CELEX: 62003CO0192
Language: en
Date: 2004-10-05 00:00:00
Title: Order of the Court (Sixth Chamber) of 5  October  2004. # Alcon Inc. v Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs). # Appeal - Community trade mark - Regulation (EC) No 40/94 - Invalidity of Community trade mark - Article 51 of Regulation No 40/94 - Absolute ground for refusal to register - Article 7(1)(d) of Regulation No 40/94 - Distinctive character acquired through use - Article 7(3) of Regulation No 40/94 - Term "BSS'. # Case C-192/03 P.

Case C-192/03 P
      Alcon Inc.
      v
      Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs) (OHIM)
      (Appeal – Community trade mark – Regulation (EC) No 40/94 – Invalidity of the Community trade mark – Article 51 of Regulation No 40/94 – Absolute ground for refusal to register – Article 7(1)(d) of Regulation No 40/94 – Distinctive character acquired through use – Article 7(3) of Regulation No 40/94 – Term ‘BSS’)
      Summary of the Order
      Community trade mark – Surrender, revocation and invalidity – Absolute grounds for invalidity – Registration in breach of
            the provisions of Article 7(1)(d) of Regulation No 40/94 – Material date for the examination of whether the mark has become
            customary – Taking account of circumstances subsequent to the date of filing the application for registration – Whether permitted
      (Council Regulation No 40/94, Arts 7(1)(d) and 51(1)(a))
      While the date of filing the application for registration of a Community trade mark is the material date for the examination
         of the absolute ground for invalidity referred to in Articles 7(1)(d) and 51(1)(a) of Regulation No 40/94, relating to whether
         the mark has become customary, it is possible without inconsistency in reasoning or error of law for material to be taken
         into account which, although subsequent to the date of filing the application, enables the drawing of conclusions on the situation
         as it was on that date.
      
      (see paras 40-41)

      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
            
            ORDER OF THE COURT (Sixth Chamber)5 October 2004(1)
            
            
         
            (Appeal  –  Community trade mark  –  Regulation (EC) No 40/94  –  Invalidity of Community trade mark  –  Article 51 of Regulation No 40/94  –  Absolute ground for refusal to register  –  Article 7(1)(d) of Regulation No 40/94  –  Distinctive character acquired through use  –  Article 7(3) of Regulation No 40/94  –  Term ‘BSS’)
            
          In Case C-192/03 P,
         
         
         Alcon Inc., formerly Alcon Universal Ltd, established in Hünenberg (Switzerland), represented by C. Morcom QC and S. Clark, solicitor,
         with an address for service in Luxembourg,
         
         
         appellant,
         
          APPEAL under Article 56 of the Statute of the Court of Justice brought on 2 May 2003,
         
          the other parties to the proceedings being:
         Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs) (OHIM), represented by S. Laitinen and A. Sesma Merino, acting as Agents,
         defendant at first instance,Dr Robert Winzer Pharma GmbH, established in Olching (Germany), represented by S. Schneller, Rechtsanwalt,
         intervener at first instance,
         
         
         
         
         THE COURT (Sixth Chamber),
         
          composed of: J.-P. Puissochet (Rapporteur), President of the Chamber, F. Macken and U. Lõhmus, Judges,
         
          Advocate General: M. Poiares Maduro, Registrar: R. Grass,
         
         makes the following
         
         
         Order
         1
            
          By its appeal Alcon Inc. (‘the appellant’) requests the Court to set aside the judgment of the Court of First Instance of
         the European Communities (Second Chamber) of 5 March 2003 in Case T-237/01 Alcon v OHIM – Dr Robert Winzer Pharma (BSS) [2003] ECR II-411 (‘the judgment under appeal’) dismissing its action against the decision of the First Board of Appeal of
         the Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs) (OHIM) of 13 July 2001 declaring the Community
         trade mark BSS invalid (Case R 273/2000-1) (‘the contested decision’).
         
         
            
               Legal background
            
         
         2
            
          Under Article 4 of Council Regulation (EC) No 40/94 of 20 December 1993 on the Community trade mark (OJ 1994 L 11, p. 1):
         ‘A Community trade mark may consist of any signs capable of being represented graphically, particularly words, including personal
         names, designs, letters, numerals, the shape of goods or of their packaging, provided that such signs are capable of distinguishing
         the goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings.’
         
         
         
         3
            
          Article 7 of that regulation states:
         ‘1.     The following shall not be registered:
         …
         
         (d)
            trade marks which consist exclusively of signs or indications which have become customary in the current language or in the
               bona fide and established practices of the trade; 
            
         
         …
          2.       Paragraph 1 shall apply notwithstanding that the grounds of non-registrability obtain in only part of the Community.
          3.       Paragraph 1(b), (c) and (d) shall not apply if the trade mark has become distinctive in relation to the goods or services
         for which registration is requested in consequence of the use which has been made of it.’
         
         
         
         4
            
          Under Article 51 of that regulation:
         ‘1.     A Community trade mark shall be declared invalid on application to the Office or on the basis of a counterclaim in infringement
         proceedings,
         
         (a)
            where the Community trade mark has been registered in breach of the provisions of Article 5 or of Article 7; 
         
         …
          2.       Where the Community trade mark has been registered in breach of the provisions of Article 7(1)(b), (c) or (d), it may nevertheless
         not be declared invalid if, in consequence of the use which has been made of it, it has after registration acquired a distinctive
         character in relation to the goods or services for which it is registered.
         …’
         
         
         
         5
            
          Article 63 of the regulation states, in paragraphs 1, 2 and 3:
         ‘1.     Actions may be brought before the Court of Justice against decisions of the Boards of Appeal on appeals.
          2.       The action may be brought on grounds of lack of competence, infringement of an essential procedural requirement, infringement
         of the Treaty, of this Regulation or of any rule of law relating to their application or misuse of power.
          3.       The Court of Justice has jurisdiction to annul or to alter the contested decision.’
         
         Facts of the dispute
         
         6
            
          On 1 April 1996 Alcon Pharmaceuticals Ltd applied to OHIM for registration of the term BSS as a Community trade mark in respect
         of ‘ophthalmic pharmaceutical preparations; sterile solutions for ophthalmic surgery’, those being goods in Class 5 of the
         Nice Agreement concerning the International Classification of Goods and Services for the Purposes of the Registration of Marks
         of 15 June 1957, as revised and amended.
         
         
         
         7
            
          The mark was registered on 7 August 1998 and published on 19 October 1998. On 29 November 1999 the mark was transferred into
         the appellant’s name, at its request. 
         
         
         
         8
            
          On 7 December 1998 Dr Robert Winzer Pharma GmbH (‘the intervener’) filed an application with OHIM for a declaration that the
         mark was invalid, under Article 51(1) of Regulation No 40/94. It submitted that BSS was an abbreviation for ‘balanced salt
         solution’ or ‘buffered saline solution’, that the mark was therefore descriptive of the goods concerned and that it had been
         registered in breach of Article 7 of Regulation No 40/94.
         
         
         
         9
            
          By decision of 15 December 1999, the Cancellation Division granted that application, on the grounds that, first, the mark
         consisted of a sign which had become customary in the current language within the meaning of Article 7(1)(d) of Regulation
         No 40/94 and, second, the appellant had not shown that the sign had acquired distinctive character as a result of use for
         the purposes of Articles 7(3) and 51(2) of Regulation No 40/94. On 15 February 2000 the appellant appealed against that decision.
         
         
         
         
         10
            
          By the contested decision, the First Board of Appeal of OHIM dismissed that appeal, finding that the letters BSS were used
         in both German and English to designate in the current language an ophthalmic pharmaceutical preparation, and that the appellant
         had not shown that those letters had acquired distinctive character through use.
         
         The judgment under appeal
         
         11
            
          By application lodged at the Registry of the Court of First Instance on 18 September 2001, the appellant brought an action
         for annulment of the contested decision. OHIM and the intervener contended that the application should be dismissed.
         
         
         
         12
            
          The Court of First Instance held, first, in paragraphs 35 to 48 of the judgment under appeal, that the Board of Appeal had
         rightly considered that the evidence produced by the intervener was sufficient to demonstrate that the term BSS had become
         customary within the meaning of Article 7(1)(d) of Regulation No 40/94.
         
         
         
         13
            
          Referring to Case C-517/99 Merz & Krell [2001] ECR I-6959, the Court of First Instance considered that the term BSS had, by the date of filing of the appellant’s
         application for registration of the mark BSS, become a current generic term among the public targeted by the goods concerned,
         namely ophthalmologists and ophthalmic surgeons, for a balanced salt solution. That was apparent from a number of scientific
         dictionaries and articles, and from the fact that various companies marketed ophthalmic products under designations containing
         the term BSS.
         
         
         
         14
            
          The Court of First Instance held, second, in paragraphs 49 to 60 of the judgment under appeal, that the Board of Appeal had
         also been right in considering that the appellant had failed to show that the BSS mark had acquired distinctive character
         through use for the purposes of Articles 7(3) and 51(2) of Regulation No 40/94.
         
         
         
         15
            
          It considered that the documents produced by the appellant before the Cancellation Division of OHIM and then before the Board
         of Appeal did not allow the conclusion that the target public perceived BSS not as the generic name for the product in question
         but as the distinctive sign of a particular undertaking. It observed in particular that the ‘Policing BSS’ schedule and the
         agreements entered into by the appellant with third parties, produced by the appellant to show that there was a programme
         for monitoring the use of the BSS mark by third parties, had no known effects or results in terms of raising awareness among
         the target public.
         
         
         
         16
            
          The Court of First Instance therefore dismissed the application.
         
         The appeal
         
         17
            
          The appellant claims that the Court should set aside the judgment under appeal, annul the contested decision and make an order
         as to costs.
         
         
         
         18
            
          OHIM and the intervener contend that the Court should dismiss the appeal and order the appellant to pay the costs.
         
         
         
         19
            
          Under Article 119 of the Rules of Procedure, where the appeal is clearly unfounded, the Court may at any time, acting on a
         report from the Judge-Rapporteur and after hearing the Advocate General, dismiss the appeal by reasoned order.
         
         Arguments of the parties
         
         20
            
          First, the appellant submits that the Court of First Instance applied Article 7(1)(d) of Regulation No 40/94 incorrectly by
         considering that the term BSS had become customary.
         
         
         
         21
            
          It submits that the Court of First Instance wrongly took into consideration documents produced as evidence by the intervener
         which were either dated after the date of filing the application for registration of the BSS mark, in this case 1 April 1996,
         the only relevant date for assessing the ground of invalidity in question, or published outside the European Union. The intervener
         produced no evidence from any person trading in the goods in question to show that the term BSS was customary. The mere mention
         of a sign as the name or description of a product in a dictionary or other publication is not sufficient to show that that
         sign has become customary in the current language of the target public.
         
         
         
         22
            
          The appellant submits, moreover, that the Court of First Instance should have taken account of its arguments concerning the
         active steps it had taken to monitor references by other parties to BSS and prevent misuse of its mark by third parties.
         
         
         
         23
            
          Second, the appellant submits that the Court of First Instance wrongly disregarded the evidence it had produced to show that
         the BSS mark had acquired distinctive character through use, on the basis of Article 7(3) and 51(2) of Regulation No 40/94.
         The Court of First Instance relied, in paragraph 56 of the judgment under appeal, on a particular point, the absence of evidence
         as to the effects of the mark monitoring programme on the target public, while it did not make the same demands as regards
         the evidence put forward by the intervener. It thus did not treat the evidence of the two parties to the dispute in the same
         way.
         
         
         
         24
            
          OHIM observes that the appeal concerns the first case brought before the Court of First Instance and the Court of Justice
         relating to an application for invalidity of a Community trade mark.
         
         
         
         25
            
          Relying on Case C-104/00 P DKV v OHIM [2002] ECR I-7561, OHIM submits that most if not all the pleas put forward by the appellant in the appeal relate only to
         questions of pure fact, in particular the examination of the evidence by the Court of First Instance, the appraisal of which
         is not within the jurisdiction of the Court when hearing an appeal.
         
         
         
         26
            
          In the alternative, as regards the interpretation both of Article 7(1)(d) and of Articles 7(3) and 51(2) of Regulation No
         40/94, OHIM considers that the Court of First Instance did not err in law. As regards the evidence produced by the intervener,
         even supposing that the Court may consider its effect, OHIM submits that the Court of First Instance was entitled to consider
         that that evidence established that the term BSS had already become customary at the date of filing the application for registration
         and that the mark had thereby lost its distinctive character.
         
         
         
         27
            
          The intervener submits that the evidence it produced to the Cancellation Division of OHIM, the Board of Appeal and the Court
         of First Instance clearly shows the generic nature, in the bona fide and established practices of the trade, of the BSS mark
         in respect of the goods concerned, and that that evidence was taken into account correctly by OHIM and the Court of First
         Instance.
         
         Findings of the Court
         
         28
            
          In considering that the BSS mark consisted exclusively of signs or indications which had become customary in the current language
         of the target public to designate the goods for which that mark had been registered, and that it had been lawfully declared
         invalid on that ground by the contested decision, the Court of First Instance correctly pointed out, in paragraph 39 of the
         judgment under appeal, that it was not the descriptive nature of the mark that was decisive but current usage in the sectors
         covering trade in those goods (see, with respect to the essentially identical provisions of Article 3(1)(d) of First Council
         Directive 89/104/EEC of 21 December 1988 to approximate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks (OJ 1989 L 40,
         p. 1), Merz & Krell, paragraph 35).
         
         
         
         29
            
          The Court of First Instance also applied Article 7(1)(d) of Regulation No 40/94 correctly when it noted, in paragraph 40 of
         the judgment under appeal, that signs or indications constituting a trade mark which have become customary in the current
         language or in the bona fide and established practices of the trade to designate the goods or services covered by that mark
         are not capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings and do not therefore
         fulfil the essential function of a trade mark – unless the use which has been made of those signs or indications has enabled
         them to acquire a distinctive character (see, by analogy, Merz & Krell, paragraph 37).
         
         
         
         30
            
          Nor did the Court of First Instance err in law by considering, in paragraph 42 of the judgment under appeal, that, for the
         purposes of assessing whether the mark at issue was customary, the relevant point of view was that of the specialist medical
         public, namely ophthalmologists and ophthalmic surgeons practising in the European Union.
         
         
         
         31
            
          The legal context of the dispute having thus been correctly determined, the Court of First Instance, analysing the evidence
         produced by the appellant and the intervener respectively, considered that all that evidence showed that the BSS mark had
         become customary for the target public concerned and that the use made of the mark had not been able to confer distinctive
         character on it.
         
         
         
         32
            
          In support of its claim to have the judgment under appeal set aside, the appellant submits, first, that the Court of First
         Instance did not take sufficient account of the evidence it had produced before the Cancellation Division and the Board of
         Appeal of OHIM, and that it attached too much weight, on the other hand, to the evidence produced by the intervener before
         those bodies.
         
         
         
         33
            
          However, findings of the Court of First Instance that the applicant has not produced the necessary evidence to support its
         allegations or that it has not shown that the evidence is correct are findings of fact which are within the sole jurisdiction
         of that Court and may not be challenged on appeal (see, to that effect,  Case C-283/90 P Vidrányi v Commission [1991] ECR I-4339, paragraphs 16 and 17, and Case C-191/98 P Tzoanos v Commission [1999] ECR I-8223, paragraph 23), unless the Court of First Instance has distorted the clear sense of the evidence put before
         it (see, to that effect, Case C-237/98 P Dorsch Consult v Council and Commission [2000] ECR I-4549, paragraphs 35 and 36).
         
         
         
         34
            
          By its arguments, as OHIM rightly observes, the appellant in fact confines itself to challenging the assessment of the facts
         made by the Court of First Instance without alleging any distortion of the evidence in the case-file put before that Court.
         That assessment is not a point of law which is subject, as such, to review by the Court of Justice on appeal (DKV v OHIM, paragraph 22, and the order in Case C-326/01 P Telefon & Buch v OHIM [2004] ECR I-0000, paragraph 35). Nor does the appellant allege that the judgment under appeal is vitiated by an error of
         law in the application of the rules on the burden of proof (see, to that effect, Case C-199/92 P Hüls v Commission [1999] ECR I-4287, paragraphs 64 and 65). 
         
         
         
         35
            
          Second, the appellant submits that the Court of First Instance erred in law by not taking as the relevant date the date of
         filing of the application for registration of the BSS mark, in this case 1 April 1996. Only that date is material for assessing
         whether a Community mark has become customary so that it must be declared invalid pursuant to Article 51(1) of Regulation
         No 40/94. It submits that that error is disclosed by the fact that the Court of First Instance mentioned, in particular in
         paragraph 45 of the judgment under appeal, documents dated after 1 April 1996. That Court also wrongly took into account,
         in paragraph 44 of the judgment under appeal, documents published outside the European Union, which could not reflect the
         perception of the target public mentioned above.
         
         
         
         36
            
          The two parts of this second plea should be distinguished.
         
         
         
         37
            
          The first part relates to the taking into consideration by the Court of First Instance of documents dated later than the application
         for registration in order to assess whether a mark has become customary. If by this part of the plea the appellant’s intention
         is to challenge that Court’s assessment, on the basis of those documents, of whether the mark was customary at the date of
         the application for registration, it must be noted that that assessment of the evidence does not constitute a point of law
         which it is for this Court to examine. If, on the other hand, the appellant wishes to show that by taking those documents
         into consideration the Court of First Instance implicitly took a date subsequent to the application for registration as the
         material date for analysing whether the term BSS was customary, such a criticism raises a point of law which the Court must
         consider.
         
         
         
         38
            
          In the present case, however, this first part of the plea is unfounded.
         
         
         
         39
            
          The Court of First Instance expressly stated, in paragraph 46 of the judgment under appeal, that the Board of Appeal had been
         right to consider, in paragraph 19 of the contested decision, that the evidence provided by the intervener showed that the
         term BSS had become customary ‘at the time of the [appellant’s] application’. In its analysis, it did not therefore take a
         date other than that put forward by the appellant for examining the alleged ground of invalidity.
         
         
         
         40
            
          OHIM rightly stated in this respect that the date of filing the application for registration of the Community trade mark is
         the material date for that examination.
         
         
         
         41
            
          Moreover, the Court of First Instance could without inconsistency in its reasoning or error of law take account of material
         which, although subsequent to the date of filing the application, enabled the drawing of conclusions on the situation as it
         was on that date (see, by analogy, the order in Case C-259/02 La Mer Technology [2004] ECR I-0000, paragraph 31).
         
         
         
         42
            
          In the second part of this plea, the appellant submits that the Court of First Instance took into consideration, in paragraph
         44 of the judgment under appeal, certain documents published in the United States. However, that circumstance does not establish
         that the Court of First Instance based its analysis on evidence that did not affect the target public. By stating in paragraph
         42 of the judgment under appeal that English was the technical language of specialists in the relevant field, and by referring
         in paragraph 43 of the judgment under appeal to the perception of the term BSS as a generic term by the ‘scientific community’,
         the Court of First Instance necessarily considered that those documents, although published outside the European Union, supported
         the conclusion that the target public regarded that term as having become customary. In so doing it made an assessment of
         pure fact, which the appellant cannot challenge on appeal.
         
         
         
         43
            
          The second plea in law must therefore be rejected.
         
         
         
         44
            
          In the light of all the foregoing, the appellant’s appeal is clearly unfounded and must therefore be dismissed.
         
         
         Costs
         45
            
          Under the second paragraph of Article 69 of the Rules of Procedure, which apply to the procedure on appeal by virtue of Article
         118 of those Rules, the unsuccessful party is to be ordered to pay the costs if they have been applied for in the successful
         party’s pleadings. Since OHIM and the intervener have applied for costs and the appellant has been unsuccessful, it must be
         ordered to pay the costs.
         
         
         
         
         
         
            
            
         
         
          On those grounds, the Court (Sixth Chamber) hereby orders:
         
            
            
             
               1.
                  The appeal is dismissed.
               
            
            
            
             
               2.
                  Alcon Inc. shall pay the costs.
               
            
             Signatures.
      
      
          1 –
            
            Language of the case: English.