T‑207/98 Tate & Lyle and Others v Commission [2001] ECR II‑2035, paragraphs 144 and 145), the Commission must be able to raise the level of fines in order to strengthen
         their deterrent effect. However, that discretion is not unlimited, since the Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance
         are to examine whether the increases decided upon by the Commission are justified by the alleged interest (Case T‑334/94 Sarrió v Commission [1998] ECR II‑1439, paragraphs 323 to 335, and Case T‑16/99 Lögstör Rör v Commission [2002] ECR II‑1633, paragraph 251). Finally, it notes that, despite that increase in the level of fines, manifest and serious
         infringements of long duration remain relatively frequent.
      
      59      The Council, intervening, contends that the objection of illegality against Article 15 of Regulation No 17 should be rejected
         as unfounded. The Council acknowledges that a fine, even if it is a non-criminal sanction, must have a clear and unambiguous
         legal basis. However, it considers that Article 15 of Regulation No 17 fulfils that requirement. It also points out that the
         principle nulla poena sine lege is intended to apply to criminal sanctions, which is not the case with fines imposed pursuant to Article 15(2) of Regulation
         No 17, in accordance with paragraph 4 of that article. The requirements deriving from that principle may therefore not be
         applied in this case (Maizena, cited in paragraph 37 above, paragraph 14; Eur. Court HR, Welch v. the United Kingdom, judgment of 9 February 1995, Series A no. 307). 
      
      60      In addition, the Council takes the view that the level of the sanction is sufficiently well defined in so far as Article 15(2)
         of Regulation No 17 provides for an upper limit to the fine, based on the turnover of the undertaking concerned. An absolute
         ceiling would not be appropriate since the Commission’s decisions relate to particular cases. The Commission’s discretion,
         far from being absolute, is in fact limited by the obligation to take into account the criteria of duration and gravity of
         the infringement laid down in that article. The Commission is also required to comply with the principles of proportionality
         and non-discrimination.
      61      The Council is of the opinion that it would be difficult to lay down a more restrictive framework making it possible to take
         account of the circumstances specific to the context of each infringement and to ensure a sufficient deterrent effect. Indeed,
         the Court has never cast doubt on the validity of Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17, but has rather confirmed it (Tate & Lyle and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 58 above, paragraphs 98 to 101). 
      
      62      As regards the applicant’s complaint that the Commission’s practice is characterised by very substantial differences in the
         amounts of fines imposed and by a recent dramatic increase, the Council points out that those findings merely reflect the
         fact that the undertakings in question have different turnovers and that the size of the undertakings concerned is increasing.
         
      
      63      It is also incorrect to claim that the Commission combines the functions of investigating authority, prosecutor and judge
         since it is subject to unlimited judicial review and therefore cannot be regarded as judge and party. 
      
      64      The same applies to the claim that the Council has delegated to the Commission its power to institute fines. The Council points
         out that the delegated authority enjoyed by the Commission concerns only the power to take decisions on the basis of Article
         15(2) of Regulation No 17, which constitutes the expression of the Council’s power. That is consistent with the third indent
         of Article 202 EC. 
      
      65      Finally, the Council observes that, contrary to the applicant’s claims, comparable rules do exist at Member State level, in
         particular in Sweden and in Germany. 
      
      2.     Findings of the Court
      66      It should be remembered that it is clear from the case-law of the Court of Justice that the principle that penalties must
         have a proper legal basis is a corollary of the principle of legal certainty, which constitutes a general principle of Community
         law and requires, inter alia, that any Community legislation, in particular when it imposes or permits the imposition of sanctions,
         must be clear and precise so that the persons concerned may know without ambiguity what rights and obligations flow from it
         and may take steps accordingly (see, to that effect, Case 169/80 Gondrand Frères and Garancini [1981] ECR 1931, paragraph 17; Maizena, cited in paragraph 37 above, paragraph 15; Case C‑143/93 van Es Douane Agenten [1996] ECR I‑431, paragraph 27; and X, cited in paragraph 35 above, paragraph 25).
      
      67      That principle, which forms part of the constitutional traditions common to the Member States and which has been enshrined
         in various international treaties, in particular in Article 7 of the ECHR, must be observed in regard both to provisions of
         a criminal nature and to specific administrative instruments imposing or permitting the imposition of administrative sanctions
         (see Maizena, cited in paragraph 37 above, paragraphs 14 and 15, and the case-law cited). It applies not only to the provisions which
         establish the ingredients of an offence, but also to those which define the consequences which flow from a contravention of
         the former (see, to that effect, X, cited in paragraph 35 above, paragraphs 22 and 25).
      
      68      In that regard, it must be observed that, in the words of Article 7(1) of the ECHR:
      
      ‘No one shall be held guilty of any criminal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a criminal
         offence under national or international law at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than
         the one that was applicable at the time the criminal offence was committed.’
      
      69      According to the European Court of Human Rights, it follows from that provision that offences and the relevant penalties must
         be clearly defined by law. That requirement is satisfied where the individual can know from the wording of the relevant provision
         and, if need be, with the assistance of the courts’ interpretation of it, what acts and omissions will make him criminally
         liable (Eur. Court HR, Coëme and Others v. Belgium, judgment of 22 June 2000, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 2000‑VII, § 145).
      
      70      The Council maintains that the Court of First Instance must not be guided by Article 7(1) of the ECHR and the case-law of
         the European Court of Human Rights relating to that article in analysing the legality of Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17
         since Article 15(4) of Regulation No 17 provides that decisions taken by the Commission pursuant, inter alia, to paragraph
         2 of that provision are not of a criminal law nature.
      
      71      Without there being any need to rule on the question whether, by reason inter alia of the nature and severity of the fines
         imposed by the Commission pursuant to Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17, Article 7(1) of the ECHR has authority to apply to
         such sanctions, it must be stated that, even if Article 7(1) of the ECHR were to be regarded as applicable to such sanctions,
         it is clear from the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights that, in order to satisfy the requirements of that provision,
         it is not necessary for the wording of the provisions pursuant to which those sanctions are imposed to be so precise that
         the consequences which may flow from an infringement of those provisions are foreseeable with absolute certainty.
      
      72      According to the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights, the existence of vague terms in the provision does not necessarily
         entail an infringement of Article 7 of the ECHR and the fact that a law confers a discretion is not in itself inconsistent
         with the requirement of foreseeability, provided that the scope of the discretion and the manner of its exercise are indicated
         with sufficient clarity, having regard to the legitimate aim in question, to give the individual adequate protection against
         arbitrary interference (Eur. Court HR, Margareta and Roger Andersson v. Sweden, cited in paragraph 36 above, § 75). In that connection, apart from the text of the law itself, the European Court of Human
         Rights takes account of whether the indeterminate notions used have been defined by consistent and published case-law (Eur.
         Court HR, G. v. France, judgment of 27 September 1995, Series A no. 325-B, § 25).
      
      73      Moreover, taking into account the constitutional traditions common to the Member States does not mean giving a different interpretation
         to the general principle of Community law that penalties must have a proper legal basis. With regard to the applicant’s arguments
         based on the judgment of the Bundesverfassungsgericht of 20 March 2002 (see paragraph 47 above), even if it should prove relevant
         in the context of fines imposed on undertakings for infringements of the competition rules, and on Paragraph 81(2) of the
         GWB, which apparently does not contain any provision similar to Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17, it must be pointed out
         that a constitutional tradition common to the Member States cannot be inferred from the legal situation in only one Member
         State. In that regard, it should be noted, on the contrary, as observed by the Council, which is not contradicted on this
         point by the applicant, that the relevant legislation of other Member States includes, for the issue of administrative sanctions
         such as those imposed for the infringement of national competition rules, upper limits comparable to that specified in Article
         15(2) of Regulation No 17, and even criteria similar or identical to those laid down by that Community provision, the Council
         citing in that regard the example of the Kingdom of Sweden. 
      
      74      As regards the validity of Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 in the light of the principle that penalties must have a proper
         legal basis, as that principle has been recognised by the Community judicature in accordance with the guidance provided by
         the ECHR and the constitutional traditions of the Member States, it must be stated that, contrary to what the applicant maintains,
         the Commission does not have unlimited discretion in setting fines for infringements of the competition rules.
      
      75      Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 itself limits the Commission’s discretion. Firstly, by specifying that ‘the Commission may
         by decision impose on undertakings or associations of undertakings fines of from [EUR] 1 000 to 1 000 000 …, or a sum in excess
         thereof but not exceeding 10% of the turnover in the preceding business year of each of the undertakings participating in
         the infringement’, it provides for a ceiling on fines, based on the turnover of the undertakings concerned, that is to say,
         based on an objective criterion. Thus, although, as the applicant states, there is no absolute ceiling applicable to all infringements
         of the competition rules, the fine which may be imposed is nevertheless subject to a quantifiable and absolute ceiling calculated
         by reference to each undertaking in respect of each infringement, so that the maximum amount of the fine which may be imposed
         on a given undertaking is determinable in advance. Secondly, that provision requires the Commission to fix fines in each individual
         case having ‘regard … both to the gravity and to the duration of the infringement’. 
      
      76      While it is true that those two criteria leave the Commission wide discretion, the fact remains that they are criteria which
         have been adopted by other legislatures for similar provisions, allowing the Commission to adopt sanctions taking account
         of the degree of illegality of the conduct in question. It must therefore be held, at this stage, that Article 15(2) of Regulation
         No 17, while leaving the Commission a certain discretion, lays down the criteria and limits to which it is subject in the
         exercise of its power in regard to fines. 
      
      77      In addition, it must be pointed out that, in setting fines pursuant to Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17, the Commission is
         bound to comply with the general principles of law, in particular the principles of equal treatment and proportionality, as
         developed by the case-law of the Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance. 
      
      78      Contrary to the applicant’s claims, the limits on the Commission’s discretion described above also apply to the decision whether
         or not to impose a fine, in particular when the Commission applies the Leniency Notice, the validity of which is, moreover,
         not disputed. In that regard, the fact that the Court of Justice acknowledged, in the judgment cited by the applicant (BMW Belgium and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 43 above, paragraph 53), that the fact that in similar previous cases the Commission did not consider
         that there was reason to impose fines on certain economic operators did not deprive it of such a power, expressly granted
         to it by Regulation No 17, where the conditions required for the exercise of that power were satisfied, cannot mean that the
         Commission has discretion not to impose a fine without being required to comply, first, with the self-limitation on the exercise
         of its discretion resulting from the Guidelines and the Leniency Notice and, above all, secondly, with the general principles
         of law, in particular the principles of equality and proportionality, as well as, generally, with the effectiveness of Articles
         81 EC and 82 EC and the principle of free competition resulting from Article 4(1) EC. 
      
      79      It should also be added that, under Article 229 EC and Article 17 of Regulation No 17, the Court of Justice and the Court
         of First Instance have unlimited jurisdiction to review decisions whereby the Commission has fixed fines and may thus not
         only annul the decisions taken by the Commission but also cancel, reduce or increase the fines imposed. Thus, the Commission’s
         administrative practice is subject to unlimited review by the Community judicature. Contrary to the applicant’s assertions,
         that review does not lead the Community judicature to exceed the limits of its powers in breach of Article 7(1) EC, since,
         on the one hand, such a review is expressly prescribed by the aforementioned provisions, the validity of which is not disputed,
         and since, on the other hand, the Community judicature carries it out in accordance with the criteria referred to in Article
         15(2) of Regulation No 17. Consequently, review by the Community judicature has in fact made it possible, through a consistent
         and published body of case-law, to define any indeterminate concepts contained in Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17. 
      
      80      Moreover, on the basis of the criteria used in Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 and defined in the case-law of the Court
         of Justice and the Court of First Instance, the Commission itself has developed a well-known and accessible administrative
         practice. Although the Commission’s decision-making practice does not in itself serve as a legal framework for fines in competition
         matters (see Case T‑241/01 Scandinavian Airlines System v Commission [2005] ECR II‑2917, paragraph 87, and the case-law cited), the fact remains that, under the principle of equal treatment,
         the Commission must not treat comparable situations differently and must not treat different situations in the same way, unless
         such treatment is objectively justified (Case 106/83 Sermide [1984] ECR 4209, paragraph 28, and Case T‑311/94 BPB de Eendracht v Commission [1998] ECR II‑1129, paragraph 309). 
      
      81      Furthermore, it is settled case-law that the Commission may at any time adjust the level of fines if the proper application
         of the Community competition rules so requires (Musique Diffusion française and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 58 above, paragraph 109, and LR AF 1998 v Commission, cited in paragraph 46 above, paragraphs 236 and 237), since such an alteration of an administrative practice may then be
         regarded as objectively justified by the objective of general prevention of infringements of the Community competition rules.
         The recent increase in the level of fines, alleged and criticised by the applicant, cannot therefore, in itself, be regarded
         as unlawful under the principle that penalties must have a proper legal basis, since it remains within the statutory limits
         laid down by Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17, as interpreted by the Community Courts. 
      
      82      Moreover, it should be borne in mind that, for the sake of transparency and in order to increase legal certainty on the part
         of the undertakings concerned, the Commission has published the Guidelines in which it sets out the method of calculation
         which it undertakes to apply in each individual case. In that regard, the Court of Justice has also held that, in adopting
         such rules of conduct and announcing by publishing them that they will henceforth apply to the cases to which they relate,
         the Commission imposes a limit on the exercise of its discretion and cannot depart from those rules under pain of being found,
         where appropriate, to be in breach of the general principles of law, such as equal treatment or the protection of legitimate
         expectations. In addition, although the Guidelines do not constitute the legal basis of the Decision, they determine, generally
         and abstractly, the method which the Commission has bound itself to use in assessing the fines imposed by the Decision and,
         consequently, ensure legal certainty on the part of the undertakings (Joined Cases C‑189/02 P, C‑202/02 P, C‑205/02 P to C‑208/02 P
         and C‑213/02 P Dansk Rørindustri and Others v Commission [2005] ECR I‑5425, paragraphs 211 and 213). It follows that, contrary to the applicant’s assertions, the adoption by the
         Commission of the Guidelines, in so far as it fell within the statutory limits laid down by Article 15(2) of Regulation No
         17, cannot be regarded as marred by lack of competence and merely contributed to defining the limits of the exercise of the
         discretion which the Commission already had under that provision.
      
      83      Consequently, in view of the various considerations set out above, a prudent trader, if need be by taking legal advice, can
         foresee in a sufficiently precise manner the method and order of magnitude of the fines which he incurs for a given line of
         conduct. The fact that that trader can, in advance, know precisely the level of the fines which the Commission will impose
         in each individual case cannot constitute a breach of the principle that penalties must have a proper legal basis, since,
         due to the gravity of the infringements which the Commission is required to penalise, the objectives of punishment and deterrence
         justify preventing undertakings from being in a position to assess the benefits which they would derive from their participation
         in an infringement by taking account, in advance, of the amount of the fine which would be imposed on them on account of that
         unlawful conduct. 
      
      84      In that regard, even if undertakings are not able, in advance, to know precisely the level of fines that the Commission will
         adopt in each individual case, it should be noted that, under Article 253 EC, in the decision imposing a fine, the Commission
         is required, despite the generally known context of the decision, to provide a statement of reasons inter alia for the amount
         of the fine imposed and for the method chosen in that regard. That statement of reasons must show clearly and unequivocally
         the reasoning followed by the Commission so as to enable those concerned to know the grounds justifying the measure taken
         in order to assess whether it is appropriate to bring the matter before the Community judicature and, if necessary, to enable
         the latter to carry out its review. 
      
      85      Finally, with regard to the argument that, by establishing the framework of the fine in Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17,
         the Council, in breach of Articles 83 EC and 229 EC, in fact transferred to the Commission a power appertaining to it, it
         is without foundation.
      
      86      Firstly, as observed above, although Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 leaves the Commission a wide discretion, it limits
         its exercise by laying down objective criteria by which the Commission must abide. Secondly, it should be noted, as the Council
         pointed out at the hearing, that Regulation No 17 was adopted on the basis of Article 83(1) EC which provides that ‘[t]he
         appropriate regulations or directives to give effect to the principles set out in Articles 81 and 82 shall be laid down by
         the Council … on a proposal from the Commission and after consulting the European Parliament’. The purpose of those regulations
         or directives, as stated in Article 83(2)(a) and (d) EC respectively, is to ‘ensure compliance with the prohibitions laid
         down in Article 81(1) [EC] and in Article 82 [EC] by making provision for fines and periodic penalty payments’ and to ‘define
         the respective functions of the Commission and of the Court of Justice in applying the provisions laid down in this paragraph’.
         It should be noted, moreover, that, under the first indent of Article 211 EC, the Commission is to ‘ensure that the provisions
         of this Treaty and the measures taken by the institutions pursuant thereto are applied’ and that, under the third indent of
         that article, it is to have ‘its own power of decision’. 
      
      87      It follows that the power to impose fines for infringements of Articles 81 EC and 82 EC cannot be regarded as belonging originally
         to the Council which has transferred it or delegated its exercise to the Commission, as provided for in the third indent of
         Article 202 EC. Under the provisions of the Treaty cited above, that power is part of the Commission’s role of ensuring the
         application of Community law, that role having been defined, set within a framework and formalised, as regards the application
         of Articles 81 EC and 82 EC, by Regulation No 17. The power to impose fines, which that regulation confers on the Commission,
         therefore stems from the provisions of the Treaty itself and is intended to facilitate the effective application of the prohibitions
         laid down in those articles (see, to that effect, Tate & Lyle and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 58 above, paragraph 133). The applicant’s argument must therefore be rejected.
      
      88      It follows from all those considerations that the objection of illegality raised with regard to Article 15(2) of Regulation
         No 17 must be rejected as unfounded.
      
      B –  Interpretation of Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 in the light of the principle that penalties must have a proper legal
            basis
      89      If the Court does not declare Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 invalid, the applicant maintains in the alternative that that
         provision should be implemented and interpreted strictly in the light of the principle that penalties must have a proper legal
         basis, along the lines of the Commission’s decision-making practice and of the case-law relating to Articles 81 EC and 82
         EC. It sets out, in that connection, certain proposals intended to ensure that the fine is sufficiently foreseeable and claims
         that the Decision should be annulled. 
      
      90      The Commission and the Council take the view that those arguments are unfounded.
      
      91      It is sufficient in that regard to observe, first of all, that the applicant’s arguments set out in the second part, put forward
         in the alternative, of the plea alleging breach of the principle that penalties must have a proper legal basis merely reiterate,
         in part, some of the arguments already expanded in the first part of that same plea, directing them against the Commission’s
         decision-making practice resulting from the application of the Guidelines and against the Decision, in so far as it illustrates
         that practice. Apart from the fact that the Commission’s decision-making practice cannot form the subject of any action for
         annulment, it should be pointed out, as has been stated previously, that Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 does not fail to
         have regard to the principle that penalties must have a proper legal basis and that the Commission’s decision-making practice
         and the Guidelines have in fact helped, under the supervision of the Community Courts, to increase legal certainty on the
         part of undertakings. The Decision cannot therefore be regarded as unlawful on the sole ground that it constitutes an application
         of the Commission’s allegedly unlawful decision-making practice in regard to fines. Those claims must therefore be rejected.
      
      92      In addition, in so far as the applicant raises, in this part of the plea, arguments relating to the alleged failure to state
         reasons for the Decision as regards, in particular, the determination of the basic amount, the actual impact of the infringement
         on the market and the increase made in the amount of the fine in order to ensure that it had sufficient deterrent effect,
         those arguments are essentially covered by the third plea, which deals specifically with the question of the statement of
         reasons for the Decision and in the context of which they must be examined. 
      
      93      Finally, the applicant’s remaining arguments consist of general and theoretical considerations regarding the decision-making
         practice which the Commission should pursue, new provisions which the Council should adopt and developments in case-law upon
         which the Court of First Instance should embark and, consequently, do not raise any legal grounds of challenge against the
         Decision and must therefore be disregarded.
      
      94      Moreover, in the reply and at the hearing, the applicant added that the turnover to which the maximum limit of the fine fixed
         at 10% of the turnover in the business year preceding the adoption of the decision imposing the fine relates should be taken
         to be the turnover on the relevant market and not the total turnover. 
      
      95      To the extent that it can be inferred from that claim that the applicant seeks to challenge the Decision in that it imposed
         on it a fine exceeding the amount of 10% of its turnover on the methionine market in the business year preceding the adoption
         of the Decision, without there even being any need to consider whether that argument is admissible under Article 48(2) of
         the Rules of Procedure, and in particular whether there is a close connection between that argument and one of the pleas in
         the application, it is sufficient to point out that neither Regulation No 17, nor the case-law, nor the Guidelines provide
         that the amount of fines must be fixed directly by reference to the size of the market concerned, that factor being only one
         of several relevant considerations. Under Regulation No 17, as interpreted by the case-law, the amount of the fine imposed
         on an undertaking for an infringement of competition law must be proportional to the infringement, seen as a whole, having
         regard, in particular, to the gravity thereof (see, to that effect, Case T‑83/91 Tetra Pak v Commission [1994] ECR II‑755, paragraph 240, and, by analogy, Case T‑229/94 Deutsche Bahn v Commission [1997] ECR II‑1689, paragraph 127). As the Court of Justice stated in paragraph 120 of its judgment in Musique Diffusion française and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 58 above, in assessing the gravity of an infringement regard must be had to a large number of factors
         the nature and importance of which vary according to the type of infringement in question and the particular circumstances
         of the case (Joined Cases T‑67/00, T‑68/00, T‑71/00 and T‑78/00 JFE Engineering v Commission [2004] ECR II‑2501, paragraph 532). 
      
      96      It must also be noted in that connection that, according to settled case-law, the only express reference to the turnover of
         the undertaking in question, namely the limit of 10% of the turnover relied on for the purpose of determining fines in Article
         15(2) of Regulation No 17, relates to the overall worldwide turnover of the undertaking (see, to that effect, Musique Diffusion française and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 58 above, paragraph 119) and not the turnover achieved by it on the market affected by the anti-competitive
         conduct penalised. It is clear from the same paragraph of that judgment that that limit is designed to ensure that the fines
         are not disproportionate to the size of the undertaking as a whole (JFE Engineering v Commission, cited in paragraph 95 above, paragraph 533). 
      
      97      It follows that the second part of the first plea must be rejected.
      
      98      Consequently, the first plea must be rejected in its entirety.
      
      II –  The second plea, alleging an error of assessment regarding the single and continuous nature and the duration of the infringement
      99      The applicant denies, principally, having participated in a single continuous infringement between February 1986 and February
         1999. It admits its participation in an infringement between 1986 and 1988 and after 1992 but claims, firstly, that the anti-competitive
         practice was interrupted between 1988 and 1992, and, secondly, that it ended definitively in 1997. In the alternative, it
         submits that the Commission should, in any event, have taken into account the fact that the agreements were, at the very least,
         suspended from 1988 to 1992 and after 1997.
      
      A –  Interruption of the infringement between 1988 and 1992
      1.     Arguments of the parties
      100    According to the applicant, following the withdrawal from the cartel of Sumitomo, the ‘summit’ meetings and the anti-competitive
         agreements were interrupted in 1988 and resumed only in 1992.
      
      101    Firstly, it submits that, by stating in recital 212 to the Decision that, since the participants in the cartel had not expressed
         their intention to modify the agreements or to withdraw from them, it could not be regarded as established that the cartel
         had ceased between 1988 and 1992, and by accepting in recital 251 et seq. to the Decision that, since the participants in
         the cartel had never informed one another of their intention to terminate the agreements, it was necessary to infer from this
         that there had been no formation of a new cartel but only the organic development of a complex cartel structure, the Commission
         implicitly acknowledged that it did not have direct proof of the existence of the cartel between 1988 and 1992. It thus based
         its finding on presumptions and (in its view) inevitable conduct, in disregard of the requirements concerning the taking of
         evidence and of the principle in dubio pro reo (Joined Cases 40/73 to 48/73, 50/73, 54/73 to 56/73, 111/73, 113/73 and 114/73 Suiker Unie and Others v Commission [1975] ECR 1663, paragraph 354; Case 27/76 United Brands v Commission [1978] ECR 207, paragraphs 261 to 266; and Joined Cases 29/83 and 30/83 CRAM and Rheinzink v Commission [1984] ECR 1679, paragraph 16). In addition, mutual communication of the intention to terminate a cartel does not in any
         way constitute a condition for the termination of an agreement contrary to competition law (LR AF 1998 v Commission, cited in paragraph 46 above, paragraph 59 et seq.). Consequently, it is not incumbent on the applicant to prove that it
         did not participate in the infringement during the period under consideration, but on the Commission to prove that it did
         in fact take part in it (Case C‑185/95 P Baustahlgewebe v Commission [1998] ECR I‑8417, paragraph 58). 
      
      102    Secondly, the applicant claims in essence that the Commission erred in its assessment of the various documents intended to
         prove the existence of a cartel between 1988 and 1992.
      
      103    In support of its claims, firstly, the applicant observes that the account of the facts given by Nippon Soda in its observations
         of 23 February 2000, on which the Commission relies, only once mentions the existence of meetings between 1988 and 1990, which
         continued in one form or another and only at staff level until 13 May 1998. However, the Commission fails to take into account
         the fact that Nippon Soda’s submissions indicate, on the one hand, that the ‘summit’ meetings ended in 1988 and, on the other,
         that the meetings at staff level between 1988 and 1990 related only to the way in which the participants could protect themselves
         against competition from Monsanto and to the organisation of an exchange of information, which does not constitute an infringement
         of competition law. 
      
      104    Secondly, as regards the note of 5 May 1990 produced by Nippon Soda (‘the note of 5 May 1990’), from which the Commission
         infers that a meeting took place in 1989, the applicant claims, on the contrary, that that document sets out by way of introduction
         the reasons for which the commercial cooperation relations were broken off in 1989, namely the existence of a dispute between
         Sumitomo, on the one hand, and Degussa and Rhône-Poulenc, on the other. In addition, the note of 5 May 1990 indicates that
         the purpose of the meeting in August 1989 was to dissuade Degussa from selling methionine at a discount. However, it is apparent
         from the note in question that Degussa categorically rejected all efforts to dissuade it from so doing, its commercial objective
         being to compete with Monsanto and Sumitomo. That meeting can therefore, at the very most, be regarded only as an attempt
         by Nippon Soda and Rhône-Poulenc to persuade the applicant to participate in an infringement and, in any event, proves the
         absence of any anti-competitive intent on its part. 
      
      105    Moreover, the Commission was wrong to infer from the note of 5 May 1990, in recitals 103 to 106 to the Decision, that the
         possibility of a further meeting had been raised but that it was not known whether such a meeting had actually taken place,
         even though in the note Nippon Soda states on the contrary that it was not possible to reach a joint estimate of the selling
         price, since even Rhône-Poulenc was not interested in a joint price policy.
      
      106    Finally, the note of 5 May 1990 concludes that there was ‘every reason to believe that Degussa [was] not greatly concerned
         about what Rhône-Poulenc actually [thought]’. The applicant therefore questions the basis for the Commission’s statement in
         recital 106 to the Decision that Degussa, Rhône-Poulenc and Nippon Soda met several times in 1989 and 1990 to discuss prices
         and market data and to plan their joint reaction to the new market situation. It points out that, on the contrary, Degussa
         clearly expressed to the other undertakings concerned its intention not to continue the implementation of the agreements.
         
      
      107    Thirdly, the applicant maintains that the Commission also failed to demonstrate to the requisite legal standard that it participated
         in an infringement between 1990 and 1992. Rhône-Poulenc’s supplemental submission of 5 December 2000 shows that the meeting
         of 10 June 1990 between Degussa and Rhône-Poulenc had resulted only in the decision to contact Nippon Soda to discuss falling
         prices and the organisation of more regular meetings. The Commission’s assertion that the 1986 cartel had never stopped and
         that Nippon Soda was already involved in the adoption of such measures is therefore incorrect (recital 110 to the Decision).
         
      
      108    Moreover, Nippon Soda’s note concerning the meeting in Seoul on 7 November 1990 (‘the note of the meeting of 7 November 1990’)
         contains no indication of any agreement on the announcement of a price increase or its implementation, but on the contrary
         shows that Rhône-Poulenc and Degussa did not envisage any second price increase without Monsanto’s participation. Nor does
         that document support the conclusion, as the Commission claims, that there was a first price increase, as the note of 5 May
         1990 shows. Furthermore, the applicant claims in essence that the wording contained in that note cannot be relied on since
         it is not the original but a translation, probably from Japanese, as indicated by the typography and the obvious error relating
         to the year observed in the date ‘November 1998’. 
      
      109    Nor has the Commission been able to establish the existence of any agreement for 1991. In its statement of 26 May 1999, Rhône-Poulenc
         states that the purpose of the 1991 meetings ‘was to create and increase the level of confidence between the three competitors’.
         Those meetings therefore constituted preparatory negotiations which had not reached the attempted agreement or concerted practice
         stage. That analysis is also confirmed in Rhône-Poulenc’s supplemental submission of 5 December 2000. 
      
      110    The Commission maintains that it has demonstrated to the requisite legal standard the applicant’s participation in a single
         continuous infringement between February 1986 and February 1999 and reiterates its assertions contained in recitals 96 to
         115, 212, 255 and 256 to the Decision.
      
      2.     Findings of the Court
      111    The applicant does not deny, in the present action, its participation in two cartels which it considers separate, one extending
         from February 1986 to autumn 1988, during which period the cartel included the Japanese producer Sumitomo, and the other from
         March 1992 to October 1997, on which date it considers that the infringement ended, contrary to the Commission’s assertions
         that the infringement continued until February 1999. With regard to the period from 1988 to 1992, it submits that the Commission
         has not demonstrated the existence of a cartel in which it participated and that, consequently, the Commission made an error
         of assessment by considering that it had participated in a single continuous infringement from March 1986 to March 1999. 
      
      112    It is therefore important to determine whether the Commission has proved to the requisite legal standard that, during the
         period from autumn 1988 to March 1992, the applicant participated in actions constituting an infringement of Article 81(1)
         EC and of Article 53 of the EEA Agreement and forming part, in the light of the uncontested infringements prior and subsequent
         to that period, of an ‘overall plan’, because their identical object distorted competition within the common market. From
         that point of view, it is necessary to assess, in respect of that period, the evidence gathered by the Commission and the
         conclusions which it reached in recital 95 et seq. to the Decision. 
      
      a)     The applicant’s participation in an agreement and/or concerted practice between 1988 and 1992
      113    As a preliminary point, it should be noted that the applicant complains in the first place that the Commission inferred, in
         recitals 212 and 251 et seq. to the Decision, from the mere circumstance that the participants in the 1986 cartel had not
         manifested their intention, following the withdrawal of Sumitomo in 1988, to terminate the arrangements, that it was not established
         that the cartel was interrupted. By basing its finding on such a presumption, the Commission reversed the burden of proof
         which in principle rests on it. 
      
      114    It must be recalled in that regard that it is settled case-law that the requirement of legal certainty, on which economic
         operators are entitled to rely, entails that when there is a dispute as to the existence of an infringement of the competition
         rules, it is incumbent on the Commission to prove the infringements found by it and to adduce evidence capable of demonstrating
         to the requisite legal standard the existence of the circumstances constituting the infringement. With regard to the alleged
         duration of an infringement, the same principle of legal certainty requires that, if there is no evidence directly establishing
         the duration of the infringement, the Commission should adduce at least evidence of facts sufficiently proximate in time for
         it to be reasonable to accept that that infringement continued uninterruptedly between two specific dates (Baustahlgewebe v Commission, cited in paragraph 101 above, paragraph 58, and Case T‑43/92 Dunlop Slazenger v Commission [1994] ECR II‑441, paragraph 79).
      
      115    The principle of the presumption of innocence, as it results in particular from Article 6(2) of the ECHR, is one of the fundamental
         rights which, according to the case-law of the Court of Justice, reaffirmed by the preamble to the Single European Act, by
         Article 6(2) of the Treaty on European Union and by Article 47 of the Charter, are recognised in the Community legal order.
         Given the nature of the infringements in question and the nature and degree of severity of the ensuing penalties, the principle
         of the presumption of innocence applies inter alia to the procedures relating to infringements of the competition rules applicable
         to undertakings that may result in the imposition of fines or periodic penalty payments (see, to that effect, inter alia,
         Eur. Court HR, Öztürk v. Germany, cited in paragraph 38 above, and Lutz v. Germany, judgment of 25 August 1987, Series A no. 123‑A; Case C-199/92 P Hüls v Commission [1999] ECR I‑4287, paragraphs 149 and 150, and Case C‑235/92 P Montecatini v Commission [1999] ECR I‑4539, paragraphs 175 and 176).
      
      116    In the present case, in recital 212 to the Decision, the Commission made the following observation:
      
      ‘… Indeed, it is demonstrated in recitals 95 to 125 that the participants continued to take part in meetings throughout 1989,
         1990 and 1991 without publicly distancing themselves from what occurred at them. Given the manifestly anti-competitive nature
         of the earlier meetings, the lack of evidence that the participation in the meetings was without any anti-competitive intention
         establishes that the illegal scheme was in fact continued …’ 
      
      117    However, it is clear from the Commission’s reasoning set out in recitals 96 to 125, 212 and 255 to the Decision that, far
         from relying solely, or even predominantly, on the lack of any manifestation by the parties to the 1986 cartel of their intention
         to terminate it after 1988, it carried out a detailed analysis of the documentary evidence made available to it by the participants
         in the cartel, from which it inferred not only that the latter had never manifested their intention to terminate the arrangements,
         but that, moreover, the cartel’s activities had never been interrupted.
      
      118    In the light of the Decision as a whole, the Commission cannot therefore be accused of having based its assessment of the
         single and continuous nature of the infringement, and therefore of its existence between 1988 and 1992, on the sole consideration
         that, since the participants in the 1986 cartel had not manifested their intention to terminate it, it had to be presumed
         that the purpose of the meetings held from 1989 to 1991 was anti-competitive and that they constituted the continuation of
         the earlier cartel. Consequently, the applicant’s argument that the Commission established the existence of the infringement
         subsequent to autumn 1988 by relying on a mere presumption cannot be accepted.
      
      119    On the other hand, it must be ascertained whether the documentary evidence on which the Commission relied is capable of demonstrating
         to the requisite legal standard that the applicant participated in an infringement of competition law between 1988 and 1992
         and, if so, whether that infringement constitutes the continuation of the earlier cartel, the existence of which is not disputed
         by the applicant.
      
      120    Examination of the file shows that, between 1988 and 1992, it is necessary to distinguish two periods, the first extending
         from the end of 1988, the time of Sumitomo’s withdrawal from the original cartel, until late summer 1990, and the second extending
         from late summer 1990 until March 1992, when the applicant admits to having participated in what it considers to be a separate
         infringement.
      
       The period from the end of 1988 to late summer 1990
      121    With regard to the period from the end of 1988 to summer 1990, it should be noted that the Commission maintained, in recitals
         98 to 106 to the Decision, that, following Sumitomo’s withdrawal from the original cartel, Degussa, Rhône-Poulenc and Nippon
         Soda, despite the major difficulties which they had in coordinating their action, met several times in 1989 and 1990 to discuss
         prices and market data and to plan their joint reaction to the new market situation characterised by the entry of Monsanto.
         For that purpose, the Commission referred to the following meetings which, moreover, the applicant does not deny were held:
      
      
               Date
            
            
               Place
            
            
               Participants
            
         
               August 1989
            
            
               Not mentioned
            
            
               Nippon Soda, Degussa, Rhône-Poulenc
            
         
               Autumn 1989
            
            
               Japan
            
            
               Nippon Soda, Degussa
            
         
               10 June 1990
            
            
               Frankfurt am Main
            
            
               Degussa, Rhône-Poulenc
            
         
      122    The applicant’s argument consists, in essence, in maintaining that those meetings do not prove the continuation of the cartel
         and that the documents on which the Commission relies prove, on the contrary, that the participants in those meetings were
         in disagreement and in particular that the applicant rejected any proposal for a price-fixing arrangement.
      
      123    However, it is clear from Nippon Soda’s reply of 23 February 2000 to the Commission’s request for information (‘Nippon Soda’s
         submission of 23 February 2000’) and from the note of 5 May 1990 that, while it must be admitted that the ‘summit’ meetings
         ended in 1988, the fact remains, and is not disputed by the applicant, that, according to those same documents, meetings at
         staff level continued to be held between 1988 and 1998 and that part of the purpose of those meetings was to replace the earlier
         summit meetings. 
      
      124    Moreover, although it is true that it cannot be inferred from Nippon Soda’s submission of 23 February 2000 that, for the period
         from 1989 to 1990, the participants in the meetings had agreed to fix prices, allocate customers or restrict production capacities,
         it must nevertheless be pointed out that that submission mentions, in points 2.8 and 2.9, that a more flexible system of ‘target
         prices’ had developed and that the purpose of the meetings was to protect themselves against competition from the new entrant
         into the market, Monsanto, and to exchange information to that end. In point 6.2, under the heading ‘Purpose of the meetings
         held after 1 January 1990’, Nippon Soda confirms that description by stating that, in 1990, Monsanto’s activities represented
         the main threat for the parties to the agreements and that the meetings, which are presented as regular, therefore concentrated
         on pooling information relating to those activities and on discussing target prices.
      
      125    Moreover, it is apparent inter alia from the note of 5 May 1990 that one meeting was held in August 1989 between Nippon Soda,
         Rhône-Poulenc and Degussa and another in autumn 1989 between Degussa and Nippon Soda, which the applicant does not dispute.
         The purpose of those meetings was to dissuade Degussa from selling methionine at a discount. According to that same document,
         Degussa rejected that proposal, so that there are no grounds for assuming that the parties reached a price-fixing agreement
         at those meetings. However, the note points out that Degussa stated on that occasion, inter alia, firstly, that such price
         reductions were necessary in order to maintain its sales volumes and therefore its fixed costs and, secondly, that in its
         view the reasonable price of methionine was around 2.80 United States dollars (USD) per kilogram and that the current level
         of USD 3/kg was therefore too high. 
      
      126    The applicant maintains that that note demonstrates that no cartel was possible between the participants in the meetings at
         that time.
      
      127    In that regard, it must be acknowledged that the note of 5 May 1990 reveals that Degussa did lower its prices substantially
         between 1989 and the summer of 1990 in order, inter alia, to regain customers from Monsanto. Nippon Soda also states that
         relations between Degussa and Rhône-Poulenc had deteriorated and that it was therefore likely that the latter’s strategy would
         probably be, in the short term, to continue to compete with Monsanto, Degussa, Sumitomo and Nippon Soda.
      
      128    However, it is important to note that, although the Commission has not established the existence of a price-fixing agreement,
         it has proved that the applicant participated in meetings with Nippon Soda and Rhône-Poulenc throughout that period and that,
         during those meetings, information on market conditions was exchanged, the price level was discussed and the participants
         set out the commercial strategy which they intended to adopt on the market, the applicant having inter alia announced the
         price which it considered reasonable at that time, namely USD 2.80/kg.
      
      129    Consequently, it cannot be inferred from that brief period of disagreement between the participants, from the end of 1988
         to late summer 1990, that the collusion had ended, since not only did the meetings continue to be held regularly but, in addition,
         those meetings were specifically intended to agree on the reaction to be adopted in the light of the new market data. The
         fact that the applicant temporarily lowered prices in order to regain customers from Monsanto and that it consistently rejected
         proposals made by Nippon Soda and Rhône-Poulenc not to lower prices cannot therefore lead to the conclusion that the applicant
         intended to distance itself from the content of the meetings and act independently, particularly since, according to the note
         of 5 May 1990, it intended to agree with the other participants on a price rise in July 1990 and since, to that end, it was
         crucial to persuade Rhône-Poulenc to join in the concerted efforts to raise prices.
      
      130    It must also be observed that the alleged dispute between Degussa and Rhône-Poulenc, which moreover is presented only as conjecture
         in the note of 5 May 1990, did not prevent those undertakings from meeting twice during the summer of 1990, the first time
         at the offices of Degussa in Frankfurt am Main on 10 June 1990 and the second time in Paris. At that second meeting, according
         to the undisputed statements of Rhône-Poulenc, the parties exchanged market information. In particular, Rhône-Poulenc showed
         Degussa its global sales figures and Degussa’s sales were discussed although no specific figure was made available by the
         latter. 
      
      131    It follows that, as pointed out in essence by the Commission in recital 103 to the Decision, although the original cartel
         experienced, between the end of 1988 and the summer of 1990, some wavering due to the withdrawal of Sumitomo and the arrival
         of Monsanto on the market, Degussa, Rhône-Poulenc and Nippon Soda continued, during that period, to meet with a view to agreeing
         a common strategy for combating competition from Monsanto and that, from that point of view, information relating inter alia
         to the prices and sales of Rhône-Poulenc, Nippon Soda and Degussa, as well as information relating to Monsanto’s activities,
         was exchanged.
      
      132    However, it is sufficient to recall at this stage that the concept of ‘concerted practices’ consists of a form of coordination
         between undertakings which, without having reached the stage where an agreement properly so-called has been concluded, knowingly
         substitutes practical cooperation between them for the risks of competition (Case 48/69 ICI v Commission [1972] ECR 619, paragraph 64). The criteria of coordination and cooperation, far from requiring the elaboration of an actual
         ‘plan’, must be understood in the light of the concept inherent in the Treaty provisions relating to competition, according
         to which each economic operator must determine independently the policy which it intends to adopt on the common market. Although
         that requirement of independence does not deprive economic operators of the right to adapt themselves intelligently to the
         existing and anticipated conduct of their competitors, it strictly precludes any direct or indirect contact between such operators
         with the object or effect either of influencing the conduct on the market of an actual or potential competitor or of disclosing
         to such a competitor the course of conduct which they themselves have decided to adopt or contemplate adopting on the market
         (Suiker Unieand Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 101 above, paragraphs 173 and 174, and Joined Cases T‑305/94 to T‑307/94, T‑313/94 to T‑316/94, T‑318/94,
         T‑325/94, T‑328/94, T‑329/94 and T‑335/94 Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij and Others v Commission [1999] ECR II‑931, paragraph 720).
      
      133    Consequently, in order to prove that there has been a concerted practice, it is not necessary to show that the competitor
         in question has formally undertaken, in respect of one or several others, to adopt a particular course of conduct or that
         the competitors have colluded over their future conduct on the market (Joined Cases T‑25/95, T‑26/95, T‑30/95 to T‑32/95,
         T‑34/95 to T‑39/95, T‑42/95 to T‑46/95, T‑48/95, T‑50/95 to T‑65/95, T‑68/95 to T‑71/95, T‑87/95, T‑88/95, T‑103/95 and T‑104/95
         Cimenteries CBR and Others v Commission [2000] ECR II‑491, paragraph 1852). It is sufficient that, through its declaration of intention, the competitor has eliminated
         or, at the very least, substantially reduced the uncertainty as to the conduct to be expected from it on the market (Case
         T‑4/89 BASF v Commission [1991] ECR II‑1523, paragraph 242, and Case T‑7/89 Hercules Chemicals v Commission [1991] ECR II‑1711, paragraph 260).
      
      134    In addition, as the applicant points out, the mutual communication by the participants in a cartel of their intention to terminate
         it is not a condition of its cessation, the fact remains that, according to settled case-law, where an undertaking participates,
         even without taking an active part, in meetings between undertakings with an anti-competitive purpose and does not publicly
         distance itself from what occurred at those meetings, thus giving the impression to the other participants that it subscribes
         to the results of the meetings and will act in conformity with them, it may be held as established that it participates in
         the cartel (Hercules Chemicals v Commission, cited in paragraph 133 above, paragraph 232; Case T‑12/89 Solvay v Commission [1992] ECR II‑907, paragraph 98; and Case T‑141/89 Tréfileurope v Commission [1995] ECR II‑791, paragraphs 85 and 86). 
      
      135    However, while it is true that the material in the file described above indicates that the participants in the meetings may
         have had certain disagreements, the fact remains that the meetings continued to take place and that Degussa cannot be considered
         to have publicly distanced itself from what occurred at them, since, inter alia, it indicated what its conduct on the market
         would be and the price which it considered reasonable and since it itself manifested its intention to organise a concerted
         action to increase prices in July 1990.
      
      136    Moreover, although it is clear from the very terms of Article 81(1) EC that a concerted practice implies, besides undertakings’
         concerting together, conduct on the market pursuant to those collusive practices, and a relationship of cause and effect between
         the two (Case C‑49/92 P Commission v Anic Partecipazioni [1999] ECR I‑4125, paragraph 118, and Hüls v Commission, cited in paragraph 115 above, paragraph 161), there must be a presumption, subject to proof to the contrary, which it is
         for the economic operators concerned to adduce, that the undertakings participating in the concerted action and remaining
         active on the market take account of the information exchanged with their competitors when determining their conduct on that
         market (Commission v Anic Partecipazioni, paragraph 121, and Hüls v Commission, paragraph 162). That is all the more true where the undertakings concert together on a regular basis over a long period,
         as was the case here, since the cartel began in 1986.
      
      137    In the light of the foregoing, it must therefore be concluded that the Commission was fully entitled to take the view, in
         recital 106 to the Decision, that ‘it [was] at least established that the parties [had been] … in contact with each other,
         [had] exchanged information on prices and sales and [had] discussed price increases during 1989 and 1990’ and to infer from
         that, taking as a basis, in recital 194 et seq. to the Decision, the case-law cited above, that the applicant had participated
         in an agreement and/or concerted practice during that period.
      
      138    The question whether, as the Commission observes in recital 106, Nippon Soda’s note of 7 November 1990 suggested that a ‘first’
         price increase campaign had already taken place during the summer of 1990 is immaterial in that regard, since the Commission
         does not base its conclusions on that circumstance, which is presented, incidentally, as merely likely. Moreover, it must
         be acknowledged that such an assumption cannot be regarded as completely unfounded in view of the fact that, firstly, the
         note in question clearly states, by way of introduction, that Rhône-Poulenc and Degussa were ‘nervous about the proposed second
         price rise’ and, secondly, Degussa had already shown its intention to increase prices in July 1990 and had, to that end, contacted
         Rhône-Poulenc and Nippon Soda in order to set up a tripartite meeting. 
      
      139    Likewise, the applicant’s argument that Rhône-Poulenc’s supplemental submission of 5 December 2000 shows that the representatives
         of the latter and Degussa met for the first time on 10 June 1990, that they decided on that occasion to contact Nippon Soda
         and that therefore there was, at that time, neither an agreement nor a continuation of any programme cannot cast doubt on
         Nippon Soda’s statements or the note of 5 May 1990 provided by the latter, from which it is clear that the meetings at staff
         level continued during the period in question and, in particular, that one meeting was held between Nippon Soda, Rhône-Poulenc
         and Degussa in August 1989 and another, between Degussa and Nippon Soda, in autumn 1989. 
      
      140    Rhône-Poulenc’s supplemental submission of 5 December 2000, on which the applicant relies, simply states that Mr H. and Mr
         B., of Rhône-Poulenc, encouraged Mr K., who had joined that undertaking in April 1990, to contact Mrs R., of Degussa, in order
         to introduce himself as the successor to Mr B. Consequently, the fact that Mr K. and Mrs R. met for the first time on 10 June
         1990 cannot mean that contacts between Rhône-Poulenc, Degussa and Nippon Soda had ceased between the end of 1988 and that
         date. Likewise, the mere indication in that submission that, at the bilateral meeting on 10 June 1990, Rhône-Poulenc and Degussa
         decided to contact Nippon Soda to discuss the fall in methionine prices and the possibility of holding more regular meetings
         cannot support the conclusion that those undertakings had ceased all contact, whether bilateral or trilateral, after Sumitomo’s
         withdrawal from the cartel at the end of 1988. 
      
       The period from late summer 1990 to March 1992 
      141    With regard to the period from late summer 1990 to March 1992, it must be pointed out that Rhône-Poulenc’s statement of 26
         May 1999 shows unequivocally that Degussa, Rhône-Poulenc and Nippon Soda met in Hong Kong at the end of summer 1990 to the
         discuss the recent fall in methionine prices and agreed, on that occasion, to increase their prices from USD 2.50/kg to USD
         2.80/kg. 
      
      142    Nippon Soda’s note relating to the meeting held in Seoul on 7 November 1990, which the Commission speculates could in fact
         be the same meeting as that of 19 November 1990 which Rhône-Poulenc places in Hong Kong in its supplemental submission of
         5 December 2000, states, for its part, that the participants had agreed on the following points: firstly, maintenance of prices
         in force in the German mark (DEM) area (namely, DEM 5.10/kg) during the first quarter of 1991; secondly, announcement of a
         price increase of approximately 10% in that same area with effect from April 1991; thirdly, a general increase in prices as
         part of a second campaign as from January 1991 and, consequently, fourthly, adjustment of prices in areas where price levels
         were low (in particular Canada) so as to deter resellers from re-exporting. In addition, a meeting was to take place in Europe
         at the end of February 1991 to discuss prices for April 1991 and the period thereafter. 
      
      143    It follows that, in November 1990 at the latest, there was a joint intention among the participants at the meetings to initiate
         a price increase, the detailed arrangements of which were specified and, consequently, it must be held that an agreement existed
         between them.
      
      144    In that regard, the argument put forward by the applicant, which does not dispute the content of Nippon Soda’s note, claiming
         that, on the contrary, that note demonstrates that Degussa did not envisage the price increase without the participation of
         Monsanto, cannot be accepted. 
      
      145    Firstly, it is by no means apparent from that note, and in particular from point (iii) (‘Both Rhône-Poulenc and Degussa will
         have to get in touch separately with Monsanto and attempt to persuade it to join the second price increase campaign. In order
         to be ready for the proposed price increase, expected to take place during and after January 1991, meetings would need to
         be held with Monsanto during November 199[0]’) cited by the applicant, that Monsanto’s participation was a necessary condition
         for the agreement. The note in question merely mentions the fact that Rhône-Poulenc and Degussa were to try to persuade Monsanto
         to participate in the cartel, before the proposed price increase in January 1991, without indicating that the agreements would
         fall through in the absence of such participation. The planned actions therefore appear to be more a means of increasing the
         effectiveness of the agreement than a condition for its existence. 
      
      146    Secondly, even assuming that those words may be construed as laying down a condition for the implementation of the agreement,
         the fact remains that there existed between the parties a common intention to increase the price of methionine on the market
         and that, consequently, the anti-competitive agreement was concluded (see, to that effect, Archer Daniels Midland and Archer Daniels Midland Ingredients v Commission, cited in paragraph 53 above, paragraph 228). In addition, the part of the agreement which provided for the adjustment of
         prices in areas where price levels were low in order to dissuade resellers from re-exporting was unconnected with any participation
         by Monsanto.
      
      147    Moreover, the alleged circumstantial factors referred to by the applicant, intended to demonstrate that Nippon Soda’s note
         of 7 November 1990 is not an original but a translation, not only constitute mere allegations, the genuineness of which it
         was not in a position to establish, but, furthermore, are in no way such as to call in question the probative value of that
         document and must be rejected as unfounded.
      
      148    Finally, it must be observed that, in any event, the applicant does not dispute Rhône-Poulenc’s assertion contained in its
         statement of 26 May 1999, and referred to by the Commission in its defence, that Nippon Soda, Degussa and Rhône-Poulenc agreed
         in Hong Kong at the end of summer 1990 to increase prices from USD 2.50/kg to USD 2.80/kg.
      
      149    With regard to the period following the agreement of November 1990, the applicant again claims that the Commission has not
         demonstrated its participation in an agreement or concerted practice until March 1992, since, according to it, the meetings
         which it admits attending consisted only in increasing the level of trust between the competitors. 
      
      150    That assertion is manifestly unfounded. The applicant fails to take into account the fact that, although, as it asserts, Rhône-Poulenc’s
         statement of 26 May 1999 does indeed mention that the quarterly meetings which began in 1991 were held in various European
         and Asian cities and were intended to raise the level of trust between the parties, that same document adds that, at those
         meetings, the participants ‘discussed production, competitors in China and Asia, customers and recent contracts’ and that
         ‘[t]hey often exchanged sales figures calculated on a regional or country basis’. Consequently, ‘although there was never
         any allocation of customers, there was a constant effort to maintain prices’. Rhône-Poulenc’s supplemental submission of 5
         December 2000 supplements that account by stating that those quarterly meetings gave rise to an exchange of information on
         pricing strategies and production issues, and that regional target prices were agreed. In addition, it states that, whenever
         one of the participants complained about the conduct of another competitor on the market, the parties would try to resolve
         the dispute. Finally, Rhône-Poulenc concludes that the unanimously shared message was to refrain from taking drastic actions,
         and in particular from significantly reducing prices. 
      
      151    The Commission was therefore fully entitled, relying, in recitals 115 to 123 to the Decision, on the documents described above,
         to reject, in recital 125 to the Decision, Degussa’s argument that its participation in meetings with an anti-competitive
         purpose was not demonstrated before 1992.
      
      152    It is true that the Decision does not mention precise details regarding the dates and places of those meetings for 1991. However,
         Rhône-Poulenc’s statements, which are not disputed by the applicant, clearly indicate that the decision to hold quarterly
         meetings was taken at the very beginning of 1991. In addition, both Nippon Soda and Rhône-Poulenc present those meetings as
         a continuous practice from 1991 until 1998. Consequently, the mere fact, relied on by the applicant, that it was not possible
         to establish any details regarding the circumstances of time and place of the cartel’s meetings during 1991 cannot suffice
         as a basis for the conclusion that the activities of that cartel ceased during that period, particularly since it was demonstrated
         that an agreement had been found from the end of 1990 and since the applicant does not dispute its participation in an agreement
         in March 1992. 
      
      153    It must be recalled that, if there is no evidence directly establishing the duration of an infringement, the Commission should
         adduce at least evidence of facts sufficiently proximate in time for it to be reasonable to accept that that infringement
         continued uninterruptedly between two specific dates (Dunlop Slazenger v Commission, cited in paragraph 114 above, paragraph 79, and Case T‑62/98 Volkswagen v Commission [2000] ECR II‑2707, paragraph 188). Given that, firstly, the Commission correctly established the existence of an unlawful
         agreement in November 1990, secondly, the applicant does not dispute the existence of an infringement from 1992 onwards and,
         finally, the concurring statements of Rhône-Poulenc and Nippon Soda mention regular quarterly meetings from the beginning
         of 1991 onwards, those requirements must be deemed to be satisfied in this case.
      
      154    It follows from the foregoing that the Commission was fully entitled to consider that the applicant participated in an agreement
         and/or concerted practice between the end of 1988 and March 1992.
      
      b)     The single and continuous nature of the infringement
      155    It must be remembered that an infringement of Article 81(1) EC may result not only from an isolated act but also from a series
         of acts or from continuous conduct. That interpretation cannot be challenged on the ground that one or several elements of
         that series of acts or continuous conduct could also constitute in themselves and taken in isolation an infringement of that
         provision (see, to that effect, Commission v Anic Partecipazioni, cited in paragraph 136 above, paragraph 81). When the different actions form part of an ‘overall plan’, because their identical
         object distorts competition within the common market, the Commission is entitled to impute responsibility for those actions
         on the basis of participation in the infringement considered as a whole (Joined Cases C-204/00 P, C‑205/00 P, C-211/00 P,
         C-213/00 P, C-217/00 P and C‑219/00 P Aalborg Portland and Others v Commission [2004] ECR I-123, paragraph 258).
      
      156    It should be pointed out that those involved in the cartels in which the applicant admits having participated before the end
         of 1988 and after March 1992 are, with the exception of Sumitomo, which withdrew in 1988, the same participants and that the
         object of those cartels is the same as the object of that in which the applicant participated between 1988 and 1992, namely,
         a concerted action to maintain and increase the market prices of methionine in the EEA and exchange of information on prices,
         market shares and sales volumes.
      
      157    It follows that the Commission was fully entitled to conclude, in recitals 206 to 212 to the Decision, that the infringement
         in which Degussa, Rhône-Poulenc and Nippon Soda had participated had to be classified as single and continuous.
      
      158    The applicant’s claim that the infringement was interrupted between the end of 1988 and March 1992 must therefore be rejected.
      
      B –  End of the infringement
      1.     Arguments of the parties
      159    The applicant submits that the Commission was not in a position to prove its participation in the cartel after autumn 1997,
         which was when the cartel ended following the departure of Mr H., of Rhône-Poulenc, since his successor, Mr Z., decided to
         put an end to any contact with the competitors.
      
      160    The resumption of contacts was authorised, in March 1998, by Mr G., the new managing director of Rhône-Poulenc, only for the
         purpose of putting an end to the cartel while avoiding excessive market disturbance.
      
      161    Finally, the existence of an agreement relating to price increases, concluded between Degussa and Rhône-Poulenc, does not
         prove the continuation of the activities of the original cartel, which included Degussa, Rhône-Poulenc and Nippon Soda.
      
      162    The Commission contends that the applicant’s objections relating to lack of proof of its allegations, set out in recitals
         180 to 185 to the Decision, are unfounded.
      
      2.     Findings of the Court
      163    Firstly, it should be pointed out that although, as the Commission notes in recital 180, after Mr H.’s departure from Rhône-Poulenc
         in the autumn of 1997, his replacement, Mr Z., did indeed give instructions to end all contact with that company’s competitors,
         the fact remains that, as early as March 1998, Mr Z.’s successor, Mr G., authorised the continuation of contacts with competitors
         in order to facilitate a ‘soft landing’ and avoid excessive market disturbance, while at the same time ordering the cessation
         of the quarterly meetings.
      
      164    However, the consideration that, according to the managing director of Rhône-Poulenc, who did not attend the meetings, the
         intended purpose of the contacts between the parties to the cartel was to enable the cartel to be brought to an end gently
         not only does not prove that that was actually the case, but, moreover, tends on the contrary to show that Rhône-Poulenc and
         its competitors intended to continue to collude until a later date when the cartel would be brought definitively to an end.
         Indeed, that is corroborated by the purpose of the meetings which were held after Mr G. gave his authorisation, as will be
         examined below. Furthermore, according to the statements of Rhône-Poulenc itself, it was not until February 1999 that the
         management finally ordered the definitive cessation of contacts with the competitors. 
      
      165    The circumstance that the Commission suggested as a probable explanation for the discontinuation of the quarterly meetings,
         in recital 181 to the Decision, their high visibility and associated risk of discovery, since the investigations of the US
         antitrust authorities in the vitamins sector were already well advanced by that time, is immaterial in that regard. On the
         one hand, that explanation is only an assumption from which the Commission does not draw any inferences with respect to the
         applicant and, on the other, it does not in any way affect the correctness of the Commission’s finding that, from March 1998,
         contacts with the competitors were again authorised by Mr G., the managing director of Rhône-Poulenc.
      
      166    Secondly, the Court notes that the applicant does not dispute that the following meetings, which are mentioned in recitals
         179 to 184 to the Decision, were held:
      
      
               Date
            
            
               Place
            
            
               Participants
            
         
               May 1998
            
            
               Frankfurt am Main or Düsseldorf
            
            
               Degussa, Rhône-Poulenc, Nippon Soda
            
         
               Late summer/early autumn 1998
            
            
               Heidelberg
            
            
               Degussa, Rhône-Poulenc
            
         
               4 February 1999
            
            
               Nancy
            
            
               Degussa, Rhône-Poulenc
            
         
               4 February 1999 (evening)
            
            
               Paris 
            
            
               Nippon Soda,
                Rhône-Poulenc
            
         
      167    It must therefore be observed that, during the period from autumn 1997 to February 1999, Degussa and Rhône-Poulenc met on
         two occasions, the first in late summer or early autumn 1998 in Heidelberg, and the second on 4 February 1999 in Nancy. According
         to the Commission, Degussa and Rhône-Poulenc agreed on those two occasions respectively to increase prices and to set target
         prices (USD 3.20/kg, that is, DEM 5.30/kg).
      
      168    The applicant does not expressly dispute those circumstances, but claims that the Commission cannot rely on them in order
         to demonstrate that they constituted the continuation of the earlier cartel, which involved three participants (Degussa, Rhône-Poulenc
         and Nippon Soda).
      
      169    That argument cannot be accepted.
      
      170    As the Commission rightly points out, Rhône-Poulenc’s statements show that bilateral contacts, particularly by telephone,
         continued between Rhône-Poulenc and Degussa, on the one hand, and Rhône-Poulenc and Nippon Soda, on the other, between April
         1998 and 4 February 1999. 
      
      171    Moreover, in its statements, which were produced as an annex by the applicant itself, Nippon Soda mentions in particular having
         met a representative of Rhône-Poulenc at a dinner in Paris in October 1998, and representatives of Degussa, on a first occasion
         in Frankfurt am Main in October 1998, and on a second occasion in Tokyo in autumn 1998. According to Nippon Soda, the purpose
         of those meetings was to enable the participants to discuss market conditions and price trends. That document further states
         that Rhône-Poulenc and Nippon Soda met on 4 February 1999 in Paris, on the same evening as the meeting held between Degussa
         and Rhône-Poulenc in Nancy, and on that occasion discussed demand and conditions on the methionine market (recital 183 to
         the Decision).
      
      172    Finally, nor does the applicant dispute the fact that a tripartite meeting was held in May 1998 (Rhône-Poulenc placing it
         in Frankfurt am Main, Nippon Soda in Düsseldorf), during which, according to Rhône-Poulenc’s statements, which are not disputed
         by the applicant, Nippon Soda stated that it would adopt any price increase.
      
      173    It follows from the foregoing that the applicant cannot claim that the Commission has not demonstrated to the requisite legal
         standard that Nippon Soda took part in that concertation between autumn 1997 and February 1999. It is clear, as the Decision
         points out in recital 184, that the three participants in the cartel maintained bilateral contacts throughout that period.
         Both Rhône-Poulenc and the applicant continued to be in contact with Nippon Soda in order to discuss market conditions and
         price levels, even though Nippon Soda had indicated its agreement in principle with any price increase at the last tripartite
         meeting in May 1998. In those circumstances, the mere fact that those three companies did not meet trilaterally after that
         trilateral meeting clearly cannot lead to the conclusion that the cartel had ended by that time. 
      
      174    In that regard, the applicant’s argument that it is apparent from recital 184 to the Decision that the Commission based its
         reasoning on the mere presumption that bilateral contacts had been maintained after the meeting in May 1998 is manifestly
         without substance. It is apparent from recitals 182 to 184 that the Commission has demonstrated, on the basis of the concurring
         statements of Rhône-Poulenc and Nippon Soda, the existence of such contacts, as has been detailed above. The only presumption
         which the Commission makes in recital 184 concerns the identification of the tripartite meeting at which the participants
         decided to end trilateral contacts, which has no bearing on the correctness of its findings. 
      
      175    In any event, even if it cannot be demonstrated that Nippon Soda participated in the cartel after the autumn of 1997, the
         fact remains that it is clear from Rhône-Poulenc’s supplemental submission of 5 December 2000, on the probative force of which
         the applicant has been unable to cast doubt, that Rhône-Poulenc and the applicant attended two meetings, one in late summer
         or early autumn 1998 in Heidelberg, the other on 4 February 1999 in Nancy, at which target prices and price increases were
         agreed upon. The hypothetical withdrawal of Nippon Soda from the earlier cartel cannot affect either the manifestly anti-competitive
         nature of those meetings or the fact that they constitute the continuation of the earlier cartel, in accordance with the case-law
         cited in paragraph 155 above. 
      
      176    It follows from the foregoing that the applicant’s complaint regarding the date of termination of the infringement taken into
         account by the Commission must be rejected.
      
      C –  Suspension of the cartel
      177    The applicant claims, in the alternative, should the infringement be held to be single and continuous, that the Commission
         should have taken into account the fact that the infringement was, at the very least, suspended from the end of 1988 until
         March 1992 and from autumn 1997 onwards, following the example of the reasoning in the ‘Pre-Insulated Pipe Cartel’ case (Commission
         Decision 1999/60/EC of 21 October 1998 relating to a proceeding under Article 85 of the EC Treaty (Case No IV/35.691/E-4 –
         Pre-Insulated Pipe Cartel) (OJ 1999 L 24, p. 1)).
      
      178    In that regard, it must be observed at the outset that this claim is irrelevant in so far as it concerns the period after
         the autumn of 1997. Suspension of a cartel can be acknowledged only where it is established that a given infringement, although
         single and continuous, was disrupted for a brief period in such a way as to preclude inclusion of that period in the calculation
         of the total duration of the infringement, assuming, of course, that the cartel was then resumed fully. That method thus serves
         to reconcile the concept of a single continuous infringement with the requirements arising from the need for precise determination
         of the duration of the infringement and, therefore, in so far as the calculation of the amount of the fine depends inter alia
         on the latter criterion, from the principle of proportionality of the fine. 
      
      179    The applicant claims that the cartel was suspended from the autumn of 1997 until 4 February 1999, that is, the date taken
         into account by the Commission as the end of the infringement. In essence, this argument thus effectively disputes the date
         of termination of the infringement and therefore reiterates the applicant’s claims in that regard. The applicant’s claim relating
         to the suspension of the cartel after autumn 1997 must therefore be rejected on the grounds set out in paragraphs 163 to 176
         above, from which it is apparent that, following the last tripartite meeting in May 1998, bilateral contacts between Nippon
         Soda, Rhône-Poulenc and the applicant continued until 4 February 1999. 
      
      180    With regard to the period from the end of 1988 until March 1992, it must be recalled that the Commission’s decision-making
         practice does not in itself serve as a legal framework for fines in competition matters (see, inter alia, Scandinavian Airlines System v Commission, cited in paragraph 80 above, paragraph 87, and the case-law cited). In addition, it must be observed that, in Lögstör Rör v Commission, cited in paragraph 58 above, paragraphs 59 to 65, the Court merely pointed out that the Commission had itself acknowledged
         and taken into account, in its decision relating to the Pre-Insulated Pipe Cartel case, the circumstance that the cartel had
         been suspended from October 1993 to March 1994 and that, therefore, contrary to the applicant’s claims, the Commission had
         not alleged that it participated in an anti-competitive activity during that period.
      
      181    It follows that the circumstance that the Commission took into account, in the Pre-Insulated Pipe Cartel case, the fact that,
         in its view, the cartel had been suspended cannot, on its own, suffice to demonstrate the unlawfulness of the Decision in
         so far as the Commission did not proceed likewise in the latter.
      
      182    Moreover, the present case must be distinguished from the Pre-Insulated Pipe Cartel case relied on by the applicant. In that
         case, the Commission did in fact take the view, in recital 152 to its decision, that, for a six-month period between October
         1993 and March 1994, the cartel, considered as a single continuous infringement, had been in abeyance. It took account in
         that regard of the fact, on the one hand, that the producers had stated that a ‘price war’ had broken out and that price levels
         on the major markets had indeed fallen by 20% and, on the other hand, that, although the producers continued to meet bilaterally
         and trilaterally during that period, no details, apart from the demand for compensation made by Tarco and refused by Lögstör,
         were available as to the purpose of those meetings (recital 52).
      
      183    In this case, although it is true that it is apparent from Nippon Soda’s note of 5 May 1990 that Degussa temporarily reduced
         methionine prices, the similarity to the Pre-Insulated Pipe Cartel case cannot extend beyond that one finding of fact. Contrary
         to the situation which prevailed in the latter case, in the present case the Commission had at its disposal conclusive evidence
         that, although the participants in the cartel failed to reach agreement on a price increase by, at the latest, November 1990,
         the purpose of the meetings held between the end of 1988 and November 1990, in which the applicant participated, was to agree
         on a joint reaction to the entry into the market of Monsanto and to exchange information on the activities of the latter,
         on sales volumes and on methionine prices, as has been established previously.
      
      184    In addition, contrary to what was held in the Pre-Insulated Pipe Cartel case, it is apparent from Rhône-Poulenc’s statement
         of 26 May 1999 that the fall in methionine prices from the summer of 1989 was due, not to the fact that the participants in
         the cartel had re-established free competition between them, but to the arrival on the market of Monsanto and MHA and to the
         general fall in demand. It is also clear from Nippon Soda’s note of 5 December 1990 that it was specifically in order to win
         back customers from Monsanto that Degussa first lowered its prices and then proposed to the participants in the cartel a price
         increase for July 1990, since Monsanto itself had announced an increase in its prices in July 1990. 
      
      185    Finally, as has been observed previously, the Commission has correctly established that an agreement to increase prices was
         concluded in late summer and/or November 1990, which was followed by quarterly meetings during which market information was
         exchanged and target prices were fixed.
      
      186    In the light of the evidence relied on by the Commission, the applicant’s complaint, claiming that the infringement was, at
         the very least, suspended between 1988 and 1992, must therefore be rejected as unfounded. However, that conclusion does not
         prejudge the issue of the specific effects of the infringement on the market during that period.
      
      187    It follows from all the foregoing considerations that the second plea must be rejected in its entirety.
      
      III –  The third plea, alleging errors of assessment, error in law and as to the facts, breach of the principles of proportionality,
            equal treatment and non-retroactivity of penalties and of the duty to state reasons in the determination of the amount of
            the fine 
      188    The third plea divides essentially into four parts relating, respectively, to the gravity of the infringement, the increase
         in the fine in order to ensure a sufficient deterrent effect, the applicant’s cooperation and the breach of the principle
         of non-retroactivity of penalties.
      
      A –  Gravity of the infringement
      189    The applicant puts forward, essentially, three complaints alleging, firstly, failure to state reasons in the determination
         of the gravity of the infringement, secondly, error of assessment as to the size of the relevant geographic market and, thirdly,
         error of assessment as to the impact of the infringement on the market.
      
      1.     The statement of reasons for the gravity of the infringement
      a)     Arguments of the parties
      190    The applicant submits, in essence, that insufficient reasons are stated for the Commission’s assessment of the nature of the
         infringement as very serious, in particular as regards the fact that the basic amount of the fine, namely EUR 35 million,
         is higher than the minimum provided for by the Guidelines for infringements classified as very serious, that is, EUR 20 million.
         It maintains in particular that, in accordance with the principle that penalties must have a proper legal basis, the Commission
         should have weighted the various considerations taken into account for the purposes of classifying the infringement as very
         serious and setting the aforementioned basic amount. 
      
      191    The Commission contends that this complaint is unfounded.
      
      b)     Findings of the Court
      192    It is settled case-law that the statement of reasons for an individual decision must disclose in a clear and unequivocal fashion
         the reasoning followed by the institution which adopted the measure in question in such a way as to enable the persons concerned
         to ascertain the reasons for the measure and to enable the competent Community Court to exercise its power of review. The
         requirements to be satisfied by the statement of reasons depend on the circumstances of each case. It is not necessary for
         the reasoning to go into all the relevant facts and points of law, since the question whether the statement of reasons meets
         the requirements of Article 253 EC must be assessed with regard not only to the wording of the measure in question but also
         to the context in which that measure was adopted (Case C‑367/95 P Commission v Sytraval and Brink’s France [1998] ECR I‑1719, paragraph 63).
      
      193    As regards in particular the calculation of the amount of fines imposed by the Commission for infringements of Community competition
         law, it must be recalled that, according to the case-law, the essential procedural requirement to state reasons is satisfied
         where the Commission indicates in its decision the factors which enabled it to determine the gravity of the infringement and
         its duration (Case C‑291/98 P Sarrió v Commission [2000] ECR I‑9991, paragraph 73). Furthermore, the scope of the obligation to state reasons must be determined in the light
         of the fact that the gravity of infringements must be determined by reference to numerous factors; moreover, no binding or
         exhaustive list of the criteria which must be applied has been drawn up (order of the Court of Justice in SPO and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 45 above, paragraph 54; LR AF 1998 v Commission, cited in paragraph 46 above, paragraph 378; and Joined Cases T‑191/98, T‑212/98 to T‑214/98 Atlantic Container Line and Others v Commission [2003] ECR II‑3275, paragraph 1532).
      
      194    It must also be remembered that the obligation to state reasons does not require the Commission to set out in its decision
         the figures showing the method of calculating the fines, but only to indicate the factors which enabled it to determine the
         gravity of the infringement and its duration (Sarrió v Commission, cited in paragraph 193 above, paragraphs 73 and 76, and Atlantic Container Line and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 193 above, paragraph 1558).
      
      195    In the present case, it must be observed that the Commission first explained, in recitals 271 to 275, that, since the infringement
         consisted of market-sharing and price-fixing practices – price being the essential component of competition –, it had by its
         very nature to be classified as very serious. The Commission then set out, in recitals 276 to 291, the reasons which led it
         to consider that the infringement had a material impact on the market. Next, the Commission pointed out, in recital 292, that
         the relevant geographic market consisted of the Community in its entirety and, following its creation, the whole of the EEA.
         Finally, it explained, in recitals 294 to 300, that it was necessary to take account of the effective capacity of the undertakings
         to cause significant damage to competition and therefore, having regard to the market shares of the participants in the cartel,
         to divide them into two categories, the first including Degussa and Rhône-Poulenc, and the second Nippon Soda. The Commission
         finally concluded from this, in recital 302, that the basic amount of the fines determined for gravity had to be set at EUR
         35 million in the case of Degussa and Rhône-Poulenc, and at EUR 8 million in the case of Nippon Soda. 
      
      196    It must therefore be concluded, in the light of the factual description of the operation of the cartel given in recitals 79
         to 185, that the Commission set out to the requisite legal standard the reasons which, in its view, justified the classification
         of the infringement as ‘very serious’. Under the case-law cited in paragraphs 193 and 194 above, the requirement to state
         reasons does not require the Commission to specify the arithmetic weighting of the criteria taken into account in the determination
         of the gravity of the infringement. The applicant’s argument that, by not specifying the weighting of the criteria used in
         that regard, namely, the nature of the infringement, the size of the relevant geographic market and the actual impact of the
         infringement on the market, the Commission infringed the principle of lawfulness, of which the obligation to state reasons
         is one expression, must therefore be rejected. 
      
      197    Finally, with regard to the applicant’s argument that the Decision does not set out the reasons justifying the setting of
         an amount higher than the minimum amount provided for by the Guidelines for very serious infringements, it must be pointed
         out that, under the third indent of Section 1.A of those Guidelines, the lawfulness of which is not challenged by the applicant,
         the ‘likely’ basic amounts of fines for an infringement classified as very serious are ‘above [EUR] 20 million’. The Commission
         thus intended to reserve the right, in accordance with the wide discretion which it enjoys in regard to fines, to set basic
         fines higher than that amount in the light of the circumstances of each case. In those circumstances, there is no reason to
         require it to set out the specific reasons which led it to decide to set a basic amount higher than EUR 20 million, since
         its decision shows to the requisite legal standard the reasons which in themselves justify the setting of the basic amount
         at the level determined by that decision. As is clear from paragraph 196 above, it must be held that the Commission set out
         to the requisite legal standard the factors which, in its view, justified setting the basic amount of the fine determined
         according to the gravity of the infringement at EUR 35 million. 
      
      198    The applicant’s complaint alleging failure to state reasons for the classification of the infringement as very serious and
         for setting the basic amount of the fine determined according to gravity of the infringement at EUR 35 million must therefore
         be rejected as unfounded.
      
      2.     Size of the relevant geographic market
      a)     Arguments of the parties
      199    The applicant maintains that, contrary to what the Commission claims in its defence, it is implicitly evident from certain
         passages of the Decision that the cartel was regarded as global. In particular, the Commission stated that price increases
         had been discussed ‘for each region and country’ (recital 128) and made reference to regions of the world other than the EEA
         throughout the Decision (recitals 138, 139, 155 and 158). However, on the one hand, that finding is not at all supported by
         evidence. On the other hand, by taking into account the fact that the infringement was global in scope, the Commission infringed
         the ne bis in idem principle and reached a disproportionate assessment of the impact of the cartel. 
      
      200    The Commission contends that this argument is unfounded.
      
      b)     Findings of the Court
      201    Although certain passages of the Decision do briefly mention discussions relating to countries other than European (see, inter
         alia, recitals 87, 138 and 139), it is nevertheless clear from recital 2 to the Decision that the Commission limited its finding
         of the infringement to the whole of the EEA. That is confirmed in recital 292, during the examination of the size of the relevant
         geographic market. 
      
      202    It is therefore incorrect to state, as the applicant does, that the Commission considered that the cartel was global in scope.
         In any event, even if that were the case, it must be observed that, in the determination of the amount of the fine explained
         in recitals 268 to 312, the Commission did not in any way take into consideration the possible global scope of the cartel,
         since the few factors, cited above, which would give substance to such scope appear only incidentally, in the part describing
         the operation of the cartel agreement (recitals 79 to 185). On the contrary, it is apparent from, inter alia, recitals 272,
         275 and 293, and from the very title of the section concerning the ‘actual impact of the infringement on the methionine market
         in the EEA’, that only the characteristics of the infringement relating to the common market and, following its creation,
         the EEA were taken into account in the determination of the amount of the fine. 
      
      203    It must therefore be concluded that the Commission did not take into account, contrary to what the applicant maintains, the
         aggravating circumstance arising from the alleged global dimension of the cartel. The present complaint must therefore be
         rejected.
      
      3.     Assessment of the impact of the infringement on the market
      a)     Arguments of the parties
      204    The applicant claims that the Commission has not demonstrated to the requisite legal standard the actual impact which the
         infringement had on the market.
      
      205    It points out that the cartel agreement provided for no mechanism for increasing prices and that only target prices were defined.
         Similarly, there were no mechanisms for allocating quotas, volumes or customers, nor any monitoring and compensation mechanisms
         for enforcing target prices. 
      
      206    The applicant also points out that the Commission, while noting the fact that Novus’s non-participation in the cartel prevented
         achievement of the target prices (recital 276 et seq.) and that, despite the infringement, prices had fallen from 1992 to
         1997 (recital 287 et seq.), wrongly considered that those circumstances did not demonstrate that the implementation of the
         agreements had not influenced the structure and fluctuations of prices on the methionine market, and thus incorrectly assessed
         the real impact of the infringement on the market. 
      
      207    By merely noting the impact of the infringement on the market, the Commission infringed the Guidelines, which provide, in
         the third indent of Section 1.A, with regard to the categories of infringements based on their gravity, that, ‘[w]ithin each
         of these categories, and in particular as far as serious and very serious infringements are concerned, the proposed scale
         of fines will make it possible to apply differential treatment to undertakings according to the nature of the infringement
         committed’. Likewise, although it acknowledges that the infringement constituted a complex factual situation which adapted,
         over the years, to real market conditions, the Commission did not make any distinction as regards the actual effects of that
         complex situation. 
      
      208    By failing to adduce proof of the actual impact of the cartel, the Commission failed to comply with the requirements concerning
         the burden of proof. The applicant points out that, in recital 287 to the Decision, the Commission states that the participant
         undertakings had not proved that the implementation of the agreement had no influence on the setting and fluctuation of prices
         on the methionine market. However, it is in fact incumbent on the Commission to prove both the scale of the impact and the
         actual existence of the infringement (Hüls v Commission, cited in paragraph 115 above, paragraph 154, and Baustahlgewebe v Commission, cited in paragraph 101 above, paragraph 58). Since, in the applicant’s view, the Commission has not proved the scale of
         the actual impact of the infringement on the market, it must be held that no such impact existed, and therefore that the amount
         of the fine should be lower. In those circumstances, the applicant submits that only the minimum amount provided for in the
         case of very serious infringements was acceptable, that is, EUR 20 million. 
      
      209    The Commission submits that that argument is unfounded. 
      
      210    It points out, first of all, that it certainly did not state, in the part of the Decision relating to the actual impact of
         the infringement, that there were mechanisms either for increasing prices or for allocating quotas, volumes or customers,
         or for monitoring and compensation in order to enforce target prices, so that the applicant’s arguments in that regard are
         devoid of purpose.
      
      211    Secondly, the Commission points out that, in addition to its actual effect on the market, it took into account the nature
         of the infringement and the size of the relevant geographic market, which are not contested by the applicant. 
      
      212    In addition, the Commission points out that the anti-competitive agreements were implemented and that the target prices were
         usually announced to customers through the specialised press. Such announcements are bound to have an impact on the market
         (Case T‑308/94 Cascades v Commission [1998] ECR II‑925, paragraph 177). The participants’ efforts to reverse the fall in prices following Monsanto’s arrival on
         the market and the fall in demand were successful, moreover.
      
      213    The Commission therefore concludes that there is no doubt that the cartel had a real impact on the market, which can be assessed,
         although it is impossible to determine to what extent the actual prices diverged from the prices which would have been charged
         had the collusion not occurred. The Guidelines provide that the Commission must take into consideration the actual impact
         of the infringement on the market and not the extent of that impact. 
      
      b)     Findings of the Court
      214    It must first of all be noted that, although the Commission did not expressly refer to the Guidelines in the Decision, it
         nevertheless determined the amount of the fine imposed on the applicant by applying the method of calculation which it laid
         down for itself in those Guidelines.
      
      215    As the Guidelines (first paragraph of Section 1.A) state, ‘[i]n assessing the gravity of the infringement, account must be
         taken of … its actual impact on the market, where this can be measured’.
      
      216    Likewise, under the case-law, the Commission is required to undertake such an examination where it appears that that impact
         can be measured (Archer Daniels Midlandand Archer Daniels Midland Ingredients v Commission, cited in paragraph 53 above, paragraph 143).
      
      217    It was in that context that the Commission relied on the fact that the infringement had had, in its view, a real impact on
         the methionine market in the EEA (recitals 276 to 291).
      
      218    As a preliminary point, in this case, it is sufficient, for the purpose of reviewing the Commission’s assessment of the effects
         of the infringement, to examine its assessment of the effects of the cartel on prices.
      
      219    On the one hand, it must be observed that, although the infringement was described by the Commission as a cartel aimed at
         maintaining or increasing prices, in which information on sales volumes and market shares was exchanged, the impact of the
         infringement on the market was assessed solely in the light of its effects on prices. On the other hand, examination of the
         cartel’s effects on prices also makes it possible, in any event, to determine whether the objective pursued by the exchanges
         of information on sales volumes and market shares was achieved, given that those exchanges were specifically aimed at ensuring
         effective implementation of the price cartel (see, to that effect, Archer Daniels Midland and Archer Daniels Midland Ingredients v Commission, cited in paragraph 53 above, paragraph 148, and the case-law cited).
      
      220    Moreover, in response to the applicant’s argument that the absence, not contested by the Commission in the context of the
         present complaint, of mechanisms for increasing prices, allocating volumes or customers, monitoring and compensation demonstrates
         that the infringement did not have any actual effects on the market, it must be pointed out that, although the absence of
         such mechanisms could provide an explanation for the non-existence of actual effects of the infringement on prices, where
         no such effects were found to exist, it does not give grounds for presuming that the infringement did not have such effects.
         Consequently, the evidence relied on by the Commission to demonstrate the existence of such an impact must be examined.
      
      221    In that regard, the Commission considered that, during the entire period of the cartel, the cartel members managed to maintain
         prices at a level higher than they would have been without the illicit arrangements (recital 289).
      
      222    It must be recalled that, when determining the gravity of the infringement, account must be taken of, inter alia, the legislative
         background and economic context of the conduct to which exception is taken (Suiker Unie and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 101 above, paragraph 612, and Ferriere Nord v Commission, cited in paragraph 45 above, paragraph 38). It is clear from the case-law that, in assessing the actual impact of an infringement
         on the market, it is incumbent on the Commission to refer to the competition which would normally have existed had it not
         been for the infringement (see, to that effect, Suiker Unie and Others v Commission, paragraphs 619 and 620; Case T‑347/94 Mayr-Melnhof v Commission [1998] ECR II‑1751, paragraph 235; and Case T‑141/94 Thyssen Stahl v Commission [1999] ECR II‑347, paragraph 645).
      
      223    It follows that, in the case of price-fixing arrangements, the finding by the Commission that the agreements did in fact enable
         the undertakings concerned to achieve a higher level of transaction price than that which would have prevailed had there been
         no cartel allows the Commission to take into consideration, in determining the amount of the fine, the significance of the
         harmful effects of the infringement on the market and therefore to set the amount of the fine, in the light of the gravity
         of the infringement, at a higher level than it would have been set had it not been for such a finding. 
      
      224    In that assessment, the Commission must take into account all objective conditions on the relevant market, having regard to
         the prevailing economic and, where necessary, legislative context. Account must be taken of the existence, where appropriate,
         of ‘objective economic factors’ showing that, in a context of ‘free play of competition’, the level of prices would not have
         evolved in an identical manner to the level of prices applied (Cascades v Commission, cited in paragraph 212 above, paragraphs 183 and 184, and Mayr-Melnhof v Commission, cited in paragraph 222 above, paragraphs 234 and 235).
      
      225    In this case, the Commission relied on three main considerations in support of its conclusions regarding the actual impact
         of the cartel on the level of prices.
      
      226    Firstly, it took the view, on the one hand, that the infringement had been committed by undertakings which, at the material
         time, ‘held the lion’s share’ and, on the other hand, that, in view of the fact that the arrangements brought to light were
         specifically aimed at raising prices to a level higher than they would otherwise have been and at restricting the quantities
         sold and that they had been implemented continuously over a period of more than 10 years, they were bound to have had a material
         impact on the market (recitals 276, 278, 281 and 287).
      
      227    In that regard, the Commission pointed out that the cartel agreements were implemented and that the parties exchanged their
         sales figures throughout the duration of the cartel in order to agree new target prices. The Commission adds that the new
         target prices were effectively announced to customers through the specialised press (recital 278).
      
      228    Secondly, the Commission noted that, during the earlier years of the cartel, the parties focused on increasing methionine
         prices. With the arrival on the market of Monsanto in 1989 and the general fall in demand, the downward trend of prices was
         nevertheless reversed through the combined efforts of the cartel members. Thereafter, their efforts were focused on maintaining
         the existing prices (recital 279).
      
      229    This is confirmed by a note submitted by Nippon Soda concerning a meeting held on 17 May 1993, which shows that prices in
         the methionine market were rising. Degussa managed to sell methionine at a price of DEM 6.80/kg to one of its larger customers,
         Cebeco. Prior to the meeting of 7 November 1990, prices were still USD 2.50/kg (DEM 4.03/kg). Moreover, at their November
         1990 meeting, the cartel members agreed to increase prices from USD 2.50/kg to USD 2.80/kg (DEM 4.51/kg). Nippon Soda mentions
         higher prices: the first increase, relating to January 1991, was supposed to push the price up to USD 3.30-3.50/kg (equivalent
         to an average value of DEM 5.10/kg, according to Nippon Soda’s own information; DEM 5.31-5.64/kg on the basis of the figures
         of Eurostat (the statistical office of the European Communities)) and the second up to USD 3.60-3.70/kg (DEM 5.80-5.92/kg)
         (recital 280).
      
      230    Thirdly and finally, the Commission pointed out, in recital 290, that it is inconceivable, given the risks involved, that
         the parties would repeatedly have agreed to meet in locations across the world to set target prices over the period of the
         infringement if they had perceived the cartel as having little or no impact on the methionine market.
      
      231    It must first be observed, as is noted in essence by the Commission in recital 277 to the Decision, that proving the actual
         effects of an infringement on the market may, in certain cases, be particularly difficult given that such proof involves comparing
         the situation arising from that infringement with the situation which would have been observed had it not arisen, a comparison
         which is, by its very nature, hypothetical. In that regard, account must be taken, in the assessment of the considerations
         on which the Commission relied in order to demonstrate the impact on the market, on the one hand, of the fact that the infringement
         goes back in part to an earlier period (the starting point of the infringement, not disputed by the applicant, was determined
         by the Commission as the beginning of 1986) and, on the other hand, as regards the period after 1993, of the fact that the
         trend of prices was downward (on account, inter alia, of the competition from Novus), which implies that it was necessary
         for the Commission to demonstrate, not that prices were increasing because of the collusion, but that they would have fallen
         further, in relation to their actual level, had the collusion not occurred. 
      
      232    As regards the first set of considerations noted by the Commission, it must be stated that both the fact that the parties
         to the cartel held a majority share of the market and the fact that the circumstance that the arrangements brought to light
         were specifically intended to increase prices to a level higher than that which they would otherwise have reached and to restrict
         the quantities sold, which relates to the purpose of the agreement and its effects, are only indications tending to show that
         the infringement was capable of producing significant anti-competitive effects and not that that was actually the case. Moreover,
         it must be pointed out that, according to the Commission’s own findings, the cartel members’ market share had fallen progressively,
         from the time of Monsanto’s entry into the market, reaching 60% towards the end of the infringement, whereas Novus (formerly
         Monsanto) had become, during that period, the world’s leading methionine producer with more than a 30% share of the market
         (recital 44), a fact which had in fact been giving rise to concern on the part of those members since the end of 1993 (recital
         150).
      
      233    However, it must also be pointed out that the Commission demonstrated to the requisite legal standard that the cartel agreements
         had been implemented and, inter alia, according to the wording of recital 278, that prices were adjusted according to market
         conditions (recitals 88, 128, 130, 139, 150 and 154) and, as regards in particular the periods from 1986 to 1988 and from
         1992 to 1995, that the new target prices were actually announced to customers, usually through the specialised press (recitals
         88, 136, 157 and 167). However, as the Commission points out, such price announcements have, by their very nature, an impact
         on the market and on the conduct of the various operators, both on the supply side and on the demand side, given that such
         announcements influence the pricing process in that the price announced constitutes a point of reference for individual negotiation
         of transaction prices with customers (see, to that effect, Case T‑338/94 Finnboard v Commission [1998] ECR II‑1617, paragraph 342), who inevitably saw their scope for price negotiation restricted (see, to that effect,
         Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 132 above, paragraph 745).
      
      234    By contrast, it must be pointed out that the implementation of collusive price agreements and the announcement of target prices
         between autumn 1988 and summer 1990 have not been demonstrated, even though the Commission acknowledges that Monsanto’s entry
         into the market created confusion among the participants (recital 100).
      
      235    With regard, next, to the Commission’s analysis of the price increase, contained in recital 280, it must be held that it shows
         conclusively that the price targets set by the cartel members increased between 1990 and 1993. It must be borne in mind that,
         according to the note of 5 May 1990, methionine prices fell substantially in 1989, reaching USD 2.00/kg. However, as the Commission
         points out, it is apparent from Rhône-Poulenc’s statements that, in late summer 1990, the price of methionine was USD 2.50/kg
         (DEM 4.03/kg) and that it was to be increased to USD 2.80/kg (DEM 4.51/kg). In addition, in the note of the meeting of 7 November
         1990, Nippon Soda states that, by that time, prices were of the order of USD 3.40 to 3.50/kg in the German mark area. Finally,
         in the note of 17 May 1993, Nippon Soda states that the trend of prices was upward and that Degussa had sold methionine, during
         the second quarter of 1993, to one of its customers at a price of DEM 6.80/kg. In addition, it is apparent from recitals 132
         to 152, the content of which is not contested by the applicant, that, from 1992 to 1993, the target prices were increased
         from DEM 6.05 (recital 132) to DEM 6.20/kg (recital 137), the latter figure being intended to remain in force, albeit with
         certain exceptions, until the third quarter of 1993 (recital 144). Although those targets were still not reached, recital
         136 shows that the average price of methionine in Europe was DEM 5.60/kg (USD 3.35/kg) during the fourth quarter of 1992 and
         DEM 5.20/kg (USD 3.23/kg) during the first quarter of 1993. It follows that, from summer 1990 onwards, even though the trend
         of prices was previously downward, both the target prices and the transaction prices increased and, to a certain extent, were
         stabilised, from which the Commission was correctly able to infer that the combined efforts of the participants in the cartel
         had had an actual impact on the market during that period. 
      
      236    Nevertheless, it must also be pointed out that the Commission has not similarly demonstrated the cartel’s influence prior
         to summer 1990, which it seems expressly to acknowledge as regards, in particular, the period from autumn 1988 to summer 1990,
         or on the downward trend of prices from 1993 onwards.
      
      237    As regards the period from autumn 1988 to summer 1990, it has been pointed out previously that, following the withdrawal from
         the cartel of Sumitomo, the arrival on the market of Monsanto and the general fall in demand, the cartel wavered somewhat,
         which manifested itself in particular in a significant fall in the prices charged by Degussa, which was seeking primarily
         to regain market shares from Monsanto, that fall having had an impact on the market as a whole. 
      
      238    Likewise, as regards the period from 1993 to the end of the cartel, it is apparent from recitals 152 to 179 that the target
         prices gradually fell and that the participants found that those targets were not being reached (recitals 152, 153 and 160).
         It must be observed, moreover, that the Commission itself acknowledged that the target prices had not been reached and that
         the arguments put forward by Degussa, namely, Novus’s non-participation in the cartel and the absence of mechanisms for increasing
         prices, allocating volumes or customers and monitoring, served to explain that circumstance (recitals 284 to 287). It also
         acknowledged that the fact that methionine prices had fallen over time illustrated the difficulties experienced by the parties
         in increasing prices in a difficult market situation (recital 288). 
      
      239    Despite those findings, the Commission nevertheless concluded, in recital 289, that, throughout the period of the cartel,
         the cartel members had managed to maintain prices at a level higher than they would have been without the illicit arrangements.
      
      240    Finally, as regards the last consideration highlighted by the Commission, and reiterated in the present action, that the participants
         in the cartel would not have met regularly throughout the period of the cartel if the latter had had no effect on the market,
         it must be held that it is based on pure conjecture rather than objective economic factors. Since it has no probative force,
         it must be rejected (Archer Daniels Midland and Archer Daniels Midland Ingredients v Commission, cited in paragraph 53 above, paragraph 159).
      
      241    It follows from all the foregoing that the Commission has only partially demonstrated the actual impact of the cartel on the
         methionine market from 1986 to 1999. In particular, the Commission should have taken into account the fact that, from autumn
         1988 to summer 1990, the disagreement between the members of the cartel, combined with the competition from the new market
         entrant and the general fall in demand, led to a significant fall in prices, calling in question the proof of the actual effects
         of the collusion during that period and reinforcing the hypothesis that there were no such effects. That is true a fortiori
         since it has not been possible to demonstrate the conclusion of any agreement on prices during that period, as was noted during
         the examination of the duration of the infringement. 
      
      242    It is not apparent from the Decision that the Commission specifically took into account that consideration. On the contrary,
         the Commission asserted in recitals 97 and 255 that the activities of the cartel had continued with the same intensity. Likewise,
         it is apparent from recital 291 that the Commission rejected the applicant’s objections in that regard and took the view that
         the latter’s conduct during that period did not imply that the participants did not implement the collusive agreement. However,
         as has been stated previously, it must be held that the Commission has not shown that any new agreement on prices was concluded
         between autumn 1988 and summer 1990, or that the earlier agreement was implemented after the withdrawal of Sumitomo from the
         cartel at the end of 1988. 
      
      243    In addition, it must be pointed out that methionine prices gradually fell from 1993 until the end of the infringement and
         that, during that period, the target prices were not reached, inter alia because of the competition from Novus, which held
         a share of more than 30% of the global methionine market at the end of the infringement (25 to 26% at EEA level, as stated
         in recital 286) and, in the opinion of those very members, expressed from the end of 1993, was in the process of gaining the
         highest share of the methionine market (recital 150). Moreover, it is true that the Commission highlighted the announcement,
         in the specialised press, of target prices set by the participants in the cartel until the beginning of 1995 (recitals 136,
         155, 157 and 167), which must be considered to have necessarily had certain effects on the price-fixing process. On the other
         hand, it is important to point out that the Decision does not mention any announcement of prices from that time onwards. Consequently,
         it must be held that the Commission has not fully demonstrated, contrary to its assertions in recital 289, that after the
         period from 1992 to 1993 prices had been maintained at a higher level than would have prevailed had there been no illicit
         arrangements, such demonstration being particularly lacking with regard to the period from the beginning of 1995 to the end
         of the infringement.
      
      244    It is therefore necessary for the Court to analyse the implications of that conclusion within the scope of its unlimited jurisdiction
         in regard to fines.
      
      4.     Conclusion on the determination of the amount of the fine according to the gravity of the infringement 
      245    As has been stated above, it must be held that the Commission has only partially demonstrated the actual impact of the infringement
         on the market, in particular as regards the period from autumn 1988 to summer 1990 and from 1995 until the end of the infringement.
         
      
      246    However, it must also be pointed out that the Commission nevertheless held, in recital 289, that, throughout the period of
         the cartel, in particular after the period from 1992 to 1993, the cartel members had managed to maintain prices at a higher
         level than would have prevailed had there been no illicit arrangements. Likewise, in its conclusion concerning the gravity
         of the infringement (recital 293), the Commission took into account the fact that, in its view, the conduct of which the participants
         in the cartel were accused had had an actual impact on the market. 
      
      247    It follows that the Commission determined the amount of the fine according to the gravity of the infringement having regard
         to the circumstance that that infringement had had, in its view, an actual impact on the market, even though such an impact
         could not be fully demonstrated throughout the period of the cartel.
      
      248    In those circumstances, the Court, by virtue of its unlimited jurisdiction in regard to fines, considers that the amount of
         the fine determined according to the gravity of the infringement, which was set by the Commission in recital 302 at EUR 35 million,
         must be reduced.
      
      249    However, account must be taken, in that regard, of the fact that, as the Commission points out, it is apparent from recital
         273 to the Decision that the infringement was classified as very serious in the light of ‘its very nature’, since the Commission
         noted that the infringement had consisted of market sharing and price fixing, ‘which, by their very nature, constitute the
         most serious type of infringement of … Article 81(1) EC and Article 53(1) of the EEA Agreement’ (recital 271). Moreover, the
         Commission added, in recital 275, that ‘[i]t is clear that illicit agreements aimed at fixing prices and sharing the market
         jeopardise, by their very nature, the proper functioning of the single market’.
      
      250    The Court has already held, in Case T‑203/01 Michelin v Commission [2003] ECR II‑4071, paragraphs 258 and 259, that the seriousness of the infringement may be established by reference to the
         nature and the object of the abusive conduct and that, according to settled case-law, factors relating to the object of a
         course of conduct may be more significant for the purposes of setting the amount of the fine than those relating to its effects
         (Thyssen Stahl v Commission, cited in paragraph 222 above, paragraph 636, and Joined Cases T‑45/98 and T‑47/98 Krupp Thyssen Stainless and Acciai speciali Terni v Commission [2001] ECR II‑3757, paragraph 199).
      
      251    The Court of Justice has confirmed that approach by holding that the effect of an anti-competitive practice is not a conclusive
         criterion for assessing the proper amount of a fine. Factors relating to the intentional aspect may be more significant than
         those relating to the effects, particularly where they relate to infringements which are intrinsically serious, such as price
         fixing and market sharing (Case C‑194/99 P Thyssen Stahl v Commission [2003] ECR I‑10821, paragraph 118).
      
      252    In addition, it must be remembered that horizontal price agreements have always been regarded as among the most serious infringements
         under Community competition law (Tate & Lyle and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 58 above, paragraph 103, and Case T‑213/00 CMA CGM and Others v Commission [2003] ECR II‑913, paragraph 262).
      
      253    Finally, it is also important to point out that the Commission did not attach primary significance to the criterion of the
         actual impact of the infringement on the market in setting the basic amount of the fine. The Commission also based its determination
         on other considerations, namely, the finding that the infringement was to be classified as very serious by its very nature
         (recitals 271 to 275) and that the relevant geographic market consisted of the Community as a whole and, following its creation,
         the EEA as a whole (recital 292).
      
      254    Consequently, in the light of all the foregoing considerations, the Court considers that the Commission was fully entitled
         to classify the infringement as very serious. However, in view of the fact that the actual effects of the infringement have
         been only partly demonstrated, the Court considers that the amount of the fine determined according to the gravity of the
         infringement must be reduced from EUR 35 million to EUR 30 million.
      
      B –  The increase in the fine in order to ensure a sufficient deterrent effect
      255    The applicant alleges in this context, firstly, an error in law and an error as to the facts in the determination of its turnover,
         secondly, breach of the principle that penalties must have a basis in law, of the obligation to state reasons and of the principles
         of proportionality and equal treatment in the determination of the rate of increase and, thirdly, an error of assessment as
         to the sufficient deterrent effect in the light of its conduct subsequent to the termination of the infringement.
      
      1.     Error in law and error as to the facts concerning the applicant’s turnover 
      a)     Arguments of the parties
      256    Firstly, the applicant claims that the amount of its turnover taken into account by the Commission for 2000 is incorrect.
         That amount is not EUR 16 900 million but EUR 10 715 million, as the Commission was informed in the applicant’s letter of
         5 June 2002 in reply to its request of 28 May 2002. In the light of the direct connection between the objectives pursued by
         the increase in the fine and the turnover of the undertaking, the error made by the Commission constitutes a failure by it
         to have regard to material circumstances which, had they been taken into consideration, would have led it to take a different
         decision. Consequently, the Commission made an error of assessment such as to justify annulment of the Decision. 
      
      257    Secondly, the applicant submits that the Commission wrongly took into account, in the calculation of the amount of the fine,
         the situation of the new undertaking Degussa AG (Düsseldorf). The latter was formed by the merger between Degussa-Hüls and
         SKW in 2000 (see paragraph 1 above), that is, according to the applicant, after the end of the infringement. In addition,
         Degussa-Hüls is itself the result of the merger between Degussa AG (Frankfurt am Main) and Hüls AG (Marl) in 1998 (see the
         same paragraph), that is, also subsequent to the alleged anti-competitive conduct, according to the applicant. The infringement
         was therefore committed by Degussa AG (Frankfurt am Main), an undertaking to which the Commission should have referred when
         calculating the amount of the fine. However, that undertaking’s turnover for the financial year 1997/98 was DEM 15 905 million.
         
      
      258    The applicant admits that the new economic entity resulting from the merger is, in principle, responsible for the infringements
         committed earlier by the entities which merged. However, that responsibility is confined to the original infringement and
         the harm caused by it. By taking into account the turnover of the entity formed by the merger, the Commission therefore infringed
         the ‘guilt principle’ (nulla poena sine culpa), recognised by the criminal law systems of the Member States and by Article 6(2) of the ECHR and Article 49(3) of the Charter,
         under which the penalty imposed must be proportionate to the guilt of the undertaking to which it applies. The case-law of
         the Court of Justice has also recognised that principle, which results in part from the principle of proportionality, as the
         factor determining the severity of the penalty (Case 179/82 Lucchini v Commission [1983] ECR 3083, paragraph 27; Case 2/83 Alfer v Commission [1984] ECR 799, paragraphs 17 and 18; and Case 83/83 Estel v Commission [1984] ECR 2195, paragraph 39 et seq.).
      
      259    The applicant infers from the fact that the purpose of the fine is as much to punish illegal activities as to prevent their
         recurrence (Case 41/69 Chemiefarma v Commission [1970] ECR 661, paragraphs 172 to 176) that the infringement constitutes the condition for both the existence and the severity
         of the penalty.
      
      260    Consequently, by considering the situation of the undertaking after the time of commission of the infringement, the Commission
         based the calculation of the amount of the fine on the objective of deterrence and prevention alone, thus failing to take
         into account the relationship between the penalty and the gravity of the wrong committed. 
      
      261    As regards the first of those complaints, the Commission acknowledges that the applicant’s global turnover in 2000 was EUR
         10 715 million according to the data provided in the letter of 5 June 2002. However, it claims that that figure is manifestly
         incorrect.
      
      262    In that regard, firstly, the Commission points out that the applicant had shown in its report and accounts for 2000 a turnover
         of EUR 16 900 million. That figure was reproduced in the statement of objections then, in the absence of any objection on
         the applicant’s part in its reply to that statement, in the Decision. 
      
      263    Secondly, the Commission points out that the annual report and accounts and the management report for 2000 mention a pro forma
         turnover of EUR 20 300 million and a turnover excluding sale and purchase of precious metals of EUR 16 900 million. The summarised
         profit-and-loss account of the Degussa Group, including the results of Degussa-Hüls between 1 January and 31 December 2000
         and SKW from 1 July to 31 December 2000, showed income of EUR 18 198 million at 31 December 2000. The Commission infers from
         this that the figure of EUR 10 715 million put forward by the applicant in its letter of 5 June 2002, and presented as Degussa-Hüls’s
         turnover including SKW’s turnover in the six months following the merger between those two undertakings, is incorrect. 
      
      264    In addition, the applicant stated in its management report that the pro forma estimate covering the results of Degussa-Hüls
         and SKW for a 12-month period was to be regarded as ‘more significant from an economic point of view’ than the assessment
         in the prescribed form recording SKW’s results only for a six-month period. The undertaking’s internal management and strategic
         direction were therefore established on the basis of those data. In those circumstances, the Commission takes the view that
         the applicant cannot complain that it took into account figures which the applicant itself regarded as economically more significant
         and highlighted in its annual report and accounts intended for the public. 
      
      265    In any event, the Commission contends that the result of taking into account SKW’s turnover excluding the pro forma results
         (of the order of EUR 2 000 million) for the first quarter of 2000 was barely different. 
      
      266    The Commission assumes, finally, that the applicant is seeking to claim that the merger between Degussa-Hüls and SKW was not
         entered in the register of companies until 9 February 2001 and that therefore only Degussa-Hüls’s turnover, which was perhaps
         EUR 10 715 million, could be taken into account for the 2000 financial year. It points out, firstly, that, in that case, the
         applicant should not have stated, in its letter of 5 June 2002, that the amount of EUR 10 715 million included SKW’s turnover
         in the six months following the merger with Degussa-Hüls and, secondly, that, according to the applicant’s annual report and
         accounts, the two companies merged with retroactive effect from 30 June 2000, as is confirmed moreover by the fact that applicant
         was able to draw up the group accounts as at 31 December 2000 by combining the accounts of Degussa-Hüls and SKW. 
      
      267    As regards the second of those complaints, firstly, the Commission contends that it took into account in the calculation of
         the amount of the fine determined according to the gravity of the infringement, in addition to the applicant’s turnover, the
         applicant’s participation in a very serious infringement (recital 293) and the applicant’s share of the world market and the
         EEA market for 1998. 
      
      268    Secondly, the Commission points out that the infringement continued until February 1999, that is, after the merger between
         Degussa and Hüls (recital 306). In that regard, the applicant made reference, during the administrative procedure, to a turnover
         of EUR 12 354 million for the 1998/99 financial year. 
      
      269    However, in the Commission’s view, a turnover of EUR 8 100 million, EUR 10 715 million EUR 12 354 million or EUR 16 900 million
         justifies, in any event, its classification of the applicant as a large undertaking and therefore an increase in the fine
         for the reasons set out in recital 303. 
      
      b)     Findings of the Court
      270    The applicant complains in essence that the Commission, on the one hand, made an error as to the facts regarding the amount
         of its turnover for 2000 and, on the other, made an error in law by taking into account, for the purpose of determining the
         increase in the fine, its turnover for 2000 even though the infringement had, according to the Decision, ended in February
         1999.
      
      271    The second of those complaints must be examined first.
      
       The taking into account of the applicant’s turnover for 2000
      272    In determining the amount of fines for infringements of competition law, the Commission must take into account not only the
         gravity of the infringement and the particular circumstances of the case but also the context in which the infringement was
         committed and must ensure that its action has the necessary deterrent effect, especially as regards those types of infringement
         which are particularly harmful to the attainment of the objectives of the Community (see, to that effect, Musique Diffusion française and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 58 above, paragraph 106).
      
      273    In that regard, the Guidelines provide, moreover, that, apart from the nature of the infringement, its impact on the market
         and the latter’s geographic size, it is necessary to take account of the effective economic capacity of offenders to cause
         significant damage to other operators, in particular consumers, and to set the fine at a level which ensures that it has a
         sufficiently deterrent effect (fourth paragraph of Section 1.A). 
      
      274    Account may also be taken of the fact that large undertakings are better able to recognise that their conduct constitutes
         an infringement and be aware of the consequences stemming from it (fifth paragraph of Section 1.A). 
      
      275    In this case, the Commission, without expressly referring to the Guidelines, noted, in recital 303, that it was necessary
         ‘to ensure that the fine ha[d] a sufficient deterrent effect and [took] account of the fact that large undertakings ha[d]
         legal and economic knowledge and infrastructures which enable[d] them more easily to recognise that their conduct constitute[d]
         an infringement and be aware of the consequences stemming from it under competition law’. It therefore took the view, in recitals
         304 and 305, that on the basis of the worldwide turnovers of Aventis, Degussa and Nippon Soda, namely, EUR 22 300 million,
         EUR 16 900 million and EUR 1 600 million respectively for the financial year 2000, the starting point for a fine resulting
         from the criterion of the relative importance in the market concerned should be increased by 100% to take account of the size
         and overall resources of Aventis and Degussa respectively.
      
      276    In the Decision, the Commission considered, correctly, as has been held above, that the infringement had ended in February
         1999. As observed by the applicant, the Commission based its determination of the upward adjustment of the basic amount on
         the turnovers of the undertakings in question in the financial year 2000 (recital 304), and thus after the termination of
         the infringement. Contrary to the applicant’s assertions, that circumstance is not such as to vitiate the method of calculation
         used by the Commission.
      
      277    It is apparent from recital 303 that the Commission had regard to two factors justifying the 100% increase in the basic amount
         in the case of Aventis and Degussa. Such an increase was necessary, on the one hand, to ensure that the fine had a sufficient
         deterrent effect and, on the other, to take account of the fact that large undertakings have legal and economic knowledge
         and infrastructures which enable them more easily to recognise that their conduct constitutes an infringement. 
      
      278    As regards the first of those factors, it must be borne in mind that the objective of deterrence which the Commission is entitled
         to pursue when setting the amount of a fine is intended to ensure compliance by undertakings with the competition rules laid
         down by the Treaty for the conduct of their activities within the Community or the EEA. The Court considers that that objective
         can be properly achieved only if regard is had to the situation of the undertaking at the time when the fine is imposed. 
      
      279    A distinction must be made between, on the one hand, the scale of the infringement on the market and the share of responsibility
         to be borne for it by each participant in the cartel (a matter covered by the fourth and sixth paragraphs of Section 1.A of
         the Guidelines) and, on the other, the deterrent effect which the imposition of the fine must have. 
      
      280    As regards the scale of the infringement on the market and the share of responsibility to be borne for it by each participant
         in the cartel, it has been held that the proportion of the turnover accounted for by the goods in respect of which the infringement
         was committed gives a proper indication of the scale of the infringement on the relevant market (see, inter alia, Musique Diffusion française and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 58 above, paragraph 121, and Mayr-Melnhof v Commission, cited in paragraph 222 above, paragraph 369) and that the turnover in the products which were the subject of a restrictive
         practice constitutes an objective criterion giving a proper measure of the harm which that practice does to normal competition
         (Case T‑151/94 British Steel v Commission [1999] ECR II‑629, paragraph 643). 
      
      281    That approach was indeed followed by the Commission in recitals 294 to 302 in determining the amount of the fine according
         to the gravity of the infringement. The Commission took into consideration, on that occasion, the market share worldwide and
         in the EEA of each of the undertakings present on the methionine market in 1998, in the last calendar year of the infringement,
         and deduced from this that Aventis and Degussa represented a first category and Nippon Soda a second, so that differential
         treatment had to be applied to them. Moreover, the applicant does not contest that conclusion. 
      
      282    Consequently, it must be held, at this stage, that the applicant’s argument that the Commission considered only the turnover
         of the new entity Degussa AG (Düsseldorf) formed in 2000 and thus based its reasoning only on the objective of deterrence,
         without taking into account the harmful anti-competitive effects of its conduct at the time of the infringement, is unfounded.
      
      283    However, the second of those concepts, namely, the need to ensure that the fine has a sufficient deterrent effect, where it
         is not found to justify raising the general level of fines in the context of the implementation of a competition policy, requires
         that the amount of the fine be adjusted in order to take account of the desired impact on the undertaking on which it is imposed,
         so that the fine is not rendered negligible, or on the contrary excessive, in particular in the light of the financial capacity
         of the undertaking in question, in accordance with the requirements arising from, on the one hand, the need to ensure effectiveness
         of the fine and, on the other, compliance with the principle of proportionality.
      
      284    The Court has thus already held that one of the undertakings concerned, ‘owing to its enormous worldwide turnover by comparison
         with the turnovers of the other members of the cartel, … could more readily raise the necessary funds to pay its fine, which,
         if the fine was to have a sufficiently deterrent effect, justified the application of a multiplier’ (Joined Cases T‑236/01,
         T‑239/01, T‑244/01 to T‑246/01, T‑251/01 and T‑252/01 Tokai Carbon and Others v Commission [2004] ECR II-1181, paragraph 241).
      
      285    However, inter alia as a result of transactions bringing about transfers or concentrations, an undertaking’s overall resources
         may vary, decreasing or increasing significantly within a relatively short space of time, in particular between the end of
         the infringement and the adoption of the decision imposing the fine. It follows that those resources must be valued, so as
         properly to achieve the objective of deterrence, in accordance with the principle of proportionality, at the time when the
         fine is imposed. In that regard, for the same reasons, it must be noted that, under Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17, the
         upper limit of the fine set at 10% of the turnover of the undertaking concerned is to be determined according to the turnover
         in the business year preceding the decision (Sarrió v Commission, cited in paragraph 193 above, paragraph 85).
      
      286    It follows that there is no reason to hold that the Commission erred in law by relying on turnovers relating to a business
         year subsequent to the termination of the infringement. However, it must be observed that, in accordance with what has been
         stated above, and having regard to the fact that the Decision was adopted on 2 July 2002, the Commission should in principle
         have taken into account, in order to ensure that the fine had a sufficient deterrent effect, the turnovers of the various
         addressees of the Decision in the 2001 business year. In reply to a question put by the Court at the hearing, the Commission
         nevertheless stated, on the one hand, that the turnovers of Sumitomo and Nippon Soda for that year were not available at the
         time of the adoption of the Decision and, on the other, that the turnovers of the undertakings for 2000 had been subject to
         an auditing of accounts. However, it must be held that those circumstances, which are not contested by the applicant, show
         that the Commission did not take into consideration the turnovers of the undertakings concerned for 2001, but the most recent
         turnovers available to it, namely, the turnovers relating to the 2000 business year. 
      
      287    It follows that the Commission cannot be criticised for having taken into consideration, when determining the increase for
         deterrent effect, the applicant’s turnover in 2000.
      
      288    The applicant’s argument that the Commission was wrong in taking into account the turnover resulting from the mergers between,
         respectively, Degussa and Hüls in 1998, and Degussa-Hüls and SKW in 2000, which both took place after the termination of the
         infringement, in addition to having only a partial factual basis in so far as it was demonstrated that the infringement had
         ended in February 1999, is therefore irrelevant in that regard. Indeed, it must be noted that the circumstances of this case
         illustrate precisely the need to value the aggregate resources of the undertaking concerned on the basis of its latest available
         turnover. 
      
      289    As regards the second factor taken into account by the Commission for the purpose of upwardly adjusting the basic amount of
         the fine, namely, the legal and economic infrastructures available to the undertakings to enable them to recognise that their
         conduct constitutes an infringement, it must be pointed out, in contrast with what has been stated previously, that it is
         intended to punish large undertakings more severely since they are presumed to have sufficient knowledge and structural resources
         to be aware that their conduct constitutes an infringement and to assess the potential benefits of it.
      
      290    On that assumption, the turnover on the basis of which the Commission determines the size of the undertakings in question,
         and therefore their capacity to determine the character and consequences of their conduct, must relate to their situation
         at the time of the infringement. In this case, as regards that aspect, the Commission was therefore not entitled to take into
         account the applicant’s turnover for 2000 since the infringement ended in February 1999.
      
      291    However, that finding cannot, in itself, affect the validity of the Commission’s conclusion that the basic amount of the fine
         imposed on the applicant had to be increased by 100%.
      
      292    On the one hand, as stated in recitals 303 to 305 to the Decision:
      
      ‘Sufficient deterrence
      (303)In order to ensure that the fine has a sufficient deterrent effect and takes account of the fact that large undertakings
         have legal and economic knowledge and infrastructures which enable them more easily to recognise that their conduct constitutes
         an infringement and be aware of the consequences stemming from it under competition law, the Commission will further determine
         whether any further adjustment of the starting amount is needed for any undertaking. 
      
      (304)With respective worldwide turnovers of EUR 22 300 million and EUR 16 900 million in 2000, Aventis and Degussa are much
         larger players than Nippon Soda (worldwide turnover of EUR 1 600 million (2000)). In this respect, the Commission considers
         that the appropriate starting point for a fine resulting from the criterion of the relative importance in the market concerned
         requires further upward adjustment to take account of the size and overall resources of Aventis and Degussa respectively.
      
      (305)On the basis of the above, the Commission considers that the need for deterrence requires that the starting point for
         their fine determined under recital 302 should be increased by 100% (x2) to EUR 70 million as regards Degussa and Aventis
         …’
      
      293    It follows from the foregoing that, although the Commission mentioned the factor relating to legal and economic infrastructures,
         in reality it justified the increase in the basic amount essentially by the need to ensure that the fine had a sufficient
         deterrent effect, as is shown by the conclusion in recital 305 and the heading of the section itself.
      
      294    On the other hand, it must be observed that, in any event, the applicant’s aggregate turnover for the 1997/98 financial year
         amounts, according to the data provided by it, to approximately DEM 15 900 million. However, it cannot be maintained that,
         by the same token, the applicant did not have at its disposal the legal and economic infrastructures which are available to
         large undertakings, which the applicant does not claim. The taking into account of the applicant’s turnover in 2000 (established
         by the Commission at EUR 16 900 million) cannot therefore have any bearing on the Commission’s consideration that the basic
         amount had to be increased to take account of the fact that the applicant had at its disposal the resources necessary to enable
         it to recognise that its conduct constituted an infringement and be aware of the consequences stemming from it. 
      
      295    It follows that the applicant’s plea alleging that the Commission made an error in law by taking into account, in order to
         justify the increase in the amount of the fine determined according to the gravity of the infringement, its turnover for the
         2000 financial year cannot justify annulment of the Decision or reduction of the amount of the fine.
      
       Error as to the facts regarding the amount of the applicant’s turnover for 2000 
      296    The applicant claims that the turnover for 2000 (EUR 16 900 million) taken into account by the Commission is incorrect since
         it is really EUR 10 715 million, as is apparent from the letter sent by it to the Commission on 5 June 2002 in response to
         a request from the latter on 28 May 2002. 
      
      297    In its replies to the Court’s written questions and at the hearing, the applicant stated that the turnover of EUR 10 715 million
         was the only one to have been certified by the auditors as in conformity with United States generally accepted accounting
         principles. It submits that, in the absence of Community provisions laying down rules for calculating the turnover of undertakings,
         legal certainty requires that only turnovers established and certified in accordance with the rules applicable to the undertaking
         concerned, that is, in this case, the aforementioned accounting principles, should be taken into consideration. 
      
      298    The Commission claims that the amount of EUR 16 900 million which it took into account is taken from the applicant’s management
         report drawn up for 2000. However, at the hearing, the Commission admitted that the turnover to be taken into consideration
         had to reflect the actual situation of the undertaking and that, consequently, in view of the fact that the merger between
         the applicant and SKW had taken place on 1 July 2000, there was no need to take into account SKW’s pro forma turnover from
         1 January to 30 June 2000. 
      
      299    The file and in particular the applicant’s replies to the Court’s written questions contain the following information:
      
      –        the amount of EUR 16 900 million taken into account by the Commission includes a pro forma valuation of SKW’s turnover from
         1 January to 31 December 2000 as well as the turnover in three non-core areas of activity (dmc², Dental and Phenolchemie)
         disposed of by the applicant in 2001 (‘the turnover in the three areas of activity disposed of in 2001’);
      
      –        the amount of EUR 10 715 million referred to by the applicant includes SKW’s turnover only for the period from 1 July to 31 December
         2000 and excludes the turnover in the three areas of activity disposed of in 2001;
      
      –        the turnover in the three areas of activity disposed of in 2001 amounts to EUR 4 131 million.
      300    The parties agreed on those facts at the hearing and the Court took formal note of this.
      
      301    It follows from the foregoing that the difference between the turnovers referred to by the parties is explained by the fact
         that those figures do not include the same items. Whereas the amount taken into account by the Commission includes both SKW’s
         turnover from 1 January to 31 December 2000 and the turnover in the three areas of activity disposed of in 2001, the turnover
         referred to by the applicant, on the one hand, includes SKW’s turnover only for the period from 1 July to 31 December 2000
         and, on the other hand, does not include the turnover in the three areas of activity disposed of in 2001.
      
      302    The Court takes the view that, as has been stated previously, in determining any increase in the fine intended to ensure that
         it has a deterrent effect, it is important to take into account the undertaking’s financial capacity and actual resources
         at the time when the fine is imposed on it, and not the inherently notional pro forma valuation entered in its balance sheet,
         which results from the application of accounting rules imposed on itself by the undertaking concerned.
      
      303    Consequently, there is no reason to take account either of SKW’s pro forma turnover during the period from 1 January to 30
         June 2000 or of the pro forma subtraction of the turnover in the three areas of activity disposed of in 2001.
      
      304    It must be observed that, during the 2000 business year, which had to be taken into account in determining the increase in
         the fine to ensure that it had a sufficient deterrent effect, in accordance with what has been stated above, on the one hand,
         SKW’s turnover from 1 January to 30 June 2000 did not accrue to the applicant, since the merger of that company with the applicant
         took place on 1 July 2000, but, on the other hand, the turnover from the three areas of activity disposed of in 2001 did accrue
         to it.
      
      305    Consequently, the relevant turnover in this case is the result of adding together the turnover of EUR 10 715 million referred
         to by the applicant and the turnover of EUR 4 131 million in the three areas of activity disposed of in 2001, that is, EUR
         14 846 million.
      
      306    None of the arguments put forward by the Commission, which did however admit at the hearing that the turnover taken into account
         in the Decision was incorrect, can call that conclusion into question.
      
      307    Firstly, the fact that, in its response of 10 January 2002 to the statement of objections of 1 October 2001, the applicant
         raised no objection to the taking into account of the amount of EUR 16 900 million is not only not in itself decisive, but
         is also irrelevant since the Commission mentioned that amount only in the part describing the cartel members, and the statement
         of objections actually contained no estimate of the fine which could be envisaged. If the Commission had intended in any event
         to take into account the amount mentioned in the statement of objections, it would moreover be necessary to ask why it sent
         to the applicant, on 28 May 2002, a request for information with a view to obtaining particulars of its turnover. Furthermore,
         in its response of 5 June 2002 to that request for information, the applicant expressly stated that the turnover amounting
         to EUR 10 715 million indicated for the 2000 financial year included only SKW’s turnover from 1 July to 31 December 2000.
         It follows that the Commission was able to find a discrepancy between that amount and the amount of EUR 16 900 million mentioned
         in the statement of objections. In those circumstances, the Commission could, or even should, have asked the applicant for
         further information in order to satisfy itself that the amount to be taken into consideration was correct. 
      
      308    Secondly, the fact that the pro forma valuation mentioned in the applicant’s management report is regarded in that report
         by the applicant as more significant from an economic point of view, on the one hand, is not established by the Commission
         and, on the other hand, is in any event not such as to invalidate the conclusion that, in the determination of the deterrent
         effect which the fine must have, the Commission is required to take into consideration the actual situation of the undertaking
         at the time when it assesses the amount of the fine which it envisages imposing on it, a point which it acknowledged at the
         hearing, moreover. 
      
      309    Thirdly and finally, contrary to the Commission’s assumptions, it must be pointed out that the applicant does not in any way
         claim that only the turnover of Degussa-Hüls, to the exclusion of that of SKW, had to be taken into account in the determination
         of the amount of its turnover for 2000 because the merger was entered in the register of companies only on 9 February 2001.
         The letter of 5 June 2002 sent by the applicant to the Commission states unequivocally, moreover, that the turnover mentioned
         includes SKW’s turnover during the last six months of 2000. The Commission’s argument based on that consideration is therefore
         ineffective. 
      
      310    It follows from the foregoing that the turnover taken into account by the Commission in the determination of the increase
         in the fine intended to ensure that the latter had a sufficient deterrent effect is incorrect. That amount nevertheless does
         not constitute the support necessary for the Commission’s finding of the infringement in which the applicant participated.
         The Commission’s error can affect only the determination of the amount of the fine, in regard to which the Court of First
         Instance has unlimited jurisdiction. It follows that the incorrectness of the turnover taken into consideration by the Commission
         is not such as to entail annulment of the Decision. The applicant’s claim to that effect must therefore be rejected. 
      
      311    However, the Court needs to consider whether that circumstance is such as to lead to a breach of the principle of equal treatment
         and thus to justify a reduction of the fine imposed on the applicant.
      
      2.     Breach of the principle that penalties must have a basis in law, of the obligation to state reasons and of the principles
         of proportionality and equal treatment in the increase in the amount of the fine for deterrent effect 
      
      a)     Breach of the principle that penalties must have a basis in law and of the obligation to state reasons
       Arguments of the parties
      312    The applicant maintains that the Commission did not fulfil, in determining the increase in the basic amount, its obligation
         to state reasons, which must reveal the criteria for the determination of the fine (Case T‑295/94 Buchmann v Commission [1998] ECR II‑813, paragraph 173). It also contests the 100% increase in the basic amount made by the Commission on account
         of the deterrent effect which the fine must have, in that that increase appears to be arbitrary and is not amenable to any
         review of legality. That method has the effect of allowing the Commission unfettered discretion in the determination of the
         amount of the fine, whatever the basic amount of the fine originally determined may be. 
      
      313    The Commission submits that that argument is unfounded. It maintains that the Decision clearly sets out the reasons which
         led it to double the basic amount applied to the applicant in recitals 303 to 305 to the Decision. 
      
       Findings of the Court
      314    With regard, first of all, to the alleged breach, by the Commission, of the obligation to state reasons, it must be observed
         that the Decision clearly states, in recitals 303 to 305, that the 100% increase, in the applicant’s case, in the basic amount
         of the fine determined according to the gravity of the infringement has its basis in the need to ensure that the fine has
         a sufficient deterrent effect in view of the applicant’s size and overall resources and to take into account the fact that
         large undertakings have legal and economic knowledge and infrastructures which enable them more easily to recognise that their
         conduct constitutes an infringement. The Decision then expressly draws attention to the applicant’s turnover in 2000 in order
         to justify the increase in the basic amount of the fine. 
      
      315    The Decision thus clearly discloses the Commission’s reasoning, thereby enabling the applicant to apprise itself of the factors
         which the Commission took into account in increasing the amount of the fine and to challenge its validity, and the Court to
         carry out its review. The applicant’s complaint alleging breach of the obligation to state reasons in this respect must therefore
         be rejected. 
      
      316    In so far as the applicant also submits that the method consisting in doubling the basic amount is arbitrary and constitutes
         a breach of the principle that penalties must have a basis in law, it must be pointed out that the need to ensure that the
         fine has a sufficient deterrent effect is a legitimate objective which the Commission is entitled to pursue when setting the
         amount of a fine and is intended to ensure compliance by undertakings with the competition rules laid down by the Treaty.
         Nevertheless, as was stated in connection with the first plea, the Commission is required to comply with the general principles
         of law, and in particular the principles of equal treatment and proportionality, not only in the determination of the basic
         amount, but also when increasing that amount with a view to ensuring that the fine has a sufficiently deterrent effect.
      
      317    It follows that, although the Commission does have a necessary element of discretion in setting the rate of increase for deterrent
         effect, the fact remains that its power is restricted by compliance with the aforementioned principles, which is amenable
         to judicial review, in regard to which, moreover, the Court of First Instance has unlimited jurisdiction. The applicant’s
         complaint must therefore be rejected.
      
      b)     Breach of the principles of proportionality and equal treatment
       Arguments of the parties
      318    The applicant maintains that the 100% increase by the Commission in the amount of the fine determined according to the gravity
         of the infringement (EUR 35 million) in order to ensure that that fine had a sufficient deterrent effect constitutes a breach
         of the principle of equal treatment.
      
      319    It claims that, according to its estimates, in 2000, the size of Degussa was barely half that of Aventis. By imposing the
         same increase in the fine on both those undertakings, the Commission therefore infringed the principle of equal treatment,
         even if account is taken of the amount incorrectly used by the Commission as the basis for its calculation. In view of the
         fact that its turnover lies between that of Nippon Soda and that of Aventis, the applicant maintains that the increase which
         should have been applied to it is equivalent to half of that applied to Aventis, that is, EUR 27.5 million. 
      
      320    In addition, the applicant submits that the doubling of the basic amount constitutes a breach of the principle of proportionality
         of the penalty in that, in the light of the offending conduct of which it was accused, excessive importance was attached to
         the objective of deterrence.
      
      321    The Commission contends that the doubling of the basic amount of the fine imposed on Aventis and Degussa reflects the fact
         that those two undertakings, in terms of their size and overall resources, are appreciably larger than Nippon Soda (recital
         304). 
      
      322    It points out, in that regard, that the increase in the basic amount reflects the need to ensure that the fine has a sufficient
         deterrent effect and to take appropriate account of the fact that large undertakings have more extensive legal and economic
         knowledge and infrastructures (recital 303). However, in this case, it is important first and foremost to have regard to the
         difference in size between the applicant and Aventis, on the one hand, and Nippon Soda, on the other (recital 304). If it
         were necessary to take into consideration the amount put forward by the applicant, its turnover would be equivalent to 6.7
         times that of Nippon Soda, whereas the turnover of Aventis would be equivalent to only double that of the applicant. Thus,
         the Commission would in any event have had to apply identical treatment to the applicant and to Aventis. The Commission also
         recalls that it is not necessary to apply an arithmetical formula by which the amount of the fine is increased in proportion
         to the turnover of the undertaking concerned, since the objectives pursued by increasing fines can already be achieved by
         classifying the undertakings according to their size (Joined Cases C‑238/99 P, C‑244/99 P, C‑245/99 P, C‑247/99 P, C-250/99
         P to C-252/99 P and C-254/99 P Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij and Others v Commission [2002] ECR I‑8375, paragraph 464). 
      
       Findings of the Court
      323    So far as the applicant’s complaint alleging breach of the principle of equal treatment is concerned, it must be recalled,
         as the Commission points out, that the approach of dividing the cartel members into several categories, which has the consequence
         that a flat-rate starting amount is fixed for all the undertakings in the same category, although it effectively ignores the
         differences in size between undertakings in the same category, cannot in principle be condemned (Tokai Carbon and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 284 above, paragraphs 217 to 221). The Commission is not required, when determining the amounts of fines,
         to ensure, where fines are imposed on a number of undertakings involved in the same infringement, that the final amounts of
         the fines reflect any distinction between the undertakings concerned in terms of their overall turnover (see CMA CGM and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 252 above, paragraph 385, and the case-law cited). 
      
      324    The fact nevertheless remains, according to the case-law, that such a division into categories must comply with the principle
         of equal treatment under which comparable situations must not be treated differently and different situations must not be
         treated in the same way, unless such treatment is objectively justified (CMA CGM and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 252 above, paragraph 406). From the same perspective, the Guidelines provide, in the sixth paragraph
         of Section 1.A, that ‘considerable’ disparity between the sizes of the undertakings committing infringements of the same type
         is, inter alia, such as to justify a differentiation for the purposes of assessing the gravity of the infringement. Moreover,
         according to the case-law, the amounts of fines must at least be proportionate in relation to the factors taken into account
         in assessing the gravity of the infringement (Tate & Lyle and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 58 above, paragraph 106). 
      
      325    Consequently, where the Commission divides the undertakings concerned into categories for the purpose of setting the amount
         of the fines, the thresholds for each of the categories thus identified must be coherent and objectively justified (CMA CGM and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 252 above, paragraph 416, and LR AF 1998 v Commission, cited in paragraph 46 above, paragraph 298). 
      
      326    In this case, it must be pointed out that the classification of the undertakings by category on the basis of their market
         shares was made by the Commission in recitals 294 to 301 to the Decision. That classification is not contested by the applicant
         and resulted, in recital 302, in the setting of a basic amount determined according to the gravity of the infringement of
         EUR 35 million for Degussa and Aventis and EUR 8 million for Nippon Soda. 
      
      327    The applicant nevertheless contests the fact that the Commission applied to that amount, in order to ensure that the fine
         had a sufficiently deterrent effect, the same rate of increase to Degussa and to Aventis (100%) on the basis of those undertakings’
         overall turnovers, even though those turnovers are, in its view, dissimilar.
      
      328    It must be pointed out that, having regard to the objective pursued by it, namely, adjustment of the amount of the fine having
         regard to the overall resources of the undertaking and its capacity to mobilise the funds necessary for the payment of that
         fine, the setting of the rate of increase of the basic amount in order to ensure that the fine has a sufficiently deterrent
         effect is intended more to ensure the effectiveness of the fine than to reflect the harmfulness of the infringement to normal
         competition and thus the gravity of the infringement. 
      
      329    It follows that the requirement relating to the objectively justified nature of the method consisting in classifying the undertakings
         by category must be interpreted more strictly where that classification is made, not for the purpose of determining the amount
         of the fine according to the gravity of the infringement, but for that of determining the increase in the basic amount with
         a view to ensuring that the fine imposed has a sufficient deterrent effect.
      
      330    It must be recalled that, according to case-law, in the context of determining the amount of the fine according to the gravity
         of the infringement, even if the effect of the division into groups is that certain applicants are allocated the same basic
         amount even though they differ in size, that difference in treatment is objectively justified by the importance attached to
         the nature of the infringement in comparison with the size of the undertakings in the assessment of the gravity of the infringement
         (see, to that effect, Joined Cases 96/82 to 102/82, 104/82, 105/82, 108/82 and 110/82 IAZ and Others v Commission [1983] ECR 3369, paragraphs 50 to 53, and CMA CGM and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 252 above, paragraph 411).
      
      331    However, that justification is not intended to apply to the determination of the rate of increase of the fine with a view
         to ensuring that it has a sufficient deterrent effect, given that that increase is essentially and objectively based on the
         size and resources of the undertakings, and not on the nature of the infringement. It is moreover important to note that,
         in the Decision, the rate of increase with a view to ensuring that the fine had a sufficient deterrent effect was set when
         the basic amount according to the gravity of the infringement had previously been established (recital 303).
      
      332    Furthermore, it is apparent from recital 304 to the Decision, which states that ‘the appropriate starting point for a fine
         resulting from the criterion of the relative importance in the market concerned requires further upward adjustment to take
         account of the size and overall resources of Aventis and Degussa respectively’, that the Commission does not mention any other
         factors, apart from the applicant’s possession of legal and economic infrastructures enabling it to recognise that its conduct
         constitutes an infringement and to be aware of the consequences stemming from it, which could objectively justify the application
         of the same increase to the amounts imposed on the applicant and Aventis.
      
      333    In those circumstances, and in view of the fact that the Commission expressly relied, in recital 304, on the respective overall
         turnovers of the undertakings concerned, it must be held that the rate of increase in the amount of the fine determined according
         to the gravity of the infringement should have reflected, at the very least approximately, the significant difference between
         those turnovers.
      
      334    However, although the Commission was entitled to consider that the respective turnovers of Degussa (EUR 16 900 million) and
         Aventis (EUR 22 300 million) in 2000 demonstrated that they were ‘much larger players than Nippon Soda’ (EUR 1 600 million)
         and that the latter therefore did not need to have an increase imposed on it in order to ensure that the fine had a sufficient
         deterrent effect, it must be observed that it applied the same rate of increase to Degussa and Aventis even though, according
         to the Commission’s own figures, Degussa’s turnover was approximately 25% lower than that of Aventis. That proportion even
         rises to over 33% if the turnover of EUR 14 846 million is taken into account, in accordance with what was stated in paragraphs
         302 to 305 above.
      
      335    Consequently, the Commission was not entitled, without infringing the principle of equal treatment, to increase the amount
         of the fine determined according to the gravity of the infringement by applying the same rate as that applied to Aventis.
         
      
      336    None of the Commission’s arguments is capable of calling that conclusion into question.
      
      337    Firstly, although it is true that it was important to take account of the significant difference in size between Degussa and
         Aventis, on the one hand, and Nippon Soda, on the other, which justified the absence of any increase in the fine for deterrent
         effect in the latter’s case, that consideration could not dispense the Commission from also taking account of the difference
         in size between Degussa, on the one hand, and Aventis, on the other. This analysis is all the more valid since the incorrect
         turnover taken into account by the Commission did in fact result in an underestimation of that difference. 
      
      338    Secondly, as was noted above, although it is true that the Commission is not required, when determining the amounts of fines,
         to ensure, where fines are imposed on a number of undertakings involved in the same infringement, that the final amounts of
         the fines reflect any distinction between the undertakings concerned in terms of their overall turnover (see CMA CGM and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 252 above, paragraph 385, and the case-law cited), the fact remains that the classification of undertakings
         by category, in accordance with the principle of equal treatment, must be objectively justified, since that requirement has
         to be interpreted more strictly where that classification is designed, not to determine the specific weight of the offending
         conduct of each undertaking, but to set the rate of increase in the amount of the fine determined according to the gravity
         of the infringement in order to ensure that the fine has a sufficient deterrent effect, an operation which serves a different
         and separate purpose and is based on an objective assessment of the undertakings’ capacity to mobilise the funds necessary
         for the payment of the fine.
      
      339    Consequently, the Court considers it necessary, in the exercise of its unlimited jurisdiction, to reduce the rate of increase
         in the amount of the fine determined according to the gravity of the infringement applied to Degussa, so that that rate reflects
         the significant difference in size between Degussa and Aventis (see, to that effect, Tokai Carbon and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 284 above, paragraphs 244 to 249).
      
      340    For that purpose, it must however be pointed out that, although the Commission essentially based the determination of the
         rate of increase in the fine on the need to ensure that it had a sufficient deterrent effect, as is apparent both from the
         heading of the section covering recitals 303 to 305 and from recitals 304 and 305 themselves, it also took account, in recital
         303, of the fact that large undertakings had legal and economic knowledge and infrastructures which enabled them more easily
         to recognise that their conduct constituted an infringement and to be aware of the consequences stemming from it. As the Commission
         points out and as was noted above, there is no need in that regard to distinguish between two undertakings whose turnovers
         in any event justify their classification as large undertakings having such infrastructures.
      
      341    It follows that account must be taken of that aspect by holding that the element common to Aventis and Degussa, namely, as
         has been seen above, the possession of a legal and economic infrastructure by virtue of their large size, justifies the fact
         that the rate of increase does not reflect the whole difference between the turnovers of those undertakings.
      
      342    In the light of all the foregoing considerations, the Court, in the exercise of its unlimited jurisdiction, considers that
         the amount of the fine determined according to the gravity of the infringement set for the applicant, namely EUR 30 million
         in accordance with paragraph 254 above, must be increased by 80% to EUR 54 million.
      
      343    In those circumstances, as regards the second complaint, put forward by applicant in the reply, alleging breach of the principle
         of proportionality, the Court takes the view that, having regard to the applicant’s overall size, the 80% increase in the
         basic amount should not be considered disproportionate in the light of the applicant’s responsibility within the cartel and
         of its capacity to cause significant harm to competition, which result from the substantial market share which it held on
         the methionine market during the period of the infringement (of the order of 25% of the EEA market in 1998), which the Commission
         duly took into account (recitals 297 to 301). Such an increase cannot therefore amount to attaching to the objective of deterrence
         excessive importance in relation to the conduct of which the applicant is accused. The present complaint must therefore be
         rejected.
      
      3.     Error of assessment regarding the deterrent effect of the fine in the light of the applicant’s conduct after the termination
         of the infringement 
      
      a)     Arguments of the parties
      344    The applicant submits that, by considering that the basic amount of the fine had to be doubled, the Commission overestimated
         the deterrent effect of that fine by failing to take into account the fact that Degussa had already ended the infringement
         before the proceeding was initiated by the Commission and that it then immediately took measures, namely, a ‘compliance programme’,
         to prevent any infringement in the future. In particular, the Commission was wrong in rejecting, in recital 330 to the Decision,
         the applicant’s efforts in question by asserting that they could not constitute an attenuating circumstance under the Guidelines.
         Such an attitude does not reward undertakings wishing to ensure that they are in compliance with the provisions of competition
         law and which, therefore, do not need to have measures designed for additional deterrent effect taken against them. 
      
      345    The applicant points out that, if the Guidelines had to be interpreted as meaning that the applicant’s attitude in this case
         had no bearing on the amount of the fine, they would to that extent conflict with the principle of proportionality between
         offences and penalties, which, as a generally accepted principle in States governed by the rule of law, applies to the Community
         legal order pursuant to Article 6(1) EU. 
      
      346    Finally, the applicant notes that the concept of deterrence includes a preventive aspect with respect to the offender (special
         prevention) and with respect to any other economic operators which might, in the future, commit similar infringements (general
         prevention). In this case, special prevention is already ensured by the applicant’s adoption of the compliance programme.
         If the Commission were to consider that the increase is guided only by general preventive considerations, the applicant submits
         that it would conflict with the case-law of the Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance (Case 36/75 Rutili [1975] ECR 1219, paragraphs 51 to 53; Case 30/77 Bouchereau [1977] ECR 1999, paragraphs 27 to 30; and Case C‑340/97 Nazli and Others [2000] ECR I‑957, paragraph 63).
      
      347    The Commission submits that this complaint is unfounded.
      
      b)     Findings of the Court
      348    The applicant essentially complains that the Commission did not take into account, when assessing the deterrent effect which
         the fine must have, the fact, on the one hand, that it had ended the infringement before the Commission initiated the proceeding
         and, on the other hand, that it had adopted an internal programme of compliance with Community competition law.
      
      349    As regards the first of those considerations, it is sufficient to point out that, although, according to the Decision, the
         infringement did indeed end in February 1999, that is, before the opening of the proceeding on 1 October 2001, that termination
         took place on the initiative of Rhône-Poulenc, as stated in recital 185. Moreover, in any event, the applicant, which does
         not actually dispute that finding, merely asserts that the infringement ended in 1997 following the departure of Mr H. from
         Rhône-Poulenc and the policy adopted by his successors. It is therefore not entitled to rely on that circumstance in order
         to claim a reduction in the increase based on the need to ensure that the fine has a deterrent effect. Furthermore, the fact
         that the infringement had already ended at the time of the opening of the proceeding can in no circumstances constitute conclusive
         evidence that the applicant intended, in the future, to comply once and for all with the Community competition rules. The
         objective of special prevention pursued by the imposition of the fine, mentioned by the applicant, is intended not only to
         put an end to the infringement, but also to prevent the offenders from subsequently resuming their conduct.
      
      350    As regards the second of those considerations, it is settled case-law that, whilst it is indeed important that the applicant
         took steps to prevent fresh infringements of Community competition law from being committed by members of its staff in the
         future, that circumstance does not alter the fact that an infringement was found to have been committed. It follows that the
         mere fact that in certain cases the Commission took the implementation of a compliance programme into consideration as a mitigating
         factor does not mean that it is obliged to act in the same manner in any given case (Hercules Chemicals v Commission, cited in paragraph 133 above, paragraph 357; Case T‑352/94 Mo och Domsjö v Commission [1998] ECR II‑1989, paragraphs 417 and 419; and Archer Daniels Midland and Archer Daniels Midland Ingredients v Commission, cited in paragraph 53 above, paragraph 280). 
      
      351    According to that case-law, the Commission is therefore not required to take a circumstance such as that into account as an
         mitigating factor, provided that it adheres to the principle of equality of treatment, which requires that it should not assess
         the matter differently for any undertaking addressed by the same decision (Archer Daniels Midland and Archer Daniels Midland Ingredients v Commission, cited in paragraph 53 above, paragraph 281).
      
      352    Although the applicant relies on that circumstance in connection with the increase in the basic amount of the fine for deterrent
         effect, and not formally as a mitigating factor, the same approach must apply in this case. 
      
      353    There is no indication whatsoever in the Decision that the Commission differentiated in this respect in its assessment as
         between the three addressee undertakings, and the applicant does not claim that that was the case.
      
      354    It follows that the Commission cannot be accused of not having taken account of the fact that the applicant adopted a programme
         of compliance with Community competition law after the termination of the infringement. 
      
      355    None of the applicant’s arguments can call that conclusion into question.
      
      356    Firstly, as regards the alleged breach of the principle of proportionality, in accordance with the abovementioned case-law,
         it must be pointed out that the applicant’s attitude subsequent to the infringement does not alter the existence and gravity
         of the infringement (see, to that effect, Dansk Rørindustri and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 82 above, paragraph 373), which constitutes a continuing and manifest infringement of Article 81(1) EC.
         In the light of those circumstances, the principle of proportionality, which requires that the fine imposed be not excessive
         in relation to the characteristics of the infringement, did not require the Commission to take into account the applicant’s
         attitude after the termination of that infringement. 
      
      357    It follows that neither the Decision nor the Guidelines, which in any event neither provide for nor exclude the taking into
         account of such circumstances, can, on that basis, be regarded as infringing the principle of proportionality.
      
      358    Secondly, as regards the argument alleging that the Commission, by refusing to take account of the adoption of the applicant’s
         compliance programme, wrongly based its view exclusively on a general preventive objective, contrary to the case-law of the
         Court of Justice, it must be pointed out that the case-law cited by the applicant concerns deportation measures ordered against
         nationals of other Member States on grounds of public policy. In that context, the Court of Justice has held that, under Article
         3 of Council Directive 64/221/EEC of 25 February 1964 on the coordination of special measures concerning the movement and
         residence of foreign nationals which are justified on grounds of public policy, public security or public health (OJ, English
         Special Edition 1963-1964 (I), p. 117), in order to be justified, such measures must be based exclusively on the personal
         conduct of the individual concerned (see, recently, Joined Cases C‑482/01 and C‑493/01 Orfanopoulos and Oliveri [2004] ECR I‑5257, paragraph 66). The Court of Justice has therefore concluded, in particular, that Community law precludes
         the deportation of a national of a Member State based on reasons of a general preventive nature, that is one which has been
         ordered for the purpose of deterring other aliens, in particular where such measure automatically follows a criminal conviction,
         without any account being taken of the personal conduct of the offender or of the danger which that person represents for
         the requirements of public policy (Case 67/74 Bonsignore [1975] ECR 297, paragraph 7; Nazli and Others, cited in paragraph 346 above, paragraph 59; and Orfanopoulos and Oliveri, paragraph 68).
      
      359    It follows that, far from constituting a general principle, the prohibition of general preventive grounds applies to the particular
         situation of measures derogating from the principle of freedom of movement for citizens of the Union enshrined in Article
         18(1) EC and adopted by Member States on grounds of public policy. Clearly, that prohibition cannot therefore purely and simply
         be transposed to the context of fines imposed by the Commission on undertakings for infringements of Community competition
         law.
      
      360    On the contrary, it is settled case-law that it is open to the Commission to have regard to the fact that anti-competitive
         practices such as those in this case, although they were established as being unlawful at the outset of Community competition
         policy, are still relatively frequent on account of the profit that certain of the undertakings concerned are able to derive
         from them and, consequently, it is open to the Commission to consider that it is appropriate to raise the level of fines so
         as to reinforce their deterrent effect (see, for example, Musique Diffusion française and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 58 above, paragraph 108), which reflects, at least in part, the need to confer on fines a deterrent character
         in relation to undertakings other than those on which the fines are imposed.
      
      361    In addition, it must be pointed out that the fact that there is no doubt that the mere adoption by an undertaking of a programme
         of compliance with the competition rules cannot constitute a valid and definite guarantee of future and continuing compliance
         by that undertaking with those rules, with the result that such a programme cannot require the Commission to reduce the fine
         on the ground that the objective of prevention pursued by it has already been at least partly achieved. Moreover, contrary
         to the applicant’s claims, there is no indication whatsoever in the Decision that the Commission based the increase in the
         basic amount on the need to ensure a deterrent effect with respect to other undertakings. 
      
      362    On the one hand, the taking into account of the applicant’s size, in recitals 303 to 305, and the resulting increase in the
         basic amount specifically constitute an aspect which serves to adapt the fine on the basis of factors peculiar to the applicant.
         On the other hand, it is apparent from recital 330 that the Commission rejected the adoption of the compliance programme as
         an attenuating circumstance on the ground that ‘this initiative came too late and cannot, as a prevention tool, dispense the
         Commission from its duty to penalise an infringement of the competition rules committed by Degussa in the past’. That must
         be construed as recalling, correctly, and as the applicant points out in its plea of illegality against Article 15(2) of Regulation
         No 17, that the fine pursues not only a preventive, but also a punitive, objective. It was therefore not only with a view
         to deterring undertakings unconnected with the infringement that the Commission rejected the applicant’s argument on this
         point, but because it considered that the compliance programme did not warrant a reduction in the penalty for the infringement.
         
      
      363    The fact that the applicant now puts forward that argument in the context of the assessment of the deterrent effect of the
         fine, and not in that of attenuating circumstances, is immaterial in that regard, given that the need to ensure such an effect
         reflects not only the objective of prevention pursued by the fine, as the applicant seems to envisage, but also that of punishment.
      
      364    It follows from all the foregoing that the applicant’s complaint alleging a manifest error of assessment by the Commission
         of the deterrent effect of the fine in the light of its conduct after the termination of the infringement must be rejected
         as unfounded.
      
      C –  The applicant’s cooperation
      1.     Arguments of the parties
      365    The applicant challenges the Commission’s refusal to grant it a reduction in the fine under the second indent of Section D(2)
         of the Leniency Notice, on the ground that it contested the facts relating to the duration of the cartel, as presented in
         the statement of objections. The applicant maintains that it accepted the probative documents produced but that it merely
         expressed a difference of opinion regarding the Commission’s interpretation of them, resulting in differing legal assessments
         and differing conclusions. Consequently, the determination of the duration of the infringement does not, in this case, constitute
         a finding of fact but an issue of legal classification, concepts which the Commission confused in Section C of the statement
         of objections. 
      
      366    The Commission submits that this complaint is unfounded.
      
      2.     Findings of the Court
      367    It must be remembered that the applicant was granted, under recitals 353 and 354 to the Decision, a 25% reduction in the amount
         of the fine pursuant to the first indent of Section D(2) of the Leniency Notice.
      
      368    Section D of the Leniency Notice is worded as follows:
      
      ‘1.       Where an enterprise cooperates without having met all the conditions set out in Sections B or C, it will benefit from a reduction
         of 10% to 50% of the fine that would have been imposed if it had not cooperated.
      
      2.       Such cases may include the following:
      –        before a statement of objections is sent, an enterprise provides the Commission with information, documents or other evidence
         which materially contribute to establishing the existence of the infringement,
      
      –        after receiving a statement of objections, an enterprise informs the Commission that it does not substantially contest the
         facts on which the Commission bases its allegations.’
      
      369    However, the Commission considered, in recital 354, that Degussa had contested the facts set out in the statement of objections
         in so far as they concerned the duration of the cartel. It therefore concluded that Degussa did not fulfil the conditions
         set out in the second indent of Section D(2) of the Leniency Notice and that, consequently, it did not qualify for an additional
         reduction in the amount of the fine on that basis.
      
      370    It must therefore be determined whether the Decision is vitiated by an error of fact as to whether, after the statement of
         objections, the applicant contested the correctness of the facts on which the Commission based its allegations.
      
      371    For that purpose, the applicant’s response to the statement of objections must be examined.
      
      372    Firstly, as the applicant points out, that document states that the account of the facts in the statement of objections ‘is
         in essential respects not contested’ (pp. 3 and 9 of the response to the statement of objections). However, contrary to the
         applicant’s interpretation of that statement, it was in fact intended to show that the facts were in part contested and it
         did not enable the Commission, moreover, to establish with certainty those facts which were contested and those which were
         not. That consideration is reinforced by the applicant’s statement (p. 9 of the response to the statement of objections) that
         the Commission’s presentation of the facts regarding the duration of the infringement was in part incorrect. The applicant
         even added, in point 12 of its response (p. 14 of the response to the statement of objections), that the account of the facts
         was correct only as from the middle of 1992, the date when Degussa participated in the infringement at the Barcelona meeting,
         while making it clear that the duration of the cartel was limited to the years from 1992 to 1997 (p. 33 of the response to
         the statement of objections).
      
      373    Although those formal considerations cannot, in themselves, lead to the conclusion that the applicant substantially contested
         the correctness of the facts presented by the Commission in the statement of objections, they are in any case sufficient to
         establish that the applicant did not positively indicate the fact that it did not contest those facts in their entirety. The
         applicant did, on the contrary, create ambiguity, from the Commission’s point of view, as to whether or not it contested the
         correctness of the facts alleged and, if so, precisely which facts were contested.
      
      374    Secondly, although, under the heading ‘D. Facts’ (p. 9 of the response to the statement of objections), the applicant did
         in fact submit comments contesting the Commission’s position, it must nevertheless be admitted that, for the most part, those
         comments are aimed, in essence, not at refuting directly the correctness of those facts (in particular the holding of meetings
         and the matters discussed at them), but at contradicting the Commission’s interpretation of them and the conclusion which
         it reached as to the existence of an infringement before 1992 and after 1997.
      
      375    It is true that contesting the Commission’s legal assessment of certain facts cannot be treated in the same way as contesting
         the actual existence of those facts, even though, in this case, the distinction between those two concepts proves to be ambiguous.
      
      376    Nevertheless, in any event, it must be observed, as the Commission points out, that in point 13 of its response to the statement
         of objections (pp. 14 and 15), the applicant stated that, in its view, after the ‘summit’ meeting in Copenhagen in 1997, there
         had been no further meetings at which target prices had been established. However, it is apparent from point 61 of the statement
         of objections that the Commission clearly stated that Degussa and Rhône-Poulenc had met in Heidelberg in the late summer or
         early autumn of 1998 and that a price increase had been concluded on that occasion. The Commission added that a further meeting
         between those undertakings had then been held in Nancy on 4 February 1999 and that it had resulted in the setting of a target
         price of USD 3.20/kg (DEM 5.30/kg). It is therefore apparent, at the very least to the extent described above, that the applicant
         contested the correctness of the facts set out by the Commission after the statement of objections.
      
      377    In addition, in its response, under the heading ‘E. Legal assessment’, the applicant stated, in the part dealing with the
         duration of the infringement, that it had no information on the existence of meetings during the period from 1989 to 1990
         and that it was therefore unable either expressly to contest the holding of such meetings (p. 29 of the response to the statement
         of objections) or to confirm it (p. 30 of the response to the statement of objections). However, the Commission had described
         in detail, in points 22 to 29 of the statement of objections, three meetings which Degussa had attended during that period
         (in August 1989 at an unspecified location, on 10 June 1990 in Frankfurt am Main and in November 1990 in Hong Kong and/or
         Seoul). Thus, once again, although the applicant’s ambiguous wording does not permit the conclusion that it denied that those
         meetings were held, it must however be stated that that wording likewise did not enable the Commission to consider that it
         accepted the facts in that regard. 
      
      378    Similarly, where the Commission described the cartel, in the statement of objections, as having begun in February 1986 (see,
         in particular, points 18 to 21 and 97), the applicant did not express a view, in its response to the statement of objections,
         on the Commission’s assertions concerning the period from February 1986 to the end of 1988, while making it clear that, in
         its opinion, the cartel had lasted only from 1992 to 1997.
      
      379    It follows that the Commission did not err as to the facts by stating that the applicant had in part substantially contested
         the correctness of the facts set out in the statement of objections.
      
      380    As to whether the Commission was entitled, on that basis, to consider that the applicant did not qualify for an additional
         reduction in the amount of the fine pursuant to the second indent of Section D(2) of the Leniency Notice, it must be recalled
         that, according to the case-law, the reduction of fines where there is cooperation on the part of the undertakings participating
         in infringements of Community competition law has its basis in the consideration that such cooperation facilitates the Commission’s
         task (BPB de Eendracht v Commission, cited in paragraph 80 above, paragraph 325, and Finnboard v Commission, cited in paragraph 233 above, paragraph 363, confirmed on appeal by judgment of the Court of Justice in Case C‑298/98 P
         Finnboard v Commission [2000] ECR I‑10157, and Mayr-Melnhof v Commission, cited in paragraph 222 above, paragraph 330). 
      
      381    In that regard, it has nevertheless been held that an undertaking which simply refrains, during the administrative procedure,
         from expressing any view on the Commission’s factual allegations, and thus from acknowledging the correctness of those allegations,
         does not in fact further the Commission’s task (Case C‑297/98 P SCA Holding v Commission [2000] ECR I‑10101, paragraph 37).
      
      382    Similarly, it is not sufficient for an undertaking to state in general terms that it does not contest the facts alleged, in
         accordance with the Leniency Notice, if, in the circumstances of the case, that statement is not of any help to the Commission
         at all (Case T‑48/00 Corus UK v Commission [2004] ECR II-2325, paragraph 193).
      
      383    Finally, a reduction under the Leniency Notice can be justified only where the information provided and, more generally, the
         conduct of the undertaking concerned might be considered to demonstrate genuine cooperation on its part. It is clear from
         the very concept of cooperation, as described in the Leniency Notice, and in particular in the introduction to and Section
         D(1) of that notice, that it is only where the conduct of the undertaking concerned reveals such a spirit of cooperation that
         a reduction may be granted on the basis of that notice (Dansk Rørindustri and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 82 above, paragraphs 395 and 396).
      
      384    It follows from all the foregoing that, in this case, the ambiguous acknowledgement by the applicant of certain facts alleged
         in the statement of objections, even though it contested certain others, did not contribute to facilitating the Commission’s
         task effectively enough for that acknowledgement to be taken into account in the application of the Leniency Notice. Thus,
         the Commission was entitled to consider, without making any manifest error of assessment, that that acknowledgement could
         not justify a reduction in the amount of its fine in the light of that notice, as interpreted by the case-law.
      
      385    It follows that the complaint alleging, in essence, an error as to the facts and/or a manifest error of assessment as to the
         applicant’s cooperation during the administrative procedure must be rejected as unfounded.
      
      D –  Breach of the principle of non-retroactivity of penalties
      386    At the hearing, the applicant submitted that, by applying the new criteria for setting fines contained in the Guidelines to
         infringements which took place before the adoption, in 1998, of those Guidelines, the Commission infringed the principle of
         non-retroactivity of penalties. 
      
      387    Without there being any need to consider the admissibility of this argument put forward at the hearing under Article 48(2)
         of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of First Instance, and in particular as to whether it is a new plea or merely supplements
         a plea contained in the application, with which it is closely connected, it is sufficient to observe that the Court of Justice
         and the Court of First Instance have already adjudicated on the validity of the argument in question.
      
      388    As stated in paragraphs 224 to 231 of the judgment in Dansk Rørindustri and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 82 above, in order to ensure that the principle of non-retroactivity is observed, it is necessary to
         ascertain whether the change in the Commission’s general competition policy in the matter of fines, resulting, inter alia,
         from the Guidelines was reasonably foreseeable at the time when the infringements concerned were committed.
      
      389    In that regard, the principal innovation under the Guidelines consists in taking as a starting point for the calculation of
         the basic amount of the fine, determined on the basis of ranges provided for in that regard, those ranges reflecting the different
         degrees of gravity of the infringements, but which, as such, bear no relation to the relevant turnover. That method is thus
         based essentially on a standard scale of fines, albeit a relative and flexible one.
      
      390    It is therefore important to consider whether that new method of calculating fines, even if it had an aggravating effect on
         the level of the fines imposed, was reasonably foreseeable at the time when the infringements concerned were committed.
      
      391    It is clear from the case-law of the Court of Justice that the fact that the Commission has, in the past, imposed fines of
         a certain level for certain types of infringement does not mean that it is estopped from raising that level within the limits
         indicated in Regulation No 17 if that is necessary to ensure the implementation of Community competition policy, but that,
         on the contrary, the proper application of the Community competition rules requires that the Commission may at any time adjust
         the level of fines to the needs of that policy (Musique Diffusion française and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 58 above, paragraph 109, and Case C‑196/99 P Aristrain v Commission [2003] ECR I‑11005).
      
      392    It follows that the undertakings involved in an administrative procedure which may give rise to a fine cannot acquire a legitimate
         expectation that the Commission will not exceed the level of fines imposed previously or that a particular method will be
         used to calculate such fines.
      
      393    Consequently, those undertakings must take account of the possibility that the Commission may, at any time, decide, in compliance
         with the rules governing its action, to raise the level of the amount of the fines compared with that applied in the past.
      
      394    That is true not only when the Commission raises the level of the amounts of fines which it imposes in individual decisions,
         but also when it raises them by the application, to particular cases, of rules of conduct having general application, such
         as the Guidelines.
      
      395    It is moreover clear from the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights that a law may still satisfy the requirement
         of foreseeability even if the person concerned has to take appropriate legal advice to assess, to a degree that is reasonable
         in the circumstances, the consequences which a given action may entail. This is particularly true in relation to persons carrying
         on a professional activity, who are used to having to proceed with a high degree of caution when pursuing their occupation.
         They can on this account be expected to take special care in assessing the risks that such activity entails (Eur. Court HR,
         Cantoni v. France, judgment of 15 November 1996, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1996-V, § 35). 
      
      396    It must therefore be concluded that the Guidelines and, in particular, the new method of calculating fines which they contain,
         even if it had an aggravating effect on the level of the fines imposed, were reasonably foreseeable for undertakings such
         as the applicant at the time when the infringement concerned was committed. 
      
      397    Accordingly, by applying in essence, in the Decision, the Guidelines to an infringement committed before their adoption, the
         Commission did not infringe the principle of non-retroactivity.
      
      398    It follows that the applicant’s complaint alleging breach of the principle of non-retroactivity of penalties must be rejected
         as unfounded.
      
      IV –  The fourth plea, alleging breach of the obligation of professional secrecy, the principle of good administration and the presumption
            of innocence
      A –  Arguments of the parties
      399    The applicant claims that, even before the Decision was adopted, the Commission provided the press with confidential information,
         thus infringing the obligation of professional secrecy under Article 287 EC, the principle of good administration and the
         presumption of innocence. 
      
      400    It points out that on Tuesday 2 July 2002, the Handelsblatt newspaper published an article headed ‘Degussa must pay over 100 million’. The article stated that the newspaper had been
         informed by sources close to the Commission in Brussels, and in particular reported that ‘Mr Monti [had] acknowledged that
         the Düsseldorf chemical group was the driving force behind a cartel on amino acids which, for a decade, [had] shared the market
         in animal feed additives through systematic price-fixing agreements’. 
      
      401    The information published could not have been obtained without the collaboration of a Commission official, which constitutes
         a breach of the obligation to respect professional secrecy laid down in Article 287 EC. The Court has held that, in inter partes procedures which are liable to result in the imposition of a penalty, the nature and amount of the penalty proposed are by
         their very nature covered by business secrecy until the penalty has been finally approved and announced. That principle follows,
         in particular, from the need to have due regard for the reputation and standing of the person concerned during a period in
         which no penalty has been imposed on that person (Volkswagen v Commission, cited in paragraph 153 above, paragraph 281). 
      
      402    The applicant submits that the manner in which the Commission informed the press is immaterial, since importance attaches
         only to the fact that the Commission caused a situation to arise in which the undertaking was informed by the press of the
         exact nature of the penalty which, in all probability, was to be imposed on it (Volkswagen v Commission, cited in paragraph 153 above, paragraph 281). The Commission has not expressly disputed the fact that one of its officials
         disclosed the confidential information in question. In any case, only the Commission could have been the source of that disclosure.
         In those circumstances, it is for the Commission to prove the contrary, particularly since the article in question mentioned
         that the information came from ‘sources close to the Commission in Brussels’. 
      
      403    The applicant further submits that the Commission infringed the principle of good administration enshrined in Article 41(1)
         of the Charter, under which ‘[e]very person has the right to have his or her affairs handled impartially, fairly and within
         a reasonable time by the institutions and bodies of the Union’. The disclosure of which the Commission was the source reveals
         its bias against the applicant.
      
      404    Finally, the Commission committed a breach of the principle of the presumption of innocence laid down in Article 6(2) of the
         ECHR and in Article 48(1) of the Charter, which is one of the fundamental rights of the Community legal order (Hüls v Commission, cited in paragraph 115 above, paragraph 149). Under the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights, the Court of Justice
         and the Court of First Instance, that principle applies to the procedures relating to infringements of the competition rules
         (Eur. Court HR, Öztürk v. Germany, cited in paragraph 38 above, § 46; Hüls v Commission, cited in paragraph 115 above, paragraph 150; and Volkswagen v Commission, cited in paragraph 153 above, paragraph 281). By revealing to the press the content of the decision before it was submitted
         to the College of Commissioners for deliberation, and therefore before the undertaking was found guilty, the Commission manifestly
         infringed the principle of the presumption of innocence. 
      
      405    The applicant rejects the Commission’s argument that the disclosure to the press of the information in question is not imputable
         to it. In the applicant’s view, it matters little whether the information was sent officially. Under Article 288 EC, the Commission
         is liable for an infringement committed by one of its officials where that infringement is directly connected with the performance
         of his duties (Case C-9/69 Sayag and Others [1969] ECR 329), which is the situation in this case. Whether or not the infringement was authorised by the Commission is
         therefore irrelevant, by analogy with holding an undertaking responsible for competition infringements committed by its staff
         (Musique Diffusion française and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 58 above, paragraphs 37 to 70 and 112).
      
      406    The applicant therefore concludes that the effectiveness of the protection of fundamental rights requires that the Decision
         be annulled on that basis (Case 222/84 Johnston [1986] ECR 1651, paragraph 19). That is made necessary by the fact that this type of infringement by the Commission is common
         (Suiker Unie and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 101 above, paragraph 90; Dunlop Slazenger v Commission, cited in paragraph 114 above, paragraph 27; and Volkswagen v Commission, cited in paragraph 153 above). Moreover, the case-law according to which such an irregularity justifies annulment of the
         decision only if it is established that, had that irregularity not occurred, the decision in question would have had a different
         content has manifestly had no deterrent effect and requires of the undertaking proof which it is unable to provide. That case-law
         therefore fails to satisfy the requirement of effective protection of the rights in question and puts the undertaking concerned
         in a disadvantageous position vis-à-vis its customers, staff and shareholders and the media, in disregard of the principle
         of ‘equality of arms’.
      
      407    The applicant is thus of the opinion that it is sufficient to demonstrate that it is possible that the Decision might have
         had a different content had it not been for the premature disclosure of the information in question, as has been held with
         regard to procedural irregularities (Case 68/86 United Kingdom v Council [1988] ECR 855, paragraph 49, and Joined Cases T‑39/92 and T‑40/92 CB and Europay v Commission [1994] ECR II‑49, paragraph 58). That is the situation in this case, given that the disclosure of the content of the Decision
         before its adoption made it impossible for the Commission to adopt a decision differing from the announcement made to the
         press, which would have constituted a disavowal of the member of the Commission responsible for competition, which is hardly
         conceivable. 
      
      408    The Commission contends that this plea is unfounded.
      
      B –  Findings of the Court
      409    It must be recalled that Article 287 EC requires the members, officials and other servants of the institutions of the Community
         ‘not to disclose information of the kind covered by the obligation of professional secrecy, in particular information about
         undertakings, their business relations or their cost components’. Although that provision refers primarily to information
         gathered from undertakings, the adverbial phrase ‘in particular’ shows that the principle in question is a general one which
         applies equally to other confidential information (Case 145/83 Adams v Commission [1985] ECR 3539, paragraph 34, and Case T‑353/94 Postbank v Commission [1996] ECR II‑921, paragraph 86).
      
      410    It must be pointed out that, in inter partes procedures which are liable to result in the imposition of a penalty, the nature and amount of the penalty proposed are by
         their very nature covered by business secrecy until the penalty has been finally approved and announced. That principle follows,
         in particular, from the need to have due regard for the reputation and standing of the person concerned during a period in
         which no penalty has been imposed on that person (Volkswagen v Commission, cited in paragraph 153 above, paragraph 281).
      
      411    Consequently, the Commission’s duty not to disclose to the press information on the specific penalty envisaged is coterminous
         not only with its obligation to respect professional secrecy, but also with its duty of good administration. Finally, it must
         be recalled that the principle of the presumption of innocence applies to the procedures relating to infringements of the
         competition rules applicable to undertakings that may result in the imposition of fines or periodic penalty payments (Hüls v Commission, cited in paragraph 115 above, paragraph 150; Eur. Court HR, Öztürkv.Germany, cited in paragraph 38 above; and Lutzv.Germany, cited in paragraph 115 above). That presumption is clearly not respected by the Commission where, prior to formally imposing
         a penalty on the undertaking charged, it informs the press of the proposed finding which has been submitted to the Advisory
         Committee and the College of Commissioners for deliberation (Volkswagen v Commission, cited in paragraph 153 above, paragraph 281).
      
      412    However, in this case, it must be observed that, contrary to the situation which gave rise to the judgment in Volkswagen v Commission, cited in paragraph 153 above, it is not established that the Commission was behind the disclosure by the press of the content
         of the Decision. Whereas, in the aforementioned case, it was common ground that the member of the Commission responsible for
         competition at the material time had announced to the press, even before the Commission’s decision, the amount of the fine
         which would be imposed on Volkswagen, in the present case, the applicant itself states that the article in question merely
         mentions that the information came from sources close to the Commission (‘Kommissionskreisen’). Moreover, contrary to the
         applicant’s assertions, it must be observed that the Commission has not admitted any responsibility in that regard. Although
         it is likely that the Commission may have been the source of that leak, that mere possibility is not sufficient, as the applicant
         claims, to place on the Commission the burden of proving the contrary.
      
      413    In any event, even if it may be accepted that Commission staff are indeed responsible for the disclosure reported by the press
         article to which the applicant refers, that circumstance has no bearing on the lawfulness of the Decision.
      
      414    First, as regards the applicant’s argument that the disclosure in question demonstrates the Commission’s bias against it,
         it must be observed that the reality of an infringement which has actually been proved at the end of an administrative procedure
         cannot be called into question by evidence of the Commission’s premature display of its belief as to the existence of that
         infringement and of the amount of the fine which it therefore envisages imposing on an undertaking. Indeed, it has been stated,
         during the examination of the various pleas put forward by the applicant, that the Decision is properly founded in fact and
         in law as regards the existence of the constituent elements of the infringement.
      
      415    Nor can it be claimed that disclosure by the Commission of the content of a decision at the end of the administrative procedure
         and just prior to its formal adoption is, on its own, sufficient to show that the Commission prejudged the case or lacked
         objectivity in its investigation (see, to that effect, Volkswagen v Commission, cited in paragraph 153 above, paragraphs 270 to 272).
      
      416    It is settled case-law that an irregularity such as that alleged by the applicant may lead to annulment of the decision in
         question if it is established that the content of that decision would have differed if that irregularity had not occurred
         (Suiker Unie and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 101 above, paragraph 91; Dunlop Slazenger v Commission, cited in paragraph 114 above, paragraph 29; and Volkswagen v Commission, cited in paragraph 153 above, paragraph 283). 
      
      417    In this case, however, the applicant has furnished no such proof. There are no grounds for believing that, if the information
         in question had not been disclosed, the College of Commissioners would have altered the proposed amount of the fine or the
         proposed content of the decision. Moreover, contrary to the applicant’s purely hypothetical allegations, having regard to
         the principle of collegiate responsibility with which the Commission’s decisions must comply, it cannot be presumed that the
         members of the Commission were influenced by a feeling of solidarity towards their colleague responsible for competition,
         or that they were in fact prevented from imposing a fine of a lower amount. 
      
      418    It follows that this plea must be rejected.
      
      419    None of the applicant’s arguments can call that conclusion into question.
      
      420    The applicant claims that the case-law cited above does not satisfy the requirements arising from the principle of effective
         judicial protection. In order to comply with that principle, it is necessary to regard as evidence sufficient to justify annulment
         of the Decision the existence of a possibility that the content of the Decision might have been different if the revelation
         in question had not occurred.
      
      421    In that regard, it should be recalled that, according to settled case-law, individuals are entitled to effective judicial
         protection of the rights they derive from the Community legal order, and the right to such protection is one of the general
         principles of law stemming from the constitutional traditions common to the Member States. That right has also been enshrined
         in Articles 6 and 13 of the ECHR (see, inter alia, Johnston, cited in paragraph 406 above, paragraph 18; Case C‑424/99 Commission v Austria [2001] ECR I‑9285, paragraph 45; and Case C‑50/00 P Unión de Pequeños Agricultores v Council [2002] ECR I‑6677, paragraph 39).
      
      422    However, that principle must be reconciled with the principle of legal certainty and the presumption that acts of the Community
         institutions are lawful (Case C‑137/92 P Commission v BASF and Others [1994] ECR I‑2555, paragraph 48), which implies that it is for the person relying on the unlawfulness of such an act to adduce
         the necessary proof.
      
      423    As has been stated above, the alleged disclosure by the Commission of the content of a decision before its formal adoption
         cannot, in itself, unlike non-compliance with essential procedural requirements, have any bearing whatsoever on the lawfulness
         of the decision in question.
      
      424    Moreover, it must be observed, first, that the approach adopted by the case-law cited in paragraph 416 above neither precludes
         the applicant from proving that the Decision is unlawful on account of the irregularity found nor renders such proof excessively
         difficult, and, second, that, even if the applicant does not succeed in demonstrating that the Decision would have been different
         had that irregularity not occurred, the action provided for in the second paragraph of Article 288 EC enables the applicant,
         where appropriate, to claim compensation for the damage caused by the Community as a result of it.
      
      425    Consequently, there is no reason to consider that the principle of effective judicial protection precludes the requirement
         that, where there is an irregularity of the type alleged in this case, it is for the applicant, in order to justify annulment
         of the Decision, to demonstrate that its content would have been different had that irregularity not occurred.
      
      426    It follows from the foregoing that the plea alleging breach of professional secrecy, of the principle of good administration
         and of the presumption of innocence must be rejected.
      
       Conclusion
      427    In accordance with paragraph 254 above, the Court considers that the basic amount of the fine calculated according to the
         gravity of the applicant’s infringement must be reduced from EUR 35 million to EUR 30 million. In accordance with paragraph
         342 above, that amount must be increased, in the applicant’s case, by 80%, to EUR 54 million in order to ensure that the fine
         has a sufficient deterrent effect. 
      
      428    In addition, it has been found that the Commission correctly established the duration of the infringement, which justifies
         a 125% increase in that amount. Finally, account must be taken of the 25% reduction in the fine which the Commission granted
         to the applicant under the first indent of Section D(2) of the Leniency Notice. 
      
      429    It follows from all the foregoing that the amount of the fine imposed on the applicant must be reduced to EUR 91 125 000.
      
       Costs
      430    Under Article 87(3) of the Rules of Procedure, where each party succeeds on some and fails on other heads of claim, the Court
         of First Instance may order that the costs be shared or that each party bear its own costs, it being understood that, under
         Article 87(4) of those Rules of Procedure, the Member States and institutions which intervened in the proceedings are to bear
         their own costs. Since the action has been upheld only in part, the Court considers that, on a fair assessment of the circumstances
         of the case, the applicant must be ordered to bear its own costs and 75% of those incurred by the Commission, and that the
         Commission must be ordered to bear 25% of its own costs.
      
      On those grounds,
      THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE (Third Chamber)
      hereby:
      1.      Reduces the amount of the fine imposed on the applicant in Article 3 of Commission Decision 2003/674/EC of 2 July 2002 relating
            to a proceeding pursuant to Article 81 of the EC Treaty and Article 53 of the EEA Agreement (Case C.37.519 – Methionine) to
            EUR 91 125 000;
      2.      Dismisses the remainder of the application;
      3.      Orders the applicant to bear its own costs and to pay 75% of those incurred by the Commission;
      4.      Orders the Commission to bear 25% of its own costs;
      5.      Orders the Council to bear its own costs.
      
      
               Jaeger 
            
            
               Tiili 
            
            
               Czúcz
            
         
      Delivered in open court in Luxembourg on 5 April 2006.
      
      
               E. Coulon 
            
             
            
                     M. Jaeger
            
         
               Registrar 
            
             
            
                     President
            
         Table of contents
      
      Facts
      Procedure and forms of order sought by the parties
      Law
      I –  The first plea, alleging breach of the principle that penalties must have a proper legal basis
      A –  The objection of illegality raised against Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17
      1.  Arguments of the parties
      2.  Findings of the Court
      B –  Interpretation of Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 in the light of the principle that penalties must have a proper legal
         basis
      
      II –  The second plea, alleging an error of assessment regarding the single and continuous nature and the duration of the
         infringement
      
      A –  Interruption of the infringement between 1988 and 1992
      1.  Arguments of the parties
      2.  Findings of the Court
      a)  The applicant’s participation in an agreement and/or concerted practice between 1988 and 1992
      The period from the end of 1988 to late summer 1990
      The period from late summer 1990 to March 1992
      b)  The single and continuous nature of the infringement
      B –  End of the infringement
      1.  Arguments of the parties
      2.  Findings of the Court
      C –  Suspension of the cartel
      III –  The third plea, alleging errors of assessment, error in law and as to the facts, breach of the principles of proportionality,
         equal treatment and non-retroactivity of penalties and of the duty to state reasons in the determination of the amount of
         the fine
      
      A –  Gravity of the infringement
      1.  The statement of reasons for the gravity of the infringement
      a)  Arguments of the parties
      b)  Findings of the Court
      2.  Size of the relevant geographic market
      a)  Arguments of the parties
      b)  Findings of the Court
      3.  Assessment of the impact of the infringement on the market
      a)  Arguments of the parties
      b)  Findings of the Court
      4.  Conclusion on the determination of the amount of the fine according to the gravity of the infringement
      B –  The increase in the fine in order to ensure a sufficient deterrent effect
      1.  Error in law and error as to the facts concerning the applicant’s turnover
      a)  Arguments of the parties
      b)  Findings of the Court
      The taking into account of the applicant’s turnover for 2000
      Error as to the facts regarding the amount of the applicant’s turnover for 2000
      2.  Breach of the principle that penalties must have a basis in law, of the obligation to state reasons and of the principles
         of proportionality and equal treatment in the increase in the amount of the fine for deterrent effect
      
      a)  Breach of the principle that penalties must have a basis in law and of the obligation to state reasons
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      b)  Breach of the principles of proportionality and equal treatment
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      3.  Error of assessment regarding the deterrent effect of the fine in the light of the applicant’s conduct after the termination
         of the infringement
      
      a)  Arguments of the parties
      b)  Findings of the Court
      C –  The applicant’s cooperation
      1.  Arguments of the parties
      2.  Findings of the Court
      D –  Breach of the principle of non-retroactivity of penalties
      IV –  The fourth plea, alleging breach of the obligation of professional secrecy, the principle of good administration and
         the presumption of innocence
      
      A –  Arguments of the parties
      B –  Findings of the Court
      Conclusion
      Costs
      * Language of the case: German.