CELEX: 62008TJ0190
Language: en
Date: 2011-10-25
Title: Judgment of the General Court (Second Chamber) of 25 October 2011. # Chelyabinsk electrometallurgical integrated plant OAO (CHEMK) and Kuzneckie ferrosplavy OAO (KF) v Council of the European Union. # Dumping - Imports of ferro-silicon originating in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, China, Egypt, Kazakhstan and Russia - Calculation of the export price - Profit margin - Price undertaking - Injury - Causal link - Complaint - Rights of the defence - Obligation to state reasons. # Case T-190/08.

Case T-190/08
      Chelyabinsk electrometallurgical integrated plant OAO (CHEMK) and Kuzneckie ferrosplavy OAO (KF)
      v
      Council of the European Union
      (Dumping – Imports of ferro-silicon originating in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, China, Egypt, Kazakhstan and Russia – Calculation of the export price – Profit margin – Price undertaking – Injury – Causal link – Complaint – Rights of the defence – Duty to state reasons)
      Summary of the Judgment
      1.      Common commercial policy – Protection against dumping – Dumping margin – Calculation of the export price
      (Council Regulation No 384/96, Art. 2(9))
      2.      Common commercial policy – Protection against dumping – Dumping margin – Calculation of the export price
      (Council Regulation No 384/96, Art. 2(9))
      3.      Acts of the institutions – Statement of reasons – Obligation – Scope – Adoption of a regulation imposing an anti-dumping duty
            
      (Art. 253 EC)
      4.      Common commercial policy – Protection against dumping – Early disclosure of a provisional disclosure document to a producer
            established in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
      (Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the
            former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, of the other part, Art. 36(2); Council Regulation No 384/96)
      5.      Common commercial policy – Protection against dumping – Anti-dumping proceeding – Rights of the defence
      (Council Regulation No 384/96, Art. 20(1))
      6.      Common commercial policy – Protection against dumping – Anti-dumping proceeding – Right of access to non-confidential documents
            relating to the proceeding
      (Council Regulation No 384/96, Arts 6(7) and 8(4))
      7.      Common commercial policy – Protection against dumping – Injury – Factors to be taken into consideration
      (Council Regulation No 384/96, Arts 3(2), (5) and (6), 4(1) and 5(4))
      8.      Common commercial policy – Protection against dumping – Injury – Establishing a causal link
      (Council Regulation No 384/96, Art. 3(7))
      1.      It is apparent from Article 2(9) of the basic anti-dumping regulation, Regulation No 384/96, (now Article 2(9) of Regulation
         No 1225/2009) that the Commission and the Council may treat the export price as unreliable in two cases, namely where there
         is an association between the exporter and the importer or a third party or a compensatory arrangement between the exporter
         and the importer or a third party. In any other case, where an export price exists, the institutions are required to base
         their determination of dumping on that price.
      
      (see para. 26)
      2.      Under the second subparagraph of Article 2(9) of the basic anti-dumping regulation, Regulation No 384/96, (now the second
         subparagraph of Article 2(9) of Regulation No 1225/2009), where the export price is constructed on the basis of the price
         to the first independent buyer, or on any reasonable basis, adjustment for all costs incurred between importation and resale,
         and for profits accruing, is to be made so as to establish a reliable export price, at the Community frontier level. The third
         subparagraph of Article 2(9) of the basic regulation (now the third subparagraph of Article 2(9) of Regulation No 1225/2009)
         provides that the items for which adjustment is to be made are to include a reasonable margin for selling, general and administrative
         costs and profit.
      
      Although Article 2(9) of the basic regulation provides that an adjustment is to be made for a profit margin, that provision
         does not lay down the method for calculating or determining that margin. It merely states that the profit margin that is to
         be adjusted must be reasonable.
      
      Such a reasonable profit margin may, where there is an association between producer and importer within the Community, be
         based not on information from the associated importer, which may be influenced by that association, but on information from
         an unrelated importer.
      
      Accordingly, Article 2(9) of the basic regulation must be interpreted as giving institutions the choice between using the
         actual profit margin of the related importer and using a notional profit margin of unrelated importers, the sole obligation
         being that the margin must be reasonable.
      
      In any event, in the field of measures to protect trade, the institutions enjoy a wide discretion and the powers of review
         enjoyed by the Courts of the European Union are restricted accordingly. In the application of that principle, no exception
         falls to be made for the determination of a reasonable profit margin since it necessarily entails complex economic assessments.
      
      (see paras 27-30, 38)
      3.      The statement of reasons required by Article 253 EC must show clearly and unequivocally the reasoning of the European Union
         authority which adopted the contested measure, so as to inform the persons concerned of the justification for the measure
         adopted and thus to enable them to defend their rights and the Courts of the European Union to exercise their powers of review.
      
      In that regard, the Council is not required to reply, in the statement of reasons for the regulation imposing an anti-dumping
         duty, to all the points of fact and law raised by the persons concerned during the administrative procedure. Moreover, the
         statement of reasons need not give details of all relevant factual or legal aspects, and the question whether it meets the
         applicable requirements must be assessed with particular regard to the context of the measure and to all the legal rules governing
         the matter in question. It is sufficient if the Council sets out the facts and legal considerations which have decisive importance
         in the context of such a regulation.
      
      (see paras 44-45)
      4.      Article 36(2) of the Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States, of
         the one part, and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, of the other part, provides that the Stabilisation and Association
         Council must be informed of the dumping case as soon as the anti-dumping investigation has been initiated and that if no end
         has been put to the dumping or no other satisfactory solution has been reached within 30 days of the matter being referred
         to the Stabilisation and Association Council, appropriate measures may be adopted. It is clear from that provision that exchanges
         between the Commission and exporting producers established in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia must necessarily take
         place before provisional anti‑dumping measures are imposed; otherwise, no satisfactory solution for the purposes of that provision
         can be envisaged. For the same reason, it is clear from that provision that the essential considerations and facts on the
         basis of which the institutions propose to recommend the imposition of provisional anti-dumping measures must be disclosed
         to the exporting producers; otherwise it might be difficult for those producers to propose a satisfactory solution.
      
      It follows that a producer established in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, as it was covered by that provision and
         received the provisional disclosure document relating to the adoption of anti-dumping measures early, cannot be regarded as
         being in a similar situation to a producer established in another Member State with which such an agreement has not been concluded.
         Accordingly, the early disclosure of the provisional disclosure document to the first producer, but not to the second, does
         not constitute a breach of the principle of equal treatment, since the undertakings were in different situations  and there
         is a legislative basis for that difference in treatment.
      
      (see paras 68-69, 72)
      5.      Article 20(1) of the basic anti-dumping regulation, Regulation No 384/96, (now Article 20(1) of Regulation No 1225/2009) concerns
         disclosure to the parties. More specifically, it provides that the parties concerned may request disclosure of the essential
         facts and considerations on the basis of which provisional measures have been imposed and lays down the practical details.
         Thus, Article 20(1) of the basic regulation provides that requests for disclosure are to be made in writing immediately following
         the imposition of provisional measures, and the disclosure is to be made in writing as soon as possible thereafter.
      
      There is nothing in the wording of that provision from which to conclude that the provisional disclosure document cannot be
         disclosed to exporters until after the adoption of provisional anti-dumping measures and upon a written request. Although
         it may be inferred from Article 20(1) of the basic regulation that the parties concerned cannot request disclosure of the
         disclosure document before the imposition of provisional measures and must make their request in writing, that provision does
         not preclude the Commission from taking the initiative of disclosing that document before the imposition of provisional measures
         and without a request being made to it in writing to that effect. 
      
      (see paras 81-82)
      6.      In essence, Article 6(7) of the basic anti-dumping regulation, Regulation No 384/96, (now Article 6(7) of Regulation No 1225/2009)
         provides that the parties concerned may apply in writing for leave to inspect the non-confidential file of the proceeding,
         and that they may make comments on the information on that file and that the Commission must take those comments into consideration.
         In addition, Article 8(4) of the basic regulation (now Article 8(4) of Regulation No 1225/2009) provides that parties which
         offer a price undertaking are required to provide a non-confidential version of that undertaking, so that it can be made available
         to interested parties to the investigation. 
      
      There is nothing in the wording of those provisions to conclude that the fact that the price undertaking offered by a producer
         was not added to the non-confidential file of the proceeding until after the formal publication of the provisional regulation
         was contrary to Articles 6(7) and 8(4) of the basic regulation. Although those provisions impose both an obligation for parties
         which have offered a price undertaking to provide a non-confidential version of that undertaking and an obligation for the
         Commission to provide access to that non-confidential version for interested parties which have made a request for it in writing,
         they do not mention – and, a fortiori, impose no obligation – as regards the precise time at which a copy of the price undertaking
         must be added to the non-confidential file of the proceeding.
      
      (see paras 84-85)
      7.      It is apparent in essence from paragraphs 2, 5 and 6 of Article 3 of the basic anti‑dumping regulation, Regulation No 384/96,
         (now paragraphs 2, 5 and 6 of Article 3 of Regulation No 1225/2009), read together, that determination of injury involves
         an objective examination based on positive evidence of the impact of the volume and/or prices of dumped imports on the state
         of the Community industry and that that examination consists in an evaluation of the relevant economic factors and indices
         with regard to the state of that industry. 
      
      In addition, the term ‘Community industry’, to which paragraphs 2, 5 and 6 of Article 3 of the basic regulation refer, is
         defined in Article 4(1) of that regulation (now Article 4(1) of Regulation No 1225/2009), which provides that the term ‘Community
         industry’ is to be interpreted as referring to the Community producers as a whole of the like products or to those of them
         whose collective output of the products constitutes a major proportion, as defined in Article 5(4) of the basic regulation
         (now Article 5(4) of Regulation No 1225/2009), of the total Community production of those products.
      
      Moreover, Article 5 of the basic regulation concerns the initiation of the anti‑dumping proceeding. Article 5(4) provides
         that a complaint leading to the initiation of an anti-dumping investigation is to be considered to have been made by or on
         behalf of the Community industry if it is supported by those Community producers whose collective output constitutes more
         than 50% of the total Community production of the product concerned.
      
      Thus, it is apparent from analysis of those provisions that, although the examination by the institutions must lead to the
         finding that the injury to the Community industry is material, it is not necessary for all the relevant economic factors and
         indices to show a negative trend. Also, the institutions must evaluate the impact of the dumped imports on the state of the
         Community industry as a whole – that is to say, on Community producers as a whole or at least on the state of Community producers
         which have supported the initiation of the anti-dumping proceeding whose collective output represents more than 50% of the
         total Community production of the product concerned – but they are free to choose the method to be used in order to do so.
         Accordingly, the institutions are just as entitled to prove that injury has been caused to each Community producer as to prove
         such injury on the basis of the aggregated or weighted data of Community producers as a whole comprising the Community industry
         within the meaning of Article 4(1) and Article 5(4) of the basic regulation. 
      
      (see paras 111-114)
      8.      In the context of the adoption of anti-dumping measures, the analysis of causation does not necessarily have to be carried
         out at the level of the Community industry as a whole, with no possibility of taking into consideration injury caused to a
         single Community producer by a factor other than the dumped imports. In the context of the ‘non-attribution’ analysis envisaged
         in Article 3(7) of the basic anti‑dumping regulation, Regulation No 384/96, (now Article 3(7) of Regulation No 1225/2009),
         the institutions must, examine all the other known factors which caused injury to the Community industry at the same time
         as the dumped imports and, ensure that the injury caused by those other factors is not attributed to the dumped imports. Article
         3(7) of the basic regulation does not state that that examination must take account only of injury caused by the other factors
         to the Community industry as a whole. In the light of the purpose of that provision, which is to ensure that the institutions
         separate and distinguish the injurious effects of the dumped imports from those of the other factors, it is possible that,
         in certain circumstances, injury caused individually to a Community producer by a factor other than the dumped imports must
         be taken into consideration, where it has contributed to the injury observed in relation to the Community industry as a whole.
      
      (see para. 172)
JUDGMENT OF THE GENERAL COURT (Second Chamber)
      25 October 2011 (*)
      
      (Dumping – Imports of ferro-silicon originating in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, China, Egypt, Kazakhstan and Russia – Calculation of the export price – Profit margin – Price undertaking – Injury – Causal link – Complaint – Rights of the defence – Obligation to state reasons)
      In Case T‑190/08,
      Chelyabinsk Electrometallurgical Integrated Plant OAO (CHEMK), established in Chelyabinsk (Russia),
      
      Kuzneckie Ferrosplavy OAO (KF), established in Novokuznetsk (Russia),
      
      represented by P. Vander Schueren, lawyer,
      applicants,
      v
      Council of the European Union, represented initially by J.‑P. Hix, and subsequently by J.-P. Hix and B. Driessen, acting as Agents, assisted initially by
         G. Berrisch and G. Wolf, and subsequently by G. Berrisch, lawyers,
      
      defendant,
      supported by
      European Commission, represented initially by H. van Vliet and K. Talabér‑Ritz, and subsequently by H. van Vliet and M. França, acting as Agents,
      
      intervener,
      APPLICATION for partial annulment of Council Regulation (EC) No 172/2008 of 25 February 2008 imposing a definitive anti-dumping
         duty and collecting definitively the provisional duty imposed on imports of ferro-silicon originating in the People’s Republic
         of China, Egypt, Kazakhstan, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Russia (OJ 2008 L 55, p. 6), in so far as it affects
         the applicants,
      
      THE GENERAL COURT (Second Chamber),
      composed of I. Pelikánová, President, K. Jürimäe (Rapporteur) and S. Soldevila Fragoso, Judges,
      Registrar: N. Rosner, Administrator,
      having regard to the written procedure and further to the hearing on 18 May 2010,
      gives the following
      Judgment
       Background to the dispute
      1        The applicants – Chelyabinsk Electrometallurgical Integrated Plant OAO (CHEMK) and Kuzneckie Ferrosplavy OAO (KF) (Kuznetsk
         Ferroalloy Works OAO) – are two companies established in Russia and active in the production of ferro-silicon. At the material
         time, the sales of those two companies in the European Community were effected through related companies. 
      
      2        Following a complaint filed on 16 October 2006 by Euroalliages (the Liaison Committee of the Ferro-Alloy Industry), the Commission
         of the European Communities (now ‘the European Commission’; ‘the Commission’) initiated an anti-dumping proceeding, concerning
         imports of ferro-silicon originating in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, China, Egypt, Kazakhstan and Russia, pursuant
         to Council Regulation (EC) No 384/96 of 22 December 1995 on protection against dumped imports from countries not members of
         the European Community (OJ 1996 L 56, p. 1), as amended (‘the basic regulation’) (replaced by Council Regulation (EC) No 1225/2009
         of 30 November 2009 on protection against dumped imports from countries not members of the European Community (OJ 2009 L 343,
         p. 51, corrigendum in OJ 2010 L 7, p. 22)) and, in particular, pursuant to Article 5 of the basic regulation (now Article
         5 of Regulation No 1225/2009). The notice of initiation of the proceeding was published in the Official Journal of the European Union of 30 November 2006 (OJ 2006 C 291, p. 34). The investigation into dumping and injury covered the period from 1 October 2005
         to 30 September 2006 (‘the investigation period’). The examination of trends relevant for the assessment of injury covered
         the period from January 2003 to the end of the investigation period (‘the period under consideration’). 
      
      3        In the course of that proceeding, the applicants and their related companies lodged their replies to the Commission’s anti-dumping
         questionnaire on 15 January 2007. On the same date, they also submitted comments concerning the injury; the causal link between
         the alleged injury and the imports at issue; and the lawfulness of the initiation of the anti-dumping proceeding (‘the comments
         on the injury’). 
      
      4        From 2 May to 7 May 2007, Commission officials visited the premises of the applicants and their related companies in order
         to verify the data which they had supplied.
      
      5        On 5 June 2007, a hearing was held at the Commission, during which the applicants presented their point of view on the injury,
         the causal link between that injury and the dumped imports, and the lawfulness of the decision to initiate the anti-dumping
         proceeding. As regards the causal link, the applicants highlighted, during the hearing, the role of steel demand and production
         costs, in particular energy costs, as well as the decision taken by a number of the Community producers voluntarily to switch
         to the production of other products and, in some cases, to cease production of ferro-silicon.
      
      6        On 29 August 2007, the Commission published Regulation (EC) No 994/2007 of 28 August 2007 imposing a provisional anti-dumping
         duty on imports of ferro-silicon originating in the People’s Republic of China, Egypt, Kazakhstan, the former Yugoslav Republic
         of Macedonia and Russia (OJ 2007 L 223, p. 1; ‘the provisional regulation’). The provisional regulation imposed inter alia
         a provisional anti-dumping duty, the rate of which was set at 22.8% for the applicants’ products. 
      
      7        By letter dated 30 August 2007, the Commission disclosed to the applicants the essential facts and considerations on the basis
         of which the provisional measures had been adopted (‘the provisional disclosure document’). By letter of 10 September 2007,
         the Commission sent the applicants a supplement to the provisional disclosure document concerning, more specifically, the
         question of the lawfulness of the initiation of the anti-dumping proceeding (‘the supplementary provisional disclosure document’).
         
      
      8        On 1 October 2007, the applicants submitted their comments on the provisional disclosure document and on the supplementary
         provisional disclosure document. They reiterated their arguments concerning the assessment of the injury, the existence of
         a causal link between that injury and the dumped imports, and the lawfulness of the initiation of the anti-dumping proceeding.
         They also stated that the calculation of the export price was incorrect since the related importer’s profit margin, which
         was used to make that calculation, had been overstated, and that they had been the subject of ‘discrimination’, since the
         provisional disclosure document had been communicated early to Silmak Ltd, a producer of ferro-silicon established in the
         former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. 
      
      9        On 18 December 2007, the Commission sent the applicants a letter setting out the essential facts and considerations on the
         basis of which it proposed to recommend the imposition of definitive measures (‘the definitive disclosure document’). The
         definitive disclosure document contained an annex specifically relating to CHEMK (‘the definitive disclosure document specific
         to CHEMK’). In the definitive disclosure document, the Commission repeated its findings regarding the injury and the causal
         link. With regard to the calculation of the export price, the Commission explained that it had corrected the profit margin
         used to determine that price, no longer using the profit margin of the importer related to the applicants but the profit deemed
         to have accrued to an unrelated importer. However, the Commission did not, in the definitive disclosure document, alter its
         position regarding the lawfulness of the initiation of the anti-dumping proceeding and did not address the problem raised
         by the applicants concerning the early disclosure of the provisional disclosure document to Silmak. 
      
      10      The applicants submitted their comments on the definitive disclosure document by letter sent to the Commission on 7 January
         2008. In that letter, as in the comments on the provisional disclosure document, the applicants devoted considerable argument
         to the matters of the determination of injury and the causal link between the alleged injury and the dumped imports. They
         also disputed the new method of calculating the profit margin to be taken into account in constructing the export price. 
      
      11      On 8 February 2008, the applicants submitted to the Commission a request for suspension of the anti-dumping measures, in accordance
         with Article 14(4) of the basic regulation (now Article 14(4) of Regulation No 1225/2009).
      
      12      On 25 February 2008, the Council of the European Union adopted Regulation (EC) No 172/2008 imposing a definitive anti-dumping
         duty and collecting definitively the provisional duty imposed on imports of ferro-silicon originating in the People’s Republic
         of China, Egypt, Kazakhstan, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Russia (OJ 2008 L 55, p. 6; ‘the contested regulation’).
         Under Article 1 of the contested regulation, the rate of the definitive anti-dumping duty applicable to the net, free-at-Community-frontier
         price, before duty, was set at 22.7% for the products manufactured by the applicants.
      
      13      By letter of 28 February 2008, the Commission refused the applicants’ request for suspension.
      
       Procedure and forms of order sought by the parties
      14      By application lodged at the Court Registry on 14 May 2008, the applicants brought the present action, claiming that the Court
         should annul not only the contested regulation but also, in the alternative, the Commission decision of 28 February 2008 refusing
         the request, which they had sent to the Commission by letter of 8 February 2008, for suspension of the anti-dumping measures.
         The action has been brought against the Council and the Commission.
      
      15      By document lodged at the Court Registry on 30 May 2008, the applicants applied for the adoption of measures of organisation
         of procedure and measures of inquiry.
      
      16      By document lodged at the Court Registry on 19 September 2008, the Commission raised an objection of inadmissibility in respect
         of the application for annulment of its decision of 28 February 2008. By separate document, also lodged at the Court Registry
         on 19 September 2008, the Commission sought leave to intervene in the present proceedings in support of the form of order
         sought by the Council, in the event that the action is declared inadmissible in so far as it is directed against the above
         decision. 
      
      17      By document lodged at the Court Registry on 12 January 2009, the applicants submitted their observations on that objection
         of inadmissibility. 
      
      18      By order of 12 May 2009 in Case T-190/08 CHEMK and KF v Council and Commission, not published in the ECR, the General Court (Second Chamber) dismissed the action as inadmissible in so far as it was directed
         against the Commission decision of 28 February 2008. By the same order, the Court granted the Commission leave to intervene
         in support of the form of order sought by the Council.
      
      19      By letter of 26 June 2009, the Commission informed the Court that it waived the right to lodge a statement in intervention,
         but that it would take part in the hearing.
      
      20      The applicants claim that the Court should:
      
      –        annul the contested regulation in so far as it affects the applicants;
      –        order the Council to pay the costs.
      21      The Council, supported by the Commission, contends that the Court should:
      
      –        dismiss the action;
      –        order the applicants to pay the costs.
       Law
      22      In support of the action, the applicants put forward five pleas in law. By the first plea, the applicants contest the determination
         of the export price. The second plea concerns the price undertaking offered by Silmak. By the third plea, the applicants challenge
         the assessment of injury. By the fourth plea, the applicants call in question the finding of a causal link between the dumped
         imports and the injury. Lastly, by the fifth plea, the applicants take issue with the Commission for failing to grant their
         requests for additional non-confidential information regarding the complaint. 
      
      1.     First plea: use of a notional profit margin for the construction of the export price
       The first part of the first plea: error of law in the interpretation of Article 2(9) of the basic regulation
       Arguments of the parties
      23      The applicants maintain that the Council erred in law in the interpretation of Article 2(9) of the basic regulation (now Article
         2(9) of Regulation No 1225/2009), in so far as it considered that, under that provision, it had an obligation to use the notional
         profit margin of unrelated importers and not the actual profit margin of the related importer. According to the applicants,
         whilst Article 2(9) of the basic regulation does not require any specific method to be used for determining the reasonable
         margin for profit, it does not preclude the Council from using the actual profit margin of related importers, as is demonstrated
         by the Council’s past practice. In any event, neither Article 2(9) of the basic regulation nor alleged consistent practice
         makes it legally binding for the Council to use the profit margin of unrelated importers. 
      
      24      The Council, supported by the Commission, disputes the applicants’ arguments.
      
       Findings of the Court 
      25      As a preliminary point, it should be noted that Article 2(8) of the basic regulation (now Article 2(8) of Regulation No 1225/2009)
         provides that the export price is the price actually paid or payable for the product when sold for export to the Community.
         The first subparagraph of Article 2(9) of the basic regulation (now the first subparagraph of Article 2(9) of Regulation No
         1225/2009) provides that, in cases where there is no export price or where it appears that the export price is unreliable
         because of an association or a compensatory arrangement between the exporter and the importer or a third party, the export
         price may be constructed on the basis of the price at which the imported products are first resold to an independent buyer,
         or, if the products are not resold to an independent buyer, or are not resold in the condition in which they were imported,
         on any reasonable basis.
      
      26      It is therefore apparent from Article 2(9) of the basic regulation that the Commission and the Council may treat the export
         price as unreliable in two cases, namely where there is an association between the exporter and the importer or a third party
         or a compensatory arrangement between the exporter and the importer or a third party. In any other case, where an export price
         exists, the institutions are required to base their determination of dumping on that price (Case T‑88/98 Kundan and Tata v Council [2002] ECR II‑4897, paragraph 49). 
      
      27      It should also be noted that, under the second subparagraph of Article 2(9) of the basic regulation (now the second subparagraph
         of Article 2(9) of Regulation No 1225/2009), where the export price is constructed on the basis of the price to the first
         independent buyer, or on any reasonable basis, adjustment for all costs incurred between importation and resale, and for profits
         accruing, is to be made so as to establish a reliable export price, at the Community frontier level. The third subparagraph
         of Article 2(9) of the basic regulation (now the third subparagraph of Article 2(9) of Regulation No 1225/2009) provides that
         the items for which adjustment is to be made are to include a reasonable margin for selling, general and administrative costs
         and profit.
      
      28      Although Article 2(9) of the basic regulation provides that an adjustment is to be made for a profit margin, that provision
         does not – as the parties point out – lay down the method for calculating or determining that margin. It merely states that
         the profit margin that is to be adjusted must be reasonable.
      
      29      According to case-law, such a reasonable profit margin may, where there is an association between producer and importer within
         the Community, be based not on information from the associated importer, which may be influenced by that association, but
         on information from an unrelated importer (see, with regard to Article 2(8)(b) of Council Regulation (EEC) No 2176/84 of 23
         July 1984 on protection against dumped or subsidised imports from countries not members of the European Economic Community
         (OJ 1984 L 201, p. 1), which is substantively identical to Article 2(9) of the basic regulation, Joined Cases 273/85 and 107/86
         Silver Seiko and Others v Council [1988] ECR 5927, paragraph 25, and Joined Cases 277/85 and 300/85 Canon and Others v Council [1988] ECR 5731, paragraph 32).
      
      30      Accordingly, in the light of the foregoing, Article 2(9) of the basic regulation must be interpreted as giving institutions
         the choice between using the actual profit margin of the related importer and using a notional profit margin of unrelated
         importers, the sole obligation being that the margin must be reasonable.
      
      31      It is in the light of those principles that it is appropriate to consider the applicants’ allegation that the Council erred
         in law in the interpretation of Article 2(9) of the basic regulation.
      
      32      First of all, it should be noted that it is agreed between the parties that, during the investigation period, sales of ferro-silicon
         produced by the applicants took place through related companies. Consequently, the institutions were not caught by the obligation,
         laid down in Article 2(8) of the basic regulation, to take as the basis the actual export price, that is to say, the price
         actually paid for the product when sold for export to the Community. On the contrary, it was possible in the circumstances
         to apply Article 2(9) of the basic regulation; in other words, it was permissible to construct the export price, which means
         also that the institutions were free to choose any method which would enable a reasonable profit margin to be determined.
      
      33      Also, it should be noted that the applicants do not dispute that finding. On the contrary, they state that the institutions
         were free to choose between the notional profit margin of an unrelated importer and the actual profit margin of the related
         importer. None the less, as the applicants stated in reply to a question raised by the Court by way of a measure of organisation
         of procedure, it is apparent, in their opinion, from the words used by the institutions – both in paragraph 41 of the definitive
         disclosure document and in recital 41 to the contested regulation – that the institutions considered themselves to be under
         an obligation, pursuant to Article 2(9) of the basic regulation, to use the notional profit margin of an unrelated importer
         when calculating the export price.
      
      34      The Court considers that the wording of paragraph 41 of the definitive disclosure document and of recital 41 to the contested
         regulation do not support the applicants’ assertion. The institutions state at those points that, in line with consistent
         practice, the profit to be used should be based on the profit achieved by unrelated importers. That statement makes no mention
         of an obligation to use the notional profit margin of an unrelated importer. It is simply a reference to the institutions’
         practice, in accordance with which that margin is generally used for calculating the export price where there is an association
         between an exporter and an importer.
      
      35      That interpretation of paragraph 41 of the definitive disclosure document and of recital 41 to the contested regulation –
         to the effect that the institutions intended to refer merely to a practice which, according to circumstances, is or is not
         observed – is borne out by the institutions’ past practice as described by the applicants themselves in their pleadings. Thus,
         the applicants refer in their pleadings to Council Regulation (EEC) No 374/87 of 5 February 1987 definitively collecting the
         provisional anti-dumping duty and imposing a definitive anti-dumping duty on imports of housed bearing units originating in
         Japan (OJ 1987 L 35, p. 32), in which the Council used the actual profit margin of related importers to construct export prices.
      
      36      In the light of the foregoing, it must be held that the use, in the present case, of the notional profit margin of unrelated
         importers did not come about because the institutions believed themselves to be under an obligation to use the profit margin
         of unrelated importers but because they chose to do so, since the profit margin of a related importer is distorted by the
         transfer price between the related companies.
      
      37      It follows that, contrary to what the applicants claim, no error of law was made in that regard.
      
      38      For the sake of completeness, it should be noted that it is settled law that, in the field of measures to protect trade, the
         institutions enjoy a wide discretion and the powers of review enjoyed by the Courts of the European Union are restricted accordingly
         (Case T-97/95 Sinochem v Council [1998] ECR II‑85, paragraph 51, and Case T-118/96 Thai Bicycle v Council [1998] ECR II‑2991, paragraphs 32 and 33). In the application of that case-law, no exception falls to be made for the determination
         of a reasonable profit margin since it necessarily entails complex economic assessments (see, by analogy, Case T-51/96 Miwon v Council [2000] ECR II‑1841, paragraph 42, and Kundan and Tata v Council, paragraph 26 above, paragraph 50).
      
      39      As it is, in the context of this part of the first plea, the applicants merely claim that the Council erred in law in interpreting
         Article 2(9) of the basic regulation, since it erroneously believed that it was under an obligation to use the notional profit
         margin of unrelated importers, whereas that provision does not preclude the use of the actual profit margin of related importers,
         and at no time do they try to show that the institutions made a manifest error of assessment in so far as they decided in
         fact to use that notional profit margin rather than the actual profit margin of the related importer.
      
      40      It follows that the first part of the first plea must be rejected as unfounded.
      
       The second part of the first plea: breach of the obligation to state reasons 
       Arguments of the parties 
      41      The applicants claim that the Council acted in breach of the obligation to state reasons, as laid down in Article 253 EC,
         when it decided, without an adequate explanation, not to use the actual profit margin of the related importer and to construct
         the export price on the basis of a notional profit margin for an unrelated importer. 
      
      42      First, the applicants argue, the Council never provided them with the reasons which had led it to find that the actual profit
         of their related importer was less reasonable than a notional profit margin based on the profit margins of unrelated importers.
         Secondly, the mere reference by the Council to its past practice of using a notional profit margin determined by reference
         to the profit margin of unrelated importers is not an adequate explanation for the purposes of Article 235 EC.
      
      43      The Council, supported by the Commission, disputes the applicants’ arguments.
      
       Findings of the Court 
      44      According to the case-law, the statement of reasons required by Article 253 EC must show clearly and unequivocally the reasoning
         of the European Union (‘EU’) authority which adopted the contested measure, so as to inform the persons concerned of the justification
         for the measure adopted and thus to enable them to defend their rights and the Courts of the European Union to exercise their
         powers of review (Case C‑76/01 P Eurocoton and Others v Council [2003] ECR I‑10091, paragraph 88, and Case T‑48/96 Acme v Council [1999] ECR II‑3089, paragraph 141).
      
      45      In that regard, it should be made clear that the Council is not required to reply, in the statement of reasons for the regulation,
         to all the points of fact and law raised by the persons concerned during the administrative procedure (Case T‑171/97 Swedish Match Philippines v Council [1999] ECR II‑3241, paragraph 82). Moreover, the statement of reasons need not give details of all relevant factual or legal
         aspects, and the question whether it meets the applicable requirements must be assessed with particular regard to the context
         of the measure and to all the legal rules governing the matter in question (Case T‑164/94 Ferchimex v Commission [1995] ECR II‑2681, paragraph 118). It is sufficient if the Council sets out the facts and legal considerations which have
         decisive importance in the context of the regulation (see, to that effect, Case T‑387/94 Asia Motor France and Others v Commission [1996] ECR II‑961, paragraphs 103 and 104).
      
      46      In the present case, the Council explained, in recital 41 to the contested regulation and in paragraph 41 of the definitive
         disclosure document, that: (i) the profit used for constructing the export price at the provisional stage was that of the
         related importer concerned; (ii) in line with the consistent practice of the EU institutions, the amount of profit to be used
         should be based on that achieved by unrelated importers; and (iii) the profit margin used at the provisional stage had therefore
         had to be corrected, leading to a slight increase in the profit used, although the applicants claimed that the profit level
         was overstated.
      
      47      Contrary to the assertions made by the applicants, it is shown clearly and unequivocally, in recital 41 to the contested regulation
         and in paragraph 41 of the definitive disclosure document, that the institutions’ decision, taken at the stage when the definitive
         anti-dumping measures were adopted, not to use the actual profit margin of the importer related to the applicants and to construct
         the export price on the basis of a notional profit margin for an unrelated importer was the direct consequence of the link
         existing between the applicants and their importer. At the same time, the institutions informed the applicants that they considered
         it more reasonable to use the notional profit margin of unrelated importers rather than the profit margin of the related importer.
      
      48      Moreover, it should be observed that, in their comments on the definitive disclosure document, the applicants challenged the
         institutions’ decision to use a notional profit margin, thus showing that they had understood the institutions’ reasoning
         perfectly and were in a position to defend their rights. In particular, the applicants explained the reasons why they considered
         it inappropriate in the circumstances to use the profit margin of an unrelated company. Secondly, they explained that the
         actual profit margin of the related importer was reliable and reasonable. Thirdly, they argued that, even though it had been
         the Commission’s consistent practice to use a notional profit margin of an unrelated importer, there was nothing in the basic
         regulation to prevent the Commission from using the actual profit margin of a related company.
      
      49      The second part of the first plea must therefore be rejected as unfounded.
      
       The third part of the first plea: infringement of the rights of defence 
       Arguments of the parties 
      50      The applicants maintain that the Council adversely affected their rights of defence since, as it had not stated reasons, they
         were not in a position to defend their interests properly. Thus, until the defence was lodged, the Council had never presented
         the applicants with an opportunity to comment on its rationale for the use of the notional profit margin. In particular, it
         was only at the defence stage that the Council explained the nature of the error made, at the provisional regulation stage,
         when determining the actual profit margin, an error of which the applicants were not informed until 3 March 2008, after the
         contested regulation had been adopted. 
      
      51      The Council, supported by the Commission, disputes the applicants’ arguments.
      
       Findings of the Court 
      52      It is settled law that the rights of the defence must be observed not only in the course of proceedings which may result in
         the imposition of penalties, but also in investigative proceedings prior to the adoption of anti-dumping regulations which
         may directly and individually affect the undertakings concerned and entail adverse consequences for them (Case C‑49/88 Al-Jubail Fertilizer v Council [1991] ECR I‑3187, paragraph 15). In particular, the undertakings concerned should have been placed in a position during
         the administrative procedure in which they could effectively make known their views on the correctness and relevance of the
         facts and circumstances alleged and on the evidence presented by the Commission in support of its allegation concerning the
         existence of dumping and the resultant injury (Al-Jubail Fertilizer, paragraph 17).
      
      53      It is in the light of the above considerations that it must be determined whether the Council acted in breach of the applicants’
         rights of defence.
      
      54      First, with regard to the applicants’ argument that, prior to the statement in defence, the Council never presented the applicants
         with an opportunity to comment on its rationale for the use of the notional profit margin, it should be pointed out that,
         as was stated in paragraphs 47 and 48 above, both paragraph 41 of the definitive disclosure document and recital 41 to the
         contested regulation stated clearly and unequivocally that the institutions’ decision not to use the actual profit margin
         of the importer related to the applicants had been the direct consequence of the link existing between the applicants and
         their importer. Moreover, in their comments on the definitive disclosure document, the applicants challenged the institutions’
         decision to use a notional profit margin. It follows that, not only were the applicants in a position in which they could
         effectively make known their views on the use of a notional profit margin, but also they did in fact make known their views
         in that respect.
      
      55      With regard to the applicants’ argument that, until the defence stage, the Council gave them no explanation concerning the
         nature of the error made when determining the actual profit margin, it should be pointed out that the actual profit margin
         was used to construct the export price for the purposes of introducing the provisional anti-dumping measures. On the other
         hand, it is apparent from recital 41 of the contested regulation that a notional profit margin was used at the stage of introducing
         the definitive anti-dumping measures. However, the applicants have not shown how the explanations which, they argue, they
         received out of time were relevant for the defence of their interests in the context of the adoption of the contested regulation.
      
      56      It follows that there was no infringement of the applicants’ rights of defence.
      
      57      The third part of the first plea must therefore be rejected as unfounded.
      
       The fourth part of the first plea: breach of the principle of sound administration 
       Arguments of the parties 
      58      The applicants maintain, in the reply, that the Council failed to observe its duty to exercise due care and acted in breach
         of the principle of sound administration. In their submission, it is clear from the defence that the Council made a manifest
         error of assessment which the applicants were prevented from challenging in the application because the Council had not addressed
         their arguments in a timely manner. 
      
      59      The Council, supported by the Commission, disputes the applicants’ arguments.
      
       Findings of the Court 
      60      Under the first paragraph of Article 21 of the Statute of the Court of Justice, applicable to the General Court by virtue
         of the first paragraph of Article 53 of that Statute and Article 44(1)(c) and (d) of the Rules of Procedure of the General
         Court, all applications must indicate the subject-matter of the proceedings and the form of order sought by the applicant,
         and include a brief statement of the grounds relied on. The information given must be sufficiently clear and precise to enable
         the defendant to prepare his defence and the General Court to decide the case. In order to ensure legal certainty and the
         sound administration of justice, it is necessary, if an action is to be admissible, for the essential facts and points of
         law on which the action is based to be apparent from the text of the application itself, even if only stated briefly, provided
         that the statement is coherent and comprehensible (Case T‑195/95 Guérin automobiles v Commission [1997] ECR II‑679, paragraph 20, and Case T‑19/01 Chiquita Brands and Others v Commission [2005] ECR II‑315, paragraph 64).
      
      61      As it is, the facts and points of law on which the applicants base this complaint are not stated in a comprehensible manner
         in their pleadings. Thus, they claim that, because the Council had not addressed their arguments in a timely manner, they
         were prevented from challenging a manifest error of assessment. However, the applicants do not specify the arguments to which
         they refer; nor do they identify the manifest error of assessment alleged.
      
      62      Accordingly, the fourth part of the first plea must be rejected as inadmissible and, consequently, the first plea must be
         rejected in its entirety.
      
      2.     The second plea, concerning the price undertaking offered by Silmak 
       The first part of the second plea: breach of the principle of equal treatment 
       Arguments of the parties
      63      The applicants claim that the Council acted in breach of the principle of equal treatment by communicating the provisional
         disclosure document to Silmak early, thus enabling it to offer a price undertaking. They point out that the Council failed
         to disclose that document to them at the same time, even though they were in exactly the same situation as Silmak. They also
         submit that, according to the judgment in Case C‑323/88 Sermes [1990] ECR 1-3027 (paragraphs 46 and 47), ‘discrimination’ cannot be justified by reference to differences in the legal status
         of the interested parties unless there is a legislative basis for those differences. As it is, the Council itself referred
         to consistent practice, not to a legal act.
      
      64      The Council, supported by the Commission, disputes the applicants’ arguments.
      
       Findings of the Court 
      65      The principle of non-discrimination prohibits both treating similar situations differently and treating different situations
         in the same way unless there are objective reasons for such treatment (Case C‑422/02 P Europe Chemi-Con (Deutschland) v Council [2005] ECR I‑791, paragraph 33). 
      
      66      In that regard, the Court considers that the applicants and Silmak could not be regarded as being in similar situations.
      
      67      It should be recalled that the Council explains in its pleadings that the institutions acted in accordance with the principles
         set out in the conclusions of the European Council which took place in Essen, Germany, on 9 and 10 December 1994, and in Article
         36(2) of the Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one
         part, and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, of the other part (OJ 2004 L 84, p. 13; ‘the SAA’). In the light of those
         principles, the Commission has established a consistent practice with respect to anti-dumping investigations concerning countries
         which are candidates for accession whereby, approximately two months before the imposition of provisional measures, it informs
         the Stabilisation and Association Council, the government concerned and the exporting producers of the facts on the basis
         of which it proposes to recommend the imposition of provisional measures. The Council states that that information, which
         relates only to the facts establishing dumping, is mainly intended to enable the exporter to offer a price undertaking. 
      
      68      It should be noted that, as the Council observed, Article 36(2) of the SAA provides that (i) the Stabilisation and Association
         Council must be informed of the dumping case as soon as the anti-dumping investigation has been initiated and (ii) if no end
         has been put to the dumping or no other satisfactory solution has been reached within 30 days of the matter being referred
         to the Stabilisation and Association Council, appropriate measures may be adopted. It is clear from that provision that exchanges
         between the Commission and exporting producers established in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia must necessarily take
         place before provisional anti-dumping measures are imposed; otherwise, no satisfactory solution for the purposes of that provision
         can be envisaged. For the same reason, it is clear from that provision that the essential considerations and facts on the
         basis of which the institutions propose to recommend the imposition of provisional anti-dumping measures must be disclosed
         to the exporting producers; otherwise it might be difficult for those producers to propose a satisfactory solution.
      
      69      As Silmak was a producer established in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, it was covered by that provision and received
         the provisional disclosure document early, which enabled it to make an offer of a price undertaking to the Commission. Consequently,
         the early disclosure of that document to Silmak does not constitute a breach of the principle of equal treatment, since, given
         that Article 36(2) of the SAA applied, Silmak was in a different situation from that of the applicants.
      
      70      That finding is not affected by the argument put forward by the applicants on the basis of Sermes, paragraph 63 above.
      
      71      First, contrary to the assertions made by the applicants, the Court of Justice does not state in a general manner in that
         judgment that ‘discrimination’ cannot be justified by reference to differences in the legal status of the interested parties
         unless there is a legislative basis for those differences. In Sermes, the applicant claimed that the application of specific provisions relating to German internal trade – which enabled exports
         to be made, exempt from anti-dumping duties, from the German Democratic Republic to the Federal Republic of Germany – entailed
         ‘discrimination’. In its judgment, the Court replied that the difference in treatment referred to by Sermes had a legislative
         basis in a protocol which formed an integral part of the Treaty and could not therefore be regarded as ‘discriminatory’. The
         Court therefore merely held that the fact that a protocol forming an integral part of the Treaty laid down specific provisions
         relating to German internal trade constituted an objective reason justifying more favourable treatment for exporting producers
         established in the German Democratic Republic, in accordance with the case-law cited in paragraph 65 above.
      
      72      Secondly, it should in any event be noted that in the present case, as stated in paragraph 68 above, there is a legislative
         basis for the difference in treatment between Silmak and the applicants, namely, Article 36(2) of the SAA.
      
      73      For the sake of completeness, it should be observed that the applicants have not proved to the requisite legal standard that
         the finding of ‘discriminatory treatment’ with regard to disclosure of the provisional disclosure document could have affected
         the lawfulness of the contested regulation, thereby justifying its annulment. When questioned on that point at the hearing,
         the applicants stated that they had explained in their pleadings that a result of that ‘discriminatory treatment’ was that
         in the contested regulation the Council imposed an obligation to pay anti-dumping duties for a period of five and a half years
         in the case of the applicants, and for only five years in the case of Silmak.
      
      74      However, assuming, on the one hand, that that contention must be interpreted as meaning that the contested regulation should
         be annulled, so far as the applicants are concerned, on the ground that Silmak should also have been obliged to pay anti-dumping
         duties for a period of five and a half years, it should be borne in mind that, according to case-law, respect for the principle
         of equal treatment or non‑discrimination, as set out in paragraph 65 above, must be reconciled with respect for the principle
         of legality, according to which a person may not rely, in support of his claim, on an unlawful act committed in favour of
         a third party (see, to that effect, Case 134/84 Williams v Court of Auditors [1985] ECR 2225, paragraph 14 and the case‑law cited; Case T‑308/94 Cascades v Commission [1998] ECR II‑925, paragraph 259; and Case T‑23/99 LR AF 1998 v Commission [2002] ECR II‑1705, paragraph 367). Accordingly, the applicants cannot base their application for annulment of the contested
         regulation, in so far as it affects them, on the fact that that regulation, unlawfully, imposes on Silmak an obligation to
         pay duties for five years only.
      
      75      Assuming, on the other hand, that that contention must be interpreted as meaning that the contested regulation should be annulled,
         so far as the applicants are concerned, on the ground that the they, like Silmak, should have been obliged to pay anti-dumping
         duties for a period of five years only, it should be noted that, as emerges from recital 132 to the contested regulation,
         the applicants offered a price undertaking to the Commission and the latter rejected that undertaking. However, the applicants
         have not put forward any argument to show that the price undertaking that they could have offered earlier – at the same time
         as Silmak – would have been different in content from the undertaking they offered after the disclosure of the definitive
         disclosure document and would therefore have had a better chance of being accepted by the Commission. Thus, the finding of
         ‘discriminatory treatment’ in favour of Silmak was not, in any event, capable of justifying annulment of the contested regulation.
      
      76      In the light of all the foregoing considerations, the first part of the second plea must be rejected as unfounded.
      
       The second part of the second plea: infringement of Article 6(7), Article 8(4) and Article 20(1) of the basic regulation 
       Arguments of the parties
      77      The applicants maintain that the Council infringed Article 20(1), Article 6(7) and Article 8(4) of the basic regulation (now
         Article 20(1), Article 6(7) and Article 8(4) of Regulation No 1225/2009).
      
      78      First, the applicants point out that Article 20(1) of the basic regulation provides that the provisional disclosure document
         can be communicated to exporters only after provisional anti-dumping measures have been adopted and upon a written request.
         As it is, according to the applicants, despite the fact that Silmak had made no written request to the Commission for disclosure
         of the provisional disclosure document, the Commission sent it the document on 11 July 2007, well in advance of the adoption
         of the provisional regulation. 
      
      79      Secondly, the applicants maintain that the price undertaking proposed by Silmak on the basis of the unlawful disclosure of
         the provisional disclosure document was not added to the non-confidential file of the proceeding until after the formal publication
         of the provisional regulation, which was, in their view, contrary to Articles 6(7) and 8(4) of the basic regulation. Indeed,
         the applicants first learned of the price undertaking from the provisional regulation and were not able to inspect its non-confidential
         version until 3 September 2007.
      
      80      The Council, supported by the Commission, disputes the applicants’ arguments.
      
       Findings of the Court 
      81      In the first place, as regards the complaint alleging infringement of Article 20(1) of the basic regulation, it should be
         pointed out that that provision concerns disclosure to the parties. More specifically, it provides that the parties concerned
         may request disclosure of the essential facts and considerations on the basis of which provisional measures have been imposed
         and lays down the practical details. Thus, Article 20(1) of the basic regulation provides that requests for disclosure are
         to be made in writing immediately following the imposition of provisional measures, and the disclosure is to be made in writing
         as soon as possible thereafter. 
      
      82      However, there is nothing in the wording of that provision from which to conclude, as do the applicants, that the provisional
         disclosure document cannot be disclosed to exporters until after the adoption of provisional anti-dumping measures and upon
         a written request. Although it may be inferred from Article 20(1) of the basic regulation that the parties concerned cannot
         request disclosure of the disclosure document before the imposition of provisional measures and must make their request in
         writing, that provision does not preclude the Commission from taking the initiative of disclosing that document before the
         imposition of provisional measures and without a request being made to it in writing to that effect.
      
      83      Thus, the applicants’ complaint is based on a misreading of Article 20(1) of the basic regulation and must therefore be rejected.
      
      84      In the second place, as regards the complaint alleging infringement of Article 6(7) and Article 8(4) of the basic regulation,
         it should be noted that, in essence, Article 6(7) of the basic regulation provides that the parties concerned may apply in
         writing for leave to inspect the non-confidential file of the proceeding, and that they may make comments on the information
         on that file and that the Commission must take those comments into consideration. Article 8(4) of the basic regulation provides
         that parties which offer an undertaking are required to provide a non-confidential version of that undertaking, so that it
         can be made available to interested parties to the investigation.
      
      85      Again, it should be noted that there is nothing in the wording of those provisions to support the applicants’ claim that the
         fact that the price undertaking offered by Silmak was not added to the non-confidential file of the proceeding until after
         the formal publication of the provisional regulation was contrary to Articles 6(7) and 8(4) of the basic regulation. Although
         those provisions impose both an obligation for parties which have offered a price undertaking to provide a non-confidential
         version of that undertaking and an obligation for the Commission to provide access to that non-confidential version for interested
         parties which have made a request for it in writing, they do not mention – and, a fortiori, impose no obligation – as regards the precise time at which a copy of the price undertaking must be added to the non-confidential
         file of the proceeding.
      
      86      Accordingly, as with the preceding complaint, it must be held that this complaint is based on a misreading of Article 6(7)
         and Article 8(4) of the basic regulation and must therefore be rejected.
      
      87      Furthermore, it should be pointed out that a procedural irregularity such as the irregularity relied upon by the applicants
         in the present case cannot lead to annulment of the contested regulation unless it is actually capable of affecting the applicants’
         rights of defence, hence the content of that regulation (see, to that effect, Case 30/78 Distillers Company v Commission [1980] ECR 2229, paragraph 26).
      
      88      As it is, the applicants have not put forward any argument to show that the price undertaking that they could have offered
         earlier, after inspecting Silmak’s undertaking and the provisional disclosure document, would either have differed in content
         from the undertaking that they offered after the disclosure of the definitive disclosure document or have had a better chance
         of being accepted by the Commission. Accordingly, they have not demonstrated that, in the absence of the alleged irregularities,
         the content of the contested regulation would have been different so far as they are concerned.
      
      89      In the light of the foregoing considerations, the second part of the second plea must be rejected as unfounded.
      
       The third part of the second plea: breach of the obligation to state reasons 
       Arguments of the parties
      90      The applicants maintain that the Council failed to fulfil its obligation to state reasons. They explain that, even though,
         in their comments on the provisional disclosure document, they had alleged breach of the principle of equal treatment, the
         Council never explained to them, even in the contested regulation, the reasons why it had disclosed the provisional disclosure
         document early, initiated talks on the price undertaking and adopted that undertaking.
      
      91      The Council, supported by the Commission, disputes the applicants’ arguments.
      
       Findings of the Court 
      92      This complaint must be examined in the light of the case-law cited in paragraphs 44 and 45 above.
      
      93      In the present case, the Commission set out, in recitals 175 and 180 to the provisional regulation, the reasons why it found
         Silmak’s offer of an undertaking to be acceptable. The Council, too, explained, in recitals 130 to 132 to the contested regulation,
         the reasons why it had decided not to accept the undertakings offered by the four exporting producers and to withdraw acceptance
         of the undertaking offered by Silmak. In so doing, the institutions complied with the requirements laid down in the case-law
         cited in paragraphs 44 and 45 above.
      
      94      However, according to the same case-law and contrary to the assertions made by the applicants, the Council was not required
         to reply to their comments relating to the allegation that the early disclosure of the provisional disclosure document had
         given rise to breach of the principle of equal treatment. Although the reasons why price undertakings offered to the Commission
         are accepted or rejected are essential in the context of the contested regulation, it cannot be said that that is also the
         case as regards the reasons for early disclosure of the definitive disclosure document to Silmak. In that regard, it should
         be noted that it has been established in paragraphs 73 to 75 above that the finding of a breach of the principle of equal
         treatment in connection with the early disclosure of that document was not capable of affecting the lawfulness of the contested
         regulation. Accordingly, even if the applicants had obtained explanations concerning the reasons for the early disclosure
         of the provisional disclosure document, those explanations would not have enlightened them as to the reasons why their price
         undertaking had been rejected, and Silmak’s had been accepted at the provisional stage and rejected at the definitive stage.
         In other words, the reasons for the early disclosure of the provisional disclosure document cannot be regarded as fundamental
         to the contested regulation, so that, without explanations concerning those reasons, the applicants would be unable to understand
         that regulation. 
      
      95      The third part of the second plea must therefore be rejected as unfounded.
      
       The fourth part of the second plea: infringement of the applicants’ rights of defence
       Arguments of the parties
      96      The applicants claim that their rights of defence have been infringed, in so far as Silmak’s price undertaking was not added
         to the non-confidential file in due time, that is to say, at a time when the non-confidential data served the rights of defence
         of the interested parties. Although the Council claims to have added the undertaking to the non-confidential file on 3 August
         2007, the applicants point out that the copy of the undertaking that they consulted in the non-confidential file bears the
         date of 3 September 2007, which means that it was not in fact added to the non-confidential file before that date. Accordingly,
         the applicants were unable to offer a price undertaking before the adoption of the provisional measures and their rights of
         defence were infringed. 
      
      97      The Council, supported by the Commission, disputes the applicants’ arguments.
      
       Findings of the Court 
      98      It should be noted that, according to the case-law referred to in paragraph 52 above, the undertakings concerned should have
         been placed in a position during the administrative procedure in which they could effectively make known their views. It is
         also apparent from the case-law that there can be no question of infringement of the rights of defence if it is established
         that, in spite of the irregularity committed by the institutions, the applicants were in a position, during the administrative
         procedure, effectively to make known their views (Case T‑147/97 Champion Stationery and Others v Council [1998] ECR II‑4137, paragraph 79). Lastly, it is for the applicant to show that in the absence of that irregularity it would
         have been better able to defend itself (see, to that effect, Case C‑51/92 P Hercules Chemicals v Commission [1999] ECR I‑4235, paragraph 81, and Joined Cases C‑238/99 P, C‑244/99 P, C‑245/99 P, C‑247/99 P, C‑250/99 P to C‑252/99 P
         and C‑254/99 P Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij and Others v Commission [2002] ECR I‑8375, paragraph 318).
      
      99      In the present case, the applicants claim that the non-confidential version of the price undertaking offered by Silmak should
         have been added to the file of the proceeding on 3 August 2007, before the adoption of the provisional regulation. However,
         they do not explain how that irregularity prevented them from effectively making known their views; nor do they explain how,
         in the absence of that irregularity, they would have been better able to defend themselves. In that regard, although the applicants
         did not have access to the non-confidential version of the price undertaking offered by Silmak before the adoption of the
         provisional regulation, they were none the less in a position to submit such an undertaking to the Commission, as is mentioned
         in recital 132 to the contested regulation, following disclosure of the definitive disclosure document. The applicants have
         not put forward any evidence to show that the undertaking that they could have offered earlier, after inspecting Silmak’s
         undertaking, would either have differed in content from the undertaking that they offered following disclosure of the definitive
         disclosure document or have had a better chance of being accepted by the Commission. It must therefore be held that the applicants
         would not have been better able to defend themselves if they had had access to Silmak’s undertaking before the adoption of
         the provisional regulation.
      
      100    No breach of the applicants’ rights of defence can therefore be imputed to the institutions. It follows that the fourth part
         of the second plea must be rejected as unfounded.
      
      101    In the light of the foregoing considerations, the second plea must be rejected in its entirety.
      
      3.     The third plea, concerning the injury analysis
       Arguments of the parties 
      102    The applicants claim that the Council infringed Article 3(6) of the basic regulation (now Article 3(6) of Regulation No 1225/2009)
         because most of the Community industry did not suffer injury. Indeed, it is common ground that FerroAtlántica SL and FerroPem
         SAS, two Community producers of ferro-silicon, which during the investigation period constituted a very substantial part of
         the Community industry in terms of production capacity and production volume, did not suffer any injury during that period,
         since their production, sales and capacity utilisation rates remained stable and even increased. The Council nevertheless
         found, on the basis of Article 4 and Article 3(5) of the basic regulation (now Article 4 and Article 3(5) of Regulation No
         1225/2009), that it had to determine the material injury to the Community industry as a whole. The applicants submit that,
         by so doing, the Council clearly made several ‘significant errors’. 
      
      103    First, it is erroneous in law, the applicants argue, to state that the assessment of injury requires the Council to consider
         only those economic factors which affect all members of the Community industry in the same way. In that regard, the applicants
         submit that, while Article 3 of the basic regulation indeed requires that the material injury should be determined by reference
         to the Community industry, that provision does not say whether the Commission must rely solely on the performance, established
         in the form of a weighted average, of the Community industry as a whole or should also consider the individual performance
         of each Community producer. 
      
      104    Secondly, the applicants argue that the Council is required to establish the existence of material injury, within the meaning
         of Article 3(1) and (6) of the basic regulation (Article 3(1) of the basic regulation having become Article 3(1) of Regulation
         No 1225/2009). First of all, according to the applicants, since most of the Community industry did not suffer any injury,
         there can be no material injury to the Community industry, as a matter either of law or of fact. The applicants go on to argue
         that measures imposed in such circumstances are disproportionate. Lastly, they maintain that a finding that material injury
         has been caused to the Community industry, when most of that industry did not in fact suffer injury, cannot be regarded as
         based on ‘reliable and creditworthy evidence’ or as having been arrived at in an even-handed manner. As it is, Article 3(2)
         of the basic regulation (now Article 3(2) of Regulation No 1225/2009) requires that a determination of that kind is to be
         based on positive evidence and on an objective examination of the impact on the Community industry of the imports alleged
         to have been dumped. 
      
      105    Thirdly, the applicants maintain that the Council’s approach, which consists in determining the injury on the basis of weighted
         average results for the Community industry as a whole, is not provided for in the basic regulation and a fortiori is not set forth in that regulation as the only method of determining whether injury exists. Furthermore, if the Council’s
         approach, which consists in determining injury on the basis of the weighted average results for the Community industry as
         a whole, is correct, that would be at odds with the prohibition against the abuse of rights, which is a general principle
         of EU law, as demonstrated by the case-law. 
      
      106    The Council, supported by the Commission, disputes the applicants’ arguments.
      
       Findings of the Court 
      107    The applicants dispute, in essence, the Council’s conclusion that the Community industry suffered injury, when, according
         to the applicants, the production, sales and capacity utilisation rates of two Community producers representing the major
         part of the Community industry remained stable and even increased. They argue that, in reaching that conclusion, the Council
         infringed Article 3(6) of the basic regulation.
      
      108    Examination of the third plea requires a two-stage approach. First, it is necessary to interpret Article 3(6) of the basic
         regulation and, more generally, Article 3 of that regulation, which concerns determination of injury, in order to determine
         the obligations which that provision imposes on the institutions in terms of the method for assessing the injury. It is then
         necessary to decide whether, in the present case, the institutions acted in accordance with the principles laid down in that
         provision, in the light, inter alia, of the situation of FerroPem and of FerroAtlántica, as described by the applicants.
      
      109    In the first place, with regard to the interpretation of Article 3(6) of the basic regulation, which the applicants claim
         has been infringed, it should be noted that that provision sets out three principles: (i) an injury analysis requires the
         institutions to demonstrate the impact of the dumped imports on the Community industry; (ii) it is the impact of the volume
         and/or price levels of the dumped imports which must be analysed; and (iii) the injury must be material.
      
      110    However, that provision does not describe the method to be followed by the institutions when analysing the impact of the volume
         and/or prices of dumped imports on the Community industry. In that regard, reference should be made to Article 3(2) and (5)
         of the basic regulation. Article 3(2) of that regulation provides, generally, that determination of injury is to be based
         on positive evidence and involve an objective examination. Article 3(5) of the basic regulation provides that the examination
         of the impact of the dumped imports on the Community industry concerned is to include an evaluation of all relevant economic
         factors and indices having a bearing on the state of the industry. It sets out a non-exhaustive list of those relevant economic
         factors and indices and specifies that ‘nor can any one or more of these factors necessarily give decisive guidance’. 
      
      111    Accordingly, it is apparent in essence from paragraphs 2, 5 and 6 of Article 3 of the basic regulation, read together, that
         determination of injury involves an objective examination based on positive evidence of the impact of the volume and/or prices
         of dumped imports on the state of the Community industry and that that examination consists in an evaluation of the relevant
         economic factors and indices with regard to the state of that industry.
      
      112    It should also be pointed out that the term ‘Community industry’, to which paragraphs 2, 5 and 6 of Article 3 of the basic
         regulation refer, is defined in Article 4(1) of that regulation (now Article 4(1) of Regulation No 1225/2009), which provides
         that the term ‘Community industry’ is to be interpreted as referring to the Community producers as a whole of the like products
         or to those of them whose collective output of the products constitutes a major proportion, as defined in Article 5(4) of
         the basic regulation (now Article 5(4) of Regulation No 1225/2009), of the total Community production of those products. 
      
      113    Article 5 of the basic regulation concerns the initiation of the anti-dumping proceeding. Article 5(4) provides that a complaint
         leading to the initiation of an anti-dumping investigation is to be considered to have been made by or on behalf of the Community
         industry if it is supported by those Community producers whose collective output constitutes more than 50% of the total Community
         production of the product concerned.
      
      114    Thus, it is apparent from analysis of the provisions referred to in paragraphs 109 to 113 above that, although the examination
         by the institutions must lead to the finding that the injury to the Community industry is material, it is not necessary for
         all the relevant economic factors and indices to show a negative trend. Also, the institutions must evaluate the impact of
         the dumped imports on the state of the Community industry as a whole – that is to say, on Community producers as a whole or
         at least on the state of Community producers which have supported the initiation of the anti-dumping proceeding whose collective
         output represents more than 50% of the total Community production of the product concerned – but they are free to choose the
         method to be used in order to do so. By way of example, as the applicants point out, the institutions are just as entitled
         to prove that injury has been caused to each Community producer as to prove such injury on the basis of the aggregated or
         weighted data of Community producers as a whole comprising the Community industry within the meaning of Article 4(1) and Article
         5(4) of the basic regulation.
      
      115    In the second place, it is necessary to determine whether, in the circumstances, the analysis carried out by the institutions
         was consistent with Article 3(6) of the basic regulation and with Article 3 of that regulation more generally, as interpreted
         in paragraphs 109 to 114 above.
      
      116    In that regard, it should be recalled as a preliminary point that, in the sphere of the common commercial policy and, most
         particularly, in the realm of measures to protect trade, the institutions of the European Union enjoy a broad discretion by
         reason of the complexity of the economic, political and legal situations which they have to examine (see Case C‑351/04 Ikea Wholesale [2007] ECR I‑7723, paragraph 40 and the case‑law cited, and Case C‑535/06 P Mosaer Baer India v Council [2009] ECR I‑7051, paragraph 85).
      
      117    According to case-law, the determination of injury to the Community industry requires an assessment of complex economic situations
         and review by the Courts of such an assessment must therefore be limited to verifying whether the procedural rules have been
         complied with, whether the facts have been accurately stated, and whether there has been a manifest error in the appraisal
         of those facts or a misuse of powers (Mosaer Baer India v Council, paragraph 116 above, paragraph 86).
      
      118    In that context, it should be observed that the injury analysis was carried out by the institutions on the basis of data relating
         to six Community producers, including FerroPem and FerroAtlántica. It should also be observed that the explanations provided
         by the Commission in that regard – set out in recitals 77 and 78 of the provisional regulation – are not disputed by the applicants.
         The Commission thus explained that there were seven Community producers of ferro-silicon during the investigation period;
         that the complaint which prompted the anti-dumping proceeding which gave rise to the contested regulation had been lodged
         by five Community producers; that a sixth Community producer had decided to support the proceeding by cooperating in the investigation;
         and that the seventh producer had not taken any position and had supplied no data. According to the Commission, the six cooperating
         Community producers accounted for 95% of the Community production of ferro-silicon during the investigation period.
      
      119    On that basis, the institutions analysed the development of the relevant economic factors and indices, from the point of view
         of the state of the Community industry, in accordance with Article 3(5) of the basic regulation. That analysis was carried
         out on the basis of the aggregated or weighted data, depending on the type of economic factor or index, of the six Community
         producers which cooperated in the proceeding. Thus, in recitals 91 to 106 of the provisional regulation, the Commission analysed
         in particular the evolution of the following: Community production, production capacity, capacity utilisation, stocks, sales,
         market shares, weighted average prices, profitability, cash flows, investments, return on investments, ability to raise capital,
         employment, productivity and wages. The figures given in those recitals are not disputed by the applicants. The Commission
         concluded in recitals 107 to 109 of the provisional regulation that, although certain economic indices had remained stable
         or had shown a positive trend, the state of the Community industry had deteriorated significantly during the period under
         consideration. That analysis was fully confirmed by the Council in recital 82 of the contested regulation.
      
      120    More specifically, the analysis of the evolution of production, of capacity utilisation and of sales – set out in recitals
         91, 93 and 95, respectively, of the provisional regulation – disclosed negative trends, although, as the applicants observe,
         the data provided by FerroPem and FerroAtlántica, which were included in that analysis, were stable or revealed a positive
         trend.
      
      121    It must therefore be held that the methodology used by the institutions in carrying out that analysis – the use of aggregated
         or weighted data – is consistent with Article 3(6) of the basic regulation and, more generally, with Article 3 of that regulation,
         as interpreted in paragraphs 109 to 114 above. It follows that, since none of the arguments raised by the applicants demonstrates
         that that analysis is flawed by a manifest error of assessment, that analysis cannot be called into question.
      
      122    First, it is irrelevant to argue that it is erroneous in law to state that the injury analysis requires the Council to consider
         only the economic factors which affect all members of the Community industry in the same way, in view of the fact, established
         in paragraphs 119 and 120 above, that the Council did not consider only the economic factors which affected all members of
         the Community industry in the same way.
      
      123    Secondly, it is unconvincing to argue that the determination of material injury to the Community industry, most of which did
         not in fact suffer injury, cannot be regarded as based on ‘reliable and creditworthy evidence’ or as having been made in an
         even-handed manner. It was established in paragraphs 119 and 120 above that the data of FerroPem and FerroAtlántica had been
         taken into account and that the analysis carried out by the institutions was broadly consistent with Article 3(6) of the basic
         regulation and, more generally, with Article 3 of the basic regulation. Moreover, the applicants have not adduced any evidence
         to show that that analysis was flawed by a manifest error of assessment – indicating, for example, that the data of FerroPem
         and FerroAtlántica concerning production, sales and production capacity should have been weighted and not aggregated. 
      
      124    Thirdly, since it lacks precision, the applicants’ complaint alleging an abuse of rights must be declared inadmissible, pursuant
         to the first paragraph of Article 21 of the Statute of the Court of Justice, applicable to the General Court by virtue of
         the first paragraph of Article 53 of that Statute and Article 44(1)(c) and (d) of the Rules of Procedure of the General Court,
         as interpreted by the case-law referred to in paragraph 60 above.
      
      125    It follows that the third plea must be rejected as being in part unfounded and in part inadmissible.
      
      4.     The fourth plea, concerning the analysis of the causal link between the dumped imports and the injury 
      126    The fourth plea can be broken down into six parts.
      
       The first part of the fourth plea: the impact on the Community industry of the withdrawal from the Community market of third
            country producers, and of production switches and reductions made by a number of Community producers
       Arguments of the parties
      127    In the first place, the applicants claim that the Council’s findings relating to the impact on the Community industry of the
         volume of dumped imports, set out in recitals 112 to 114 of the provisional regulation and confirmed in recital 86 to the
         contested regulation, are manifestly wrong and accordingly in breach of Article 3(6) of the basic regulation. They point out
         that, in their comments on the provisional disclosure document, they showed that, although the industry had suffered injury,
         that injury could not have been caused by the dumped imports, since those imports had not facilitated the capture of any market
         share that was not willingly vacated by the Community ferro-silicon producers. 
      
      128    In that regard, first, the applicants maintain that they have established that the increase in the volume of dumped imports
         was due, to a large extent, to the ‘void’ left on the Community market as a result of the withdrawal of producers from Norway,
         Iceland and Venezuela, and the inability of the Community ferro-silicon producers to satisfy the subsequent demand from Community
         users. Also, the remaining increase in the volume of dumped imports can be explained by the facts that: (i) OFZ a.s., a ferro-silicon
         producer, switched production to another product; (ii) Huta Laziska S.A., a large Community producer, cut back production
         very substantially owing to a serious dispute with its energy supplier; and (iii) Vargön Alloys AB, another Community ferro-silicon
         producer, cut back production owing to high energy costs. 
      
      129    Secondly, the applicants add that, even if it were true that the displacement of third country ferro-silicon does not explain
         a decrease in the market share of the Community industry, its unused capacity or price undercutting, that in itself does not
         mean that the dumped imports are a material cause of that poor performance. Accordingly, the increase in imports from Venezuela
         and Iceland is in large part responsible for the Community industry’s fall in production, in the same way as the voluntary
         measures taken by the Community producers because of disputes with electricity suppliers and increasing production costs.
      
      130    In the second place, the applicants maintain – in the reply – on the basis of Article 48(2) of the Rules of Procedure, that
         the Council made a manifest error of assessment in determining the magnitude and cause of the voluntary production cuts made
         by the Community industry. In particular, the Council’s statements that Huta Laziska switched to the production of silico-manganese
         owing to electricity cuts and ceased production of ferro-silicon is inconsistent with the data in the file submitted by the
         applicants and by the complainant; the Council’s statement that OFZ did not switch production to silico-manganese contradicts
         statements made by the complainant as well as OFZ’s financial statements; the Council’s statement that Vargön Alloys did not
         have the technological capability to switch production to ferro-chrome is incorrect, as that company’s financial statements
         show; those same financial statements enabled the applicants to claim that Vargön Alloys had decided to cease production owing
         to electricity cuts.
      
      131    In the third place, the applicants state – again in the reply – that the fact that the Council’s allegations concerning Huta
         Laziska and OFZ, referred to in paragraph 130 above, appear for the first time in the defence constitutes an infringement
         of their rights of defence. 
      
      132    In the fourth place, the applicants claim that the Council failed in the duty to exercise due care, as contemplated inter
         alia in the judgment in Case T‑413/03 Shandong Reipu Biochemicals v Council [2006] ECR II‑2243 (paragraph 49), and in the obligation to state reasons. Accordingly, in the definitive disclosure document,
         the Council conceded – in reply to the applicants’ arguments, as set out in paragraph 128 above – that the imports at issue
         may have replaced third country imports. However, when assessing the existence of a causal link, the Council stated that the
         increase in dumped imports ‘also coincided with a considerable decline in the sales volumes of the Community industry (-37%)
         and a significant loss in market share (-11%) which indeed points towards a strong causation link between the dumped imports
         and the injury suffered by the Community industry’. That reasoning, however, is only a reiteration of the finding already
         made at the provisional regulation stage and does not answer the arguments raised by the applicants, which, according to the
         applicants, shows that the Council neither analysed those arguments with due care nor provided adequate reasoning. 
      
      133    The Council, supported by the Commission, disputes the applicants’ arguments.
      
       Findings of the Court
      –       The complaint relating to market shares vacated by third country producers and Community producers
      134    In essence, the applicants claim that the institutions made a manifest error of assessment and infringed Article 3(6) of the
         basic regulation by failing to acknowledge that the dumped imports had taken over the market shares previously vacated by
         third country producers and Community producers.
      
      135    In that regard, it should be noted that Article 3(6) of the basic regulation provides that it must be shown that the volume
         and/or prices of dumped imports have had an impact on the Community industry.
      
      136    In addition, it is settled law that the question whether the Community industry has suffered injury and, if so, whether that
         injury is attributable to dumped imports and whether other known factors contributed to the injury to the Community industry
         involves the assessment of complex economic matters in respect of which the institutions enjoy a wide discretion. Consequently,
         review by the Courts of the European Union of the assessments made by the institutions must be confined to ascertaining whether
         the procedural rules have been complied with, whether the facts on which the contested measure is based have been accurately
         stated and whether there has been any manifest error of assessment of the facts or any misuse of powers (see, to that effect,
         Case T‑107/04 Aluminium Silicon Mill Products v Council [2007] ECR II‑669, paragraph 71, and Case T‑462/04 HEG and Graphite India v Council [2008] ECR II‑3685, paragraph 120). 
      
      137    In the light of the above considerations, it should be noted that, in recitals 112 to 114 to the provisional regulation, the
         Commission set out clearly and precisely the reasons why it considered that the dumped imports had had a significant negative
         impact on the state of the Community industry.
      
      138    It set out, first, in recital 112 to the provisional regulation, the facts on which it had based its finding: the volume of
         dumped imports increased significantly during the period under consideration and the corresponding market share of the Community
         market also increased; although the average price of those imports increased during the period under consideration, they remained
         significantly lower than those of the Community industry during the same period; during the investigation period, the average
         price of the dumped imports undercut the prices of the Community industry by 3.7% to 11%, depending on the exporting producer,
         with the exception of three cooperating exporting producers for which no undercutting was found, and prices of the Community
         industry were depressed.
      
      139    In recital 113 to the provisional regulation, the Commission went on to analyse those facts. In that regard, it stated that
         the increase in the volume of imports at low prices and the gain in market shares over the period under consideration coincided
         with the deterioration of the situation of the Community industry. Moreover, according to the Commission, the Community industry
         was not able to increase its prices up to the necessary level to cover its full costs, as its sales prices were undercut during
         the investigation period by the dumped imports.
      
      140    That analysis was confirmed by the Council in recitals 85 and 86 to the contested regulation.
      
      141    The applicants challenge that analysis. They maintain that the dumped imports could not have caused the injury, since those
         imports had merely taken over the market shares previously vacated by the Norwegian, Icelandic and Venezuelan exporting producers
         and by three Community producers of ferro-silicon, OFZ, Huta Laziska and Vargön Alloys, which had reduced or switched production.
      
      142    However, the applicants’ assertion is unconvincing on two counts.
      
      143    First, it is not supported by sufficient evidence. Thus, the applicants refer inter alia to their comments on the provisional
         disclosure document, in the context of which they claim to have produced evidence to show both that the increase in the volume
         of dumped imports was in great part due to the ‘void’ left on the Community market as a result of the withdrawal of producers
         from Norway, Iceland and Venezuela, and the inability of the Community ferro-silicon producers to satisfy the subsequent demand
         from Community users, and that the remaining increase in the volume of dumped imports could be explained by the decisions
         of OFZ, Huta Laziska and Vargön Alloys to decrease or switch production.
      
      144    It should be noted that the applicants produced evidence that imports from Norway decreased in 2005 and during the investigation
         period. They also produced a table showing that imports from Iceland and Venezuela decreased in 2005, but increased in 2006.
         Similarly, they produced evidence that OFZ, Huta Laziska and Vargön Alloys decreased or switched production and that, in the
         case of Huta Laziska, the decrease was due to a dispute with its electricity supplier.
      
      145    Apart from the case of Huta Laziska, it must be held that the applicants provide no evidence to show that the decrease in
         imports from Norway, Iceland and Venezuela and the decrease in Community production were not caused by dumped imports.
      
      146    Moreover, the applicants have shown no exact, precise correspondence between the increase in the volume of dumped imports
         and the volume vacated by the Norwegian, Icelandic and Venezuelan exporting producers and by OFZ, Huta Laziska and Vargön
         Alloys.
      
      147    Secondly, the applicants give only a fragmentary and one-sided presentation of the facts and fail to mention the evolution
         of a number of significant economic factors.
      
      148    First of all, the applicants fail to take into account the influence of price. It should be noted that, as the Council observed,
         the trend in the volume of imports must be assessed in conjunction with the prices of dumped imports, a comparison being made
         of those prices both with the prices of imports from third countries and with prices charged by the Community industry. In
         the present case, the prices of imports from third countries, the withdrawal of which created a ‘void’ on the market, were
         higher than those of dumped imports. Moreover, the prices of the Community industry were undercut as a result of those imports.
      
      149    Also, the applicants fail to take into account the fact that the market share of the Community industry decreased. If dumped
         imports had merely occupied the market shares vacated by exporting producers established in other third countries, the market
         share of the Community industry would have remained stable. The applicants should therefore have shown that the market share
         lost by the Community industry during the period under consideration corresponded to the decreases in production of OFZ, Huta
         Laziska and Vargön Alloys, which they did not do.
      
      150    Lastly, the applicants failed to mention the fact that the Community producers had unused production capacity. The applicants
         claim that the Community producers voluntarily decided not to use that capacity, but provide no evidence of this.
      
      151    Accordingly, it must be held that none of the arguments put forward by the applicants demonstrates that the analysis made
         by the institutions, set out in recitals 112 to 114 to the provisional regulation and confirmed in recitals 85 and 86 to the
         contested regulation, is flawed by a manifest error of assessment and infringes Article 3(6) of the basic regulation.
      
      152    It follows that this complaint must be rejected as unfounded.
      
      –       The complaint relating to the magnitude and cause of voluntary production cuts made by the Community industry
      153    The applicants maintain, in essence, that the explanations provided by the Council, in the defence, concerning the assessment
         of the magnitude and cause of the production cuts and switches made by OFZ, Huta Laziska and Vargön Alloys, constitute a manifest
         error of assessment which they were not able to invoke in the application. 
      
      154    It should be observed that the object of that complaint is the same as that of the preceding complaint, namely to establish
         a manifest error of assessment and infringement of Article 3(6) of the basic regulation, since it is alleged that the institutions
         carried out an incorrect assessment of the impact of the volume of the dumped imports on the Community industry and, in particular,
         that they failed to take into account the fact that OFZ, Huta Laziska and Vargön Alloys had voluntarily decreased and switched
         production.
      
      155    Accordingly, since the preceding complaint was rejected as unfounded, the present complaint must be rejected on the same grounds.
      
      –       The complaint alleging infringement of the applicants’ rights of defence
      156    The applicants claim, in essence, that the explanations provided by the Council, in the defence, concerning the magnitude
         and cause of the production cuts and switches by OFZ, Huta Laziska and Vargön Alloys appeared for the first time in that document,
         which constitutes an infringement of their rights of defence.
      
      157    This complaint must be assessed in the light of the case-law set out in paragraphs 52 and 98 above. According to that case-law,
         an infringement of the rights of defence comes about only if, owing to an irregularity committed by the institutions, the
         applicants were not in a position, during the administrative procedure, effectively to make known their views.
      
      158    In the present case, it should be observed that the applicants did have an opportunity during the anti-dumping proceeding
         effectively to make known their views. Thus, their comments on the provisional disclosure document and those on the definitive
         disclosure document contain considerable argument focussing on the fact that Community producers voluntarily reduced their
         production.
      
      159    Moreover, in the definitive disclosure document, the institutions responded to the evidence provided by the applicants in
         their comments on the provisional disclosure document. No irregularity was therefore committed by the institutions which,
         in the defence, merely respond to the evidence provided by the applicants in the application.
      
      160    This complaint must therefore be rejected as unfounded.
      
      –       The complaint alleging breach of the duty to exercise due care and of the obligation to state reasons
      161    In essence, the applicants state that the Council failed to fulfil its duty to exercise due care and acted in breach of the
         obligation to state reasons, since the reasoning in the definitive disclosure document regarding the impact of dumped imports
         on the Community industry is no more than a reiteration of the finding already made at the provisional regulation stage and
         does not answer the arguments put forward by the applicants in their comments on the provisional disclosure document.
      
      162    In that regard, it should be noted that applicants cannot rely on failure to fulfil the duty to exercise due care and breach
         of the obligation to state reasons when they are in reality challenging the soundness of the finding made by the institutions.
         The fact that the applicants consider the explanations provided by the institutions to be unsatisfactory by no means shows
         that those institutions acted in breach of their duty of due care and the obligation to state reasons.
      
      163    Moreover, it should be noted that it has been held in paragraph 159 above that the definitive disclosure document responded
         to the allegations made by the applicants in their comments on the provisional disclosure document as regards the impact of
         dumped imports on the Community industry. Accordingly, no breach of the duty to exercise due care or of the obligation to
         state reasons can be imputed to the Council.
      
      164    It follows that this complaint must be rejected as unfounded and, in consequence, the first part of the fourth plea must be
         rejected in its entirety.
      
       The second part of the fourth plea, relating to the causes of the injury suffered by individual members of the Community industry
       Arguments of the parties
      165    The applicants claim that the Council infringed Article 3(5) and (6) of the basic regulation by refusing to undertake a causation
         analysis at the level of individual Community producers and by stating, in recitals 63 to 65 to the contested regulation,
         that such an analysis had to be conducted at the level of the Community industry as a whole.
      
      166    In support of that assertion – which, they submit, is different from the third plea – the applicants argue that Article 3(5)
         of the basic regulation does not require the investigating authorities to consider only the economic factors which affected
         all the Community producers in the same way. That provision requires the investigating authorities not only to assess all
         economic factors but also to make that assessment in the light of ‘the state of the industry’, which is a much wider concept
         than ‘the Community industry’. Similarly, according to the applicants, Article 3(6) of the basic regulation must be read in
         conjunction with Article 3(5) thereof, and accordingly, it is impossible to determine whether the dumped imports are a cause
         of material injury unless all economic factors having a bearing on the state of the Community industry are taken into account.
         This means that economic factors which are shown to affect Community producers differently cannot be ignored. The applicants
         add that, if those factors were ignored, it would be all too easy to conclude that there is a causal link between the dumped
         imports and any injury, on the basis of the temporal coincidence of those imports and the injury.
      
      167    The applicants also state that they presented ample evidence demonstrating that: (i) according to the production data of two
         Community producers, representing the greater part of the Community industry, dumped imports did not cause the decrease in
         output; (ii) four Community producers, representing the greater part of the Community industry, had implemented significant
         price increases; and (iii) Huta Laziska, a major Community producer, scaled back production by 60 000 tonnes owing to problems
         with the electricity supply. The Council did not contest those facts.
      
      168    The Council, supported by the Commission, disputes the applicants’ arguments.
      
       Findings of the Court
      169    Although the object of this part of the fourth plea is to call into question the soundness of the institutions’ assessment
         of the causal link, it should be pointed out that all the arguments relied on by the applicants in support of this part, with
         one exception, concern in essence the assessment of the injury suffered by the Community industry. Thus, only the argument
         concerning Huta Laziska concerns the causation analysis, since the applicants attempt to demonstrate that the injury suffered
         by that Community producer was not caused by dumped imports but by problems with the electricity supply. On the other hand,
         the discussion relating to Article 3(5) and (6) of the basic regulation concerns not the causation analysis but the assessment
         of the injury factors. That applies also to the arguments concerning the production of two Community producers, representing
         the greater part of the Community industry, and the price increases implemented by four Community producers, also representing
         the greater part of the Community industry.
      
      170    In the first place, it should accordingly be noted, with regard to the arguments concerning in essence the assessment of the
         injury, that it has been established in paragraphs 118 to 123 above that the methodology used by the institutions for the
         purposes of assessing the injury to the Community industry was consistent with Article 3 of the basic regulation and that
         the figures concerning Community production, production capacity, capacity utilisation, stocks, sales, market shares, weighted
         average prices, profitability, cash flows, investments, return on investments, ability to raise capital, employment, productivity
         and wages were not challenged by the applicants.
      
      171    Accordingly, it cannot be contended that the institutions ignored certain economic factors which, according to the applicants,
         show trends that differ from one Community producer to another. In particular, as regards the evolution of production and
         prices, the institutions took due account of the data relating to all Community producers cooperating in the investigation.
      
      172    In the second place, with regard to the argument relating to Huta Laziska, it should be observed at the outset that the analysis
         of causation does not necessarily have to be carried out at the level of the Community industry as a whole, with no possibility
         of taking into consideration injury caused to a single Community producer by a factor other than the dumped imports. In the
         context of the ‘non-attribution’ analysis envisaged in Article 3(7) of the basic regulation (now Article 3(7) of Regulation
         No 1225/2009), the institutions must, examine all the other known factors which caused injury to the Community industry at
         the same time as the dumped imports and, ensure that the injury caused by those other factors is not attributed to the dumped
         imports. Article 3(7) of the basic regulation does not state that that examination must take account only of injury caused
         by the other factors to the Community industry as a whole. In the light of the purpose of that provision, which is to ensure
         that the institutions separate and distinguish the injurious effects of the dumped imports from those of the other factors,
         it is possible that, in certain circumstances, injury caused individually to a Community producer by a factor other than the
         dumped imports must be taken into consideration, where it has contributed to the injury observed in relation to the Community
         industry as a whole.
      
      173    However, it should be noted that the injury which Huta Laziska may have suffered owing to problems with the electricity supply
         was duly taken into consideration in recital 101 to the contested regulation. Thus, the Council explained in that recital
         that, even if the data pertaining to that producer were excluded from the injury analysis, the trends observed for the Community
         industry would continue to show the existence of injury. Nevertheless, the applicants have not sought to establish that that
         finding was flawed by a manifest error of assessment.
      
      174    It must therefore be held that the applicants’ argument concerning the situation of Huta Laziska cannot succeed and that,
         in the light of all the foregoing considerations, this part of the fourth plea must be rejected as unfounded.
      
       The third part of the fourth plea, relating to the decrease in production in the Community industry
       Arguments of the parties
      175    The applicants submit that the Council’s finding that the dumped imports brought about a decrease in production in the Community
         industry is manifestly erroneous, since most of the Community producers did not reduce production.
      
      176    The applicants state that they provided evidence demonstrating that FerroAtlántica and FerroPem, two Community producers representing
         the greater part of the Community industry, had not cut back production despite the dumped imports. According to the applicants,
         if the imports at issue had, in themselves, had a negative impact on the production of the Community industry, a similar negative
         pattern would have had to be observed in the case of all Community producers. Since the data in the file of the proceeding
         show patterns which differ appreciably from one Community producer to another, the ‘simple conclusion’ that the dumped imports
         increased substantially and must therefore have caused the simultaneous decrease in production in the Community industry should
         be rejected.
      
      177    The Council, supported by the Commission, disputes the applicants’ arguments.
      
       Findings of the Court
      178    The applicants claim, in essence, that the Council’s finding that the dumped imports brought about a decrease in production
         in the Community industry is manifestly erroneous, since the two producers representing the majority of Community producers
         did not reduce production.
      
      179    It should be noted that, although the object of this part of the plea is to challenge the soundness of the institutions’ causation
         analysis, whilst the object of the third plea is to challenge the soundness of the determination of injury, the fact remains
         that the arguments put forward by the applicants in connection with this part of the plea are the same as those put forward
         in the context of the third plea. It follows that those arguments are unfounded, for the reasons set out in paragraphs 107
         to 123 above.
      
      180    This part of the fourth plea must therefore be rejected as unfounded.
      
       The fourth part of the fourth plea, relating to the impact of the increased costs borne by the Community industry 
       Arguments of the parties
      181    In the first place, the applicants submit that the statements made in the provisional regulation and in the contested regulation
         to the effect that energy costs rose throughout the world, including in the countries concerned, and sometimes even to a higher
         degree than in Europe, and that the presence of low-cost dumped imports prevented the Community industry from passing on the
         cost increase to its customers, are based on manifest errors of assessment.
      
      182    First, the applicants argue that the Council made a manifest error in its assessment of the impact of increased production
         costs. In that regard, they point out that, during the investigation procedure, they adduced evidence to demonstrate that
         the labour costs per unit borne by the Community industry increased on average by 45% per ton and that, for all producers
         except one, energy costs increased by more than 10%. In addition, the applicants claim to have provided evidence that those
         costs increased significantly more in the European Union than in other parts of the world, including the countries involved
         in the anti-dumping proceeding. The Council did not consider this evidence, but nor did it contest it. 
      
      183    Secondly, the applicants argue that the Council made a manifest error in its assessment of the role of the demand from the
         steel sector in relation to the possibility of the Community industry passing on the cost increase to consumers. In that regard,
         the applicants state that, on the basis of a graph showing a lack of correlation between the world production of crude steel
         and ferro-silicon contract prices in the European Union, the Council stated, in the definitive disclosure document, that the
         demand from steel producers had played no role in price-setting since, at Community level, ferro-silicon prices were in certain
         periods decreasing despite increasing demand from the steel industry. 
      
      184    According to the applicants, however, the graph used by the Council demonstrates that, by and large, prices developed in line
         with steel demand. Also, the Council did not use the right graph and should have analysed the development of Community steel
         production in relation to the development of ferro-silicon prices in the Community market. That analysis would have shown
         that Community ferro-silicon prices faithfully followed Community steel production, that Community steel production was the
         main price-setting force for ferro-silicon and that therefore it was the demand from steel producers which limited the opportunities
         for passing on the increase in production costs to the customers.
      
      185    In the second place, the applicants submit that the Council acted in breach of its duty of due care and its obligation to
         state reasons since although, during the investigation procedure, the applicants had provided ample evidence concerning the
         increase in production costs, the Council neither contested nor responded to those arguments.
      
      186    The Council, supported by the Commission, disputes the applicants’ arguments.
      
       Findings of the Court
      –       The complaint alleging manifest errors of assessment
      187    The applicants claim, in essence, that the Council made manifest errors of assessment in its evaluation of the impact of the
         increased costs borne by the Community industry.
      
      188    In that regard, it should be noted that, according to case-law, the Council and the Commission are under an obligation to
         consider whether the injury on which they intend to base their conclusions actually derived from dumped imports and must disregard
         any injury deriving from other factors (Case C‑358/89 Extramet Industrie v Council [1992] ECR I‑3813, paragraph 16). 
      
      189    Moreover, according to the case-law referred to in paragraph 136 above, the question whether factors other than dumped imports
         contributed to the injury to the Community industry involves the assessment of complex economic matters in respect of which
         the institutions enjoy a wide discretion, which means that the Courts of the European Union can exercise only limited review
         of that assessment.
      
      190    In that context, it should be noted that, in recitals 131 to 133 to the provisional regulation and in recitals 97 to 99 to
         the contested regulation, the institutions explained the reasons why they considered that increasing production costs could
         not have broken the causal link between the dumped imports and the injury. Their reasoning comprises three stages: (i) they
         stated that the cost increases in the alloy industry had usually occurred on a worldwide scale, thereby affecting equally
         the worldwide industry; (ii) they observed that costs had indeed increased over the period under consideration; and (iii)
         they found that, even if those increases were partly offset by sale price increases, the presence of low-priced dumped imports
         did not allow the Community industry to pass on the full effect of those increases.
      
      191    The applicants dispute that reasoning and state that, during the administrative procedure, they produced two sets of evidence
         demonstrating the absence of a causal link between the dumped imports and the injury. First, they claim to have provided evidence
         that energy prices in the European Union were higher than international prices. In making that claim they refer to assertions
         of a general nature made by the Commission in the ‘Third Energy Package’ and by the Alliance of Energy-Intensive Industries.
         Secondly, the applicants state that they demonstrated that the demand for steel played a decisive role in the fact that the
         Community industry could not pass on the cost increase in prices. In that regard, they produce a graph showing the development
         of Community steel production in relation to Community ferro-silicon prices. According to the applicants, that graph shows
         that prices for ferro-silicon in the Community precisely mirror steel production in the Community and that, therefore, Community
         steel production is the main price-setting force for ferro-silicon. They contrast that graph with the one produced by the
         institutions in the definitive disclosure document, which shows a lack of correlation between the world production of crude
         steel and ferro-silicon contract prices in the Community.
      
      192    However, none of the evidence put forward by the applicants is decisive. First of all, with regard to the evidence that energy
         prices in the Community were higher than international prices, it should be pointed out that the applicants merely refer to
         assertions of a general nature without supplying any figures. In particular, they did not give a precise, statistical comparison
         of Community energy prices and world energy prices; nor did they prove that that rise in energy prices, in the Community,
         was such that it had caused the injury suffered by the Community industry.
      
      193    Also, with regard to the graph showing the development of steel production in the Community in relation to ferro-silicon prices
         in the Community, it should be observed that the applicants merely state in a general manner, on the basis of that graph,
         that prices for ferro-silicon in the Community precisely mirror steel production. They did not, however, analyse that graph
         in order to show that the demand for steel (that is to say, steel production) had evolved in such a way that Community producers
         were unable, during the investigation period, to pass on the increase in production costs in prices. Moreover, it should be
         noted that the graph shows an increase in steel production during the first three quarters of the investigation period, running
         from 1 October 2005 to 30 September 2006, with a decrease only in the fourth quarter. The graph also shows that ferro-silicon
         prices in the Community increased throughout the investigation period. However, the applicants do not explain why the increase
         in steel production during the first three quarters of the investigation period was not sufficient to lead to an increase
         in prices that allowed Community producers of ferro-silicon to pass on the increased production costs to consumers.
      
      194    Accordingly, the evidence put forward by the applicants does not demonstrate that the increase in costs caused the injury
         suffered by the Community industry.
      
      195    In the light of the foregoing, in particular the institutions’ reasoning in the provisional regulation and in the contested
         regulation and the inadequate evidence produced by the applicants, it is necessary to reject the applicants’ allegations of
         manifest errors of assessment.
      
      196     This complaint must therefore be rejected as unfounded.
      
      –       The complaint alleging breach of the principle of sound administration and of the obligation to state reasons
      197    In essence, the applicants claim that the Council acted in breach of its duty to exercise due care and its obligation to state
         reasons in that, although during the investigation procedure they had provided ample evidence concerning the increase in production
         costs, the Council neither contested nor responded to the submission of that evidence.
      
      198    In that regard, it should be pointed out first of all that, contrary to the assertions made by the applicants, the Council
         did respond to the evidence that they had put forward. Thus, the institutions responded to the applicants’ claims concerning
         production costs in recitals 131 to 133 to the provisional regulation, in the definitive disclosure document, in the definitive
         disclosure document specific to CHEMK and in recitals 97 to 99 to the contested regulation. Also, the institutions responded
         to the applicants’ claims concerning the demand for steel in the definitive disclosure document and in the definitive disclosure
         document specific to CHEMK. Accordingly, no breach of the principle of sound administration or of the obligation to state
         reasons can be validly imputed to the institutions.
      
      199    Moreover, as noted in paragraph 162 above, applicants cannot rely on failure to fulfil the duty to exercise due care and breach
         of the obligation to state reasons when they are in reality challenging the soundness of the finding made by the institutions.
         The fact that the applicants consider the explanations provided by the institutions to be unsatisfactory by no means shows
         that the latter acted in breach of their duty of due care and the obligation to state reasons.
      
      200    It follows that this complaint must be rejected as unfounded.
      
      201    In the light of all the foregoing considerations, the fourth part of the fourth plea must be rejected as unfounded.
      
       The fifth part of the fourth plea: breach of the obligation to state reasons in respect of the analysis of the injury suffered
            by Huta Laziska 
       Arguments of the parties
      202    The applicants state that the Council acted in breach of the obligation to state reasons as delimited inter alia in the judgment
         in Case C‑76/00 P Petrotub and Republica v Council [2003] ECR 1-79 (paragraph 87), in so far as its assertion in recital 101 to the contested regulation concerning the impact,
         for the determination of injury, of the data specifically pertaining to Huta Laziska, is unsupported by evidence. According
         to the applicants, that assertion is a ‘repetition’ which is uninformative and does not provide any verifiable reasons for
         its conclusion; this is in spite of the requests for reasons made by the applicants, particularly in their comments on the
         definitive disclosure document, and in spite of the evidence which they presented during the investigation procedure. That
         evidence demonstrates that Huta Laziska, the largest Community producer of ferro-silicon, ceased producing ferro-silicon in
         2005 to 2006 owing to a dispute with its electricity supplier and that, consequently, Huta Laziska suffered injury that was
         not caused by the imports to which the investigation procedure relates. The applicants also point out that the fall in the
         production output at Huta Laziska was of such a magnitude as to make it responsible for the major part of the decrease in
         the production output by the Community industry as a whole. 
      
      203    In the reply, the applicants dispute the validity of the Council’s comment that they did not request details of the injury
         assessment in which the Council had excluded the data relating to Huta Laziska, as is apparent from recital 101 to the contested
         regulation. Accordingly, the applicants made a specific request to that effect on 7 January 2008.
      
      204    The Council, supported by the Commission, disputes the applicants’ arguments.
      
       Findings of the Court
      205    In essence, the applicants claim that the Council acted in breach of the obligation to state reasons, in that recital 101
         to the contested regulation, concerning the impact, for the determination of injury, of the data specifically relating to
         Huta Laziska, is a ‘repetition’ which is uninformative and does not provide any verifiable reasons for its conclusion in spite
         of the requests for reasons made by the applicants.
      
      206    As noted in paragraph 162 above, applicants cannot rely on failure to fulfil the obligation to state reasons when they are
         in reality challenging the soundness of the finding made by the institutions. The fact that the applicants consider the explanations
         provided by the institutions to be unsatisfactory by no means shows that the latter acted in breach of the obligation to state
         reasons.
      
      207    Moreover, it should be added that it is apparent from paragraphs 99 and 100 of the definitive disclosure document and from
         recitals 100 and 101 to the contested regulation that the institutions found, on the one hand, that the cause of the injury
         suffered should be analysed at the level of the Community industry as a whole and that the information pertaining to Huta
         Laziska had been taken into account and, on the other hand, that even if the data pertaining to that producer had been excluded
         from the analysis, the trends observed for the remainder of the Community industry would have remained highly negative. Although
         those explanations may indeed be regarded as brief, they none the less show clearly and unequivocally the reasoning of the
         institutions, in accordance with the case-law referred to in paragraph 44 above. In any event, the situation in the present
         case can by no means be compared with that at issue in Petrotub and Republica v Council, paragraph 202 above, which the applicants cite in their pleadings. In that case, the Court of Justice held that the Council
         had merely made a reference to the provisions of Community law, not giving any explanatory element of such a kind as to enlighten
         the parties concerned and the judicature.
      
      208    Lastly, it should be observed that the fact that the institutions did not respond to the request for disclosure of the assessment
         of the injury suffered by the Community industry, made without reference to Huta Laziska, does not in itself constitute a
         breach of the obligation to state reasons.
      
      209    It follows that the fifth part of the fourth plea must be rejected as unfounded.
      
       The sixth part of the fourth plea: breach of the obligation to state reasons in respect of the Council’s conclusions regarding
            the effect of third country imports 
       Arguments of the parties
      210    The applicants claim that the Council acted in breach of the obligation to state reasons by asserting, in recital 95 to the
         contested regulation, that imports from other third countries had not contributed to the injury suffered by the Community
         industry. In that regard, they refer to their comments on the definitive disclosure document in which, by reference to the
         evidence presented with their comments on the provisional disclosure document, they claimed that that assertion was wrong
         since imports from Iceland and Venezuela had strongly increased from 2005 to the investigation period, thereby capturing market
         share from the Community ferro-silicon producers. 
      
      211    In the reply, the applicants add that, contrary to the assertions made by the Council, there is no contradiction between the
         argument that imports from other third countries contributed to the injury suffered by the Community industry and the argument
         that dumped imports took the ‘place vacated’ by imports from Norway, Venezuela and Iceland. Dumped imports replaced ferro-silicon
         from Venezuela and Iceland from 2004 to 2005. At the same time, imports from Venezuela and Iceland increased from 2005 to
         the investigation period – that is, over a different period – and thus adversely affected the Community industry.
      
      212    The Council, supported by the Commission, disputes the applicants’ arguments.
      
       Findings of the Court
      213    In essence, the applicants submit that the Council acted in breach of the obligation to state reasons by stating, in recital
         95 to the contested regulation, that imports from other third countries had not contributed to the injury suffered by the
         Community industry.
      
      214    Once again, as was noted inter alia in paragraph 162 above, applicants cannot rely on failure to fulfil the obligation to
         state reasons when they are in reality challenging the soundness of the finding of the institutions. The fact that the applicants
         consider the explanations provided by the institutions to be unsatisfactory by no means shows that the latter acted in breach
         of the obligation to state reasons.
      
      215    Moreover, it should be pointed out that the institutions examined in detail, in recitals 115 to 121 to the provisional regulation,
         the impact of imports from other third countries on the state of the Community industry. They confirmed, in recital 95 to
         the contested regulation, the analysis given in the provisional regulation. More specifically, the institutions devoted considerable
         argument to the examination of the impact of imports from Venezuela and Iceland in recitals 118 and 120 of the provisional
         regulation. In those recitals, the institutions stated in particular that, while it could not be excluded that imports from
         Iceland and from Venezuela may have had a negative effect on the state of the Community industry, that effect could not be
         considered to be of any significance when compared with the volume and prices of the dumped imports. It follows that the institutions
         showed their reasoning clearly and unequivocally in those recitals and, accordingly, no breach of the obligation to state
         reasons can validly be imputed to them.
      
      216    The sixth part of the fourth plea must therefore be rejected as unfounded.
      
      5.     The fifth plea: infringement of the applicants’ rights of defence as regards the disclosure of data relating to the initiation
            of the anti-dumping proceeding
       Arguments of the parties
      217    The applicants claim that the Council infringed their rights of defence since it did not respond to their requests for inclusion
         in the non-confidential file of additional non-confidential information relating to the evidence which the complaint is required
         to contain for the initiation of an anti-dumping proceeding. 
      
      218    In that regard, the applicants point out, first, that in their comments on the injury, lodged on 15 January 2007, and in their
         comments on the provisional disclosure document, they asked to be provided with non-confidential summaries of the information
         contained in the complaint, specifically regarding the calculation of the apparent consumption, the basis for the dumping
         margin calculation and the costs of production for the companies supporting the complaint. They maintain that those summaries
         should have been provided in order to establish that such information was indeed submitted with the complaint to an extent
         sufficient to support the allegations made in it, and to enable the targeted exporters to review in a non-confidential summary
         form the information on the basis of which the Commission found that initiation of the anti-dumping proceeding was necessary.
         The applicants argue that, without those summaries, they could not respond to the allegations made by Euroalliages in the
         complaint.
      
      219    More specifically, as regards the information about the calculation of apparent consumption, the applicants explain that the
         complaint contained two divergent sets of data on consumption (imports, exports, sales, stocks and production), the divergence
         resulting from different adjustments. Because of this divergence, the applicants requested details and a reconciliation of
         calculations for the two sets of data. They received nothing from the institutions. Also, in response to the Council’s argument
         that the formula used for conversion of different kinds of ferro-silicon to 75% grade ferro-silicon had been disclosed, the
         applicants point out, in the reply, that they were not asking for the formula but for a justification for the use of such
         a formula in a situation where no formula was needed.
      
      220    As regards the information concerning the basis for the dumping margin calculation, the applicants state that the non-confidential
         version of the complaint reflects in Annex C bis all the details on the dumping provided to the applicants. However, those
         pages are in fact blank, which means that the applicants cannot verify whether the complaint contains any – let alone, sufficient
         – evidence of dumping. 
      
      221    As regards the information on the production costs for the companies supporting the complaint, the applicants state that,
         in the course of the administrative proceeding, they made a comparison of the cost of production developments, as referred
         to in the complaint, for the whole of the Community industry, with the data for individual Community producers contained in
         the responses to the anti-dumping questionnaire. The comparison revealed significant differences, which prompted the applicants
         to request the Commission to disclose non-confidential data of individual Community producers, as this data featured in the
         complaint. The Commission refused disclosure and offered no justification. 
      
      222    Secondly, the applicants state that no ‘meaningful non-confidential version’ of the information provided by the individual
         companies supporting Euroalliages’ complaint was added to the file of the proceeding. They also point out that, although some
         information was ultimately provided, its credibility is undermined by the lack of consistency between the data contained in
         the various documents submitted by those companies.
      
      223    The Council, supported by the Commission, disputes the applicants’ arguments.
      
       Findings of the Court
      224    According to the case-law to which reference was made in paragraph 52 above, pursuant to the principle of respect for the
         rights of the defence, the undertakings concerned should have been placed in a position during the administrative procedure
         in which they could effectively make known their views on the correctness and relevance of the facts and circumstances alleged
         and on the evidence presented by the Commission in support of its allegation concerning the existence of dumping and the resultant
         injury. In that regard, the institutions must provide the undertakings concerned, as far as is compatible with the obligation
         not to disclose business secrets, with information relevant to the defence of their interests, choosing, if necessary on their
         own initiative, the appropriate means of providing such information (Al-Jubail Fertilizer v Council, paragraph 52 above, paragraph 17). 
      
      225    With regard to business secrets, it should also be noted that Article 19(1) of the basic regulation (now Article 19(1) of
         Regulation No 1225/2009) provides that any information which is by nature confidential or which is provided on a confidential
         basis by parties to an investigation is, if good cause is shown, to be treated as such by the authorities. Moreover, Article
         19(2) of the basic regulation (now Article 19(2) of Regulation No 1225/2009) provides that interested parties providing confidential
         information are required to furnish non-confidential summaries thereof, save in exceptional circumstances where such information
         is not susceptible of summary. That provision also states that those summaries must be in sufficient detail to permit a reasonable
         understanding of the substance of the information submitted in confidence.
      
      226    It is in the light of the above considerations that the Court must determine whether the Council did in fact infringe the
         applicants’ rights of defence by not responding to their requests for inclusion in the non-confidential file of additional
         non-confidential information.
      
      227    In the first place, the applicants claim that in their comments on the injury, sent to the Commission on 15 January 2007,
         they requested that non-confidential summaries of the information contained in the complaint regarding the calculation of
         consumption, the basis for the dumping margin calculation and the costs of production for the companies supporting the complaint
         should be added to the non-confidential file of the proceeding. As a result of the absence of that information from the non-confidential
         file, the applicants were unable to respond to the allegations made in the complaint.
      
      228    First of all, regarding the calculation of consumption, it should be noted that the applicants asked, in the comments on the
         injury, to be provided with three types of data: (i) justification for the formula used for the overall conversion of import
         data to 75% grade ferro-silicon; (ii) clarification as to how that conversion was calculated for domestic shipments; and (iii)
         the estimated production for two Community producers, SKW Trostberg AG and TDR – Metalurgija d.d., referred to in the table
         relating to apparent consumption given in the non-confidential version of the complaint, and how the conversion was calculated
         for those estimates.
      
      229    It should be noted that the formula that was used for conversion of different kinds of ferro-silicon to 75% grade ferro-silicon
         is given in the non-confidential version of the complaint. Moreover, justification for the use of that formula was given to
         the applicants by the Commission in the supplementary provisional disclosure document, sent to the applicants on 10 September
         2007, from which it is apparent that the conversion formula used was needed in order to be able to compare the data appropriately.
         
      
      230    It should also be pointed out, with regard to domestic shipments, that it is apparent from the non-confidential version of
         the complaint that the figures for such shipments were based on actual shipments for which the data had been supplied by the
         various complainants, based on 75% grade ferro-silicon, and on estimates concerning SKW and TDR. It is also apparent from
         that version of the complaint that the data for actual shipments were regarded as confidential. Since the figures given in
         the non-confidential version of the complaint are the total figures for domestic shipments, it must be held that the institutions
         acted in compliance with Article 19(1) and (2) of the basic regulation.
      
      231    Lastly, it should be noted, with regard to the estimated production of SKW and TDR, that the Commission explained, in the
         supplementary provisional disclosure document, that this was based on the complainants’ market knowledge and was therefore
         regarded as confidential. As mentioned in paragraph 230 above, since the figures given in the non-confidential version of
         the complaint are the total figures for domestic shipments, the institutions acted in compliance with Article 19(1) and (2)
         of the basic regulation.
      
      232    In the light of the foregoing, it must be held that the applicants are wrong to maintain that the information about the calculation
         of consumption which they had requested in non-confidential form was not disclosed to them. It was either added to the non-confidential
         file or given in the supplementary provisional disclosure document. Accordingly, as regards that aspect of the complaint,
         the applicants have no grounds for pleading infringement of their rights of defence.
      
      233    Also, as regards the basis for the dumping margin calculation, it must be stated that the non-confidential version of the
         complaint contains a brief but clear explanation of the way in which the normal value and the export price were calculated.
         Moreover, the supplementary provisional disclosure document provides detailed explanations of the way in which the normal
         value was calculated. In particular, the Commission made reference in that document to the prices used as a basis for calculating
         normal value which are given in Annexes C.1, C.2, C.3 and C.4 to the non-confidential version of the complaint. Accordingly,
         it must be held that the applicants had sufficient evidence concerning the basis for calculating the dumping margin for them
         to be able to exercise their rights of defence and that the fact that the pages relating to Annex C bis, in the non-confidential
         version of the complaint, were blank was irrelevant.
      
      234    Lastly, as regards the production costs of the companies supporting the complaint, it must be observed that the production
         costs of the complainants taken together appear in Annex 5 to the non-confidential version of the complaint. Since the data
         on the actual production costs of each complainant are undeniably confidential data and the figures given in the non-confidential
         version of the complaint are the total figures for the complainants’ production costs, the institutions acted in compliance
         with Article 19(1) and (2) of the basic regulation. It follows that the institutions gave the applicants information relevant
         to the defence of their interests, whilst not disclosing business secrets. Accordingly, as regards the production costs of
         the companies supporting the complaint, the applicants again have no grounds for pleading infringement of their rights of
         defence.
      
      235    Secondly, the applicants criticise the Council for not adding to the file of the proceeding a ‘meaningful non-confidential
         version’ of the information provided by the individual companies supporting Euroalliages’ complaint. They also state that,
         although some information was ultimately provided, its credibility is undermined by the lack of consistency between the data
         contained in the various documents submitted by those companies. 
      
      236    In that regard, it should be pointed out that those allegations lack detail and that they must be declared inadmissible under
         the first paragraph of Article 21 of the Statute of the Court of Justice, applicable to the General Court by virtue of the
         first paragraph of Article 53 of that Statute and Article 44(1)(c) and (d) of the Rules of Procedure of the General Court,
         as interpreted by the case-law cited in paragraph 60 above. The applicants give no detail as to the non-confidential versions
         they regard as being insufficiently meaningful. In particular, they do not explain whether these are the non-confidential
         versions of documents produced in support of the complaint or of documents produced subsequently. Moreover, they give no detail
         as to the data they consider to be inconsistent. This complaint must therefore be rejected as unfounded.
      
      237    It follows that the fifth plea must be rejected as being in part unfounded and in part inadmissible.
      
      238    In the light of all the foregoing considerations, the action must be dismissed in its entirety. 
      
      239    It is also necessary to reject the applicants’ application for the adoption of measures of organisation of procedure and measures
         of inquiry. First, the applicants ask the Court to order the production of information to support recital 101 to the contested
         regulation concerning the impact, for the determination of injury, of the data specifically relating to Huta Laziska. Since
         it was established, in paragraphs 205 to 209 above, that proper reasons had been stated for that recital, it would not be
         appropriate to accede to the applicants’ request. Secondly, the applicants ask the Court to order the production of information
         regarding the calculation of consumption, the basis for the dumping margin calculation and the costs of production for each
         of the companies supporting the complaint, in order to establish whether the investigation was initiated on the basis of sufficient
         evidence of dumping and injury. However, it was established in paragraphs 224 to 234 above that the applicants had received
         information relevant to the defence of their interests relating to each of those three factors. It would therefore not be
         appropriate to accede to the applicants’ request in that regard either.
      
       Costs
      240    Under Article 87(2) of the Rules of Procedure, the unsuccessful party is to be ordered to pay the costs if they have been
         applied for in the successful party’s pleadings. Since the applicants have been unsuccessful, they must be ordered to pay
         the costs, as applied for by the Council.
      
      241    In addition, under the first subparagraph of Article 87(4) of the Rules of Procedure, the Member States and institutions which
         have intervened in the proceedings are to bear their own costs. The Commission must therefore bear its own costs.
      
      On those grounds,
      THE GENERAL COURT (Second Chamber)
      hereby:
      1.      Dismisses the action;
      2.      Orders Chelyabinsk Electrometallurgical Integrated Plant OAO (CHEMK) and Kuzneckie Ferrosplavy OAO (KF) to bear their own
            costs as well as those incurred by the Council of the European Union;
      3.      Orders the European Commission to bear its own costs.
      
               Pelikánová 
            
            
                Jürimäe 
            
            
                Soldevila Fragoso
            
         Delivered in open court in Luxembourg on 25 October 2011.
      [Signatures]
      Table of contents
      
      Background to the dispute
      Procedure and forms of order sought by the parties
      Law
      1.  First plea: use of a notional profit margin for the construction of the export price
      The first part of the first plea: error of law in the interpretation of Article 2(9) of the basic regulation
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      The second part of the first plea: breach of the obligation to state reasons
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      The third part of the first plea: infringement of the rights of defence
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      The fourth part of the first plea: breach of the principle of sound administration
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      2.  The second plea, concerning the price undertaking offered by Silmak
      The first part of the second plea: breach of the principle of equal treatment
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      The second part of the second plea: infringement of Article 6(7), Article 8(4) and Article 20(1) of the basic regulation
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      The third part of the second plea: breach of the obligation to state reasons
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      The fourth part of the second plea: infringement of the applicants’ rights of defence
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      3.  The third plea, concerning the injury analysis
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      4.  The fourth plea, concerning the analysis of the causal link between the dumped imports and the injury
      The first part of the fourth plea: the impact on the Community industry of the withdrawal from the Community market of third
         country producers, and of production switches and reductions made by a number of Community producers
      
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      –  The complaint relating to market shares vacated by third country producers and Community producers
      –  The complaint relating to the magnitude and cause of voluntary production cuts made by the Community industry
      –  The complaint alleging infringement of the applicants’ rights of defence
      –  The complaint alleging breach of the duty to exercise due care and of the obligation to state reasons
      The second part of the fourth plea, relating to the causes of the injury suffered by individual members of the Community industry
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      The third part of the fourth plea, relating to the decrease in production in the Community industry
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      The fourth part of the fourth plea, relating to the impact of the increased costs borne by the Community industry
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      –  The complaint alleging manifest errors of assessment
      –  The complaint alleging breach of the principle of sound administration and of the obligation to state reasons
      The fifth part of the fourth plea: breach of the obligation to state reasons in respect of the analysis of the injury suffered
         by Huta Laziska
      
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      The sixth part of the fourth plea: breach of the obligation to state reasons in respect of the Council’s conclusions regarding
         the effect of third country imports
      
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      5.  The fifth plea: infringement of the applicants’ rights of defence as regards the disclosure of data relating to the initiation
         of the anti-dumping proceeding
      
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      Costs
      * Language of the case: English.