CELEX: 62004CJ0407
Language: en
Date: 2007-01-25
Title: Judgment of the Court (First Chamber) of 25 January 2007. # Dalmine SpA v Commission of the European Communities. # Appeal - Competition - Agreements, decisions and concerted practices - Seamless steel tubes market - Protection of domestic markets - Supply contract - Rights of the defence - Self-incrimination - Anonymous evidence - Fine - Statement of reasons - Equal treatment - Guidelines on the method of setting fines - Size of the relevant market and of the undertaking concerned - Attenuating circumstances. # Case C-407/04 P.

Case C-407/04 P
      Dalmine SpA
      v
      Commission of the European Communities
      (Appeals – Competition – Agreements, decisions and concerted practices – Seamless steel tubes market – Protection of domestic markets – Supply contract – Rights of the defence – Self-incrimination – Anonymous evidence – Fine – Statement of reasons – Equal treatment – Guidelines on the method of setting fines – Size of the relevant market and of the undertaking concerned – Attenuating circumstances)
      Opinion of Advocate General Geelhoed delivered on 12 September 2006 
      Judgment of the Court (First Chamber), 25 January 2007 
      Summary of the Judgment
      1.     Competition – Administrative procedure – Observance of the rights of the defence 
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 11)
      2.     Competition – Administrative procedure – Observance of the rights of the defence 
      3.     Competition – Administrative procedure – Statement of objections – Access to the file – Subject-matter – Observance of the
            rights of the defence and of the right to a fair legal process
      4.     Competition – Administrative procedure – Means of proof 
      5.     Actions for annulment – Subject-matter – Reasons for a decision – Exclusion unless exception 
      (Art. 230 EC)
      6.     Competition – Agreements, decisions and concerted practices – Adverse effect on competition – Assessment criteria
      (Art. 81(1) EC)
      7.     Competition – Agreements, decisions and concerted practices – Dominant position – Effect on trade between Member States –
            Assessment criteria
      (Arts 81 EC and 82 EC)
      8.     Appeals – Grounds – Misuse of powers – Definition 
      (Arts 220 EC and 230 EC)
      9.     Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Criteria – Gravity of the infringement
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2); Commission Notice 98/C 9/03, point 1A)
      10.   Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Criteria 
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2); Commission Notice 98/C 9/03, point 1A, sixth para.)
      11.   Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Maximum amount 
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2))
      12.   Appeals – Jurisdiction of the Court 
      (Art. 81(1) EC; Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2))
      13.   Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Criteria – Attenuating circumstances 
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2))
      1.     In the exercise of the powers conferred on it to ensure compliance with the Community competition rules, the Commission is
         entitled, if necessary by adopting a decision, to compel an undertaking to provide all necessary information concerning such
         facts as may be known to it but may not compel an undertaking to provide it with answers which might involve an admission
         on its part of the existence of an infringement which it is incumbent upon the Commission to prove.
      
      However, since the questions it was required to answer did not imply acknowledgement of an infringement, an undertaking cannot
         effectively rely on its right not to be compelled by the Commission to admit having participated in an infringement.
      
      (see paras 34-35)
      2.     In competition law, respect for the rights of the defence requires that the undertaking concerned must have been afforded
         the opportunity, during the administrative procedure, to make known its views on the truth and relevance of the facts and
         circumstances alleged and on the documents used by the Commission to support its claim that there has been an infringement.
      
      However, the interpretation that the rights of the defence were not respected owing to the very fact that the origin of the
         documents was unknown and that their reliability had not been demonstrated by the Commission could compromise the evaluation
         of evidence where it is necessary to establish the existence of an infringement of Community competition law.
      
      In effect, the evaluation of evidence in Community competition law cases is characterised by the fact that the documents examined
         often contain business secrets or other information that cannot be disclosed, or the disclosure of which is subject to significant
         restrictions.
      
      In those circumstances, the rights of the defence cannot be compromised in the sense that documents containing incriminating
         evidence must automatically be excluded as evidence when certain information must remain confidential. That confidentiality
         may also attach to the identity of the authors of the documents and also to the persons who transmitted them to the Commission.
      
      (see paras 44, 46-48)
      3.     In administrative proceedings in competition law, it is precisely the notification of the statement of objections, on the
         one hand, and access to the file enabling the addressee of the statement of objections to peruse the evidence in the Commission’s
         file, on the other, that ensure the rights of the defence and the right to a fair legal process for the undertaking in question.
      
      It is by the statement of objections that the undertaking concerned is informed of all the essential evidence on which the
         Commission relies at that stage of the procedure. Consequently, it is only after notification of the statement of objections
         that the undertaking is able to rely in full on the rights of the defence.
      
      If the rights in question were extended to the period preceding the notification of the statement of objections, the effectiveness
         of the Commission’s investigation would be prejudiced, since the undertaking would already be able, at the first stage of
         the Commission’s investigation, to identify the information known to the Commission and therefore the information that could
         still be concealed from it.
      
      Thus, since there is no indication that the fact that the Commission did not inform the undertaking in question during the
         investigation stage that it was in possession of minutes of certain examinations conducted in national investigations might
         have an impact on its subsequent possibilities of defending itself during the administrative procedure initiated by the notification
         of the statement of objections, no infringement of the rights of the defence or the right to a fair legal process on the basis
         of Article 6(1) of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights can be found.
      
      (see paras 54, 58-61)
      4.     The lawfulness of the transmission to the Commission by a national prosecutor or the authorities competent in competition
         matters of information obtained in application of national criminal law is a question governed by national law and the Community
         judicature has no jurisdiction to rule on the lawfulness, as a matter of national law, of a measure adopted by a national
         authority.
      
      Since the principle which prevails in Community law is that of the unfettered evaluation of evidence and the only relevant
         criterion for the purpose of assessing the evidence adduced relates to its credibility, where the transmission of minutes
         to the Commission has not been declared unlawful by a national court, those documents cannot be considered to have been inadmissible
         evidence which ought to be removed from the file.
      
      (see paras 62-63)
      5.     There is no rule of law which enables the addressee of a decision to challenge some of the grounds of that decision by way
         of an action for annulment under Article 230 EC unless those grounds produce binding legal effects such as to affect that
         person’s interests. The grounds of a decision are not in principle capable of producing such effects. 
      
      As the findings in the contested decision were characterised by the appellant as superfluous grounds, it cannot in any event
         maintain that in the absence of those findings the contested decision would have had an essentially different content and
         consequently obtain annulment thereof. 
      
      (see paras 69-70)
      6.     For the purposes of applying Article 81(1) EC, there is no need to take account of the actual effects of an agreement once
         it appears that its object is to restrict, prevent or distort competition. As regards, in particular, agreements of an anti-competitive
         nature which are reached at meetings of competing undertakings, Article 81(1) EC is infringed where those meetings have as
         their object the restriction, prevention or distortion of competition and are thus intended to organise artificially the operation
         of the market. 
      
      (see para. 84)
      7.     The interpretation and application of the condition relating to effects on trade between Member States contained in Articles
         81 EC and 82 EC must be based on the purpose of that condition, which is to define, in the context of the law governing competition,
         the boundary between the areas respectively covered by Community law and the law of the Member States. Thus, Community law
         covers any agreement or any practice which is capable of constituting a threat to freedom of trade between Member States in
         a manner which might harm the attainment of the objectives of a single market between the Member States, in particular by
         sealing off domestic markets or by affecting the structure of competition within the common market.
      
      If an agreement, decision or practice is to be capable of affecting trade between Member States, it must be possible to foresee
         with a sufficient degree of probability, on the basis of a set of objective factors of law or of fact, that they may have
         an influence, direct or indirect, actual or potential, on the pattern of trade between Member States in such a way as to cause
         concern that they might hinder the attainment of a single market between Member States. Moreover, that effect must not be
         insignificant
      
      In that regard, the sharing of domestic markets in the Community is capable of significantly affecting the pattern of trade
         between Member States.
      
      (see paras 89-91)
      8.     A misuse of powers exists when an institution exercises its powers with the exclusive or main purpose of achieving an end
         other than that stated or evading a procedure specifically prescribed by the Treaty for dealing with the circumstances of
         the case.
      
      Since no evidence has been adduced capable of supporting the allegation that the Court of First Instance exercised its powers
         for a purpose other than that, set forth in Article 220 EC, of ensuring that in the interpretation and application of the
         Treaty the law is observed, it cannot be criticised for having done so.
      
      (see paras 99-100)
      9.     The gravity of infringements of Community competition law must be assessed in the light of numerous factors, such as the particular
         circumstances of the case, its context and the dissuasive effect of fines, although no binding or exhaustive list of the criteria
         to be applied has been drawn up in the Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 15(2) of Regulation
         No 17 and Article 65(5) of the ECSC Treaty.
      
      The factors capable of affecting the assessment of the gravity of the infringements include the conduct of each of the undertakings,
         the role played by each of them in the establishment of the cartel, the profit which they were able to derive from it, their
         size, the value of the goods concerned and the threat that infringements of that type pose to the objectives of the Community.
      
      Point 1A of the Guidelines states that ‘[i]n assessing the gravity of the infringement, account must be taken of its nature,
         its actual impact on the market, where this can be measured, and the size of the relevant geographic market’.
      
      The size of the relevant market is just one among a number of other factors to be taken into account in evaluating the gravity
         of the infringement and setting the amount of the fine.
      
      The Commission has a wide discretion and the method of calculation defined in the Guidelines contains various flexible elements.
      It is none the less for the Court of Justice to verify whether the Court of First Instance has correctly assessed the Commission’s
         exercise of that discretion.
      
       (see paras 129-134)
      10.   The Commission is not required, when assessing fines in accordance with the gravity and duration of the infringement in question,
         as stated in the sixth paragraph of point 1A of the Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article
         15(2) of Regulation No 17 and Article 65(5) of the ECSC Treaty, to calculate the fines on the basis of the turnover of the
         undertaking concerned. It is permissible for the Commission to take account of the turnover of the undertaking concerned in
         order to assess the gravity of the infringement when determining the amount of the fine, but disproportionate importance must
         not be attributed to that turnover by comparison with other relevant factors.
      
      The Commission therefore retains a certain margin of discretion as to whether it is appropriate to weight the fines according
         to the size of each undertaking. Thus, in determining the amount of the fines, it is not required, where fines are imposed
         on several undertakings involved in the same infringement, to ensure that the final amount of the fines reflects the difference
         in overall turnover of the undertakings concerned.
      
      This approach is all the more appropriate because all the addressees of the contested decision are large undertakings, a circumstance
         which may lead the Commission not to differentiate between the amounts adopted for the fines.
      
      (see paras 141-145)
      11.   Only the final amount of the fine, and not the basic amount, must observe the maximum limit of 10% referred to in Article
         15(2) of Regulation No 17.
      
      (see para. 146)
      12.   While, in the context of an appeal, it is not open to the Court of Justice to substitute, on grounds of fairness, its own
         assessment for that of the Court of First Instance exercising its unlimited jurisdiction to rule on the amount of fines imposed
         on undertakings for infringements of Community law, the exercise of that jurisdiction in respect of the determination of those
         fines cannot result in discrimination between undertakings which have participated in an agreement or concerted practice contrary
         to Article 81(1) EC.
      
      However, the appeal must indicate the legal arguments specifically advanced in support of the plea alleging breach of the
         principle of equal treatment, failing which the plea is inadmissible.
      
      (see paras 152-153)
      13.   Since the infringement in question had ceased or at least was in the process of coming to an end when the Commission carried
         out its investigations the termination of the infringement could not constitute an attenuating circumstance for the purpose
         of setting the fine.
      
       (see para. 160)
JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (First Chamber)
      25 January 2007 (*)
      
      
      
      Table of contents
      
      I – The contested decision
      A – The cartel
      B – The duration of the cartel
      C – The fines
      D – The operative part of the contested decision
      II – The procedure before the Court of First Instance and the judgment under appeal
      III – The procedure before the Court of Justice
      IV – The appeal
      A – First plea, alleging illegality of the questions put by the Commission during the investigation
      1. Arguments of the parties
      2. Findings of the Court
      B – Second plea, alleging that certain evidence is inadmissible
      1. The sharing key document
      (a) Arguments of the parties
      (b) Findings of the Court
      2. The minutes of the examinations of the former directors of Dalmine
      (a) Arguments of the parties
      (b) Findings of the Court
      C – Third plea, alleging that the contested decision contained grounds unconnected to the objections communicated to the appellant
      1. Arguments of the parties
      2. Findings of the Court
      D – Fourth plea, alleging distortion of the facts and failure to state reasons in respect of the infringement referred to
         in Article 1 of the contested decision
      
      1. Arguments of the parties
      2. Findings of the Court
      E – Fifth plea, alleging errors of law, distortion of the evidence and failure to state reasons as concerns the effects of
         the infringement on trade between Member States
      
      1. Arguments of the parties
      2. Findings of the Court
      F – Sixth plea, alleging misuse of powers, an error of law and distortion of the facts as regards the infringement referred
         to in Article 2 of the contested decision
      
      1. Arguments of the parties
      2. Findings of the Court
      G – Seventh plea, alleging misuse of power, errors of law and distortion of the facts as concerns the effects of the infringement
         referred to in Article 2 of the contested decision
      
      1. Arguments of the parties
      2. Findings of the Court
      H – Eighth plea, alleging errors of law and distortion of the facts as concerns the economic context of the supply contract
         between Dalmine and Corus
      
      1. Arguments of the parties
      2. Findings of the Court
      I – Ninth plea, alleging errors of law and defective reasoning in relation to the gravity of the infringement
      1. Arguments of the parties
      2. Findings of the Court
      J – Tenth plea, alleging errors of law and defective reasoning in relation to the duration of the infringement and the attenuating
         circumstances
      
      1. Arguments of the parties
      2. Findings of the Court
      V – Costs
      (Appeals – Competition – Agreements, decisions and concerted practices – Market in seamless steel tubes– Protection of domestic markets – Supply contract – Rights of the defence – Self-incrimination – Anonymous evidence – Fine – Statement of reasons – Equal treatment – Guidelines on the method of setting fines – Size of the relevant market and of the undertaking concerned – Attenuating circumstances )
      In Case C-407/04 P,
      APPEAL under Article 56 of the Statute of the Court of Justice, lodged on 24 September 2004,
      Dalmine SpA, established in Dalmine (Italy), represented by A. Sinagra, M. Siragusa and F. Moretti, avvocati,
      
      appellant,
      the other party to the proceedings being:
      Commission of the European Communities, represented by A. Whelan and F. Amato, acting as Agents, with an address for service in Luxembourg,
      
      defendant at first instance,
      THE COURT (First Chamber),
      composed of P. Jann, President of the Chamber, K. Lenaerts, E. Juhász, K. Schiemann and M. Ilešič (Rapporteur), Judges,
      Advocate General: L.A. Geelhoed,
      Registrar: L. Hewlett, Principal Administrator,
      having regard to the written procedure and further to the hearing on 8 December 2005,
      after hearing the Opinion of the Advocate General at the sitting on 12 September 2006,
      gives the following
      Judgment
      1       By its appeal, Dalmine SpA (‘Dalmine’ or ‘the appellant’) seeks to have set aside the judgment of the Court of First Instance
         of the European Communities of 8 July 2004 in Case T‑50/00 Dalmine v Commission [2004] ECR II‑2395 (‘the judgment under appeal’), in so far as it dismissed its action for annulment of Commission Decision
         2003/382/EC of 8 December 1999 relating to a proceeding under Article 81 of the EC Treaty (Case IV/E-1/35.860-B seamless steel
         tubes) (OJ 2003 L 140, p. 1; ‘the contested decision’).
      
       I – The contested decision 
       A – The cartel
      2       The Commission of the European Communities addressed the contested decision to eight undertakings which produced seamless
         steel tubes. Those undertakings included four European companies (‘the Community producers’): Mannesmannröhren-Werke AG (‘Mannesmann’),
         Vallourec SA (‘Vallourec’), Corus UK Ltd (formerly British Steel Ltd; ‘Corus’) and Dalmine. The other four addressees of the
         contested decision are Japanese companies (‘the Japanese producers’): NKK Corp., Nippon Steel Corp., Kawasaki Steel Corp.
         and Sumitomo Metal Industries Ltd (‘Sumitomo’).
      
      3       Seamless steel tubes are used in the oil and gas industry and consist of two broad categories of products.
      4       The first of those categories consists of borehole pipes and tubes, commonly called ‘Oil Country Tubular Goods’ or ‘OCTG’.
         Those tubes may be sold unthreaded (‘plain ends’) or threaded. Threading is an operation intended to enable OCTG tubes to
         be joined. It may be carried out according to the standards laid down by the American Petroleum Institute (API), tubes threaded
         by that method being known as ‘OCTG standard tubes’, or according to special techniques, which are generally patented. In
         the latter case, the threading or joint is ‘top quality’ or ‘premium’, pipes threaded according to that method being known
         as ‘OCTG premium pipes’.
      
      5       The second category of products consists of pipes for carrying oil and gas (‘line pipe’); pipes manufactured according to
         standardised norms are distinguished from those made to order for specific projects (‘project line pipe’).
      
      6       In November 1994, the Commission of the European Communities decided to initiate an investigation into anti-competitive practices
         concerning those products. In December of that year, it carried out inspections at the premises of a number of undertakings.
         Between September 1996 and December 1997, the Commission carried out further inspections at the premises of Vallourec, Dalmine
         and Mannesmann. During an inspection carried out at Vallourec’s premises on 17 September 1996, the head of Vallourec Oil &
         Gas, Mr Verluca, made a number of statements (‘Mr Verluca’s statements’). During an inspection at Mannesmann’s premises in
         April 1997, the director of that undertaking, Mr Becher, also made a number of statements (‘Mr Becher’s statements’).
      
      7       The Commission also sent requests for information, pursuant to Article 11 of Council Regulation No 17 of 6 February 1962,
         First Regulation implementing Articles [81] and [82] of the Treaty (OJ, English Special Edition 1959-1962, p. 87), to a number
         of undertakings. As Dalmine refused to supply some of the information requested, the Commission decision of 6 October 1997
         relating to a proceeding pursuant to Article 11(5) of Regulation No 17 was sent to it (‘the decision of 6 October 1997’).
         Dalmine brought an action for annulment of that decision; its action was declared manifestly inadmissible by order of the
         Court of First Instance of 24 June 1998 in Case T‑596/97 Dalmine v Commission [1998] ECR II-2383.
      
      8       In view of Mr Verluca’s and Mr Becher’s statements and other evidence, the Commission found in the contested decision that
         the eight undertakings to which the decision was addressed had concluded an agreement the object of which was, in particular,
         observance of their respective domestic markets. According to that agreement, each undertaking undertook not to sell OCTG
         standard pipe and project line pipe on the domestic market of another party to the agreement.
      
      9       The agreement was stated to have been concluded at meetings between Community and Japanese producers known as the ‘Europe-Japan
         Club’.
      
      10     The principle of observance of domestic markets was designated by the term fundamental rules (‘fundamentals’). The Commission
         established that those fundamental rules had actually been observed and that, accordingly, the agreement in question had had
         anti-competitive effects on the common market.
      
      11     The agreement consisted, in all, of three parts, the first part being represented by the fundamental rules on observance of
         domestic markets, described above, which constitute the infringement found in Article 1 of the contested decision, the second
         part consisting in the fixing of prices for tenders and minimum prices for ‘special markets’ and the third consisting in sharing
         the other world markets, with the exception of Canada and the United States of America, by means of ‘sharing keys’.
      
      12     As regards the existence of the fundamental rules, the Commission relied on a series of documentary indicia set out at points
         62 to 67 of the grounds of the contested decision and also in the table at point 68 thereof. That table shows that the share
         of the domestic producer in deliveries made by the addressees of the contested decision to Japan and to the domestic market
         of each of the four Community producers is very high. The Commission inferred that, overall, the domestic markets were in
         fact observed by the parties to the agreement.
      
      13     The members of the Europe-Japan Club met in Tokyo on 5 November 1993 in order to attempt to reach a new market-sharing agreement
         with the Latin American producers. The terms of the agreement adopted on that occasion were set out in a document handed to
         the Commission on 12 November 1997 by an informant not involved in the proceedings, which contained, in particular, a ‘sharing
         key’ (‘the sharing key document’).
      
       B – The duration of the cartel
      14     The Europe-Japan Club met from 1977, approximately twice each year, until 1994.
      15     The Commission considered, however, that 1990 should be taken as the starting point of the cartel for the purpose of fixing
         the amount of the fines, owing to the existence, between 1977 and 1990, of an agreement between the European Community and
         Japan on the voluntary restraint of exports. According to the Commission, the infringement came to an end in 1995.
      
       C – The fines
      16     For the purpose of setting the amount of the fines, the Commission characterised the infringement as very serious on the ground
         that the agreement was intended to ensure observance of domestic markets and thus jeopardised the proper functioning of the
         single market. On the other hand, it noted that sales of seamless carbon steel tubes in the four Member States in question
         by the undertakings concerned amounted only to around EUR 73 million a year.
      
      17     On the basis of those factors, the Commission set the amount of the fine intended to reflect the gravity of the infringement
         at EUR 10 million for each of the eight undertakings. As they were all large undertakings, the Commission considered that
         there was no need to differentiate between the amounts adopted.
      
      18     The Commission considered that the infringement was of medium duration and increased by 10% for each year of its participation
         in the infringement the amount of the fine established on the basis of gravity in order to set the basic amount of the fine
         imposed on each of the undertakings. However, taking into account the fact that the steel pipe and tube industry had been
         in crisis for a long time and that the situation in the sector had deteriorated since 1991, the Commission reduced the basic
         amounts by 10%, on the ground of attenuating circumstances.
      
      19     Last, the Commission reduced Vallourec’s fine by 40% and Dalmine’s by 20% in accordance with point D.2 of the Commission Notice
         on the non-imposition or reduction of fines in cartel cases (OJ 1996 C 207, p. 4; ‘the Leniency Notice’), in order to take
         account of the fact that both undertakings had cooperated with the Commission during the administrative procedure.
      
      20     In Article 2 of the contested decision, the Commission considered that the conclusion of contracts between the Community producers
         concerning the sale of plain end pipes on the United Kingdom market constituted an infringement. However, it did not impose
         additional fines for that infringement, on the ground that the contracts constituted merely a means of implementing the principle
         of observance of domestic markets decided in the framework of the Europe-Japan Club.
      
       D – The operative part of the contested decision 
      21     According to Article 1(1) of the contested decision, the eight undertakings to which the decision was addressed ‘infringed
         the provisions of Article 81(1) of the EC Treaty by participating … in an agreement providing, inter alia, for the observance
         of their respective domestic markets for seamless standard … OCTG pipes and tubes and project line pipe’.
      
      22     Article 1(2) of that decision provides that the infringement lasted from 1990 to 1995 in the case of Mannesmann, Vallourec,
         Dalmine, Sumitomo, Nippon Steel Corp., Kawasaki Steel Corp. and NKK Corp. In the case of Corus, the infringement is stated
         to have lasted from 1990 to February 1994.
      
      23     The other relevant provisions of the operative part of the contested decision are worded as follows:
      ‘Article 2
      1.      [Mannesmann], Vallourec …, [Corus] and Dalmine … infringed Article 81(1) of the EC Treaty by concluding, in the context of
         the infringement mentioned in Article 1, contracts which resulted in a sharing of the supplies of plain end OCTG pipes and
         tubes to [Corus] (to Vallourec … from 1994).
      
      2.      In the case of [Corus], the infringement lasted from 24 July 1991 to February 1994. In the case of Vallourec …, the infringement
         lasted from 24 July 1991 to 30 March 1999. In the case of Dalmine …, the infringement lasted from 4 December 1991 to 30 March
         1999. In the case of [Mannesmann], the infringement lasted from 9 August 1993 to 24 April 1997.
      
      …
      Article 4
      The following fines are imposed on the [undertakings] mentioned in Article 1 on account of the infringement established therein:
      1.      [Mannesmann] EUR 13 500 000
      2.      Vallourec … EUR 8 100 000
      3.      [Corus] EUR 12 600 000
      4.      Dalmine … EUR 10 800 000
      5.      Sumitomo … EUR 13 500 000
      6.      Nippon Steel … EUR 13 500 000
      7.      Kawasaki Steel … EUR 13 500 000
      8.      NKK … EUR 13 500 000’.
       II – The procedure before the Court of First Instance and the judgment under appeal 
      24     By applications lodged at the Registry of the Court of First Instance, seven of the eight undertakings on which sanctions
         were imposed by the contested decision, including Dalmine, brought actions seeking annulment, in whole or in part, of that
         decision and, in the alternative, annulment of the fine imposed on them or reduction in the amount thereof.
      
      25     By the judgment under appeal, the Court of First Instance: 
      –       annulled Article 1(2) of the contested decision in so far as it found that the infringement imputed by that article to Dalmine
         existed before 1 January 1991; 
      
      –       set the amount of the fine imposed on Dalmine at EUR 10 080 000;
      –       dismissed the remainder of the application;
      –       ordered the parties to bear their own costs.
       III – The procedure before the Court of Justice
      26     In its appeal, Dalmine claims that the Court should:
      –       set aside the judgment under appeal;
      –       annul the contested decision;
      –       in the alternative, annul or reduce the fine set in Article 4 of the contested decision;
      –       furthermore, in the alternative, refer the case back to the Court of First Instance for a fresh judgment based on the decision
         of the Court of Justice;
      
      –       order the Commission to pay the costs incurred before the Court of First Instance and the Court of Justice.
      27     The Commission requests the Court to dismiss the appeal as inadmissible in part and in any event as wholly unfounded, and
         also to order the appellant to pay the costs.
      
       IV – The appeal
      28     Dalmine raises, in substance, eight pleas in law with a view to having the judgment under appeal set aside and the contested
         decision annulled; of these, three concern procedural defects, two relate to defects concerning the finding of the infringement
         referred to in Article 1 of the contested decision and, last, three relate to defects concerning the finding of the infringement
         referred to in Article 2 of that decision.
      
      29     In addition, Dalmine relies on two pleas relating to the amount of the fine.
       A – First plea, alleging illegality of the questions put by the Commission during the investigation
       1. Arguments of the parties
      30     In Dalmine’s submission, the Court of First Instance made an error of law and breached the rights of the defence in that it
         held that the questions put by the Commission in the course of the investigation were lawful. It follows that the appellant’s
         right not to incriminate itself was disregarded. 
      
      31     Dalmine focuses this plea on part (d) of the first question in Annex 1 to the decision of 6 October 1997, which is worded
         as follows: ‘For the meetings for which you have not succeeded in finding the relevant documents, please describe the object
         of the meetings, the decisions adopted, the type of documents received before and after the meetings, the quotas (“sharing
         keys”) discussed and/or decided by geographic sector and their period of validity, specifying their type (“Target Price”,
         “Winning Price” – “WP”, “Proposal Price” – “PP”, “Rock Bottom Prices” – “RBP”)’.
      
      32     The Commission observes that the right not to incriminate oneself applies only in respect of requests for information to which
         the addressee is required to reply, under pain of a fine. Part (d) of the first question in Annex 1 is not among the questions
         to which the decision of 6 October 1997 required a reply under pain of a fine.
      
       2. Findings of the Court
      33     In order to determine whether the Court of First Instance made the alleged errors, it is necessary to refer to the case-law
         concerning the extent of the Commission’s powers in preliminary investigation procedures and administrative procedures, having
         regard to the need to respect the rights of the defence.
      
      34     According to that case-law, the Commission is entitled, if necessary by adopting a decision, to compel an undertaking to provide
         all necessary information concerning such facts as may be known to it but may not compel an undertaking to provide it with
         answers which might involve an admission on its part of the existence of an infringement which it is incumbent upon the Commission
         to prove (Case 374/87 Orkem v Commission [1989] ECR 3283, paragraphs 34 and 35; Joined Cases C‑204/00 P, C‑205/00 P, C-211/00 P, C‑213/00 P, C‑217/00 P and C‑219/00 P
         Aalborg Portland and Others v Commission [2004] ECR I‑123, paragraphs 61 and 65; and Joined Cases C‑65/02 P and C‑73/02 P ThyssenKrupp v Commission [2005] ECR I‑6773, paragraph 49).
      
      35     In the present case, as the Advocate General observed at point 29 of his Opinion, it follows from the operative part of the
         decision of 6 October 1997 that Dalmine was not compelled to answer part (d) of the first question, cited at paragraph 31
         of this judgment. In those circumstances, as the Court of First Instance found at paragraphs 45 and 46 of the judgment under
         appeal, Dalmine cannot effectively rely on its right not to be compelled by the Commission to admit having participated in
         an infringement. 
      
      36     It follows that the first plea must be rejected.
       B – Second plea, alleging that certain evidence is inadmissible 
       1. The sharing key document
       (a) Arguments of the parties
      37     Dalmine maintains that the Court of First Instance was wrong to consider that the sharing key document was admissible as incriminating
         evidence and that it thereby infringed Community law, in particular the rights of the defence. As that document was given
         to the Commission by an unknown third party, its authenticity could not be checked. Furthermore, the Commission is not aware
         of the identity of the person with whom that document originated.
      
      38     Dalmine observes that, in order for an anonymous document to be admissible as evidence, its relevance and its reliability
         must be demonstrated to the person against whom it is to be used. It maintains that anonymous documents may, where appropriate,
         justify the initiation of an investigation but cannot constitute the basis of the accusation. 
      
      39     Next, Dalmine contends that the judgment under appeal is contradictory, since the Court of First Instance asserted that Dalmine’s
         arguments might be relevant to an assessment of the credibility of the document in question but failed to examine the substance
         of that credibility. 
      
      40     Last, Dalmine submits that the Court of First Instance ought to have ascertained whether there were overriding reasons why
         the Commission should not disclose the identity of its informant. 
      
      41     The Commission observes, first of all, that the prevailing principle is that of the unfettered evaluation of evidence. It
         contends that the admissibility and the use of a document cannot be challenged. Only the credibility of the document is open
         to challenge. Dalmine did not specifically challenge the credibility of the sharing key document before the Court of First
         Instance; it merely maintained that that document was inadmissible and could not be used, and even accepted that certain parts
         of it were corroborated by other evidence.
      
      42     Next, the Commission states that when an individual requests the Commission not to reveal his identity, the Commission is
         bound by secrecy on that point.
      
      43     Last, the Commission claims that even if it were accepted that the sharing key document could not be used, the validity of
         the contested decision could not be called in question on that ground, since that document is of minor importance in the general
         scheme of the decision. 
      
       (b) Findings of the Court
      44     Respect for the rights of the defence requires that the undertaking concerned must have been afforded the opportunity, during
         the administrative procedure, to make known its views on the truth and relevance of the facts and circumstances alleged and
         on the documents used by the Commission to support its claim that there has been an infringement (Joined Cases 100/80 to 103/80
         Musique Diffusion française and Others v Commission [1983] ECR 1825, paragraph 10; Case C‑310/93 P BPB Industries and British Gypsum v Commission [1995] ECR I-865, paragraph 21; and Aalborg Portland and Others v Commission, paragraph 66). 
      
      45     It must be stated, first of all, that Dalmine was given the opportunity to comment on the sharing key document and to put
         forward its arguments on the probative value of that document, in the light of its anonymous origin.
      
      46     In so far as the appellant maintains, in substance, that the rights of the defence were not respected owing to the very fact
         that the origin of the document was unknown and that its reliability had not been demonstrated to the appellant by the Commission,
         it must be held that such an interpretation of the rights of the defence could compromise the evaluation of evidence where
         it is necessary to establish the existence of an infringement of Community competition law. 
      
      47     In effect, the evaluation of evidence in Community competition law cases is characterised by the fact that the documents examined
         often contain business secrets or other information that cannot be disclosed, or the disclosure of which is subject to significant
         restrictions.
      
      48     In those circumstances, the rights of the defence cannot be compromised in the sense that documents containing incriminating
         evidence must automatically be excluded as evidence when certain information must remain confidential. That confidentiality
         may also attach to the identity of the authors of the documents and also to the persons who transmitted them to the Commission.
      
      49     The Court of First Instance was therefore correct to hold that:
      ‘72      [t]he prevailing principle of Community law is the unfettered evaluation of evidence and the sole criterion relevant in that
         evaluation is the reliability of the evidence … . … 
      
      73      Consequently, whilst Dalmine’s arguments may be relevant in evaluating the reliability and, therefore, the probative value
         of the sharing key document, it should not be regarded as inadmissible evidence which should be removed from the file.’
      
      50     The Court of First Instance further stated at paragraph 73 of the judgment under appeal that it might prove necessary to take
         account, in assessing the credibility of the sharing key document, the anonymous origin of that document. 
      
      51     It must be concluded that no error of law was made in the assessment of the admissibility and the usefulness of that document
         as evidence.
      
      52     Last, the appellant cannot criticise the Court of First Instance for not having explained further its examination of the credibility
         of the sharing key document and for not having ascertained whether there were binding reasons for the Commission not to reveal
         the identity of its informant. Since Dalmine’s arguments related to the inadmissibility of that document as evidence, the
         Court of First Instance was entitled to confine itself to responding to those arguments. 
      
      53     In the light of all of the foregoing, the first part of the second plea must be rejected.
       2. The minutes of the examinations of the former directors of Dalmine
       (a) Arguments of the parties
      54     Dalmine claims that, in holding admissible the minutes of the examinations of a number of its former directors in the context
         of examinations carried out by the public prosecutor of Bergamo (Italy), the Court of First Instance breached the rights of
         the defence and also the right to a fair legal process recognised by the European Court of Human Rights on the basis of Article
         6(1) of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, signed in Rome on 4 November
         1950 (‘the ECHR’).
      
      55     First, the Commission ought to have informed Dalmine earlier, and, in any event, before notification of the statement of objections,
         of the fact that it was in possession of those minutes.
      
      56     Second, the Commission was entitled to use those documents only for the purpose of deciding whether or not it should initiate
         a proceeding. In that regard, Dalmine emphasises that the documents in question constituted provisional steps in the context
         of criminal proceedings and that their credibility was therefore not established.
      
      57     The Commission observes that, under Article 11(1) of Regulation No 17, it may ‘obtain all necessary information from the Governments
         and competent authorities of the Member States and from undertakings and associations of undertakings’ and that it must therefore,
         logically, be able to use that information. It submits that the Court of First Instance was correct to hold that it was not
         within its jurisdiction or the Commission’s powers to rule on the lawfulness of that information in the light of the rules
         of domestic law governing the conduct of investigations carried out by the Italian authorities.
      
       (b) Findings of the Court
      58     As regards whether the Commission ought to have informed Dalmine earlier, and indeed even before the notification of the statement
         of objections, of the fact that it was in possession of the minutes in issue, it must be borne in mind that it is precisely
         the notification of the statement of objections, on the one hand, and access to the file enabling the addressee of the statement
         of objections to peruse the evidence in the Commission’s file, on the other, that ensure the rights of the defence and the
         right to a fair legal process, which the appellant invokes in the context of the present plea.
      
      59     It is by the statement of objections that the undertaking concerned is informed of all the essential evidence on which the
         Commission relies at that stage of the procedure (Joined Cases C‑238/99 P, C‑244/99 P, C‑245/99 P, C‑247/99 P, C‑250/99 P
         to C‑252/99 P and C‑254/99 P Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij and Others v Commission [2002] ECR I‑8375, paragraphs 315 and 316, and Aalborg Portland and Others v Commission, paragraphs 66 and 67). Consequently, it is only after notification of the statement of objections that the undertaking is
         able to rely in full on the rights of the defence (Case C‑105/04 P Nederlandse Federatieve Vereniging voor de Groothandel op Elektrotechnisch Gebied v Commission [2006] ECR I‑0000, paragraphs 47 and 50).
      
      60     As the Court of First Instance correctly stated at paragraph 83 of the judgment under appeal, if the rights in question were,
         in the sense proposed by the appellant, extended to the period preceding the notification of the statement of objections,
         the effectiveness of the Commission’s investigation would be prejudiced, since the undertaking would already be able, at the
         first stage of the Commission’s investigation, to identify the information known to the Commission and therefore the information
         that could still be concealed from it.
      
      61     Nor is there any indication that the fact that the Commission did not inform Dalmine during the investigation stage that it
         was in possession of the minutes might have an impact on Dalmine’s subsequent possibilities of defending itself during the
         administrative procedure initiated by the notification of the statement of objections (see, by analogy, Nederlandse Federatieve Vereniging voor de Groothandel op Elektrotechnisch Gebied v Commission, paragraphs 48 to 50 and 56). 
      
      62     As regards, next, the admissibility of those minutes as evidence, it must be held, as the Court of First Instance held at
         paragraph 86 of the judgment under appeal, that the lawfulness of the transmission to the Commission by a national prosecutor
         or the authorities competent in competition matters of information obtained in application of national criminal law is a question
         governed by national law. Furthermore, as the Court of First Instance observed at the same paragraph, the Community judicature
         has no jurisdiction to rule on the lawfulness, as a matter of national law, of a measure adopted by a national authority (Case
         C-97/91 Oleificio Borelli v Commission [1992] ECR I-6313, paragraph 9). 
      
      63     As regards the use of that information by the Commission, the Court of First Instance correctly observed at paragraph 90 of
         the judgment under appeal that Dalmine’s arguments could affect only ‘the reliability and therefore the probative value of
         its managers’ statements and not the admissibility of that evidence in the present proceedings’. As stated in the context
         of the assessment of the first part of this plea, the principle which prevails in Community law is that of the unfettered
         evaluation of evidence and the only relevant criterion for the purpose of assessing the evidence adduced relates to its credibility.
         Accordingly, as the transmission of the minutes in issue was not declared unlawful by an Italian court, those documents cannot
         be considered to have been inadmissible evidence which ought to have been removed from the file. 
      
      64     The second part of the second plea must therefore also be rejected.
      65     It follows that the second plea must be rejected in its entirety.
       C – Third plea, alleging that the contested decision contained grounds unconnected to the objections communicated to the appellant
            
       1. Arguments of the parties
      66     Dalmine observes that it had taken issue with the Commission for having referred in the contested decision to certain facts
         which had no connection with the infringements and which were potentially harmful to it owing to the fact that the information
         thus made public might be used by third parties. It refers, in particular, to the Commission’s findings concerning the cartels
         affecting the markets outside the Community and also to price-fixing.
      
      67     In rejecting its submissions on that point, the Court of First Instance disregarded Article 21 of Regulation No 17, which
         provides that the Commission is to have regard to the legitimate interest of undertakings in the protection of their business
         secrets.
      
      68     The Commission submits that the Court of First Instance was correct to hold that the addressee of a decision cannot challenge,
         in an action for annulment, some of the grounds of that decision unless those grounds produce binding legal effects such as
         to affect that person’s interests. In this case, Dalmine has not demonstrated how the contested grounds are capable of producing
         such effects.
      
       2. Findings of the Court
      69     As Dalmine had requested it to annul the superfluous grounds of the contested decision, the Court of First Instance correctly
         held, at paragraph 134 of the judgment under appeal, that ‘it suffices to state that there is no rule of law which enables
         the addressee of a decision to challenge some of the grounds of that decision by way of an action for annulment under Article
         230 EC unless those grounds produce binding legal effects such as to affect that person’s interests (see, to that effect,
         Joined Cases T‑125/97 and T‑127/97 Coca-Cola v Commission [2000] ECR II-1733, paragraphs 77 and 80 to 85). The grounds of a decision are not in principle capable of producing such
         effects. In the present case, the appellant has not shown how the contested grounds are capable of producing effects such
         as to change its legal position’.
      
      70     While it is true that the Court of First Instance thus refrained from considering whether the Commission was entitled to disclose
         in the contested decision information relating to cartels affecting markets outside the Community and also to price-fixing,
         it must be held that, even on the assumption that the Commission’s disclosure of that information was contrary to its obligation
         to respect Dalmine’s business secrets, the fact remains that such an irregularity could lead to the annulment of the contested
         decision only if it had been established that in the absence of that irregularity the decision would have had a different
         content (Joined Cases 40/73 to 48/73, 50/73, 54/73 to 56/73, 111/73, 113/73 and 114/73 Suiker Unie and Others v Commission [1975] ECR 1663, paragraph 91, and Case C‑338/00 P Volkswagen v Commission [2003] ECR I‑9189, paragraphs 163 and 164). As the findings in the contested decision relating to the cartels affecting the
         markets outside the Community and also price-fixing were characterised by the appellant as superfluous grounds, it cannot
         in any event maintain that in the absence of those findings the contested decision would have had an essentially different
         content. 
      
      71     The third plea must therefore also be dismissed.
       D – Fourth plea, alleging distortion of the facts and failure to state reasons in respect of the infringement referred to in Article
            1 of the contested decision 
       1. Arguments of the parties
      72     Dalmine criticises the Court of First Instance for distorting the facts and for failing to state reasons as regards the determination
         of the object of the infringement referred to in Article 1 of the contested decision, the finding as to its effects and the
         assimilation of an infringement which was not implemented or did not have any appreciable harmful effect on competition to
         a wholly implemented infringement.
      
      73     Dalmine observes that it had claimed before the Court of First Instance that the cartel in question concerned only the sharing
         of the domestic markets. The Court of First Instance incorrectly considered that Dalmine was pleading only the absence of
         an appreciable effect on competition. The judgment is therefore vitiated by defective reasoning.
      
      74     The Court of First Instance also distorted the facts, since it did not verify the evidence adduced by the Commission concerning
         the object of the cartel, particularly in the light of the pleas put forward by Dalmine. In particular, the Court of First
         Instance distorted the statements made by Vallourec, Mannesmann, Dalmine and Corus at the investigation stage and also the
         table of deliveries of the members of the Europe-Japan Club at point 68 of the grounds of the contested decision. 
      
      75     The Commission contends that the arguments put forward by Dalmine before the Court of First Instance related not to whether
         the Commission had demonstrated the existence of an agreement having as its object the restriction of competition but rather
         to whether it had demonstrated that the agreement had been implemented and also the effects which the agreement had had on
         competition and on the market. 
      
      76     The Commission further observes that before the Court of First Instance Dalmine challenged only the probative force of the
         sharing key document and of the statements of one of its former directors, Mr Biasizzo, and not the probative force of the
         other evidence used by the Commission. Dalmine cannot therefore maintain that the Court of First Instance distorted that evidence,
         since it was not requested to adjudicate on that evidence. The complaints alleging distortion of the facts must therefore
         be declared inadmissible.
      
       2. Findings of the Court
      77     The appellant cannot claim that the Court of First Instance failed to respond to its argument that the agreement did not concern
         the sharing of domestic markets.
      
      78     In that regard, it should be pointed out, first of all, that the Court of First Instance stated at paragraph 136 of the judgment
         under appeal that according to Dalmine the agreement between the addressees of the contested decision ‘did not concern the
         domestic Community markets’. In the following paragraphs of that judgment, the Court of First Instance expanded on Dalmine’s
         argument. Thus, at paragraphs 138 and 139 of the judgment, the Court of First Instance set out the Commission’s conclusion
         that ‘national steel pipe and tube producers were predominant in their own domestic markets’ and explained that ‘Dalmine claims
         that the Commission would have reached a quite different conclusion had it confined its examination to the situation in the
         market for the relevant products’. 
      
      79     Next, the Court of First Instance clearly stated that, according to its findings, the agreement sought to share the domestic
         markets of the Community producers. Thus, at paragraph 152 of the judgment under appeal, it observed that ‘in the contested
         decision, the Commission relied on a body of evidence relating to the object of the agreement in question, the relevance of
         which Dalmine does not question, particularly on the concise yet explicit statements of Mr Verluca’. As regards, in particular,
         Mr Biasizzo’s statement, the probative value of which is disputed by Dalmine (see paragraph 76 of this judgment), the Court
         of First Instance, after referring at paragraph 153 of the judgment under appeal to a further piece of evidence, namely Mr
         Jachia’s statement, according to which there was an agreement ‘to respect the areas belonging to the different undertakings’,
         stated, at paragraph 155 of the judgment, that Mr Biasizzo’s statement corroborates ‘Mr Verluca’s statement as to the existence
         of the agreement to share domestic markets described by the latter (see, to that effect, [Joined Cases T‑67/00, T‑68/00, T‑71/00
         and T‑78/00] JFE Engineering and Others v Commission [[2004] ECR II‑2501], paragraph 309 et seq.)’.
      
      80     In his statement of 17 September 1996, which is analysed by the Court of First Instance in JFE Engineering and Others v Commission, Mr Verluca asserted that the domestic markets of the participants in the agreement ‘were protected’ in respect of standard
         OCTG pipe and also project line pipe (with the exception of the United Kingdom offshore market, which was ‘semi-protected’).
         When questioned on 18 December 1997 during a new inspection, Mr Verluca stated that ‘the French, German and Italian markets
         were regarded as domestic markets. The [United Kingdom] had special status (cf. my statement of 17.09.96)’. 
      
      81     It follows from the foregoing that the judgment under appeal is not vitiated by the defective reasoning on which the appellant
         relies.
      
      82     Nor, in the light of the abovementioned evidence, to which the Court of First Instance referred in support of its finding
         that the cartel sought to share the domestic markets, can the appellant’s argument alleging distortion of the facts be upheld.
         In particular, the appellant has failed to explain how the Court of First Instance’s reading of the statements of Mr Verluca
         and Mr Jachia, who expressly asserted that the agreement sought to share a number of domestic markets in the Community, is
         incorrect. 
      
      83     Last, the appellant’s argument that Article 81 EC cannot be interpreted as meaning that an infringement which is not implemented
         or which has no appreciable harmful effect on competition can be assimilated to an infringement which has been fully implemented
         cannot be accepted either. 
      
      84     According to a consistent body of case-law, for the purposes of applying Article 81(1) EC, there is no need to take account
         of the actual effects of an agreement once it appears that its object is to restrict, prevent or distort competition (Case
         C‑49/92 P Commission v Anic Partecipazioni [1999] ECR I‑4125, paragraphs 122 and 123, and also Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij and Others v Commission, paragraph 491). As regards, in particular, agreements of an anti-competitive nature which, as in the present case, are reached
         at meetings of competing undertakings, the Court of Justice has already held that Article 81(1) EC is infringed where those
         meetings have as their object the restriction, prevention or distortion of competition and are thus intended to organise artificially
         the operation of the market (Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij and Others v Commission, paragraphs 508 and 509). For the reasons stated by the Advocate General at points 134 to 137 of his Opinion, it would be
         inappropriate to nuance that case-law in the sense proposed by the appellant. 
      
      85     It follows from all of the foregoing that the fourth plea must be rejected.
       E – Fifth plea, alleging errors of law, distortion of the evidence and failure to state reasons as concerns the effects of the
            infringement on trade between Member States 
       1. Arguments of the parties
      86     Dalmine maintains that it has not been demonstrated that the cartel penalised in Article 1 of the contested decision had a
         harmful effect on intra-Community trade. In that regard, it observes that the Commission was unable to prove, and that the
         Court of First Instance was unable to ascertain, that the object of the cartel related to the sharing of domestic markets
         and that, even if it had been demonstrated that the cartel concerned such market-sharing, the level of market interpenetration
         was so high that the markets could not be partitioned. The diverging assessment of the Court of First Instance is insufficiently
         reasoned and, moreover, contains no evaluation of the situation on the Community market. 
      
      87     The Commission contends that the Court of First Instance correctly relied on the case-law according to which, for the purposes
         of the application of Article 81 EC, there is no need to prove that harm was actually caused to intra-Community trade, since
         it is sufficient to prove that an agreement is potentially capable of producing such an effect.
      
       2. Findings of the Court
      88     Dalmine’s arguments correspond broadly to those, rejected in the context of the fourth plea, whereby the Court of First Instance
         is criticised for not having examined the question whether the agreement related to the sharing of domestic markets and for
         having assimilated an infringement which was not implemented or which had no appreciable harmful effect on competition to
         a wholly implemented infringement. 
      
      89     In any event, it follows from well-established case-law that the interpretation and application of the condition relating
         to effects on trade between Member States contained in Articles 81 EC and 82 EC must be based on the purpose of that condition,
         which is to define, in the context of the law governing competition, the boundary between the areas respectively covered by
         Community law and the law of the Member States. Thus, Community law covers any agreement or any practice which is capable
         of constituting a threat to freedom of trade between Member States in a manner which might harm the attainment of the objectives
         of a single market between the Member States, in particular by sealing off domestic markets or by affecting the structure
         of competition within the common market (Case 22/78 Hugin v Commission [1979] ECR 1869, paragraph 17, and Case C‑475/99 Ambulanz Glöckner [2001] ECR I‑8089, paragraph 47). 
      
      90     If an agreement, decision or practice is to be capable of affecting trade between Member States, it must be possible to foresee
         with a sufficient degree of probability, on the basis of a set of objective factors of law or of fact, that they may have
         an influence, direct or indirect, actual or potential, on the pattern of trade between Member States in such a way as to cause
         concern that they might hinder the attainment of a single market between Member States. Moreover, that effect must not be
         insignificant (Case C-306/96 Javico [1998] ECR I‑1983, paragraph 16; Joined Cases C‑215/96 and C‑216/96 Bagnasco and Others [1999] ECR I‑135, paragraph 47; and Ambulanz Glöckner, paragraph 48).
      
      91     Accordingly, after finding that the agreement had as its object the sharing of domestic markets in the Community, the Court
         of First Instance correctly concluded at paragraph 157 of the judgment under appeal that the agreement had the potential effect
         of affecting trade between Member States. The Court of Justice has already held, moreover, that the sharing of domestic markets
         in the Community is capable of significantly affecting the pattern of trade between Member States (see Ambulanz Glöckner, paragraphs 48 and 49).
      
      92     The fifth plea must therefore also be rejected.
       F – Sixth plea, alleging misuse of powers, an error of law and distortion of the facts as regards the infringement referred to
            in Article 2 of the contested decision 
       1. Arguments of the parties
      93     Dalmine criticises the Court of First Instance for not having properly described the unlawful act referred to in Article 2
         of the contested decision. It maintains that the Court of First Instance rewrote the decision by attempting to confer legitimacy
         on it on the basis of a weak element, namely the alleged illegality of the supply contracts between Corus and, respectively,
         Dalmine, Vallourec and Mannesmann.
      
      94     In particular, the Court of First Instance sought to present the unlawful act mentioned in Article 2 of the contested decision
         as constituting an autonomous infringement of Article 81 EC, whereas that act merely had as its object the implementation
         of the fundamental rules. By placing such an interpretation on the wording of the contested decision, the Court of First Instance
         misused or exceeded its powers and also distorted the decision. That interpretation also rests on an incorrect presentation
         of the relevant product market.
      
      95     Dalmine further observes that the Court of First Instance expressly stated that the Commission’s assertion at point 164 of
         the grounds of the contested decision was incorrect. Instead of annulling the contested decision on that point, however, the
         Court of First Instance reformulated it, which also constitutes a misuse of powers.
      
      96     Last, Dalmine submits that the Court of First Instance’s interpretation of the relationship between Articles 1 and 2 of the
         contested decision proved advantageous for the Japanese producers, which, as they were not held liable for what was alleged
         to be the separate infringement referred to in Article 2 of the decision, were granted a reduction in their fines.
      
      97     The Commission claims that the supply contracts concluded between Corus and, respectively, Dalmine, Vallourec and Mannesmann
         are regarded by the contested decision as constituting a separate infringement of Article 81 EC and that for that reason they
         are dealt with in a specific article of the operative part of that decision. Furthermore, by ordering the addressees of that
         decision to put an end to the ‘infringements established’, Article 3 of the decision clearly shows that there were separate
         infringements.
      
      98     The Commission concludes that the Court of First Instance neither exceeded its powers nor distorted the contested decision.
         Nor did it reformulate the definition of the relevant product market. The Commission also observes that even if the Court
         of First Instance had in any way annulled point 164 of the grounds of the decision that would have had no consequence on the
         validity of Article 2 of that decision.
      
       2. Findings of the Court
      99     In so far as the appellant alleges that the Court of First Instance has misused its powers, it must be borne in mind that
         a misuse of powers exists when an institution exercises its powers with the exclusive or main purpose of achieving an end
         other than that stated or evading a procedure specifically prescribed by the Treaty for dealing with the circumstances of
         the case (Case C-48/96 P Windpark Groothusen v Commission [1998] ECR I-2873, paragraph 52, and Case C-342/03 Spain v Council [2005] ECR I‑1975, paragraph 64). 
      
      100   In fact, the appellant has adduced no evidence capable of supporting the allegation that the Court of First Instance exercised
         its powers for a purpose other than that, set forth in Article 220 EC, of ensuring that in the interpretation and application
         of the Treaty the law is observed.
      
      101   Moreover, the present plea rests on the premiss that the Court of First Instance distorted the contested decision by characterising
         the infringement referred to in Article 2 of that decision as an autonomous infringement and not merely as the implementation
         of the infringement set out in Article 1 thereof.
      
      102   However, the Court of First Instance did not distort the contested decision in that way. As the Commission has observed, the
         very fact that the infringement consisting in concluding the supply contracts in question is dealt with in a specific article
         in the operative part of the contested decision demonstrates that the infringement was characterised by the decision as a
         separate infringement of Article 81 EC. Furthermore, in Article 3 of the contested decision, the undertakings designated in
         Articles 1 and 2 are ordered to put an end to ‘the … infringements [referred to in those articles]’ and that wording clearly
         indicates that there are separate infringements.
      
      103   Last, contrary to the appellant’s contention, the Court of First Instance was not required to draw other consequences from
         its findings in respect of point 164 of the grounds of the contested decision.
      
      104   As regards that point of the grounds, the Court of First Instance held, at paragraphs 244 and 245 of the judgment under appeal:
      ‘244      … it should be stated, in so far as it may be relevant, that the Commission’s assertion in the first sentence of [point] 164
         [of the grounds of] the contested decision, that the supply contracts constituting the infringement found in Article 2 of
         the contested decision were merely a means of implementing the infringement found in Article 1 of the contested decision,
         goes too far since that implementation was one objective of the second infringement amongst several separate but connected
         anti-competitive objects and effects. The Court held in JFE Engineering and Others v Commission … (paragraph 569 et seq.), that the Commission misconstrued the principle of equal treatment in that it failed to take account
         of the infringement found in Article 2 of the contested decision in fixing the amount of the fines imposed on European producers
         notwithstanding that the object and effects of that infringement went beyond their contribution to the continuation of the
         Europe-Japan agreement (see, in particular, paragraph 571 of that judgment).
      
      245      Whilst the unequal treatment referred to in the preceding paragraph ultimately provides a ground for reducing the amount of
         the fines imposed on the Japanese applicants, the analytical error behind that treatment does not constitute a ground for
         annulling Article 2 of the contested decision or Article 1 in the present proceedings.’
      
      105   As the Advocate General pointed out at points 213 to 216 of his Opinion, the finding made by the Court of First Instance at
         paragraph 244 of the judgment under appeal meant only that the Commission wrongly considered that there was no need to impose
         an additional fine in respect of the infringement set out in Article 2 of the contested decision on the ground that those
         contracts merely constituted a means of implementing the principle of respect for domestic markets decided upon in the context
         of the Europe-Japan Club (see paragraph 20 of this judgment). That assessment by the Court of First Instance therefore has
         no effect on the actual finding of that infringement in Article 2 of the contested decision and does not provide a ground
         for annulling that article. 
      
      106   Regard being had to all of the foregoing considerations, the sixth plea must be rejected. 
       G – Seventh plea, alleging misuse of power, errors of law and distortion of the facts as concerns the effects of the infringement
            referred to in Article 2 of the contested decision 
       1. Arguments of the parties
      107   In Dalmine’s submission, the Court of First Instance distorted the facts by taking the view that the supply contract between
         Dalmine and Corus limited competition on the market for plain end and threaded pipes and tubes in the United Kingdom. The
         Court of First Instance wrongly considered that, following the conclusion of that contract, Dalmine had practically cut itself
         off from the United Kingdom market for plain end and threaded pipes. In that regard, Dalmine observes that it could not in
         any event gain access to the United Kingdom market for OCTG premium pipes and tubes, since it did not have the requisite licence.
      
      108   Dalmine emphasises that its supply contract with Corus relates to plain end pipe, namely a product unconnected with the relevant
         market. Consequently, that contract cannot be regarded as a means of implementing the alleged agreement to share domestic
         markets referred to in Article 1 of the contested decision. On the contrary, that contract is based on lawful commercial logic.
      
      109   The Commission contends that the Court of First Instance correctly considered that Dalmine could have obtained a licence to
         market OCTG premium pipes on the United Kingdom market had it been interested in doing so, but that the fact of concluding
         the supply contract in question precluded such an interest and thus eliminated Dalmine as a potential competitor. 
      
      110   The Commission further contends that in the absence of that supply contract Dalmine could also have had an interest in selling
         more OCTG standard pipes and tubes on that market. It points out, moreover, that Dalmine already sold OCTG standard pipe in
         the United Kingdom, for which no licence was necessary, and that its argument that it did not have access to the United Kingdom
         market is therefore unfounded.
      
       2. Findings of the Court
      111   At paragraph 179 of the judgment under appeal, the Court of First Instance makes the following reading, which is not per se
         disputed by the appellant, of the supply contracts referred to in Article 2 of the contested decision:
      
      ‘… Taken as a whole, those contracts divide Corus’s requirements for plain end pipes, at least from 9 August 1993, between
         the three other European producers (40% for Vallourec, 30% for Dalmine and 30% for Mannesmann). Moreover, each contract provides
         that the price payable by Corus for plain end pipes is to be determined on the basis of a mathematical formula which takes
         account of the price it receives for its threaded pipes.’
      
      112   In the light of those clauses of the supply contracts, the argument put forward by the appellant, which seeks essentially
         to demonstrate the absence of any link, as regards the effects of those contracts on competition, between plain end tubes
         and threaded pipes, cannot be accepted. In that regard, far from having distorted the facts, the Court of First Instance explained
         convincingly, at paragraph 181 of the judgment under appeal, the anti-competitive effects of the supply contracts not only
         on the market for plain end pipes but also on the market for threaded pipes, as follows; 
      
      ‘By each of the supply contracts, Corus bound its three Community competitors in such a way that any actual or potential competition
         on their part on its domestic market disappeared at the cost of sacrificing its freedom of supply. Those competitors lost
         sales of plain end pipes if Corus’s sales of threaded pipes fell. Moreover, the profit margin on the sales of plain end pipes
         which the three suppliers undertook to make also fell in proportion to the price Corus obtained for its threaded pipes and
         could even become a loss. In those circumstances, it was virtually inconceivable that those three producers were seeking to
         provide effective competition for Corus on the British market for threaded pipes, in particular on price …’.
      
      113   In so far as the appellant presents the conclusion of its supply contract with Corus as a logical and lawful commercial activity,
         it is sufficient to state that that argument was duly refuted by the Court of First Instance at paragraph 181, cited above,
         of the judgment under appeal, and also at paragraph 185 of that judgment, which states that ‘[i]f the supply contracts had
         not existed, it is perfectly clear that the European producers concerned other than Corus would, but for the fundamentals,
         ordinarily have had a genuine or at the very least a potential business interest in competing with Corus on the United Kingdom
         market for threaded pipes and in competing amongst themselves to supply Corus with plain end pipes’.
      
      114   Last, as regards the appellant’s argument that it did not have access to the United Kingdom market, in particular since it
         did not have a licence there to sell OCTG premium pipes, it is sufficient to refer to the entirely correct analysis made by
         the Court of First Instance at paragraph 186 of the judgment under appeal:
      
      ‘As for Dalmine’s arguments concerning the practical obstacles which prevented it from directly selling premium and standard
         OCTG on the United Kingdom market, those obstacles are not sufficient to show that it would never have been able to sell those
         products on that market had it not been for the supply contract it entered into with Corus and subsequently with Vallourec.
         On the assumption that conditions on the United Kingdom market for OCTG improved, it cannot be precluded that Dalmine would
         have been able to obtain a licence to sell premium thread pipes on that market or that it might have increased its production
         of standard OCTG in order to sell those products in that market. It follows that, by signing the supply contract in question,
         it in fact accepted constraints on its commercial policy … .’
      
      115   Regard being had to all of the foregoing, the seventh plea must be rejected.
       H – Eighth plea, alleging errors of law and distortion of the facts as concerns the economic context of the supply contract between
            Dalmine and Corus
       1. Arguments of the parties
      116   Dalmine challenges the Court of First Instance’s finding that the clauses of the supply contract concluded with Corus are
         unlawful by nature. 
      
      117   In that regard, Dalmine explains, in particular, the commercial logic of the contract in question, recalls the extent of Corus’s
         bargaining power by comparison with that of its potential suppliers and reiterates its assertion that on the United Kingdom
         market its standard OCTG sales were absolutely marginal and it sold no OCTG premium pipes at all.
      
      118   The Commission claims that this plea consists in restating the arguments which Dalmine submitted before the Court of First
         Instance in order to challenge the anti-competitive nature of certain clauses in the supply contract between Dalmine and Corus
         and that it is therefore inadmissible.
      
      119   In any event, the appellant’s argument is unfounded. The Commission observes, in particular, that the commercial interests
         and bargaining power of one of the parties cannot affect the unlawful nature of a contract contrary to Article 81 EC.
      
       2. Findings of the Court
      120   As indicated at paragraphs 111 to 113 of this judgment, the Court of First Instance found, on properly stated grounds, correctly
         and without distorting the facts, that the supply contracts referred to in Article 2 of the contested decision were capable
         of affecting trade between Member States and had as their effect the prevention, restriction or distortion of competition
         within the common market. Accordingly, the appellant cannot challenge the Court of First Instance’s finding that the clauses
         of those contracts were unlawful in nature. 
      
      121   In so far as the appellant invokes certain business interests and the bargaining power of one of the parties to those contracts,
         it should be observed, as the Advocate General observed at points 229 and 230 of his Opinion, that those complaints were not
         expressly raised before the Court of First Instance and must therefore be declared inadmissible in the present appeal (see,
         to that effect, Case C-136/92 P Commission v Brazzelli Lualdi and Others [1994] ECR I‑1981, paragraph 59, and Case C‑51/92 P Hercules Chemicals v Commission [1999] ECR I‑4235, paragraph 58). Furthermore, those complaints cannot be upheld in any event. The assessment of the conformity
         of conduct with Article 81(1) EC must, admittedly, be made in its economic context (see, to that effect, Case C‑551/03 P General Motors v Commission [2006] ECR I‑3173, paragraph 66, and Case C‑74/04 P Commission v Volkswagen [2006] ECR I‑0000, paragraph 45). However, even on the assumption that the appellant’s allegations were correct, they would
         not be capable of proving that the economic context precluded any possibility of effective competition (see, by analogy, Case
         C‑235/92 P Montecatini v Commission [1999] ECR I‑4539, paragraph 127).
      
      122   The eighth plea must therefore also be rejected.
       I – Ninth plea, alleging errors of law and defective reasoning in relation to the gravity of the infringement 
       1. Arguments of the parties
      123   Dalmine claims that the gravity of the infringement must be assessed by reference to the size of the relevant market, since
         that constitutes the only strictly objective parameter. An evaluation of the gravity of the infringement which ignored that
         objective criterion would be illogical and based on elements not found in the case-law, in Regulation No 17 or in the Guidelines
         on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 and Article 65(5) of the ECSC Treaty
         (OJ 1998 C 9, p. 3: ‘the Guidelines’). Consequently, the Court of First Instance wrongly found that the size of the relevant
         market was only one among a number of relevant elements for the purpose of setting the fine. 
      
      124   Dalmine then submits a number of arguments designed to demonstrate that, contrary to the Court of First Instance’s assertion,
         the criteria established in the Guidelines, namely the nature of the infringement, its actual impact on the market and the
         size of the relevant geographic market, were not observed by the Commission. It concludes that the alleged infringement cannot
         be characterised as ‘very serious’. Dalmine further submits that the Court of First Instance failed to state proper reasons
         for thus characterising the infringement, but merely took note of the Commission’s findings, without making a determination
         as to their relevance or their merits.
      
      125   Last, Dalmine criticises the Court of First Instance for not having taken account of the individual size of the undertakings
         to which the contested decision was addressed. It contends that it is contrary to any criterion, in law and in equity, to
         impose on it a penalty equal to that adopted in, for example, the case of Nippon Steel, whose annual turnover is much higher
         than the appellant’s. The disproportionate nature of the fine imposed on the appellant is further demonstrated by the fact
         that the basic amount of the fine is equivalent to 16% of the sales of the relevant products in 1998 on the world market,
         to 38% of sales on the Community market and to 95% of sales during what was established as the infringement period, in Germany,
         France, Italy and the United Kingdom. 
      
      126   The Commission observes, first of all, that according to the Guidelines the size of the relevant market is only one of the
         elements to be taken into consideration when evaluating the gravity of the infringement.
      
      127   Next, the Commission claims that the criteria established by the Guidelines were correctly applied. It submits, in particular,
         that a cartel may, owing to the nature of the infringement or because it affects a significant part of the common market,
         be characterised as a ‘very serious infringement’ even if it concerns a product whose sales do not represent an especially
         high turnover on that market. 
      
      128   Last, the Commission submits that it follows from the Guidelines that the differentiation of fines by reference to the turnover
         of the undertakings involved is not an obligation but an option.
      
       2. Findings of the Court
      129   According to a consistent line of decisions, the gravity of infringements of Community competition law must be assessed in
         the light of numerous factors, such as the particular circumstances of the case, its context and the dissuasive effect of
         fines, although no binding or exhaustive list of the criteria to be applied has been drawn up (Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij and Others v Commission, paragraph 465, and Joined Cases C‑189/02 P, C‑202/02 P, C‑205/02 P to C‑208/02 P and C‑213/02 P Dansk Rørindustri and Others v Commission [2005] ECR I‑5425, paragraph 241).
      
      130   The factors capable of affecting the assessment of the gravity of the infringements include the conduct of each of the undertakings,
         the role played by each of them in the establishment of the cartel, the profit which they were able to derive from it, their
         size, the value of the goods concerned and the threat that infringements of that type pose to the objectives of the Community
         (see, to that effect, Musique Diffusion française and Others v Commission, paragraph 129, and Dansk Rørindustri and Others v Commission, paragraph 242).
      
      131   Point 1A of the Guidelines states that ‘[i]n assessing the gravity of the infringement, account must be taken of its nature,
         its actual impact on the market, where this can be measured, and the size of the relevant geographic market’.
      
      132   Contrary to the appellant’s assertion, therefore, the Court of First Instance was correct to observe, at paragraph 259 of
         the judgment under appeal, that the size of the relevant market was just one among a number of other factors to be taken into
         account in evaluating the gravity of the infringement and setting the amount of the fine.
      
      133   As regards, next, Dalmine’s argument that the Court of First Instance incorrectly, and without stating adequate reasons, confirmed
         the Commission’s application of the Guidelines and the characterisation of the infringement as ‘very serious’, it must be
         borne in mind that the Commission has a wide discretion and that the method of calculation defined in the Guidelines contains
         various flexible elements (Case C‑308/04 P SGL Carbon v Commission [2006] ECR I‑0000, paragraphs 46 and 47).
      
      134   It is none the less for the Court of Justice to verify whether the Court of First Instance has correctly assessed the Commission’s
         exercise of that discretion (SGL Carbon v Commission, paragraph 48).
      
      135   In that regard, it should be observed, first of all, that the Court of First Instance, at paragraphs 263 to 265 of the judgment
         under appeal, correctly summarised the Commission’s application of the criteria laid down in the Guidelines: 
      
      ‘263      … in [point] 161 [of the grounds of] the contested decision, the Commission relied essentially on the nature of the offending
         conduct of all the undertakings to support its finding that the infringement found in Article 1 of the contested decision
         was “very serious”. It referred in this regard to the seriously anti-competitive nature of the market-sharing agreement, the
         fact that it jeopardised the proper functioning of the single market, the deliberate nature of the infringement and secret
         and institutionalised nature of the system designed to restrict competition. The Commission also took account in [point] 161
         of the fact that “the four Member States in question account for most of the consumption of seamless OCTG and line pipe in
         the Community and therefore constitute an extended geographic market”.
      
      264      On the other hand, in [point] 160 [of the grounds of] the contested decision the Commission stated that “the specific impact
         of the infringement on the market has been limited” because the two specific products covered by the infringement, namely
         standard OCTG and project line pipe, represented just 19% of Community consumption of seamless OCTG and line pipe and that
         welded pipes could meet part of the demand for seamless pipes given the technological progress in their manufacture.
      
      265      Thus, in [point] 162 [of the grounds of] the contested decision, after characterising that infringement as “very serious”,
         the Commission pointed out, on the basis of the factors listed in [point] 161, the relatively low volume of sales of the products
         in question in the four Member States concerned by the addressees of the contested decision (EUR 73 million per year). That
         reference to the size of the market affected corresponds to the assessment of the limited impact of the infringement on the
         market in [point 160 of the grounds of] the contested decision. The Commission therefore decided to impose an amount to reflect
         gravity of just EUR 10 million. The Guidelines provide in principle for an amount “above [EUR] 20 million” for an infringement
         in that category.’
      
      136   It follows from the Commission’s analysis, as summarised above, that the three criteria set out at point 1A of the Guidelines
         were taken into account in determining the gravity of the infringement. The Court of First Instance was therefore correct
         to observe, at paragraph 260 of the judgment under appeal, that ‘whilst the Commission did not refer expressly to the Guidelines
         in the contested decision, when determining the amount of the fine imposed on the applicant it none the less applied the method
         of calculation which it imposed on itself in the Guidelines’.
      
      137   At paragraphs 266 to 271 of the judgment under appeal, the Court of First Instance considered ‘whether the Commission’s approach
         [as] set out [at paragraphs 263 to 265 of the judgment] is unlawful in the light of the criticisms put forward by Dalmine’,
         as follows:
      
      ‘267      As regards Dalmine’s arguments in relation to the relevant markets, [points] 35 and 36 [of the grounds of] the contested decision
         represent the definition of the relevant geographic markets as they ought to normally exist were it not for unlawful agreements
         having the object or effect of artificially dividing them. Further, it is clear from the contested decision read as a whole,
         in particular [points] 53 to 77 [of the grounds], that the conduct of the Japanese and European producers in each domestic
         market or, in certain cases, in the market for a certain region of the world was determined by specific rules which varied
         from one market to another and were the result of commercial negotiations within the Europe-Japan Club. 
      
      268      Thus, Dalmine’s arguments concerning the small percentage of the worldwide and European markets for standard OCTG and project
         [line pipe] represented by the sales of those products by the eight addressees of the contested decision must be rejected
         as irrelevant. It is the fact that the infringement found in Article 1 of the contested decision had the object and, at least
         to a certain extent, the effect of excluding each of the addressees from the domestic markets of the other undertakings, including
         the market of the four largest Member States of the European Communities in terms of consumption of steel pipes, that constitutes
         a “very serious” infringement according to the assessment made in the contested decision.
      
      269      Dalmine’s argument concerning the small volume of sales of standard OCTG and the significant extent to which welded pipes
         competed with project line pipe on its own domestic market is irrelevant, since its participation in the market-sharing infringement
         is the consequence of the undertaking it gave not to sell the products covered by the contested decision in other markets.
         Thus, even if the circumstances on which it relies were established to the requisite legal standard, they would not undermine
         the Commission’s conclusion as to the gravity of the infringement committed by Dalmine. 
      
      270      It should, moreover, be noted that the fact, referred to by Dalmine, that the infringement found in Article 1 of the contested
         decision concerns just two specific products, namely standard OCTG and project line pipe and not all OCTG and line pipe, was
         expressly mentioned by the Commission in [point] 160 [of the grounds of] the contested decision as a factor which limited
         the specific impact of the infringement on the market (see paragraph 264 above). Similarly, in the same [point], the Commission
         refers to the increasing competition from welded pipes (see also paragraph 264 above). It must therefore be held that the
         Commission has already taken those factors into account in its assessment of the gravity of the infringement in the contested
         decision.
      
      271      In the light of the foregoing, it must be considered that the reduction referred to at paragraph 265 above of the amount fixed
         to reflect gravity to 50% of the minimum amount ordinarily imposed in the case of a “very serious” infringement takes sufficient
         account of the limited impact of the infringement on the market in the present case.’
      
      138   It must be held that, by those considerations, the Court of First Instance adjudicated reasonably and coherently on the essential
         factors used in evaluating the gravity of the infringement and that it responded to the requisite legal standard to Dalmine’s
         arguments. Contrary to the appellant’s contention, the Court of First Instance did not confine itself to taking note of the
         Commission’s findings, but examined in detail the question, raised by Dalmine, whether, for the purpose of assessing the gravity
         of the infringement, the Commission correctly estimated the effects of the infringement on the relevant market. Furthermore,
         in finding that the infringement established in Article 1 of the contested decision was in any event ‘very serious’, since
         it had as its object and, at least to a certain extent, as its effect, to exclude each of the eight addressees of the contested
         decision from the domestic markets of the other undertakings to which the decision was addressed, the Court of First Instance
         properly emphasised the significant intrinsic gravity of infringements consisting in sharing domestic markets in the Community.
         
      
      139   Furthermore, as the Court of First Instance also correctly observed, the limited impact of the infringement on the market
         in the present case had already been sufficiently taken into account, as the Commission had set the amount of the fine by
         reference to the gravity of the infringement at just EUR 10 million.
      
      140   By the last complaint which it puts forward in the context of this plea, the appellant criticises the Court of First Instance
         for not having taken into account the individual size of the addressees of the contested decision.
      
      141   As the Court of Justice has already held, the Commission is not required, when assessing fines in accordance with the gravity
         and duration of the infringement in question, to calculate the fines on the basis of the turnover of the undertaking concerned.
         It is permissible for the Commission to take account of the turnover of the undertaking concerned in order to assess the gravity
         of the infringement when determining the amount of the fine, but disproportionate importance must not be attributed to that
         turnover by comparison with other relevant factors (Dansk Rørindustri and Others v Commission, paragraphs 255 and 257).
      
      142   The sixth paragraph of point 1A of the Guidelines corresponds to that case-law. It states that ‘it might be necessary in some
         cases to apply weightings to the amounts determined … in order to take account of the specific weight and, therefore, the
         real impact of the offending conduct of each undertaking on competition, particularly where there is considerable disparity
         between the sizes of the undertakings committing infringements of the same type’. 
      
      143   The Court of First Instance correctly stated at paragraph 282 of the judgment under appeal that it follows from the use of
         the expression ‘in some cases’ and the term ‘particularly’ in that paragraph of the Guidelines that a weighting according
         to the individual size of the undertakings is not a systematic step in the calculation which the Commission is required to
         take, but an option of which it may avail itself in appropriate cases, by reference, in particular, to the particular circumstances
         of the case. That discretion is also reflected, moreover, in the expression ‘it might be necessary’ in the same paragraph.
      
      144   The Court of First Instance correctly inferred from those considerations, at paragraph 283 of the judgment under appeal, that
         ‘the Commission has retained a certain margin of discretion as to whether it is appropriate to weight the fines according
         to the size of each undertaking. Thus, in determining the amount of the fines, the Commission is not required, where fines
         are imposed on several undertakings involved in the same infringement, to ensure that the final amount of the fines reflects
         the difference in overall turnover of the undertakings concerned …’. 
      
      145   That assessment was all the more appropriate because all the addressees of the contested decision were large undertakings,
         a circumstance which led the Commission not to differentiate between the amounts adopted for the fines (see point 165 of the
         grounds of the contested decision). In that regard, the Court of First Instance made the following relevant observations:
      
      ‘284      … Dalmine disputes that analysis and points out that it is one of the smallest of the undertakings to which the contested
         decision was addressed, its turnover in 1998 being just EUR 667 million. In fact the difference in overall turnover in all
         products between Dalmine and the largest of the undertakings concerned, Nippon [Steel Corp.], whose turnover for 1998 was
         EUR 13 489 million, is substantial.
      
      285      However, the Commission emphasised in its defence, without being contradicted by Dalmine, that Dalmine is not a small or a
         medium-sized undertaking. Commission Recommendation 96/280/EC of 3 April 1996 concerning the definition of small and medium-sized
         enterprises (OJ 1996 L 107, p. 4), which applied when the contested decision was adopted, states, inter alia, that such undertakings
         must have fewer than 250 employees and have either an annual turnover not exceeding EUR 40 million or a balance-sheet total
         not exceeding EUR 27 million. In Commission Recommendation 2003/361/EC of 6 May 2003 concerning the definition of micro, small
         and medium-sized enterprises (OJ 2003 L 124, p. 36), those two thresholds were revised upwards to EUR 50 million and EUR 43
         million respectively. 
      
      286      The Court does not have any figures for the number of people employed by Dalmine or for its balance-sheet total, but Dalmine’s
         turnover for 1998 was more than 10 times higher than the limit laid down in the Commission’s successive recommendations concerning
         that criterion. Thus, on the basis of the information provided to the Court, it must be found that the Commission did not
         err in finding, in [point] 165 [of the grounds of] the contested decision, that all the undertakings to which the contested
         decision was addressed were large.’
      
      146   In so far as, for the purposes of demonstrating that the fine is disproportionate, the appellant also relies on the fact that
         the basic amount of the fine is equivalent to 16% of its sales of the relevant products in 1998 on the world market, 38% of
         such sales on the Community market and 95% of such sales during the infringement period in Germany, France, Italy and the
         United Kingdom, it must be borne in mind that the maximum limit of 10% referred to in Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 relates
         to the global turnover of the undertaking concerned, and that only the final amount of the fine must observe that limit (Dansk Rørindustri and Others v Commission, paragraph 278, and SGL Carbon v Commission, paragraph 82). As Dalmine has not challenged the finding, at paragraph 287 of the judgment under appeal, that the amount
         of the fine imposed in the contested decision, namely EUR 10.8 million, represented only around 1.62% of its global turnover,
         which in 1998 was EUR 667 million, it cannot claim that the fine was manifestly disproportionate to the size of its undertaking.
      
      147   As none of the complaints raised by the appellant can be accepted, the ninth plea must be rejected.
       J – Tenth plea, alleging errors of law and defective reasoning in relation to the duration of the infringement and the attenuating
            circumstances
       1. Arguments of the parties
      148   Dalmine claims that a number of attenuating circumstances, such as its minor and passive role in implementing the infringement
         found in Article 1 of the contested decision and the fact that the infringement ceased as soon as the Commission first intervened,
         ought to have been taken into account. Even if those circumstances ought not automatically to have been taken into account,
         the Commission should have stated its reasons for not reducing the amount of the fine on that basis. The Court of First Instance
         ought to have established and penalised that failure to state reasons.
      
      149   The appellant maintains that it follows from the second attenuating circumstance on which it relies that the duration of the
         infringement which it committed was less and that the judgment under appeal is inconsistent in that regard. 
      
      150   Last, Dalmine claims that there has been a breach of the principle of equal treatment, in that its cooperation during the
         administrative procedure was not evaluated in the same way as Vallourec’s.
      
      151   The Commission observes that, in regard to fines, the Court of First Instance has unlimited jurisdiction and that in this
         case it made proper use of its power by stating in the judgment under appeal the reasons why the attenuating circumstances
         on which Dalmine relied could not be accepted. In the relevant paragraphs of the judgment, the Court of First Instance, in
         particular, correctly found that Dalmine had not put an end to the infringement following the Commission’s intervention and
         that the level of cooperation provided by Dalmine was not the same as that provided by Vallourec.
      
       2. Findings of the Court
      152   As regards, first of all, the alleged discrimination between Dalmine and Vallourec in setting the fine, it must be borne in
         mind that while, in the context of an appeal, it is not open to the Court of Justice to substitute, on grounds of fairness,
         its own assessment for that of the Court of First Instance exercising its unlimited jurisdiction to rule on the amount of
         fines imposed on undertakings for infringements of Community law, the exercise of that jurisdiction in respect of the determination
         of those fines cannot result in discrimination between undertakings which have participated in an agreement or concerted practice
         contrary to Article 81(1) EC (Case C‑291/98 P Sarrió v Commission [2000] ECR I‑9991, paragraphs 96 and 97, and Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij and Others v Commission, paragraph 617). 
      
      153   However, the appeal must indicate the legal arguments specifically advanced in support of the plea alleging breach of the
         principle of equal treatment, failing which the plea is inadmissible (Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij and Others v Commission, paragraph 618).
      
      154   In the present case, as observed at paragraph 19 of this judgment, the Commission applied a reduction of 40% of the amount
         of the fine imposed on Vallourec and a reduction of 20% of the amount of the fine imposed on Dalmine to take account of the
         fact that both of those undertakings had cooperated with the Commission at the stage of the administrative procedure.
      
      155   It must be held that, in so far as the appellant disputes the Court of First Instance’s finding, at paragraph 344 of the judgment
         under appeal, that ‘whilst Dalmine’s answers to the questions were of some use to the Commission, they merely confirm, albeit
         less precisely and less explicitly, some of the information already provided by Vallourec in the form of Mr Verluca’s statements’,
         its arguments are factual in nature and must therefore be rejected as inadmissible. It is therefore not open to the Court
         of Justice, in the context of the present appeal, to review the finding made by the Court of First Instance at paragraph 345
         of the judgment under appeal that ‘the information provided by Dalmine to the Commission before the [statement of objections]
         was sent is not comparable to that provided by Vallourec and is not sufficient to justify a reduction in the fine imposed
         on Dalmine over and above [the] 20% reduction granted to it for not contesting the facts. Although its decision not to contest
         the facts may have made the Commission’s task significantly easier, the same cannot be said of the information provided by
         Dalmine before the [statement of objections] was issued’.
      
      156   As regards, next, the appellant’s argument relating to its minor and passive role in implementing the infringement found in
         Article 1 of the contested decision, the Court of First Instance referred, at paragraph 327 of the judgment under appeal,
         to the analysis carried out at paragraphs 280 to 297 of that judgment, according to which, in particular:
      
      ‘288      … it should be pointed out … that Dalmine’s argument regarding the small volume of sales of standard OCTG and the significant
         extent to which welded pipes competed with project line pipe on its own domestic market is irrelevant, since its participation
         in the infringement consisting in a market-sharing agreement is the consequence of the undertaking it gave not to sell the
         products in question on other markets … Thus, even if the facts it relies upon were established to the requisite legal standard,
         they could not undermine the Commission’s conclusion as to the gravity of the infringement committed by Dalmine.
      
      … 
      290      Since Dalmine is the only Italian member of the Europe-Japan Club, it must be found that its participation in that agreement
         was sufficient to extend its geographical scope to the territory of a Member State of the Community. It must therefore be
         found that its participation in the infringement had an appreciable impact on the Community market. That circumstance is much
         more relevant, for the purposes of assessing the specific impact of Dalmine’s participation in the infringement found in Article
         1 of the contested decision on the markets for the products referred to in that article, than a mere comparison of the overall
         turnover of each of the undertakings.
      
      …
      294      Similarly, as regards the argument that Dalmine played a passive role in the cartel and that its conduct in doing so constitutes
         an attenuating circumstance under the first indent of point 3 of the Guidelines, Dalmine does not deny having participated
         in the meetings of the Europe-Japan Club.
      
      295      In the present case, Dalmine does not even claim that its participation in the meetings of the Europe-Japan Club was more
         sporadic than that of the other members of that club, which, according to the case-law might have justified a reduction in
         its favour … Nor does it put forward any specific circumstance or evidence apt to show that its approach at the meetings in
         question was purely passive or “follow-my-leader”. On the contrary, as stated in paragraph 290 above, the Italian market was
         included in the market-sharing agreement only because of Dalmine’s membership of the Europe-Japan Club. …’
      
      157   As that analysis is not vitiated by any error of law, the Court of First Instance was correct to consider that Dalmine’s role
         in implementing the infringement found in Article 1 of the contested decision was neither minor nor exclusively passive or
         ‘follow-my-leader’ and that no attenuating circumstance could therefore be taken into account in that regard. 
      
      158   As regards, last, the alleged termination of the infringement as soon as the Commission intervened, the Court of First Instance
         correctly observed at paragraphs 328 and 329 of the judgment under appeal that ‘“termination of the infringement as soon as
         the Commission intervenes”, as stated in point 3 of the Guidelines, can logically constitute an attenuating circumstance only
         if there are reasons to suppose that the undertakings concerned were encouraged to cease their anti-competitive conduct by
         the interventions in question’ and that ‘the fine cannot be reduced on that basis where the infringement has already come
         to an end before the date on which the Commission first intervenes or where the undertakings concerned have already taken
         a firm decision to put an end to it before that date’. 
      
      159   In the present case, as stated at paragraph 6 of this judgment, the Commission decided to initiate an investigation in November
         1994 and carried out the first inspections in December 1994. 
      
      160   At paragraphs 331 and 332 of the judgment under appeal, the Court of First Instance found that the infringement giving rise
         to the fine imposed on Dalmine, namely the infringement set out in Article 1 of the contested decision, had ceased or at least
         was in the process of coming to an end when the Commission carried out its investigations on 1 and 2 December 1994. The Court
         of First Instance therefore correctly concluded that the termination of the infringement could not constitute an attenuating
         circumstance for the purpose of setting the fine.
      
      161   It follows from all of the foregoing that the tenth plea must be rejected.
      162   Since none of the pleas in law raised by Dalmine can be upheld, the appeal must be dismissed.
       V – Costs
      163   Under the first paragraph of Article 122 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice, where the appeal is unfounded,
         the Court is to make a decision as to costs. Under Article 69(2) of those Rules of Procedure, which, pursuant to Article 118
         thereof, is applicable to the procedure on appeal, the unsuccessful party is to be ordered to pay the costs if they have been
         applied for in the successful party’s pleadings. As the Commission has requested that Dalmine be ordered to pay the costs
         and as Dalmine has been unsuccessful, it must be ordered to pay the costs.
      
      On those grounds, the Court (First Chamber) hereby:
      1.      Dismisses the appeal; 
      2.      Orders Dalmine SpA to pay the costs. 
      [Signatures]
      * Language of the case: Italian.