CELEX: E2013C0028
Language: en
Date: 2013-01-30 00:00:00
Title: EFTA Surveillance Authority Decision No 28/13/COL of 30 January 2013 amending for the eighty-eight time the procedural and substantive rules in the field of state aid by introducing a new chapter on short-term export-credit insurance

19.12.2013   
            
            
               EN
            
            
               Official Journal of the European Union
            
            
               L 343/54
            
         EFTA SURVEILLANCE AUTHORITY DECISION
   No 28/13/COL
   of 30 January 2013
   amending for the eighty-eight time the procedural and substantive rules in the field of state aid by introducing a new chapter on short-term export-credit insurance
   THE EFTA SURVEILLANCE AUTHORITY,
   Having regard to the Agreement on the European Economic Area (1), in particular to Articles 61 to 63 and Protocol 26 thereof,
   Having regard to the Agreement between the EFTA States on the Establishment of a Surveillance Authority and a Court of Justice (2), in particular its Articles 5(2)(b) and 24,
   Recalling the Procedural and Substantive Rules in the Field of State Aid adopted on 19 January 1994 by the Authority (3),
   Whereas:
   Under Article 24 of the Surveillance and Court Agreement, the Authority shall give effect to the provisions of the EEA Agreement concerning state aid,
   Under Article 5(2)(b) of the Surveillance and Court Agreement, the Authority shall issue notices or guidelines on matters dealt with in the EEA Agreement if that Agreement or the Surveillance and Court Agreement expressly so provides or if the Authority considers it necessary,
   On 6 December 2012, the European Commission adopted a new Communication on the application of Article 107 and 108 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to short-term export-credit insurance
       (4).
   That Communication is also of relevance for the European Economic Area,
   Uniform application of the EEA State aid rules is to be ensured throughout the European Economic Area,
   According to point II under the heading “GENERAL” at the end of Annex XV to the EEA Agreement, the Authority, after consultation with the Commission, is to adopt acts corresponding to those adopted by the European Commission,
   The European Commission and the EFTA States have been consulted,
   HAS ADOPTED THIS DECISION:
   Article 1
   The State Aid Guidelines shall be amended by introducing a new chapter on short-term export-credit insurance. The new chapter is contained in the Annex to this Decision.
   Article 2
   Only the English version is authentic.
   
      Done at Brussels, 30 January 2013.
      
         
            For the EFTA Surveillance Authority
         
         Oda Helen SLETNES
         
            President
         
         Sabine MONAUNI-TÖMÖRDY
         
            College Member
         
      
   
   
      (1)  The “EEA Agreement”.
   
      (2)  The “Surveillance and Court Agreement”.
   
      (3)  Guidelines on the application and interpretation of Articles 61 and 62 of the EEA Agreement and Article 1 of Protocol 3 to the Surveillance and Court Agreement, adopted and issued by the Authority on 19 January 1994, published in the Official Journal of the European Union (hereinafter referred to as OJ) L 231 of 3.9.1994 p. 1 and EEA Supplement No 32 of 3.9.1994 p. 1. Hereinafter referred to as the State Aid Guidelines. The updated version of the State Aid Guidelines is published on the Authority’s website: http://www.eftasurv.int/state-aid/legal-framework/state-aid-guidelines/
   
      (4)  Communication from the European Commission to the Member States on the application of Article 107 and 108 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to short-term export-credit insurance, (OJ C 392, 19.12.2012, p. 1).
   
      ANNEX
      
         GUIDELINES ON SHORT-TERM EXPORT-CREDIT INSURANCE
          (1)
      
      1   Introduction
      
      
               
                  (1)
               
               
                  Export subsidies can adversely affect competition in the marketplace among potential rival suppliers of goods and services. That is why the European Commission and the EFTA Surveillance Authority (‘the Authority’), as the guardians of competition under the the EC Treaty and the EEA Agreement, have always strongly condemned export aid for intra-EEA trade and for exports outside the EEA. To prevent EEA States’ support for export-credit insurance from distorting competition, its assessment under EEA state aid rules needs to be clarified.
               
            
               
                  (2)
               
               
                  In 1998, the Authority laid down the principles for state intervention in its Guidelines on short-term export-credit insurance (2). The 1998 Guidelines were to be applied for a period of almost five years from 1 June 1998. They were subsequently amended and their period of application was prolonged in 2001 (3).
               
            
               
                  (3)
               
               
                  Experience gained in applying the 1998 Guidelines, in particular during the financial crisis between 2009 and 2011, suggests that the Authority’s policy in this area should be reviewed.
               
            
               
                  (4)
               
               
                  The rules set out in these Guidelines will help to ensure that state aid does not distort competition among private and public or publicly supported export-credit insurers and to create a level-playing field among exporters.
               
            
               
                  (5)
               
               
                  Their aim is to give the EFTA States more detailed guidance about the principles on which the Authority intends to base its interpretation of Articles 61 and 62 of the EEA Agreement and their application to short-term export-credit insurance. They should make the Authority’s policy in this area as transparent as possible and ensure predictability and equal treatment. To that end, they lays down a set of conditions that must be fulfilled when state insurers wish to enter the short-term export- credit insurance market for marketable risks.
               
            
               
                  (6)
               
               
                  Risks that are in principle non-marketable are outside the scope of these Guidelines.
               
            
               
                  (7)
               
               
                  Section 2 describes the scope of these Guidelines and the definitions used. Section 3 deals with the applicability of Article 61(1) of the EEA Agreement and the general prohibition of state aid for the export-credit insurance of marketable risks. Finally, Section 4 provides for some exceptions from the definition of marketable risks and specifies the conditions for state intervention in the insurance of temporarily non-marketable risks.
               
            2   Scope of the Guidelines and definitions
      
      2.1   Scope
      
      
               
                  (8)
               
               
                  The Authority will apply the principles set out in these Guidelines only to export-credit insurance with a risk period of less than two years. All other export finance instruments are excluded from the scope of these Guidelines.
               
            2.2   Definitions
      
      
               
                  (9)
               
               
                  For the purposes of these Guidelines the following definitions will apply:
                  
                               
                           
                           
                              ‘co-insurance’ means the percentage of each insured loss that is not indemnified by the insurer but is borne by another insurer;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              ‘credit period’ means the period of time given to the buyer to pay for the delivered goods and services under an export-credit transaction;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              ‘commercial risks’ means risks including, in particular:
                              
                                          —
                                       
                                       
                                          arbitrary repudiation of a contract by a buyer, that is to say any arbitrary decision made by a non-public buyer to interrupt or terminate the contract without a legitimate reason;
                                       
                                    
                                          —
                                       
                                       
                                          arbitrary refusal of a non-public buyer to accept the goods covered by the contract without a legitimate reason;
                                       
                                    
                                          —
                                       
                                       
                                          insolvency of a non-public buyer and its guarantor;
                                       
                                    
                                          —
                                       
                                       
                                          protracted default, that is to say non-payment by a non-public buyer and by its guarantor of a debt resulting from the contract;
                                       
                                    
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              ‘export-credit insurance’ means an insurance product whereby the insurer provides insurance against a commercial and political risk related to payment obligations in an export transaction;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              ‘manufacturing period’ means the period between the date of an order and the delivery of the goods or services;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              ‘marketable risks’ means commercial and political risks with a maximum risk period of less than two years, on public and non-public buyers in the countries listed in the Appendix; all other risks are considered non-marketable for the purposes of these Guidelines.
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              ‘political risks’ means risks including, in particular:
                              
                                          —
                                       
                                       
                                          the risk that a public buyer or country prevents the completion of a transaction or does not pay on time;
                                       
                                    
                                          —
                                       
                                       
                                          a risk that is beyond the scope of an individual buyer or falls outside the individual buyer’s responsibility;
                                       
                                    
                                          —
                                       
                                       
                                          the risk that a country fails to transfer to the country of the insured the moneys paid by buyers domiciled in that country;
                                       
                                    
                                          —
                                       
                                       
                                          the risk that a case of force majeure occurs outside the country of the insurer, which could include warlike events, in so far as its effects are not otherwise insured;
                                       
                                    
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              ‘private credit insurer’ means a company or organisation other than a state insurer that provides export-credit insurance;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              ‘quota-share’ means reinsurance that requires the insurer to transfer, and the reinsurer to accept, a given percentage of every risk within a defined category of business written by the insurer;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              ‘reinsurance’ means insurance that is purchased by an insurer from another insurer to manage risk by lowering its own risk;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              ‘risk period’ means the manufacturing period plus the credit period;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              ‘single-risk cover’ means cover for all sales to one buyer or for a single contract with one buyer;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              ‘state insurer’ means a company or other organisation that provides export-credit insurance with the support of, or on behalf of, an EEA State, or an EEA State that provides export-credit insurance;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              ‘top-up cover’ means additional cover over a credit limit established by another insurer;
                           
                        
                               
                           
                           
                              ‘whole turnover policy’ means a credit insurance policy other than single risk-cover; that is to say, a credit insurance policy that covers all or most of the credit sales of the insured as well as payment receivables from sales to multiple buyers.
                           
                        
            3   Applicability of Article 61(1) of the EEA Agreement
      
      3.1   General principles
      
      
               
                  (10)
               
               
                  Article 61(1) of the EEA Agreement states that ‘any aid granted by a EC Member States, EFTA States or through state resources in any form whatsoever which distorts or threatens to distort competition by favouring certain undertakings or the production of certain goods shall, in so far as it affects trade between Contracting Parties, be incompatible with the functioning of this Agreement’.
               
            
               
                  (11)
               
               
                  If export-credit insurance is provided by state insurers, it involves state resources. The involvement of the State may give the insurers and/or the exporters a selective advantage and could thereby distort or threaten to distort competition and affect trade between EEA States. The following principles are designed to provide guidance on how such measures will be assessed under state aid rules.
               
            3.2   Aid for insurers
      
      
               
                  (12)
               
               
                  If state insurers have certain advantages compared to private credit insurers, state aid may be involved. The advantages can take different forms and might include, for example:
                  
                              (a)
                           
                           
                              state guarantees of borrowing and losses;
                           
                        
                              (b)
                           
                           
                              exemption from the requirement to constitute adequate reserves and the other requirements stemming from the exclusion of export-credit insurance operations for the account of or guaranteed by the State from First Council Directive 73/239/EEC of 24 July 1973 on the coordination of laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the taking-up and pursuit of the business of direct insurance other than life assurance (4);
                           
                        
                              (c)
                           
                           
                              relief or exemption from taxes normally payable (such as company taxes and taxes levied on insurance policies);
                           
                        
                              (d)
                           
                           
                              awards of aid or provisions of capital by the State or other forms of financing that are not in accordance with the market economy investor principle;
                           
                        
                              (e)
                           
                           
                              provision by the State of services in kind, such as access to and use of state infrastructure, facilities or privileged information, on terms that do not reflect their market value;
                           
                        
                              (f)
                           
                           
                              direct reinsurance by the State or a direct state reinsurance guarantee on terms more favourable than those available on the private reinsurance market, leading to under-pricing of the reinsurance cover or to the artificial creation of capacity that would not be forthcoming from the private market.
                           
                        
            3.3   Prohibition of state aid for export credits
      
      
               
                  (13)
               
               
                  The advantages for state insurers listed in point 12 with regard to marketable risks affect intra-EEA trade in credit insurance services. They lead to variations in the insurance cover available for marketable risks in different EEA States. This distorts competition among insurers in different EEA States and has secondary effects on intra-EEA trade regardless of whether intra-EEA exports or exports outside the EEA are concerned (5). It is necessary to define the conditions under which state insurers can operate if they have such advantages compared to private credit insurers, in order to ensure they do not benefit from state aid. This requires that they should not be able to insure marketable risks.
               
            
               
                  (14)
               
               
                  Advantages for state insurers are also sometimes passed on to exporters, at least in part. Such advantages may distort competition and trade and constitute state aid within the meaning of Article 61(1) of the EEA Agreement. However, if the conditions for the provision of export-credit insurance for temporarily non-marketable risks, as set out in section 4.3 of these Guidelines, are fulfilled, the Authority will consider that no undue advantage has been passed on to exporters.
               
            4   Conditions for providing export-credit insurance for temporarily non-marketable risks
      
      4.1   General principles
      
      
               
                  (15)
               
               
                  As stated in point 13, if state insurers have any advantages compared to private credit insurers, as described in point 12, they must not insure marketable risks. If state insurers or their subsidiaries wish to insure marketable risks, it must be ensured that in so doing, they do not directly or indirectly benefit from state aid. To this end, they must have a certain amount of own funds (a solvency margin, including a guarantee fund) and technical provisions (an equalisation reserve) and must have obtained the required authorisation in accordance with Directive 73/239/EEC. They must also at least keep a separate administration account and separate accounts for their insurance of marketable risks and non-marketable risks for the account of or guaranteed by the State, to show that they do not receive state aid for their insurance of marketable risks. The accounts for businesses insured on the insurer’s own account should comply with Council Directive 91/674/EC (6).
               
            
               
                  (16)
               
               
                  EFTA States providing reinsurance cover to an export-credit insurer by way of participation or involvement in private sector reinsurance treaties covering marketable and non-marketable risks, must be able to demonstrate that the arrangements do not involve state aid as referred to in point 12(f).
               
            
               
                  (17)
               
               
                  State insurers may provide export-credit insurance for temporarily non-marketable risks, subject to the conditions set out in these Gudelines.
               
            4.2   Exceptions to the definition of marketable risks: temporarily non-marketable risks
      
      
               
                  (18)
               
               
                  Notwithstanding the definition of marketable risks, certain commercial and political risks on buyers established in the countries listed in the Appendix, are considered temporarily non-marketable in the following cases:
                  
                              (a)
                           
                           
                              if the Authority decides to temporarily remove one or more countries from the list of marketable risk countries in the Appendix, by means of the mechanism described in Section 5.2, because the capacity of the private insurance market is insufficient to cover all economically justifiable risks in the country or countries concerned;
                           
                        
                              (b)
                           
                           
                              if the Authority, after having received a notification from an EFTA State, decides that the risks incurred by small and medium-sized enterprises as defined by the Commission Recommendation of 6 May 2003 concerning the definition of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (7), with a total annual export turnover not exceeding EUR 2 million, are temporarily non-marketable for exporters in the notifying EFTA State;
                           
                        
                              (c)
                           
                           
                              if the Authority, after having received a notification from an EFTA State, decides that single-risk cover with a risk period of at least 181 days and less than two years is temporarily non-marketable for exporters in the notifying EFTA State;
                           
                        
                              (d)
                           
                           
                              if the Authority, after having received a notification from an EFTA State, decides that due to a shortage of export-credit insurance, certain risks are temporarily non-marketable for exporters in the notifying EFTA State.
                           
                        
            
               
                  (19)
               
               
                  To minimise distortions of competition in the EEA market, risks which are considered temporarily non-marketable in accordance with point 18 can be covered by state insurers, provided they fulfil the conditions in section 4.3.
               
            4.3   Conditions for providing cover for temporarily non-marketable risks
      
      4.3.1   Quality of cover
      
      
               
                  (20)
               
               
                  The quality of cover offered by state insurers must be consistent with market standards. In particular, only economically justified risks, that is to say, risks that are acceptable on the basis of sound underwriting principles, can be covered. The maximum percentage of cover must be 95 % for commercial risks and political risks and the claims waiting period must be a minimum of 90 days.
               
            4.3.2   Underwriting principles
      
      
               
                  (21)
               
               
                  Sound underwriting principles must always be applied to the assessment of risks. Accordingly, the risk of financially unsound transactions must not be eligible for cover under publicly supported schemes. With regard to such principles, risk acceptance criteria must be explicit. If a business relationship already exists, exporters must have a positive trading and/or payment experience. Buyers must have a clean claims record, the probability of the buyers’ default must be acceptable and their internal and/or external financial ratings must also be acceptable.
               
            4.3.3   Adequate pricing
      
      
               
                  (22)
               
               
                  Risk-carrying in the export-credit insurance contract must be remunerated by an adequate premium. To minimise the crowding out of private credit insurers, average premiums under publicly supported schemes must be higher than the average premiums charged by private credit insurers for similar risks. This requirement ensures the phasing out of state intervention, because the higher premium will ensure that exporters return to private credit insurers as soon as market conditions allow them to do so and the risk becomes marketable again.
               
            
               
                  (23)
               
               
                  Pricing is considered adequate if the minimum premium (8) (‘safe-harbour premium’) for the relevant buyers’ risk category (9) as set out in the following table is charged. The safe-harbour premium applies unless EFTA States provide evidence that these rates are inadequate for the risk in question. For a whole turnover policy, the risk category must correspond to the average risk of buyers covered by the policy.
                  
                              Risk category
                           
                           
                              Annual risk premium (10)
                              
                              (% of insured volume)
                           
                        
                              Excellent (11)
                              
                           
                           
                              0,2 – 0,4
                           
                        
                              Good (12)
                              
                           
                           
                              0,41 – 0,9
                           
                        
                              Satisfactory (13)
                              
                           
                           
                              0,91 – 2,3
                           
                        
                              Weak (14)
                              
                           
                           
                              2,31 – 4,5
                           
                        
            
               
                  (24)
               
               
                  For co-insurance, quota share and top-up cover, pricing is considered adequate only if the premium charged is at least 30 % higher than the premium for the (original) cover provided by a private credit insurer.
               
            
               
                  (25)
               
               
                  An administration fee must be added to the risk premium regardless of the term of the contract in order for pricing to be considered adequate.
               
            4.3.4.   Transparency and reporting
      
      
               
                  (26)
               
               
                  EFTA States must publish the schemes put in place for risks which are considered temporarily non-marketable in accordance with point 18 on the websites of state insurers, specifying all applicable conditions.
               
            
               
                  (27)
               
               
                  They must submit annual reports to the Authority on risks which are considered temporarily non-marketable in accordance with point 18 and are covered by state insurers. They must do so at the latest on 31 July of the year following the intervention.
               
            
               
                  (28)
               
               
                  The report must contain information on use of each scheme, including in particular the total volume of credit limits granted, turnover insured, premiums charged, claims registered and paid, amounts recovered and the administrative costs of the scheme. The Authority will publish the reports on its website.
               
            5   Procedural Issues
      
      5.1   General principles
      
      
               
                  (29)
               
               
                  The risks specified in point 18(a) can be covered by state insurers, subject to the conditions in section 4.3. The Authority does not have to be notified in such cases.
               
            
               
                  (30)
               
               
                  The risks specified in point 18(b), (c) and (d) can be covered by state insurers, subject to the conditions in section 4.3 and following notification to and approval by the Authority.
               
            
               
                  (31)
               
               
                  Failure to fulfil any one of the conditions set out in Section 4.3 does not mean that the export-credit insurance or insurance scheme is automatically prohibited. If an EFTA State wishes to deviate from any of the conditions or if there is any doubt about whether a planned export-credit insurance scheme fulfils the conditions set out in these Gudelines, the EFTA State must notify the scheme to the Authority.
               
            
               
                  (32)
               
               
                  Analysis under state aid rules does not prejudge the compatibility of a given measure with other EEA Agreement provisions.
               
            5.2   Modification of the list of marketable risk countries
      
      
               
                  (33)
               
               
                  When determining whether the lack of sufficient private capacity justifies the temporary removal of a country from the list of marketable risk countries, as referred to in point 18(a), the Authority will take the following factors into account, in order of priority:
                  
                              (a)
                           
                           
                              contraction of private credit insurance capacity: in particular, the decision of a major credit insurer not to cover risks on buyers in the country concerned, a significant decrease in total insured amounts or a significant decrease in acceptance ratios for the country concerned within a six-month period;
                           
                        
                              (b)
                           
                           
                              deterioration of sovereign sector ratings: in particular, sudden changes in credit ratings within a six-month period, for example multiple downgrading by independent rating agencies, or a big increase in Credit Default Swap spreads;
                           
                        
                              (c)
                           
                           
                              deterioration of corporate sector performance: in particular, a sharp increase in insolvencies in the country concerned within a six-month period.
                           
                        
            
               
                  (34)
               
               
                  When market capacity becomes insufficient to cover all economically justifiable risks, the Authority may revise the list of marketable risk countries at the written request of an EFTA State or on its own initiative.
               
            
               
                  (35)
               
               
                  If the Authority intends to modify the list of marketable risk countries in the Appendix, it will consult and seek information from EFTA States, private credit insurers and interested parties. The consultation and the type of information sought will be announced on the Authority's website. The consultation period will usually not be longer than 20 working days. When, on the basis of the information gathered, the Authority decides to modify the list of marketable risk countries, it will inform the EFTA States in writing and announce the decision on its website.
               
            
               
                  (36)
               
               
                  The temporary removal of a country from the list of marketable risk countries will be valid for no less than 12 months. Insurance policies relating to the temporarily removed country which are signed during that period may be valid for a maximum of 180 days after the date on which the temporary removal ceases. New insurance policies may not be signed after that date. Three months before the temporary removal ceases, the Authority will consider whether to prolong the removal of the country concerned from the list. If the Authority determines that market capacity is still insufficient to cover all economically justifiable risks, taking into account the factors set out in point 33, it may prolong the temporary removal of the country from the list, in accordance with point 35.
               
            5.3   Notification obligation for exceptions in point 18(b) and (c)
      
      
               
                  (37)
               
               
                  The evidence currently available to the Authority suggests that there may be a market gap as regards the risks specified in points 18(b) and (c) and that those risks are therefore non-marketable. (15) It must be borne in mind, however, that the lack of cover does not exist in every EEA State and that the situation could change over time, as the private sector might become interested in this segment of the market. State intervention should only be allowed for risks which the market would otherwise not cover.
               
            
               
                  (38)
               
               
                  For these reasons, if an EFTA State wants to cover the risks specified in point 18(b) or (c), it must make a notification to the Authority pursuant to Protocol 3 of the Surveillence and Court Agreement and demonstrate in its notification that it has contacted the main credit insurers and brokers in that EFTA State (16) and given them an opportunity to provide evidence that cover for the risks concerned is available there. If the credit insurers concerned do not give the EFTA State or the Authority information about the conditions of cover and insured volumes for the type of risks the EFTA State wants to cover within 30 days of receiving a request from the EFTA State to do so, or if the information provided does not demonstrate that cover for the risks concerned is available in that EFTA State, the Authority will consider the risks temporarily non-marketable.
               
            5.4   Notification obligation in other cases
      
      
               
                  (39)
               
               
                  As regards the risks specified in point 18(d), the EFTA State concerned must, in its notification to the Authority pursuant to Protocol 3 of the Surveillence and Court Agreement, demonstrate that cover is unavailable for exporters in that particular EFTA State due to a supply shock in the private insurance market, in particular the withdrawal of a major credit insurer from the EFTA State concerned, reduced capacity or a limited range of products compared to other EFTA States.
               
            6   Date of application and duration
      
      
               
                  (40)
               
               
                  The Authority will apply the principles in these Gudelines from the date of their adoption until 31 December 2018.
               
            
         (1)  These Guidelines correspond to the Communication from the European Commission to the Member States on the application of Article 107 and 108 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to short-term export-credit insurance, 6.12.2012 (OJ C 392, 19.12.2012, p. 1).
      
         (2)  OJ L 120, 23.4.1998, p. 27 and EEA Supplement No 16, 23.4.1998, p. 1.
      
         (3)  OJ L 30, 31.1.2002, p. 52 and EEA Supplement No 7, 31.1.2002, p. 1.
      
         (4)  OJ L 228, 16.8.1973, p. 3, cf. Point 2 of Annex IX to the EEA Agreement.
      
         (5)  In its judgment in Case C-142/87 Kingdom of Belgium v Commission of the European Communities, the European Court of Justice held that not only aid for intra-Union exports, but also aid for exports outside the Union, can influence intra-Union competition and trade. Both types of operation are insured by export-credit insurers and aid for both can therefore affect intra-Union competition and trade.
      
         (6)  Council Directive 91/674/EC of 19.12.1991 on the annual accounts and consolidated accounts of insurance undertakings (OJ L 374, 31.12.1991, p. 7), as adapted for the purpose of the EEA Agreement by the EEA Joint Committee Decision No 7/94 (OJ L 160, 28.6.1994; EEA Supplement No 17, 28.6.1994).
      
         (7)  OJ L 124, 20.5.2003, p. 36.
      
         (8)  For each relevant risk category, the safe-harbour risk premium range was established on the basis of one-year Credit Default Swap (CDS) spreads, based on a composite rating including ratings of all three main credit rating agencies (Standard & Poor, Moody’s and Fitch), for the past five years (2007–11), assuming that average recovery ratios for short-term export-credit insurance are 40 %. The ranges were subsequently made continuous to better cater for the fact that risk premiums do not remain constant over time.
      
         (9)  The buyers’ risk categories are based on credit ratings. Ratings do not need to be obtained from specific rating agencies. National rating systems or rating systems used by banks are equally acceptable. For firms without a public rating, a rating based on verifiable information could be applied.
      
         (10)  Safe harbour for a 30-day insurance contract can be obtained by dividing the annual risk premium by 12.
      
         (11)  The excellent risk category includes risks equivalent to AAA, AA+, AA, AA-, A+, A, A- in Standard & Poor’s credit ratings.
      
         (12)  The good risk category includes risks equivalent to BBB+, BBB or BBB- in Standard & Poor’s credit ratings.
      
         (13)  The satisfactory risk category includes risks equivalent to BB+, BB or BB- in Standard & Poor’s credit ratings.
      
         (14)  The weak risk category includes risks equivalent to B+, B or B- in Standard & Poor’s credit ratings.
      
         (15)  See the Communication from the European Commission to the EU Member States on the application of Article 107 and 108 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to short-term export-credit insurance, 6.12.2012 (OJ C 392, 19.12.2012, p. 1) para. 37.
      
         (16)  The contacted credit insurers and brokers should be representative in terms of the products offered (for example, specialised providers for single risks) and the size of the market they cover (for example, representing jointly a minimum share of 50 % of the market).
      
         Appendix
         
            List of Marketable Risk Countries
         
         
                      
                  
                  
                     All the EU Member States and the EEA EFTA States
                  
               
                      
                  
                  
                     Australia
                  
               
                      
                  
                  
                     Canada
                  
               
                      
                  
                  
                     Japan
                  
               
                      
                  
                  
                     New Zealand
                  
               
                      
                  
                  
                     Switzerland
                  
               
                      
                  
                  
                     United States of America