CELEX: 62003TJ0217
Language: en
Date: 2006-12-13
Title: Judgment of the Court of First Instance (First Chamber) of 13 December 2006. # Fédération nationale de la coopération bétail et viande (FNCBV) (T-217/03) and Fédération nationale des syndicats d'exploitants agricoles (FNSEA) and Others (T-245/03) v Commission of the European Communities. # Competition - Article 81(1) EC - Beef - Suspension of imports - Fixing of a union price scale - Regulation No 26 - Associations of undertakings - Restriction of competition - Trade union action - Effect on trade between Member States - Obligation to state reasons - Guidelines on the method of setting fines - Principle of proportionality - Gravity and duration of the infringement - Aggravating and attenuating circumstances - Prohibition of multiple sanctions - Rights of the defence. # Joined cases T-217/03 and T-245/03.

Joined Cases T‑217/03 and T‑245/03
      Fédération nationale de la coopération bétail and viande (FNCBV) and Others
      v
      Commission of the European Communities
      (Competition – Article 81(1) EC – Beef – Suspension of imports – Fixing of a union price scale – Regulation No 26 – Associations of undertakings – Restriction of competition – Trade union action – Effect on trade between Member States – Obligation to state reasons – Guidelines on the method of setting fines – Principle of proportionality – Gravity and duration of the infringement – Aggravating and attenuating circumstances – Prohibition of multiple sanctions – Rights of the defence)
      Judgment of the Court of First Instance (First Chamber), 13 December 2006 
      Summary of the Judgment
      1.     Competition – Community rules – Associations of undertakings – Definition 
      (Art. 81(1) EC)
      2.     Competition – Community rules – Associations of undertakings – Definition 
      (Art. 81(1), EC)
      3.     Competition – Agreements, decisions and concerted practices – Effect on trade between Member States
      (Art. 81(1) EC)
      4.     Competition – Agreements, decisions and concerted practices – Adverse effect on competition – Price-fixing
      (Art. 81(1) EC)
      5.     Competition – Agreements, decisions and concerted practices – Prohibition – National legal framework for concluding the agreement
            
      (Art. 81 EC)
      6.     Competition – Community rules – Material scope of application
      (Art. 81 EC)
      7.     Agriculture – Competition rules – Regulation No 26 
      (Arts 33 EC, 36 EC and 81(1) EC; Council Regulation No 26, Art. 2(1))
      8.     Competition – Administrative procedure – Statement of objections – Necessary content 
      (Council Regulation No 17; Commission Regulation No 99/63, Art. 4)
      9.     Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination
      (Art. 253 EC; Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2))
      10.   Objection of illegality – Scope – Measures the illegality of which may be pleaded 
      (Art. 241 EC; Commission Notice 98/C 9/03)
      11.   Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination
      (Art. 81(1) EC; Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2))
      12.   Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Maximum amount 
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2))
      13.   Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Criteria – Duration of the infringement
      (Art. 81(1) EC; Commission Notice 98/C 9/03)
      14.   Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Criteria – Gravity of the infringement – Aggravating circumstances 
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2))
      15.   Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Maximum amount 
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2))
      16.   Competition – Fines – Commission decision finding an infringement adopted after a Commission decision not amenable to review
            penalising or exonerating the same undertaking
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15)
      17.   Competition – Fines – Amount – Discretion of the Commission – Judicial review – Unlimited jurisdiction 
      1.     Article 81(1) EC applies to associations in so far as their own activities or those of the undertakings belonging to them
         are calculated to produce the results which it aims to suppress. Having regard to the purpose of that provision, the concept
         of an association of undertakings must be understood as capable of applying to associations which themselves consist of associations
         of undertakings.
      
      For an agreement between undertakings to fall within the ambit of that provision, it is not necessary for the associations
         in question to be able to compel their members to fulfil the obligations imposed on them by the agreement.
      
      (see paras 49, 89)
      2.     In the context of competition law, the concept of an undertaking encompasses every entity engaged in an economic activity,
         irrespective of its legal status and the way in which it is financed. Any activity consisting in offering goods and services
         on a given market is an economic activity.
      
      The activity of farmers, whether arable or stock farmers, is certainly of an economic nature. Their activity is indeed the
         production of goods which they offer for sale in return for payment. Consequently, farmers constitute undertakings within
         the meaning of Article 81(1) EC.
      
      Therefore the unions which bring them together and represent them, and the federations which bring the unions together, may
         be described as associations of undertakings for the purpose of applying that provision.
      
      This conclusion cannot be undermined by the fact that local unions may also bring together farmers’ spouses. First, the spouses
         of arable or stock farmers who are themselves members of a local farmers’ union probably share in the tasks of the family
         farm. Second, in any case the mere fact that an association of undertakings may also bring together persons or entities that
         cannot be described as undertakings is not sufficient to affect its status as an association within the meaning of Article
         81(1) EC. Likewise, the argument that, where a farm takes the form of a partnership, it is not the partnership that, through
         its representative, joins the union, but each of the partners, must be dismissed. What is important for the purpose of classifying
         an undertaking is not its legal status or the form of farm in question, but the activity of the farm and those who share in
         it.
      
      (see paras 52-55)
      3.     Article 81(1) EC applies only to agreements which may affect trade between Member States. For an agreement between undertakings
         to be capable of affecting trade between Member States, it must be possible to foresee with a sufficient degree of probability
         and on the basis of objective factors of law or fact that it may have an influence, direct or indirect, actual or potential,
         on the pattern of trade between Member States, such as might prejudice the realisation of the aim of a single market between
         the Member States.
      
      Where the infringement in which an undertaking or association of undertakings participated is apt to affect trade between
         Member States, the Commission is not required to demonstrate that the individual participation of that undertaking or association
         of undertakings has affected intra-Community trade.
      
      Practices restricting competition which extend over the whole territory of a Member State have, by their very nature, the
         effect of reinforcing compartmentalisation of national markets, thereby holding up the economic interpenetration which the
         Treaty is intended to bring about. Lastly, where the market concerned is susceptible to imports, the members of a national
         price cartel can retain their market share only if they defend themselves against foreign competition.
      
      (see paras 63, 66-67)
      4.     Article 81(1) EC expressly provides that measures which directly or indirectly fix purchase or selling prices constitute restrictions
         of competition. Price fixing is a patent restriction of competition.
      
      An agreement concluded by federations representing farmers and federations representing slaughterers and fixing minimum prices
         for certain categories of cows, with the aim of making them binding on all traders in the markets in question, has the object
         of restricting competition in those markets, inter alia by limiting artificially the commercial negotiating margin of farmers
         and slaughterers and distorting the formation of prices in the markets in question.
      
      This conclusion cannot be undermined by the argument that the agricultural markets are regulated markets where the competition
         rules do not automatically apply and where the formation of prices quite often does not answer to the free operation of supply
         and demand. No doubt the agricultural sector has certain specific features and is the object of very detailed regulation which
         is frequently rather interventionist. However, the Community competition rules apply to the markets for agricultural products,
         even if certain exceptions are provided for to take account of the particular situation of those markets.
      
      Moreover, the agreement in question does not cease to be restrictive merely because the minimum prices are fixed by reference
         to the government intervention price. Reference to that price does not mean that the minimum price scale loses its anti-competitive
         object consisting in fixing directly and artificially a predetermined market price or that it can be treated in the same way
         as the various government support and intervention schemes in the common organisations of the agricultural markets which have
         the object of stabilising markets characterised by excess supply by means of withdrawing a part of production.
      
      (see paras 83, 85-87)
      5.     The legal framework within which agreements between undertakings prohibited by Article 81 EC are made and the classification
         given to that framework by the various national legal systems are irrelevant as far as the applicability of the Community
         rules on competition are concerned. Moreover, the alleged inadequacy of government measures to deal with the problems of a
         particular sector cannot justify the private operators concerned in engaging in practices contrary to the competition rules
         or in claiming to arrogate to themselves rights which are those of public authorities, either national or Community, in order
         to substitute their own measures for those of the authorities.
      
      Likewise, the fact that conduct on the part of undertakings was known, authorised or even encouraged by national authorities
         has no bearing, in any event, on the applicability of Article 81 EC. Furthermore, the crisis in a sector cannot, on its own,
         preclude Article 81(1) EC from applying.
      
      (see paras 90-92)
      6.     Agreements concluded in the context of collective negotiations between management and labour in pursuit of measures to improve
         conditions of work and employment must, by virtue of their nature and purpose, be regarded as falling outside the scope of
         Article 81(1) EC. However, an agreement concluded by federations representing farmers and federations representing slaughterers
         aimed at fixing minimum prices for the purchase of cows by slaughterers and suspending beef imports must be held to come within
         the scope of the prohibitions laid down in Article 81 EC.
      
      (see paras 98-100)
      7.     The maintenance of effective competition in the markets for agricultural products is one of the objectives of the common agricultural
         policy. Whilst Article 36 EC has conferred on the Council responsibility for determining the extent to which the Community
         competition rules are applicable to the production of and trade in agricultural products, in order to take account of the
         particular position of the markets for those products, that provision nevertheless established the principle that the Community
         competition rules are applicable in the agricultural sector.
      
      Constituting as it does a derogation, Article 2(1) of Regulation No 26, which provides that Article 81(1) EC does not apply
         to agreements, decisions and practices which are necessary for the attainment of the objectives of the common agricultural
         policy, must be interpreted strictly. Furthermore, that provision applies only if the agreement in question is conducive to
         attainment of all the objectives of Article 33 EC, it being understood that, given that those objectives are sometimes divergent,
         the Commission may try to reconcile them. Lastly, for the purpose of applying that derogation, measures cannot be regarded
         as necessary for the attainment of the objectives of the common agricultural policy unless they are proportionate.
      
      (see paras 197-199, 208)
      8.     Observance of the rights of the defence is, in all proceedings in which sanctions, in particular fines, may be imposed, a
         fundamental principle of Community law which must be respected even if the proceedings in question are administrative proceedings.
         In accordance with that principle, the statement of objections is an essential procedural safeguard which must set forth clearly
         all the essential facts upon which the Commission is relying at that stage of the procedure.
      
      Where the Commission expressly states in its statement of objections that it will consider whether it is appropriate to impose
         fines on the undertakings and it indicates the main factual and legal criteria capable of giving rise to a fine, such as the
         gravity and the duration of the alleged infringement and whether that infringement was committed intentionally or negligently,
         it fulfils its obligation to respect the undertakings’ right to be heard. In doing so, it provides them with the necessary
         means to defend themselves not only against the finding of an infringement but also against the imposition of fines.
      
      To give indications in the statement of objections as regards the level of the fines envisaged, before the undertaking has
         been invited to submit its observations on the allegations against it, would be to anticipate the Commission’s decision. All
         the more so, to raise in the statement of objections the question whether the fine which may be imposed by the final decision
         will adhere to the 10% maximum would also anticipate the decision and would thus be inappropriate.
      
      (see paras 217-218, 222)
      9.     Where the Commission imposes a fine on an individual undertaking which is the perpetrator of an infringement, it is not necessarily
         required, in the absence of specific circumstances, to state express reasons for adhering to the maximum 10% of the turnover
         of the undertaking in question. The latter must be aware of the existence of that legal limit and the specific amount of its
         turnover and can then ascertain, even without any reasons in the decision in question, whether or not the 10% maximum was
         exceeded by the fine imposed on that undertaking.
      
      On the other hand, where the Commission sanctions an association of undertakings and ensures that the legal limit of 10% of
         the turnover on the basis of the aggregate turnover of all or some of the members of the association is not exceeded, it must
         state this expressly in its decision and must set out the reasons which justify taking the members’ turnover into account.
         If reasons are not given, the persons concerned will not know the justification for the decision and will not be able to ensure
         properly that the legal limit was adhered to in the particular case.
      
      (see paras 238-239)
      10.   Although the Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 and Article 65(5)
         of the ECSC Treaty are not the legal basis of the decision imposing a fine on a trader, that decision being based on Regulation
         No 17, they determine, in a general and abstract manner, the method by which the Commission has bound itself in setting the
         amount of fines. Therefore, there is a direct link between that decision and the Guidelines, with the result that they may
         form the subject‑matter of an objection of illegality.
      
      (see para. 250)
      11.   Cartels relating to prices or the partitioning of markets are by nature very serious infringements. Therefore the Commission
         did not infringe the principle of proportionality by stating in Section 1A of the Guidelines on the method of setting fines
         imposed pursuant to Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 and Article 65(5) of the ECSC Treaty that those kinds of infringements
         are to be regarded as very serious, for which a starting amount of EUR 20 million is provided. 
      
      In any event, the flat-rate amounts provided for by the Guidelines are merely indicative and therefore cannot in themselves
         give rise to an infringement of the principle of proportionality.
      
      (see paras 252-253)
      12.   Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17, in providing that the Commission may impose fines of up to 10% of turnover during the preceding
         business year for each undertaking which participated in the infringement, requires only that the fine eventually imposed
         on an undertaking be reduced if it should exceed 10% of its turnover, irrespective of the intermediate stages in the calculation
         intended to take account of the gravity and duration of the infringement. Consequently, Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17
         does not prohibit the Commission from referring, during its calculation, to an intermediate amount exceeding 10% of the turnover
         of the undertaking concerned, provided that the amount of the fine eventually imposed on the undertaking does not exceed that
         maximum limit. This consideration also applies to the maximum amount of EUR 1 million.
      
      (see para. 255)
      13.   In the light of Section 1B of the Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 15(2) of Regulation
         No 17 and Article 65(5) of the ECSC Treaty, which provides that the duration of the infringement may entail a possible increase
         in the amount of the fine established on the basis of gravity, it seems that the very short duration of the infringement,
         less than one year, means merely that no additional amount should be imposed on the amount calculated by reference to the
         gravity of the infringement. In any event, the fact that an infringement was of very short duration does not call into question
         the existence of an infringement of Article 81(1) EC.
      
      (see paras 134, 257-258)
      14.   Secret continuation of an agreement after the Commission has ordered the participating undertakings or associations of undertakings
         to put an end to that agreement, and the use of violence in order to compel a party to adopt an agreement or to ensure that
         the agreement is being applied, are among the aggravating circumstances which the Commission may take into account in increasing
         the amount of a fine imposed pursuant to Article 81 EC.
      
      (see paras 271, 278-289)
      15.   Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 does not prevent the Commission from imposing fines of more than EUR 1 000 000 on associations
         which allegedly have no turnover. The use of the general term ‘infringement’ in Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17, inasmuch
         as it covers without distinction agreements, concerted practices and decisions of associations of undertakings, indicates
         that the upper limits laid down in that provision apply in the same way to agreements and concerted practices as to decisions
         of associations of undertakings. Where an association of undertakings has no economic activity of its own or where its turnover
         does not reveal the influence it may have on the market, the Commission may, under certain conditions, take into consideration
         the turnover of its members for the purpose of calculating the maximum fine which may be imposed on it.
      
      Although in that provision the only express reference to the turnover of the undertaking concerns the upper limit of a fine
         exceeding EUR 1 000 000, Section 5(a) of the Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 15(2) of
         Regulation No 17 and Article 65(5) of the ECSC Treaty, by which the Commission has bound itself, states that the final amount
         of fine calculated may not in any case exceed 10% of the worldwide turnover of the undertakings, as laid down by Article 15(2)
         of Regulation No 17. The limit of 10% of turnover must accordingly be observed, even with regard to the setting of fines of
         less than EUR 1 million.
      
      Moreover, the upper limit of 10% of the turnover must be calculated by reference to the turnover achieved by each of the undertakings
         that are parties to the agreements and concerted practices or by all the members of the associations of undertakings, at least
         where the internal rules of the association empower it to bind its members. The possibility of taking into account for that
         purpose the turnover of all the undertakings that are members of an association is justified by the fact that, in determining
         the amount of the fines, account may be taken inter alia of such influence as the undertaking may have been able to exercise
         in the market, in particular by reason of its size and economic power, of which its turnover may give an indication, and the
         deterrent effect that fines must have. The influence which an association of undertakings may have had on the market depends
         not on its own turnover, which reveals neither its size nor its economic power, but rather on the turnover of its members
         which gives an indication of its size and economic power.
      
      However, the possibility must not be ruled out that, in certain cases, the turnover of the members of an association could
         also be taken into account even if the association does not possess formal power to bind its members, there being no internal
         rules enabling it to do so. The Commission’s option of imposing fines of an amount appropriate to the infringements at issue
         could otherwise be jeopardised, as associations with a very small turnover but bringing together a large number of undertakings
         which could not be formally bound but which together have a substantial turnover could be sanctioned only by very small fines,
         even if the infringements for which they were responsible could have a considerable influence on the markets in question.
         Furthermore, this eventuality would run counter to the need to ensure that sanctions for infringements of the Community competition
         rules have a deterrent effect.
      
      Therefore, other specific circumstances, beyond the existence of internal rules enabling the association to bind its members,
         may justify taking account of the aggregate turnover of the members of the association in question. This applies in particular
         to cases where an infringement on the part of an association involves its members’ activities and where the anti-competitive
         practices at issue are engaged in by the association directly for the benefit of its members and in cooperation with them,
         the association having no objective interests independent of those of its members. Although, in some of those situations,
         the Commission could impose individual fines on each of the member undertakings in addition to sanctioning the association
         in question, this could be particularly difficult or impossible where the number of members is very large.
      
      In those cases, in any event, the option of taking into account the turnover of the basic members of the associations of undertakings
         must, however, be confined, in principle, to those of their members who operated in the markets affected by the infringements
         sanctioned in the contested decision.
      
      Furthermore, taking into account the turnover of the members of an association of undertakings in determining the 10% limit
         does not mean that a fine has been imposed on them or even that the association in question has an obligation to recover the
         amount of the fine from its members.
      
      (see paras 313-314, 317-319, 325, 343)
      16.   The principle ne bis in idem is a general principle of Community law which is upheld by the Community courts. In the field of Community competition law,
         the principle precludes an undertaking from being sanctioned by the Commission or made the defendant to proceedings brought
         by the Commission a second time in respect of anti-competitive conduct for which it has already been penalised or of which
         it has been exonerated by a previous decision of the Commission that is not amenable to challenge. The application of the
         principle ne bis in idem is subject to the threefold condition of identity of the facts, unity of offender and unity of the legal interest protected.
         Under that principle, therefore, the same person cannot be sanctioned more than once for a single unlawful course of conduct
         designed to protect the same legal asset. However, it does not prohibit the sanctioning of a number of different associations
         of undertakings which participated in a single infringement by reason of the participation and the degree of responsibility
         of each one of them in the infringement, even if some of them are members of the others. 
      
      (see paras 340-344)
      17.   While the Commission has discretion in setting the amount of fines imposed for infringements of the Community competition
         rules, the Court has, by virtue of Article 17 of Regulation No 17, unlimited jurisdiction within the meaning of Article 229
         EC to review decisions whereby the Commission has fixed a fine and may, consequently, cancel, reduce or increase the fine
         imposed. Under that unlimited jurisdiction, the Court may, inter alia, adjust the amount of the reduction in the fine granted
         by the Commission to an undertaking or an association of undertakings as one of the circumstances provided for in Section
         5(b) of the Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 and Article 65(5)
         of the ECSC Treaty.
      
      (see paras 352, 355-361)
JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE (First Chamber)
      13 December 2006 (*)
      
      (Competition – Article 81(1) EC – Beef – Suspension of imports – Fixing of a union price scale – Regulation No 26 – Associations of undertakings – Restriction of competition – Trade union action – Effect on trade between Member States – Obligation to state reasons – Guidelines on the method of setting fines – Principle of proportionality – Gravity and duration of the infringement – Aggravating and attenuating circumstances – Prohibition of multiple sanctions – Rights of the defence)
      In Joined Cases T‑217/03 and T‑245/03,
      Fédération nationale de la coopération bétail and viande (FNCBV), established in Paris (France), represented by R. Collin, M. Ponsard and N. Decker, lawyers,
      
      applicant in Case T‑217/03,
      Fédération nationale des syndicats d’exploitants agricoles (FNSEA), established in Paris, 
      
      Fédération nationale bovine (FNB), established in Paris,
      
      Fédération nationale des producteurs de lait (FNPL), established in Paris,
      
      Jeunes agriculteurs (JA), established in Paris, 
      
      represented by B. Neouze and V. Ledoux, lawyers,
      applicants in Case T‑245/03,
      supported by
      French Republic, represented initially by G. de Bergues, F. Million and R. Abraham, and subsequently by M. de Bergues, E. Belliard and S. Ramet,
         acting as Agents,
      
      intervener,
      v
      Commission of the European Communities, represented by P. Oliver, A. Bouquet and O. Beynet, acting as Agents,
      
      defendant,
      APPLICATIONS, principally, for annulment of Commission Decision 2003/600/EC of 2 April 2003 relating to a proceeding pursuant
         to Article 81 EC (Case COMP/C.38.279/F3 – French beef) (OJ 2003 L 209, p. 12) and, alternatively, an application for the cancellation
         or reduction of the fines imposed by that decision,
      
      THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES (First Chamber),
      composed of R. García-Valdecasas, President, J.D. Cooke and I. Labucka, Judges,
      Registrar: E. Coulon,
      having regard to the written procedure and further to the hearing on 17 May 2006,
      gives the following
      Judgment 
       Legal context
      1       Article 1 of Regulation No 26 of 4 April 1962 applying certain rules of competition to production of and trade in agricultural
         products (OJ, English Special Edition 1959-1962, p. 129) provides that Articles [81] to [86] EC and provisions made in implementation
         thereof shall, subject to Article 2 of that regulation, apply to all agreements, decisions and practices referred to in Articles
         [81](1) and [82] EC which relate to production of or trade in the products listed in Annex [I] to the Treaty, including in
         particular live animals and meat and edible meat offals.
      
      2       Article 2(1) of that regulation provides as follows:
      ‘Article 81[1] EC shall not apply to such of the agreements, decisions and practices referred to in the preceding Article
         as form an integral part of a national market organisation or are necessary for attainment of the objectives set out in Article
         [33 EC]. In particular, it shall not apply to agreements, decisions and practices of farmers, farmers’ associations, or associations
         of such associations belonging to a single member State which concern the production or sale of agricultural products or the
         use of joint facilities for the storage, treatment or processing of agricultural products, and under which there is no obligation
         to charge identical prices, unless the Commission finds that competition is thereby excluded or that the objectives of Article
         [33 EC] are jeopardised.’
      
       Facts 
      3       The applicant in Case T‑217/03, the Fédération nationale de la coopération bétail et viande (FNCBV), comprises 300 cooperative
         groups of producers in the cattle, pig and sheep-farming sectors and some 30 slaughter and meat-processing groups or undertakings
         in France.
      
      4       The applicants in Case T‑245/03, namely the Fédération nationale des syndicats d’exploitants agricoles (FNSEA), the Fédération
         nationale bovine (FNB), the Fédération nationale des producteurs de lait (FNPL) and Jeunes agriculteurs (JA), are unions governed
         by French law. FNSEA is the main French farmers’ union. Territorially it consists of local unions grouped together in departmental
         (département) federations or unions of farmers (FDSEA or UDSEA). In each region federations coordinate the activities of FDSEA
         and UDSEA. In addition, FNSEA comprises 33 specialised associations representing the interests of each type of producer, including
         FNB and FNPL. Lastly, JA represents farmers under 35 years of age. To be a member of the local centre of JA, it is necessary
         to be a member of a local union belonging to FDSEA or UDSEA.
      
      I –  Second ‘mad cow’ crisis
      5       From October 2000, new cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy, commonly known as ‘mad cow’ disease, were discovered in
         several Member States. At the same time, there was an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in sheep in the United Kingdom. This
         situation caused a loss of confidence on the part of consumers, which had an impact on meat consumption in general in Europe
         and created a new crisis in the beef sector. There was a sharp drop in beef consumption, particularly in France, and also
         a substantial reduction in French imports and exports. Likewise producer prices of adult cattle fell very considerably in
         France, while final consumer prices remained relatively stable. 
      
      6       To meet this crisis, the Community institutions adopted a whole series of measures. The scope of the intervention mechanisms
         for withdrawing certain quantities of cattle from the market so as to stabilise supply in relation to demand was extended
         and a scheme for the purchase of live animals was set up, together with a purchase scheme based on a tender procedure for
         carcasses or half-carcasses (‘special purchase scheme’). In addition, the Commission authorised several Member States, including
         France, to grant aid to the beef sector.
      
      7       However, those measures were deemed insufficient by French farmers. In September and October 2001 relations between farmers
         and slaughterers became particularly tense in France. Groups of farmers stopped lorries illegally in order to check the origin
         of the meat being transported and blockaded abattoirs. These acts some times led to the destruction of plant and of meat.
         In return for lifting the blockade of abattoirs, the protesting farmers demanded undertakings from the slaughterers to suspend
         imports and to apply a so-called ‘union’ price scale.
      
      II –   Conclusion of the contested agreements and administrative procedure before the Commission
      8       In October 2001 several meetings took place between the federations representing beef farmers (the applicants in Case T-245/03)
         and those representing the slaughterers (the Fédération nationale de l’industrie et des commerces en gros des viandes (FNICGV)
         and the applicant in Case T-217/03). Following a meeting on 24 October 2001, organised at the request of the French Minister
         for Agriculture, an agreement (‘Agreement of the federations of stock farmers and slaughterers on the minimum slaughterhouse
         entry price scale for culled cows’) was concluded between the six federations, namely FNSEA, FNB, FNPL, JA, FNCBV and FNICGV.
      
      9       The agreement had two parts. The first was a ‘temporary commitment to suspend imports’, which made no distinction between
         types of beef. The second consisted of a ‘commitment to apply the slaughterhouse entry price scale to culled cows’ (that is
         to say, cows to be used either for reproduction or milk production), the arrangements for which were set out in the agreement.
         Consequently it contained a list of prices per kilogram of carcass for certain categories of cows and the method of calculating
         the price to be applied to other categories, depending inter alia on the special purchase price set by the Community authorities.
         The agreement was to enter into force on 29 October 2001 and to be applied until the end of November 2001.
      
      10     On 30 October 2001 the Commission sent the French authorities a letter requesting information on the agreement of 24 October
         2001.
      
      11     On 31 October 2001 the applicants in Case T-245/03 and FNICGV held a meeting at Rungis (France) on the initiative of the latter.
         Those federations adopted the following compromise (‘the Rungis protocol’):
      
      ‘“Meat imports” meeting
      31 October 2001 − Rungis
      The French undertakings specialising in the import and export sector have held a meeting with the producers’ federations (FNSEA,
         FNB, FNPL and [JA]) that signed the national inter-trade agreement of 24 October 2001.
      
      …
      They reaffirm the imperative need to bring supply and demand back into balance …
      In the unprecedented crisis situation currently facing producers, the representatives of the farmers urge importers and exporters
         to be aware of the seriousness of the crisis. 
      
      In response, the importers and exporters undertake to demonstrate solidarity.’
      12     On 9 November 2001, the French authorities replied to the Commission’s request for information of 30 October 2001.
      13     Also on 9 November 2001, the Commission wrote to the applicants in Case T‑245/03 and to FNICGV requesting information pursuant
         to Article 11 of Council Regulation No 17 of 6 February 1962, First Regulation implementing Articles [81] and [82] of the
         Treaty (OJ, English Special Edition 1959-62, p. 87). As the Commission was not at that time aware that the applicant in Case
         T‑217/03 had also signed the agreement of 24 October 2001, the request for information was not sent to it. The five federations
         in question replied to the requests for information on 15 and 23 November 2001.
      
      14     On 19 November 2001, the president of FNICGV informed the president of FNSEA that he felt obliged to bring forward to that
         day the final date of application of the agreement, initially scheduled for 30 November 2001.
      
      15     On 26 November 2001, the Commission wrote a letter of formal notice to the six federations which had signed the agreement
         of 24 October 2001 stating that the facts which had come to its knowledge indicated that the Community competition rules had
         been infringed and the federations were asked to submit their observations and proposals by 30 November 2001 at the latest.
         The Commission’s letter stated that ‘failing satisfactory proposals by that date, [it] envisages initiating a procedure seeking
         to establish those infringements and to order that they be discontinued if the agreement has been extended, the possibility
         also arising of the imposition of fines, if appropriate’. The federations replied that the agreement would end on 30 November
         2001 and would not be extended. 
      
      16     On 17 December 2001, the Commission carried out investigations on the premises of FNSEA and FNB in Paris pursuant to Article
         14(3) of Regulation No 17 and on the premises of FNICGV, also in Paris, on the basis of Article 14(2).
      
      17     On 24 June 2002, the Commission adopted a statement of objections addressed to the six federations. They submitted their written
         observations between 23 September and 4 October 2002. The federations were heard on 31 October 2002.
      
      18     On 10 January 2003, the Commission sent the applicants a request for information within the meaning of Article 11 of Regulation
         No 17. In particular, it asked them for the total amount, together with a breakdown according to origin, of the income of
         each federation and their accounting balance sheets for 2001 and 2002, and also the turnover of their direct and/or indirect
         members for the latest tax year available (overall turnover and turnover connected with the production or slaughter of cattle).
         The applicants replied by letters of 22, 24, 27 and 30 January 2003.
      
      III –   The contested decision
      19     On 2 April 2003, the Commission adopted decision 2003/600/EC relating to a proceeding pursuant to Article 81 [EC] (Case COMP/C.38.279/F3
         – French beef) (OJ 2003 L 209, p. 12, ‘the contested decision’), which is addressed to the applicants and to FNICGV.
      
      20     According to the decision, the federations infringed Article 81(1) EC by concluding on 24 October 2001 a written agreement
         with a view to fixing a minimum purchase price for certain categories of cattle and suspending imports of beef into France,
         and by concluding, between the end of November and the beginning of December 2001, a verbal agreement having the same object,
         applicable as from the expiry of the written agreement.
      
      21     At recitals 135 to 149 of the contested decision, the Commission refused to allow in the present case the exemption provided
         for by Regulation No 26 in favour of certain activities connected with the production of and trade in agricultural products,
         finding that the agreement was not necessary for attaining the objectives of the common agricultural policy set out in Article
         33 EC. Furthermore, the agreement at issue was not one of the means provided for by Council Regulation (EC) No 1254/1999 of
         17 May 1999 on the common organisation of the market in beef and veal (OJ 1999 L 160, p. 21) or by the measures implementing
         it. Lastly, the measures taken were not proportionate to the objectives allegedly sought. 
      
      22     According to the contested decision, the infringement began on 24 October 2001 and lasted at least until 11 January 2002,
         the expiry date of the last local agreement to apply the national agreement of which the Commission was aware. 
      
      23     In view of the nature and the geographic extent of the relevant market, the infringement was described as very serious. To
         determine the degree of responsibility of each federation, the Commission took into account the ratio between the amount of
         the annual membership fees collected by the main farmers’ federation, FNSEA, and that of each of the other federations. As
         the infringement was of short duration, the Commission did not increase the basic amount.
      
      24     The Commission then found that there were several aggravating circumstances in relation to the applicants:
      –       it increased the fines on ENSEA, JA and FNB by 30% because their members had used violence to compel the slaughterers’ federations
         to adopt the agreement of 24 October 2001;
      
      –       it increased the fines of all the applicants by 20% by reason of the aggravating circumstance that they continued the agreement
         in secret after the letter of formal notice of 26 November 2001;
      
      –       it took into account the preponderant role allegedly played by FNB in the preparation and implementation of the infringement
         by increasing its fine by 30%.
      
      25     In addition, the Commission took various attenuating circumstances into account:
      –       in view of the passive or follow-my-leader role played by FNPL, the Commission reduced its fine by 30%; 
      –       with regard to the applicant in Case T-217/03, the Commission took into account, first, the forceful intervention of the French
         Minister for Agriculture in favour of the conclusion of the agreement (30% reduction) and, second, the illegal blockading
         of their members’ establishments by farmers (further 30% reduction).
      
      26     In addition, pursuant to Section 5(b) of the Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 15(2) of
         Regulation No 17 and Article 65(5) of the ECSC Treaty (OJ 1998 C 9, p. 3, ‘the Guidelines’), the Commission took account of
         the specific circumstances of the case in question, particularly the specific economic context marked by the crisis in the
         industry, and reduced by 60% the fines resulting from the application of the abovementioned increases and reductions.
      
      27     The operative part of the contested decision includes the following provisions:
      ‘Article 1
      [FNSEA], [FNB], [FNPL], [JA], [FNICGV] and [FNCBV] infringed Article 81(1) [EC] by concluding on 24 October 2001 an agreement
         which had the object of suspending imports of beef into France and fixing a minimum price for certain categories of cattle,
         and by concluding verbally an agreement with a similar object at the end of November and beginning of December 2001.
      
      The infringement began on 24 October 2001 and continued to have effect at least until 11 January 2002.
      Article 2
      The federations named in Article 1 shall immediately bring the infringement to an end, in so far as they have not already
         done so, and shall henceforward refrain from any restrictive practice that has the same or an equivalent object or effect.
      
      Article 3
      The following fines are hereby imposed:
      –       FNSEA:                   EUR 12 million,
      –       FNB:                   EUR 1.44 million,
      –       JA:                     EUR 600 000,
      –       FNPL:                   EUR 1.44 million,
      –       FNICGV:           EUR 720 000,
      –       FNCBV:          EUR 480 000.’
       Procedure and forms of order sought 
      28     By applications lodged at the Registry of the Court of First Instance on 19 and 20 June 2003, the applicants brought the present
         actions.
      
      29     By application lodged on 7 July 2003, FNICGV also brought an action seeking, principally, the cancellation of a fine imposed
         on it by the contested decision and, alternatively, a reduction in the amount of the fine (Case T‑252/03). By order of 9 November
         2004, the Court dismissed the action brought by FNICGV as inadmissible.
      
      30     By separate documents received by the Court Registry on 2 and 11 July 2003, the applicants lodged applications for interim
         measures seeking to secure total or partial dispensation from the obligation to provide bank guarantees, which was imposed
         as a condition for avoiding the immediate recovery of the amount of the fines imposed by the contested decision.
      
      31     On 7 October 2003, France applied to intervene in each case in support of the forms of order sought by the applicants. By
         orders of 6 November 2003, the President of the Fifth Chamber of the Court granted leave to intervene. France lodged statements
         in intervention on 23 December 2003.
      
      32     By orders of the President of the Court of 21 January 2004, a stay was granted of the applicants’ obligation (save in the
         case of FNPL, which had made no application to that effect) to furnish bank guarantees in favour of the Commission in order
         to avoid the immediate recovery of the fines, for a limited period and subject to certain conditions.
      
      33     By way of measures of organisation, the Court asked the parties on 21 February, 8 and 9 March 2006 to produce certain documents
         and to reply to certain questions. The parties complied within the time-limits allowed.
      
      34     Upon the report of the Judge-Rapporteur, the Court (First Chamber) decided to open the oral procedure.
      35     By order of 3 April 2006, the President of the First Chamber of the Court, after hearing the parties, ordered the joinder
         of Cases T‑217/03 and T‑245/03.
      
      36     The parties presented oral argument and replied to questions from the Court at the hearing of 17 May 2006.
      37     The applicants claim that the Court should:
      –       principally, annul the contested decision;
      –       in the alternative, cancel the fines imposed on them by the contested decision or, in the further alternative, reduce the
         fines; 
      
      –       order the Commission to pay the costs.
      38     The French Republic, intervening in support of the applicants, claims that the Court should:
      –       annul the contested decision; 
      –       order the Commission to pay the costs.
      39     The Commission contends that the Court should:
      –       dismiss the applications; 
      –       order the applicants to pay the costs.
      40     By letters of 19 and 22 May 2006, the applicants submitted to the Court documents forming part of the Commission’s administrative
         file which had not previously been submitted to the Court in full. By order of 7 July 2006, the Court decided to reopen the
         oral procedure pursuant to Article 62 of the Rules of Procedure.
      
      41     After hearing the parties, the Court adopted a measure pursuant to Article 64 of the Rules of Procedure, consisting in adding
         to the file the documents lodged by the applicants on 19 and 22 May 2006. The Commission submitted observations on the said
         documents by letter of 2 August 2006.
      
      42     The oral procedure was then closed on 2 September 2006.
       Merits of the case
      43     The applicants seek primarily the annulment of the contested decision. In the alternative, they seek the cancellation or reduction
         of the fines imposed on them by that decision.
      
      I –  The claims for annulment of the contested decision 
      44     The applicants adduce five pleas in law in support of their claims for annulment of the contested decision. The first plea
         alleges manifest errors of assessment and errors of law in the assessment of the conditions for the application of Article
         81(1) EC. The second plea in law alleges manifest errors of assessment and errors of law in establishing the extent and duration
         of the infringement. The third plea is that the exception provided for by Regulation No 26 was not applied to the disputed
         agreement. The fourth plea alleges infringement of the rights of the defence. The fifth plea alleges a failure to state reasons.
      
      A –  First plea in law: manifest errors of assessment and errors of law in the assessment of the conditions required for the application
            of Article 81(1) EC
      45     The applicants do not deny concluding the agreement of 24 October 2001, but do deny that it gives rise to an infringement
         of Article 81(1) EC. The applicants in Case T-245/03 criticise the Commission’s description of them as associations of undertakings
         within the meaning of that provision and claim that, in the contested decision, the Commission restricted their exercise of
         the freedom of association. In addition, the applicant in Case T‑217/03 claims that the agreement in question did not appreciably
         affect trade between the Member States. Lastly, in both cases the applicants submit that the disputed agreement did not entail
         a restriction of competition. 
      
      1.     Description of the applicants as associations of undertakings 
      a)     Arguments of the parties
      46     The applicants in Case T-245/03 submit, first, that the Commission manifestly erred in its assessment and infringed Article
         81(1) EC in finding that they constituted associations of undertakings. They claim that, even if the two lower levels of their
         hierarchical organisations in pyramid form are taken into account (namely the department federations and local unions), their
         members are not undertakings but farmers’ unions or federations. Likewise, the members of local unions cannot be treated as
         undertakings because the criterion for membership of these does not relate to the agricultural undertaking, as membership
         is not connected with the status of head of the farm in the case of an individual holding (the spouse of an individual farmer
         may become a member) or with the status of representative of the legal person in the case of farming in the form of a partnership
         (each partner deciding individually whether to join a local union or not). Second, the applicants consider that, in the contested
         decision, the Commission did not give a sufficient statement of the reasons for describing them as associations of undertakings.
         In particular, the Commission failed to reply to the observations put forward on that point by FNSEA during the administrative
         procedure.
      
      47     The Commission observes, first, that, to determine whether the applicants are associations of undertakings, it is necessary
         to determine, in short, who their members are. The farmers in the present case are without any doubt undertakings within the
         meaning of Article 81 EC. Second, the Commission submits that the contested decision sets out in detail the reasons why it
         found that the applicants are associations of undertakings within the meaning of that provision. 
      
      b)      Findings of the Court
      48     First of all, it must be observed that the applicant in Case T‑217/03 does not dispute that the agreement of 24 October 2001
         is, so far as the applicant is concerned, an agreement between associations of undertakings within the meaning of Article
         81(1) EC. On the other hand, the applicants in Case T‑245/03 maintain that they cannot be described as associations of undertakings
         within the meaning of that provision. They submit, in substance, that neither their direct members nor their indirect members
         are undertakings.
      
      49     Article 81(1) EC applies to associations in so far as their own activities or those of the undertakings belonging to them
         are calculated to produce the results which it aims to suppress (Joined Cases 209/78 to 215/78 and 218/78 Van Landewyck and Others v Commission [1980] ECR 3125, paragraph 88). Having regard to the purpose of that provision, the concept of an association of undertakings
         must be understood as being capable of applying to associations which themselves consist of associations of undertakings (see,
         to that effect, Case T-193/02 Piau v Commission [2005] ECR II-209, paragraph 69; see also, by analogy, Case T‑136/94 Eurofer v Commission [1999] ECR II-263, paragraph 9).
      
      50     In the present case, the applicants concluded the disputed agreements in the interest and on behalf of, not their direct members,
         which are actually farmers’ federations or unions, but the farmers who are the basic members of the latter. Accordingly the
         agreement of 24 October 2001, entitled ‘Agreement of the federations of stock farmers and slaughterers’, was concluded by
         the ‘federations representing stock farmers’, ‘with the aim of opening prospects for a new relationship in the sector for
         fair and legitimate remuneration of all those involved, stock farmers and undertakings’. Likewise, the Rungis protocol expressly
         refers to ‘the producers’ federations’. Therefore it must be concluded that the Commission was right to take into consideration
         the indirect or basic members of the applicants in Case T‑245/03, namely farmers, in order to determine whether they constituted
         associations of undertakings within the meaning of Article 81(1) EC. 
      
      51     Consequently, it is necessary to ascertain whether the Commission was correct in taking the view that farmers, the basic or
         indirect members of those applicants, could be regarded as undertakings for the purpose of applying Article 81 EC.
      
      52     It has consistently been held that, in the context of competition law, the concept of an undertaking encompasses every entity
         engaged in an economic activity, irrespective of its legal status and the way in which it is financed (Case C‑55/96 Job Centre [1997] ECR I-7119, paragraph 21). Any activity consisting in offering goods and services on a given market is an economic
         activity (Case T-513/93 Consiglio Nazionale degli Spedizionieri Doganali v Commission [2000] ECR II‑1807, paragraph 36).
      
      53     The activity of farmers, whether arable or stock farmers, is certainly of an economic nature. Their activity is indeed the
         production of goods which they offer for sale in return for payment. Consequently, farmers constitute undertakings within
         the meaning of Article 81(1) EC.
      
      54     Therefore the unions which bring them together and represent them, and the federations which bring the unions together, may
         be described as associations of undertakings for the purpose of applying that provision.
      
      55     This conclusion cannot be undermined by the fact that local unions may also bring together farmers’ spouses. First, the spouses
         of arable or stock farmers who are themselves members of a local farmers’ union probably share in the tasks of the family
         farm. Second, in any case the mere fact that an association of undertakings may also bring together persons or entities that
         cannot be described as undertakings is not sufficient to affect its status as an association within the meaning of Article
         81(1) EC. Likewise, the applicants’ argument that, where a farm takes the form of a partnership, it is not the partnership
         that, through its representative, joins the union, but each of the partners, must be dismissed. As stated above (see paragraph
         52), what is important for the purpose of classifying an undertaking is not its legal status or the form of farm in question,
         but the activity of the farm and those who share in it.
      
      56     Lastly, it is also necessary to dismiss the objection that the obligation to state reasons was not fulfilled on the ground,
         in substance, that, in the contested decision, the Commission did not reply to the observations submitted by FNSEA during
         the administrative procedure against its categorisation as an association of undertakings.
      
      57     It must be observed that, although Article 253 EC requires the Commission to state the elements of fact and law which constitute
         the legal basis of the decision and the considerations which led it to adopt the decision, it is not required to discuss all
         the issues of fact and law which have been raised by every party during the administrative proceedings (Joined Cases T-305/94
         to T-307/94, T-313/94 to T‑316/94, T‑318/94, T‑325/94, T‑328/94, T‑329/94 and T‑335/94 Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij and Others v Commission [1999] ECR II-931, paragraph 388).
      
      58     In the present case, the contested decision sets out briefly the argument of FNSEA that it is neither an undertaking nor an
         association of undertakings but a trade union, and also the arguments of FNPL and JA in that connection (see recital 97, second
         indent, recital 98 and recital 99, second indent, of the contested decision). Those arguments are dismissed in detail in the
         contested decision. Accordingly, it is explained that the applicants represent farmers who engage in the activity of producing
         goods which they offer for sale, that Regulation No 26 would serve no purpose if they were not also undertakings (recital
         105 of the contested decision), that the fact that the applicants take the form of trade unions within the meaning of the
         French Labour Code does not affect their status as associations of undertakings (recitals 110 and 111 of the contested decision),
         that their trade union activity does not entitle them to disregard the rules of competition and that penalties have been imposed
         on similar organisations by the French Competition Board (see recitals 112 to 114 of the contested decision). Lastly, the
         contested decision also refers to previous decisions of the Commission and the relevant case-law (recitals 104 and 106 of
         the contested decision).
      
      59     In the light of the foregoing, it must be held that the Commission gave sufficient reasons, in the contested decision, for
         categorising the applicants as associations of undertakings.
      
      60     Consequently, this complaint must be rejected in its entirety.
      2.     No appreciable effect on trade between Member States 
      a)     Arguments of the parties
      61     The applicant in Case T-217/03 submits that the Commission did not prove that the disputed agreement had an appreciable effect
         on trade between Member States. The applicant claims that the part of the agreement relating to the suspension of imports
         was immediately called into question by the Rungis protocol and that, in any case, the applicant was importing hardly any
         beef cattle and was therefore not concerned in that aspect. The applicant brings together stock farmers’ cooperatives which
         themselves have slaughtering subsidiaries, the cooperatives collecting and marketing almost exclusively beef produced by their
         members. Furthermore, the Commission could not base such an effect on trade on no more than an analysis of the potential effects
         of the agreement, but ought to have examined its real effects. An analysis of trends in the market during the period in question
         does not show that the agreement produced effects on flows of imports. With regard to minimum selling prices, the applicant
         observes that the agreement remained in force for nearly one month and submits that its brief duration prevented it from affecting
         imports into France. 
      
      62     The Commission maintains that an agreement with the object of limiting imports is by nature likely to affect trade between
         Member States. It also claims that the agreement on prices was also likely to affect trade within the Community.
      
      b)     Findings of the Court
      63     Article 81(1) EC applies only to agreements which may affect trade between Member States. For an agreement between undertakings
         to be capable of affecting trade between Member States, it must be possible to foresee with a sufficient degree of probability
         and on the basis of objective factors of law or fact that it may have an influence, direct or indirect, actual or potential,
         on the pattern of trade between Member States, such as might prejudice the realisation of the aim of a single market between
         the States (Case C-359/01 P British Sugar v Commission [2004] ECR I-4933, paragraph 27, and Joined Cases T‑213/95 and T‑18/96 SCK and FNK v Commission [1997] ECR II‑1739, paragraph 175).
      
      64     In the present case, the agreement of 24 October 2001 contained an undertaking to suspend temporarily imports of beef into
         France. As the contested decision points out, France is one of the main beef importers in the Community. Most of these imports
         (approximately 95%) are from other Member States (recital 11 of the contested decision). It follows that the disputed agreement
         was necessarily capable of affecting trade between Member States.
      
      65     This conclusion cannot be refuted by the applicant’s argument that the part of the agreement of 24 October 2001 entitled ‘Imports’
         was dropped only a few days later, on the conclusion of the Rungis protocol of 31 October 2001. Any agreement that fulfils
         the conditions for the application of Article 81(1) EC falls within the scope of that provision. In any case, as will be found
         below (see paragraph 136), the Rungis protocol, entitled ‘“Meat imports” meeting’, expressly related to imports and did not
         entail the complete abandonment of the import suspension measures decided upon by the applicants.
      
      66     The applicant’s argument that the ‘Imports’ part of the agreement was of no concern to it because its members import hardly
         any beef cattle must also be rejected. According to the figures produced by the applicant, its members’ imports represent
         a percentage of the total beef imports into France which, although small, is not entirely negligible (approximately 1.5% in
         2001, that is to say, 3 865 tonnes). At the hearing, the Commission maintained that the applicant’s members had imported larger
         quantities of beef in the past (15 000 tonnes in the year before the beginning of the crisis), which was not denied by the
         applicant. It must also be observed that, although it is true that the applicant’s cooperative members collect and market
         the beef produced by their members, they may also market, up to a limit of 20% of their annual turnover, the production of
         farmers who are not members. Lastly, in any case, as the infringement in which the applicant participated was apt to affect
         trade between Member States, the Commission was not required to demonstrate that the applicant’s individual participation
         affected intra-Community trade (see, to that effect, Case T-14/89 Montedipe v Commission [1992] ECR II-1155, paragraph 254).
      
      67     In addition, it must be observed that the part of the disputed agreement relating to the establishment of a minimum price
         scale was alone capable of affecting intra-Community trade. Practices restricting competition which extend over the whole
         territory of a Member State have, by their very nature, the effect of reinforcing compartmentalisation of national markets,
         thereby holding up the economic interpenetration which the Treaty is intended to bring about (SCK and FNK v Commission, paragraph 179). In this connection, it is necessary to determine the relative extent of the restrictive practice in the
         relevant market and the economic context of that practice. In the present case, it should be noted that French cattle numbers
         account for more than 25% of the total cattle population in the Community (recital 10 of the contested decision). Lastly,
         the Court of Justice has held that, where the market concerned is susceptible to imports, the members of a national price
         cartel can retain their market share only if they defend themselves against foreign competition (British Sugar v Commission, paragraph 28).
      
      68     Lastly, contrary to the applicant’s assertions, the Commission had no obligation to show that the disputed agreement had an
         appreciable effect, in practice, on trade between Member States. As indicated in paragraph 63 above, Article 81(1) EC requires
         only that anti-competitive agreements and concerted practices should be capable of having an effect on trade between Member
         States (see also Montedipe v Commission, paragraph 253).
      
      69     Consequently, this complaint must be dismissed.
      3.     No restriction of competition
      a)     Arguments of the parties
      70     The applicants submit, in substance, that the disputed agreement did not restrict competition and therefore did not fall within
         the scope of Article 81(1) EC. 
      
      71     The applicants submit that the Commission erred in finding that the agreement in question had an anti-competitive object.
         They claim that the Commission could not ascribe to them the ‘Imports’ part of the agreement and ought to have reasoned solely
         on the basis of the restriction of price competition, if any. However, the disputed scale prices were set on the basis of
         the intervention prices laid down by the Commission itself in the framework of the common organisation of the market (CMO)
         in the beef sector, which constitute the market reference and are very low. Furthermore, the agreement had only very limited
         actual effects, or none at all, for a very brief period, with no repercussions on consumer prices.
      
      72     The applicants also allege that the agreement of 24 October 2001 concerned only a minimum recommended price, to which the
         applicants could not compel their members to adhere. In the case of a vertical agreement, the fixing of recommended prices
         is not by nature a restriction of competition. Article 4(a) of Commission Regulation (EC) No 2790/1999 of 22 December 1999
         on the application of Article 81(3) [EC] to categories of vertical agreements and concerted practices (OJ 1999 L 336, p. 21),
         prohibits only the fixing of the resale price to a buyer whereas, in the present case, the slaughterers remain free to determine
         their prices to large retailers or to wholesalers. Lastly, the applicants draw attention to the specific features of the farming
         sector, which does not permit the lasting emergence of a spontaneous balance between supply and demand and which needs regulation
         by means other than those of the market, as the competition rules do not apply to it automatically. In support of their arguments,
         the applicants in Case T‑245/03 annex to their application a legal opinion dated 2 June 2003. 
      
      73     In addition, the applicants observe that, when the Commission examines a restriction of competition, it must take into account
         the overall legal and economic context in which the disputed agreement was concluded and they add that not every agreement
         between undertakings which restricts the freedom of action of the parties or of one of them necessarily falls within the prohibition
         laid down in Article 81(1) EC (Case C-309/99 Wouters and Others v Commission [2002] ECR I-1577, paragraph 97). An agreement which has an anti-competitive object or effects escapes the prohibition if
         it enables different objectives to be safeguarded, provided that the restrictive effects are necessary for safeguarding those
         objectives and that they do not eliminate all competition in a substantial part of the common market. Therefore the Commission
         ought to have carried out a detailed and concrete analysis of the nature and object of the agreement in question, as well
         as its effects, which it failed to do. 
      
      74     The applicants also submit that the Commission underestimated the situation of extreme crisis in which French farmers of adult
         cattle found themselves at the material time. The applicants add that the prices of cattle concerned by the disputed agreement
         fell in 2001, on average, to their lowest level since 1980 and that the prices paid to producers after the deduction of marketing
         costs fell below the cost of production, even after deduction of the aid received. European consumption of beef fell by nearly
         10% in 2001, which directly affected French farmers, who risked disappearing from the market.
      
      75     The applicants also claim that the successive Community measures were found inadequate to meet the crisis. In particular,
         the special purchase scheme operates only at the slaughterhouse exit stage, whereas producers’ income is affected only at
         the slaughterhouse entry stage. Therefore the repercussions on producers of the price measures taken by the Community necessarily
         go through an inter-trade agreement between producers and slaughterers.
      
      76     In that connection the applicants in Case T-245/03 submit that the Commission ought to have examined the agreement of 24 October
         2001 as a regulatory document and they observe that the coordinated management between the State and the union federations
         is traditional in the farming sector in France. The applicants responded to the French Government’s express and public request,
         the aim of which was to avoid an economic disaster for beef producers which could lead to the break-up of the beef sector
         and which was already causing serious public disorder. The applicants note that the French Minister for Agriculture was the
         instigator of the agreement and that, in a statement to the French Parliament, he expressed his support for the progress in
         drawing up the agreement.
      
      77     The Commission observes that, as the parties to the disputed agreement had agreed to wall off the national markets and to
         set minimum prices, it had to be concluded that the very aim of the agreement was to restrict competition. The Commission
         submits that, in any case, it took account of the economic and legal context of the agreement in the contested decision. The
         Commission adds that a number of measures were put into place at Community level to obviate the crisis. Lastly, the Commission
         submits that the encouragement given by the then French Minister for Agriculture to conclude the agreement does not relate
         to a regulatory power of any kind.
      
      78     Furthermore, the Commission asks the Court to reject as inadmissible the legal opinion produced as an annex by the applicants
         in Case T‑245/03. Annexes to pleadings have a purely evidential and instrumental purpose (Case T-31/99 ABB Asea Brown Boveri v Commission [2002] ECR II-1881) and the questions of Community law must be examined by the legal representatives in the procedural documents
         themselves.
      
      b)      Findings of the Court
      79     First of all, the Commission’s application for the rejection of the legal opinion produced by the applicants in Case T-245/03
         as inadmissible must fail. It must be observed that all the documents lodged with the application are necessarily placed on
         the file. Whether the applicant may plead certain of those documents or whether the Court may take them into consideration
         is a different question. It must be observed that the body of the application may be supported and supplemented on specific
         points by references to extracts from documents annexed to it, provided that the essential submissions in law appear in the
         application itself (see, to that effect, Case T-87/05 EDP v Commission [2005] ECR II-3745, paragraph 155, and Case T-209/01 Honeywell v Commission [2005] ECR II-5527, paragraph 57). In the present case, the Court considers that the applicants sufficiently explained in
         their pleadings their argument that the disputed agreement should be regarded as a regulatory measure. Therefore the annex
         in question serves only to support and supplement that argument. Consequently, the applicant was entitled to plead it. 
      
      80     With regard to the complaint raised by the applicants, they submit, in substance, that the disputed agreement had neither
         the object nor the effect of preventing, restricting or distorting competition in the single market within the meaning of
         Article 81(1) EC. 
      
      81     It must be observed straightaway that the agreement concluded by the parties on 24 October 2001 provided, first, for a commitment
         for the temporary suspension of beef imports into France and, second, for a commitment to apply a minimum slaughterhouse entry
         price scale to culled cows. Contrary to the applicants’ claim, and for the reasons set out in paragraphs 65 and 66 above,
         an examination of the question whether the disputed agreement was restrictive must take into account not only those of the
         abovementioned measures relating to prices, but also those aiming at the suspension of imports.
      
      82     Accordingly it must be observed, first, that the commitment in the disputed agreement to suspend imports had, in particular,
         the object of preventing the entry into France of beef at prices below those of the price scale decided upon by the applicants,
         in order to ensure the sale of the production of French farmers and the effectiveness of the price scale. It necessarily follows
         that the object of the disputed agreement was to partition off the French national market and in that way to restrict competition
         in the single market.
      
      83     Second, with regard to the establishment of a price scale, it must be borne in mind that Article 81(1) EC expressly provides
         that measures which directly or indirectly fix purchase or selling prices constitute restrictions of competition. It has consistently
         been held that price fixing is a patent restriction of competition (Case T-148/89 Tréfilunion v Commission [1995] ECR II‑1063, paragraph 109, and Joined Cases T‑374/94, T‑375/94, T‑384/94 and T‑388/94 European Night Servicesand Others v Commission [1998] ECR II-3141, paragraph 136).
      
      84     In the present case, the applicants agreed on a slaughterhouse entry price scale for certain categories of cattle, which provided
         for a list of prices per kilogram of carcass for certain categories of cows and the method of calculating the price to be
         applied to other categories, by reference inter alia to the price fixed by the Community authorities in the framework of the
         special purchase scheme. Contrary to what the applicants claim, it is clear from the actual wording of the relevant stipulations
         of the disputed agreement that the prices were not recommended or target prices, but minimum prices to which the signatory
         federations undertook to secure adherence. The agreement provided that ‘the contributions should at least be consistent with
         this scale.’ Likewise, in a message of 8 November 2001 from the applicants in Case T-245/03 to their members, taking stock
         of the situation with regard to the application of the agreement of 24 October 2001, reference is made to the application
         of the ‘minimum price scale’.
      
      85     By its very nature, an agreement such as that in the present case, concluded by federations representing farmers and federations
         representing slaughterers and fixing minimum prices for certain categories of cows, with the aim of making them binding on
         all traders in the markets in question, has the object of restricting competition in those markets (see, to that effect, Case
         123/83 BNIC [1985] ECR 391, paragraph 22), inter alia by limiting artificially the commercial negotiating margin of farmers and slaughterers
         and distorting the formation of prices in the markets in question. 
      
      86     This conclusion cannot be undermined by the applicants’ argument that the agricultural markets are regulated markets where
         the competition rules do not automatically apply and where the formation of prices quite often does not answer to the free
         operation of supply and demand. No doubt the agricultural sector has certain specific features and is the object of very detailed
         regulation which is frequently rather interventionist. However, it must be observed that the Community competition rules apply
         to the markets for agricultural products, even if certain exceptions are provided for to take account of the particular situation
         of those markets, and this will be examined in the context of the third plea.
      
      87     Likewise, the applicants cannot use the argument that the prices of the disputed scale were not restrictive because they were
         fixed by reference to the prices of the special purchase scheme which were laid down by the Commission itself. The comparative
         tables produced by the parties at the request of the Court show that, although the prices laid down by the agreement for cows
         of average or inferior quality were fixed by reference to the prices given in the framework of the special purchase scheme,
         the prices fixed by the agreement for cows of superior quality (which accounted for 30% of the number slaughtered in 2001)
         were appreciably higher than the abovementioned intervention prices. In any case, the disputed agreement does not cease to
         be restrictive merely because the minimum prices are fixed by reference to the government intervention price. Reference to
         the latter price does not mean that the disputed scale loses its anti-competitive object consisting in fixing directly and
         artificially a predetermined market price or that it can be treated in the same way as the various government support and
         intervention schemes in the common organisation of the agricultural markets which have the object of stabilising markets characterised
         by excess supply by means of withdrawing a part of production. 
      
      88     The applicants also allege that, under Article 4(a) of Regulation No 2790/1999, in a vertical agreement only the restriction
         of the buyer’s ability to determine his sale price is prohibited and they claim that the price scale established by the disputed
         agreement did not limit the slaughterers’ ability to determine their prices to their customers. However, this reference to
         Regulation No 2790/1999 is not relevant in the present case. Article 3 of the regulation excludes from the scope of the exemption
         by category laid down in favour of vertical agreements cases where the supplier’s market share exceeds 30% of the relevant
         market. The Commission observed, without being contradicted by the applicants, that the production of the members of the stock
         farmers’ federations substantially exceeded the limit of 30% of the French beef market.
      
      89     With regard to the applicants’ allegation that they could not compel their members to adhere to the minimum prices decided
         upon, it must be said that, for an agreement between undertakings to fall within the ambit of Article 81(1) EC, it is not
         necessary for the associations in question to be able to compel their members to fulfil the obligations imposed on them by
         the agreement (see, to that effect, Case 71/74 Frubo v Commission [1975] ECR 563, paragraphs 29 to 31). Furthermore, it must be noted that the reference to the judgment in Wouters and Others, is irrelevant here because the factual circumstances and the legal problems raised by that case, which concerned the regulation
         by a professional association of the practice of the profession of lawyer and its organisation, are not comparable with those
         of the present case. 
      
      90     Furthermore, the applicants cannot justify the disputed agreement by pleading the crisis in the beef sector at the material
         time, which particularly affected French farmers of adult cattle. This circumstance cannot, on its own, lead to the conclusion
         that the conditions for applying Article 81(1) EC were not fulfilled (see, to that effect, Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij and Others v Commission, paragraph 740). In any case, it must be observed that, in its assessment, the Commission did not disregard the crisis throughout
         the sector, as is clear from paragraphs 10 to 15 and 130 of the contested decision. In addition, the Commission took it into
         account in determining the fines which were reduced by 60%.
      
      91     The applicants must also fail in their argument that the disputed agreement was a national regulatory measure which accorded
         with the traditional practice in France of management coordinated between the administration and the farmers’ federations
         and which was justified by the ineffectiveness of the measures adopted by the government authorities. In this connection it
         must be observed that, first, the legal framework within which agreements covered by Article 81 EC are made and the classification
         given to that framework by the various national legal systems are irrelevant as far as the applicability of the Community
         rules on competition are concerned (BNIC, paragraph 17). Second, it must be borne in mind that, at the hearing, the representatives of the French Republic contended
         that the disputed agreement could not fall within the scope of joint management by the administration and the farmers’ federations
         because such management takes the form of representation of the latter on national and Community advisory bodies. Third, and
         lastly, it must be observed that the alleged inadequacy of government measures to deal with the problems of a particular sector
         cannot justify the private operators concerned in engaging in practices contrary to the competition rules or in claiming to
         arrogate to themselves rights which are those of public authorities, either national or Community, in order to substitute
         their own measures for those of the authorities. 
      
      92     Likewise, with regard to the role of the French Minister for Agriculture in the conclusion of the agreement of 24 October
         2001, suffice it to note that, according to settled case-law, the fact that conduct on the part of undertakings was known,
         authorised or even encouraged by national authorities has no bearing, in any event, on the applicability of Article 81 EC
         (Case T‑7/92 Asia Motor Franceand Others v Commission [1993] ECR II-669, paragraph 71, and Tréfilunion v Commission, paragraph 118).
      
      93     Lastly, the applicants’ argument that the Commission failed to show that the disputed agreement had any effect on imports
         or on market prices must also be rejected. It has consistently been held that, for the purposes of application of Article
         81(1) EC, there is no need to take account of the actual effects of an agreement when it has as its object the prevention,
         restriction or distortion of competition within the common market. Consequently, it is not necessary to show actual anti-competitive
         effects where the anti-competitive object of the conduct in question is proved (Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij and Others v Commission, paragraph 741, and Case T‑62/98 Volkswagen v Commission [2000] ECR II‑2707, paragraph 178). As has just been found, the Commission proved that the disputed agreement had the object
         of restricting competition in the markets in question (see paragraphs 82 to 85 above). The Commission was therefore not required
         to examine the actual effects of those measures on competition within the common market, particularly in France.
      
      94     Consequently, this complaint must be dismissed.
      4.     Classification of trade union activities
      a)     Arguments of the parties
      95     The applicants in Case T-245/03 submit that the Commission manifestly erred in its assessment in limiting, so far as they
         are concerned, the freedom of association in trade unions, recognised by Article 12(1) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights
         of the European Union, proclaimed at Nice on 7 December 2000 (OJ 2000 C 364, p. 1). In particular, the Commission overlooked
         the specific management functions of French farmers’ unions. The Commission was also seriously imprecise when it demanded
         that the penalised federations should refrain in future from any agreement, concerted practice or decision which may have
         an object or effect similar to the infringement alleged against them, whereas a trade union is required to organise concerted
         action among its members to defend their collective interests.
      
      96     The Commission submits that the fact that the applicants are trade unions does not mean that the competition rules, which
         are requirements of public policy, do not apply to them. 
      
      b)      Findings of the Court
      97     Pursuant to Article 3(1)(g) and (j) EC, the activities of the Community include at one and the same time a system ensuring
         undistorted competition in the internal market and a policy in the social sphere. Article 137(1)(f) EC thus states that the
         Community is to support and complement the activities of the Member States in the field of the representation and collective
         defence of the interests of workers and employers, and Article 139(1) EC provides that the dialogue between management and
         labour at Community level may lead to contractual relations. Article 81(1) EC, for its part, prohibits agreements which have
         as their object or effect the prevention, restriction or distortion of competition within the common market. That article
         constitutes a fundamental provision which is essential for the accomplishment of the tasks entrusted to the Community and,
         in particular, for the functioning of the internal market (Case C-126/97 Eco Swiss [1999] ECR I‑3055, paragraph 36).
      
      98     The Court of Justice has held that, although certain restrictions of competition are inherent in collective agreements between
         organisations representing employers and workers, the social policy objectives pursued by such agreements would be seriously
         undermined if management and labour were subject to Article 81(1) EC when seeking jointly to adopt measures to improve conditions
         of work and employment. It therefore follows from an interpretation of the provisions of the Treaty as a whole which is both
         effective and consistent that agreements concluded in the context of collective negotiations between management and labour
         in pursuit of such objectives must, by virtue of their nature and purpose, be regarded as falling outside the scope of Article
         81(1) EC (Case C-67/96 Albany [1999] ECR I-5751, paragraphs 59 and 60). On the other hand, the Court of Justice has ruled that the latter provision was
         applicable to inter-trade agreements concluded by organisations representing producers, cooperatives, workers and industries
         within a body governed by public law (BNIC, paragraphs 3 and 16 to 20, and Case 136/86 BNIC [1987] ECR 4789, paragraphs 3 and 13).
      
      99     In the present case, the Court of First Instance considers that the nature and object of the disputed agreement do not justify
         its exclusion from the scope of Article 81(1) EC. 
      
      100   First, it must be observed that the agreement is not a collective agreement and was not concluded by organisations representing
         employers and workers. There is no employment relationship at all between farmers and slaughterers because farmers do not
         work for and under the direction of slaughterers, nor are they incorporated into the slaughterers’ undertakings (see, to that
         effect, Case C-22/98 Becu and Others [1999] ECR I-5665, paragraph 26). On the other hand, as the Court has already found, farmers may be deemed to be undertakings
         for the purpose of Article 81(1) EC (see paragraph 53 above). Consequently, the disputed agreement is an inter-trade agreement
         between two links of the production chain in the beef sector. Second, the agreement does not relate to measures for improving
         conditions of work and employment, but to the suspension of beef imports and the fixing of minimum prices for certain categories
         of cows. The object of those measures, in the present case, is to restrict competition in the single market.
      
      101   It follows that, although the applicants in Case T‑245/03 may undoubtedly, as federations of agricultural trade unions, legitimately
         defend the interests of their members, they cannot in the present case plead the freedom of association in trade unions to
         justify specific actions which are contrary to Article 81(1) EC.
      
      102   The applicants must also fail in their argument that, by requiring them, in Article 2 of the contested decision, to refrain
         in the future from any restrictive practice that has the same or an equivalent object or effect, the Commission obstructed
         them in their mission, as trade unions, of bringing to a successful conclusion concerted action for the defence of their collective
         interests. By requiring the applicants to refrain from repeating the acts at issue and from adopting any similar measures,
         the Commission merely indicated the consequences, regarding their future conduct, of the finding of illegality in Article
         1 of the contested decision (see, to that effect, Joined Cases T-45/98 and T-47/98 Krupp Thyssen Stainless and Acciai speciali Terni v Commission [2001] ECR II-3757, paragraph 311). Furthermore, that requirement is sufficiently specific and is based on the factors which
         led the Commission to find that the acts at issue were illegal, so that it is clear that the requirement does not relate to
         the applicants’ general trade union activities.
      
      103   It follows that this complaint must be rejected.
      104   Consequently, this plea is dismissed.
      B –   Second plea in law: manifest errors of assessment and errors of law in assessing the extent and duration of the infringement
            
      105   The applicants dispute the extent and duration of the infringement found by the Commission. First, they submit that the ‘Imports’
         part of the agreement of 24 October 2001 came to an end when the Rungis protocol was signed on 31 October 2001. Second, they
         deny that the written agreement of 24 October 2001 was extended by a verbal agreement with the same object. 
      
      1.     Preliminary questions 
      a)     The taking into account of local agreements
       Arguments of the parties
      106   The applicants submit that the Commission could not take agreements concluded at local level by individual unions of farmers
         and slaughterers as its basis for determining the duration of the infringement alleged against the national federations. They
         observe that the burden of proof of the duration of an agreement rests with the Commission and that, if the Commission has
         chosen to rely on direct documentary evidence to establish the infringement and participation in it, the Commission cannot
         presume that a party continued to adhere to the agreement beyond the point at which it was last shown to have participated
         in an implementing measure (Joined Cases T‑25/95, T‑26/95, T‑30/95 to T‑32/95, T‑34/95 to T‑39/95, T‑42/95 to T‑46/95, T‑48/95,
         T‑50/95 to T‑65/95, T‑68/95 to T‑71/95, T‑87/95, T‑88/95, T‑103/95 and T‑104/95 Cimenteries CBR and Others v Commission [2000] ECR II‑491, paragraphs 4281 to 4283).
      
      107   The applicants observe that they are not signatories of the local agreements in question because those agreements were concluded
         by separate legal entities, namely the department farmers’ federations, the department JA or the local unions. The local agreements,
         particularly those concluded from 30 November 2001, were the exclusive result of action by the latter and depend on their
         ability to obtain minimum prices from their buyers. On this point the applicants refer to the handwritten notes made by the
         director of FNB at the meeting of 29 November 2001 (‘negotiate your scales regionally’). The fact that the scale of reference
         prices was sent by FNB to the department federations which asked for it does not confute this finding because the price scale
         was sent in the context of local negotiations conducted by those federations, and not in the framework of the national agreement.
         On 11 December 2001 Mr E.C., one of the directors of FNB, sent the price scale to a department federation, expressly pointing
         out that it had not been renewed by an agreement. Lastly, the applicants dispute the Commission’s argument that the text of
         the agreements was taken almost word for word from the national agreement. 
      
      108   The applicants add that the signatories to those agreements did not take part in the administrative procedure before the Commission.
         The applicants were unable to reply in their place and stead. Consequently, it is contrary to the rights of the defence and
         to Article 6(1) of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR) that those documents
         were not left out of consideration.
      
      109   The Commission replies that, in assessing the duration of the infringement, it could properly take account of the numerous
         local agreements concluded after the agreement of 24 October 2001 was signed. The disputed agreement was mainly implemented
         in the form of the local agreements, particularly after the written agreement expired. Furthermore, all the documents relating
         to those agreements were seized at the applicants’ premises, which shows that the national federations closely monitored the
         local implementation of their national agreement.
      
       Findings of the Court
      110   The applicants submit essentially that, for the purpose of determining the duration of the infringement, the Commission was
         not entitled to take into consideration agreements which were not concluded by them themselves, but by department federations
         or by local farmers’ unions on one side and the slaughterers’ undertakings on the other.
      
      111   However, it is not disputed that the local federations or farmers’ unions in question were members, whether direct or indirect,
         of the applicants in Case T‑245/03.
      
      112   It must be observed that, following the signature of the agreement of 24 October 2001, the national farmers’ unions called
         upon their members to implement the agreement at the local level. Thus, a letter of 25 October 2001 from the applicants in
         Case T-245/03 to their members, referring to the signature of the agreement on the previous day, states as follows: ‘each
         of us must be very careful from now on to ensure strict application of the agreement throughout the country … . We ask you
         also as soon as possible to obtain the signature of undertakings which have not yet signed the agreement. The commitment by
         undertakings also covers priority given to national supplies’. Likewise, a letter dated 13 December 2001 from the applicants
         in Case T‑245/03 to their members contains the following passage: ‘… we ask the entire FNSEA network to mobilise … to check
         the prices with every slaughterer so that our minimum producer guide prices are adhered to. For that purpose, please kindly
         arrange to contact every slaughterhouse situated in your department.’ Lastly, a letter of 8 November 2001 from the same applicants
         to their federation members shows that the latter were required to pass to the national federations all the information concerning
         the measures taken so as to prepare further steps in the union strategy. That information included ‘an exact, detailed list
         of the undertakings which have not yet signed the price scale or which have signed it but are not applying it’.
      
      113   Therefore it is clear from the file that the applicants in Case T-245/03 encouraged their members to carry out specific acts
         at slaughterers’ undertakings operating in their respective areas and thus to participate in implementing the disputed agreement.
         Consequently, the acts of the department federations and local unions formed part of a common strategy with the national federations
         aimed at ensuring that the measures decided upon at national level were effective throughout France. One of the instruments
         of that strategy was precisely the conclusion of agreements between the local farmers’ unions and the slaughterers’ undertakings.
      
      114   Thus, a fax sent on 9 November 2001 by the Lower Normandy Fédération régionale des syndicats d’exploitants agricoles (FRSEA)
         to FNSEA, in response to a questionnaire sent by the latter on 8 November 2001, states as follows: ‘Operations and strategies
         for applying the price scale: … Formal signature of a regional commitment agreement: observance of the conditions and scale
         prices by FRSEA (Lower Normandy) and the slaughterers. They have all given a written commitment and have returned the document
         to us’. Likewise, a fax of 19 November 2001 from the Finistère FDSEA to FNB contains the following passage: ‘Regarding the
         operations concerning the (minimum) price scale …, verbal agreements have been made with the abattoirs. The written agreement
         has not yet been returned to us and we have received no complaints from farmers for non-compliance with the price scale.’
         Lastly, a fax of 13 November 2001 from the Isère FDSEA to FNSEA and to FNB has annexed to it a standard form of local agreement
         entitled ‘Application of the national agreement on the minimum price scale’ and contains commitments to adhere to the price
         scale and to suspend imports temporarily ‘until further national negotiation’.
      
      115   However, the fact that those local agreements were signed by the slaughterers and not by their representative organisations
         at the national level (including FNICGV and the applicant in Case T-217/03) does not justify leaving those agreements out
         of consideration in the present case. On this point, the Court considers that the existence of a national agreement between
         the farmers’ representatives and those of the slaughterers was a decisive factor in overcoming the resistance of the slaughterers’
         undertakings to accepting the local agreements submitted to them by the farmers’ representatives.
      
      116   Lastly, it is clear from the file that, contrary to the applicants’ submissions, the local agreements in question often repeated,
         in substance, the terms of the national agreement. The local agreements frequently reproduce the national agreement word for
         word (see, for example, the agreement of 31 October 2001 between the Loire FDSEA and the slaughterers’ undertakings of the
         same department).
      
      117   In the light of the foregoing, the Court considers that those agreements cannot be regarded as the outcome of independent
         negotiations unconnected with the application of the national agreement. In actual fact, the agreements concluded at the local
         level were the extension and implementation of the disputed agreement. 
      
      118   Therefore, the Court finds that the Commission was right to take the local agreements into consideration for the purpose of
         assessing the extent and the duration of the infringement attributed to the applicants.
      
      119   In addition, the applicants’ argument that taking the local agreements into consideration amounted to a violation of their
         rights of defence must be rejected. It must be observed that the documents concerning the local agreements upon which the
         Commission relied in the contested decision and which were found in the course of investigations in the applicants’ offices
         formed part of the administrative file. Therefore, the applicants had an opportunity to formulate observations on those documents
         during the procedure before the Commission.
      
      b)     Organisation, selection, quotation and interpretation of the documents in the file 
       Arguments of the parties
      120   The applicants submit that, in the contested decision, the Commission misrepresented the handwritten notes found in the office
         of the director of FNB, on which the Commission to a large extent relied in order to prove the extent and duration of the
         disputed agreement. Thus, the Commission provided the applicants with only the extracts which it selected itself, it did not
         arrange them chronologically and did not gather them together, so that they were mixed together with the other documents in
         the file. Furthermore, there is too much writing on the pages with the abovementioned notes, so that the notes are disordered
         and often indecipherable.
      
      121   The applicants also dispute the accuracy or the interpretation of a large number of quotations in the contested decision on
         the grounds that they are incomplete, taken out of context or erroneous, that in reality they contradict the Commission’s
         argument, that they are not dated and that the persons attending the meetings to whom reference is made cannot be identified.
         Lastly, the applicants submit that, in interpreting the documents in the file, the Commission reversed the burden of proof
         because it presumed wrongful conduct on the applicants’ part and only took into consideration incriminating documents and
         not exculpatory documents.
      
      122   The Commission observes that in the text of a decision it cannot quote in full all the documents on which it relies and claims
         that making a selection may be open to criticism only if it misrepresents the documents. The Commission rejects the applicants’
         further complaints.
      
       Findings of the Court
      123   The applicants do not deny that they had access to all the documents forming part of the Commission’s administrative file
         (with the single exception of two letters exchanged between the Commission and the Permanent Representation of France to the
         European Union). In particular, the Commission observed, without being contradicted by the applicants, that they had access
         to a complete copy of the abovementioned book of handwritten notes of the director of FNB. It follows that the applicants
         were in a position to identify and to plead all the exculpatory evidence in exoneration contained in the file. In addition,
         the applicants do not allege that the Commission removed from, or failed to place in, the administrative file any exculpatory
         documents identified or provided by them.
      
      124   It must also be observed that, in the contested decision, the Commission, like the applicants, often based its findings on
         extracts from numerous handwritten notes which were found and copied during the investigations at the applicants’ offices.
         Most of the notes are neither signed nor dated and they are not always very legible. However, it must be observed that the
         fact that a document is unsigned or undated or is badly written does not impugn its evidentiary value if its origin, probable
         date and content can be determined with sufficient certainty (see, to that effect, Case T-11/89 Shell v Commission [1992] ECR II-757, paragraph 86).
      
      125   In the present case, the Commission indicated in the contested decision when a document was not dated and was given an approximate
         date by reference to its content or context. Likewise, where only the initials of those present at meetings were mentioned,
         the Commission generally deduced from the context who were the persons in question. Lastly, regarding the applicants’ criticism
         concerning the organisation and classification of the handwritten notes, the Commission explained that the documents in the
         file were arranged chronologically according to their date of issue or discovery, in the case of documents found during the
         investigation, the latter documents having been numbered by following the order of the lists which were drawn up.
      
      126   With regard to the applicants’ complaints concerning the use and interpretation of particular items of evidence in the contested
         decision, they will be examined below in so far as they may call into question the Commission’s findings concerning the extent
         and duration of the infringement. 
      
      2.     The attribution to the applicants of an agreement relating to imports 
      a)     Arguments of the parties
      127   The applicants claim that the signing of the Rungis protocol on 31 October 2001 led to the part of the national agreement
         concerning the suspension of imports (which had taken effect on 29 October 2001) coming to an end only two days later, on
         31 October 2001. Therefore the ‘Imports’ part of the agreement had no time to exist and could not be attributed to the applicants.
      
      128   The applicants submit that the Commission misrepresented the facts of the present case and manifestly erred in its assessment
         in finding that the Rungis protocol comprised an agreement aiming to limit the volume of imports. The undertaking given by
         importers and exporters in the protocol to show ‘solidarity’ does not aim at imports and is only a reaffirmation on the part
         of FNICGV, at the request of the farmers’ federations, that it would continue supplies on the conditions laid down in the
         price scale. The applicant in Case T-217/03 also observes that, as it was not a signatory of the Rungis protocol, it was in
         any case not concerned by the undertaking of ‘solidarity’. Lastly, the statements by the president of FNICGV on the date of
         signature of the protocol confirm that the ‘Imports’ part had been dropped.
      
      129   The applicants likewise submit that, in asserting that there was a necessary connection between the price scale and the suspension
         of imports, the Commission is confusing what the producers wanted and the true situation after the Rungis protocol. The applicants
         also note the very critical attitude to the ‘Imports’ part of the agreement of 24 October 2001, from the beginning, of importing
         slaughterers and importing wholesalers who were members of FNICGV, and the applicants allege that the acceptance of that part
         by the federation was only a token gesture and that it could not be maintained. 
      
      130   Furthermore, the applicants complain that the Commission did not take into consideration documents which prove that the agreement
         on imports no longer existed. They refer, first, to a letter of 8 November 2001 from the national farmers’ federations to
         their members, from which it is clear that the agreement of 24 October 2001 related only to the application of the minimum
         price scale, as there is no allusion at all to any restriction whatever of imports. Second, the applicants mention a handwritten
         note of 14 November 2001 stating: ‘limited agreement; imports continuing today; no retaliation [measures].’
      
      131   The applicants add that the Commission identified only one local agreement concluded after the signature of the Rungis protocol
         and comprising a provision for the suspension of imports, namely the agreement drawn up in the department of Isère. The documents
         dated 9 November 2001, originating from the Lower Normandy FRSEA, and those dated 19 November 2001 from the Finistère FDSEA,
         are only reports which do not show that the local agreements in question included an undertaking to suspend imports. The other
         local agreements referred to by the Commission are not subsequent to the Rungis protocol. For example, the agreement concluded
         in Loire is dated 31 October 2001.
      
      132   Lastly, the applicants claim that examination of the trade volume curves confirms that the suspension of imports did not continue
         beyond 31 October 2001. They explain that the alleged falls in beef imports in November and December 2001 are due to the constant
         variation in the monthly quantities imported and that no causal connection can be established between that particular reduction
         and the existence of an alleged agreement.
      
      133   The Commission submits that the ‘Imports’ part of the agreement of 24 October 2001 was not cancelled after 31 October 2001
         by the Rungis protocol. The Commission claims that the protocol aimed to modify the excessively strict commitment to the total
         suspension of imports but, by referring to ‘solidarity’, led to limiting imports at better prices. According to the Commission,
         the applicants do not explain how a minimum price agreement could succeed if cheaper imports continued at the same time. Lastly,
         several local agreements concluded on or after the date of the Rungis protocol, pursuant to a national agreement, always included
         an undertaking to suspend imports.
      
      b)     Findings of the Court
      134   First of all, the applicants’ argument that, if the ‘Imports’ part was dropped as a result of the Rungis protocol, that part
         cannot be attributed to them, must be rejected. The fact that an infringement was of very short duration does not call into
         question the existence of an infringement of Article 81(1) EC. 
      
      135   Furthermore, the Court considers that, in order to be effective, a minimum price-fixing agreement needed measures for monitoring
         or limiting imports. In the present case, as beef from other Member States, in particular Germany and the Netherlands, was
         cheaper than that produced in France and, because of excess supply, the effectiveness of a price scale necessarily depended
         on supplies from French farmers to slaughterers’ undertakings established in France. If that were not the case, not only would
         the price scale not have been such as to remedy the crisis for French farmers, but it could only have exacerbated it in so
         far as the slaughterers would have turned to products from other Member States or even non-member countries. 
      
      136   In any case, the Court considers that, contrary to the applicants’ submissions, the Rungis protocol of 31 October 2001 did
         not completely eliminate the import suspension measures in the agreement of 24 October 2001, even though it limited them,
         as the Commission recognised in the contested decision. 
      
      137   The applicants’ argument that the protocol related to the price scale, but not imports, must be rejected straightaway. The
         Rungis protocol is entitled ‘“Meat imports” meeting’. It states that ‘the French undertakings specialising in the import and
         export sector have held a meeting with the producers’ federations … that signed the national inter-trade agreement of 24 October
         2001’. The references in the protocol are to importers and exporters and the text does not allude to the price scale. It follows
         that the Rungis protocol related to the ‘Imports’ part of the disputed agreement. The message of 31 October 2001 from the
         president of FNICGV to its members confirms this conclusion. 
      
      138   It must be observed that, after some introductory remarks, the protocol contains inter alia the following passage:
      ‘In the unprecedented crisis situation currently facing producers, the representatives of the farmers urge importers and exporters
         to be aware of the seriousness of the crisis. 
      
      In response, the importers and exporters undertake to demonstrate solidarity’.
      139   In view of the circumstances of the present case, including the need to monitor imports to ensure the effectiveness of the
         price scale, which remained fully in force, the Court considers that the commitment to ‘solidarity’ on the part of importers
         and exporters must be understood, as the Commission found in the contested decision, as their agreement to limit beef imports
         in favour of the production of French farmers. 
      
      140   This conclusion is not undermined by the abovementioned message of 31 October 2001 from the president of FNICGV to its members,
         which states: ‘we have found a compromise … enabling the importers to continue their business and to ensure as well as possible
         the free movement of products reared and marketed by our businesses’. In view of the clear wording of the agreement of 24
         October 2001 (namely ‘temporary commitment to suspend imports’), to which the president of FNICGV alludes in his message,
         this passage remains ambiguous. He speaks of a ‘compromise’ and refers to ensuring the free movement of the products in question
         ‘as well as possible’, but not to totally free movement. 
      
      141   Therefore the Court considers that the Rungis protocol did not completely nullify the ‘Imports’ part of the disputed agreement.
      142   This conclusion is not contradicted by the two documents relied on by the applicants to show that the ‘Imports’ part was no
         longer in force in November 2001.
      
      143   With regard to the letter of 8 November 2001 from the applicants in Case T‑245/03 to their members, its purpose was ‘to take
         stock of the implementation of and compliance with the agreement in the departments two weeks after signature and one week
         after bringing in the minimum price scale.’ As the applicants observe, that note refers only to measures for the application
         of the price scale. However, the mere fact that the letter does not allude to the ‘Imports’ part is not in itself sufficient
         to show that that part had been dropped. 
      
      144   With regard to the handwritten notes of 14 November 2001, originating from a section head of FNSEA, one of them states: ‘limited
         agreement: imports continuing today; no retaliation [measures]’. However, it must be observed that, as the Commission points
         out, it is clear from their context that the relevant part of those notes refers to defining the strategy of the applicants
         in Case T‑245/03, in order to prepare their reply to the Commission’s request of 9 November 2001 for information (see paragraph
         13 above). These are therefore documents which contain only the position of which the applicants wished to inform the Commission.
         In the text of these handwritten notes there are several references to ‘Brussels’, to ‘BXL’ or to the ‘DG Competition’. One
         such reference is as follows: ‘DG Competition – a FNSEA text for the end of the morning’ and then ‘Co-ordinated, if not joint,
         reply’. Some of these handwritten passages confirm that the extract relied on by the applicants formed part of the observations
         to be included in the reply to be sent to the Commission. The following phrases, situated close to the abovementioned extract
         in the document in question, should be cited by way of example: ‘Main points of defence’ or ‘defence of producers’. Consequently,
         it must be found that the extracts relied upon by the applicants lack the objectivity and reliability necessary for cogent
         evidence.
      
      145   It must be added that several local agreements containing provisions for the suspension of imports were concluded on the same
         day as the signing of the Rungis protocol or thereafter. For example, a memo by the Loire FDSEA of 31 October 2001 refers
         to the conclusion on the same day of an agreement between FDSEA, the JA department centre and the ‘department beef industry’.
         The memo states that ‘all the undertakings invited … signed the agreement and undertook to apply it’. However, the annexed
         agreement reproduces almost word for word the agreement of 24 October 2001 and includes a ‘temporary commitment to suspend
         imports’. Likewise it is clear from the file that, in the department of Isère, at least three local agreements were concluded
         with slaughterers in November 2001 pursuant to the national agreement and including an obligation to suspend imports temporarily
         ‘until further national negotiation’: thus, before 13 November 2001 an agreement with the company Provi, on 13 November with
         the Bigard group and on 15 November with the companies Carrel and Isère Viandes et Salaisons.
      
      146   The applicants’ criticism of the use in the contested decision of documents originating from the Lower Normandy FRSEA dated
         9 November 2001, and from the Finistère FDSEA dated 19 November 2001, must also be rejected. The criticism is based on the
         fact that the documents in question are only reports which do not show that the local agreements concerned included an undertaking
         to suspend imports. It must be observed, first, that the document of 19 November 2001 was not referred to by the Commission
         to show the existence of the ‘Imports’ part, but as an example of the local application of the price scale (see recital 86
         of the contested decision and paragraph 114 above). Second, with regard to the document of 9 November 2001, suffice it to
         observe that the Commission used it only to illustrate the existence of local checks on the origin of meat (see recital 80
         of the contested decision). The document in question actually contains the following extract: ‘Oren and Calvados are carrying
         out checks of lorries carrying imported meat: nothing to report.’
      
      147   The applicants’ submissions on the basis of a statistical analysis of the quantities of beef imported into France must also
         be rejected. It must be observed that, although the Commission found, in the contested decision, that the available statistics
         showed an appreciable decline in imports in November 2001 compared with October 2001 and in December 2001 compared with November
         2001 and that import levels rose sharply in January 2002 (recital 78 of the contested decision), nevertheless the Commission
         concluded that the reduction in imports could not be attributed with certainty to the agreement (recital 167 of the contested
         decision). As the Commission did not rely on those statistical data to prove the duration of the ‘Imports’ part, the applicants’
         submissions disputing the interpretation of the figures are irrelevant. In any case, the Court considers that the statistics
         put forward by the applicants do not support the conclusion that the agreement relating to imports did not exist after 31
         October 2001.
      
      148   Furthermore, with regard to the argument of the applicant in Case T‑217/03 that the undertaking of solidarity given in the
         Rungis protocol was of no concern to it because it was not a signatory, suffice it to observe that the protocol did not contain
         a new agreement and merely modified the original provision for the suspension of imports in the agreement of 24 October 2001,
         of which the applicant in Case T‑217/03 was a signatory. In addition, it must be observed that, when questioned by the Court,
         the applicant in Case T‑217/03 admitted that it did not inform its members, either upon signature of the Rungis protocol or
         subsequently, of the alleged removal of restrictions on beef imports. The reason it gave was that the measures relating to
         imports were of no concern to its members. However, it should be noted that at least some of its members imported beef cattle
         into France, although the quantities were relatively small by comparison with overall imports (see paragraph 66 above).
      
      149   In the light of all the foregoing, it must be concluded that there was no error on the Commission’s part in finding that,
         in spite of the Rungis protocol, the ‘Imports’ part of the agreement of 24 October 2001 was not completely dropped as from
         31 October 2001.
      
      3.     Attribution to the applicants of a secret verbal agreement after the end of November 2001
      a)     Arguments of the parties
      150   The applicants submit that the Commission was wrong in finding that the agreement of 24 October 2001 had been extended beyond
         30 November 2001 by the parties verbally and in secret.
      
      151   They observe that the extension of an agreement can only result from evidence showing an expression of the consent of all
         the parties. In the present case, therefore, the Commission had to prove consensus between the producers’ and the slaughterers’
         federations in favour of continuing the agreement. However, the slaughterers’ representatives, namely FNICGV and the applicant
         in Case T‑217/03, had every reason for not continuing it beyond the end of November 2001 after the Commission informed them
         that it considered that the agreement infringed Article 81 EC. Thus, on 30 November 2001, FNICGV informed its members that
         the agreement would not be renewed.
      
      152   The applicants also observe that the fact that renewal of the agreement was envisaged or discussed is not sufficient to show
         that it was actually extended. They claim that the Commission could not take as its sole basis evidence from unilateral statements
         by the farmers’ federations alone, which contained only union claims. As the Commission had the burden of proof, it was required,
         according to the applicants, to produce documents originating from the slaughterers, confirming their agreement to maintain
         the price scale at the national level after 30 November 2001.
      
      153   The applicants dispute the conclusions drawn by the Commission from the handwritten notes of the director of FNB concerning
         the meetings of 29 November and 5 December 2001. In their view, it is clear from those documents that at the meetings the
         farmers’ representatives made it known that, as from December 2001, they would try, by means of union action, to induce the
         slaughterers to apply on the ground the prices laid down in the scale. The applicants also dispute the Commission’s argument
         that the alleged secret continuation of the agreement also applied to imports and they point out that none of the documents
         referred to by the Commission relating to the two meetings of 29 November and 5 December 2001 makes the slightest reference
         to imports.
      
      154   In addition, the applicants assert that the Commission attempts to prove the existence of the verbal agreement with the fact
         that it was secret. Though the word ‘secret’ was used in the notebook of FNB’s representative, it is contradicted in reality
         by the publicity given by the farmers’ federations to their union claims. The applicants observe that a secret agreement would
         have been of no advantage in the present context because the presidents of the signatory federations would not have been able
         to inform all their members of it.
      
      155   With regard to the alleged local agreements subsequent to 30 November 2001, the Commission has identified only one, namely
         that concluded on 18 December 2001 by FDSEA, the JAs of the department of Sarthe and the Socopa group. That agreement alone
         formed the basis of the Commission’s finding that the infringement continued beyond 30 November 2001. The applicants also
         assert that the Commission did not have the text of that agreement, the documents referring to it mentioning only an agreement
         on the price scale, which therefore differed from the national agreement of 24 October 2001. In addition, the so-called ‘renewed’
         agreements identified by the Commission do not include the date, signatures or the region in question.
      
      156   Moreover, the applicant in Case T-217/03 submits that, as the Commission produced no written document of the slaughterers
         or involving them, it ought to have proved that the disputed agreement was implemented after 30 November 2001 on the basis
         of lists of market prices demonstrating that the price scale was adhered to. Although the Commission had tried to prove the
         existence of the agreement of 24 October 2001 with lists of prices at the national level for the first three weeks during
         which the agreement was applied, it had not produced any documents with figures relating to the alleged continuation of the
         agreement.
      
      157   Lastly, the applicants observe that the Commission informed them, by letter of 26 November 2001, that only an extension of
         the written agreement of 24 October 2001 could give rise to sanctions. They conclude that, by fining them without having proved
         the existence of the verbal agreement which allegedly renewed the written agreement, the Commission not only manifestly erred
         in its assessment and erred in law, but failed to abide by its undertakings to the applicants, which amounts to a breach of
         the principle of the protection of legitimate expectation. 
      
      158   The Commission claims that an agreement within the meaning of Article 81(1) EC is not subject to any requirement of form,
         and an unwritten agreement may perfectly well constitute a prohibited cartel. The Commission observes that, during the second
         half of November 2001, the applicants still envisaged a written renewal of the agreement and maintains that, after the possibility
         of a written renewal was discarded, the parties agreed on the secret renewal of the agreement at two meetings on 29 November
         and 5 December 2001. The Commission adds that numerous documents show that the agreement was continued after 30 November 2001
         and submits that it was therefore unnecessary to prove also that it produced effects. Lastly, the Commission disputes the
         applicants’ interpretation of its letter of 26 November 2001 and claims that, in any case, that question is irrelevant as
         the agreement was renewed.
      
       b) Findings of the Court
      159   It must be borne in mind that the agreement of 24 October 2001 specified the end of November 2001 as the expiry date. However,
         it is clear from the contested decision that on 19 November 2001, a few days after receipt of the Commission’s request for
         information, the president of FNICGV informed the president of FNSEA that he felt ‘obliged to bring forward to today the final
         date of application of the agreement’ (recital 54 of the contested decision). However, the file does not show that the other
         signatories actually brought forward the date for the end of the validity of the agreement. Furthermore, the applicants do
         not dispute the contention that the agreement of 24 October 2001 expired on 30 November 2001, but the fact that the agreement
         was renewed verbally in secret to beyond the latter date. Therefore, the Court’s examination must be limited to this last
         question.
      
      160   In that connection, it must be observed, as the Commission confirmed at the hearing, that the contested decision characterises
         the infringement in question as an agreement concluded by federations representing farmers of the one part and federations
         representing slaughterers of the other. Consequently, as the applicants maintain, in order to prove the existence of the alleged
         verbal agreement which extended or renewed the agreement of 24 October 2001, the Commission had to show that the representatives
         of both the farmers and the slaughterers joined in it.
      
      161   On the other hand, the applicants must fail in their argument that the Commission based its reasoning solely on evidence originating
         from the farmers’ representatives and ought also to have produced documents originating from the slaughterers. If other documents
         in the file were sufficient to show that the latter took part in the agreement, the Commission was not obliged to produce
         evidence originating directly from the slaughterers’ representatives (see, to that effect, Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappi and Others v Commission, paragraph 512).
      
      162   It must be observed that, for the purpose of proving the extension of the agreement of 24 October 2001 beyond the end of November
         2001, in the contested decision the Commission relied on a number of documents: first, documents indicating that the renewal
         of the agreement was planned, even on a date after its alleged termination by FNICGV, on 19 November 2001 (recitals 46 to
         53 of the contested decision); second, documents referring to an agreement of all the parties, together with an undertaking
         not to disclose it, at two meetings which took place on 29 November and 5 December 2001 (recitals 57 to 70 of the contested
         decision); third, evidence of the implementation of the agreement after the end of November 2001 (recitals 78 to 95 of the
         contested decision).
      
      163   Consequently, it will be necessary to examine the evidence referred to by the Commission in the light of the applicants’ complaints
         concerning it.
      
       Preparation for the renewal of the agreement 
      164   In the contested decision, the Commission observes that during the second half of November 2001 the parties were considering
         renewing the disputed agreement in writing (recitals 48 to 53 of the contested decision). In particular, the Commission relied
         upon handwritten notes by the director of FNB and an email dated 28 November 2001 from a representative of the Brittany FRSEA
         to FNB.
      
      165   First, it must be observed that the abovementioned handwritten notes refer to a working meeting held, according to the Commission,
         between 22 and 27 November 2001, at which the president of FNICGV, Mr L.S., was present. It appears from those notes that
         the future of the ‘sector agreement’ after the end of November 2001 was discussed in relation to the ‘Prices’ part as well
         as the ‘Imports’ part. During those discussions, FNICGV refused to ‘continue with [the] written agreement’. The notes also
         envisage ‘discussing legality’. The possibility of ‘moving on from the agreement’ was, however, examined.
      
      166   Second, it must be observed that the email of 28 November 2001 states as follows: ‘continuation of the price scale over the
         weeks ahead: all the slaughterers encountered said they were willing to maintain the price scale if all the operators also
         undertook to do so’. However, this passage only shows that certain slaughterers were prepared to maintain the price measures
         if an agreement to that effect was concluded.
      
      167   It must therefore be concluded that, although the Commission was certainly entitled to use those documents to prove that the
         applicants had considered and discussed extending the written agreement of 24 October 2001, the documents on their own do
         not prove that it was actually renewed.
      
       Renewal of the agreement at the meetings of 29 November and 5 December 2001
      168   The Commission submits that, after the idea of written renewal was dropped, the parties agreed on the secret renewal of the
         agreement in the course of two meetings held on 29 November and 5 December 2001.
      
      –       Meeting of 29 November 2001
      169   With regard to the meeting of 29 November 2001, the Commission, in the contested decision (recitals 57 to 60), begins by examining
         the handwritten notes of the FNB director. Those notes refer expressly to the ‘meeting Thursday 29 November’. As the heading
         shows, the first part of the notes relates to the preparation of the applicants’ reply to the Commission’s request for information
         dated 9 November 2001. The first part includes the following passage: ‘imports have continued (.) Not total compliance with
         the price agreement(.) The agreement, difficulties – negotiate your price scales regionally’ and, most importantly, ‘OK, we
         accept non-renewal of the agreement’. Likewise, the following words appear in a box at the top right: ‘Outside information?
         + no more agreement? … + price agreement’. The Court considers that, in view of their context, these passages are illustrative
         only of the position that the applicants proposed to adopt vis-à-vis the Commission. Therefore, contrary to the applicants’
         argument, these extracts do not prove that it was decided to cease applying the contested measures.
      
      170   Later on it is stated: ‘cannot be renewed as it stands, given its reprehensible character(.) Pressure should continue to apply
         the intervention prices (in fact, this means applying the price scale)(.) Avoid any frantic communication with one another’.
         This passage shows that the farmers’ federations wished to continue to demand application of the minimum prices, but this
         time formally, as a union claim. The following comments are made: ‘speak of target price. Regional price scales?’ The notes
         also contain the following extract: ‘send letter to FNICGV ‑ FNCBV (.) FNB (:) we take note COM (,) no agreement in future
         but we continue our union objectives’. Lastly, the following comments are made: ‘COMM. Press release(.) Price scale – anti-EEC
         therefore we stop, but we take action to recommend prices(,) we farmers(,) union objectives’.
      
      171   In addition, these handwritten notes include passages which show that, contrary to the applicants’ submissions, the slaughterers’
         representatives assented to the strategy of aiming to continue to secure adherence to the minimum prices. Several references
         are made to ‘LS’, which is identified by the Commission as alluding to the president of FNICGV, which is not denied by the
         applicants. For example:
      
      –       ‘Signed agreement: we cannot continue it (LS)(.) LS = OK to comply with a price set for withdrawal’. Just beneath this is
         a list of prices for certain categories of beef, encircled with the words ‘OK agreement’;
      
      –       ‘“Indicative price”, “target-related price”, “target price”(,) “remunerative price”, “farmer target price”, “farmer target”
         LS = I will write nothing/tel.’
      
      172   These extracts likewise mention several times the initials ‘FT’, which appear to refer to the president of the applicant in
         Case T‑217/03.
      
      173   Lastly, it must be observed that, on the last page of that document (‘summary’) are the words: ‘Good summing-up, unanimous(.)
         “agreement” (verbal/tel.) on compliance with the “farmer target prices.”’
      
      174   In the light of all the foregoing, the Court takes the view, contrary to the applicants, that the handwritten notes concerning
         the meeting of 29 November 2001 may be interpreted as meaning that the slaughterers’ representatives consented to extending
         the application of the contested measures. Therefore the applicants must fail in their argument that the documents in question
         show only that the farmers’ federations wished to continue with those measures only within the framework of their union action,
         in the absence of and outside an agreement with the slaughterers. This argument is in fact contradicted by the contents of
         the notes themselves.
      
      175   In addition, as observed in the contested decision (see recital 63), several other documents confirm that the applicants agreed
         verbally at the meeting of 29 November 2001 to continue the disputed agreement.
      
      176   First, in an interview given on 4 December 2001 by the FNB vice-president, Mr G.H., to Vendée Agricole, available on the FNSEA internet site, he stated: ‘last week, we pointed out the usefulness of this price scale in stopping
         the downward spiral of prices. The undertakings recognise its impact, but at the same time want to comply with the recommendations
         issued by Brussels. Henceforth, we will no longer speak of an inter-trade agreement on a price scale, but of a target in terms
         of floor prices. We still insist on the idea of a union price scale!’ The FNB vice-president added: ‘There is nothing in writing
         on this new “agreement”. Just words. But extremely important in scope. The representatives of the undertakings at national
         level have also communicated verbally the content of our discussions.’ Finally, referring to several abattoirs in Vendée,
         he stated: ‘we are asking them if they received instructions (on the prices discussed the previous week) identical to ours
         from their national structures’.
      
      177   Second, the contested decision refers, in recital 64, to a memo from the Vendée federation of 5 December 2001, which states:
         ‘the verbal agreement reached at the end of last week by the beef sector is slow in being applied in practice in the field.
         … The whole sector should communicate on this “agreement” at the beginning of the week’. After a reference to discussions
         between protesters and a slaughterer, the memo continues: ‘the persons in charge of the abattoir had talks with (the FNICGV
         president). He confirmed last week’s discussions.’
      
      –       Meeting of 5 December 2001
      178   With regard to the meeting of 5 December 2001, held on the occasion of national beef day, it is necessary first of all to
         examine, as the contested decision does in recital 66, an email of 6 December 2001 from a representative of the FRSEA Brittany
         to the FDSEA presidents of his region. The email, which refers to ‘yesterday’s meeting’, states as follows:
      
      ‘On this aspect of the minimum prices, the FNICGV and FNCBV national presidents said that they were aware of the need to maintain
         market prices and to get their members to see this need. Nevertheless we will have no written agreement on this point and
         the maintenance of prices will depend on our capacity to exert sufficient pressure in the sector. So I suggest that as from
         the end of this week you should enter into contact … with the slaughterers in your department so as to check up on their commitment
         to maintain prices on the existing and updated basis and to alert them to the union action which we will be able to implement
         as from next week in the event of any failure to comply with this commitment.’
      
      179   The contested decision goes on to consider, in recital 67, an information bulletin issued by FNPL and sent by fax on 10 December
         2001, also referring to national beef day, which ‘confirmed the continuation of the price scale.’ The bulletin reports that
         ‘the representatives of the slaughterers (FT and LS) took note of the unwritten renewal of the price scale’.
      
      180   Lastly, the contested decision refers, in recitals 68 and 69, to other passages in the handwritten notes of the FNB director,
         entitled ‘Beef day – 5 December 2001.’ Those notes contain the following extracts: ‘we’re to stop saying “against imports”,
         and go to restaurants and catering’, ‘a mistake = to have stated suspension of imports in writing, but we have been rapped
         over the knuckles by Brussels and others in the COPA. Without putting it in writing, let us continue with “target prices”
         or prices below which we don’t want prices [to fall]’. Likewise, just after the comments attributed to the presidents of the
         applicant in Case T-217/03 and of FNICGV, the note reads: ‘we can no longer put in writing, but continue’. The president of
         FNICGV then stated: ‘we will maintain (our commitment) on PAS (special purchase price)’ and ‘message passed to our undertakings
         … informally, the price scale will continue.’ Lastly, the president of the applicant in Case T-217/03 stated in that connection:
         ‘yes OK but it must be applied by everyone’. With regard to this last statement, contrary to the submissions of the applicant
         in Case T-217/03, the words ‘applied by everyone’ do not mean that it is impossible to apply the price scale and do not deprive
         the statement in question of evidential value.
      
       Implementation of the agreement after the end of November 2001
      181   In addition, the contested decision contains references to several actions at local level which confirm that the agreement
         continued to be applied after 30 November 2001 (recitals 92 to 94 of the contested decision).
      
      182   In particular, a memo from the Vendée FDSEA dated 18 December 2001 states that a slaughterer (the Socopa group) agreed, after
         a blockade of its premises, to apply the minimum price scale for cows until 11 January 2002.
      
      183   The file also contains two copies of a document entitled ‘Agreement of 25 October 2001 (renewed)’ which includes the following
         words: ‘Signed and deemed applicable by FNSEA, FNB, FNICGV and FNCBV/SICA’. As the applicants point out, these documents are
         not dated. However, in recital 94 of the contested decision the Commission identified them respectively as a fax of ‘FDSEA
         79’ of 13 December 2001 and as a document sent on the same day by the Deux-Sèvres FDSEA to a slaughterer. 
      
      184   Lastly, a fax sent by a representative of FDSEA Maine-et-Loire to the director of FNB on 11 December 2001, entitled ‘Checks
         at Maine-et-Loire abattoirs’, states: ‘no abnormality found – price scale applied – no imports.’
      
       Findings
      185   In view of what has been said above, it must be found that, in the contested decision, the Commission proved to the requisite
         legal standard that the applicants continued to apply the disputed agreement, verbally and in secret, beyond the end of November
         2001, in spite of the Commission’s letters of 26 November 2001 informing them that the agreement revealed an infringement
         of Community competition rules.
      
      186   This finding cannot be undermined by the applicants’ arguments that the secret continuation of the agreement would render
         it totally ineffective. It must be observed that the file contains several references to the applicants’ wish not to publicise
         the existence of an undertaking given by the farmers’ representatives and those of the slaughterers after the expiry of the
         written agreement. However, the Court considers that secrecy did not render the agreement entirely ineffective, particularly
         as the farmers’ federations continued to call in public for the price scales, but this time in the ostensible form of a union
         claim, and continued to inform their members of them. Likewise, the file suggests that the slaughterers’ representatives also
         informed several slaughterers’ undertakings of them verbally (see paragraph 177 above).
      
      187   Furthermore, the Court considers that the continuation of the agreement cannot be denied solely on the basis of FNICGV’s memo
         of 30 November 2001 stating that ‘the minimum purchase price scale for culled cows concluded on 24 October 2001 has not been
         and will not be renewed’ and that ‘this is the conclusion reached at the meeting held (yesterday) in Paris in the presence
         of the signatories of the agreement’. The Court considers that this statement formed part of FNICGV’s public relations strategy,
         particularly after that federation had been warned by the Commission of the possibility of sanctions by reason of the disputed
         agreements. In any case, as stated above, documents subsequent to that date show that the president of FNICGV took part in
         the renewal of the agreement.
      
      188   Lastly, as the Commission proved on the basis of documentary evidence that the agreement was continued, it was not necessary,
         contrary to the applicants’ claim, to prove its continuation by examining the effects of the agreement on prices during the
         relevant period.
      
      189   Therefore, the Court finds that the Commission was right to find, in the contested decision, that the duration of the infringement
         was from 24 October 2001 to 11 January 2002. 
      
      190   Consequently, this plea must be dismissed in its entirety.
      C –   Third plea in law: non-application of the exception provided for by Regulation No 26 
      1.     Arguments of the parties
      191   The applicants submit that the Commission infringed Regulation No 26 and that there were manifest errors of assessment and
         errors of law on its part in refusing to grant the disputed agreement derogation from the application of Article 81(1) EC,
         as provided for by Article 2 of Regulation No 26 in favour of certain activities connected with the production and marketing
         of agricultural products. They maintain that the agreement in question was necessary for achieving the aims of the common
         agricultural policy.
      
      192   Thus, the applicants claim that, as recognised by the contested decision, the disputed agreement had the objective of ensuring
         a fair standard of living for beef farmers. They add that the objective of stabilising markets was also achieved because the
         agreement set up a price mechanism which contributed to ending the existing disruption and enabled farmers to sell their products
         at profitable prices and consequently to confront the crisis without disappearing from the market. The agreement did not,
         however, jeopardise the objectives of increasing productivity and ensuring that supplies reach consumers at reasonable prices,
         in relation to which the agreement was neutral.
      
      193   The applicants consider that in the present case the Commission ought to have tried to reconcile the various objectives (Case
         5/73 Balkan-Import-Export [1973] ECR 1091, paragraph 24, and Joined Cases 197/80 to 200/80, 243/80, 245/80 and 247/80 Ludwigshafener Walzmühle and Others v Council and Commission [1981] ECR 3211, paragraph 41). Especially because of the exceptional crisis in the beef sector, the Commission ought to have
         given priority to the objectives of stabilising markets and ensuring a fair standard of living for the agricultural community.
         Therefore the Commission ought to have found that, to bring all the objectives listed by Article 33(1) EC into balance, it
         was justified to apply the derogation provided for by Regulation No 26.
      
      194   The applicants in Case T-245/03 criticise the Commission’s argument in recitals 146 and 147 of the contested decision that
         the fact that the measures adopted were not provided for by Regulation No 1254/1999 was sufficient to preclude application
         of the derogation provided for by Article 2 of Regulation No 26. The applicant in Case T-217/03, for its part, claims that
         the Commission manifestly erred in its assessment and also erred in law in finding that the agreement did not fall within
         the scope of the objectives laid down by the CMO. The applicant submits inter alia that the agreement complied with the objectives
         stated in recitals 2 and 31 of Regulation No 1254/1999 and with Article 38(1) thereof.
      
      195   Lastly, the applicants claim that the Commission manifestly erred in its assessment and also erred in law in finding that
         the disputed agreement was disproportionate. In addition, the Commission stated no reasons for that finding and did not explain
         what measures other than those provided for by the disputed agreement would have stopped the collapse in prices.
      
      196   The Commission submits that the exception provided for by Article 2 of Regulation No 26 must be interpreted and applied restrictively.
         In the present case, the disputed agreement may appear appropriate, at best, for attaining only one of the five objectives
         specified by Article 33 EC (ensuring a fair standard of living for the agricultural community) and it has no connection with
         the other four. In addition, it goes beyond the framework of the CMO in the beef sector and, in any case, appears disproportionate
         for attaining the desired objectives. In the final analysis, the agreement does not fall within the scope of the derogation
         in question.
      
      2.     Findings of the Court
      197   First of all, it must be observed that the maintenance of effective competition in the markets for agricultural products is
         one of the objectives of the common agricultural policy. Whilst Article 36 EC has conferred on the Council responsibility
         for determining the extent to which the Community competition rules are applicable to the production of and trade in agricultural
         products, in order to take account of the particular position of the markets for those products, that provision nevertheless
         established the principle that the Community competition rules are applicable in the agricultural sector (Case C‑137/00 Milk Marque and National Farmers’ Union [2003] ECR I-7975, paragraphs 57 and 58).
      
      198   By virtue of Article 1 of Regulation No 26, Article 81(1) EC applies to all agreements, decisions and practices referred to
         in that provision which relate to production of or trade in the agricultural products listed in Annex I to the EC Treaty,
         including in particular live animals, edible meat and offals, subject to the provisions of Article 2 of the same regulation.
         The latter provides that Article 81(1) EC does not apply to agreements, decisions and practices which are necessary for the
         attainment of the objectives of the common agricultural policy set out in Article 33 EC.
      
      199   Constituting as it does a derogation from the general rule in Article 81(1) EC, Article 2 of Regulation No 26 must be interpreted
         strictly (Case C-399/93 Oude Luttikhuisand Others [1995] ECR I‑4515, paragraph 23, Joined Cases T‑70/92 and T-71/92 Florimex and VGB v Commission [1997] ECR II-693, paragraph 152). Furthermore, it has consistently been held that the first sentence of Article 2(1) of Regulation
         No 26, which provides for the exception claimed, applies only if the agreement in question is conducive to attainment of all
         the objectives of Article 33 (Oude Luttikhuisand Others, paragraph 25; Florimex and VGB v Commission, paragraph 153; see also, to that effect, Frubo v Commission, paragraphs 25 to 27). However, the Court has stated that in the event of a conflict between those sometimes divergent objectives,
         the Commission may try to reconcile them (Florimex and VGB v Commission, paragraph 153). Lastly, as is clear from the very wording of the first sentence of Article 2(1) of Regulation No 26, the
         agreement in question must be ‘necessary’ for the attainment of those objectives (Oude Luttikhuisand Others, paragraph 25; see also, to that effect, Florimex and VGB v Commission, paragraphs 171 and 185).
      
      200   In accordance with Article 33(1) EC, the objectives of the common agricultural policy are:
      ‘(a)  to increase agricultural productivity by promoting technical progress and by ensuring the rational development of agricultural
         production and the optimum utilisation of the factors of production, in particular labour; 
      
      (b)       thus to ensure a fair standard of living for the agricultural community, in particular by increasing the individual earnings
         of persons engaged in agriculture; 
      
      (c)       to stabilise markets, 
      (d)       to ensure the availability of supplies; 
      (e)       to ensure that supplies reach consumers at reasonable prices.’ 
      201   The applicants submit, essentially, that the disputed agreement was necessary for the attainment of two of those objectives,
         namely to ensure a fair standard of living for the agricultural community and to stabilise markets, and that it was neutral
         in relation to the remaining three, which therefore it did not adversely affect.
      
      202   As the applicants point out, the main object of the disputed agreement was to assist beef farmers in France in the crisis
         situation in the beef sector at the material time. Therefore it may be regarded as having the objective of ensuring a fair
         standard of living for the agricultural community for the purposes of Article 33(1)(b) EC.
      
      203   On the other hand, the Court considers that the agreement of 24 October 2001 did not aim to stabilise markets, as envisaged
         by Article 33(1)(c) EC; nor could it be deemed necessary for that purpose. As the contested decision states, the crisis in
         the beef sector in 2000 and 2001 was due to the massive imbalance between supply and demand caused primarily by the sharp
         drop in consumption owing to the crisis of confidence resulting from the discovery of new cases of ‘mad cow’ disease and foot-and-mouth
         disease (see recitals 12, 13 and 142 of the contested decision). Consequently, stabilisation of the markets in question required
         above all measures to reduce the volume of supply, of which there was a considerable surplus, and to promote the consumption
         of beef, which had fallen considerably. 
      
      204   The disputed agreement did not provide for measures in that respect. Furthermore, not only were the minimum prices which it
         laid down unlikely to help to stabilise the markets, but could even run counter to that objective to the extent that they
         might entail an increase in prices likely to reduce consumption even more and thus widen the gap between supply and demand.
         The introduction of a price scale also represented an artificial fixing of prices, contrary to their natural formation in
         the market and to the government support and intervention arrangements. In addition, the disputed agreement could only be
         a purely short-tem measure incapable of producing medium or long-term effects. The limitation of beef imports into France
         inevitably gave rise to a risk of distortion in intra-Community trade in beef and of adverse effects on the stability of the
         markets in question in a number of Member States. 
      
      205   Moreover, an agreement limiting imports of cheaper products and fixing minimum prices cannot be regarded as neutral in relation
         to the objective of ensuring that supplies reach consumers at reasonable prices, as envisaged in Article 33(1)(e) EC. As the
         Commission points out in recital 144 of the contested decision, without being contradicted by the applicants, especially in
         the case of consumption via restaurant and catering services, which are major users of imported meat, the suspension of imports
         would probably have the effect of raising prices. Furthermore, even if the scale prices were fixed at the slaughterhouse entry
         stage, they would also be likely to be passed on to consumers.
      
      206   In the light of the foregoing, it must be found that the disputed agreement can be regarded as necessary only in relation
         to the objective of ensuring a fair standard of living for the agricultural community. On the other hand, the agreement is
         likely at least to jeopardise the setting of reasonable prices for supplies to consumers. Lastly, the agreement had no connection
         with, and was therefore all the more unnecessary for, the stabilisation of markets, ensuring the availability of supplies
         and increasing agricultural productivity. Therefore, in view of the case-law referred to in paragraph 199 above, the Court
         considers that the Commission did not err in finding that bringing those different objectives into balance did not justify
         the conclusion that the derogation provided for by the first sentence of Article 2(1) of Regulation No 26 was applicable in
         the present case.
      
      207   Furthermore, the objections to the finding, in recitals 146 and 147 of the contested decision, that the disputed agreement
         is not among the means provided for by the CMO rules in the beef sector, including in particular Regulation No 1254/1999,
         must be rejected. Contrary to the submission of the applicants in Case T‑245/03, the Commission did not find that circumstance
         sufficient on its own to rule out the applicability of the derogation based on Regulation No 26, but merely took that factor
         into account – rightly – in support of its finding that the agreement in question was not necessary for the attainment of
         the objectives of the common agricultural policy (see, to that effect, Florimex and VGB v Commission, paragraphs 148 to 151). Likewise, the applicant in Case T-217/03 must fail in its argument that the agreement complied with
         the objectives of that regulation. In particular, the provisions listed by the applicant (namely, recitals 2 and 31 of the
         preamble to and Article 38(1) of that regulation) merely provide for the right of the Community institutions to take measures
         in the event of disturbance in the market (see Article 43 of that regulation) and in no way justify a private agreement limiting
         imports and fixing minimum prices.
      
      208   Lastly, regarding the arguments concerning the proportionality of the contested measures, the complaint alleging failure to
         state reasons must be rejected. In recital 148 of the contested decision the Commission stated reasons to the requisite legal
         standard for its finding that the fixing of prices and suspension of imports were serious restrictions of competition and
         could not be regarded as proportionate to the aims of the agreement. Contrary to the applicants’ submissions, the Commission
         was not required to state what measures the applicants could have taken to make their agreement comply with Article 2 of Regulation
         No 26. The complaint that, in examining the applicability of the derogation provided for by that provision, the Commission
         erred in taking into consideration the disproportionate nature of the measures laid down by the agreement, cannot be upheld
         either. It has consistently been held that, for the purpose of applying that derogation, measures cannot be regarded as necessary
         for the attainment of the objectives of the common agricultural policy unless they are proportionate (see, to that effect,
         Florimex and VGB v Commission, paragraph 177). In the present case, even bearing in mind the special nature of the agricultural markets and the crisis
         in the beef sector during the relevant period, the restriction of imports and the fixing of prices cannot be regarded as measures
         proportionate to the objectives pursued as they were serious infringements of competition law.
      
      209   It follows that this plea must be dismissed. 
       D – Fourth plea: infringement of the rights of the defence
      3.     Arguments of the parties
      210   The applicants submit that the statement of objections, which constitutes an application of the fundamental principle of observance
         of the rights of the defence, must be couched in terms that, albeit succinct, are sufficiently clear to enable the parties
         concerned properly to identify the conduct complained of, so as to enable them properly to defend themselves before the Commission
         adopts a final decision (Case T‑352/94 Mo och Domsjö v Commission [1998] ECR II‑1989, paragraph 63).
      
      211   In the present case, first, the applicants complain that in the statement of objections the Commission did not mention that,
         in order to determine the amount of the fine of the federations other than FNSEA, it would take into account the annual fees
         paid by their members. Second, the applicants submit that in the statement of objections the Commission did not indicate in
         any way that it would calculate the fines by reference to the turnover of the members directly or indirectly belonging to
         them. The Commission thus failed to inform the applicants of the matters of fact and of law on which the contested decision
         was based, including the main factors for calculating the fine, and therefore the applicants were unable to submit their observations
         on the point.
      
      212   The applicants observe that the Court of Justice has held that a statement of objections which merely identifies as the perpetrator
         of an infringement a collective entity does not make the companies forming that entity sufficiently aware that fines will
         be imposed on them individually if the infringement is made out and is not sufficient to warn the companies concerned that
         the amount of the fines imposed will be fixed in accordance with an assessment of the participation of each company in the
         conduct constituting the alleged infringement (Joined Cases C-395/96 P and C-396/96 P Compagnie Maritime Belge Transports and Others v Commission [2000] ECR I-1365, paragraphs 144 to 146).
      
      213   Lastly, the applicants claim that the Commission’s letter of 10 January 2003 asking them for financial information was not
         sufficient to ensure observance of the rights of the defence. As the letter was subsequent to the submission of the applicants’
         observations and to the date when they were heard, they were not in a position to defend themselves in relation to the matters
         in issue. Furthermore, the letter gave no indication of the Commission’s intentions. 
      
      214   The Commission observes that it has consistently been held that, in the statement of objections, it is only required to state
         that it will consider whether it is appropriate to impose fines on the undertakings concerned and to indicate the main factual
         and legal criteria capable of attracting a fine (Joined Cases 100/80 to 103/80 Musique diffusion française and Others v Commission [1983] ECR 1825, paragraph 21).
      
      215   According to the Commission, the applicants must have been aware that their members’ fees would be taken into account and
         they had every opportunity to submit their observations on sight of the statement of objections. It was also open to them
         to make their views known on the question of their members’ turnover because on 10 January 2003 the Commission sent them a
         request for information on that point (see, to that effect, Musique diffusion française and Others v Commission, paragraph 23).
      
      216   Lastly, the Commission disputes the relevance of the judgment in Compagnie Maritime Belge Transports and Others v Commission, relied on by the applicants. The statement of objections in the present case made it very clear that the Commission was
         contemplating imposing fines on the applicants, the addressees of the statement, and not therefore on the intermediate federations
         or on individual farmers. In view of the case-law which takes the members of federations into consideration, the applicants
         could easily have realised the risk and could have defended themselves on that point in the administrative procedure.
      
       2. Findings of the Court
      217   Observance of the rights of the defence is, in all proceedings in which sanctions, in particular fines, may be imposed, a
         fundamental principle of Community law which must be respected even if the proceedings in question are administrative proceedings
         (Case T‑308/94 Cascades v Commission [1998] ECR II-925, paragraph 39). In accordance with that principle, the statement of objections is an essential procedural
         safeguard which must set forth clearly all the essential facts upon which the Commission is relying at that stage of the procedure
         (Compagnie Maritime Belge Transports and Others v Commission, paragraph 142).
      
      218   It is settled case-law that, where the Commission expressly states in its statement of objections that it will consider whether
         it is appropriate to impose fines on the undertakings and it indicates the main factual and legal criteria capable of giving
         rise to a fine, such as the gravity and the duration of the alleged infringement and whether that infringement was committed
         intentionally or negligently, it fulfils its obligation to respect the undertakings’ right to be heard. In doing so, it provides
         them with the necessary means to defend themselves not only against the finding of an infringement but also against the imposition
         of fines (Musique diffusion française and Others v Commission, paragraph 21, and ABB Asea Brown Boveri v Commission, paragraph 78).
      
      219   The applicants submit that the Commission ought to have mentioned in the statement of objections that it would take account
         of their annual fees to determine the amount of the fine imposed on the federations other than FNSEA and that it would calculate
         the fines according to the turnover of the applicants’ members. 
      
      220   On this point it must be observed, first, that the Commission calculated the basic amount of the fines by reference to the
         membership fees collected by the applicants (recitals 169 and 170 of the contested decision). After establishing that the
         basic amount of the fine on the main farmers’ federation (FNSEA) should be EUR 20 million, taking account of the gravity of
         the infringement, the Commission used the ratio between the amount of the annual membership fees collected by each of the
         other federations and that collected by FNSEA as an objective criterion of the relative size of the different farmers’ federations
         and, consequently, of their individual degree of responsibility for the infringement. Those amounts were thus set at one-fifth
         (FNPL), one-tenth (FNB and FNCBV) and one-twentieth (JA) of the amount set for FNSEA.
      
      221   Second, it must be observed that the Commission, as it acknowledged before the Court, took into account the turnover of the
         applicants’ basic members for the purpose of verifying adherence to the 10% maximum laid down by Article 15(2) of Regulation
         No 17.
      
      222   The Court of Justice has held that to give indications in the statement of objections as regards the level of the fines envisaged,
         before the undertaking has been invited to submit its observations on the allegations against it, would be to anticipate the
         Commission’s decision and would thus be inappropriate (Musique diffusion française and Others v Commission, paragraph 21, and ABB Asea Brown Boveri v Commission, paragraph 66). All the more so, to raise in the statement of objections the question whether the fine which may be imposed
         by the final decision will adhere to the 10% maximum would also anticipate the decision and would thus be inappropriate.
      
      223   Furthermore, contrary to the applicants’ submissions, the judgment in Compagnie Maritime Belge Transports and Others v Commission is not relevant to the present case. In paragraphs 143 to 146 of that judgment, the Court of Justice held that the Commission
         was required to specify unequivocally, in the statement of objections, the persons on whom fines may be imposed and held that
         a statement of objections which merely identifies as the perpetrator of an infringement a collective entity does not make
         the companies forming that entity sufficiently aware that fines will be imposed on them individually and is not sufficient
         to warn the companies concerned that the amount of the fines will be fixed in accordance with an assessment of the participation
         of each company in the conduct constituting the alleged infringement. In the present cases, the Commission did not impose
         sanctions on the applicants’ members, whether direct or indirect, but on the applicants themselves because of their own degree
         of responsibility for the infringement (recital 169 and Articles 1 and 3 of the contested decision), as the Commission had
         announced in the statement of objections. The fact that the turnover of the members of an association of undertakings which
         has committed an infringement is taken into account in no way means that a fine has been imposed on them (Joined Cases T-39/92
         and T-40/92 CB and Europay v Commission [1994] ECR II-49, paragraph 139).
      
      224   In the light of the foregoing, the Court finds that the Commission did not infringe the applicants’ rights of defence for
         having failed to indicate, in the statement of objections, that it proposed to take into account the annual fees collected
         by the applicants and their members’ turnover for the respective purposes of calculating the basic amount of the fines and
         verifying the 10% upper limit laid down by Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17.
      
      225   Consequently, this plea must be dismissed.
       E – Fifth plea in law: failure to state reasons 
       1. Arguments of the parties
      226   The applicants point out that the statement of the reasons on which a decision adversely affecting a person is based must
         be such as to enable the Community judicature to exercise its power of review as to the legality of the decision and to enable
         the person concerned to ascertain the matters justifying the measure adopted, so that he can defend his rights and verify
         whether the decision is well founded (Case T‑310/94 Gruber + Weber v Commission [1998] ECR II-1043, paragraph 40).
      
      227   The applicants submit that the contested decision makes no reference to the turnover figures which the Commission is said
         to have taken into account to calculate the fines, nor to verification of adherence to the 10% upper limit laid down by Article
         15(2) of Regulation No 17. Thus the Commission did not mention that it had decided to calculate the upper limit on the basis
         of the aggregate turnover of the applicants’ members, nor did it state which members were involved. However, a very detailed
         statement of reasons was called for in the present case, because this was the first time that the Commission had dealt with
         a case concerning farmers’ unions and because it intended to derogate from the restrictive conditions relating to taking into
         account the turnover of an association’s members. The Commission’s request for information of 10 January 2003 could not in
         any case compensate for the lack of a statement of reasons. Lastly, the failure to state reasons means, according to the applicant
         in Case T‑217/03, that the entire contested decision must be annulled, and not only the part relating to fines.
      
      228   The French Republic observes that the contested decision does not meet the obligation to state reasons pursuant to Article
         253 EC. Explanations which the Commission attempts to put forward for the first time in its statement in defence cannot rectify
         this situation (see, to that effect, Case T‑323/99 INMA and Itainvest v Commission [2002] ECR II-545, paragraph 76).
      
      229   The Commission contends first that this plea cannot justify the annulment of the contested decision in its entirety, but only
         the annulment of Article 3, as the alleged lack of a statement of reasons concerns the level of fines and does not affect
         the actual facts or their legal assessment. In any case, the Commission completely fulfilled the obligation to state reasons
         in the present case. 
      
      230   The Commission submits that that obligation is satisfied where it states the factors which it took into account to measure
         the gravity and the duration of the infringement for the purpose of calculating the fine (Case C-282/98 P Enso Española v Commission [2000] ECR I-9817, paragraphs 40 and 41; Case C‑297/98 P SCA Holding v Commission [2000] ECR I-10101, paragraphs 56 to 65; and Case T‑220/00 Cheil Jedang v Commission [2003] ECR II‑2473, paragraph 218). Therefore the Commission is not required to state in its decision the turnover taken into
         account or what percentage thereof is levied in the form of a fine, since the question whether the 10% maximum is attained
         does not form part of the statement of reasons for the decision. The figure of 10% is the legal maximum limit of the fine
         which may be imposed and does not form part of the reasons for the measure adopted.
      
      231   The Commission also submits that the obligation to state reasons must be assessed in its context and observes that it clearly
         indicated that it was proceeding on the basis of the Guidelines, Section 5(c) of which permits it to impose on an association
         a fine equivalent to the total of the individual fines which might have been imposed on each of its members. The applicants
         cannot be unaware of the principles governing the calculation of the fine, including the fact that the Commission takes into
         account their members’ turnover in order to ensure that the 10% maximum is not exceeded. It is clear from the contested decision
         as a whole that the infringement was committed by the applicants not for themselves, but for the benefit of their members.
      
      232   The Commission also observes that, on 10 January 2003, it asked each of the applicants for their members’ turnover figures.
         The applicant in Case T‑217/03 sent the Commission the information by letter of 27 January 2003. The figures supplied by that
         federation showed that the 10% maximum was very far from being attained. The applicants in Case T-245/03, on the other hand,
         stated that they were unable to provide the information. In view of this refusal, the Commission could have adopted a decision
         ordering the production of the figures on the basis of Article 11(5) of Regulation No 17 accompanied, if necessary, by penalties
         or fines, but it simply took the view, given the available information, that there was not the slightest likelihood that the
         10% maximum of the turnover of the applicants’ members would be attained.
      
       2. Findings of the Court
      233   It has consistently been held that that the statement of reasons required by Article 253 EC must disclose in a clear and unequivocal
         fashion the reasoning followed by the institution which adopted the measure in such a way as to enable the persons concerned
         to ascertain the reasons for the measure and to enable the competent Community Court to exercise its power of review. The
         requirements to be satisfied by the statement of reasons depend on the circumstances of each case, in particular the content
         of the measure in question, the nature of the reasons given and the interest which the addressees of the measure, or other
         parties to whom it is of direct and individual concern, may have in obtaining explanations. It is not necessary for the reasoning
         to go into all the relevant facts and points of law, since the question whether the statement of reasons meets the requirements
         of Article 253 EC must be assessed with regard not only to its wording but also to its context and to all the legal rules
         governing the matter in question (Cheil Jedang v Commission, paragraph 216; Case T-38/02 Groupe Danone v Commission [2005] ECR II-4407, paragraph 96).
      
      234   In the present case, the applicants complain that, in the contested decision, the Commission did not state expressly that
         the fines imposed did not exceed the 10% maximum of their turnover, as laid down in Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17, and
         failed to state the reasons why it could take account of their members’ turnover for the purpose of verifying that the maximum
         was not exceeded.
      
      235   It must be observed that indeed none of the recitals of the contested decision deals with question of adherence to the maximum
         10% of turnover to which fines are subject. The Commission likewise omitted to indicate that, to ensure that the 10% limit
         was not exceeded, it was necessary in the present case to take account of the turnover of the applicants’ basic members; nor
         did it provide any reason for such a possibility.
      
      236   The Commission nevertheless considers that adherence to the maximum 10% of turnover is only the legal maximum limit of the
         fine and does not form part of the statement of reasons of the decision.
      
      237   It must be observed that the maximum 10% turnover referred to in Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 refers to the turnover
         of the undertaking or association which committed the infringement and which, being the addressee of the decision, is thereby
         in a position to ensure that the limit is not exceeded. In those circumstances, no specific reasons are required with regard
         to the observance of the limit. However, where the Commission departs from its usual approach and, for the purpose of imposing
         the fine, takes into account a turnover different from that of the addressee of the decision sanctioning the infringement,
         such as the turnover of the members of the sanctioned association, the Commission must necessarily give a specific reason
         for its decision in that respect, so as to enable the addressee of the decision to ensure that the 10% limit was adhered to
         in the calculation of the fine. 
      
      238   Thus, where the Commission imposes a fine on an individual undertaking which is the perpetrator of an infringement, it is
         not necessarily required, in the absence of specific circumstances, to state express reasons for adhering to the maximum 10%
         of the turnover of the undertaking in question. The latter must be aware of the existence of that legal limit and the specific
         amount of its turnover and can then ascertain, even without any reasons in the decision in question, whether or not the 10%
         maximum was exceeded by the fine imposed on that undertaking.
      
      239   On the other hand, where the Commission sanctions an association of undertakings and ensures that the legal limit of 10% of
         the turnover on the basis of the aggregate turnover of all or some of the members of the association is not exceeded, it must
         state this expressly in its decision and must set out the reasons which justify taking the members’ turnover into account.
         If reasons are not given, the persons concerned will not know the justification for the decision and will not be able to ensure
         properly that the legal limit was adhered to in the particular case.
      
      240   This conclusion is not undermined by the case-law relied on by the Commission in paragraph 230 above, according to which it
         is sufficient, with regard to the scope of the obligation to state reasons concerning the calculation of a fine for infringement
         of the Community competition rules, for the Commission to set out in its decision the factors which it has taken into account
         pursuant to the Guidelines and which have enabled it to measure the gravity and duration of the infringement. That case-law
         relates only to the question of determining the amount of the fine and not that of ensuring that the ultimate fine does not
         exceed the maximum 10% of the turnover of the undertaking or association sanctioned.
      
      241   It must therefore be concluded that, in the present case, the Commission ought to have indicated in the contested decision
         that it had used the turnover of the applicants’ basic members, specifying whether it was the turnover of all their members
         or of particular categories of them, for the purpose of verifying that the fines did not exceed the legal maximum of 10%.
         Likewise, the Commission ought to have set out the circumstances that enabled it to take account of the aggregate turnover
         of the applicants’ members for that purpose.
      
      242   Nor can the Commission plead the fact that, in recital 164 of the contested decision, it indicated that it would proceed on
         the basis of the Guidelines. That generic reference appears in the section concerning the determination of the amount of the
         fines and has the sole object of drawing attention to the criteria governing the assessment of the gravity of the infringement.
         In addition, it must be observed that in the contested decision the Commission made no reference to Section 5(c) of the Guidelines
         concerning the possibility of taking into account the turnover of the members of an association.
      
      243   Likewise, the Commission cannot rely on its letters to the applicants of 10 January 2003 requesting the turnover figures of
         their members. Even if it were assumed that, in the light of those requests, the applicants understood that the contested
         decision had taken account of their members’ turnover for the purpose of calculating the 10% maximum, nevertheless the requests
         cannot compensate for the lack of a statement of reasons on that point in the contested decision, particularly the complete
         absence of any indication of the reasons why such figures could be used for verifying that the limit was not exceeded.
      
      244   Lastly, with regard to the fact that the applicants in Case T-245/03 did not provide the Commission with their members’ turnover
         figures, this likewise does not excuse the Commission from setting out in the body of the decision the reasons why it considered
         it appropriate to take account of the members’ turnover and the reasons why it considered that the 10% limit had not been
         exceeded in the present case. 
      
      245   In the light of all the foregoing, the conclusion must be that the Commission failed to fulfil its obligation to state reasons
         as required by Article 253 EC. 
      
      II –  Submissions on the cancellation or reduction of the fine 
      246   The applicants rely on six pleas in law in support of their application for the cancellation or reduction of the fines imposed
         on them by the contested decision. The first plea is that the Guidelines are unlawful. The second plea alleges infringement
         of the principle of proportionality, a manifest error of assessment and an error of law in determining the gravity of the
         infringement. The third plea alleges errors of assessment and of law and infringement of the principle of proportionality
         in taking account of aggravating and attenuating circumstances. The fourth plea alleges infringement of Article 15(2) of Regulation
         No 17 in setting the amount of the fines. The fifth plea alleges infringement of the rule against cumulation of penalties.
         The sixth plea alleges infringement of the principle of proportionality and a manifest error of assessment in taking account
         of the circumstances provided for by Section 5(b) of the Guidelines.
      
      A –  First plea: unlawfulness of the Guidelines
      1.     Arguments of the parties
      247   The applicants in Case T-245/03 submit, first, that the Guidelines are contrary to the principle of proportionality. They
         observe that the assessment of the effect of agreements or practices on the functioning of the market is an essential factor
         for determining the degree of gravity of an infringement. However, in describing an infringement as very serious, the Commission
         does not take its effects into consideration at all, but only its nature and the extent of the relevant geographic market.
         Furthermore, where an infringement is classified as very serious in accordance with Section 1A of the Guidelines, it is liable
         to a fine of a minimum starting amount of EUR 20 million, which is discretionary and arbitrary. That minimum amount also prevents
         the Commission from taking account of the importance, the size and the nature of the entity concerned or its profits from
         the infringement. 
      
      248   Second, the applicants submit that the Guidelines are contrary to Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17. They observe, first,
         that Section 1A of the Guidelines permits the Commission to set the basic amount of a fine at a figure of more than EUR 1 million
         or 10% of the turnover of the undertaking being sanctioned. However, according to the applicants, Article 15(2) of Regulation
         No 17, in providing that the Commission must take account of the gravity and the duration of the infringement at the stage
         of determining the basic amount of the fine, does not permit the basic amount – or the ultimate fine – to exceed the abovementioned
         limits. The applicants maintain, second, that Section 1B of the Guidelines takes account of the criterion of the duration
         of the infringement only in order to increase the fine, which leads the Commission to regard in the same way an infringement
         which lasted a few days and one which lasted almost one year. 
      
      249   The Commission observes, first, that the only criteria expressly mentioned by Article 15 of Regulation No 17 are the gravity
         and the duration of the infringement, and Article 15 lays down no limits or reservations regarding the Commission’s discretion
         in setting fines, other than adherence to the maximum relating to the turnover of each undertaking. In addition, as very serious
         infringements are practices the very object of which is manifestly contrary to the principles of the internal market and in
         order to ensure that fines have a deterrent effect, it appears in no way disproportionate to take EUR 20 million as the starting
         point. In any case, contrary to the applicants’ assertion, it is possible to go below EUR 20 million within the category of
         very serious infringements. Second, the Commission submits that the setting of a limit to the fine must be done in relation
         to its final amount, before leniency is granted, and the fact that short duration is not a factor which reduces the fine,
         but merely neutral, is not contrary to Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17.
      
      2.     Findings of the Court
      250   It must be observed as a preliminary point that, although the Guidelines are not the legal basis of the contested decision,
         that being inter alia Regulation No 17, they determine, in a general and abstract manner, the method by which the Commission
         has bound itself in setting the amount of fines. In the present case, therefore, there is a direct link between the contested
         individual decision and the general measure represented by the Guidelines. Since the applicants were not in a position to
         ask that the Guidelines be declared void, they may form the subject‑matter of an objection of illegality (Case T-23/99 LR AF 1998 v Commission [2002] ECR II-1705, paragraphs 274 and 276, and Case T‑64/02 Heubach v Commission [2005] ECR II-5137, paragraph 35).
      
      251   The applicants submit, first, that the Guidelines are contrary to the principle of proportionality because they do not take
         account of the effects of the agreements or practices in question in the determination of whether an infringement is very
         serious.
      
      252   On this point, it must be observed that Section 1A of the Guidelines states that very serious infringements include ‘horizontal
         restrictions such as price cartels and market-sharing quotas, or other practices which jeopardise the proper functioning of
         the single market, such as the partitioning of national markets’. It has consistently been held that cartels relating to prices
         or the partitioning of markets are by nature very serious infringements (Case T-65/99 Strintzis Lines Shipping v Commission [2003] ECR II-5433, paragraph 168; Case T‑66/99 Minoan Lines v Commission [2003] ECR II-5515, paragraph 280; and Joined Cases T-49/02 to T-51/02 Brasserie nationale v Commission [2003] ECR II-3033, paragraphs 173 and 174). Therefore the Court considers that the Commission did not infringe the principle
         of proportionality by stating in its Guidelines that those kinds of infringements are to be regarded as very serious. In any
         case, the first paragraph of Section 1A of the Guidelines states that, in assessing the gravity of the infringement, account
         must be taken of its actual impact on the market, where this can be measured. It follows that, in certain specific circumstances,
         the Commission must take into account the effects of the infringement in question for the purpose of classifying it as very
         serious or not.
      
      253   Next, regarding the allegedly discretionary and arbitrary nature of the sum of EUR 20 million laid down for very serious infringements,
         it must be pointed out first that, in accordance with settled case-law, Regulation No 17 allows the Commission a margin of
         discretion when fixing fines, in order that it may direct the conduct of undertakings towards compliance with the competition
         rules (Cheil Jedang, paragraph 76). It must also be noted that, as the basic amounts provided for in the Guidelines are merely ‘likely’, the
         Commission is entirely free to set a starting amount below EUR 20 million. The flat-rate amounts provided for by the Guidelines
         are merely indicative and therefore cannot in themselves give rise to an infringement of the principle of proportionality
         (Heubach v Commission, paragraphs 40 and 44).
      
      254   Second, the applicants submit that the method laid down by Section 1A of the Guidelines for calculating fines is contrary
         to Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 in that it envisages the possibility of setting a basic fine amount of more than EUR 1 million
         or 10% of the turnover of the undertaking concerned. 
      
      255   However, this argument must fail. Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17, in providing that the Commission may impose fines of
         up to 10% of turnover during the preceding business year for each undertaking which participated in the infringement, requires
         only that the fine eventually imposed on an undertaking be reduced if it should exceed 10% of its turnover, irrespective of
         the intermediate stages in the calculation intended to take account of the gravity and duration of the infringement. Consequently,
         Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 does not prohibit the Commission from referring, during its calculation, to an intermediate
         amount exceeding 10% of the turnover of the undertaking concerned, provided that the amount of the fine eventually imposed
         on the undertaking does not exceed that maximum limit (LR AF 1998 v Commission, paragraphs 287 and 288). This consideration also applies to the maximum amount of EUR 1 million. 
      
      256   The applicants also claim that Section 1B of the Guidelines violates Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 as it takes account
         of the criterion of the duration of the infringement only to increase the fine. 
      
      257   It must be observed that Article 15(2) lays down that, to determine the amount of the fine, it is necessary to take into account
         the duration of the infringement as well as its gravity. In that connection, Section 1B of the Guidelines provides that the
         duration of the infringement may entail a possible increase in the amount of the fine established on the basis of gravity.
         The Guidelines thus distinguish between infringements of short duration (in general, less than one year), for which there
         is no increase, infringements of medium duration (in general, one to five years), for which there is an increase of up to
         50% in the amount determined for gravity, and, lastly, infringements of long duration (in general, more than five years),
         for which there is an increase of up to 10% per year in the amount determined for gravity. The Guidelines therefore take no
         account of the very brief duration of an infringement for the purpose of reducing the amount initially determined.
      
      258   The fact that the duration of the infringement was short does not in the least affect its gravity, which arises from its nature.
         The Commission was therefore right to find, in accordance with the first indent of the first paragraph of section 1B of the
         Guidelines, that the very short duration of the infringement, less than one year, meant merely that no additional amount should
         be imposed on the amount calculated by reference to the gravity of the infringement (Case T‑213/00 CMA CGM and Others v Commission [2003] ECR II-913, paragraph 283).
      
      259   Furthermore, it must be observed that, in accordance with settled case-law, the Guidelines do not go beyond the legal framework
         for fines set out in Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17. The general method for setting fines described in the Guidelines is
         based on the two criteria referred to in Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17, namely the gravity of the infringement and its
         duration, and observes the upper limit determined by reference to the turnover of each undertaking, as laid down in that provision
         (LR AF 1998 v Commission, paragraphs 231 and 232; Joined Cases T-236/01, T-239/01, T-244/01 to T-246/01, T-251/01 and T-252/01 Tokai Carbon and Others v Commission [2004] ECR II-1181, paragraphs 189 and 190, and Heubach v Commission, paragraph 37).
      
      260   In the light of all the foregoing, this plea must be rejected.
      B –   Second plea: infringement of the principle of proportionality, manifest error of assessment and error of law in determining
            the gravity of the infringement 
      1.     Arguments of the parties
      261   The applicants submit that the Commission should not have classified the infringement as ‘very serious’, but as ‘serious’.
         They repeat that the Commission was not justified in attributing to them the ‘Imports’ part of the agreement and they dispute
         the duration of the ‘Prices’ part. In addition, they complain that the Commission took no account of the slight impact of
         the disputed measures on the functioning of the market. In actual fact, the acts imputed to them caused no damage to the beef
         sector as the agreement had no effect on prices or on imports. Thus the slaughterers never claimed to have suffered loss by
         reason of the agreement on the price scale which, furthermore, did not affect consumer prices. However, the Commission did
         not examine the importance of the economic sector in question or the actual impact of the agreement. According to the applicants,
         the Commission was not entitled merely to plead that it was impossible to quantify sufficiently accurately the true effects
         attributable to the agreement. The applicants also claim that the Commission did not take account of the whole legal and economic
         context of the case as a whole, particularly the crisis in the sector and the ineffectiveness of the Community measures in
         overcoming it. Lastly, they claim that the infringement was the outcome of a vertical agreement and not a horizontal agreement.
      
      262   The Commission submits that, in view of the nature of the infringement and the geographic extent of the market in question,
         the infringement was undoubtedly very serious.
      
      2.     Findings of the Court
      263   It must be observed, first, that it has been held that the Commission was correct with regard to the determination of the
         duration and extent of the disputed agreement. Therefore the criticism relating to the classification of the gravity of the
         agreement based on an incorrect weighting of the duration and extent of the infringement must be rejected.
      
      264   Next, it must be noted that the infringements in question, namely the suspension or limitation of beef imports and the fixing
         of a minimum price scale, are particularly serious. As the Commission rightly points out in the third indent of Section 1A
         of the Guidelines, practices aiming at the partitioning of national markets are, in principle, very serious infringements.
         Likewise, the price-fixing measures were, in the present case, a very serious infringement. The object of that part of the
         disputed agreement was to fix minimum prices for certain categories of cows, with the aim of making them compulsory for all
         traders in the markets in question (see paragraph 85 above). This finding is not undermined by the applicants’ argument that
         the disputed agreement constituted a vertical agreement. It must be borne in mind that the agreement was set up by federations
         representing a very large proportion of both the farmers and slaughterers in France, two links of the production chain in
         the beef sector (see paragraph 88 above). Furthermore, the infringements at issue affected the main beef market in Europe,
         extending beyond national territory because of the limitation of imports. It is moreover not disputed that the federations
         which signed the agreement of 24 October 2001 were the main associations in the sector of beef farming and slaughtering in
         France.
      
      265   With regard to taking account of the effects of the agreement, the Court considers that, in the present case, the Commission
         correctly assessed Section 1A of the Guidelines which, for the purpose of assessing the gravity of the infringement, mentions
         taking account of the actual impact of the infringement on the market only where the impact can be measured. On this point,
         it must be observed that, in the contested decision, the Commission examined the trend in beef imports into France and in
         average prices for different categories of beef as a result of the disputed agreement, but found that it was not able to quantify
         the actual effects of the agreement on intra-Community trade and on prices (recitals 78, 81 and 167 of the contested decision).
         Lastly, regarding the submissions concerning the economic context of the present case, it must be noted that the Commission
         took that into account in the contested decision, inter alia for the purposes of application of Section 5(b) of the Guidelines
         (see paragraphs 350 to 361 below). In any case, this question will be discussed in greater detail below.
      
      266   In the light of the foregoing, the Court considers that, in the present case, the classification of the infringement as ‘very
         serious’ was justified.
      
      267   This plea must therefore be rejected. 
      C –  Third plea: errors of assessment and of law and infringement of the principle of proportionality in taking account of aggravating
            and attenuating circumstances
      268   The applicants dispute the increase in the fines on the basis of some of the aggravating circumstances found by the Commission,
         namely the continuation of the agreement in secret and the use of violence. In addition, the applicant in Case T‑217/03 claims
         that a number of attenuating circumstances should be taken into account. The applicants submit that, by taking those aggravating
         and attenuating circumstances into account, the Commission made errors of assessment and of law and infringed the principle
         of proportionality.
      
      1.     Aggravating circumstances: continuation of the agreement in secret
      a)     Arguments of the parties
      269   The applicants deny that the agreement of 24 October 2001 was continued in secret and therefore dispute the 20% increase in
         the fines on that basis. 
      
      270   The Commission maintains that the agreement was continued, in secret and without being in writing, beyond the expiry date
         of the written agreement of 24 October 2001.
      
      b)     Findings of the Court
      271   It must be observed that on 26 November 2001 the Commission sent a letter of warning to the applicants, informing them that
         the facts which had come to its knowledge, including the conclusion of the agreement of 24 October 2001, indicated that the
         Community competition rules had been infringed and the applicants must put an end to this. The applicants replied to the Commission
         that the agreement would end on 30 November 2001 and that it would not be extended (see paragraph 15 above). However, the
         Court has found that, contrary to the applicants’ claim, they continued their agreement after 30 November 2001 secretly, in
         spite of the Commission’s warning and in breach of the assurances they had given the Commission (see paragraph 185 above).
         In such circumstances, the Court considers that the Commission was entitled to regard the continuation of the infringement
         as an aggravating circumstance (see, to that effect, LR AF 1998 v Commission, paragraph 324) and consequently to increase the fines by 20%.
      
      272   This complaint must therefore be rejected.
      2.     Aggravating circumstances: the use of violence
      a)     Arguments of the parties
      273   The applicants in Case T-245/03 dispute the 30% increase in the fines imposed on FNSEA, FNB and JA by reason of the alleged
         use of violence by their members to obtain the slaughterers’ signature to the agreement of 24 October 2001 and to verify its
         subsequent implementation.
      
      274   The applicants observe that, before 24 October 2001, the main aim of local actions was to persuade the French Government to
         put into effect a certain number of measures and to make public opinion aware that the farmers alone were suffering the consequences
         of the crisis. One of those actions had given rise to extremely serious acts of violence on 15 October 2001 in a context of
         despair. However, FNSEA did not call for blockades of abattoirs and even less for acts of violence.
      
      275   Those acts became much more serious, particularly on 23 October 2001 in the west of France. In this context of extreme tension,
         the French Minister for Agriculture took the initiative in calling a meeting of the applicants and the slaughterers’ federations.
         The applicants infer from this that violence was not used by the national farmers’ federations to persuade the slaughterers
         to sign the agreement of 24 October 2001, but that it was thanks to the signing of that agreement that the violence came to
         an end on the ground. After the agreement of 24 October 2001 was signed, the situation was different, depending on the region,
         as the conduct of the representatives of the numerous local or department unions was not the same. In any case, the actions
         which took place in certain departments were within the framework of the union action organised by the local or department
         unions and therefore could not be attributed to the applicants.
      
      276   Lastly, the applicants submit that the Commission must observe the principle that penalties are personal (Case C-279/98 P
         Cascades v Commission [2000] ECR I‑9693, paragraphs 78 and 79) and that therefore it could regard the violent acts as an aggravating circumstance
         only if it adduced specific proof that each of the three federations in question had actually incited its members to engage
         in such acts.
      
      277   The Commission observes that the applicants do not deny that acts of violence took place, or that they were carried out by
         their indirect members. Those acts could be attributed to the applicants, which had advocated union mobilisation and had often
         been informed of the result of operations organised and perpetrated to ensure the implementation of the national agreement
         and which were sometimes called for by the applicants. Therefore the Commission was entitled to find that those acts constituted
         an aggravating circumstance against the applicants.
      
      b)     Findings of the Court
      278   The contested decision finds, in recital 173, that the farmers who were members of the applicants in Case T‑245/03 used violence
         in order to compel the slaughterers’ federations to adopt the agreement of 24 October 2001 and that they used physical force
         to set up means of verifying that the agreement was being applied, such as illegal inspections to establish the place of origin
         of meat.
      
      279   It is clear from the file that numerous actions were carried out in France by groups of farmers, inter alia at the premises
         of slaughterers, in order to compel observance of the minimum purchase prices of beef and to prevent beef imports. The file
         also shows that, in the course of some of those actions, acts of violence took place, including the blockading of abattoirs,
         destruction of meat, ransacking of undertakings and illegal inspections.
      
      280   The applicants in Case T-245/03 admit that such acts took place. However, they deny that they can be imputed to them because
         they were not committed by their direct members but by members of local or department unions. They also assert that they never
         called for such acts of violence. 
      
      281   In that connection, it must be observed, first, that the applicants in Case T‑245/03, in particular FNSEA, FNB and JA, played
         a decisive role in laying down and organising the union action aiming to compel adherence to the minimum prices for certain
         categories of cows and the suspension of beef imports into France. That action was taken by numerous farmers’ unions and federations,
         direct or indirect members of the applicants, and also by groups of farmers who are not denied in many cases to have been
         members of those farmers’ unions. 
      
      282   Thus the minutes of a coordination meeting of the representatives of FNSEA, FNB, JA and FNPL held on 16 October 2001 indicate
         that FNB proposed ‘a producer price scale for the different categories of cull cows’. The minutes also indicate that the union
         strategy proposed for succeeding in imposing the price scale required, in particular, ‘checking the origin of meat, particularly
         in (the restaurant and catering sector)’ and the ‘mobilisation of all producers according to that objective, that is to say,
         refuse to sell below the price and/or report those who buy below the price’. Lastly, the minutes refer to the need to ‘mobilise
         the network according to this new strategy’. Likewise, a memorandum of 19 October 2001 from FNB to the beef sections calls
         for ‘continuing and intensifying the mobilisation of the beef sections according to the aims set out by the FNB bureau for
         obtaining a minimum price scale for cull cows’. It is stated that ‘strong union mobilisation (was) imperative in accordance
         with this objective’ and that its aim should be ‘to persuade undertakings to stick to that principle’, adding that ‘united
         and coordinated action by all producers (was) essential’.
      
      283   Following the signing of the agreement of 24 October 2001, a memorandum of 25 October 2001 from the applicants in Case T‑245/03
         to their members states: ‘each of us must now be very careful to ensure strict application of the agreement throughout the
         country’. In addition, another memorandum of 13 December 2001 asks: ‘all (members) of the FNSEA network to mobilise … to verify
         the prices paid by every slaughterer’ and, for that purpose, ‘to organise contacts with every abattoir situated in (their)
         department’.
      
      284   The foregoing leads to the conclusion that the actions of local unions on the ground formed part of a strategy organised by
         the applicants. Several documents in the file show that some of the acts of violence at issue took place in the course of
         those actions.
      
      285   For example, a press article of 17 October 2001 reports the destruction of refrigerators in an abattoir at Fougères, during
         which the farmers attacked the refrigerators with iron bars and burnt beef carcasses. The article notes that ‘the angry farmers
         (had) responded to a national call relayed by FNSEA and (JA).’ Similarly, the article states as follows:
      
      ‘The president of the FDSEA Mayenne is condemning imports of foreign meat. Behind him, carcasses and piles of cardboard boxes
         are being put on a giant brazier. “We found what we were looking for. The meat stored here was slaughtered in Holland, Austria,
         Germany or Italy”’.
      
      286   In the same vein, a press report of 25 October 2001 refers to blockades of beef-processing factories, abattoirs and central
         purchasing agencies by French farmers’ unions on previous days. After observing that union officials had asserted that, in
         spite of lifting the blockades, ‘their troops remain mobilised, planning “inspections” of sites to verify whether the undertakings
         are observing the embargo’, the report reproduces the following statements by the FNSEA president outside a press conference:
         ‘We are going to meet them. If they do not understand, we have means of persuasion’. The report adds that ‘the French farmers
         (had) called upon … the French to boycott foreign beef, threatening reprisals against undertakings buying it after 29 October’.
      
      287   Lastly, in an interview on 4 December 2001, the vice-president of FNB stated that, in order to be applied, the price scale
         required the mobilisation of farmers on the ground’, asserting that, if the prices offered by slaughterers did not conform
         with the agreed prices, the farmers would blockade the abattoirs in question.
      
      288   Furthermore, the applicants must fail in their argument that the acts of violence were not used by the national farmers’ federations
         to persuade the slaughterers to sign the agreement of 24 October 2001, as the signing of that agreement rather enabled the
         violence to cease on the ground. First, the agreement expressly provides that the federations representing the slaughterers
         concluded the agreement ‘in return for the lifting of the blockade of abattoirs’. Second, as those acts often took place within
         the framework of the union action launched by the applicants in Case T‑245/03, they cannot justify the conclusion of such
         an agreement by the need to restore public order which was disturbed by that action.
      
      289   In those circumstances, the Court considers that the Commission was entitled to regard the use of violence as an aggravating
         circumstance, attributable against FNSEA, FNB and JA, and to increase by 30% the fines imposed on them.
      
      290   It follows that this complaint must be rejected.
      3.     Failure to take account of attenuating circumstances 
      a)     Arguments of the parties
      291   The applicant in Case T-217/03 submits that the Commission did not take account of all the attenuating circumstances provided
         for by the Guidelines. It states inter alia that the agreement had no effect on the market and that the infringement came
         to an end as soon as the Commission intervened. It also pleads its entirely passive role in the infringement, despite the
         statements by its representatives. Those factors should have led the Commission to exempt it from any fine.
      
      292   The Commission replies that the applicant’s arguments are unfounded in fact and in law. 
      b)     Findings of the Court
      293   First, it must be observed that the argument that the applicant put an end to the infringement as soon as the Commission intervened
         has no factual basis. It has been found that, contrary to what the applicants claim, they continued their agreement after
         30 November 2001, in spite of the Commission’s warning of 26 November 2001 and contrary to the assurances they gave the Commission
         (see paragraph 271 above).
      
      294   Secondly, it must be observed that the statements by the president of the applicant in Case T-217/03 contradict the applicant’s
         argument that it played an entirely passive role in the infringement. In a letter of 9 November 2001 to the president of FNSEA,
         the president of the applicant in Case T‑217/03 makes the following statement: ‘The [applicant in Case T‑217/03] played an
         active role in the negotiations of 24 October which led to the agreement on a minimum price scale for cows. Although the discussion
         was difficult … it made rapid progress on the principle of a minimum price scale and I think, with my federation, greatly
         contributed towards it.’ In any case, the Commission reduced the applicant’s fine by 60%, taking account of two attenuating
         circumstances relating to the backing of the French Minister for Agriculture in favour of the conclusion of an agreement and
         the illegal blockading of establishments of the applicant’s members. To a certain extent, those attenuating circumstances
         are justified by the fact that the applicant did not play a leading or very active role in the infringement, its participation
         being explained, at least in part, by the particular circumstances of the case.
      
      295   Thirdly and lastly, the Commission cannot be criticised for having failed to find an attenuating circumstance based on the
         alleged lack of effects of the disputed agreement on the markets. Contrary to what the applicant claims, the Court considers
         that the file does not show that the agreement caused no effects on the markets in question. In particular, the fact that
         the Commission was not able to quantify the actual effects of the agreement on prices and intra-Community trade (recital 167
         of the contested decision) does not mean that it produced no effect at all. In any case, it must be observed that the appraisal
         of the effects of an infringement must be carried out, where appropriate, in the context of evaluating its impact on the market
         for the purpose of assessing its gravity, and not in relation to an appraisal of the individual conduct of each undertaking
         in order to assess any aggravating or attenuating circumstances (Cheil Jedang v Commission, paragraph 189).
      
      296   It follows that, in the present case, the Commission was entitled to find that there were no attenuating circumstances in
         favour of the applicant in Case T‑217/03. 
      
      297   This complaint must therefore be rejected. 
      298   Consequently, this plea must be dismissed in its entirety.
      D –  Fourth plea: infringement of Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 in setting the amount of the fines 
      1.     Arguments of the parties
      299   The applicants in Case T-245/03 begin with the submission that it is clear from Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 that the
         Commission cannot impose a fine of more than EUR 1 million on an association of undertakings which has no turnover. That provision
         should be interpreted restrictively, in view of the seemingly punitive nature of the sanctions for which it provides. 
      
      300   The applicant in Case T-217/03 claims, for its part, that the upper limit of 10% of turnover applies to a fine of any amount,
         even if it is less than EUR 1 million. To allow a fine above that limit would be contrary to the principles of equal treatment
         and proportionality and would systematically penalise small undertakings.
      
      301   The applicants submit that the fines imposed by the contested decision exceed the limit of 10% of their turnover. Thus, since
         the income of the applicant in Case T‑217/03 totalled EUR 1 726 864 in 2002, the fine of EUR 480 000 represents more than
         25% of its turnover. With regard to the applicants in Case T‑245/03, their fines represent 200% of the annual membership fees
         of FNSEA, 240% of those of FNB, 80% of those of FNPL and 200% of those of JA.
      
      302   In that connection, the applicants submit that the calculation for the purpose of ensuring that the limit was not exceeded
         should not have been made by taking into consideration the turnover of their respective members, whether direct or indirect.
      
      303   It is clear from the case-law that the turnover of the members of associations of undertakings can be taken into account for
         the purpose of calculating the upper limit of 10% only if the association in question is able, by virtue of its internal rules,
         to bind its members (Case C‑298/98 P Finnboard v Commission [2000] ECR I-10157, paragraph 66; CB and Europay v Commission, paragraph 136; Case T‑29/92 SPO and Others v Commission [1995] ECR II-289, paragraph 385; SCK and FNK v Commission, paragraph 252; and Case T-338/94 Finnboard v Commission [1998] ECR II-1617, paragraph 270). Therefore the members’ turnover must be taken into account only if the disputed practice
         formed part of the object of the statutes of the association in question or if the statutes permit the members to be bound
         (see, to that effect, order in Case T‑18/96 R SCK and FNK v Commission [1996] ECR II-407, paragraphs 33 and 34).
      
      304   The applicants maintain that they cannot bind their respective members. The applicant in Case T-217/03 claims that it is empowered
         merely to unite and defend the trade interests of its members and to represent them vis-à-vis public authorities and trade
         organisations and that it is not an association responsible for its members’ commercial interests or for concluding agreements
         on their behalf. Likewise, the applicants in Case T‑245/03 assert there is no legal provision and no stipulation in their
         respective rules which empowers them to undertake commitments on behalf of their members, much less bind the ‘members of the
         members affiliated to their members’, that is to say, the natural persons, farmers, who are members of local unions.
      
      305   Lastly, the applicants in Case T-245/03 submit that, even if they were empowered under their internal rules to bind their
         members, the Commission could not in any case use the method of aggregating the members’ turnover to calculate the fines in
         the present case. The applicants are not autonomous federations, but have common members. Therefore it would have been necessary
         to take into account, for each federation, only the aggregate income of the farmers who are members of that federation only.
      
      306   The Commission contends, first, that the argument that it cannot impose a fine of more than EUR 1 million on an association
         of undertakings which has no turnover is based on an incorrect reading of Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17.
      
      307   It adds that, under that provision, it is required to examine adherence to the upper limit of 10% of turnover only where it
         imposes a fine exceeding EUR 1 million (Musique diffusion française and Others v Commission, paragraph 119). However, as the applicant in Case T-217/03 was fined EUR 480 000, the Commission could not have disregarded
         the upper limit in question so far as the applicant was concerned.
      
      308   The Commission points out that Section 5(c) of the Guidelines provides that, in cases involving associations of undertakings,
         where it is found to be impossible to impose individual fines on member undertakings, an overall fine should be imposed on
         the association, equivalent to the total of individual fines which might have been imposed on each of the members of the association.
         To refer only to the budget of a federation would take no account at all of the actual weight of the parties to an agreement.
      
      309   The Commission disputes the applicants’ interpretation of the case-law referred to in paragraph 303 above. It observes that,
         according to that case-law, the upper limit of 10% may be calculated by reference to the turnover of the members of an association
         of undertakings ‘at least where, by virtue of its internal rules, the association can bind its members’. The Commission submits
         that the words ‘at least where’ are not synonymous with ‘provided that’, but rather with ‘at least’ or ‘in any case’. That
         case-law does not rule out the possibility that other specific circumstances may justify taking account of the turnover of
         the members of an association. The Commission adds that in the present cases the agreement was concluded by the national federations
         for the benefit of their members. The applicants have no economic activity and therefore a purely commercial agreement would
         be of economic interest only to their members. The interests of the federations merge completely with those of their members,
         the applicants having no interest of their own in concluding the agreement.
      
      310   The Commission argues that, in any event, the applicants in the present case were able to bind their members as contemplated
         in the abovementioned case-law. The Commission observes that the rules of an association need not necessarily mention that
         ability, as it may arise from a combination of various provisions. Likewise, the requirement to bind members does not imply
         power to bind them legally. However that may be, it is clear from examination of the applicants’ rules that they can bind
         their respective members.
      
      311   According to the Commission, if the turnover of the applicants’ basic members is taken as the basis for calculation, the fines
         imposed in the present case did not exceed the 10% limit. First, with regard to the applicant in Case T‑217/03, according
         to the estimates in its letter of 27 January 2003, the fine appears completely marginal in relation to its members’ turnover.
         Second, regarding the applicants in Case T-245/03, the Commission points out that, taking account of the number of members
         of FNSEA declared by it, apportioning the total fines over the number of farmer members would give EUR 48.68 per member. Consequently,
         an average annual turnover of EUR 500 per member would be sufficient to avoid reaching the limit. Similarly, as the beef sector
         generated a turnover of some EUR 4.4 billion in 2002 and FNSEA stated that it represented 70% of French farmers, its members’
         turnover should represent approximately EUR 3 billion. However, the total fines would reach the limit of 10% of the turnover
         of FNSEA beef farmers only if they generated turnover of less than EUR 160 million, which would represent 3.5% of the beef
         sector. Lastly, even taking account of the fact that farmers belong to more than one association, the calculation would not
         change. Accordingly, apportioning FNSEA’s fine over its 270 000 members who are not members of JA would give a figure of EUR 44.44
         per farmer. 
      
      2.     Findings of the Court
      312   Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 provides that the Commission may impose on undertakings or associations of undertakings
         fines from EUR 1 000 to EUR 1 000 000, or a sum in excess thereof but not exceeding 10% of the turnover in the preceding business
         year of each of the undertakings participating in the infringement. 
      
      313   Contrary to the argument of the applicants in Case T‑245/03, this provision does not prevent the Commission from imposing
         fines of more than EUR 1 000 000 on associations which allegedly have no turnover. According to settled case-law, the use
         of the general term ‘infringement’ in Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17, inasmuch as it covers without distinction agreements,
         concerted practices and decisions of associations of undertakings, indicates that the upper limits laid down in that provision
         apply in the same way to agreements and concerted practices as to decisions of associations of undertakings (Case T-338/94
         Finnboard v Commission, paragraph 270, and case-law cited). As will be shown below, where an association of undertakings has no economic activity
         of its own or where its turnover does not reveal the influence it may have on the market, the Commission may, under certain
         conditions, take into consideration the turnover of its members for the purpose of calculating the maximum fine which may
         be imposed on it.
      
      314   On the question whether the threshold of 10% of turnover applies only to fines exceeding EUR 1 million, it must be observed,
         as did the Court of Justice in the case of Musique diffusion française and Others v Commission, that the only express reference to the turnover of the undertaking in Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 concerns the upper
         limit of a fine exceeding EUR 1 000 000 (paragraph 119). However, it must be observed that Section 5(a) of the Guidelines
         states that the final amount calculated according to the method laid down in Sections 1 to 3 may not ‘in any case’ exceed
         10% of the worldwide turnover of the undertakings, as laid down by Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17. As the Commission must
         comply with the Guidelines, the conclusion must be that the limit of 10% of turnover should have been observed in the present
         case even with regard to the setting of fines of less than EUR 1 million, like those imposed on the applicant in Case T‑217/03
         and on JA (see, to that effect, Joined Cases T‑71/03, T‑74/03, T‑87/03 and T‑91/03 Tokai Carbon and Others v Commission [2005] ECR II-10, paragraph 388).
      
      315   It is common ground that, in the present case, the fines imposed on the applicants exceed 10% of their respective turnover,
         if ‘turnover’ is understood to mean the overall amount of their income, including the fees paid by their members and the aid
         they have received. However, the question arises as to whether, as the Commission submits, observance of that limit could
         nevertheless have been calculated in the present case by reference to the turnover of the applicants’ members.
      
      316   It must be borne in mind that Section 5(c) of the Guidelines provides that, in cases involving associations of undertakings,
         decisions should, in so far as possible, be addressed to and fines imposed on the individual undertakings belonging to the
         association. However, where that is not possible (for example, where there are several thousand affiliated undertakings),
         an overall fine should be imposed on the association, equivalent to the total of individual fines which might have been imposed
         on each of the members of the association.
      
      317   According to settled case-law, the upper limit of 10% of the turnover must be calculated by reference to the turnover achieved
         by each of the undertakings that are parties to the agreements and concerted practices or by all the members of the associations
         of undertakings, at least where the internal rules of the association empower it to bind its members. The possibility of taking
         into account for that purpose the turnover of all the undertakings that are members of an association is justified by the
         fact that, in determining the amount of the fines, account may be taken inter alia of such influence as the undertaking may
         have been able to exercise in the market, in particular by reason of its size and economic power, of which its turnover may
         give an indication, and the deterrent effect that fines must have. The influence which an association of undertakings may
         have had on the market depends not on its own turnover, which reveals neither its size nor its economic power, but rather
         on the turnover of its members which gives an indication of its size and economic power (CB and Europay v Commission, paragraphs 136 and 137; SPO and Others v Commission, paragraph 385; and Case T‑338/94 Finnboard v Commission, paragraph 270).
      
      318   However, that case-law does not rule out the possibility that, in certain cases, the turnover of the members of an association
         could also be taken into account even if the association does not possess formal power to bind its members, there being no
         internal rules enabling it to do so. The Commission’s option of imposing fines of an amount appropriate to the infringements
         at issue could otherwise be jeopardised, as associations with a very small turnover but bringing together a large number of
         undertakings which could not be formally bound but which together have a substantial turnover could be sanctioned only by
         very small fines, even if the infringements for which they were responsible could have a considerable influence on the markets
         in question. Furthermore, this eventuality would run counter to the need to ensure that sanctions for infringements of the
         Community competition rules have a deterrent effect. 
      
      319   Therefore, the Court considers that other specific circumstances, beyond the existence of internal rules enabling the association
         to bind its members, may justify taking account of the aggregate turnover of the members of the association in question. This
         applies in particular to cases where an infringement on the part of an association involves its members’ activities and where
         the anti-competitive practices at issue are engaged in by the association directly for the benefit of its members and in cooperation
         with them, the association having no objective interests independent of those of its members. Although, in some of those situations,
         the Commission could impose individual fines on each of the member undertakings in addition to sanctioning the association
         in question, this could be particularly difficult or impossible where the number of members is very large.
      
      320   In the present case, it must be noted, first, that the primary task of the applicant federations is to defend and to represent
         the interests of their basic members, namely farmers, cooperative associations and slaughterers. As far as the applicants
         in Case T-245/03 are concerned, the object of FNSEA is to represent and defend the interests of the farming profession and,
         for that purpose, it organises, coordinates and harmonises all the trade interests of farmers who are members of the basic
         unions (Article 8 of its statutes); FNB’s object is the organisation, representation and defence of the common interests of
         all producers of beef cattle (Article 7 of its statutes); FNPL’s task is the coordination, organisation, representation and
         defence of the interests of all producers of milk and dairy products (Article 6 of its statutes); lastly, JAs have the task
         of representing young farmers and defending their interests (Article 6 of its statutes). With regard to the applicant in Case
         T-217/03, under Article 2(1) of its statutes, it has the task of uniting and defending the trade interests of its members,
         including associations of cattle producers and their branches operating abattoirs.
      
      321   Second, the disputed agreement did not relate to the activity of the applicants themselves but to that of their basic members.
         The applicants do not sell, buy, or import beef. Consequently, the undertaking to suspend imports and the establishment of
         a minimum price scale are not of direct concern to them. The measures laid down in the disputed agreement affected only the
         applicants’ basic members who were, furthermore, the ones who had to put them into practice.
      
      322   Third, it must be observed that the disputed agreement was concluded directly for the benefit of the applicants’ basic members.
         With regard, first, to the farmers’ federations, the object of the agreement was to enable their members who are cattle farmers
         to sell their production and to obtain profitable prices so as to deal with the crisis in the sector at the material time.
         Second, with regard to the slaughterers’ federations, it must be noted that, although the measures adopted, that is to say,
         the fixing of minimum prices and the suspension or limitation of imports, may appear potentially contrary to the interests
         of slaughterers in so far as they could have entailed an increase in their operating costs, nevertheless the conclusion of
         the disputed agreement had the aim, in the context of the tensions in the present case, of enabling the slaughterers to carry
         on their business and to reduce to some extent the threats to it. Accordingly the disputed agreement expressly provides that
         the federations representing slaughterers concluded the agreement ‘in consideration for lifting the blockade of abattoirs’.
      
      323   Fourth, it must be observed that, as already stated, the disputed agreement was put into effect by the conclusion of local
         agreements between department federations and local farmers’ unions, that is to say, the members of the applicants in Case
         T‑245/03, and the slaughterers (see paragraphs 112 to 115 above). In addition, specific actions on the part of groups of farmers
         monitored the implementation of the stipulations of the agreement.
      
      324   In those circumstances, the Court considers that, in the present case, it was justified in taking into account the turnover
         of the applicants’ basic members for the purpose of calculating the 10% upper limit referred to in Article 15(2) of Regulation
         No 17. In particular, those turnover figures alone gave an adequate indication in the present case of the applicants’ economic
         strength and, therefore, of the influence which they were able to exert on the markets in question.
      
      325   The option of taking into account the turnover of the applicants’ basic members must however be confined in the present case
         to those of their members who operated in the markets affected by the infringements sanctioned in the contested decision,
         namely the beef farmers, slaughterers and meat-processing undertakings. It must be borne in mind that, with the exception
         of FNB and, to a smaller extent, FNPL, only a small number of the applicants’ direct and indirect members had interests in
         the stock-farming sector, in the case of the applicants in Case T‑245/03, and in cattle-slaughtering in the case of the applicant
         in Case T‑217/03. In actual fact, the agreement did not relate to the activity of the applicants’ members who did not operate
         in the cattle markets, it was not concluded for their benefit and those members probably did not take part in implementing
         the contested measures. Consequently, their turnover figures cannot be used in the present case for calculating the 10% upper
         limit. 
      
      326   It is in the light of the foregoing considerations that it must be considered whether the fines imposed in the applicants
         in the contested decision exceeded the limit of 10% of turnover laid down by Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17.
      
      327   Thus, so far as the applicant in Case T-217/03 is concerned, the estimates it gave in its letter of 27 January 2003 to the
         Commission show that its fine represented between 0.05 and 0.2% of the 2002 turnover of the cooperative slaughtering and processing
         undertakings which are its members, depending on whether or not those which are at the same time members of the applicant
         and of the Syndicat national de l’industrie des viandes (SNIV), the specialised union which brings together the large industrial
         undertakings in the sector, are taken into account. 
      
      328   For the applicants in Case T‑245/03, the Court has no exact figures relating to the turnover of stock farmers who are its
         members. At first during the administrative procedure, at the request of the Commission, and subsequently in the present action,
         at the request of the Court, the applicants claimed that they could not produce even approximate figures for the turnover
         of their farmer members. The applicants were likewise unable to inform the Court of the number of stock farmers who are basic
         members of FNSEA and of JA respectively and the applicants claimed that FNB and FNPL, strictly speaking, have no basic members.
      
      329   However, the applicants in Case T-245/03 stated that in 2002 the turnover in France from production in the sector of adult
         cattle was EUR 4 552 billion and that the turnover from the slaughter of adult cattle was EUR 3 430 billion. Taking account
         of the smaller of those two figures, it must be concluded that the applicants’ fines do not exceed the upper limit of 10%
         of the turnover of their stock farmer members if they accounted for at least 3.5% in the case of FNSEA, 0.42% in the case
         of FNB, 0.18% in the case of JA and 0.42% in the case of FNPL of the abovementioned overall turnover. None of the applicants
         denies that its members account for a significant proportion of the turnover from the slaughter of adult cattle in France.
         In that connection the Court points out that, in reply to a question put by the President of the Court of First Instance,
         the applicants in Case T‑245/03 admitted that the members of FNSEA could represent approximately 50% of the 240 000 farmers
         with more than five adult cattle in France (order in Case T-245/03 R FNSEA and Others v Commission [2004] ECR II-271, paragraph 89). 
      
      330   The Court considers that, in those circumstances, it has been sufficiently established that the fines imposed on the applicants
         in Case T-245/03 do not exceed the upper limit of 10% of the turnover of their respective members.
      
      331   This finding cannot be undermined by the applicants’ argument that, as they have common members, the Commission ought to have
         taken into account, for each federation, only the aggregate income of the farmers who are members of that federation alone.
         In actual fact, as the applicants point out, all the farmers who are direct or indirect members of FNB, FNPL or JA are at
         the same time indirect members of FNSEA. However, for the purpose of verifying observance of the upper limit of 10% of turnover,
         it is sufficient in the present case if the aggregate total of the fines imposed on the four applicants in Case T-245/03 is
         below 10% of the turnover of the farmers who are basic members of FNSEA, the federation which brings together the three other
         applicant federations. For that limit not to be exceeded in the present case, it is sufficient if the turnover of the farmers
         who are basic members of FNSEA represents at least 4.52% of the turnover from the slaughter of adult cattle in France. For
         the reasons given above, the Court considers that that is the case here.
      
      332   Lastly, the applicants in Case T-245/03 cannot plead that FNB and FNPL have, strictly speaking, no members in so far as no
         farmer joins them, whether directly or indirectly. It must be observed that those federations receive membership fees from
         the department federations (by reference to the total number of cattle in the department and the litres of milk produced there).
         The department federations bring together the local unions to which the farmers belong. Therefore, the beef farmers may, for
         the purpose of calculating the 10% limit of turnover, be regarded as basic members of FNB and FNPL, in the same way as they
         are deemed to be basic members of FNSEA.
      
      333   In the light of all the foregoing, the Court finds that the fines imposed on the applicants in the contested decision do not
         exceed the upper limit of 10% of the turnover of their respective members.
      
      334   Therefore, this plea must be dismissed. 
      E –  Fifth plea: infringement of the rule against cumulation of penalties
      1.     Arguments of the parties
      335   The applicants point out that the rule against cumulation of penalties or the principle ne bis in idem prevents a person from being penalised more than once for the same offence. That principle, which is laid down in Article
         4 of Protocol No 7 to the ECHR, is consistently applied in Community competition law (Case 7/72 Boehringer Mannheim v Commission [1972] ECR 1281, paragraph 3) and is a fundamental principle of Community law (Joined Cases C‑238/99 P, C‑244/99 P, C-245/99 P,
         C-247/99 P, C‑250/99 P to C‑252/99 P and C‑254/99 P Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij and Others v Commission [2002] ECR I‑8375, paragraph 59).
      
      336   The applicants submit that the contested decision penalised the same persons more than once for the same infringement in so
         far as FNB, JA and FNPL are members of FNSEA. The natural persons (beef farmers) who belong to local unions could indirectly
         belong to FNSEA and to FNB, as well as to FNPL (if they have dairy cows) and to JA (if they are under 35 years of age). Likewise,
         certain members of the applicant in Case T-217/03 are also members of FNSEA. Consequently, a number of fines have been imposed
         on those persons, although the Commission has only been able to find – indirectly – a single infringement. The applicants
         dispute the Commission’s argument that the principle of ne bis in idem does not apply in the present case because there is only one procedure. The parallel procedures initiated by the Commission
         against the applicants led to the repetition of the penalties imposed on them. In addition, the application of that principle
         cannot be limited to situations where proceedings are brought against undertakings for the same infringement by more than
         one competition authority.
      
      337   Furthermore, the applicants in Case T‑245/03 state that, in setting the basic amount of the fines, the Commission proceeded
         on the basis of the ratio between the total annual fees received by FNSEA and those received by each of the other relevant
         federations. The ratios used are inaccurate however, in that FNB and FNPL repay to FNSEA a portion of the annual fees received
         by them (namely, in 2001, approximately 10%, corresponding to EUR 60 979, in the case of FNB, and 15%, representing EUR 181 670,
         in the case of FNPL). The ratios used should therefore be reduced accordingly.
      
      338   The French Government observes that it cannot be disputed that, in the present case, natural persons are members of different
         federations, even if only by reason of the affiliation of certain federations to FNSEA and therefore those persons have been
         fined twice for one and the same infringement of competition law. That amounts to imposing an excessive fine on them and is
         contrary to the principle of proportionality. 
      
      339   The Commission observes that, in Community case-law, the principle ne bis in idem applies in cases where an undertaking which has borne (or may bear) a penalty imposed at Community level for infringements
         of the competition rules has also borne (or may bear) a penalty in other proceedings in a non-member country or in a Member
         State (see, to that effect, Case 14/68 Wilhelm and Others [1969] ECR 1, and Boehringer Mannheim v Commission, cited above). According to the Commission, the mere fact that the actions complained of are identical is not sufficient
         to justify the application of that principle, because it is also necessary for the parties to be identical. In the present
         case, proceedings were initiated against each federation for its own participation in the infringement, each federation being
         necessary, by virtue of its own influence on the market, for the agreement to be effective. The fact that certain persons
         are members of more than one of the federations does not diminish the fact that each of the applicants took part in the agreement.
         Lastly, the proportionality of the fines imposed on several federations with common members is ensured by the 10% limit of
         turnover, but cannot mean that those members must be exempt. 
      
      2.     Findings of the Court
      340   It is clear from the case-law that the principle ne bis in idem is a general principle of Community law which is upheld by the Community Courts. In the field of Community competition law,
         the principle precludes an undertaking from being sanctioned by the Commission or made the defendant to proceedings brought
         by the Commission a second time in respect of anti-competitive conduct for which it has already been penalised or of which
         it has been exonerated by a previous decision of the Commission that is not amenable to challenge (Case T‑224/00 Archer Daniels Midland and Archer Daniels Midland Ingredients v Commission [2003] ECR II-2597, paragraphs 85 and 86, and Tokai Carbon and Others v Commission, paragraphs 130 and 131). The application of the principle ne bis in idem is subject to the threefold condition of identity of the facts, unity of offender and unity of the legal interest protected.
         Under that principle, therefore, the same person cannot be sanctioned more than once for a single unlawful course of conduct
         designed to protect the same legal asset (Joined Cases C‑204/00 P, C‑205/00 P, C‑211/00 P, C‑213/00 P, C‑217/00 P and C‑219/00 P
         Aalborg Portlandand Others v Commission [2004] ECR I‑123, paragraph 338).
      
      341   In the present case, the Commission fined the applicant federations by reason of the participation and the degree of responsibility
         of each one of them in the infringement (see recital 169 and Articles 1 and 3 of the contested decision). In actual fact,
         all the applicants took part, albeit with different degrees of involvement and with different consequences, in the infringements
         penalised by the contested decision. In particular, all the applicant federations signed the agreement of 24 October 2001.
         Therefore, the Commission was entitled to fine each federation which took part in the disputed agreement on the basis of the
         individual role played by each one in the signature and implementation of the agreement and of the attenuating and aggravating
         circumstances relevant to each of them.
      
      342   Contrary to the submissions of the applicants in Case T-245/03, this finding cannot be undermined by the fact that FNB, FNPL
         and JA are members of FNSEA. The fact is that those federations have independent legal personality and separate budgets and
         their objects do not always coincide. They thus carry out their respective union activities in defence of their own specific
         interests (see paragraph 320 above). The fact that those federations to a large extent coordinated their actions and those
         of their respective members in the present case in the pursuit of common aims does not diminish the respective responsibility
         of each federation for the infringement.
      
      343   Furthermore, contrary to what the applicants appear to argue, the contested decision did not impose penalties on their basic
         members, whether direct or indirect. Taking into account the turnover of the members of an association of undertakings in
         determining the 10% limit does not mean that a fine has been imposed on them or even that the association in question has
         an obligation to recover the amount of the fine from its members (CB and Europay v Commission, paragraph 139). As the individual farmers who are indirect members of the applicant federations in Case T‑245/03 were not
         penalised in the contested decision, it cannot be concluded that the fact that the basic members of FNB, FNPL and JA are also
         members of FNSEA prevented the Commission from penalising each of those federations individually. It is all the more irrelevant
         that some of the members of the applicant in Case T-217/03 are also members of FNSEA.
      
      344   It follows that the offenders in the present case are not identical, as the contested decision does not penalise the same
         entities more than once or the same persons for the same acts. Therefore, it must be concluded that the principle ne bis in idem was not infringed. Likewise, as the applicants’ members, whether direct or indirect, were not fined twice for one and the
         same infringement, contrary to the French Government’s argument, nor was the principle of proportionality infringed.
      
      345    Moreover, the applicants in Case T-245/03 must fail in their argument that, when setting the basic amount of the fines, the
         Commission wrongly calculated the ratio between the annual membership fees received by FNSEA and the fees paid to FNB and
         FNPL. In particular, contrary to the applicants’ argument, the Commission was not required to adjust the FNB and FNPL figures
         by subtracting from them the fees paid by those federations to FNSEA. As the fees were taken into account as an objective
         indication of the relative size of each federation, the Commission was right to take the view that the relevant figures were
         their respective overall fees, which reflect the degree of representativeness of each applicant.
      
      346   Consequently, this plea must be dismissed.
      F –  Sixth plea: manifest error of assessment in taking account of the circumstances provided for by Section 5(b) of the Guidelines
            
      1.     Arguments of the parties
      347   The applicant in Case T-217/03 asserts that the 60% reduction made by the Commission pursuant to Section 5(b) of the Guidelines
         to take account of the particular context of the beef crisis should have been applied to the basic amount of the fine and
         not to the figure resulting after the increases in and deductions from the basic amount for aggravating and attenuating circumstances
         respectively. There is no justification for derogating from the principle for determining fines, set out in Section 2 of the
         Guidelines, consisting in calculating a basic amount and increasing or reducing it by a percentage. In the alternative, the
         applicant claims that the Commission ought to have taken the economic context into account as an attenuating circumstance,
         as it has done in other cases.
      
      348   The applicants in Case T-245/03 submit, for their part, that the Commission, in applying Section 5(b) of the Guidelines, did
         not draw the appropriate conclusions from the following circumstances, set out in the contested decision (see recitals 181
         and 184): first, it is not the applicants’ object to make a profit; second, the specific characteristics of the agricultural
         product in question; third, the fact that the Commission penalised for the first time an agreement concluded entirely between
         federations and which relates to a basic agricultural product and involves two links in the production chain; fourth, the
         specific context of exceptional crisis. The applicants observe in that connection that, in a decision of 3 February 2003,
         the United Kingdom competition authorities did not fine a Northern Ireland beef producers’ association which concluded a price
         agreement, in view of the context in which the agreement was made, marked also by the ‘mad-cow’ crisis and the foot-and-mouth
         epidemic. The applicants note that, in the present case, such factors did not cause the Commission to make an adequate adjustment
         to the fines, as a result of which the ultimate amounts remain exorbitant.
      
      349   The Commission contends that the argument of the applicant in Case T‑217/03 concerning the method of calculating the reduction
         relating to the circumstances provided for in Section 5(b) of the Guidelines disregards both the letter and the spirit of
         the Guidelines. The complaint that the economic context ought to have been taken into account as an attenuating circumstance
         is a new plea and is therefore inadmissible. As for the submissions of the applicants in Case T‑245/03, the Commission observes
         that the 60% reduction in the fine allowed in the present case has no equivalent in its past decisions. 
      
      2.     Findings of the Court
      350   Section 5(b) of the Guidelines reads as follows:
      ‘Depending on the circumstances, account should be taken, once the above calculations have been made, of certain objective
         factors such as a specific economic context, any economic or financial benefit derived by the offenders …, the specific characteristics
         of the undertakings in question and their real ability to pay in a specific social context, and the fines should be adapted
         accordingly.’
      
      351   In the present case, the Commission took account of the specific economic context, marked in particular by the serious crisis
         in the beef sector, and reduced by 60% the amount resulting from an increase or a reduction in the basic amount of the fines
         by reason of the aggravating or attenuating circumstances taken into consideration. 
      
      352   First, the argument of the applicant in Case T-217/03 that the abovementioned 60% reduction ought to have been applied to
         the basic amount of the fine and not the amount as already increased and reduced by reason of aggravating and attenuating
         circumstances must be dismissed. The Guidelines deal with aggravating and attenuating circumstances in Sections 2 and 3 respectively,
         which state that ‘the basic amount will be increased’ and ‘the basic amount will be reduced’. Section 5(b), by contrast, provides
         that other circumstances are to be taken into consideration ‘once the above calculations have been made’ and provides that
         ‘the fines should be adjusted accordingly’. It must therefore be concluded that the calculation method used by the Commission
         complied with the provisions of the Guidelines.
      
      353   Second, with regard to the alternative submission of the applicant in Case T‑217/03, to the effect that the economic context
         ought to have been taken into account as an attenuating circumstance, it must be pointed out that this was not raised at the
         reply stage and is therefore a new plea which must be dismissed pursuant to Article 48(2) of the Rules of Procedure. In any
         case, it must be observed that Section 5(b) of the Guidelines refers expressly to taking account of the specific economic
         context of a case; that criterion is not, however, expressly mentioned in Section 3 of the Guidelines, which deals with attenuating
         circumstances. Consequently, it must be found that the Commission did not err in taking into consideration the specific economic
         context pursuant to Section 5(b) of the Guidelines and not by way of attenuating circumstances, as the applicant wished.
      
      354   Third, regarding the reference to the decision of United Kingdom competition authorities of 3 February 2003, suffice it is
         to note that, in assessing the circumstances of the present case, the Commission is not bound by decisions of national authorities
         in other, somewhat similar cases.
      
      355   Fourth and lastly, it is necessary to reply to the applicants’ arguments that the Commission did not draw all the appropriate
         inferences from the circumstances of the present case and ought to have made an even greater reduction in the fines pursuant
         to Section 5(b) of the Guidelines.
      
      356   It must be observed that, in the contested decision, the Commission, in applying the abovementioned provision, took into account
         the fact that the contested decision was the first to penalise an agreement concluded entirely between union federations relating
         to a basic agricultural product and involving two links in the production chain, as well as the specific economic context
         of the case, which went beyond a mere fall in prices or the presence of a well-known disease. The economic context was characterised
         by the following factors: first, the drop in the consumption of beef as a result of the ‘mad-cow’ crisis, which affected a
         sector already in a difficult situation; second, intervention measures taken by the Community and national authorities aimed
         at restoring balance in the beef market; third, the loss of consumer confidence, linked to the fear of ‘mad cow’ disease;
         fourth, the situation of farmers who, despite Community adjustment measures applied by France, were faced with slaughterhouse
         entry prices for cows which were falling again, while consumer prices remained stable (recitals 181 to 185 of the contested
         decision).
      
      357   Having regard to all those circumstances, the Commission decided, pursuant to Section 5(b) of the Guidelines, to allow the
         applicants a 60% reduction in the fines.
      
      358   It must be borne in mind that, while the Commission has discretion in setting the amount of fines, the Court has, by virtue
         of Article 17 of Regulation No 17, unlimited jurisdiction within the meaning of Article 229 EC to review decisions whereby
         the Commission has fixed a fine and may, consequently, cancel, reduce or increase the fine imposed.
      
      359   In the present case, the Court considers that the different consequences identified and taken into account by the Commission
         in the contested decision pursuant to section 5(b) of the Guidelines are very exceptional. Their exceptional nature arises
         from the particular characteristics of the applicants, their functions and their respective spheres of activity, as well as
         from the circumstances inherent in the economic context of this particular case.
      
      360   The Court considers that the 60% reduction in the fines decided upon by the Commission pursuant to Section 5(b) of the Guidelines,
         although substantial, does not take sufficient account of all those exceptional circumstances.
      
      361   Therefore, to take full and proper account of all the circumstances identified by the Commission in the contested decision
         and in consideration of the fact that this is the first time that the Commission has sanctioned this type of anti-competitive
         conduct, the Court, asserting its unlimited jurisdiction, considers it appropriate to set at 70% the reduction to be allowed
         in the applicants’ fines pursuant to Section 5(b) of the Guidelines.
      
      III –  Method of calculation and final amount of fine
      362   In paragraphs 241 and 245 above, the Court has found that, in the contested decision, the Commission failed to state reasons
         in that it did not state that it had used the turnover of the applicants’ basic members for the purpose of ensuring that the
         fines did not exceed the upper limit of 10% provided for by Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17; nor did it set out the circumstances
         which enabled it to take account of those aggregate turnover figures. However, it must be observed that, in paragraphs 324
         and 325 above, the Court has found that, in the present case, the Commission was entitled to take into account the turnover
         of the applicants’ basic members for the purpose of calculating the upper limit, provided that they operated in the markets
         affected by the infringements sanctioned in the contested decision.
      
      363   The Court considers that, in those circumstances, the failure to state reasons should not entail the annulment of the contested
         decision as that could only lead to the adoption of another decision identical in substance to the decision annulled (see,
         to that effect, Case T‑16/02 Audi v OHIM (TDI) [2003] ECR II-5167, paragraph 97), or any alteration in the amount of the fines. 
      
      364   However, as appears from paragraph 361 above, the fines imposed on the applicants should be reduced by 70% pursuant to Section
         5(b) of the Guidelines, instead of the 60% reduction applied by the Commission. Accordingly, the amounts of the fines are
         set at:
      
      –       EUR 360 000 for the applicant in Case T‑217/03; 
      –       EUR 9 000 000 for FNSEA;
      –       EUR 1 080 000 for FNB;
      –       EUR 450 000 for JA; 
      –       EUR 1 080 000 for FNPL.
       Costs
      365   Under Article 87(3) of the Rules of Procedure, where each party succeeds on some and fails on other heads, the Court may order
         that the costs be shared or that each party bear its own costs. In the present case, it is appropriate to order the applicants
         to bear their own costs in the main proceedings and to pay three‑quarters of the costs incurred by the Commission in those
         proceedings. The Commission is to bear one-quarter of its own costs in the main proceedings and all costs in the proceedings
         for interim measures.
      
      366   Under Article 87(4) of the Rules of Procedure, the French Republic, which intervened in the proceedings, is to bear its own
         costs.
      
      On those grounds,
      THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE (First Chamber)
      hereby:
      1.      Sets the amount of the fine imposed on the Fédération nationale de la coopération bétail et viande, the applicant in Case
            T-217/03, at EUR 360 000;
      2.      Sets the amount of the fines imposed on the applicants in Case T-245/03 as follows: EUR 9 000 000 for the Fédération nationale
            des syndicats d’exploitants agricoles, EUR 1 080 000 for the Fédération nationale bovine, EUR 1 080 000 for the Fédération
            nationale des producteurs de lait and EUR 450 000 for Jeunes agriculteurs;
      3.      Dismisses the remainder of the application;
      4.      Orders the applicants to bear their own costs in the main proceedings and to pay three-quarters of those of the Commission
            in the main proceedings;
      5.      Orders the Commission to bear one-quarter of its costs in the main proceedings and to pay all the costs in the proceedings
            for interim measures;
      6.      Orders the French Republic to bear its own costs.
      
      
      
               García-Valdecasas 
            
            
               Cooke 
            
            
               Labucka
            
         Delivered in open court in Luxembourg on 13 December 2006.
      
               E. Coulon 
            
             
            
                     J.D. Cooke
            
         
               Registrar 
            
             
            
                     President
            
         Table of contents
      
      Legal context
      Facts
      I –  Second ‘mad cow’ crisis
      II –  Conclusion of the contested agreements and administrative procedure before the Commission
      III –  The contested decision
      Procedure and forms of order sought
      Merits of the case
      I –  The claims for annulment of the contested decision
      A –  First plea in law: manifest errors of assessment and errors of law in the assessment of the conditions required for the
         application of Article 81(1) EC
      
      1.  Description of the applicants as associations of undertakings
      a)  Arguments of the parties
      b)  Findings of the Court
      2.  No appreciable effect on trade between Member States
      a)  Arguments of the parties
      b)  Findings of the Court
      3.  No restriction of competition
      a)  Arguments of the parties
      b)  Findings of the Court
      4.  Classification of trade union activities
      a)  Arguments of the parties
      b)  Findings of the Court
      B –  Second plea in law: manifest errors of assessment and errors of law in assessing the extent and duration of the infringement
      1.  Preliminary questions
      a)  The taking into account of local agreements
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      b)  Organisation, selection, quotation and interpretation of the documents in the file
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      2.  The attribution to the applicants of an agreement relating to imports
      a)  Arguments of the parties
      b)  Findings of the Court
      3.  Attribution to the applicants of a secret verbal agreement after the end of November 2001
      a)  Arguments of the parties
      b) Findings of the Court
      Preparation for the renewal of the agreement
      Renewal of the agreement at the meetings of 29 November and 5 December 2001
      –  Meeting of 29 November 2001
      –  Meeting of 5 December 2001
      Implementation of the agreement after the end of November 2001
      Findings
      C –  Third plea in law: non-application of the exception provided for by Regulation No 26
      1.  Arguments of the parties
      2.  Findings of the Court
      D – Fourth plea: infringement of the rights of the defence
      3.  Arguments of the parties
      2. Findings of the Court
      E – Fifth plea in law: failure to state reasons
      1. Arguments of the parties
      2. Findings of the Court
      II –  Submissions on the cancellation or reduction of the fine
      A –  First plea: unlawfulness of the Guidelines
      1.  Arguments of the parties
      2.  Findings of the Court
      B –  Second plea: infringement of the principle of proportionality, manifest error of assessment and error of law in determining
         the gravity of the infringement
      
      1.  Arguments of the parties
      2.  Findings of the Court
      C –  Third plea: errors of assessment and of law and infringement of the principle of proportionality in taking account of
         aggravating and attenuating circumstances
      
      1.  Aggravating circumstances: continuation of the agreement in secret
      a)  Arguments of the parties
      b)  Findings of the Court
      2.  Aggravating circumstances: the use of violence
      a)  Arguments of the parties
      b)  Findings of the Court
      3.  Failure to take account of attenuating circumstances
      a)  Arguments of the parties
      b)  Findings of the Court
      D –  Fourth plea: infringement of Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 in setting the amount of the fines
      1.  Arguments of the parties
      2.  Findings of the Court
      E –  Fifth plea: infringement of the rule against cumulation of penalties
      1.  Arguments of the parties
      2.  Findings of the Court
      F –  Sixth plea: manifest error of assessment in taking account of the circumstances provided for by Section 5(b) of the Guidelines
      1.  Arguments of the parties
      2.  Findings of the Court
      III –  Method of calculation and final amount of fine
      Costs
      * Language of the case: French.