CELEX: 62012TJ0565
Language: en
Date: 2014-07-03 00:00:00
Title: Judgment of the General Court (Seventh Chamber, extended composition) of 3 July 2014. # National Iranian Tanker Company v Council of the European Union. # Common foreign and security policy - Restrictive measures adopted against Iran with the aim of preventing nuclear proliferation - Freezing of funds - Obligation to state reasons - Error of assessment - Adjustment of the temporal effects of an annulment. # Case T-565/12.

Parties
               Grounds
               Operative part
               
            
            Parties
            In Case T‑565/12,
            National Iranian Tanker Company,  established in Tehran (Iran), represented by R. Chandrasekera, S. Ashley and C. Murphy, Solicitors, M. Lester, Barrister, and D. Wyatt QC, 
            applicant,
            v
            Council of the European Union,  represented by S. Boelaert and M. Bishop, acting as Agents,
            defendant,
            APPLICATION for annulment of (i) Council Decision 2012/635/CFSP of 15 October 2012 amending Decision 2010/413/CFSP concerning restrictive measures against Iran (OJ 2012 L 282, p. 58), in that the applicant was listed in Annex II to Council Decision 2010/413/CFSP of 26 July 2010 concerning restrictive measures against Iran and repealing Common Position 2007/140/CFSP (OJ 2010 L 195, p. 39) and (ii) Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No 945/2012 of 15 October 2012 implementing Regulation (EU) No 267/2012 concerning restrictive measures against Iran (OJ 2012 L 282, p. 16), in so far as that regulation concerns the applicant,
            THE GENERAL COURT (Seventh Chamber, Extended Composition)
            composed of M. van der Woude (Rapporteur), President, I. Wiszniewska-Białecka, M. Kancheva, C. Wetter and I. Ulloa Rubio, Judges, 
            Registrar: N. Rosner, Administrator,
            having regard to the written procedure and further to the hearing on 31 January 2014,
            gives the following
            Judgment 
            
            Grounds
            Background to the dispute 
            1. The applicant, National Iranian Tanker Company, is an Iranian company dedicated to the transport of cargoes of crude oil and gas. It operates one of the largest fleets in the world of double-hulled tankers.
            2. The present case has been brought in connection with the restrictive measures introduced in order to apply pressure on the Islamic Republic of Iran to end proliferation-sensitive nuclear activities and the development of nuclear weapon delivery systems.
            3. On 9 June 2010 the United Nations Security Council (‘the Security Council’) adopted Resolution 1929 (2010) (‘Resolution 1929’) which aimed to extend the scope of the restrictive measures imposed by Security Council Resolutions 1737 (2006), 1747 (2007) and 1803 (2008) and to introduce additional restrictive measures against the Islamic Republic of Iran.
            4. On 17 June 2010 the European Council underlined its deepening concern about Iran’s nuclear programme and welcomed the adoption of Resolution 1929. Recalling its declaration of 11 December 2009, the European Council invited the Council of the European Union to adopt measures implementing those contained in Resolution 1929 as well as accompanying measures, with a view to supporting, through negotiation, the resolution of all outstanding concerns regarding the development by the Islamic Republic of Iran of sensitive technologies in support of its nuclear and missile programmes. Those measures were to focus on the areas of trade, the financial sector, the Iranian transport sector and key sectors in the oil and gas industry, and on additional designations, in particular for the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps.
            5. On 26 July 2010 the Council adopted Council Decision 2010/413/CFSP concerning restrictive measures against Iran and repealing Common Position 2007/140/CFSP (OJ 2010 L 195, p. 39), Annex II to which decision lists the persons and entities — other than those designated by the Security Council or by the Sanctions Committee created by Resolution 1737 (2006), mentioned in Annex I - whose assets are to be frozen. Recital 22 in the preamble of that decision refers to Resolution 1929 and states that that resolution notes the potential connection between the revenues derived by Iran from its energy sector and the funding of its proliferation-sensitive nuclear activities.
            6. On 23 January 2012 the Council adopted Decision 2012/35/CFSP amending Decision 2010/413/CFSP (OJ 2012 L 19, p. 22). Recital 8 in the preamble of that decision notes the potential connection between Iran’s revenues derived from its energy sector and the funding of Iran’s proliferation-sensitive nuclear activities and the fact that chemical process equipment and materials required for the petrochemical industry have much in common with those required for certain sensitive nuclear fuel cycle activities, as underlined in Resolution 1929.
            7. Article 1(7)(a)(ii) of Decision 2012/35 added the following point to Article 20(1) of Decision 2010/413, providing for the freezing of funds belonging to the following persons and entities:
            ‘(c) other persons and entities not covered by Annex I that provide support to the Government of Iran, and persons and entities associated with them, as listed in Annex II’.
            8. Consequently, under the FEU Treaty, on 23 March 2012 the Council adopted Regulation (EU) No 267/2012 concerning restrictive measures against Iran and repealing Regulation (EU) No 961/2010 (OJ 2012 L 88, p. 1). In order to implement Article 1(7)(a)(ii) of Decision 2012/35, Article 23(2) of that regulation provides for the freezing of funds of persons, entities and bodies listed in Annex IX thereto, identified as:
            ‘(d) being other persons, entities or bodies that provide support, such as material, logistical or financial support, to the Government of Iran, and persons and entities associated with them’.
            9. By letters of 10 August, 14 September and 10 October 2010 to the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, the applicant made known, inter alia, its concerns as to the effects on its fleet of the prohibition on the provision of insurance or re-insurance to the Government of Iran, laid down in Article 12 of Decision 2010/413. In the abovementioned letter of 10 August 2010 the applicant stated that it had been privatised in 2000.
            10. Further, in a letter of 19 January 2012 to the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, the applicant challenged the information reported in an article in the specialised journal of the shipping industry, Lloyd’s List , disseminated on the internet the day before, headed ‘NITC to be targeted by sanctions’. In that regard, the applicant denied any connection with the Iranian nuclear programme. The applicant claimed that its tankers were not used for the transport of materials which are prohibited in relation to that programme. Moreover, neither the applicant nor its Chairman nor its shareholders had any links with the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps.
            11. On 15 October 2012 the Council adopted Decision 2012/635/CFSP amending Decision 2010/413 (OJ 2012 L 282, p. 58; ‘the contested decision’). According to recital 16 in the preamble to that decision, additional persons and entities were to be included in the list of persons and entities subject to restrictive measures as set out in Annex II to Decision 2010/413, in particular Iranian State-owned entities engaged in the oil and gas sector, since they provide a substantial source of revenue for the Iranian Government.
            12. Article 1(8)(a) of Decision 2012/635 amended Article 20(1)(c) of Decision 2010/413, which consequently provides that restrictive measures are to be imposed on:
            ‘other persons and entities not covered by Annex I that provide support to the Government of Iran and entities owned or controlled by them or persons and entities associated with them, as listed in Annex II’.
            13. Article 2 of Decision 2012/635 listed the applicant in the table in Annex II to Decision 2010/413 containing the list of ‘Persons and entities involved in nuclear or ballistic missile activities and persons and entities providing support to the Government of Iran’.
            14. Consequently, on the same day, the Council adopted Implementing Regulation (EU) No 945/2012 implementing Regulation No 267/2012 (OJ 2012 L 282, p. 16; ‘the contested regulation’). Article 1 of that regulation listed the applicant in the table in Annex IX containing the list of ‘Persons and entities involved in nuclear or ballistic missile activities and persons and entities providing support to the Government of Iran’.
            15. The applicant was listed for the following reasons: ‘Effectively controlled by the Iranian Government. Provides financial support to the Government of Iran through its shareholders which maintain ties with the Government.’
            16. The contested decision and regulation were notified to the applicant by letter of 16 October 2012, in which the Council drew the applicant’s attention to the possibility of submitting observations and of requesting that the Council reconsider its position.
            17. By letter of 13 December 2012 the applicant challenged its listing by means of the contested decision and regulation, and asked the Council to send to it more specific information on the reasons for that listing, and the evidence on which the listing was based.
            18. The Council replied in a letter of 12 March 2013, to which copies of documents from its file were annexed. In that letter, the Council stated that there were no other documents or information concerning the applicant in the Council’s possession.
            Procedure and forms of order sought by the parties 
            19. By application lodged at the Registry of the General Court on 27 December 2012, the applicant brought this action.
            20. Following a change in the composition of the Chambers of the Court, the Judge-Rapporteur was assigned to the Seventh Chamber, to which the present case was accordingly allocated. On the proposal of the Seventh Chamber, the Court decided to refer the case to an extended formation.
            21. The applicant claims, in essence, that the Court should: 
            – annul the contested decision and regulation with immediate effect, in so far as they concern the applicant;
            – order the Council to pay the costs.
            22. The Council contends that the Court should: 
            – dismiss the action as inadmissible or, in the alternative, as unfounded;
            – order the applicant to pay the costs.
            23. By document lodged at the Court Registry on 23 July 2013, the applicant applied for the adoption of measures of organisation of procedure or measures of inquiry. By document lodged at the Court Registry on 19 September 2013, the Council submitted its observations on that application.
            Law 
            Admissibility 
            24. The Council, although it does not formally submit a plea of inadmissibility, argues that this action is inadmissible. The Council claims that, since the applicant is entirely controlled by the Iranian State, it must be regarded as a governmental entity. As an emanation of the Iranian State, the applicant does not have locus standi  to bring an action claiming a violation of the right to protection of property or other fundamental rights. In that regard, the Council distinguishes, on the one hand, certain procedural rights, which States are accepted as having, and, on the other, fundamental rights, which States cannot enjoy.
            25. According to the Council, that plea of inadmissibility applies to all the pleas in law relied on by the applicant, because the aim of this action is in reality to obtain the annulment of the freezing of funds, which is an interference — albeit justified — in the right to property. It is therefore immaterial that not all the pleas in law specifically refer to that right.
            26. In support of that plea of inadmissibility, the Council refers inter alia to Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, signed at Rome on 4 November 1950 (‘ECHR’), which defines the persons who may bring an application before the European Court of Human Rights, and which excludes governmental organisations from the protection of that court. According to the Council, the ratio legis of Article 34 of the ECHR resides in the very nature of fundamental rights; a State must respect the fundamental rights of natural and legal persons under its jurisdiction for the purposes of the ECHR. A State, or an emanation of a State, cannot therefore enjoy fundamental rights, since a sovereign State is not subject to the jurisdiction of another State.
            27. The applicant considers that its action and all the pleas in law on which it relies are admissible.
            28. In that regard, suffice it to observe that the Council’s argument that the applicant, as an emanation of the Iranian State, cannot rely on the right to property falls to be examined in relation to the question of whether the fourth plea in law, claiming inter alia an infringement of the right to property, is well founded, and not in relation to the admissibility of this action, or the admissibility of that plea in law (see, to that effect, Case C‑348/12 P Council  v Manufacturing Support & Procurement Kala Naft  [2013] ECR, paragraph 51).
            29. Accordingly, this action must be declared to be admissible.
            Substance 
            30. The applicant puts forward four pleas in law in support of its action. The first plea is a claim of a manifest error of assessment. The second plea is a claim of infringement of the obligation to state reasons. The third plea is a claim of infringement of the rights of the defence and of the right to effective judicial protection. The fourth plea is a claim of a breach of the principle of proportionality, and of the applicant’s fundamental rights, including its right to the protection of its property, its business and its reputation.
            31. The Court considers that it is appropriate first to examine the second plea.
            The second plea in law: infringement of the obligation to state reasons 
            32. The applicant claims that insufficient reasons were stated for its listing. It claims that the reasons stated in the contested decision and regulation are vague and do not satisfy the requirement that the reasons stated must be specific and concrete. Further, the applicant criticises the Council’s reliance, in its defence, on new grounds for listing which have no connection to the legal criterion of provision of financial support.
            33. The Council contends, for its part, that, in a general context which was well known to the applicant, the grounds stated in the contested decision and regulation enabled the applicant to understand the specific and concrete reasons for its listing, and therefore met the requirements of the obligation to state reasons. Since 1 July 2012 it has been no secret that the European Union authorities were scrutinising the applicant’s activities, following the ban on the import of Iranian oil into European Union Member States and on providing maritime insurance, particularly in relation to the transport of Iranian crude oil, introduced by Decision 2012/35. In the months preceding the applicant being listed, a series of press articles brought to light the links between the Government of Iran and the applicant, and the applicant’s activities designed to circumvent the restrictive measures, inter alia by obtaining, from third-country companies, insurance services, by means of registering its tankers under the flags of third countries.
            34. The letters which the applicant sent, before its listing, to the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, in particular the letter of 19 January 2012 (see paragraph 10 above), confirm that the applicant was aware of that general context.
            35. First of all, it must be borne in mind that, according to settled case-law, the purpose of the obligation to state the reasons on which an act adversely affecting an individual is based, which is a corollary of the principle of respect for the rights of the defence, is, first, to provide the person concerned with sufficient information to make it possible to ascertain whether the act is well founded or whether it is vitiated by a defect which may permit its legality to be contested before the Courts of the European Union and, secondly, to enable those Courts to review the legality of that act (see Case C‑417/11 P Council  v Bamba [2012] ECR, paragraph 49 and case-law cited).
            36. The statement of reasons required by Article 296 TFEU must disclose in a clear and unequivocal fashion the reasoning followed by the institution which adopted the measure in such a way as to enable the persons concerned to ascertain the reasons for the measure and to enable the court with jurisdiction to exercise its power of review ( Council  v Bamba , paragraph 50).
            37. Further, as regards restrictive measures adopted as part of the common foreign and security policy, it must be emphasised that, where the person concerned is not afforded the opportunity to be heard before the adoption of an initial listing decision, compliance with the obligation to state reasons is all the more important because it constitutes the sole safeguard enabling the person concerned, at least after the adoption of that decision, to make effective use of the legal remedies available to him in order to challenge the lawfulness of that decision ( Council  v Bamba , paragraph 51, and Case T‑228/02 Organisation des Modjahedines du peuple d’Iran  v Council (‘ OMPI I ’) [2006] ECR II‑4665, paragraph 140).
            38. Consequently, the statement of reasons for an act of the Council which imposes a restrictive measure must not only identify the legal basis for that measure but also the actual and specific reasons why the Council considers, in the exercise of its discretion, that such a measure must be adopted in respect of the person concerned (see, to that effect, Council  v Bamba , paragraph 52; OMPI I , paragraph 146; and Case T‑390/08 Bank Melli Iran  v Council [2009] ECR II‑3967, paragraph 83).
            39. However, the statement of reasons must be appropriate to the nature of the measure at issue and the context in which it was adopted. The requirements to be satisfied by the statement of reasons depend on the circumstances of each case, in particular the content of the measure in question, the nature of the reasons given and the interest which the addressees of the measure, or other parties to whom it is of direct and individual concern, may have in obtaining explanations. It is not necessary for the statement of reasons to specify all the relevant matters of fact and law, since the question whether the statement of reasons is adequate must be assessed with regard not only to its wording but also to its context and to all the legal rules governing the matter in question. In particular, the reasons given for a decision adversely affecting a person are sufficient if it was adopted in circumstances known to the party concerned which enable him to understand the scope of the measure concerning him ( Council  v Bamba , paragraphs 53 and 54; OMPI I , paragraph 141; and Bank Melli Iran  v Council , paragraph 82).
            40. In this case, the listing of the applicant is based on the following two reasons. The applicant is said to be ‘effectively controlled by the Government of Iran’. The applicant is said to provide ‘financial support to the Government of Iran through its shareholders which maintain ties with the Government’.
            41. As regards whether that statement of reasons identifies the legal basis for the measure adopted by the Council against the applicant, in accordance with the case-law cited in paragraph 38 above, it is clear from the second of the two grounds relied on by the Council that the Council based its decision on the legal criterion of provision of financial support to the Government of Iran, set out in Article 20(1)(c) of Decision 2010/413, and clarified in Article 23(2)(d) of Regulation No 267/2012 (see paragraphs 7 and 8 above). Further, that ground indicates clearly that, according to the Council, such financial support is the result of the ties maintained by the applicant’s shareholders with the Government of Iran.
            42. On the other hand, as stated by the applicant, it is not possible to identify in the first ground, that the applicant is actually controlled by the Government of Iran, considered in isolation, the legal criterion on which it is based. That ground must therefore be examined together with the second ground.
            43. As regards whether the joint examination of the two grounds discloses to the requisite legal standard the reasons adopted by the Council, first, it must be observed that those grounds must be assessed in the general context of measures taken by the Council against the Islamic Republic of Iran (see paragraph 39 above). In that regard, both recital 22 in the preamble to Decision 2010/413 (paragraph 5 above) and recital 16 in the preamble to Decision 2012/635 (paragraph 11 above) reveal that the Council established a link between revenue from the oil and gas sector, on the one hand, and the funding of nuclear proliferation activities, on the other. Since the applicant is active in that sector as a transporter of oil and gas, the applicant was in a position to appreciate that the financial support referred to in the statement of reasons for the contested decision and regulation concerned that particular link.
            44. As correctly observed by the Council, the applicant was fully aware of the Council’s intention to include its name in the list of persons and entities subject to restrictive measures. Before the adoption of the contested decision and regulation, the applicant wrote to the Council in order to inform it of the applicant’s concerns as to the effects of a possible listing (see paragraphs 9 and 10 above). It is therefore evident that the applicant was closely following the policy pursued by the Council against the Islamic Republic of Iran and that it must accordingly have been aware of the link which the Council had established between revenue from the oil and gas sector, on the one hand, and the funding of the Iranian nuclear programme, on the other.
            45. Secondly, while it is true that the specific reasons given by the Council to justify the applicant’s listing are succinct in that they do not specify either the type of financial support which the applicant is supposed to have provided to the Government of Iran or the nature of the ties maintained between the Government of Iran and its shareholders, it remains the case that those explanations enabled the applicant to appreciate that the support at issue was support implemented through its shareholders.
            46. Admittedly, the applicant claims that, by reason of its privatisation in 2000, its shareholders no longer maintained any ties with the Government of Iran. That argument however concerns the assessment of whether the grounds advanced by the Council are well founded and not the question whether those grounds meet the requirements of Article 296 TFEU. The question of whether reasons are stated, which concerns an essential procedural requirement, is separate from that of the evidence of the alleged conduct, which concerns the substantive legality of the act at issue and involves assessing the truth of the facts set out in that act and the characterisation of those facts as evidence justifying the use of restrictive measures against the person concerned ( Council v Bamba , paragraph 60).
            47. It must therefore be concluded that, having regard to the general context in which the contested decision and regulation were adopted, the grounds relied on by the Council to justify the inclusion of the applicant in the lists of persons and entities subject to restrictive measures are compatible with the requirements of Article 296 TFEU and, accordingly, that the second plea in law must be rejected.
            The first plea in law: manifest error of assessment 
            48. The applicant claims that it is not controlled by the Government of Iran and that it does not provide financial support to the Government of Iran. The applicant claims that its shareholders, which are private pension funds, and which moreover were not listed at the time of its own listing, do not have, to its knowledge, any link with the Government of Iran. The applicant was privatised in 2000, and its beneficial owners are five million Iranians in receipt of pensions. In any event, it has made losses and has not paid any dividend to its shareholders since 2010.
            49. As regards the press articles which the Council relies on as ‘open source material’, they may not be taken into consideration by the Court, since, according to the applicant, it is clear from the Council’s letter of 12 March 2013 that they were not taken into consideration by the Council when the applicant was listed.
            50. The Council considers, for its part, that the applicant meets the criterion of provision of support to the Government of Iran. First, the Council states that the decision of the European Union to ban the import of Iranian oil is designed to deprive the Islamic Republic of Iran of oil revenue, which represents 70% of that State’s revenue, in order to exert pressure on it to rein in its nuclear programme. According to the Council, the applicant transported almost half of the crude oil produced in Iran in 2011, as attested in particular by an article of the Institute for the Study of War of 16 April 2012, and a report of 10 January 2013 drawn up by the Congressional Research Service (United States of America) (Annexes 3 and 18 to the defence).
            51. Second, as regards the applicant’s ownership structure, the Council explains that it relied on information provided by Member States, confirmed by open source data, according to which 33% of the applicant’s capital was held by the State Pension Fund; 33% by the Social Security Retirement Fund, and 33% by the NIOC Pension and Savings Fund. The explanations provided by the applicant, inter alia in the expert statement attached to the application (Annex 3), fail, according to the Council, to rebut the claim that the applicant is actually controlled by the Iranian State. That statement merely indicates that 66% of the applicant’s capital was transferred to two private entities in 2000, and that, since then, the applicant has been entirely privatised, while failing to provide the names of the purchasers. The applicant’s true ownership structure is therefore deliberately opaque. In any event, the applicant’s shareholders are State pension funds, so that the State thereby controls the applicant and derives financial benefit from the applicant through its shareholders.
            52. Further, in January 2012 the applicant’s Chairman, Mr S., was suddenly replaced by Mr B., a former Iranian road and transportation minister with close links to Iran’s President. In addition, the applicant has, according to the Council, attempted to conceal the ownership of the ships in its fleet by renaming them and reflagging them.
            53. As regards the evidence, the Council states that its claims are supported to the requisite legal standard by the documents in its file, copies of which were sent to the applicant on its request, and by the open source information, known to the applicant, consisting in the reports and press articles annexed to the defence.
            54. In that regard, first, it must be recalled that, in accordance with the case-law, the Council has a degree of discretion to determine on a case-by-case basis whether the legal criteria on which the restrictive measures at issue are based are met (see, to that effect, judgment of 13 March 2012 in Case C‑380/09 P Melli Bank  v Council , not published in the ECR, paragraph 41, and Joined Cases T‑42/12 and T‑181/12 Bateni  v Council [2013] ECR, paragraph 45).
            55. However, the Courts of the European Union must ensure the review, in principle the full review, of the lawfulness of all Union acts in the light of the fundamental rights forming an integral part of the European Union legal order, including review of such measures as are designed to give effect to resolutions adopted by the Security Council under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations (Joined Cases C‑584/10 P, C‑593/10 P and C‑595/10 P Commission  v Kadi  (‘ Kadi II ’) [2013] ECR, paragraph 97).
            56. The effectiveness of the judicial review guaranteed by Article 47 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union also requires that, as part of the review of the lawfulness of the grounds which are the basis of the decision to list or to maintain the listing of a given person, the Courts of the European Union are to ensure that that decision is taken on a sufficiently solid factual basis. That entails a verification of the factual allegations in the summary of reasons underpinning that decision, with the consequence that judicial review cannot be restricted to an assessment of the cogency in the abstract of the reasons relied on, but must concern whether those reasons, or, at the very least, one of those reasons, deemed sufficient in itself to support that decision, is substantiated ( Kadi II , paragraph 119).
            57. It is the task of the competent European Union authority to establish, in the event of challenge, that the reasons relied on against the person concerned are well founded, and not the task of that person to adduce evidence of the negative, that those reasons are not well founded. It is necessary that the information or evidence produced should support the reasons relied on against the person concerned ( Kadi II , paragraphs 121 and 122).
            58. Secondly, as regards the argument advanced by the Council at the hearing, that the involvement of the applicant in the Iranian oil and gas sector, through its business in transporting crude oil and gas produced in Iran, is sufficient evidence in itself that the applicant provided financial support to the Government of Iran, it must be recalled that the listing of the applicant is based on the provision of financial support to the government of Iran, as a consequence of the ties maintained by the applicant’s shareholders with the Government of Iran. Yet the transport of oil is unrelated to the alleged existence of links between the applicant’s shareholders and that Government. According to the case-law, the legality of contested acts may be assessed only on the basis of the elements of fact and law on the basis of which they were adopted. The Court cannot accede to what is, in short, an invitation by the Council to replace the grounds on which those acts are based (see judgment of 12 November 2013 in Case T‑55/12 North Drilling  v Council , not published in the ECR, paragraph 25 and case-law cited).
            59. The Court must also disregard the explanations given by the Council at the hearing, to the effect that the applicant, which is a former subsidiary of the National Iranian Oil Company (‘NIOC’), remained after its privatisation under the control of that public undertaking, which is wholly owned by the Iranian State and is listed among the bodies subject to restrictive measures by reason of the provision of financial support to the Government of Iran. That argument, which amounts to the assertion that the financial support provided to the Government of Iran by the applicant is effected through a third company, namely NIOC, cannot be accepted. The grounds for the applicant’s listing do not refer to any indirect financial support resulting from links between the applicant and NIOC, but to financial support by the applicant to the Government of Iran by means of links between the applicant’s shareholders and the Government of Iran.
            60. Further, and in any event, in so far as the aim of the abovementioned arguments of the Council is to establish that the applicant provides indirect financial support to Government of Iran, as a consequence of its business in transporting oil and gas by sea, it is clear that the applicable legislation lays down the criterion of the provision of financial support to the Government of Iran, not the criterion of the provision of indirect financial support. Contrary to what is claimed by the Council, the mere fact that, through its transport business, the applicant is involved in the Iranian oil and gas sector, which represents one of the Government of Iran’s main sources of revenue, cannot be regarded as being covered by the legal criterion of provision of financial support to the Government of Iran.
            61. Thirdly, as regards its ownership structure, the applicant correctly states that the Council’s file does not contain any evidence. In particular, neither the proposals for its listing submitted by three Member States, dated 19, 24 and 28 September 2012, nor the other documents in that file identify the applicant’s shareholders or contain the slightest evidence capable of supporting the claims that the applicant is controlled by the Government of Iran or provided financial support to the Government of Iran through its shareholders, which are said to maintain ties with the government. The only material in the file which concerns the applicant consists in the claims which are essentially produced in the contested decision and regulation.
            62. Consequently, the Council cannot, to support those claims, produced as the reasons for the listing of the applicant, validly invoke before the Court the factual arguments summarised in paragraphs 51 and 52 above, since those arguments were not part of its file and since, as a result, they were also not disclosed to the applicant, on its request, in the Council’s reply of 12 March 2013. If such arguments were to be taken into consideration, that would be contrary, first, to the principle that the legality of contested acts may be assessed only on the basis of the elements of fact and law on which they were adopted and, secondly, to the applicant’s rights of defence ( Bateni  v Council , paragraph 57). Since the new reasons were not disclosed to the applicant in good time, the applicant would be deprived of the opportunity effectively to state its point of view on those reasons within the administrative procedure. Further, the applicant would not be in a position to assess whether its listing was well founded and whether it was appropriate to bring an action. The principle of equality of arms before the Courts of the European Union would thereby be affected (see North Drilling  v Council , paragraph 26 and case-law cited).
            63. Likewise, the Council’s argument that the recent replacement, in March 2013, of the applicant’s Chairman confirms the close links between the applicant’s shareholders and Government of Iran is ineffective, since it is based on events which are subsequent to the adoption of the contested decision and regulation.
            64. Consequently, the material which can be taken into consideration by the Court contains no evidence capable of supporting the Council’s claims that the applicant was controlled by the Government of Iran and provided financial support to the Government of Iran.
            65. It follows that there is no justification for the listing of the applicant.
            66. The first plea in law must therefore be upheld.
            67. In the light of all the foregoing, without it being necessary to examine the third and fourth pleas in law, the contested decision and regulation must be annulled, in so far as they concern the applicant.
            The temporal effects of the annulment of the contested decision and regulation 
            68. The applicant claims that the annulment of the contested decision and regulation should take effect immediately. It claims that the Council’s decision to list it has the nature of an individual decision, and not a regulation, as is demonstrated by the fact that the Council is obliged to communicate the restrictive measures individually to the persons or entities concerned. The applicant relies on Bank Melli Iran  v Council  (paragraphs 86 and 87), where the Court held that a decision implementing Article 7 of Council Regulation (EC) No 423/2007 of 19 April 2007 concerning the adoption of restrictive measures against Iran (OJ 2007 L 103, p. 1) was not of an exclusively general nature but had the nature of an individual measure addressed to the persons or entities listed by means of that decision in Annex V to that regulation.
            69. According to the applicant, the second paragraph of Article 60 of the Statute of the Court of Justice of the European Union provides solely that a regulation — and not a decision — is to remain in force following the decision of the General Court declaring it to be void, until the expiry of the period for bringing an appeal or, if an appeal has been brought within that period, until the dismissal of that appeal by the Court of Justice, in order to limit the disruptive effects of the annulment by the General Court of general rules applicable throughout the European Union, where those rules may ultimately be upheld on appeal.
            70. The Council contends that Article 60 of the Statute of the Court of Justice precludes the annulment with immediate effect of the contested regulation. The Council considers accordingly that the General Court should also order that the effects of any annulment of the contested decision should be suspended for the same period.
            71. The Council refers to settled case-law, according to which the second paragraph of Article 60 of the Statute of the Court of Justice is applicable as regards the temporal effects of the annulment by the General Court of a regulation, such as Regulation No 267/2012, which imposes restrictive measures. The Courts of the European Union have, to date, held that Regulation No 267/2012, including Annex IX thereto, has the nature of a regulation, since the second paragraph of Article 51 thereof provides that it is to be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States, which corresponds to the effects of a regulation as provided for in Article 288 TFEU ( Bateni  v Council , paragraph 83, and Case T‑110/12 Iranian Offshore Engineering & Constructions  v Council [2013] ECR, paragraph 74; see also, by analogy, Case C‑548/09 P Bank Melli Iran  v Council [2011] ECR I‑11381, paragraph 45).
            72. The applicant’s argument cannot be accepted.
            73. There is no need to examine whether the decision to include the name of the applicant in the lists at issue has the nature of a regulation for the purposes of the second paragraph of Article 60 of the Statute, since it is sufficient to observe that under the second paragraph of Article 264 TFEU the Courts of the European Union may, in any event, state, where it is considered necessary, which of the effects of the act which it has declared void are to be considered as definitive. In that regard, it follows from the case-law that the General Court may decide, on the basis of that provision, the date when its annulling judgments are to take effect (see, to that effect, judgment of 12 December 2013 in Case T‑58/12 Nabipour and Others  v Council , not published in the ECR, paragraphs 250 and 251).
            74. In the circumstances of this case, the Court considers, for the reasons set out below, that it is necessary to suspend the taking effect of this judgment until the date of expiry of the period for bringing an appeal stated in the first paragraph of Article 56 of the Statute of the Court of Justice or, if an appeal has been brought within that period, until the dismissal of the appeal.
            75. The nuclear programme pursued by the Islamic Republic of Iran is a source of serious concerns at both the international and European levels. That is the background to the Council’s gradual extension of the number of restrictive measures adopted against that State, in order to hinder the development of activities which jeopardise peace and international security, in the context of implementation of Security Council resolutions.
            76. Consequently, the applicant’s interest in ensuring that this annulling judgment should take effect immediately must be weighed against the objective of general interest pursued by the European Union’s policy in relation to restrictive measures against the Islamic Republic of Iran. The adjustment of the temporal effects of the annulment of a restrictive measure may thus be justified by the need to ensure that the restrictive measures are effective and, in short, by overriding considerations to do with security or the conduct of the international relations of the European Union and of its Member States (see, by analogy with there being no obligation to inform the person or entity concerned beforehand of the grounds for an initial listing, Case C‑27/09 P France  v People’s Mojahedin Organization of Iran [2011] ECR I‑13427, paragraph 67).
            77. The annulment with immediate effect of the contested acts in so far as they concern the applicant would enable the applicant to transfer all or part of its assets outside the European Union, without the Council being able if appropriate to apply in good time Article 266 TFEU, with a view to correcting the irregularities identified in this judgment, and consequently the effectiveness of any freezing of assets in relation to the applicant which might, in the future, be decided on by the Council might be seriously and irreversibly prejudiced. As regards the application of Article 266 TFEU in this case, it must be observed that the annulment by this judgment of the applicant’s listing stems from the fact that the reasons stated for that listing are not supported by sufficient evidence (see paragraph 65 above). Although it is for the Council to decide on what measures to adopt to comply with this judgment, a further listing of the applicant cannot automatically be ruled out. In the course of a further review, the Council has the possibility of again listing the applicant on the basis of reasons which are supported to the requisite legal standard.
            78. It follows that the effects of the contested decision and regulation must be maintained as regards the applicant until the date of expiry of the period for bringing an appeal or, if an appeal is brought within that period, until the dismissal of the appeal.
            Costs 
            79. Under Article 87(2) of the Court’s Rules of Procedure, the unsuccessful party is to be ordered to pay the costs if they have been asked for in the successful party’s pleadings. Since the Council has essentially been unsuccessful, it must be ordered to pay the costs of the present proceedings, in accordance with the form of order sought by the applicant.
            
            Operative part
            On those grounds,
            THE GENERAL COURT (Seventh Chamber, Extended Composition)
            hereby:
            1. Annuls Council Decision 2012/635/CFSP of 15 October 2012 amending Decision 2010/413/CFSP concerning restrictive measures against Iran, in so far as it listed National Iranian Tanker Company in Annex II to Council Decision 2010/413/CFSP of 26 July 2010 concerning restrictive measures against Iran and repealing Common Position 2007/140/CFSP; 
            2. Annuls Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No 945/2012 of 15 October 2012 implementing Regulation (EU) No 267/2012 concerning restrictive measures against Iran, in so far as it listed National Iranian Tanker Company in Annex IX to Council Regulation (EU) No 267/2012 of 23 March 2012 concerning restrictive measures against Iran and repealing Regulation (EU) No 961/2010; 
            3. Orders the effects of Decision 2012/635 and Implementing Regulation No 945/2012 to be maintained as regards National Iranian Tanker Company until the date of expiry of the period for bringing an appeal stated in the first paragraph of Article 56 of the Statute of the Court of Justice of the European Union or, if an appeal has been brought within that period, until the dismissal of the appeal; 
            4. Orders the Council of the European Union to bear its own costs and to pay the costs of National Iranian Tanker Company. 
         
      
    ---documentbreak--- 
      
         JUDGMENT OF THE GENERAL COURT (Seventh Chamber, Extended Composition)
      3 July 2014 (
            *1
         )
      ‛Common foreign and security policy — Restrictive measures adopted against Iran with the aim of preventing nuclear proliferation — Freezing of funds — Obligation to state reasons — Error of assessment — Adjustment of the temporal effects of an annulment’
      In Case T‑565/12,
      
         National Iranian Tanker Company, established in Tehran (Iran), represented by R. Chandrasekera, S. Ashley and C. Murphy, Solicitors, M. Lester, Barrister, and D. Wyatt QC,
      applicant,
      v
      
         Council of the European Union, represented by S. Boelaert and M. Bishop, acting as Agents,
      defendant,
      APPLICATION for annulment of (i) Council Decision 2012/635/CFSP of 15 October 2012 amending Decision 2010/413/CFSP concerning restrictive measures against Iran (OJ 2012 L 282, p. 58), in that the applicant was listed in Annex II to Council Decision 2010/413/CFSP of 26 July 2010 concerning restrictive measures against Iran and repealing Common Position 2007/140/CFSP (OJ 2010 L 195, p. 39) and (ii) Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No 945/2012 of 15 October 2012 implementing Regulation (EU) No 267/2012 concerning restrictive measures against Iran (OJ 2012 L 282, p. 16), in so far as that regulation concerns the applicant,
      THE GENERAL COURT (Seventh Chamber, Extended Composition)
      composed of M. van der Woude (Rapporteur), President, I. Wiszniewska-Białecka, M. Kancheva, C. Wetter and I. Ulloa Rubio, Judges,
      Registrar: N. Rosner, Administrator,
      having regard to the written procedure and further to the hearing on 31 January 2014,
      gives the following
      
         Judgment
      
      
         Background to the dispute
      
      
               1
            
            
               The applicant, National Iranian Tanker Company, is an Iranian company dedicated to the transport of cargoes of crude oil and gas. It operates one of the largest fleets in the world of double-hulled tankers.
            
         
               2
            
            
               The present case has been brought in connection with the restrictive measures introduced in order to apply pressure on the Islamic Republic of Iran to end proliferation-sensitive nuclear activities and the development of nuclear weapon delivery systems.
            
         
               3
            
            
               On 9 June 2010 the United Nations Security Council (‘the Security Council’) adopted Resolution 1929 (2010) (‘Resolution 1929’) which aimed to extend the scope of the restrictive measures imposed by Security Council Resolutions 1737 (2006), 1747 (2007) and 1803 (2008) and to introduce additional restrictive measures against the Islamic Republic of Iran.
            
         
               4
            
            
               On 17 June 2010 the European Council underlined its deepening concern about Iran’s nuclear programme and welcomed the adoption of Resolution 1929. Recalling its declaration of 11 December 2009, the European Council invited the Council of the European Union to adopt measures implementing those contained in Resolution 1929 as well as accompanying measures, with a view to supporting, through negotiation, the resolution of all outstanding concerns regarding the development by the Islamic Republic of Iran of sensitive technologies in support of its nuclear and missile programmes. Those measures were to focus on the areas of trade, the financial sector, the Iranian transport sector and key sectors in the oil and gas industry, and on additional designations, in particular for the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps.
            
         
               5
            
            
               On 26 July 2010 the Council adopted Council Decision 2010/413/CFSP concerning restrictive measures against Iran and repealing Common Position 2007/140/CFSP (OJ 2010 L 195, p. 39), Annex II to which decision lists the persons and entities — other than those designated by the Security Council or by the Sanctions Committee created by Resolution 1737 (2006), mentioned in Annex I - whose assets are to be frozen. Recital 22 in the preamble of that decision refers to Resolution 1929 and states that that resolution notes the potential connection between the revenues derived by Iran from its energy sector and the funding of its proliferation-sensitive nuclear activities.
            
         
               6
            
            
               On 23 January 2012 the Council adopted Decision 2012/35/CFSP amending Decision 2010/413/CFSP (OJ 2012 L 19, p. 22). Recital 8 in the preamble of that decision notes the potential connection between Iran’s revenues derived from its energy sector and the funding of Iran’s proliferation-sensitive nuclear activities and the fact that chemical process equipment and materials required for the petrochemical industry have much in common with those required for certain sensitive nuclear fuel cycle activities, as underlined in Resolution 1929.
            
         
               7
            
            
               Article 1(7)(a)(ii) of Decision 2012/35 added the following point to Article 20(1) of Decision 2010/413, providing for the freezing of funds belonging to the following persons and entities:
               
                        ‘(c)
                     
                     
                        other persons and entities not covered by Annex I that provide support to the Government of Iran, and persons and entities associated with them, as listed in Annex II’.
                     
                  
         
               8
            
            
               Consequently, under the FEU Treaty, on 23 March 2012 the Council adopted Regulation (EU) No 267/2012 concerning restrictive measures against Iran and repealing Regulation (EU) No 961/2010 (OJ 2012 L 88, p. 1). In order to implement Article 1(7)(a)(ii) of Decision 2012/35, Article 23(2) of that regulation provides for the freezing of funds of persons, entities and bodies listed in Annex IX thereto, identified as:
               
                        ‘(d)
                     
                     
                        being other persons, entities or bodies that provide support, such as material, logistical or financial support, to the Government of Iran, and persons and entities associated with them’.
                     
                  
         
               9
            
            
               By letters of 10 August, 14 September and 10 October 2010 to the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, the applicant made known, inter alia, its concerns as to the effects on its fleet of the prohibition on the provision of insurance or re-insurance to the Government of Iran, laid down in Article 12 of Decision 2010/413. In the abovementioned letter of 10 August 2010 the applicant stated that it had been privatised in 2000.
            
         
               10
            
            
               Further, in a letter of 19 January 2012 to the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, the applicant challenged the information reported in an article in the specialised journal of the shipping industry, Lloyd’s List, disseminated on the internet the day before, headed ‘NITC to be targeted by sanctions’. In that regard, the applicant denied any connection with the Iranian nuclear programme. The applicant claimed that its tankers were not used for the transport of materials which are prohibited in relation to that programme. Moreover, neither the applicant nor its Chairman nor its shareholders had any links with the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps.
            
         
               11
            
            
               On 15 October 2012 the Council adopted Decision 2012/635/CFSP amending Decision 2010/413 (OJ 2012 L 282, p. 58; ‘the contested decision’). According to recital 16 in the preamble to that decision, additional persons and entities were to be included in the list of persons and entities subject to restrictive measures as set out in Annex II to Decision 2010/413, in particular Iranian State-owned entities engaged in the oil and gas sector, since they provide a substantial source of revenue for the Iranian Government.
            
         
               12
            
            
               Article 1(8)(a) of Decision 2012/635 amended Article 20(1)(c) of Decision 2010/413, which consequently provides that restrictive measures are to be imposed on:
               ‘other persons and entities not covered by Annex I that provide support to the Government of Iran and entities owned or controlled by them or persons and entities associated with them, as listed in Annex II’.
            
         
               13
            
            
               Article 2 of Decision 2012/635 listed the applicant in the table in Annex II to Decision 2010/413 containing the list of ‘Persons and entities involved in nuclear or ballistic missile activities and persons and entities providing support to the Government of Iran’.
            
         
               14
            
            
               Consequently, on the same day, the Council adopted Implementing Regulation (EU) No 945/2012 implementing Regulation No 267/2012 (OJ 2012 L 282, p. 16; ‘the contested regulation’). Article 1 of that regulation listed the applicant in the table in Annex IX containing the list of ‘Persons and entities involved in nuclear or ballistic missile activities and persons and entities providing support to the Government of Iran’.
            
         
               15
            
            
               The applicant was listed for the following reasons: ‘Effectively controlled by the Iranian Government. Provides financial support to the Government of Iran through its shareholders which maintain ties with the Government.’
            
         
               16
            
            
               The contested decision and regulation were notified to the applicant by letter of 16 October 2012, in which the Council drew the applicant’s attention to the possibility of submitting observations and of requesting that the Council reconsider its position.
            
         
               17
            
            
               By letter of 13 December 2012 the applicant challenged its listing by means of the contested decision and regulation, and asked the Council to send to it more specific information on the reasons for that listing, and the evidence on which the listing was based.
            
         
               18
            
            
               The Council replied in a letter of 12 March 2013, to which copies of documents from its file were annexed. In that letter, the Council stated that there were no other documents or information concerning the applicant in the Council’s possession.
            
         
         Procedure and forms of order sought by the parties
      
      
               19
            
            
               By application lodged at the Registry of the General Court on 27 December 2012, the applicant brought this action.
            
         
               20
            
            
               Following a change in the composition of the Chambers of the Court, the Judge-Rapporteur was assigned to the Seventh Chamber, to which the present case was accordingly allocated. On the proposal of the Seventh Chamber, the Court decided to refer the case to an extended formation.
            
         
               21
            
            
               The applicant claims, in essence, that the Court should:
               
                        —
                     
                     
                        annul the contested decision and regulation with immediate effect, in so far as they concern the applicant;
                     
                  
                        —
                     
                     
                        order the Council to pay the costs.
                     
                  
         
               22
            
            
               The Council contends that the Court should:
               
                        —
                     
                     
                        dismiss the action as inadmissible or, in the alternative, as unfounded;
                     
                  
                        —
                     
                     
                        order the applicant to pay the costs.
                     
                  
         
               23
            
            
               By document lodged at the Court Registry on 23 July 2013, the applicant applied for the adoption of measures of organisation of procedure or measures of inquiry. By document lodged at the Court Registry on 19 September 2013, the Council submitted its observations on that application.
            
         
         Law
      
      
         Admissibility
      
      
               24
            
            
               The Council, although it does not formally submit a plea of inadmissibility, argues that this action is inadmissible. The Council claims that, since the applicant is entirely controlled by the Iranian State, it must be regarded as a governmental entity. As an emanation of the Iranian State, the applicant does not have locus standi to bring an action claiming a violation of the right to protection of property or other fundamental rights. In that regard, the Council distinguishes, on the one hand, certain procedural rights, which States are accepted as having, and, on the other, fundamental rights, which States cannot enjoy.
            
         
               25
            
            
               According to the Council, that plea of inadmissibility applies to all the pleas in law relied on by the applicant, because the aim of this action is in reality to obtain the annulment of the freezing of funds, which is an interference — albeit justified — in the right to property. It is therefore immaterial that not all the pleas in law specifically refer to that right.
            
         
               26
            
            
               In support of that plea of inadmissibility, the Council refers inter alia to Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, signed at Rome on 4 November 1950 (‘ECHR’), which defines the persons who may bring an application before the European Court of Human Rights, and which excludes governmental organisations from the protection of that court. According to the Council, the ratio legis of Article 34 of the ECHR resides in the very nature of fundamental rights; a State must respect the fundamental rights of natural and legal persons under its jurisdiction for the purposes of the ECHR. A State, or an emanation of a State, cannot therefore enjoy fundamental rights, since a sovereign State is not subject to the jurisdiction of another State.
            
         
               27
            
            
               The applicant considers that its action and all the pleas in law on which it relies are admissible.
            
         
               28
            
            
               In that regard, suffice it to observe that the Council’s argument that the applicant, as an emanation of the Iranian State, cannot rely on the right to property falls to be examined in relation to the question of whether the fourth plea in law, claiming inter alia an infringement of the right to property, is well founded, and not in relation to the admissibility of this action, or the admissibility of that plea in law (see, to that effect, Case C‑348/12 P Council v Manufacturing Support & Procurement Kala Naft [2013] ECR, paragraph 51).
            
         
               29
            
            
               Accordingly, this action must be declared to be admissible.
            
         
         Substance
      
      
               30
            
            
               The applicant puts forward four pleas in law in support of its action. The first plea is a claim of a manifest error of assessment. The second plea is a claim of infringement of the obligation to state reasons. The third plea is a claim of infringement of the rights of the defence and of the right to effective judicial protection. The fourth plea is a claim of a breach of the principle of proportionality, and of the applicant’s fundamental rights, including its right to the protection of its property, its business and its reputation.
            
         
               31
            
            
               The Court considers that it is appropriate first to examine the second plea.
            
         
         The second plea in law: infringement of the obligation to state reasons
      
      
               32
            
            
               The applicant claims that insufficient reasons were stated for its listing. It claims that the reasons stated in the contested decision and regulation are vague and do not satisfy the requirement that the reasons stated must be specific and concrete. Further, the applicant criticises the Council’s reliance, in its defence, on new grounds for listing which have no connection to the legal criterion of provision of financial support.
            
         
               33
            
            
               The Council contends, for its part, that, in a general context which was well known to the applicant, the grounds stated in the contested decision and regulation enabled the applicant to understand the specific and concrete reasons for its listing, and therefore met the requirements of the obligation to state reasons. Since 1 July 2012 it has been no secret that the European Union authorities were scrutinising the applicant’s activities, following the ban on the import of Iranian oil into European Union Member States and on providing maritime insurance, particularly in relation to the transport of Iranian crude oil, introduced by Decision 2012/35. In the months preceding the applicant being listed, a series of press articles brought to light the links between the Government of Iran and the applicant, and the applicant’s activities designed to circumvent the restrictive measures, inter alia by obtaining, from third-country companies, insurance services, by means of registering its tankers under the flags of third countries.
            
         
               34
            
            
               The letters which the applicant sent, before its listing, to the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, in particular the letter of 19 January 2012 (see paragraph 10 above), confirm that the applicant was aware of that general context.
            
         
               35
            
            
               First of all, it must be borne in mind that, according to settled case-law, the purpose of the obligation to state the reasons on which an act adversely affecting an individual is based, which is a corollary of the principle of respect for the rights of the defence, is, first, to provide the person concerned with sufficient information to make it possible to ascertain whether the act is well founded or whether it is vitiated by a defect which may permit its legality to be contested before the Courts of the European Union and, secondly, to enable those Courts to review the legality of that act (see Case C‑417/11 P Council v Bamba [2012] ECR, paragraph 49 and case-law cited).
            
         
               36
            
            
               The statement of reasons required by Article 296 TFEU must disclose in a clear and unequivocal fashion the reasoning followed by the institution which adopted the measure in such a way as to enable the persons concerned to ascertain the reasons for the measure and to enable the court with jurisdiction to exercise its power of review (Council v Bamba, paragraph 50).
            
         
               37
            
            
               Further, as regards restrictive measures adopted as part of the common foreign and security policy, it must be emphasised that, where the person concerned is not afforded the opportunity to be heard before the adoption of an initial listing decision, compliance with the obligation to state reasons is all the more important because it constitutes the sole safeguard enabling the person concerned, at least after the adoption of that decision, to make effective use of the legal remedies available to him in order to challenge the lawfulness of that decision (Council v Bamba, paragraph 51, and Case T-228/02 Organisation des Modjahedines du peuple d’Iran v Council (‘OMPI I’) [2006] ECR II-4665, paragraph 140).
            
         
               38
            
            
               Consequently, the statement of reasons for an act of the Council which imposes a restrictive measure must not only identify the legal basis for that measure but also the actual and specific reasons why the Council considers, in the exercise of its discretion, that such a measure must be adopted in respect of the person concerned (see, to that effect, Council v Bamba, paragraph 52; OMPI I, paragraph 146; and Case T-390/08 Bank Melli Iran v Council [2009] ECR II-3967, paragraph 83).
            
         
               39
            
            
               However, the statement of reasons must be appropriate to the nature of the measure at issue and the context in which it was adopted. The requirements to be satisfied by the statement of reasons depend on the circumstances of each case, in particular the content of the measure in question, the nature of the reasons given and the interest which the addressees of the measure, or other parties to whom it is of direct and individual concern, may have in obtaining explanations. It is not necessary for the statement of reasons to specify all the relevant matters of fact and law, since the question whether the statement of reasons is adequate must be assessed with regard not only to its wording but also to its context and to all the legal rules governing the matter in question. In particular, the reasons given for a decision adversely affecting a person are sufficient if it was adopted in circumstances known to the party concerned which enable him to understand the scope of the measure concerning him (Council v Bamba, paragraphs 53 and 54; OMPI I, paragraph 141; and Bank Melli Iran v Council, paragraph 82).
            
         
               40
            
            
               In this case, the listing of the applicant is based on the following two reasons. The applicant is said to be ‘effectively controlled by the Government of Iran’. The applicant is said to provide ‘financial support to the Government of Iran through its shareholders which maintain ties with the Government’.
            
         
               41
            
            
               As regards whether that statement of reasons identifies the legal basis for the measure adopted by the Council against the applicant, in accordance with the case-law cited in paragraph 38 above, it is clear from the second of the two grounds relied on by the Council that the Council based its decision on the legal criterion of provision of financial support to the Government of Iran, set out in Article 20(1)(c) of Decision 2010/413, and clarified in Article 23(2)(d) of Regulation No 267/2012 (see paragraphs 7 and 8 above). Further, that ground indicates clearly that, according to the Council, such financial support is the result of the ties maintained by the applicant’s shareholders with the Government of Iran.
            
         
               42
            
            
               On the other hand, as stated by the applicant, it is not possible to identify in the first ground, that the applicant is actually controlled by the Government of Iran, considered in isolation, the legal criterion on which it is based. That ground must therefore be examined together with the second ground.
            
         
               43
            
            
               As regards whether the joint examination of the two grounds discloses to the requisite legal standard the reasons adopted by the Council, first, it must be observed that those grounds must be assessed in the general context of measures taken by the Council against the Islamic Republic of Iran (see paragraph 39 above). In that regard, both recital 22 in the preamble to Decision 2010/413 (paragraph 5 above) and recital 16 in the preamble to Decision 2012/635 (paragraph 11 above) reveal that the Council established a link between revenue from the oil and gas sector, on the one hand, and the funding of nuclear proliferation activities, on the other. Since the applicant is active in that sector as a transporter of oil and gas, the applicant was in a position to appreciate that the financial support referred to in the statement of reasons for the contested decision and regulation concerned that particular link.
            
         
               44
            
            
               As correctly observed by the Council, the applicant was fully aware of the Council’s intention to include its name in the list of persons and entities subject to restrictive measures. Before the adoption of the contested decision and regulation, the applicant wrote to the Council in order to inform it of the applicant’s concerns as to the effects of a possible listing (see paragraphs 9 and 10 above). It is therefore evident that the applicant was closely following the policy pursued by the Council against the Islamic Republic of Iran and that it must accordingly have been aware of the link which the Council had established between revenue from the oil and gas sector, on the one hand, and the funding of the Iranian nuclear programme, on the other.
            
         
               45
            
            
               Secondly, while it is true that the specific reasons given by the Council to justify the applicant’s listing are succinct in that they do not specify either the type of financial support which the applicant is supposed to have provided to the Government of Iran or the nature of the ties maintained between the Government of Iran and its shareholders, it remains the case that those explanations enabled the applicant to appreciate that the support at issue was support implemented through its shareholders.
            
         
               46
            
            
               Admittedly, the applicant claims that, by reason of its privatisation in 2000, its shareholders no longer maintained any ties with the Government of Iran. That argument however concerns the assessment of whether the grounds advanced by the Council are well founded and not the question whether those grounds meet the requirements of Article 296 TFEU. The question of whether reasons are stated, which concerns an essential procedural requirement, is separate from that of the evidence of the alleged conduct, which concerns the substantive legality of the act at issue and involves assessing the truth of the facts set out in that act and the characterisation of those facts as evidence justifying the use of restrictive measures against the person concerned (Council v Bamba, paragraph 60).
            
         
               47
            
            
               It must therefore be concluded that, having regard to the general context in which the contested decision and regulation were adopted, the grounds relied on by the Council to justify the inclusion of the applicant in the lists of persons and entities subject to restrictive measures are compatible with the requirements of Article 296 TFEU and, accordingly, that the second plea in law must be rejected.
            
         
         The first plea in law: manifest error of assessment
      
      
               48
            
            
               The applicant claims that it is not controlled by the Government of Iran and that it does not provide financial support to the Government of Iran. The applicant claims that its shareholders, which are private pension funds, and which moreover were not listed at the time of its own listing, do not have, to its knowledge, any link with the Government of Iran. The applicant was privatised in 2000, and its beneficial owners are five million Iranians in receipt of pensions. In any event, it has made losses and has not paid any dividend to its shareholders since 2010.
            
         
               49
            
            
               As regards the press articles which the Council relies on as ‘open source material’, they may not be taken into consideration by the Court, since, according to the applicant, it is clear from the Council’s letter of 12 March 2013 that they were not taken into consideration by the Council when the applicant was listed.
            
         
               50
            
            
               The Council considers, for its part, that the applicant meets the criterion of provision of support to the Government of Iran. First, the Council states that the decision of the European Union to ban the import of Iranian oil is designed to deprive the Islamic Republic of Iran of oil revenue, which represents 70% of that State’s revenue, in order to exert pressure on it to rein in its nuclear programme. According to the Council, the applicant transported almost half of the crude oil produced in Iran in 2011, as attested in particular by an article of the Institute for the Study of War of 16 April 2012, and a report of 10 January 2013 drawn up by the Congressional Research Service (United States of America) (Annexes 3 and 18 to the defence).
            
         
               51
            
            
               Second, as regards the applicant’s ownership structure, the Council explains that it relied on information provided by Member States, confirmed by open source data, according to which 33% of the applicant’s capital was held by the State Pension Fund; 33% by the Social Security Retirement Fund, and 33% by the NIOC Pension and Savings Fund. The explanations provided by the applicant, inter alia in the expert statement attached to the application (Annex 3), fail, according to the Council, to rebut the claim that the applicant is actually controlled by the Iranian State. That statement merely indicates that 66% of the applicant’s capital was transferred to two private entities in 2000, and that, since then, the applicant has been entirely privatised, while failing to provide the names of the purchasers. The applicant’s true ownership structure is therefore deliberately opaque. In any event, the applicant’s shareholders are State pension funds, so that the State thereby controls the applicant and derives financial benefit from the applicant through its shareholders.
            
         
               52
            
            
               Further, in January 2012 the applicant’s Chairman, Mr S., was suddenly replaced by Mr B., a former Iranian road and transportation minister with close links to Iran’s President. In addition, the applicant has, according to the Council, attempted to conceal the ownership of the ships in its fleet by renaming them and reflagging them.
            
         
               53
            
            
               As regards the evidence, the Council states that its claims are supported to the requisite legal standard by the documents in its file, copies of which were sent to the applicant on its request, and by the open source information, known to the applicant, consisting in the reports and press articles annexed to the defence.
            
         
               54
            
            
               In that regard, first, it must be recalled that, in accordance with the case-law, the Council has a degree of discretion to determine on a case-by-case basis whether the legal criteria on which the restrictive measures at issue are based are met (see, to that effect, judgment of 13 March 2012 in Case C‑380/09 P Melli Bank v Council, not published in the ECR, paragraph 41, and Joined Cases T‑42/12 and T‑181/12 Bateni v Council [2013] ECR, paragraph 45).
            
         
               55
            
            
               However, the Courts of the European Union must ensure the review, in principle the full review, of the lawfulness of all Union acts in the light of the fundamental rights forming an integral part of the European Union legal order, including review of such measures as are designed to give effect to resolutions adopted by the Security Council under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations (Joined Cases C‑584/10 P, C‑593/10 P and C‑595/10 P Commission v Kadi (‘Kadi II’) [2013] ECR, paragraph 97).
            
         
               56
            
            
               The effectiveness of the judicial review guaranteed by Article 47 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union also requires that, as part of the review of the lawfulness of the grounds which are the basis of the decision to list or to maintain the listing of a given person, the Courts of the European Union are to ensure that that decision is taken on a sufficiently solid factual basis. That entails a verification of the factual allegations in the summary of reasons underpinning that decision, with the consequence that judicial review cannot be restricted to an assessment of the cogency in the abstract of the reasons relied on, but must concern whether those reasons, or, at the very least, one of those reasons, deemed sufficient in itself to support that decision, is substantiated (Kadi II, paragraph 119).
            
         
               57
            
            
               It is the task of the competent European Union authority to establish, in the event of challenge, that the reasons relied on against the person concerned are well founded, and not the task of that person to adduce evidence of the negative, that those reasons are not well founded. It is necessary that the information or evidence produced should support the reasons relied on against the person concerned (Kadi II, paragraphs 121 and 122).
            
         
               58
            
            
               Secondly, as regards the argument advanced by the Council at the hearing, that the involvement of the applicant in the Iranian oil and gas sector, through its business in transporting crude oil and gas produced in Iran, is sufficient evidence in itself that the applicant provided financial support to the Government of Iran, it must be recalled that the listing of the applicant is based on the provision of financial support to the government of Iran, as a consequence of the ties maintained by the applicant’s shareholders with the Government of Iran. Yet the transport of oil is unrelated to the alleged existence of links between the applicant’s shareholders and that Government. According to the case-law, the legality of contested acts may be assessed only on the basis of the elements of fact and law on the basis of which they were adopted. The Court cannot accede to what is, in short, an invitation by the Council to replace the grounds on which those acts are based (see judgment of 12 November 2013 in Case T‑55/12 North Drilling v Council, not published in the ECR, paragraph 25 and case-law cited).
            
         
               59
            
            
               The Court must also disregard the explanations given by the Council at the hearing, to the effect that the applicant, which is a former subsidiary of the National Iranian Oil Company (‘NIOC’), remained after its privatisation under the control of that public undertaking, which is wholly owned by the Iranian State and is listed among the bodies subject to restrictive measures by reason of the provision of financial support to the Government of Iran. That argument, which amounts to the assertion that the financial support provided to the Government of Iran by the applicant is effected through a third company, namely NIOC, cannot be accepted. The grounds for the applicant’s listing do not refer to any indirect financial support resulting from links between the applicant and NIOC, but to financial support by the applicant to the Government of Iran by means of links between the applicant’s shareholders and the Government of Iran.
            
         
               60
            
            
               Further, and in any event, in so far as the aim of the abovementioned arguments of the Council is to establish that the applicant provides indirect financial support to Government of Iran, as a consequence of its business in transporting oil and gas by sea, it is clear that the applicable legislation lays down the criterion of the provision of financial support to the Government of Iran, not the criterion of the provision of indirect financial support. Contrary to what is claimed by the Council, the mere fact that, through its transport business, the applicant is involved in the Iranian oil and gas sector, which represents one of the Government of Iran’s main sources of revenue, cannot be regarded as being covered by the legal criterion of provision of financial support to the Government of Iran.
            
         
               61
            
            
               Thirdly, as regards its ownership structure, the applicant correctly states that the Council’s file does not contain any evidence. In particular, neither the proposals for its listing submitted by three Member States, dated 19, 24 and 28 September 2012, nor the other documents in that file identify the applicant’s shareholders or contain the slightest evidence capable of supporting the claims that the applicant is controlled by the Government of Iran or provided financial support to the Government of Iran through its shareholders, which are said to maintain ties with the government. The only material in the file which concerns the applicant consists in the claims which are essentially produced in the contested decision and regulation.
            
         
               62
            
            
               Consequently, the Council cannot, to support those claims, produced as the reasons for the listing of the applicant, validly invoke before the Court the factual arguments summarised in paragraphs 51 and 52 above, since those arguments were not part of its file and since, as a result, they were also not disclosed to the applicant, on its request, in the Council’s reply of 12 March 2013. If such arguments were to be taken into consideration, that would be contrary, first, to the principle that the legality of contested acts may be assessed only on the basis of the elements of fact and law on which they were adopted and, secondly, to the applicant’s rights of defence (Bateni v Council, paragraph 57). Since the new reasons were not disclosed to the applicant in good time, the applicant would be deprived of the opportunity effectively to state its point of view on those reasons within the administrative procedure. Further, the applicant would not be in a position to assess whether its listing was well founded and whether it was appropriate to bring an action. The principle of equality of arms before the Courts of the European Union would thereby be affected (see North Drilling v Council, paragraph 26 and case-law cited).
            
         
               63
            
            
               Likewise, the Council’s argument that the recent replacement, in March 2013, of the applicant’s Chairman confirms the close links between the applicant’s shareholders and Government of Iran is ineffective, since it is based on events which are subsequent to the adoption of the contested decision and regulation.
            
         
               64
            
            
               Consequently, the material which can be taken into consideration by the Court contains no evidence capable of supporting the Council’s claims that the applicant was controlled by the Government of Iran and provided financial support to the Government of Iran.
            
         
               65
            
            
               It follows that there is no justification for the listing of the applicant.
            
         
               66
            
            
               The first plea in law must therefore be upheld.
            
         
               67
            
            
               In the light of all the foregoing, without it being necessary to examine the third and fourth pleas in law, the contested decision and regulation must be annulled, in so far as they concern the applicant.
            
         
         The temporal effects of the annulment of the contested decision and regulation
      
      
               68
            
            
               The applicant claims that the annulment of the contested decision and regulation should take effect immediately. It claims that the Council’s decision to list it has the nature of an individual decision, and not a regulation, as is demonstrated by the fact that the Council is obliged to communicate the restrictive measures individually to the persons or entities concerned. The applicant relies on Bank Melli Iran v Council (paragraphs 86 and 87), where the Court held that a decision implementing Article 7 of Council Regulation (EC) No 423/2007 of 19 April 2007 concerning the adoption of restrictive measures against Iran (OJ 2007 L 103, p. 1) was not of an exclusively general nature but had the nature of an individual measure addressed to the persons or entities listed by means of that decision in Annex V to that regulation.
            
         
               69
            
            
               According to the applicant, the second paragraph of Article 60 of the Statute of the Court of Justice of the European Union provides solely that a regulation — and not a decision — is to remain in force following the decision of the General Court declaring it to be void, until the expiry of the period for bringing an appeal or, if an appeal has been brought within that period, until the dismissal of that appeal by the Court of Justice, in order to limit the disruptive effects of the annulment by the General Court of general rules applicable throughout the European Union, where those rules may ultimately be upheld on appeal.
            
         
               70
            
            
               The Council contends that Article 60 of the Statute of the Court of Justice precludes the annulment with immediate effect of the contested regulation. The Council considers accordingly that the General Court should also order that the effects of any annulment of the contested decision should be suspended for the same period.
            
         
               71
            
            
               The Council refers to settled case-law, according to which the second paragraph of Article 60 of the Statute of the Court of Justice is applicable as regards the temporal effects of the annulment by the General Court of a regulation, such as Regulation No 267/2012, which imposes restrictive measures. The Courts of the European Union have, to date, held that Regulation No 267/2012, including Annex IX thereto, has the nature of a regulation, since the second paragraph of Article 51 thereof provides that it is to be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States, which corresponds to the effects of a regulation as provided for in Article 288 TFEU (Bateni v Council, paragraph 83, and Case T-110/12 Iranian Offshore Engineering & Constructions v Council [2013] ECR, paragraph 74; see also, by analogy, Case C-548/09 P Bank Melli Iran v Council [2011] ECR I-11381, paragraph 45).
            
         
               72
            
            
               The applicant’s argument cannot be accepted.
            
         
               73
            
            
               There is no need to examine whether the decision to include the name of the applicant in the lists at issue has the nature of a regulation for the purposes of the second paragraph of Article 60 of the Statute, since it is sufficient to observe that under the second paragraph of Article 264 TFEU the Courts of the European Union may, in any event, state, where it is considered necessary, which of the effects of the act which it has declared void are to be considered as definitive. In that regard, it follows from the case-law that the General Court may decide, on the basis of that provision, the date when its annulling judgments are to take effect (see, to that effect, judgment of 12 December 2013 in Case T‑58/12 Nabipour and Others v Council, not published in the ECR, paragraphs 250 and 251).
            
         
               74
            
            
               In the circumstances of this case, the Court considers, for the reasons set out below, that it is necessary to suspend the taking effect of this judgment until the date of expiry of the period for bringing an appeal stated in the first paragraph of Article 56 of the Statute of the Court of Justice or, if an appeal has been brought within that period, until the dismissal of the appeal.
            
         
               75
            
            
               The nuclear programme pursued by the Islamic Republic of Iran is a source of serious concerns at both the international and European levels. That is the background to the Council’s gradual extension of the number of restrictive measures adopted against that State, in order to hinder the development of activities which jeopardise peace and international security, in the context of implementation of Security Council resolutions.
            
         
               76
            
            
               Consequently, the applicant’s interest in ensuring that this annulling judgment should take effect immediately must be weighed against the objective of general interest pursued by the European Union’s policy in relation to restrictive measures against the Islamic Republic of Iran. The adjustment of the temporal effects of the annulment of a restrictive measure may thus be justified by the need to ensure that the restrictive measures are effective and, in short, by overriding considerations to do with security or the conduct of the international relations of the European Union and of its Member States (see, by analogy with there being no obligation to inform the person or entity concerned beforehand of the grounds for an initial listing, Case C-27/09 P France v People’s Mojahedin Organization of Iran [2011] ECR I-13427, paragraph 67).
            
         
               77
            
            
               The annulment with immediate effect of the contested acts in so far as they concern the applicant would enable the applicant to transfer all or part of its assets outside the European Union, without the Council being able if appropriate to apply in good time Article 266 TFEU, with a view to correcting the irregularities identified in this judgment, and consequently the effectiveness of any freezing of assets in relation to the applicant which might, in the future, be decided on by the Council might be seriously and irreversibly prejudiced. As regards the application of Article 266 TFEU in this case, it must be observed that the annulment by this judgment of the applicant’s listing stems from the fact that the reasons stated for that listing are not supported by sufficient evidence (see paragraph 65 above). Although it is for the Council to decide on what measures to adopt to comply with this judgment, a further listing of the applicant cannot automatically be ruled out. In the course of a further review, the Council has the possibility of again listing the applicant on the basis of reasons which are supported to the requisite legal standard.
            
         
               78
            
            
               It follows that the effects of the contested decision and regulation must be maintained as regards the applicant until the date of expiry of the period for bringing an appeal or, if an appeal is brought within that period, until the dismissal of the appeal.
            
         
         Costs
      
      
               79
            
            
               Under Article 87(2) of the Court’s Rules of Procedure, the unsuccessful party is to be ordered to pay the costs if they have been asked for in the successful party’s pleadings. Since the Council has essentially been unsuccessful, it must be ordered to pay the costs of the present proceedings, in accordance with the form of order sought by the applicant.
            
          
            
               On those grounds,
               THE GENERAL COURT (Seventh Chamber, Extended Composition)
               hereby:
            
          
            
               
                        
                           1.
                        
                     
                     
                        
                           Annuls Council Decision 2012/635/CFSP of 15 October 2012 amending Decision 2010/413/CFSP concerning restrictive measures against Iran, in so far as it listed National Iranian Tanker Company in Annex II to Council Decision 2010/413/CFSP of 26 July 2010 concerning restrictive measures against Iran and repealing Common Position 2007/140/CFSP;
                        
                     
                  
          
            
               
                        
                           2.
                        
                     
                     
                        
                           Annuls Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No 945/2012 of 15 October 2012 implementing Regulation (EU) No 267/2012 concerning restrictive measures against Iran, in so far as it listed National Iranian Tanker Company in Annex IX to Council Regulation (EU) No 267/2012 of 23 March 2012 concerning restrictive measures against Iran and repealing Regulation (EU) No 961/2010;
                        
                     
                  
          
            
               
                        
                           3.
                        
                     
                     
                        
                           Orders the effects of Decision 2012/635 and Implementing Regulation No 945/2012 to be maintained as regards National Iranian Tanker Company until the date of expiry of the period for bringing an appeal stated in the first paragraph of Article 56 of the Statute of the Court of Justice of the European Union or, if an appeal has been brought within that period, until the dismissal of the appeal;
                        
                     
                  
          
            
               
                        
                           4.
                        
                     
                     
                        
                           Orders the Council of the European Union to bear its own costs and to pay the costs of National Iranian Tanker Company.
                        
                     
                  
          
               
                  
                     
                        
                           Van der Woude
                        
                        
                           Wiszniewska-Białecka
                        
                        
                           Kancheva
                        
                     
                     
                        
                           Wetter
                        
                        
                           Ulloa Rubio
                        
                     
                     Delivered in open court in Luxembourg on 3 July 2014.
                     [Signatures]
                  
               
            (
            *1
         )	Language of the case: English.