CELEX: 62001TJ0236
Language: en
Date: 2004-04-29
Title: Judgment of the Court of First Instance (Second Chamber) of 29 April 2004.#Tokai Carbon Co. Ltd and Others v Commission of the European Communities.#Appeal - Cartel - Graphite electrodes market - Price-fixing and market-sharing - Calculation of fines - Concurrent sanctions - Guidelines on the method of setting fines - Applicability - Gravity and duration of the infringement - Aggravating circumstances - Attenuating circumstances - Ability to pay - Cooperation during the administrative procedure - Arrangements for payment.#Joined cases T-236/01, T-239/01, T-244/01 to T-246/01, T-251/01 and T-252/01.

Joined Cases T-236/01, T-239/01, T-244/01 to T-246/01, T-251/01 and T‑252/01
      Tokai Carbon Co. Ltd and Others
      v
      Commission of the European Communities
      (Competition – Cartel – Graphite electrodes market – Price-fixing and market-sharing – Calculation of fines – Concurrent sanctions – Guidelines on the method of setting fines – Applicability – Gravity and duration of the infringement – Aggravating circumstances – Attenuating circumstances – Ability to pay – Cooperation during the administrative procedure – Arrangements for payment)
      Judgment of the Court of First Instance (Second Chamber), 29 April 2004 
      Summary of the Judgment
      1.     Competition – Administrative procedure – Respect for the rights of the defence – Access to the file – Obligation to make the
            entire file available – Limits – Documents containing business secrets and internal documents – Exception – Communication
            of internal documents in exceptional circumstances
      (Arts 81(1) EC and 82 EC; Council Regulation No 17)
      2.     Competition – Administrative procedure – Respect for the rights of the defence – Statement of objections – Production of further
            evidence after the statement of objections has been sent – Admissibility – Conditions
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 19(1))
      3.     Competition – Administrative procedure – Hearings – Obligation for the hearing officer to draw up a final report on respect
            for the right to be heard – Scope
      (Commission Decision 2001/462, Arts 15 and 16)
      4.     Actions for annulment – Pleas – Challenge to the facts held by a decision penalising infringement of the competition rules
            – Admissibility – Condition – No admission of those facts during the administrative procedure
      (Art. 230 EC)
      5.     Competition – Fines – Amount – Reduction in return for cooperation consisting in not contesting the reality of certain facts
            – Challenge to those facts before the Court of First Instance – Possibility that the Court, in the exercise of its unlimited
            jurisdiction, may increase the amount of the fine
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15)
      6.     Competition – Fines – Community penalties and penalties imposed by the authorities of a Member State or a non-member State
            for infringement of national competition law – Infringement of the principle ‘non bis in idem’ – None – Concurrent sanctions
            – Admissible – Obligation on the Commission to take account, when determining the amount of the fine, of the penalty imposed
            in a Member State on the basis of the same facts – Obligation not transposable to the case of a penalty imposed in a non-member
            State
      (Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, Art. 50; Protocol No 7 to the European Convention on Human Rights, Art.
            4; Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15)
      7.     Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Possibility of increasing the fines in order to strengthen their deterrent
            effect – Obligation to take into account, in that regard, the fines already imposed in a non-member State – None
      (Arts 81(1) EC and 82 EC; EEA Agreement, Art. 53(1); Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2))
      8.     Community law – Principles – Protection of legitimate expectations – Conditions – Assurances given by the Director-General
            responsible for competition matters concerning the setting of the amount of the fine – Excluded owing to the exclusive competence
            of the College of Commissioners
      (Internal rules of the Commission, Art. 1)
      9.     Competition – Fines – Amount – Commission’s discretion – Unlimited jurisdiction of the Court of First Instance – Possibility,
            in that context, to take into consideration additional information which is not mentioned in the decision imposing the fine
      (Art. 229 EC; Council Regulation No 17, Art. 17)
      10.   Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Legal framework – Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 – Introduction by the Commission
            of guidelines which are innovative by reference to its previous practice in taking decisions – Breach of the principles of
            non-retroactivity and legal certainty – None
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2); Commission Communication 98/C 9/03)
      11.   Competition – Community rules – Infringements – Fines – Amount – Determination – Criteria – Increase in the general level
            of fines – Admissibility – Conditions
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(1) and (2))
      12.   Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Turnover to be taken into consideration in calculating the fine – Commission’s
            discretion while respecting the limit set down in Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2); Commission Communication 98/C 9/03)
      13.   Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Criteria – Taking into account of worldwide turnover from the goods forming
            the subject-matter of the infringement – Admissibility – Limits
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15)
      14.   Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Criteria – Assessment of the gravity of an infringement by reference to its
            impact – Account to be taken of the effects of the whole of the infringement and not of the individual conduct of the undertakings
            participating in the cartel
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15; Commission Communication 98/C 9/03, point 1.A)
      15.   Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Division of an overall amount between different groups of undertakings – Admissibility
            – Conditions
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2))
      16.   Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Calculation method set out in the Commission’s guidelines – Commission decision
            to apply that method in a particular case – Consequences – Obligation to state reasons for any departure
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2); Commission Communication 98/C 9/03)
      17.   Competition – Fines – Decision imposing fines – Obligation to state reasons – Scope – Statement of the factors by which the
            Commission assessed the gravity and duration of the infringement – Sufficient statement
      (Art. 253 EC; Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2))
      18.   Competition – Community rules – Infringements – Attribution – Legal person responsible for the operation of the undertaking
            at the time of the infringement
      (Art. 81(1) EC)
      19.   Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Criteria – Gravity of the infringements – Respective roles of the undertakings
            involved
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15)
      20.   Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Criteria – Gravity of the infringements – Attenuating circumstances – Passive
            or ‘follow-my-leader’ role of the undertaking
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15; Commission Communication 98/C 9/03)
      21.   Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Criteria – Gravity of the infringements – Attenuating circumstances – Whether
            Commission obliged to adhere to its previous decision-making practice – No such obligation – Setting-up by an undertaking
            of a competition compliance programme – Poor financial situation of the sector in which an undertaking operates
      (Art. 81(1) EC; Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15)
      22.   Competition – Fines – Amount – Limit fixed by Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 – Implementing procedures
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2))
      23.   Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Criteria – Financial situation of the undertaking concerned – May be taken
            into consideration – Whether the Commission is obliged to adhere to its previous decision-making practice – No such obligation
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15)
      24.   Competition – Administrative procedure – Request for information – Rights of the defence – Absolute right of silence – None
            – Right to refuse to provide answers that imply admission of an infringement
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 11(5))
      25.   Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Criteria – Reduction of the fine in return for cooperation by the undertaking
            involved – Cooperation in the context of the reply to a request for information – Taken into account
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2); Commission Communication 96/C 207/04)
      26.   Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Criteria – Reduction of the fine in return for cooperation by the undertaking
            involved – Concept of ‘evidence’
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2); Commission Communication 96/C 207/04)
      27.   Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Criteria – Reduction of the fine in return for cooperation by the undertaking
            involved – Information on the existence of a disloyal Commission official – Taken into account
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2); Commission Communication 96/C 207/04)
      28.   Competition – Fines – Commission’s discretion – Scope – Power to determine the arrangements for payment of the fines – Imposition
            of default interest
      (Council Regulation No 17, Art. 15(2))
      1.     In order to allow the undertakings concerned to defend themselves effectively against the objections raised against them in
         the statement of objections, the Commission is required to make available to them the entire investigation file, except for
         documents containing business secrets of other undertakings, other confidential information and internal documents of the
         Commission.
      
      As regards the latter, a restriction on access to them is justified by the need to ensure the proper functioning of the Commission
         when it deals with infringements of the Treaty competition rules; internal documents can be made available only if the exceptional
         circumstances of the case so require, on the basis of serious evidence which it is for the party concerned to provide, both
         before the Community Court and in the administrative procedure conducted by the Commission.
      
      (see paras 38, 40)
      2.     The statement of objections must allow those concerned to have effective knowledge of the conduct in respect of which they
         are accused by the Commission, that requirement being met when the final decision does not find that the undertakings concerned
         have committed infringements different from those referred to in the statement of objections and establishes only facts on
         which the persons concerned have had the opportunity to explain themselves.
      
      However, there is no provision that prevents the Commission from sending to the parties concerned after the statement of objections
         fresh documents which it considers support its argument, subject to giving the undertakings the necessary time to submit their
         views on the subject.
      
      (see paras 45, 47)
      3.     Under Articles 15 and 16(1) of Decision 2001/462 on the terms of reference of hearing officers in certain competition proceedings,
         the hearing officer is to prepare a final report on the respect of the right to be heard, which also considers whether the
         draft decision deals only with objections in respect of which the parties have been afforded the opportunity of making known
         their views and which is to be attached to the draft decision submitted to the Commission, in order to ensure that, when it
         reaches a decision, the Commission is fully apprised of ‘all relevant information’ as regards the course of the procedure
         and respect of the right to be heard.
      
      It follows that the hearing officer is not responsible for collecting all the objections of a procedural nature put forward
         by the parties concerned during the administrative procedure. He is required to communicate to the College of Commissioners
         only the objections relevant to the assessment of the lawfulness of the conduct of the administrative procedure. 
      
      (see paras 52-53)
      4.     Where an undertaking involved in an infringement of the competition rules does not expressly acknowledge the facts, the Commission
         must prove the facts and the undertaking is free to put forward, in the procedure before the Court, any plea in its defence
         which it deems appropriate. On the other hand, that is not the case where the undertaking expressly, clearly and specifically
         acknowledges the facts: where it explicitly admits during the administrative procedure the substantive truth of the facts
         which the Commission alleges against it in the statement of objections, those facts must thereafter be regarded as established
         and the undertaking estopped in principle from disputing them during the procedure before the Court.
      
      (see para. 108)
      5.     The Court of First Instance cannot be prohibited, in any circumstances, in the exercise of its unlimited jurisdiction, from
         increasing the amount of the fine imposed on an undertaking which, after having the benefit of a reduction in its fine in
         return for not having disputed the substantive truth of the facts established by the Commission during the administrative
         procedure, calls in question the veracity of those facts for the first time before the Court of First Instance.
      
      (see para. 113)
      6.     The principle ne bis in idem, also enshrined in Article 4 of Protocol No 7 to the European Convention on Human Rights, is
         a general principle of Community law upheld by the Community judicature. In the field of Community competition law, the principle
         precludes an undertaking from being sanctioned by the Commission or made the defendant to proceedings brought by the Commission
         a second time in respect of anti-competitive conduct for which it has already been penalised or of which it has been exonerated
         by a previous decision of the Commission that is no longer amenable to challenge. 
      
      None the less, the possibility of concurrent sanctions, one a Community sanction, the other a national one, resulting from
         two sets of parallel proceedings, each pursuing distinct ends, is acceptable because of the special system of sharing jurisdiction
         between the Community and the Member States with regard to cartels. However, a general requirement of natural justice demands
         that, in determining the amount of a fine, the Commission must take account of any penalties that have already been borne
         by the undertaking in question in respect of the same conduct where these were imposed for infringement of the law relating
         to cartels of a Member State and where, consequently, the infringement was committed within the Community. 
      
      That possibility of concurrent sanctions is justified where the national and Community proceedings pursue different ends.
         In those circumstances, the principle ne bis in idem cannot, a fortiori, apply in the case of procedures conducted and penalties
         imposed by the Commission on the one hand and the authorities of non-member States on the other which clearly did not pursue
         the same ends. The aim of the first was to preserve undistorted competition within the European Union or the European Economic
         Area, whereas the aim of the second was to protect the market of a non-member State. The application of the principle ne bis
         in idem is subject not only to the infringements and the persons sanctioned being the same, but also to the unity of the legal
         right being protected. 
      
      That conclusion is supported by the scope of the principle that a second penalty may not be imposed for the same offence,
         as laid down in Article 4 of Protocol No 7 to the European Convention on Human Rights. It is clear from the wording of Article
         4 that the intended effect of the principle is solely to prevent the courts of any given State from trying or punishing an
         offence for which the person concerned has already been acquitted or convicted in that same State. On the other hand, the
         principle ne bis in idem does not preclude a person from being tried or punished more than once in two or more different States
         for the same conduct.
      
      It is true that Article 50 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union provides that no one may be tried or
         punished again in criminal proceedings for an offence of which he has already been finally acquitted or convicted within the
         Union in accordance with the law. However, that charter is clearly intended to apply only within the territory of the Union
         and the scope of the right laid down in Article 50 is expressly limited to cases where the first acquittal or conviction was
         handed down within the Union.
      
      (see paras 130-135, 137)
      7.     The Commission’s power to impose fines on undertakings which, intentionally or negligently, infringe the provisions of Article
         81(1) EC or Article 82 EC is one of the means conferred on the Commission to enable it to carry out the task of supervision
         entrusted to it by Community law. That task includes the duty to pursue a general policy designed to apply, in competition
         matters, the principles laid down by the Treaty and to guide the conduct of undertakings in the light of those principles.
         
      
      It follows that the Commission has power to decide the level of fines so as to reinforce their deterrent effect where infringements
         of a given type, although established as being unlawful at the outset of Community competition policy, are still relatively
         frequent on account of the profit that certain of the undertakings concerned are able to derive from them.
      
      The objective of deterrence which the Commission is entitled to pursue when setting fines is intended to ensure that undertakings
         comply with the competition rules laid down in the Treaty when conducting their activities within the Community or the European
         Economic Area (EEA). Consequently, the deterrent effect of a fine imposed for infringement of the Community competition rules
         cannot be assessed by reference solely to the particular situation of the undertaking sanctioned or by reference to whether
         it has complied with the competition rules in non-member States outside the EEA. 
      
      It is therefore permissible for the Commission to impose on an undertaking a fine of a sufficiently deterrent level within
         the limits laid down in Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17, without being required to take account for the purpose of determining
         those limits of the sanction imposed on that undertaking in non-member States.
      
      (see paras 144-145, 147-148)
      8.     The principle of protection of its legitimate expectations extends to any individual in a situation where the Community authorities
         have caused him to entertain legitimate expectations, it being understood that no one may plead infringement of that principle
         unless he has been given precise, unconditional and consistent assurances, from authorised, reliable sources, by the administration.
         
      
      In that regard, an undertaking cannot reasonably expect that a decision adopted by the College of Commissioners, in accordance
         with the principle of collegiality established in Article 1 of the Rules of Procedure of the Commission of 29 November 2000,
         imposing a fine on it in order to sanction its participation in a cartel active on a worldwide scale would be delegated, as
         a ‘management or administrative measure’ within the meaning of Article 14 of those Rules of Procedure, to the Director-General
         competent for competition matters. It follows that a Director-General cannot have provided an undertaking with ‘precise assurances
         from [an] authorised, reliable source’ as regards the imputation of the sanctions imposed on it in a non-member State, as
         his powers are limited to submitting proposals to the College which the College is at liberty to accept or reject.
      
      (see paras 152-153)
      9.     Although the Commission has a discretion when determining the amount of each fine, and is not required to apply a precise
         mathematical formula, the Court none the less has, pursuant to Article 17 of Regulation No 17, unlimited jurisdiction within
         the meaning of Article 229 EC in actions brought against the decisions whereby the Commission has fixed a fine and may therefore
         cancel, reduce or increase the fine imposed. In that context, its assessment of the appropriateness of the fine may, independently
         of any manifest errors of assessment made by the Commission, justify the production and taking into account of additional
         information which is not mentioned in the Commission decision.
      
      (see para. 165)
      10.   The change which the Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 and Article
         65(5) of the ECSC Treaty made by reference to the Commission’s previous administrative practice does not constitute an alteration
         of the legal framework determining the level of fines which can be imposed that is contrary to the principles of non-retroactivity
         of legislation and legal certainty. First, the Commission’s previous practice does not itself serve as a legal framework for
         the fines imposed in competition matters, since that framework is defined solely in Regulation No 17. Second, having regard
         to the wide discretion which Regulation No 17 leaves the Commission, the fact that the latter introduces a new method of calculating
         fines, which may lead to an increase in the general level of fines but which does not go beyond the legal framework of sanctions
         as defined in Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17, cannot be regarded as an aggravation, with retroactive effect, of the fines
         as provided for in that provision.
      
      (see paras 190-191)
      11.   The fact that in the past the Commission imposed fines of a certain level for certain types of infringement does not mean
         that it is estopped from raising that level within the limits indicated in Regulation No 17 if that is necessary to ensure
         the implementation of Community competition policy and to strengthen the deterrent effect. The proper application of the Community
         competition rules requires, on the contrary, that the Commission may at any time adjust the level of fines to the needs of
         that policy. 
      
      (see paras 192, 216)
      12.   As regards the setting of the amount of fines in competition cases, the only express reference to turnover in Article 15(2)
         of Regulation No 17 concerns the upper limit that a fine cannot exceed, and that that limit is taken to refer to worldwide
         turnover. Provided that it remains within that limit, the Commission may in principle choose which turnover to take in terms
         of territory and products in order to determine the fine, without being obliged to adhere precisely to the worldwide turnover
         or turnover in the geographic market or the relevant product market. Last, although the Guidelines on the method of setting
         fines imposed pursuant to Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 and Article 65(5) of the ECSC Treaty do not provide that fines
         are to be calculated according to a specific turnover, they do not preclude such a figure from being taken into account, provided
         that the choice made by the Commission is not vitiated by a manifest error of assessment.
      
      (see para. 195)
      13.   The fact that the Commission has the power to impose sanctions only within the European Economic Area (EEA) does not preclude
         it from taking into consideration worldwide turnover derived from sales of the relevant product in order to evaluate the economic
         capacity of the members of the cartel to harm competition within the EEA, on the understanding that, whatever turnover is
         taken, disproportionate importance must not be ascribed to it by comparison with the other elements of assessment.
      
      (see paras 200-201)
      14.   Where the Commission relies on the impact of the infringement in order to assess its gravity, in accordance with point 1.A,
         first and second paragraphs, of the Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 15(2) of Regulation
         No 17 and Article 65(5) of the ECSC Treaty, the effects to be taken into account in that regard are those resulting from the
         entire infringement in which all the undertakings participated, so that consideration of the individual conduct or figures
         particular to each undertaking is not relevant in that regard. 
      
      (see para. 203)
      15.   As regards the setting of the amount of fines for infringement of the competition rules, the Commission’s approach of dividing
         the members of a cartel into several categories, with the consequence that a flat-rate starting amount was fixed for all the
         undertakings in the same category, although such an approach ignores the differences in size between undertakings in the same
         category, cannot in principle be condemned. The Commission is not required, when determining fines, to ensure, where fines
         are imposed on a number of undertakings involved in the same infringement, that the final amounts of the fines reflect any
         distinction between the undertakings concerned in terms of their overall turnover.
      
      However, such a division by categories must comply with the principle of equal treatment, according to which it is prohibited
         to treat similar situations differently and different situations in the same way, unless such treatment is objectively justified.
         Furthermore, the amount of the fine must at least be proportionate in relation to the factors taken into account in the assessment
         of the gravity of the infringement.
      
      It follows that, where the Commission divides the undertakings concerned into categories for the purpose of setting the amount
         of the fines, the thresholds for each of the categories thus identified must be coherent and objectively justified.
      
      (see paras 217, 219-220)
      16.   Where the Commission decides, for the purpose of setting the amount of the fines to be imposed on economic operators which
         have infringed the competition rules, to apply the differentiation method laid down in the Guidelines on the method of setting
         fines imposed pursuant to Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 and Article 65(5) of the ECSC Treaty, it is required to adhere
         to them, and must set out expressly its reasons should it depart from those Guidelines in any particular regard. Accordingly,
         while the Commission may take a multitude of factors into consideration in determining the final amount of a fine and is not
         required to apply mathematical formulae when doing so, it must, where it deemed it appropriate and equitable to have recourse,
         at a certain stage of that exercise, to mathematical calculations, apply its own method in a manner which is correct, coherent
         and, in particular, non-discriminatory. Once it has voluntarily chosen to apply such an arithmetical method, it is bound by
         the rules inherent therein, unless it provides express reasons for not doing so, in regard to all members of the same cartel.
      
      (see paras 231-232, 352)
      17.   The statement of reasons on which an individual decision is based must disclose in a clear and unequivocal fashion the reasoning
         followed by the institution which adopted the measure in question in such a way as to enable the persons concerned to ascertain
         the reasons for the measure and to enable the competent Community Court to exercise its power of review. The assessment of
         the requirement to state reasons depends on the circumstances of each case. It is not necessary for the reasoning to go into
         all the relevant facts and points of law, since the question whether the statement of reasons meets the requirements of Article
         253 EC must be assessed with regard not only to the wording of the measure but also to the context in which the measure was
         adopted. 
      
      In that regard, the Commission fulfils its obligation to state reasons when it indicates, in a decision imposing sanctions
         for infringement of the Community competition rules, the factors which enabled it to measure the gravity of the offence, without
         being required to set out a more detailed account or the figures relating to the method of calculating the fine.
      
      (see paras 250, 252)
      18.   The rule that it falls, in principle, to the natural or legal person managing the undertaking in question when the infringement
         was committed to answer for that infringement, even if, when the decision finding the infringement was adopted, another person
         had assumed responsibility for operating the undertaking, must be interpreted as meaning that an undertaking – that is to
         say, an economic unit consisting of personal, tangible and intangible elements – is directed by the organs provided for in
         its articles of association and that any decision imposing a fine on it may be addressed to the management as provided for
         in the undertaking’s articles of association (management board, management committee, chairman, manager, etc.), even though
         the financial consequences of the fine are ultimately borne by its owners. That rule would not be observed if the Commission,
         faced with unlawful conduct on the part of an undertaking, were always required to ascertain who is the owner exercising a
         decisive influence on the undertaking and were allowed to impose a sanction only on that owner.
      
      (see paras 280-281)
      19.   Where an infringement has been committed by a number of undertakings, it is necessary, in determining the amount of the fines,
         to establish their respective roles in the infringement throughout the duration of their participation in it. It follows,
         in particular, that the role of ‘ringleader’ played by one or more undertakings in a cartel must be taken into account for
         the purposes of calculating the amount of the fine, in so far as the undertakings which played such a role must therefore
         bear special responsibility in comparison with the other undertakings.
      
      (see para. 301)
      20.   According to the third indent of point 3 of the Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 15(2)
         of Regulation No 17 and Article 65(5) of the ECSC Treaty, an ‘exclusively passive or “follow-my-leader” role’ played by an
         undertaking in the infringement may, if established, constitute an attenuating circumstance.
      
      In that regard, the factors capable of revealing the passive role of an undertaking within a cartel may include the significantly
         more sporadic nature of its participation in the meetings by comparison with the ordinary members of the cartel, and also
         the existence of express declarations to that effect made by representatives of other undertakings which participated in the
         infringement. In any event, it is necessary to take account of all the relevant circumstances in each particular case.
      
      (see paras 330-331)
      21.   Where it is required to set the amount of the fines to be imposed on the members of an anti-competitive cartel, the Commission
         is not required, when taking attenuating circumstances into account, to adhere to its previous practice in taking decisions.
         It is therefore under no obligation, even if it has done so in the past, to take into account as an attenuating circumstance
         the fact that an undertaking has set up a competition compliance programme or the fact that the sector in which an undertaking
         operates is in a poor financial situation.
      
      (see paras 343, 345)
      22.   The maximum limit of 10% referred to in Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 which is not to be exceeded by the amount of a fine
         imposed on an undertaking for infringement of the competition rules refers to the total turnover of the undertaking concerned,
         which alone gives an indication of that undertaking’s size and influence on the market. It is only the fine ultimately imposed
         that must be reduced to that limit, in accordance with Article 15 of Regulation No 17; that provision does not prohibit the
         Commission from referring, during its calculation, to an intermediate amount higher than that limit, provided that the amount
         of the fine eventually imposed does not exceed it. 
      
      (see para. 367)
      23.   In a competition matter, the Commission is not required when determining the amount of the fine to take account of an undertaking’s
         financial losses since recognition of such an obligation would have the effect of conferring an unfair competitive advantage
         on the undertakings least well adapted to the conditions of the market. The fact that the Commission has found in previous
         decisions that it was appropriate to take account of the financial difficulties of a given undertaking does not mean that
         it is obliged to do so in a subsequent decision.
      
      Furthermore, the fact that a measure taken by a Community authority leads to the insolvency or liquidation of a given undertaking
         is not prohibited as such by Community law.
      
      (see paras 370, 372, 484)
      24.   An absolute right to silence cannot be recognised to an undertaking to which a decision requiring information within the meaning
         of Article 11(5) of Regulation No 17 is addressed. To acknowledge the existence of such a right would be to go beyond what
         is necessary in order to preserve the rights of defence of undertakings, and would constitute an unjustified hindrance to
         the Commission’s performance of its duty to ensure that the rules on competition within the common market are observed. A
         right to silence can be recognised only to the extent that the undertaking concerned would be compelled to provide answers
         which might involve an admission on its part of the existence of an infringement which it is incumbent upon the Commission
         to establish.
      
      In order to ensure the effectiveness of Article 11 of Regulation No 17, the Commission is therefore entitled to compel the
         undertakings to provide all necessary information concerning such facts as may be known to them and to disclose to the Commission,
         if necessary, such documents relating thereto as are in their possession, even if the latter may be used to establish the
         existence of anti-competitive conduct. This power of the Commission to obtain information does not fall foul of either Article
         6(1) and (2) of the European Convention on Human Rights or the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights.
      
      In any event, the mere fact of being obliged to answer purely factual questions put by the Commission and to comply with its
         requests for the production of documents already in existence cannot constitute a breach of the fundamental principle of respect
         for the rights of defence or impair the right to fair legal process, which offer, in the field of competition law, protection
         equivalent to that guaranteed by Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights. There is nothing to prevent the addressee
         of a request for information from showing, whether later during the administrative procedure or in proceedings before the
         Community Courts, that the facts set out in his replies or the documents produced by him have a different meaning from that
         ascribed to them by the Commission.
      
      (see paras 402-404, 406)
      25.   The fact that a request for information was sent to an undertaking under Article 11(1) of Regulation No 17 cannot minimise
         the cooperation provided by that undertaking under point D, paragraph 2, first indent, of the Notice on the non-imposition
         or reduction of fines in cartel cases.
      
      (see para. 410)
      26.   Oral information provided to the Commission by an undertaking may constitute valid evidence for the purposes of the first
         indent of point D(2) of the Notice on the non-imposition or reduction of fines in cartel cases. That provision states that
         not only ‘documents’ but also ‘information’ may serve as ‘evidence’ which materially contributes to establishing the existence
         of the infringement. It follows that the information need not necessarily be provided in documentary form. Furthermore, the
         practical utility of purely oral information is indisputable when it allows the Commission, for example, to find direct evidence
         of the infringement or when, owing to its precision, it encourages the Commission to continue an investigation which, not
         having sufficient evidence available at that time, it would have abandoned without that information.
      
      (see paras 430-431)
      27.   A reduction in the fine may be granted in respect of any cooperation which enabled the Commission to establish the existence
         of an infringement more easily and, where relevant, to bring it to an end. While it is true that the Notice on the non-imposition
         or reduction of fines in cartel cases provides, in point 3, only for a reduction ‘in the fine which would have been imposed
         upon [the undertakings cooperating with the Commission]’, it does not require that each individual item of information must
         relate to an infringement of competition law in respect of which a separate sanction may be imposed. In order to be able to
         benefit from that notice, it is sufficient that, by revealing its involvement in an infringement, the undertaking minded to
         cooperate exposes itself to sanctions, while whether the various items of information may be taken into consideration for
         the purposes of a possible reduction in the fine depends on how useful they are to the Commission in its task of establishing
         the existence of the infringement and putting an end to it.
      
      In that last regard, where a disloyal Commission official is in a position to sabotage its mission by supporting the members
         of an illegal cartel and may thus considerably complicate the investigation carried out by the Commission, for example by
         destroying or manipulating evidence, by informing the members of the cartel of a forthcoming unannounced investigation and
         by revealing the entire investigation strategy drawn up by the Commission, information about the existence of such an official
         must, in principle, be regarded as being capable of making it easier for the Commission to carry out its task of establishing
         an infringement and putting an end to it. Such information is particularly useful when it is provided at the beginning of
         the investigation opened by the Commission into possible anti-competitive conduct.
      
      (see paras 435-436)
      28.   The power conferred on the Commission by Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 covers the power to determine the date on which
         the fines are payable and that on which default interest begins to accrue, the power to set the rate of such interest and
         to determine the detailed arrangements for implementing its decision by requiring, where appropriate, the provision of a bank
         guarantee covering the principal amount of the fines imposed plus interest. If the Commission had no such power, the advantage
         which undertakings might be able to derive from late payment of fines would weaken the effect of penalties imposed by the
         Commission when carrying out its task of ensuring that the rules on competition are applied. Thus, the charging of default
         interest on fines is justified by the need to ensure that the Treaty is not rendered ineffective by practices applied unilaterally
         by undertakings which delay paying fines imposed on them and to ensure that those undertakings do not enjoy an advantage over
         those which pay their fines within the period laid down. 
      
      (see paras 475-476)

      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
            
            JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE (Second Chamber)29 April 2004(1)
         
         
               (Competition  –  Cartel  –  Graphite electrodes market  –  Price-fixing and market-sharing  –  Calculation of fines  –  Concurrent sanctions  –  Guidelines on the method of setting fines  –  Applicability  –  Gravity and duration of the infringement  –  Aggravating circumstances  –  Attenuating circumstances  –  Ability to pay  –  Cooperation during the administrative procedure  –  Arrangements for payment)
               
             In Joined Cases T-236/01, T-239/01, T-244/01 to T-246/01, T-251/01 and T-252/01, 
            
            
            Tokai Carbon Co. Ltd, established in Tokyo (Japan), represented initially by G. Van Gerven, T. Franchoo and M. De Grave, and, subsequently, by
            G. Van Gerven and T. Franchoo, lawyers, with an address for service in Luxembourg,SGL Carbon AG, established in Wiesbaden (Germany), represented by M. Klusmann, F. Wiemer and C. Canenbley, lawyers,Nippon Carbon Co. Ltd, established in Tokyo (Japan), represented by H. Gilliams, lawyer,Showa Denko KK, established in Tokyo (Japan), represented by M. Dolmans and P. Werdmuller, lawyers, and J. Temple Lang, Solicitor,GrafTech International Ltd, formerly UCAR International Inc., established in Nashville, Tennessee (United States), represented by K. Lasok QC and B. Hartnett
            BL, with an address for service in Luxembourg,SEC Corp., established in Amagasaki, Hyogo (Japan), represented by K. Platteau, lawyer,The Carbide/Graphite Group, Inc., established in Pittsburgh (United States), represented initially by M. Seimetz and J. Brücher, and, subsequently, P. Grund,
            lawyers, with an address for service in Luxembourg,
            
            
            applicants, 
            
            v
            Commission of the European Communities, represented by W. Mölls and P. Hellström, and, in Case T-246/01, by W. Wils, acting as Agents, with, in Case T-239/01, H.-J. Freund,
            lawyer, and, in Cases T-244/01, T-246/01, T-251/01 and T-252/01, J. Flynn and C. Kilroy, Barristers, with an address for service
            in Luxembourg,
            
            defendant, 
            
             APPLICATIONS for annulment, in whole or in part, of Commission Decision 2002/271/EC of 18 July 2001 relating to a proceeding
            under Article 81 of the EC Treaty and Article 53 of the EEA Agreement – Case COMP/E-1/36.490 – Graphite electrodes (OJ 2002
            L 100, p. 1)
            
            
            THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES (Second Chamber),
            
             composed of: N.J. Forwood, President, J. Pirrung and A.W.H. Meij, Judges, 
            
             Registrar: J. Plingers, Administrator, 
            
            
            
         gives the following
         
         
         Judgment
            
               Facts and procedure
            
         
         1
            
          By Decision 2002/271/EC of 18 July 2001 relating to a proceeding under Article 81 of the EC Treaty and Article 53 of the EEA
         Agreement – Case COMP/E-1/36.490 – Graphite electrodes (OJ 2002 L 100, p. 1) (‘the Decision’), the Commission found that various
         undertakings had participated in a series of agreements and concerted practices within the meaning of Article 81(1) EC and
         Article 53(1) of the Agreement on the European Economic Area (‘the EEA Agreement’) in the graphite electrodes sector.
         
         
         
         2
            
          Graphite electrodes are used primarily in the production of steel in electric arc furnaces. Electric arc furnace steelmaking
         is essentially a recycling process whereby scrap steel is converted into new steel, as opposed to the ‘traditional’ blast
         furnace/oxygen process of production from iron ore. Nine electrodes, joined in columns of three, are used in the electric
         arc furnace to melt scrap steel. Because of the intensity of the melting process, one electrode is consumed approximately
         every eight hours. The processing time for an electrode is approximately two months. There are no product substitutes for
         graphite electrodes in this production process.
         
         
         
         3
            
          The demand for graphite electrodes is directly linked to the production of steel in electric arc furnaces. The customers are
         principally steel producers, which account for approximately 85% of demand. In 1998, world crude steel production was 800
         million tonnes, of which 280 million tonnes was produced in electric arc furnaces. In the past 20 years, electric arc furnace
         production has become increasingly important (35% of world output in 1998, up from 18% of world output 20 years ago).
         
         
         
         4
            
          Graphite electrodes are priced in the appropriate national currency per tonne. In 1998, the price was DEM 5 600 (approximately
         EUR 2 863) per tonne. For larger-sized electrodes, the price is subject to a premium of 15% to 30%.
         
         
         
         5
            
          During the 1980s, technological improvements led to a substantial decline in the specific consumption of electrodes per tonne
         of steel produced. The steel industry was also undergoing major restructuring in that period. The fall in demand for electrodes
         led to the restructuring of the world electrodes industry, with a number of factories being closed.
         
         
         
         6
            
          In 2001, nine Western producers supplied the European market with graphite electrodes: SGL Carbon AG (‘SGL’), established
         in Germany, and UCAR International Inc. (‘UCAR’), established in the United States of America, together satisfied more than
         […] 
            			(2)
            		 of demand; while the two smaller European producers, VAW Aluminium AG (‘VAW’) and Conradty, established in Germany, together
         held approximately […]% of the market. The Carbide/Graphite Group, Inc. (‘C/G’), with approximately 7%, supplied the European
         market from the United States. The Japanese producers Showa Denko K.K. (‘SDK’), Tokai Carbon Co. Ltd (‘Tokai’), Nippon Carbon
         Co. Ltd (‘Nippon’) and SEC Corporation (‘SEC’) together held 3% to 4% of the European market.
         
         
         
         7
            
          On 5 June 1997, acting under Article 14(3) of Council Regulation No 17 of 6 February 1962, First Regulation implementing Articles
         [81] and [82] of the Treaty (OJ, English Special Edition 1959-62, p. 87), Commission officials carried out simultaneous and
         unannounced investigations at the premises of SGL, Conradty and VAW in Germany and UCAR in France.
         
         
         
         8
            
          On the same date, Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents executed judicial search warrants at the premises of a number
         of producers. These investigations led to criminal proceedings for conspiracy being brought against SGL, SDK, Tokai and UCAR.
         All the accused pleaded guilty to the charges and agreed to pay fines, which were set at United States dollars (USD) 135 million
         for SGL, USD 110 million for UCAR, USD 32.5 million for SDK and USD 6 million for Tokai, while C/G received an amnesty. Subsequently,
         SEC and Nippon also pleaded guilty and agreed to pay fines set at USD 4.8 million and USD 2.5 million respectively.
         
         
         
         9
            
          In January 2000, a criminal charge was also filed in the United States against the Japanese company Mitsubishi Corporation,
         which held 50% of UCAR’s capital between 1991 and 1995. In February 2001, Mitsubishi was convicted of having encouraged and
         supported the unlawful cartel between producers of graphite electrodes. It was fined USD 134 million.
         
         
         
         10
            
          Civil proceedings were filed in the United States on behalf of a class of purchasers claiming triple damages against UCAR,
         SGL, C/G and SDK
         
         
         
         11
            
          In Canada, UCAR was sentenced in March 1999 to a fine of Canadian dollars (CAD) 11 million for an offence against the Canadian
         Competition Act. In July 2000, SGL pleaded guilty and agreed to pay a fine of CAD 12.5 million for the same offence. Civil
         proceedings were instituted by purchasers of steel in Canada in June 1998 against UCAR, SGL, C/G and SDK for conspiracy.
         
         
         
         12
            
          On 24 January 2000, the Commission sent a statement of objections to the undertakings concerned. The administrative procedure
         culminated in the adoption, on 18 July 2001, of the Decision, in which the applicant undertakings and VAW are found to have
         been involved, on a worldwide scale, in price fixing and also in sharing the national and regional markets in the product
         in question according to the ‘home producer’ principle: UCAR and SGL were responsible for the United States; in addition,
         UCAR was responsible for certain parts of Europe and SGL for the rest of Europe; SDK, Tokai, Nippon and SEC were responsible
         for Japan and for certain parts of the Far East, while C/G, which was active on the United States and European markets, was
         essentially content to follow the prices set by UCAR and SGL.
         
         
         
         13
            
          Still according to the Decision, the basic principles of the cartel were as follows:
         
         
         
          
         –
            prices for graphite electrodes should be set on a global basis;
         
         
         
         
          
         –
            decisions on each company’s pricing had to be taken by the Chairman/General Manager only;
         
         
         
         
          
         –
            the ‘home producer’ was to establish the market price in its home area and the other producers would ‘follow’ it;
         
         
         
         
          
         –
            for ‘non-home’ markets, i.e. markets where there was no ‘home’ producer, prices would be decided by consensus;
         
         
         
         
          
         –
            non-home producers should not compete aggressively and would withdraw from the other producers’ home markets;
         
         
         
         
          
         –
            there was to be no expansion of capacity (the Japanese were supposed to reduce their capacity);
         
         
         
         
          
         –
            there should be no transfer of technology outside the circle of producers participating in the cartel.
         
         
         
         
         
         14
            
          The Decision goes on to state that those basic principles were implemented by meetings of the cartel, held at a number of
         levels: ‘Top Guy’ meetings, ‘Working Level’ meetings , ‘European group’ meetings (without the Japanese undertakings), national
         or regional meetings dedicated to specific markets and bilateral contacts between undertakings.
         
         
         
         15
            
          As regards the duration of the cartel, Article 1 of the operative part of the Decision sets the beginning of the infringement
         at May 1992 for all the undertakings concerned, with the exception of C/G, whose participation in the infringement was held
         to have begun in January 1993. The infringement was held to have ended on the following dates: March 1998 for SGL and UCAR,
         February 1998 for Tokai, Nippon and SEC, April 1997 for SDK, the end of 1996 for VAW and November 1996 for C/G.
         
         
         
         16
            
          On the basis of the findings of fact and the legal assessments made in the Decision, the Commission imposed on the undertakings
         concerned fines set according to the methodology described in the Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant
         to Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 and Article 65(5) of the ECSC Treaty (OJ 1998 C 9, p. 3, ‘the Guidelines’) and the Notice
         on the non-imposition or reduction of fines in cartel cases (OJ 1996 C 207, p. 4, ‘the Leniency Notice’).
         
         
         
         17
            
          Article 3 of the operative part of the Decision imposes the following fines: 
          SGL:  		EUR 80.2 million;
          UCAR:            EUR 50.4 million;
          VAW:  	EUR 11.6 million;
          SDK:  	EUR 17.4 million;
          Tokai:                       EUR 24.5 million;
          Nippon:            EUR 12.2 million;
          SEC:  		EUR 12.2 million;
          C/G:  		EUR 10.3 million.
         
         
         
         18
            
          In Article 4 of the operative part, the undertakings concerned are ordered to pay the fines within three months of the date
         of notification of the Decision, failing which interest of 8.04% will be payable.
         
         
         
         19
            
          The Decision was notified to the various applicant parties between 24 and 30 July 2001.
         
         
         
         20
            
          It was sent with a covering letter, dated 23 July 2001, stating the amount of the fine imposed and the payment terms (‘the
         July letter’). The letter stated that, upon expiry of the period for payment stated in the Decision, the Commission would
         recover the amount in question; however, should an action be brought before the Court of First Instance, no enforcement measure
         would be taken, provided that interest at 6.04% was paid and a bank guarantee constituted.
         
         
         
         21
            
          The July letter was notified to SGL on 24 July 2001 and to UCAR on 26 July 2001. In reply to comments submitted by UCAR concerning
         the payment terms, the Commission answered by letter of 9 August 2001 (‘the August letter’), refusing to accept, first, a
         proposal for payment which did not cover the whole fine and did not take account of the interest payable and, second, a lien
         on UCAR’s assets designed to guarantee payment of the fine. The August letter was notified to UCAR on 10 August 2001.
         
         
         
         22
            
          It was in those circumstances that, by separate applications lodged at the Registry of the Court of First Instance between
         1 and 9 October 2001, the addressees of the Decision, with the exception of VAW, brought the present actions.
         
         
         
         23
            
          Upon hearing the Report of the Judge-Rapporteur, the Court of First Instance (Second Chamber) decided to open the oral procedure
         and to put certain questions to the parties. The parties replied within the prescribed period. Then, after the parties had
         expressed their views on this point, the President of the Second Chamber, by order of 5 June 2003, joined the seven cases
         for the purposes of the oral procedure and the judgment, in accordance with Article 50 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court
         of First Instance. The President of the Second Chamber also granted confidential treatment for certain documents in the case-files.
         At the hearing on 3 July 2003, the parties, with the exception of C/G, which did not take part in the hearing, submitted oral
         argument and answered the questions put by the Court.
         
         
         
         24
            
          By document lodged at the Registry of the Court of First Instance on 26 September 2003, Graftech International Ltd (formerly
         UCAR) introduced an application for suspension of execution of the Decision and for interim measures in respect of the arrangements
         for payment of its fine set out in the July and August letters (Case T-246/01 R). Following Graftech’s withdrawal of its application
         for interim relief, the President of the Court of First Instance, by order of 24 March 2004, decided that Case T-246/01 R
         must be removed from the Register of the Court of First Instance and ordered Graftech to pay the costs associated with that
         case.
         
         Forms of order sought by the parties
         
         25
            
          Tokai (T-236/01) claims that the Court should:
         
         
         
          
         –
            annul Article 3 (and, in so far as necessary, Article 4) of the Decision in so far as it imposes a fine of EUR 24.5 million
               on Tokai, or, in the alternative, substantially reduce that fine;
            
         
         
         
         
          
         –
            order the Commission to pay the costs.
         
         
         
         
         
         26
            
          SGL (T-239/01) claims that the Court should:
         
         
         
          
         –
            annul the Decision in so far as it concerns SGL;
         
         
         
         
          
         –
            in the alternative, reduce the fine as appropriate;
         
         
         
         
          
         –
            order the Commission to pay the costs.
         
         
         
         
         
         27
            
          Nippon (T-244/01) claims that the Court should:
         
         
         
          
         –
            annul Article 1 of the Decision in so far as it finds that Nippon participated in an infringement of Article 81 EC and Article
               53(1) EEA between May 1992 and March 1993;
            
         
         
         
         
          
         –
            annul Article 3 of the Decision in so far as it imposes a fine of EUR 12.2 million on Nippon;
         
         
         
         
          
         –
            in the alternative, substantially reduce the fine;
         
         
         
         
          
         –
            order the Commission to pay the costs.
         
         
         
         
         
         28
            
          SDK (T-245/01) claims that the Court should:
         
         
         
          
         –
            annul Article 3(d) of the Decision;
         
         
         
         
          
         –
            in the alternative, reduce the fine to EUR 2.95 million or to such other amount as the Court may deem reasonable;
         
         
         
         
          
         –
            request the Commission, pursuant to Article 65(b) of the Rules of Procedure, to produce all the documents showing how the
               fine was calculated;
            
         
         
         
         
          
         –
            order the Commission to pay the costs.
         
         
         
         
         
         29
            
          UCAR (T-246/01) claims that the Court should:
         
         
         
          
         –
            order such measures of enquiry as appear necessary;
         
         
         
         
          
         –
            annul Article 3 of the Decision in so far as it imposes a fine on the applicant, or, in the alternative, reduce the fine;
         
         
         
         
          
         –
            annul Article 4 of the Decision in so far as it applies to UCAR, or, in the alternative, modify the terms of payment applicable
               to the fine payable in accordance with the terms and conditions set out in Annex 50 to the application;
            
         
         
         
         
          
         –
            annul the July letter, or, in the alternative, modify the conditions set out therein in accordance with the conditions set
               out in Annex 50 to the application;
            
         
         
         
         
          
         –
            annul the August letter, or, in the alternative, modify the conditions set out therein in accordance with the conditions set
               out in Annex 50 to the application;
            
         
         
         
         
          
         –
            order any other measure which justice may require;
         
         
         
         
          
         –
            order the Commission to pay the costs.
         
         
         
         
         
         30
            
          SEC (T-251/01) claims that the Court should:
         
         
         
          
         –
            annul Article 3 of the Decision in so far as it imposes a fine of EUR 12.2 million on SEC;
         
         
         
         
          
         –
            in the alternative, substantially reduce the fine;
         
         
         
         
          
         –
            order the Commission to pay the costs.
         
         
         
         
         
         31
            
          C/G (T-252/01) claims that the Court should:
         
         
         
          
         –
            annul the Decision in so far as it imposes a fine on C/G;
         
         
         
         
          
         –
            in the alternative, reduce the fine;
         
         
         
         
          
         –
            order the Commission to pay the costs.
         
         
         
         
         
         32
            
          In Cases T-236/01, T-239/01, T-245/01, T-251/01 and T-252/01, the Commission contends that the Court should:
         
         
         
          
         –
            dismiss the actions as unfounded;
         
         
         
         
          
         –
            order the applicants to pay the costs.
         
         
         
         
         
         33
            
          In Cases T-244/01 and T-246/01 the Commission contends that the Court should:
         
         
         
          
         –
            dismiss the actions as unfounded;
         
         
         
         
          
         –
            increase the fines;
         
         
         
         
          
         –
            order the applicants to pay the costs.
         
         
         
         Law
         
         34
            
          In most of the cases, the applicants seek, in essence, only cancellation or reduction of the amount of the fines imposed,
         on the ground that the Commission failed to take into account the fines already imposed in other countries and that it misapplied
         its Guidelines and its Leniency Notice, but they do not contest the substantive truth of the facts established in the Decision.
         However, certain applications also seek annulment of the Decision in its entirety and are based on pleas alleging that the
         Decision is unlawful in its entirety and/or on pleas alleging that the Commission erred in establishing the facts constituting
         the infringement. Last, in two cases the arrangements for payment of the fines are disputed.
         
         
         
         35
            
          It is therefore appropriate to examine, first of all, the claims seeking annulment of the Decision in its entirety or of certain
         findings of fact contained therein. The Court will then examine the claims seeking annulment of Article 3 of the Decision
         or a reduction in the fines set in application of the Guidelines and the Leniency Notice. Last, it will examine the complaints
         relating to the arrangements for payment of the fines.
         
         
          A –  Claims for annulment of the Decision in its entirety or of certain findings of fact
          1. The claims for annulment of the Decision in its entirety
          a)  Case T-239/01
         
         
         36
            
          SGL is the only applicant to claim formally, as its principal submission, that the Decision should be annulled in its entirety
         in so far as it concerns that undertaking. The pleas put forward in support of that submission allege a number of procedural
         defects. 
         
          The alleged refusal to grant full access to the file
         
         
         37
            
          SGL criticises the Commission’s refusal to grant it access to its internal documents and its failure to provide any list or
         non-confidential summary of those documents or of its documents containing business secrets or confidential matters. Owing
         to that breach of its rights of defence, SGL was unable to have an overall view of the contacts which took place between the
         Commission and the other undertakings concerned in the context of their cooperation. The Decision must therefore be annulled.
         
         
         
         38
            
          In that regard, the Court observes that, according to settled case-law, in order to allow the undertakings concerned to defend
         themselves effectively against the objections raised against them in the statement of objections, the Commission is required
         to make available to them the entire investigation file, except for documents containing business secrets of other undertakings,
         other confidential information and internal documents of the Commission (see Case T-23/99 LR AF 1998 v Commission [2002] ECR II-1705, paragraph 170, and the case-law cited there). 
         
         
         
         39
            
          In so far as SGL claims, before the Court, that the Commission should have communicated to it at least a list or a non-confidential
         summary of its documents containing secret or confidential matters, it must be held that, during the administrative procedure,
         the applicant submitted no request to that effect. Its letter of 9 March 2000 and its reply of 4 April 2000 to the statement
         of objections refer solely to the Commission’s internal documents; in its letter of 9 March, SGL even acknowledged that the
         Commission had provided it with a list of the documents that could be consulted. In those circumstances, the Commission was
         not under an obligation to make available, of its own initiative, the lists and summaries in question (see, to that effect,
         Joined Cases T-25/95, T-26/95, T-30/95 to T-32/95, T-34/95 to T-39/95, T-42/95 to T-46/95, T-48/95, T-50/95 to T-65/95, T-68/95
         to T-71/95, T-87/95, T-88/95, T-103/95 and T-104/95 Cimenteries CBR and Others v Commission [2000] ECR II-491, ‘the Cement judgment’, paragraph 383).
         
         
         
         40
            
          As regards the request for access to internal documents, which the Commission is not required to make available (LR AF 1998 v Commission, cited above, paragraph 170), that restriction on access is justified by the need to ensure the proper functioning of the
         Commission when it deals with infringements of the Treaty competition rules; internal documents can be made available only
         if the exceptional circumstances of the case so require, on the basis of serious evidence which it is for the party concerned
         to provide, both before the Community Court and in the administrative procedure conducted by the Commission (see the Cement judgment, paragraph 420, and the case-law cited there). In claiming generally that the Commission’s internal documents might
         show that the applicant was treated unfavourably by comparison with other undertakings when its cooperation was assessed,
         SGL has provided no serious evidence of circumstances requiring that it be given access to the documents in question.
         
         
         
         41
            
          Furthermore, the Commission stated, without being contradicted by SGL on that point, that the documents relating to cooperation
         by the undertakings did not form part of its internal file but were in the investigation file to which the undertakings had
         access. Last, as is apparent from a number of complaints directed against the calculation of its fine (see paragraph 384 et
         seq. below), SGL did in fact make a comparison of its own cooperation with that of the other members of the cartel, which
         confirms the Commission’s argument.
         
         
         
         42
            
          In those circumstances, the Commission cannot be criticised for not having disclosed its internal documents to SGL or for
         having failed to send it a list or non-confidential summaries of those documents.
         
         
         
         43
            
          The plea must therefore be rejected.
         
          The allegation that the statement of objections was not definitive
         
         
         44
            
          SGL claims that the statement of objections of 24 January 2000 was not definitive. Although the Commission stated, by letter
         of 4 May 2000, that the replies of certain undertakings to the statement of objections contained inaccuracies and contradictions,
         it omitted to replace the statement of objections before adopting the Decision. SGL was therefore not in a position to exercise
         its right to be heard on the final outcome of the investigation.
         
         
         
         45
            
          In that regard, the Court observes that there is no provision that prevents the Commission from sending to the parties concerned
         after the statement of objections fresh documents which it considers support its argument, subject to giving the undertakings
         the necessary time to submit their views on the subject (see LR AF 1998 v Commission, cited at paragraph 38 above, paragraph 190, and the case-law cited there). 
         
         
         
         46
            
          In this case, the Commission acknowledges that certain replies to the statement of objections contained contradictions and
         accusations against other undertakings. For that reason, it gave access to a non-confidential version of those replies and
         allowed the undertakings to submit their comments thereon during the hearing on 25 May 2000. However, it did not draw the
         slightest adverse conclusion from them.
         
         
         
         47
            
          According to settled case-law, the statement of objections must allow those concerned to have effective knowledge of the conduct
         in respect of which they are accused by the Commission. That requirement is met when the final decision does not find that
         the undertakings concerned have committed infringements different from those referred to in the statement of objections and
         establishes only facts on which the persons concerned have had the opportunity to explain themselves (Case T-213/00 CMA CGM and Others v Commission [2003] ECR II‑913, ‘the FETTCSA judgment’, paragraph 109). In the present case, there was nothing to prevent SGL from comparing the statement of objections
         with the text of the Decision in order to ascertain whether the Commission had relied on fresh objections which were not in
         the statement of objections and on which SGL had not been able to comment before the adoption of the Decision. However, SGL
         does not claim that there was any such discrepancy between the statement of objections and the Decision.
         
         
         
         48
            
          In any event, it is sufficient that the Commission allows the undertakings to comment specifically on the observations made
         on the statement of objections. In the present case, SGL does not accuse the Commission of having infringed its right to be
         heard on that precise point. It complains only about the purely oral nature of the observations allowed by the Commission,
         but fails to show that only written observations would have allowed it to defend its point of view effectively.
         
         
         
         49
            
          This plea must therefore be rejected.
         
          The allegedly unlawful report of the Hearing Officer
         
         
         50
            
          The Court notes that, on 28 May 2001, the Hearing Officer submitted, pursuant to Article 15 of Commission Decision 2001/462/EC,
         ECSC on the terms of reference of hearing officers in certain competition proceedings (OJ 2001 L 162, p. 21), a final report
         which reads as follows: ‘The draft decision does not call for any particular comment on the right to be heard. The undertakings
         have not raised any procedural point. The draft decision does not include any complaint on which the undertakings concerned
         were not first able to adopt a decision.’ 
         
         
         
         51
            
          In that context, SGL maintains that the Hearing Officer was wrong to state that SGL had not raised any procedural point. The
         Decision itself recognises that SGL had complained that it was given only incomplete access to the file. Contrary to Article
         8 of Decision 2001/462, the Hearing Officer did not comment on SGL’s request for access to the file in the reply to the statement
         of objections. His final report therefore contained errors which may have influenced, to SGL’s detriment, the outcome of the
         deliberations of the College of the Members of the Commission. Nor did the Hearing Officer address the problem of the replies
         of certain undertakings to the statement of objections, which contained contradictions and charges on which SGL was only able
         to comment orally at the hearing. Although SGL complained about that approach, the Hearing Officer’s report does not refer
         to that procedural defect.
         
         
         
         52
            
          The Court recalls that, according to recitals 2, 3 and 8 of Decision 2001/462, the Commission is required to ensure that the
         right of persons concerned by competition proceedings to be heard throughout the procedure is guaranteed; and it must entrust
         the conduct of administrative proceedings to an independent person experienced in such matters who has the integrity necessary
         to contribute to the objectivity, transparency and efficiency of the proceedings. According to Articles 15 and 16(1) of that
         decision, the hearing officer is to prepare a final report on the respect of the right to be heard, which also considers whether
         the draft decision deals only with objections in respect of which the parties have been afforded the opportunity of making
         known their views and which is to be attached to the draft decision submitted to the Commission, in order to ensure that,
         when it reaches a decision, the Commission is fully apprised of all relevant information as regards the course of the procedure
         and respect of the right to be heard.
         
         
         
         53
            
          It is apparent from these provisions that the hearing officer is not responsible for collecting all the objections of a procedural
         nature put forward by the parties concerned during the administrative procedure. He is required to communicate to the College
         of Members of the Commission only the objections relevant to the assessment of the lawfulness of the conduct of the administrative
         procedure. As stated above, the two pleas put forward by SGL concerning access to the Commission’s internal documents and
         the problem of the replies to the statement of objections are unfounded. Accordingly, in his capacity as an objective and
         independent officer, the hearing officer was not required to communicate those two irrelevant objections to the College of
         Members of the Commission.
         
         
         
         54
            
          This complaint therefore cannot be upheld either.
         
         
         
         55
            
          It follows that none of the pleas whereby SGL maintains that the Decision is vitiated by procedural defects can be upheld.
         
         
          b)  Case T-246/01
         
         
         56
            
          Without presenting any formal submission for the annulment of the Decision in its entirety, UCAR claimed in its application
         that the Decision should be ‘annulled in whole or in part’. It submits that, by not examining the role played by Mitsubishi
         and Union Carbide, its parent companies between 1992 and 1995, in the creation of the cartel and during the initial period
         of its operation, the Commission was in breach of its obligation to carry out an impartial investigation and breached UCAR’s
         rights of defence. In its reply, however, UCAR stated that it sought not annulment of the entire Decision for breach of an
         essential procedural requirement but cancellation or reduction of the amount of the fine imposed on it by Article 3 of the
         Decision and that the abovementioned passage in its application was presented solely in the latter context.
         
         
         
         57
            
          The Court concludes that UCAR’s action does not seek annulment of the Decision in its entirety. The complaint that the Commission
         failed to have regard to the role played by Mitsubishi and Union Carbide in UCAR’s participation in the cartel will therefore
         be examined in the context of UCAR’s pleas concerning the calculation of its fine.
         
         
          2.  The claims for partial annulment of Article 1 of the Decision and of certain findings of fact made in the Decision
          a) The plea alleging, in Case T-239/01, an incorrect finding concerning the implementation of a Central Monitoring System
         
         
         58
            
          In the context of the group of pleas alleging that its fine was calculated incorrectly, SGL accuses the Commission of having
         discriminated against it by comparison with SDK by reducing the fine imposed on SDK on the ground that it had revealed the
         existence and functioning of a Central Monitoring System (‘CMS’) implemented within the framework of the cartel. SGL claims
         that that system was never implemented and that it informed the Commission to that effect in its reply to the statement of
         objections.
         
         
         
         59
            
          In that regard, the Court notes that SGL claims, in its application, that it expressly refrained in its reply to the statement
         of objections from disputing the facts as presented by the Commission. In that reply, SGL had none the less corrected certain
         findings of fact; as regards the CMS, it had stated that ‘the Central Monitoring System was … never completed’.
         
         
         
         60
            
          The Court observes that, in the Decision, the Commission considered, in spite of SGL’s reply on that point, that the infringement
         established consisted, in particular, in the setting-up of machinery for monitoring and enforcing the cartel agreements (recital
         2). It described the details of the CMS (recitals 72, 73, 91 and 92) and stated that SGL’s argument was contradicted by the
         documentary evidence and by the statements of other producers such as Tokai and UCAR. The Commission’s defence refers to those
         passages in the Decision, whereas SGL’s reply merely maintains that the CMS had not been implemented.
         
         
         
         61
            
          In the circumstances of the present case, the fact that SGL merely repeats, in general terms, a simple unsupported assertion
         that the CMS was not implemented does not suffice to undermine the findings of fact to the contrary in the Decision.
         
         
         
         62
            
          The plea concerning the findings of fact relating to the application of the CMS must therefore be rejected.
         
         
          b) Plea alleging, in Case T-236/01, an incorrect finding that the cartel operated on a global scale 
         
         
         63
            
          In the context of the plea alleging that the Commission was wrong to rely on its worldwide turnover, Tokai maintains that
         the geographic market for graphite electrodes is not worldwide. In any event, the Commission did not properly analyse the
         relevant geographic market. In its decision of 4 January 1991 (Mitsubishi/UCAR, IV M 024), adopted pursuant to the Merger
         Regulation, the Commission concluded that the graphite electrodes market was a Community market. 
         
         
         
         64
            
          In that regard, the Court observes that Tokai expressly stated in its application that its action does not seek to contest
         the substantive truth of the facts stated in the Decision. The findings of fact to the effect that the cartel organised the
         world market in graphite electrodes are made both in the Decision (see, for example, recitals 14 to 18, 46, 47, 49, 51, 71,
         72 and 73) and in the statement of objections (points 33, 34, 35, 37, 39, 59, 60 and 61). It follows that the very essence
         of the cartel consisted, according to the Commission’s findings, in structuring the graphite electrodes sector in the world
         according to a system of three ‘legs’: SGL representing Europe, UCAR representing the United States and SDK, Tokai, Nippon
         and SEC representing Japan (recital 47 of the Decision). Furthermore, the basic principles of the cartel identified by the
         Commission included that of the ‘home producer’, which was to establish prices on its territory, while the other producers
         followed it (see paragraphs 12 and 13 above), it being stipulated that ‘non-home’ producers were to withdraw from the others’
         ‘home’ markets (recital 50 of the Decision). Last, the Commission gave the example of the United States company C/G, which,
         without having any production site outside the United States, succeeded in obtaining a market share of approximately 7% in
         Europe and in selling almost one third of its output in the EEA (recitals 16, 30 and 85 of the Decision), which in the Commission’s
         view revealed the existence of a market on a worldwide scale and demonstrated that even a ‘non-home’ producer was capable
         of disrupting the functioning of the cartel.
         
         
         
         65
            
          The present plea is manifestly incompatible with Tokai’s recognition of the factual details just set out, which Tokai did
         not convincingly challenge either during the administrative procedure or before the Court. When placed in the context of the
         other pleas alleging that the fines were not correctly calculated, the plea is directed, rather, at the Commission’s assessment
         of the real impact of Tokai’s conduct on competition in the EEA. In the context of those pleas, Tokai places particular emphasis
         on its passive conduct and on the fact that it had no economic interest in selling the product in question on the European
         market. The real scope of the plea therefore consists in criticising the Commission for having failed to appreciate, in setting
         the amount of the fine, the purely passive role which Tokai played.
         
         
         
         66
            
          That conclusion is not contradicted by Tokai’s reference to the decision of 4 January 1991 (Mitsubishi/UCAR, IV M 024) in
         which the Commission considered, in respect of a merger between undertakings, that the graphite electrodes market had a Community
         dimension. In that regard, it is sufficient to observe that that decision was adopted in a different context from that applicable
         to the present case and dates from an era which precedes both the Commission’s investigation in the present case and the infringement
         period established in the Decision. It was specifically the detection, as from 1997, of the cartel in which Tokai participated
         that enabled the Commission to establish that the members of the cartel had shared the graphite electrodes market on a worldwide
         scale. The reference to the 1991 decision is therefore irrelevant.
         
         
         
         67
            
          Consequently, the plea must be rejected in so far as it challenges the findings of fact concerning the worldwide nature of
         the graphite electrodes market.
         
         
          c) The plea alleging, in Case T-239/01, incorrect assessment of the duration of the infringement found in the Decision
         
         
         68
            
          In the context of the group of pleas alleging that its fine was incorrectly calculated, SGL criticises the Commission, first,
         for having established, without any evidence, an overlong period for its participation in the infringement: the Commission
         wrongly found that SGL had continued the infringement after the investigations carried out in June 1997 and had done so until
         February/March 1998. Consequently, the determination of its fine is incorrect in so far as it includes an increase for that
         period. The Commission was also wrong to consider the alleged continuation of the infringement after the investigations as
         an aggravating circumstance to SGL’s detriment. In that context, SGL claims that the meetings held within the cartel during
         the period in issue concerned not the European market but only the Asiatic markets, and that it had already informed the Commission
         of that fact during the administrative procedure. The evidence on which the Commission relies in support of its theory is
         not reliable.
         
         
         
         69
            
          Second, SGL complains of the incorrect finding at recital 57 of the Decision, where it is stated that the European group of
         the cartel met again from ‘1999’. It maintains that it cannot be precluded that that error had negative effects on the setting
         of its fine. At recital 124 of the Decision, moreover, the Commission states that there are indications on which it may be
         concluded that the infringement had still not ceased in 2001. SGL requests the Court to ascertain, by means of a measure of
         organisation of procedure, whether the incorrect figure 1999 was transmitted to the College of Members of the Commission for
         the purpose of the adoption of the Decision.
         
         
         
         70
            
          As regards the first part of SGL’s plea, it is appropriate to set out the chronology and the precise thrust of the observations
         formulated by SGL in response to the Commission’s findings.
         
         
         
         71
            
          First, it was in reply to a request for information from the Commission that SGL, by memorandum of 8 June 1999, stated that
         the largest producers of graphite electrodes, including SGL and UCAR, coordinated their conduct in competition matters from
         1992 ‘to 1998’. Next, it listed the meetings held within the cartel. As regards the meetings held after June 1997, it referred,
         each time in a single sentence, to a meeting held in Malaysia in July 1997, a meeting held in Hong Kong in November 1997 and
         a meeting held in Bangkok in February 1998 and stated that those meetings dealt with specifically Asian topics.
         
         
         
         72
            
          Second, the statement of objections of 24 January 2000 established that the infringement in SGL’s case had lasted until March
         1998 and stated that the Hong Kong and Bangkok meetings had concerned the updating of the CMS tables on sales volumes for
         all regions and all markets and also that SGL and UCAR had informed the Japanese members of the cartel of the new prices applied
         in Europe (points 78 and 79). According to the statement of objections, bilateral contacts between SGL and UCAR also took
         place until March 1998 (point 80). Most of those findings were based on a statement of UCAR’s former European sales director,
         Mr […]. Last, the statement of objections included a voluminous list of annexed documents, used as evidence, including Mr
         […]’s statement.
         
         
         
         73
            
          Third, SGL’s reply of 4 April 2000 to the statement of objections, after confirming that the facts underlying the statement
         of objections were not disputed in principle (‘grundsätzlich’), merely referred to the memorandum of 8 June 1998 and remained
         silent as regards the new findings and documentary evidence relating to the infringement period as set out in the statement
         of objections. In particular, it did not dispute Mr […]’s statement, although SGL had access to that statement.
         
         
         
         74
            
          Before the Court, SGL added nothing of substance to the argument raised during the administrative procedure. It merely contended
         that the value of Mr […]’s statement should be evaluated in the light of the circumstances prevailing when it was drawn up.
         That observation refers to the fact, stated by the Commission, that UCAR, after dismissing Mr […], made any amicable resolution
         of the dismissal proceedings brought by Mr […] conditional on his agreeing to cooperate with the Commission in its investigation.
         
         
         
         75
            
          However, the text of Mr […]’s supplemental statement, on which the Commission placed particular reliance, contains nothing
         to justify SGL’s suspicions; Mr […] mentions the names of a number of representatives of other members of the cartel, including
         Mr […] of SGL and Mr […] of UCAR, so that the truth of his statement could have been ascertained if those persons had been
         called as witnesses. However, SGL did not request that they be called; nor did it contact the Commission during the administrative
         procedure in order to communicate counter-statements, for example, on the part of its former sales director, Mr […]. Last,
         it follows from Mr […]’s statement, which was also transmitted to the Commission at UCAR’s request, that his statements were
         not intended to clear UCAR to the detriment of other members of the cartel, with the aim of obtaining a favourable outcome
         of his dispute with UCAR. Mr […] states that his unlawful conduct was known to his superiors in the undertaking and approved
         by them.
         
         
         
         76
            
          It follows that SGL has not succeeded in establishing to the requisite legal standard that the Commission’s findings of fact
         concerning its participation in the infringement during the period June 1997 to March 1998 (recitals 91 to 93 of the Decision)
         are incorrect. The first part of the plea must therefore be rejected.
         
         
         
         77
            
          As regards the second part, directed against recital 57 of the Decision, the Commission has acknowledged that the sentence
         in the German version of the Decision notified to the applicant, to the effect that meetings of the European group within
         the cartel were held ‘from 1999’, contained a typographical error. That error is quite clear, first, from a comparison with
         the English version of the Decision, the other authentic version (apart from the German version), which correctly states ‘1992’.
         Second, the German version of recital 57 (with the incorrect date 1999) is in itself incomprehensible: according to UCAR,
         the meetings in question were discontinued ‘after about a year’ (i.e. in 2000, following the logic of the incorrect text),
         there being no longer any perceived need (still according to UCAR) for the European producers to meet in ‘1993’. That sentence
         clearly makes sense only if the reference year is 1992.
         
         
         
         78
            
          Last, and above all, Article 1 and recitals 3, 114 and 155 of the Decision clearly designate March 1998 as the end of the
         infringement committed by SGL. That finding is not contradicted by recital 124 of the Decision, which states that the infringement
         may not even have ceased in 2001. That passage does not alter the findings of fact concerning the duration of the infringement,
         but serves merely to justify Article 2 of the operative part of the Decision, which, as a precaution, orders the undertakings
         concerned to bring the infringements to an end immediately, in so far as they have not already done so.
         
         
         
         79
            
          Owing to its manifest nature, the typographical error was not capable of adversely affecting SGL’s interests as regards the
         setting of its fine: the chapter ‘Duration of the infringement’, in the section of the Decision on the fixing of the fines,
         indicates ‘February/March 1998’ as marking the end of the infringement by SGL, UCAR, Tokai, Nippon and SEC (recital 155).
         
         
         
         80
            
          Consequently, such an error cannot justify the annulment of the findings of fact concerning the duration of the infringement
         by SGL. In those circumstances, there is no need to adopt the measure of organisation of procedure proposed by SGL.
         
         
         
         81
            
          Both parts of SGL’s plea must therefore be rejected.
         
         
          d) The pleas alleging, in Case T-244/01, breach of essential procedural requirements owing to the absence of sufficient evidence
         of Nippon’s participation in the infringement during the period May 1992 to March 1993, and failure to state reasons on that
         point
          Arguments of the parties
         
         
         82
            
          In support of its claim that Article 1 of the Decision should be annulled in part, Nippon maintains that the burden of proof
         is borne by the Commission when it adopts a decision accusing an undertaking of infringing provisions of Community law. In
         the present case, the assertion in the Decision that Nippon participated in the infringement between May 1992 and March 1993
         is unsupported by sufficient conclusive proof. In so far as the Commission maintains that Nippon had participated in the meetings
         held during that period, its assertion is not made out. Nippon submits that the Commission’s accusation is wholly based on
         statements made by certain of Nippon’s competitors (SDK, UCAR and SGL) for the sole purpose of benefiting from the application
         of the Leniency Notice. In those circumstances, the Commission is not entitled to place any probative value on those statements,
         whose reliability is limited.
         
         
         
         83
            
          As regards the first ‘Top Guy’ meeting held in London on 21 May 1992, Nippon maintains that the assertion in the Decision
         that Tokai represented Nippon’s interests is not supported by any evidence. In the Cement judgment (cited at paragraph 39 above, paragraphs 2773 to 2782), the Court of First Instance held that, having failed to
         demonstrate that a party had given instructions to be represented at a meeting, the Commission was not entitled to infer that
         that party was effectively present, or represented, or that it had subscribed to the agreement concluded at that meeting.
         In the applicant’s submission, such reasoning must also apply in the present case. In particular, the Commission adduces no
         evidence that the applicant did in fact instruct Tokai to represent it at that meeting. 
         
         
         
         84
            
          In so far as the Commission relies on a statement by SDK concerning a meeting which was apparently held in the context of
         preliminary contacts before the meeting of 21 May 1992, Nippon is unable to understand how the reference to a meeting which
         took place before the setting-up of the cartel can possibly prove its assertion. As regards SGL’s statement, it is drafted
         in general terms, without the slightest nuance, and constitutes a general admission by SGL of its own participation in the
         alleged infringement between 1992 and 1998. That statement cannot be interpreted as referring to Nippon’s participation in
         the various meetings that took place during the period in question. Nor does it state that Nippon’s interests were represented
         by Tokai.
         
         
         
         85
            
          Nippon further states that the imprecise statements by UCAR, to the effect that ‘certain Japanese competitors’ and ‘several
         Japanese competitors’ attended the meeting, cannot serve as a basis for the Commission’s assertion that it was in fact Nippon
         that was represented by a specific undertaking which attended the meeting.
         
         
         
         86
            
          As regards the ‘Working group’ meetings held on 25 May and 19 September 1992, Nippon states that the Commission’s assertions
         concerning its presence at those meetings are based wholly on imprecise and inconsistent statements by Nippon’s competitors.
         In the Decision, the Commission provides no factual or documentary proof in that regard.
         
         
         
         87
            
          As regards, more particularly, the meeting held in Zurich on 25 May 1992, Nippon’s alleged presence is based on a single statement
         of SDK which maintains that ‘representatives of Nippon’ attended the meeting, without indicating who actually represented
         it on that occasion. On the other hand, in its statements concerning other companies, SDK provides that information in detail.
         As regards UCAR’s statement, it makes to reference at all to the Zurich meeting. SGL’s statement does not mention Nippon’s
         presence at that meeting.
         
         
         
         88
            
          As regards the meeting held in Lugano on 19 September 1992, Nippon’s alleged presence is once again based entirely on a single
         statement by SGL. That statement in inconsistent with those made by SDK and UCAR, which do not mention the Lugano meeting.
         
         
         
         89
            
          In so far as the Decision claims that the travel records supplied by Nippon prove that it was present at the meetings in question
         (recital 48), Nippon observes that it sent those records to the Commission following a formal request for information under
         Article 11 of Regulation No 17. However, the Commission has no power to gather information outside the Community. Accordingly,
         that information was obtained illegally and cannot serve as a basis for establishing that Nippon participated in the alleged
         infringement. In any event, the request sent to Nippon in the present case does not satisfy the requirements laid down in
         Regulation No 17, since the Commission did not mention the penalties provided for in Article 15(1)(b), as required by Article
         11(3) of Regulation No 17. Last, the travel records in question do not prove that Nippon participated in the meetings held
         between May 1992 and March 1993.
         
         
         
         90
            
          Nippon claims that it never admitted in its correspondence with the Commission that it had attended either of the meetings
         held between May 1992 and March 1993. In that regard, it states that its letters of 30 March and 17 May 2000 in reply to the
         statement of objections must be read in the context of its letter of 18 December 1998.
         
         
         
         91
            
          By that letter, Nippon replied to a request sent by the Commission with a view to ascertaining whether Nippon had participated
         in the meetings held by the cartel. The reply was clear and detailed in respect of each of the periods indicated by the Commission.
         However, Nippon made no reference to any meeting held between May 1992 to March 1993, although the Commission expressly asked
         about that period.
         
         
         
         92
            
          Nippon admits having acknowledged in its letter of 30 March 2000 that its administrators or managers had participated ‘on
         several occasions’ in international meetings between competitors and had stated that it would not discuss its participation
         in the meetings. However, that general assertion cannot be interpreted as an admission on Nippon’s part that it participated
         in all the meetings, in particular those held specifically between May 1992 and March 1993.
         
         
         
         93
            
          In its subsequent letter of 17 May 2000, Nippon explained that it did not ‘essentially’ dispute the facts set out in the statement
         of objections. That letter does not mean that Nippon had participated in all the meetings. On the contrary, it refers expressly
         to its letter of 18 December 1998 and therefore reiterates that Nippon was involved in only a certain number of meetings.
         
         
         
         94
            
          Nippon further submits that the Decision is not properly reasoned on that point. Even on the assumption that its participation
         during that period were established, the Commission has failed to provide the reason why an increase in the basic amount of
         its fine is justified, regard being had to the fact that its fine had already been increased because of the alleged continuation
         of the infringement after the Commission’s investigation. The Decision fails to explain that twofold increase.
         
         
         
         95
            
          As regards the Commission’s submission that the Court should increase the fine imposed on Nippon, Nippon maintains that that
         request is inappropriate and unfounded.
         
         
         
         96
            
          The Commission contends that Nippon did not at any time before lodging its application before the Court of First Instance
         deny having participated in the meetings held between May 1992 and March 1993. On the contrary, Nippon relied on its failure
         to challenge the facts on which the Commission based its allegations in order to obtain a reduction under the Leniency Notice.
         In any event, Nippon’s participation in the meetings in question is proved by SDK’s and SGL’s statements.
         
         
         
         97
            
          The Commission admits that it has no travel records from Nippon covering the period in issue. However, in the light of the
         evidence referred to above, there is no need to resort to those records.
         
         
         
         98
            
          Last, the Commission requests the Court of First Instance, in the exercise of its unlimited jurisdiction, to increase the
         fine imposed on Nippon. Contrary to its reply to the statement of objections, Nippon is now challenging the findings in respect
         of the duration of its infringement. In the Commission’s submission, the fine should be increased by an amount at least equal
         to the 10% granted to Nippon under the Leniency Notice.
         
          Findings of the Court
         
         
         99
            
          It should be borne in mind, first of all, that in the Decision (recital 113) the Commission limited its assessment under the
         competition rules and the application of any fines to the period from May 1992, this being the date of the first ‘Top Guy’
         meeting in London at which the basic principles for the cartelisation of the market were agreed. The Commission observed that
         the fact that Nippon did not attend that meeting was immaterial since it was present at the first ‘Working Level’ meeting
         only four days later.
         
         
         
         100
            
          In order to determine the scope of the present plea in the light of that finding, it is appropriate to refer again to the
         chronology of the various stages of the administrative procedure and to analyse the tenor of the documents submitted by the
         Commission and of the statements made by Nippon.
         
         
         
         101
            
          In that regard, it is important to note, first, that in reply to a request for information from the Commission, Nippon, by
         letter of 18 December 1998 …, provided information on the journeys made by its Managing Director, Mr […], and some other managers.
         It is true that that letter does not mention any movements during the period concerned.
         
         
         
         102
            
          Second, the statement of objections of 24 January 2000 states at points 36, 37, 39, 40 and 101, with reference to the statements
         of SGL, SDK and UCAR:
         
         
         
          
         –
            that the participants in the first ‘Top Guy’ meeting held in London on 21 May 1992 were SGL, UCAR, Mitsubishi, SDK and Tokai,
               ‘the latter also representing the interests of Nippon and SEC’, and that the basic principles of the cartel were fixed at
               that meeting;
            
         
         
         
         
          
         –
            that that meeting was followed almost immediately by a ‘Working Level’ meeting in Zurich on 25 May 1992, attended by all the
               addressees of the statement of objections, including Nippon, and at which the world graphite electrodes market was reviewed
               region by region (Far East; Middle East and Africa; Western Europe; Eastern Europe; Latin America and North America) and market
               shares were allocated;
            
         
         
         
         
          
         –
            that Nippon and SEC cannot claim that they did not attend the meeting of 21 May 1992, since they were both represented by
               Tokai and were themselves present at the first ‘Working Level’ meeting only four days later;
            
         
         
         
         
          
         –
            that a second ‘Working Level’ meeting took place in Lugano on 19 September 1992 ‘with the Japanese producers’ at which the
               minimum prices for the European market were communicated to those producers and volumes and quotas were set for each region.
            
         
         
         
         
         
         103
            
          Third, Nippon’s reply to the statement of objections was drafted on 30 March 2000 when Nippon had not consulted the Commission’s
         investigation file although the Commission had given access to that file between 14 and 23 February 2000 (recital 38 of the
         Decision); nor did Nippon attend the hearing held by the Commission on 25 May 2000 (recital 40 of the Decision). In that reply,
         Nippon accepts that its representatives attended ‘on a number of occasions’ international meetings between competitors and
         stated that, ‘as regards the initial stage [of the cartel]’, it did not participate on every occasion although invited to
         do so. Next, it states, ‘in the light of the statement of objections’, that ‘it does not contest, in factual terms, having
         attended the meetings’ and that it offers to cooperate with the Commission as much as possible.
         
         
         
         104
            
          Fourth, the subsequent letter of 17 May 2000, in which Nippon requests application of the Leniency Notice, recalls, with reference
         to point 6 of the reply of 30 March 2000, that Nippon ‘does not essentially dispute the substantive truth of the facts established
         in the statement of objections’. As an example of its full cooperation with the Commission, it cites, in particular, its letter
         of 18 December 1998, which it states mentioned all the meetings which its representatives had attended. Last, Nippon expressly
         states that it put an end to the infringement after February 1998.
         
         
         
         105
            
          The documentary evidence just summarised is not of such a kind as to support Nippon’s argument. While it is true that Nippon
         did not state on its own initiative (letter of 18 December 1998) that it had participated in the meetings held during the
         relevant period, the subsequent statement of objections contained very specific indications that Nippon had attended the meetings
         or had been represented at them by Tokai, and further stated that questions crucial to the operation of the cartel had been
         discussed on those occasions. Those indications were based on the statements of undertakings other than Nippon. Nippon must
         therefore have reasonably concluded, on reading the statement of objections, that the Commission regarded those statements
         as more significant and more credible than Nippon’s letter of 18 December 1998.
         
         
         
         106
            
          In those circumstances, if Nippon did not accept either the statements to the effect that it had attended or been represented
         at the meetings held during the relevant period, as set out in the statement of objections, or the significance and probative
         value of the statements of SGL, SDK and UCAR on which the Commission based its allegations, it should have disputed them in
         its reply to the statement of objections. Only such a specific challenge, submitted at the stage of the administrative procedure,
         would have enabled the Commission to investigate the matter more thoroughly and to attempt to adduce further evidence.
         
         
         
         107
            
          In fact, Nippon’s letters of 30 March and 17 May 2000 contain no specific challenge against the abovementioned assertions
         and statements. On the contrary, in the hope of obtaining a reduction in its fine, Nippon expresses its willingness to cooperate
         and states that it does not dispute the substantive truth of the facts established in the statement of objections. The only
         specific remark in respect of the duration of the infringement concerns the final stage, namely the cessation of any unlawful
         activity after February 1998. Placed in context, the fact that Nippon does not challenge the Commission’s assertion relating
         to the first 10 months of the infringement – taken together with its failure to consult the Commission’s investigation file
         or to attend the hearing organised by the Commission – could reasonably be interpreted by the Commission as meaning that Nippon,
         in the context of its proposed cooperation with the Commission, intended to facilitate the Commission’s task of establishing
         the duration of the infringement by accepting the findings in respect of its commencement and commenting only on its conclusion.
         
         
         
         108
            
          As to whether Nippon can go back on that cooperation and claim before the Court that it had not participated in the infringement
         between May 1992 and March 1993, it has consistently been held that where the undertaking involved does not expressly acknowledge
         the facts, the Commission must prove the facts and the undertaking is free to put forward, in the procedure before the Court,
         any plea in its defence which it deems appropriate (Case C-297/98 P SCA Holding v Commission [2000] ECR I-10101, paragraph 37). It may be concluded, a contrario, that that is not the case where the undertaking expressly, clearly and specifically acknowledges the facts: where it explicitly
         admits during the administrative procedure the substantive truth of the facts which the Commission alleges against it in the
         statement of objections, those facts must thereafter be regarded as established and the undertaking estopped in principle
         from disputing them during the procedure before the Court.
         
         
         
         109
            
          In the present case, Nippon’s participation in the cartel between May 1992 and March 1993 was inferred by the Commission not
         from a clear and precise statement made by Nippon, referring expressly to that period, but from a range of evidence such as
         its conduct towards the Commission during the administrative procedure and its rather general no-contest statements. In those
         circumstances, Nippon cannot be prevented from pleading before the Court that that range of evidence was misinterpreted as
         proving its participation during the abovementioned period.
         
         
         
         110
            
          However, that belated challenge cannot succeed on the substance. As stated above, the Commission was entitled to take the
         view that Nippon, faced with the evidence set out in the statement of objections, had not disputed that it had participated
         in the cartel during the relevant period. Consequently, the Commission could confine itself to referring, before the Court,
         to Nippon’s conduct during the administrative procedure and to the evidence consisting, in particular, of the statements made
         by SGL, SDK and UCAR. On the basis of those statements – which, in answer to a written question put by the Court, were submitted
         by the Commission in summary form – it is possible to establish to the requisite legal standard that Nippon participated in
         the cartel during the relevant period.
         
         
         
         111
            
          It follows that the Commission was not required to adduce fresh evidence before the Court or to comment on the arguments first
         put forward by Nippon before the Court with a view to undermining the abovementioned evidence. In particular, Nippon’s submissions
         concerning its travel records could be regarded as irrelevant. The Commission’s task of establishing the facts constituting
         the infringement, which had been made easier during the administrative procedure by Nippon’s conduct and statements, was therefore
         not objectively rendered more difficult by being subsequently challenged by Nippon before the Court.
         
         
         
         112
            
          However, it cannot be overlooked that the Commission, against any expectation that it could reasonably base on Nippon’s objective
         cooperation during the administrative procedure, was required to draft and submit a defence before the Court of First Instance
         dealing specifically with Nippon’s challenge of the facts constituting the infringement, which it had rightly considered that
         Nippon would no longer call in question. In those circumstances, the Court considers that it should exercise its unlimited
         jurisdiction under Article 17 of Regulation No 17 and increase Nippon’s fine by two percentage points (see paragraph 457 below).
         
         
         
         113
            
          That conclusion is not inconsistent with the judgment of the Court of First Instance of 28 February 2002 in Case T-354/94
         Stora Kopparbergs Bergslags v Commission [2002] ECR II-843, paragraph 85. In that judgment, the Court of First Instance held, after the case had been referred back
         to it following an appeal, that the risk that an undertaking which has been granted a reduction in its fine in exchange for
         its cooperation will subsequently seek annulment of the decision imposing a penalty for the infringement of the competition
         rules and will succeed before the Court of First Instance or the Court of Justice is a normal consequence of the exercise
         of the remedies provided for in the Treaty; accordingly, the mere fact that that undertaking has been successful before the
         Community judicature cannot justify a fresh review of the size of the reduction granted to it. It should be pointed out, in
         that regard, that the judgment of the Court of First Instance of 14 May 1998 in Case T-354/94 Stora Kopparbergs Bergslags v Commission [1998] ECR II-2111, against which the appeal had been brought, had not adjudicated on the appropriateness or otherwise of
         the reduction of the fine granted to the undertaking in return for its cooperation and that the judgment of the Court of Justice
         of 16 November 2000 in Case C-286/98 P Stora Kopparbergs Bergslags v Commission [2000] ECR I-9925, which set aside in part the judgment of the Court of First Instance, had likewise not dealt with the problem
         of the reduction of the fine. Having regard to that particular procedural situation, the fact that the Court of First Instance
         refused in its judgment of 28 February 2002 to embark upon a ‘fresh review of the size of the reduction granted’ to the applicant
         in that case must not be interpreted as meaning that the Court of First Instance cannot in any circumstances, in the exercise
         of its unlimited jurisdiction, increase the amount of the fine imposed on an undertaking which, after having the benefit of
         a reduction in its fine in return for not having disputed the substantive truth of the facts established by the Commission
         during the administrative procedure, calls in question the veracity of those facts for the first time before the Court of
         First Instance.
         
         
         
         114
            
          In so far as Nippon further claims that recital 48 of the Decision wrongly claims that its travel records establish that it
         attended the ‘Top Guy’ and ‘Working Level’ meetings, it is sufficient to refer to the wording of that recital, which states
         that the presence at meetings of representatives of Tokai, Nippon and SEC ‘is either admitted or is demonstrated by their
         travel records’. Since Nippon objectively admitted having participated in the cartel during the whole of its duration, that
         passage cannot be interpreted as meaning that the Commission intended to base the participation in the infringement, specifically
         between May 1992 and March 1993, of Nippon alone solely on that undertaking’s travel records.
         
         
         
         115
            
          Last, the complaint alleging failure to state reasons is not directed against either the Decision in its entirety or the finding
         of fact concerning the period of Nippon’s participation. It is directed only against the increase of 55% in the basic amount
         of the fine imposed on Nippon. Consequently, even on the assumption that the complaint were well founded, it would entail
         not the annulment of the entire Decision or of the finding of fact in issue, but only its amendment in so far as it provides
         for an increase of 55%.
         
         
         
         116
            
          It follows from the foregoing that the pleas alleging breach of essential procedural requirements owing to the absence of
         sufficient evidence of Nippon’s participation in the infringement during the period May 1992 to March 1993, and a failure
         to state reasons, must be rejected.
         
         
         
         117
            
          Examination of the first group of pleas has revealed that no factor put forward by the applicants provides grounds for annulment
         of the Decision in its entirety or for annulment of the findings of fact which it contains. Consequently, the claims that
         the Decision should be annulled in its entirety or annulled in part as regards Article 1 must all be rejected.
         
         
         
         118
            
          The following examination of the submissions and pleas directed against the setting of the fines will therefore take all of
         those findings of fact into account.
         
         
          B – The claims for annulment of Article 3 of the Decision or a reduction in the fines 
          1. Pleas alleging breach of the principle prohibiting concurrent sanctions and of the Commission’s obligation to take the fines
               imposed previously into account, and also failure to state reasons on that point
          a) Arguments of the parties
         
         
         119
            
          All of the applicants, with the exception of C/G, claim that by refusing to deduct from the fines set by the Decision the
         amount of the fines already imposed in the United States and in Canada, and also the amount of the punitive damages already
         paid in those countries, the Commission has breached the rule prohibiting concurrent sanctions for the same infringement.
         That rule is based on the principles of equity and proportionality entrenched in the constitutional law of the Community;
         it is confirmed by Article 50 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, proclaimed in Nice on 7 December
         2000 (OJ 2000 C 364, p. 1) and by Articles 53 to 58 of the Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement of 14 June 1985
         between the Governments of the States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic
         on the gradual abolition of checks at their common borders (OJ 2000 L 239, p. 19), signed on 19 June 1990 in Schengen (Luxembourg).
         The principle ne bis in idem is also enshrined in Article 4 of Protocol No 7 to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental
         Freedoms (‘ECHR’), signed in Rome on 4 November 1950, as interpreted, in particular, in the judgment of the European Court
         of Human Rights of 29 May 2000 in Fischer v Austria.
         
         
         
         120
            
          It follows from the judgment of the Court of Justice in Case 7/72 Boehringer v Commission [1972] ECR 1281 that the Commission is required to take account of a penalty imposed by the authorities of a non-member country
         if the facts established against the applicant undertaking by the Commission, on the one hand, and by those authorities, on
         the other, are identical. That is precisely the situation in the present case, since, contrary to the position in Boehringer v Commission, the cartel sanctioned by the United States and Canadian authorities was the same, as regards its object, its locality and
         its duration, as that sanctioned by the Commission.
         
         
         
         121
            
          Furthermore, the failure to take into consideration the principle of imputation is inconsistent with the judgment of the Court
         of Justice in Case 14/68 Wilhelm and Others [1969] ECR 1, paragraph 11, and also with the judgments of the Court of First Instance in Case T-149/89 Sotralentz v Commission [1995] ECR II-1127, paragraph 29, and in Joined Cases T-305/94 to T-307/94, T-313/94 to T-316/94, T-318/94, T-325/94, T-328/94,
         T-329/94 and T-335/94 Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij and Others v Commission [1999] ECR II-931, paragraph 96, where it was held that the general requirement of equity implies that, in setting a fine,
         the Commission is required to take into account penalties already borne by the same undertaking for the same act.
         
         
         
         122
            
          In that context, SGL disputes the assessment in the Decision to the effect that the fines imposed in the United States and
         in Canada only took into consideration the anti-competitive effects of the cartel in those jurisdictions (recitals 179 and
         180 of the Decision). In order to establish that identical facts were the subject of penalties in the United States and in
         Europe, SGL refers to the findings of fact made in the Decision. Thus, recitals 14, 17, 18, 71 to 73, 106 and 149 of the Decision
         show that the Commission generally accepted that the infringements consisted of agreements at worldwide level, based on a
         global plan, in which the undertakings concerned participated. The Commission did not assert that the facts in respect of
         which it imposed a fine constitute events capable of being separated from the facts in respect of which fines had already
         been imposed in the United States. As regards the material complaint to which the sanction imposed on the applicant in the
         United States refers, it is stated in the plea agreement, approved by the courts, that the agreements on prices and quotas
         concerned took place ‘in the United States and elsewhere’, between 1992 and June 1997.
         
         
         
         123
            
          SGL further submits that the criminal penalty imposed on it in the United States, amounting to USD 135 million, already exceeds
         the maximum limit of the penalties (10% of worldwide turnover) provided for in Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17. The Commission
         was therefore prevented from imposing on it a further penalty amounting to EUR 80.2 million.
         
         
         
         124
            
          SGL further emphasises that by failing to take into account the penalties already imposed in other countries, the Commission
         failed to have regard to the former Director General of the Directorate-General for Competition, Mr Alexander Schaub, who
         at an interview on 1 December 1998 had promised that, in calculating the fine, the Commission would take account of the penalties
         imposed in the United States.
         
         
         
         125
            
          The applicants maintain, moreover, that the Commission infringed the principle that a second penalty may not be imposed for
         the same offence by taking account of their global turnover, including turnover achieved in the United States and in Canada.
         That turnover had already been taken into account by the United States and Canadian authorities for the purpose of setting
         the fines. In order to avoid a double penalty, they submit, the Commission ought therefore to have taken into account only
         the proportion of their turnover resulting from sales of graphite electrodes in Europe. 
         
         
         
         126
            
          The applicants go on to claim that the Commission ignored the deterrent effect of the fines already imposed. When determining
         the amount of the fines, it failed to take account of the fact that the applicants had already been ordered, in non-member
         countries, to pay fines and damages in an amount sufficient to deter them from committing any further breaches of competition
         law. The applicants have therefore been punished enough.
         
         
         
         127
            
          Last, Tokai and Nippon criticise the Commission’s failure to provide sufficient reasons in the Decision on that point. First,
         the Commission failed to reply to Tokai’s argument concerning the principle ne bis in idem set out in its reply to the statement of objections, when it emphasised the need for a ‘territorial localisation’ sufficient
         for the calculation of the fine. Second, according to Nippon, the obligation to state reasons was particularly important in
         this case, since the Commission imposed fines calculated on the basis of global turnover, a method which constituted a new
         step in the Commission’s decision-making practice.
         
         
         
         128
            
          The Commission argues, essentially, that fines imposed by authorities in non-member States penalise infringements only of
         those countries’ domestic competition law; such authorities have no jurisdiction to punish breaches of Community competition
         law. It is of no relevance that various authorities have examined the same facts: a single act can constitute a violation
         of several legal systems. 
         
         
         
         129
            
          As regards the deterrent nature of the fines, the Commission observes that the main criterion for the purposes of calculating
         a fine is the gravity of the infringement. There is no reason to conclude that the fines must be reduced because the applicants
         have allegedly already been sufficiently deterred by the penalties imposed in other jurisdictions. The applicants were penalised
         because they failed to comply with the Community competition rules by committing an infringement in Europe. Those competition
         rules must be taken as seriously as those of other jurisdictions if they are to have the desired deterrent effect.
         
         
          b) Findings of the Court
         
         
         130
            
          It follows from the case-law that the principle ne bis in idem, also enshrined in Article 4 of Protocol No 7 to the ECHR, is a general principle of Community law upheld by the Community
         judicature (Joined Cases 18/65 and 35/65 Gutmann v Commission [1966] ECR 103, 119, and Joined Cases C-238/99 P, C-244/99 P, C‑245/99 P, C‑247/99 P, C-250/99 P to C-252/99 P and C-254/99 P
         Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij and Others v Commission [2002] ECR I-8375, paragraph 59, and Boehringer v Commission, cited at paragraph 120 above, paragraph 3). 
         
         
         
         131
            
          In the field of Community competition law, the principle precludes an undertaking from being sanctioned by the Commission
         or made the defendant to proceedings brought by the Commission a second time in respect of anti-competitive conduct for which
         it has already been penalised or of which it has been exonerated by a previous decision of the Commission that is no longer
         amenable to challenge. 
         
         
         
         132
            
          None the less, the Court of Justice has held that the possibility of concurrent sanctions, one a Community sanction, the other
         a national one, resulting from two sets of parallel proceedings, each pursuing distinct ends, is acceptable because of the
         special system of sharing jurisdiction between the Community and the Member States with regard to cartels. However, a general
         requirement of natural justice demands that, in determining the amount of a fine, the Commission must take account of any
         penalties that have already been borne by the undertaking in question in respect of the same conduct where these were imposed
         for infringement of the law relating to cartels of a Member State and where, consequently, the infringement was committed
         within the Community (Wilhelm and Others, cited at paragraph 121 above, paragraph 11; Boehringer v Commission, cited at paragraph 120 above, paragraph 3; Case T-141/89 Tréfileurope v Commission [1995] ECR II-791, paragraph 191; and Sotralentz v Commission, cited at paragraph 121 above, paragraph 29). 
         
         
         
         133
            
          In so far as the applicants claim that, by imposing on them a fine for their participation in a cartel in respect of which
         they have already been penalised by the United States and Canadian authorities, the Commission has violated the principle
         ne bis in idem, according to which a second penalty may not be imposed on the same person in respect of the same infringement, it should
         be recalled that the Community judicature has held that an undertaking may be made the defendant to two parallel sets of proceedings
         concerning the same infringement and thus incur a double penalty, one imposed by the competent authority of the Member State
         concerned and the other a Community penalty. That possibility of concurrent sanctions is justified where the two sets of proceedings
         pursue different ends (Wilhelm and Others, cited above, paragraph 11; Tréfileurope v Commission, cited above, paragraph 191; and Sotralentz v Commission, cited above, paragraph 29). 
         
         
         
         134
            
          In those circumstances, the principle ne bis in idem cannot, a fortiori, apply in the present case because the procedures conducted and penalties imposed by the Commission on the one hand and the
         United States and Canadian authorities on the other clearly did not pursue the same ends. The aim of the first was to preserve
         undistorted competition within the European Union or the EEA, whereas the aim of the second was to protect the United States
         or the Canadian market (see, to that effect, Case 44/69 Buchler v Commission [1970] ECR 733, paragraphs 52 and 53). The application of the principle ne bis in idem is subject not only to the infringements and the persons sanctioned being the same, but also to the unity of the legal right
         being protected (Opinion of Advocate General Ruiz-Jarabo in Case C-213/00 P Italcementi v Commission [2004] ECR I-0000, point 89). 
         
         
         
         135
            
          That conclusion is supported by the scope of the principle that a second penalty may not be imposed for the same offence,
         as laid down in Article 4 of Protocol No 7 to the ECHR. It is clear from the wording of Article 4 that the intended effect
         of the principle is solely to prevent the courts of any given State from trying or punishing an offence for which the person
         concerned has already been acquitted or convicted in that same State. On the other hand, the principle ne bis in idem does not preclude a person from being tried or punished more than once in two or more different States for the same conduct.
         Consequently, the judgment in Fischer v Austria cited by SGL has no relevance to the present case, since it was delivered in application of Article 4 of Protocol No 7 and
         concerned two convictions in the same country. 
         
         
         
         136
            
          It is also important to emphasise that the applicants have relied on no convention or rule of public international law that
         prevents the authorities or courts of different States from trying and convicting the same person on the basis of the same
         facts. Such a prohibition could arise today only through very close international cooperation leading to the adoption of common
         rules such as those contained in the abovementioned Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement. The applicants have not
         pointed to any binding agreement between the Community and non-member countries such as the United States or Canada that lays
         down such a prohibition. 
         
         
         
         137
            
          It is true that Article 50 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights provides that no one may be tried or punished again in criminal
         proceedings for an offence of which he has already been finally acquitted or convicted within the Union in accordance with
         the law. However, that charter is clearly intended to apply only within the territory of the Union and the scope of the right
         laid down in Article 50 is expressly limited to cases where the first acquittal or conviction was handed down within the Union.
         
         
         
         
         138
            
          It follows that the Court must reject the applicants’ allegation of infringement of the principle ne bis in idem on the ground that the cartel in question was also penalised outside the Community or that the Commission, in its Decision,
         took account of their worldwide turnover, including turnover achieved in the United States and Canada already taken into consideration
         by the United States and Canadian authorities, in fixing their fines. 
         
         
         
         139
            
          In so far as the applicants allege that the Commission misconstrued Boehringer v Commission, cited at paragraph 120 above, according to which the Commission has a duty to set off a penalty imposed by the authorities
         of a non-member country if the actions alleged against the applicant by the Commission are the same as those alleged by those
         authorities, it should be remembered that, in that judgment, the Court held (paragraph 3) that:
         ‘[i]t is only necessary to decide the question whether the Commission may also be under a duty to set a penalty imposed by
         the authorities of a third State if in the case in question the actions of the applicant complained of by the Commission,
         on the one hand, and by the [United States] authorities, on the other, are identical’.
         
         
         
         140
            
          It is clear from that passage that the Court, far from deciding the question whether the Commission is required to set off
         a penalty imposed by the authorities of a non-member State where the facts with which the Commission charges an undertaking
         are the same as those alleged by those authorities, regarded the identity of the facts alleged by the Commission and the authorities
         of a non-member State as being a precondition of that question. 
         
         
         
         141
            
          Furthermore, it was in view of the particular situation which arises from the close interdependence between the national markets
         of the Member States and the common market and from the special system for the division of jurisdiction between the Community
         and the Member States with regard to cartels on the same territory, namely the common market, that the Court, having acknowledged
         the possibility of dual sets of proceedings and having regard to the possibility of double sanctions flowing from them, held
         it to be necessary, in accordance with a requirement of natural justice, for account to be taken of the first decision imposing
         a penalty (Wilhelm and Others, cited at paragraph 121 above, paragraph 11, and Opinion of Advocate General Mayras in Boehringer v Commission, cited at paragraph 120 above, p. 1293, at 1301 to 1303).
         
         
         
         142
            
          The circumstances of the present case, however, are obviously different. Given that the applicants point to no express provision
         of a convention requiring the Commission, when determining the amount of a fine, to take into account penalties already imposed
         on the same undertaking in respect of the same conduct by the authorities or courts of a non-member State, such as the United
         States or Canada, they cannot validly complain that, in the present case, the Commission failed to satisfy any such alleged
         obligation.
         
         
         
         143
            
          In any event, even if it should be inferred a contrario from the judgment in Boehringer v Commission that the Commission is in fact required to set off any penalty imposed by the authorities of a non-member country where the
         facts alleged against the undertaking in question by the Commission are the same as those alleged by the first authorities,
         it must be emphasised that, notwithstanding that the judgment delivered against SGL in the United States states that the purpose
         of the graphite electrodes cartel was to limit production and increase the prices of those products ‘in the United States
         and elsewhere’, it has in no way been shown that the penalty imposed in the United States related to applications of the cartel
         or its effects other than in the United States (see, to that effect, Boehringer v Commission, paragraph 6) and in the EEA in particular, an extension which, moreover, would have clearly encroached on the territorial
         jurisdiction of the Commission. That observation applies equally to the judgment handed down in Canada. 
         
         
         
         144
            
          As regards the deterrent effect of the fines already imposed, according to the case-law, the Commission’s power to impose
         fines on undertakings which, intentionally or negligently, infringe the provisions of Article 81(1) EC or Article 82 EC is
         one of the means conferred on the Commission to enable it to carry out the task of supervision entrusted to it by Community
         law. That task certainly includes the duty to investigate and punish individual infringements, but it also encompasses the
         duty to pursue a general policy designed to apply, in competition matters, the principles laid down by the Treaty and to guide
         the conduct of undertakings in the light of those principles (Joined Cases 100/80 to 103/80 Musique diffusion française and Others v Commission [1983] ECR 1825, paragraph 105). 
         
         
         
         145
            
          It follows that the Commission has power to decide the level of fines so as to reinforce their deterrent effect where infringements
         of a given type, although established as being unlawful at the outset of Community competition policy, are still relatively
         frequent on account of the profit that certain of the undertakings concerned are able to derive from them (Musique diffusion française v Commission, cited above, paragraph 108).
         
         
         
         146
            
          The applicants cannot validly argue that there was in their case no such deterrent effect because they had already been sanctioned
         on the basis of the same facts by the courts of non-member States. That argument is a restatement of the applicants’ argument
         concerning breach of the principle ne bis in idem, which was rejected above. 
         
         
         
         147
            
          Furthermore, as is clear from the case-law cited above, the objective of deterrence which the Commission is entitled to pursue
         when setting fines is intended to ensure that undertakings comply with the competition rules laid down in the Treaty when
         conducting their activities within the Community or the EEA. Consequently, the deterrent effect of a fine imposed for infringement
         of the Community competition rules cannot be assessed by reference solely to the particular situation of the undertaking sanctioned
         or by reference to whether it has complied with the competition rules in non-member States outside the EEA. 
         
         
         
         148
            
          It was therefore permissible for the Commission to impose on SGL a fine of a sufficiently deterrent level within the limits
         laid down in Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17, without being required to take account of the sanctions imposed in the United
         States and Canada for the purpose of determining those limits.
         
         
         
         149
            
          As regards the plea alleging failure to state reasons, according to settled case-law the statement of reasons must disclose
         in a clear and unequivocal fashion the reasoning followed by the institution which adopted the measure in question in such
         a way as to enable the persons concerned to ascertain the reasons for the measure so as to defend their rights and to enable
         the Community judicature to carry out its review (see Case T-171/97 Swedish Match Philippines v Council [1999] ECR II-3241, paragraph 82, and the case-law cited there, and Joined Cases T-12/99 and T-63/99 UK Coal v Commission [2001] ECR II-2153, paragraph 196). 
         
         
         
         150
            
          In the present case, recitals 179 to 183 of the Decision expressly rejected the line of argument that SGL had developed during
         the administrative procedure with a view to benefiting from the application of the principle ne bis in idem. The Commission thus stated that in its view the principle was not to apply as regards the sanctions imposed by the United
         States and Canadian authorities. Even supposing that those recitals did not adopt a position on a specific argument put forward
         by Tokai (see paragraph 127 above) and that the Commission’s approach did in fact constitute a new step in its decision-making
         practice, there was nothing to prevent the applicants from effectively defending their interests before the Court of First
         Instance by putting forward whatever pleas and arguments seemed relevant for the purpose of challenging the Commission’s theory.
         Furthermore, the Court of First Instance was in a position to carry out a judicial review by examining the various aspects
         of the principle ne bis in idem.
         
         
         
         151
            
          It follows from the foregoing that the pleas alleging breach of the principle prohibiting concurrent sanctions and of the
         Commission’s obligation to take into account the sanctions previously imposed, and a failure to state reasons on that point,
         must be rejected.
         
         
         
         152
            
          As regards SGL’s specific complaint that the competent Director-General of the Commission promised it that the United States
         sanctions would be imputed to the fine imposed by the Commission, the applicant relies on the principle of protection of its
         legitimate expectations. That principle extends to any individual in a situation where the Community authorities have caused
         him to entertain legitimate expectations (Case 265/85 Van den Bergh en Jurgens v Commission [1987] ECR 1155, paragraph 44, and Case C-152/88 Sofrimport v Commission [1990] ECR I-2477, paragraph 26), it being understood that no one may plead infringement of that principle unless he has
         been given precise, unconditional and consistent assurances, from authorised, reliable sources, by the administration (Case
         T-203/97 Forvass v Commission [1999] ECR-SC I-A-129, II-705, paragraph 70, and the case-law cited there, and Case T-290/97 Mehibas Dordtselaan v Commission [2000] ECR II-15, paragraph 59). 
         
         
         
         153
            
          In that regard, it is sufficient to state that the Decision was adopted by the College of Members of the Commission, in accordance
         with the principle of collegiality established in Article 1 of the Rules of Procedure of the Commission of 29 November 2000
         (OJ 2000 L 308, p. 6) and not by a Director General (see, in that regard, Case T-31/99 ABB Asea Brown Boveri v Commission [2002] ECR II-1881, paragraph 104). Nor could SGL reasonably expect that the decision imposing a fine on it in order to sanction
         its participation in the cartel active, on a worldwide scale, on the graphite electrodes market would be delegated, as a ‘management
         or administrative measure’ within the meaning of Article 14 of the Rules of Procedure, to the Director General competent for
         competition matters. Consequently, the Director General cannot have provided ‘precise assurances from [an] authorised, reliable
         source’ as regards the imputation of the sanctions imposed on it in the United States and Canada, as his powers were limited
         to submitting proposals to the College which the College was at liberty to accept or reject. 
         
         
         
         154
            
          Furthermore, SGL appears to have itself doubted the precise nature of the assurances allegedly given by Mr Schaub on 1 December
         1998. In its reply of 4 April 2000 to the statement of objections, SGL does not refer to those assurances, but, on the contrary,
         criticises the Commission for not revealing whether and to what extent it would take account, under the principle ne bis in idem, of the sanctions already imposed in the United States. In any event, SGL did not claim to have been encouraged by Mr Schaub’s
         alleged promise to cooperate with the Commission and to recognise the substantive truth of the impugned facts.
         
         
         
         155
            
          It follows that the complaint alleging breach of the principle of protection of legitimate expectations as regards the imputation
         of the sanction imposed on SGL in the United States cannot be upheld either.
         
         
          2.  The pleas alleging failure to have regard to the Guidelines, the illegality of the Guidelines and failure to state reasons
               on that point
          a) Preliminary observations on the legal framework of the fines imposed on the applicants
         
         
         156
            
          Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 provides that ‘[t]he Commission may by decision impose on undertakings … fines of from [EUR]
         1 000 … to [EUR] 1 000 000 ..., or a sum in excess thereof but not exceeding 10% of the turnover in the preceding business
         year of each of the undertakings participating in the infringement where, either intentionally or negligently[,] they infringe
         Article [81](1) … of the Treaty’. Article 15(2) also provides that ‘[i]n fixing the amount of the fine, regard shall be had
         both to the gravity and to the duration of the infringement’.
         
         
         
         157
            
          That provision confers on the Commission a discretion in fixing fines (Case T‑229/94 Deutsche Bahn v Commission [1997] ECR II-1689, paragraph 127), which is, in particular, a function of its general policy in competition matters (Musique diffusion française v Commission, cited at paragraph 144 above, paragraphs 105 and 109). It was against that background that, in order to ensure the transparency
         and objectivity of its fining decisions, the Commission adopted its Guidelines in 1998. The Guidelines constitute an instrument
         intended to define, while complying with higher-ranking law, the criteria which it proposes to apply in the exercise of its
         discretion; the consequence is a self-limitation of that power (Case T-214/95 Vlaams Gewest v Commission [1998] ECR II-717, paragraph 89), in so far as the Commission must comply with the Guidelines which it has itself laid down
         (Case T-380/94 AIUFFASS and AKT v Commission [1996] ECR II‑2169, paragraph 57).
         
         
         
         158
            
          In the present case, according to recitals 126 to 144 of the Decision, the Commission imposed fines on all the applicants
         on account of the infringement of Article 81(1) EC and Article 53(1) of the EEA Agreement. It follows from those recitals
         that the fines were imposed pursuant to Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 and that the Commission – although the Decision
         does not make express reference to the Guidelines – determined the amount of the fines in application of the method defined
         therein.
         
         
         
         159
            
          According to that method, the Commission takes as its starting point for calculating the amount of the fines to be imposed
         on the undertakings concerned a basic amount determined according to the gravity of the infringement. In assessing the gravity
         of the infringement, account must be taken of its nature, its actual impact on the market, where this can be measured, and
         the size of the relevant geographic market (point 1.A, first paragraph). Within that context, infringements are put into one
         of three categories, namely ‘minor infringements’, for which the likely fine will be between EUR 1 000 and EUR 1 000 000,
         ‘serious infringements’, for which the likely fine will be between EUR 1 000 000 and EUR 20 000 000, and ‘very serious infringements’,
         for which the likely fines will be above EUR 20 000 000 (point 1.A, second paragraph, first to third indents). Within each
         of these categories, the proposed scale of fines makes it possible to apply differential treatment to undertakings according
         to the nature of the infringements committed (point 1.A, third paragraph). It is also necessary to take account of the effective
         economic capacity of offenders to cause significant damage to other operators, in particular consumers, and to set the fine
         at a level which ensures that it has a sufficiently deterrent effect (point 1.A, fourth paragraph).
         
         
         
         160
            
          Within each of the three categories of infringement thus defined, it may be necessary, according to the Commission, to apply
         weightings in certain cases to the amounts determined in order to take account of the specific weight and, therefore, the
         real impact of the offending conduct of each undertaking on competition, particularly where there is considerable disparity
         between the sizes of the undertakings committing infringements of the same type and, consequently, to adjust the starting
         point of the basic amount according to the specific nature of each undertaking (hereinafter ‘the starting amount’) (point
         1.A, sixth paragraph).
         
         
         
         161
            
          As regards the factor relating to duration, the Guidelines draw a distinction between infringements of short duration (in
         general, less than one year), for which the amount determined for gravity should not be increased, infringements of medium
         duration (in general, one to five years), for which that amount may be increased by up to 50%, and infringements of long duration
         (in general, more than five years), for which the amount may be increased by up to 10% per year (point 1.B, first paragraph,
         first to third indents).
         
         
         
         162
            
          The Guidelines then set out, by way of example, a list of aggravating circumstances and attenuating circumstances that may
         be taken into consideration as grounds for increasing or reducing the basic amount.
         
         
         
         163
            
          Last, the Guidelines state that the final amount calculated according to this method (basic amount increased or reduced on
         a percentage basis) may not in any case exceed 10% of the worldwide turnover of the undertakings, as laid down by Article
         15(2) of Regulation No 17 (point 5(a)). The Guidelines further provide that, depending on the circumstances, account should
         be taken, once the calculations described above have been made, of certain objective factors such as a specific economic context,
         any economic or financial benefit derived by the offenders, the specific characteristics of the undertakings in question and
         their real ability to pay in a specific social context, and the fines should be adjusted accordingly (point 5(b)).
         
         
         
         164
            
          It is against that background that it is necessary to determine whether, as the applicants claim, the fines imposed in Article
         3 of the Decision are excessive and were determined on the basis of an incorrect methodology.
         
         
         
         165
            
          Although the Commission has a discretion when determining the amount of each fine, and is not required to apply a precise
         mathematical formula (Case T-150/89 Martinelli v Commission [1995] ECR II-1165, paragraph 59), the Court none the less has, pursuant to Article 17 of Regulation No 17, unlimited jurisdiction
         within the meaning of Article 229 EC in actions brought against the decisions whereby the Commission has fixed a fine and
         may therefore cancel, reduce or increase the fine imposed. In that context, its assessment of the appropriateness of the fine
         may, independently of any manifest errors of assessment made by the Commission, justify the production and taking into account
         of additional information which is not mentioned in the Commission decision (SCA Holding v Commission, cited at paragraph 108 above, paragraph 55).
         
         
          b) The starting amounts according to gravity established in the Decision
          Summary of the Decision
         
         
         166
            
          At recitals 129 to 154 of the Decision, the Commission determined the starting amount of each fine according to the gravity
         of the infringement. In that context, it took account of
         
         
         
          
         –
            the nature of the infringement (market-sharing and price-fixing in a significant sector of the industry), taking the view
               that this was a very serious infringement of Article 81(1) EC and Article 53(1) of the EEA Agreement; 
            
         
         
         
         
          
         –
            the actual impact of the infringement on the graphite electrodes market in the EEA, taking the view that prices were not only
               agreed but also announced and implemented and observing that prices applied (in particular price increases) largely followed
               those agreed by the cartel over a period of six years;
            
         
         
         
         
          
         –
            the size of the relevant geographic market, taking the view that the cartel covered the whole of the common market and, following
               its creation, the whole of the EEA.
            
         
         
         
         
         
         167
            
          In the light of those factors, the Commission concluded that the undertakings concerned had committed a ‘very serious infringement’.
         
         
         
         168
            
          Then, in order to take account of the actual economic capacity of each undertaking to cause significant harm to competition
         and in the light of the great disparity in size between the undertakings concerned, the Commission applied differentiated
         treatment. To that end, it divided the undertakings concerned into three categories, on the basis of the worldwide turnover
         of each undertaking in sales of the product concerned. The comparison was based on the figures for turnover attributable to
         the product in question during the final year of the infringement, 1998, as shown in the table at recital 30 of the Decision.
         
         
         Company
                  
               
               Worldwide turnover in graphite electrodes (1998), EUR million + market share in the worldwide graphite electrodes market (1992
                  to 1998)
                  
               
               EEA-wide turnover in graphite electrodes (1998) + market share in the EEA-wide graphite electrodes market (1992 to 1998)
                  
               
               Total worldwide turnover (2000, EUR million)
                  
               
            SGL
                  
               
               […]
                  
               
               […]%
                  
               
               […]
                  
               
               […]%
                  
               
               1 262
                  
               
            UCAR
                  
               
               […]
                  
               
               […]%
                  
               
               […]
                  
               
               […]%
                  
               
                  841
                  
               
            VAW
                  
               
               […]
                  
               
               […]%
                  
               
               […]
                  
               
               […]%
                  
               
               3 693
                  
               
            C/G
                  
               
               […]
                  
               
               […]%
                  
               
               […]
                  
               
               […]%
                  
               
                  225
                  
               
            SDK
                  
               
               […]
                  
               
               […]%
                  
               
               […]
                  
               
               […]%
                  
               
               7 508
                  
               
            Tokai
                  
               
               […]
                  
               
               […]%
                  
               
               […]
                  
               
               […]%
                  
               
                  652
                  
               
            SEC
                  
               
               […]
                  
               
               […]%
                  
               
               […]
                  
               
               […]%
                  
               
                  155
                  
               
            Nippon
                  
               
               […]
                  
               
               […]%
                  
               
               […]
                  
               
               […]%
                  
               
                  189
                  
               
            
         169
            
          On the basis of the figures in that table, SGL and UCAR, the two main producers of graphite electrodes at worldwide level
         and at EEA level, were placed in the first category (starting amount EUR 40 million). C/G, SDK and Tokai, with much smaller
         market shares at worldwide level (between 5% and 10%), were placed in the second category (starting amount EUR 16 million).
         VAW, SEC and Nippon, whose worldwide market shares were below 5%, were placed in the third category (starting amount EUR 8
         million).
         
         
         
         170
            
          Last, in order to take account of the size and global resources of VAW and SDK, the Commission adjusted VAW’s starting amount
         by a weighting of 1.25, making a total of EUR 10 million, and SDK’s starting amount by a weighting of 2.5, making a total
         of EUR 40 million.
         
          Arguments of the parties
         
         
         171
            
          SGL contends that the Guidelines are not applicable. It claims that the calculation method defined therein marks a complete
         departure from the previous approach by ignoring proportionality to turnover. Only a penalty that is proportionate to worldwide
         turnover is compatible with Article 15 of Regulation No 17. Otherwise, undertakings such as SGL whose turnover is achieved
         mainly through sales of the product concerned are placed at a disadvantage by comparison with undertakings whose turnover
         is for the most part achieved with other products.
         
         
         
         172
            
          UCAR, on the other hand, criticises the Commission for having taken worldwide turnover as a criterion of the relative importance
         of the undertakings concerned. That method penalised UCAR, a United States company, since the level of its economic activities
         in the United States is necessarily reflected in its worldwide turnover.
         
         
         
         173
            
          SGL proceeds to denounce a lack of transparency and failure to provide reasons as regards the establishment of the three categories
         in which the undertakings concerned were placed, in particular as regards the choice of the amounts and the criteria used
         for classification purposes. It maintains that the amounts thus determined are arbitrary and that, moreover, it is impossible
         to tell from the Decision whether the Commission relied on the worldwide turnover of the undertakings concerned or on their
         turnover in the relevant product. Furthermore, the very high starting amount of EUR 40 million determined for SGL according
         to the gravity of the infringement is incompatible with the Commission’s former decision-making practice.
         
         
         
         174
            
          Nor, in SGL’s submission, has the Commission demonstrated that the cartel actually caused a genuine increase in prices. The
         Commission ignored the fact that there was an alternative explanation for the price increases between 1992 and 1996: during
         the crippling structural crisis in the early 1990s, prices were significantly below retail costs; the subsequent increases
         were therefore necessary for the survival of the sector and the financing of quality improvements. Furthermore, the Commission
         itself acknowledges (recital 139 of the Decision) that it is difficult to say whether and to what extent prices would have
         been different without the cartel.
         
         
         
         175
            
          SGL submits that the Commission justified the significant starting amounts only by the need to ensure a ‘deterrent effect’
         (recitals 146, 148 and 152 of the Decision). It therefore ignored the fact that the principle of fairness requires that account
         also be taken of the circumstances particular to each undertaking, such as the aspects of specific prevention and proportionality.
         
         
         
         176
            
          The four Japanese undertakings and C/G, for whom the EEA was not their ‘home market’, claim that instead of ascribing disproportionate
         significance to worldwide turnover and market shares in the product concerned, the Commission should have based itself on
         turnover and market shares in the EEA. Only such a method would have observed the limited territorial competence of the Commission
         and made it possible to measure the real capacity of each undertaking to cause serious harm to competition in the EEA.
         
         
         
         177
            
          The EEA market shares of Tokai […]%, Nippon […]%, SDK […]%, SEC […]% and C/G […]% were only marginal by comparison with the
         shares held by SGL and UCAR; their participation in the cartel’s European activities was purely passive. In that context,
         they make numerous comparisons between the starting amounts, the basic amounts and the final amounts of their fines with the
         corresponding figures of the ringleaders, SGL and UCAR, and between the various turnover figures of the undertakings concerned
         in order to show that their fines were excessive in relation to their economic presence in the EEA. They also compare the
         method of calculation applied by the Commission with what they claim to be the fairer method used by the United States authorities.
         
         
         
         178
            
          Their marginal and passive presence on the EEA market is, they submit, in no way the result of the effects of the cartel,
         but is the consequence of autonomous decisions which they had taken, and taken long before the beginning of the infringement
         period, in their own economic interest. The Commission has not succeeded in proving that they refrained from selling graphite
         electrodes in the EEA precisely because of the cartel. In particular, it has not established that their market shares or sales
         in the EEA would have been significantly higher in the absence of the cartel.
         
         
         
         179
            
          Tokai, Nippon, SEC and C/G further claim that even on the basis of the Commission’s logic and accepting that their starting
         amount should be fixed on the basis of worldwide turnover in 1998 for the relevant product, by placing them in the three categories
         referred to above and setting the corresponding figures (EUR 40 million, EUR 16 million and EUR 8 million) the Commission
         breached the principles of proportionality and equal treatment. They contend that their starting amounts are proportionally,
         i.e. by comparison with their worldwide turnover and market shares, much higher than SGL’s, UCAR’s and SDK’s.
         
         
         
         180
            
          As regards its individual participation in the infringement, C/G further explains that its situation may be distinguished
         from that of the other members of the cartel on a number of points. It refers, in addition to its marginal role, to a number
         of factors from which it concludes that its conduct could not be described as ‘very serious’.
         
         
         
         181
            
          SDK criticises the Commission for having artificially inflated its fine by applying a deterrent factor of 2.5, which increased
         its starting amount by EUR 24 million. Such a factor was not applied either to the ringleaders of the cartel, or to the members
         of the cartel with larger market shares in the EEA, or to those who had obstructed the Commission’s investigation and who
         had continued the infringement even after that investigation. Thus SDK alone has been subjected to a double discrimination
         that is both discriminatory and disproportionate, whereas the multiplier applied to VAW was only 1.25 and increased that company’s
         starting amount by only EUR 2 million.
         
         
         
         182
            
          In so far as the Commission relies on SDK’s size and its global resources (recitals 152 to 154 of the Decision), SDK refers
         to an economic expert’s report in order to demonstrate that economic force does not depend on size in itself. First, large
         companies with small market shares on a relevant market, such as SDK, derive no power from their presence on other markets
         which have no connection with the relevant market. Nor, second, can a large conglomerate with a weak market position be regarded
         as being economically strong solely because of its size. An undertaking with a limited market share for the product in question
         does not derive greater benefit from a cartel solely because it also sells products which have no connection with the cartel
         and are not affected by it. In any event, even on the assumption that a deterrent factor must be applied, it should depend
         on the position on the EEA market, on which SDK occupies only a marginal position, and take account only of the likelihood
         of the cartel being discovered and of the profits which the members of the cartel stood to make.
         
         
         
         183
            
          In SDK’s submission, the application of the multiplier of 2.5 is also impossible to reconcile with several decisions previously
         taken by the Commission. The Commission is therefore treating the different cases inconsistently. Last, SDK claims that its
         rights of defence were breached in that it was not given the opportunity to express its views on the reasons for and the criteria
         of the choice of a multiplier of 2.5.
         
         
         
         184
            
          All the Japanese applicants claim that the Commission failed to provide sufficient reasons in relation to the various points
         just summarised.
         
         
         
         185
            
          The Commission contends that it is clear from the reasons set out in the Decision and from the case-law that none of the pleas
         is well founded.
         
         
         
         186
            
          As regards, in particular, the division of the undertakings into three categories and the fixing of the starting amounts,
         the Commission denies that it based itself solely on worldwide turnover derived from the relevant product. The starting point
         for calculating the fines was the gravity of the infringement (nature and impact and also size of the relevant geographic
         market). Worldwide turnover and market shares merely served as a basis for determining the relative importance within the
         EEA of the undertakings involved in the cartel. The Commission’s approach therefore took numerous factors into account and
         is not a simple calculation based on turnover.
         
         
         
         187
            
          As regards the multiplier of 2.5 applied to the starting amount fixed for SDK, the Commission disputes the argument that that
         adjustment was supposed to have an additional deterrent effect. On the contrary, the adjustment factor merely recognises the
         fact that different financial resources require different fines if the fines are supposed to have equivalent deterrent effect.
         That means a differentiated treatment of the members of the cartel. In the case of large conglomerates, such as that of which
         SDK forms part, it is not sufficient to use turnover on the market where the infringement took place.
         
         
         
         188
            
          As regards the precise figure of 2.5, the Commission states that it was not based on the worldwide turnover of the group to
         which the applicant belonged. Rather, the Commission applied a rough adjustment which took account of SDK’s size and global
         resources, since it was by far the largest undertaking concerned by the Decision.
         
          Findings of the Court
         
         – The applicability of the Guidelines for the purpose of determining the turnover to be employed
         
         
         189
            
          In so far as SGL claims that the Guidelines are incompatible with the Commission’s previous decision-making practice, which
         was based on worldwide turnover, the fines which the Commission is able to impose for infringement of the Community rules
         on competition are defined in Article 15 of Regulation No 17, which was adopted before the infringement was committed. As
         stated at paragraphs 159 to 164 above, the general method for setting fines described in the Guidelines is based on the two
         criteria referred to in Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17, namely the gravity of the infringement and its duration, and observes
         the upper limit determined by reference to the turnover of each undertaking, as laid down in that provision (LR AF 1998 v Commission, cited at paragraph 38 above, paragraph 231).
         
         
         
         190
            
          Consequently, the Guidelines do not go beyond the legal framework for fines set out in Article 15(2) (LR AF 1998 v Commission, paragraph 232).
         
         
         
         191
            
          Nor, contrary to what the applicants claim, does the change in the Commission’s administrative practice brought about by the
         Guidelines constitute an alteration of the legal framework determining the level of fines which can be imposed that is contrary
         to the principles of non-retroactivity of legislation and legal certainty. First, the Commission’s previous practice does
         not itself serve as a legal framework for the fines imposed in competition matters, since that framework is defined solely
         in Regulation No 17. Second, having regard to the wide discretion which Regulation No 17 leaves the Commission, the fact that
         the latter introduces a new method of calculating fines, which may lead to an increase in the general level of fines, cannot
         be regarded as an aggravation, with retroactive effect, of the fines as provided for in Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17
         (LR AF 1998 v Commission, paragraphs 233 to 235).
         
         
         
         192
            
          Furthermore, the fact that in the past the Commission imposed fines of a certain level for certain types of infringement does
         not mean that it is estopped from raising that level within the limits indicated in Regulation No 17 if that is necessary
         to ensure the implementation of Community competition policy (Musique diffusion française and Others v Commission, cited at paragraph 144 above, paragraph 109). The proper application of the Community competition rules in fact requires
         that the Commission may at any time adjust the level of fines to the needs of that policy (Musique diffusion française and Others v Commission, paragraph 109, and LR AF 1998 v Commission, paragraphs 236 and 237).
         
         
         
         193
            
          It follows that the complaint that the Guidelines are inapplicable must be rejected.
         
         
         
         194
            
          Consequently, the reference made by the four Japanese applicants and by C/G to the allegedly more equitable calculation methods
         applied in the United States is inoperative, since the Commission could lawfully apply the calculation method set out in the
         Guidelines.
         
         
         – The turnover used by the Commission in determining the starting amount
         
         
         195
            
          In so far as the Commission is criticised for not having determined the various starting amounts on the basis of either turnover
         from sales of graphite electrodes in the EEA or worldwide turnover for all products, it should be observed, first, that the
         only express reference to turnover in Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 concerns the upper limit that a fine cannot exceed
         and, second, that that limit is taken to refer to worldwide turnover (Musique diffusion française v Commission, cited at paragraph 144 above, paragraph 119). Provided that it remains within that limit, the Commission may in principle
         choose which turnover to take in terms of territory and products in order to determine the fine (the Cement judgment, cited at paragraph 39 above, paragraph 5023), without being obliged to adhere precisely to the worldwide turnover
         or turnover in the geographic market or the relevant product market. Last, although the Guidelines do not provide that fines
         are to be calculated according to a specific turnover, they do not preclude such a figure from being taken into account, provided
         that the choice made by the Commission is not vitiated by a manifest error of assessment.
         
         
         
         196
            
          In the present case, contrary to SGL’s argument, it is clear from recitals 149 to 151 of the Decision that the Commission
         chose the worldwide turnover achieved from sales of the relevant product so that the starting amounts would reflect the nature
         of the infringement, its actual impact on the market and the scope of the geographic market, having regard to the considerable
         disparity in size between the members of the cartel.
         
         
         
         197
            
          Having regard to the intrinsic nature of the cartel, the Commission was correct to use that turnover, without making an error
         of assessment, in that it allowed the Commission to take account of ‘the effective economic capacity of offenders to cause
         significant damage to other operators, in particular consumers’, within the meaning of point 1.A, fourth paragraph, of the
         Guidelines.
         
         
         
         198
            
          According to the findings made in the Decision, the cartel had a global dimension and included, in addition to price fixing,
         market sharing on the basis of the ‘home producer’ principle: producers not originating in the EEA, instead of providing aggressive
         competition on the EEA market, were ultimately to withdraw from that market, which was not their ‘home market’ (see paragraphs
         64 and 67 above). If the Commission had calculated Tokai’s, SDK’s, Nippon’s, SEC’s and C/G’s starting amounts on the basis
         of their low turnover in the EEA for the relevant product, it would have rewarded them for having complied with one of the
         basic principles of the cartel and for having agreed not to compete on the EEA market, while their conduct in accordance with
         that principle of the cartel enabled the ‘home’ producers in Europe, namely, in particular, SGL and UCAR, to fix prices in
         the EEA unilaterally. In doing so, the Japanese applicants and C/G impeded competition on the EEA market regardless of their
         actual turnover on that market.
         
         
         
         199
            
          In that regard, it should be made clear that the worldwide cartel found in the Decision harmed consumers in the EEA because
         SGL and UCAR in particular had been able to increase their prices in the EEA without being threatened by the Japanese applicants
         or by C/G, which, owing to the principle of reciprocity at global level, were able to do likewise on their home markets, namely
         Japan and the Far East and in C/G’s case the United States. As one of the objects of the cartel was to prevent the competitive
         forces of ‘non-home’ producers from being deployed in the EEA, the participation of those producers was necessary for the
         successful operation of the cartel as a whole, i.e. on the other regional markets in the world. Consequently, the real impact
         on the EEA of the infringement committed by all the members of the cartel, including those applicants for whom the EEA was
         not the ‘home market’, consisted in their contribution to the overall effectiveness of the cartel, as each of the three ‘legs’
         – the United States, the EEA and the Far East/Japan – was essential to the effective functioning of the cartel on a worldwide
         level.
         
         
         
         200
            
          Furthermore, the fact that the Commission has the power to impose sanctions only within the EEA does not preclude it from
         taking into consideration worldwide turnover derived from sales of the relevant product in order to evaluate the economic
         capacity of the members of the cartel to harm competition within the EEA. The Commission may carry out that evaluation in
         the same way as it takes into account, in accordance with Article 15 of Regulation No 17 and the relevant case-law, the financial
         capacity of the undertaking concerned by relying on its total worldwide turnover.
         
         
         
         201
            
          It is true that it is well established in the case-law that disproportionate importance must not be ascribed to one or other
         of the various turnover figures by comparison with the other elements of assessment, so that an appropriate fine cannot be
         fixed merely by a simple calculation based on the total turnover, especially where the goods concerned represent only a small
         proportion of that turnover (Musique diffusion française v Commission, cited at paragraph 144 above, paragraphs 120 and 121, and Case T-77/92 Parker Pen v Commission [1994] ECR II-549, paragraph 94). Thus, the Court of First Instance upheld in Parker Pen v Commission the plea alleging breach of the principle of proportionality on the ground that the Commission had not taken into account
         the fact that the turnover accounted for by the products to which the infringement related had been relatively low by comparison
         with the turnover resulting from the total sales of the undertaking concerned.
         
         
         
         202
            
          The four Japanese applicants and C/G rely on that case-law when referring to their weak presence in the EEA. However, the
         approach adopted by the Court in Parker Pen v Commission related to the final amount of the fine rather than the starting amount determined in the light of the gravity of the infringement,
         which is in issue in the present case. In the present case the Commission did not base the final amount of the fines on worldwide
         turnover alone, but took into account a whole series of factors other than turnover and, as regards the starting amount, it
         was specifically not worldwide turnover that was taken into consideration. The case-law cited by the applicants is therefore
         irrelevant (see, to that effect, ABB Asea Brown Boveri v Commission, cited at paragraph 153 above, paragraph 156).
         
         
         
         203
            
          In so far as C/G further contends that its participation in the infringement cannot be described as ‘very serious’ owing to
         the specific nature of its situation in the EEA, it is sufficient to observe that specific data relating to a given undertaking
         may indeed constitute aggravating or attenuating circumstances (points 2 and 3 of the Guidelines) or justify the final adjustment
         of the fine (point 5(b) of the Guidelines). However, where the Commission relies on the impact of the infringement in order
         to assess its gravity, in accordance with point 1.A, first and second paragraphs, of the Guidelines, the effects to be taken
         into account in that regard are those resulting from the entire infringement in which all the undertakings participated (Case
         C-49/92 P Commission v Anic [1999] ECR I-4125, paragraphs 150 to 152), so that consideration of the individual conduct or figures particular to each
         undertaking is not relevant in that regard. The special factors put forward by C/G are therefore of no relevance in the present
         context.
         
         
         
         204
            
          It follows that the pleas alleging failure to have regard to the turnover to be used in determining the starting amount must
         be rejected.
         
         
         – The real impact of the cartel on the price increases and on the market shares of certain members of the cartel
         
         
         205
            
          In so far as the Japanese applicants and C/G claim that their unlawful conduct had no ‘real impact’ in the EEA, for the purposes
         of point 1.A, penultimate indent, of the Guidelines, since the fact that they did not sell the product concerned was based
         on autonomous decisions taken before the cartel came into existence, the Court finds that that argument ignores the intrinsic
         nature of the cartel of market-sharing at global level and the fact that the applicants did not properly challenge the Commission’s
         findings of fact in that regard.
         
         
         
         206
            
          The applicants accepted the basic principles of the cartel that the prices of the product in question would be fixed at world
         level and the ‘non-home’ producers would withdraw from the markets reserved for ‘home’ producers (recital 50 of the Decision).
         The Commission also established that those basic principles had been implemented by the various meetings of the cartel (recitals
         51 to 93 of the Decision) and the applicants did not validly challenge those findings.
         
         
         
         207
            
          As regards the actual impact of the unlawful conduct of each undertaking on the market and on competition, that impact must
         be taken into consideration, in accordance with point 1.A, first paragraph, of the Guidelines, ‘where this can be measured’.
         In this case, the non-aggressive conduct in the EEA of the five applicants in question corresponded faithfully with the principles
         and the correct functioning of the cartel. It is therefore difficult to ‘measure’ to what extent the specific impact of the
         infringement committed by the applicants, namely their lack of aggression on the EEA market, exceeds the purely contractual
         level, i.e. their undertaking to remain passive.
         
         
         
         208
            
          Nor is it sufficient, in order to challenge properly the actual impact of the infringement, to rely on ‘alternative explanations’
         for the conduct consistent with the infringing agreements, namely the autonomous decisions allegedly taken in the economic
         interest of the undertakings. The concept of ‘alternative explanation’ can serve only to preclude the existence of a concerted
         practice, where parallel and passive conduct may be explained by plausible reasons other than collusion between the undertakings
         concerned (see Case T-30/91 Solvay v Commission [1995] ECR II-1775, paragraph 75, and the case-law of the Court of Justice cited there). In the present case, far from constituting
         simple parallel conduct, the unlawful conduct of the five undertakings in question corresponds precisely to the collusive
         agreements whose existence and content they have not disputed.
         
         
         
         209
            
          As the Commission correctly stated, moreover, the object of the cartel was to ensure stability on the world market in such
         a way as to permit concerted price increases. By agreeing to stay away from the EEA market, the five applicants in question
         made a significant contribution to stability in the worldwide market which had the effect of seriously harming competition
         in the EEA. The consideration for the protection guaranteed by SGL and UCAR to those applicants on their ‘home’ markets was
         their promise to remain outside the EEA. Had that promise not been valuable, there would have been no need for those applicants
         to participate in the cartel.
         
         
         
         210
            
          Last, according to the findings made in the Decision, the cartel was not a European cartel in which some Japanese and United
         States participants were associated, but was a cartel active on a worldwide scale. In order to preclude the risk of any disturbance
         of the smooth operation of the cartel, each party had undertaken to respect existing market shares at worldwide level, in
         spite of any future trends and developments, and thus to ensure regular price increases in each region of the world, increases
         which, had it not been for the ‘home’ producer principle, might have encouraged access by ‘non-home’ producers to regions
         with their own ‘home’ producers.
         
         
         
         211
            
          The applicants’ reference to their autonomous decisions, taken in their economic interest, to concentrate on their respective
         ‘home’ markets, is therefore irrelevant. The circumstances that determined such decisions may change at any time, so that
         the undertaking to remain outside a region which at a particular moment presented no economic interest remains valid. In addition,
         while it is always difficult to imagine what developments would have taken place on a given market in the absence of the cartel
         active on that market, such prognoses are particularly problematic where the markets are shared according to the ‘home’ producer
         principle, which obliges the members of the cartel to be passive in certain geographic areas. 
         
         
         
         212
            
          In any event, it is not sufficient to wonder, in such a situation, about the market shares that the ‘non-home’ producers might
         reasonably have been able to acquire, in the absence of the cartel, on a market reserved for another member of the cartel.
         It cannot be precluded that, in the absence of the security conferred by the cartel, the ‘home’ producer would, under the
         simple threat of access to that market by other producers, have applied quite low prices so that those other producers would
         choose to remain outside the market in question and thus not acquire the slightest market share. In such a situation, the
         free play of competition would have been to the advantage of consumers, in the form of a price reduction, without market shares
         changing at all.
         
         
         
         213
            
          The Commission was therefore right to conclude that the passive conduct in the EEA of the five applicants concerned was the
         actual consequence of the cartel, so that those applicants too had participated in a ‘very serious infringement’.
         
         
         
         214
            
          The same applies to the price increases prompted by the cartel between 1992 and 1996. In so far as SGL relies on ‘alternative
         explanations’ in that regard, it is sufficient to state, once again, that the present case does not concern the hypothesis
         of mere ‘parallel conduct’. Furthermore, recitals 136 and 137 of the Decision summarise the Commission’s findings of fact
         concerning the fixing of target prices and actual increases in prices in application of the basic principle of the cartel
         that graphite electrode prices were fixed on a world level (recitals 50 and 61 to 70 of the Decision). It follows that the
         prices agreed at the meetings of the cartel were gradually imposed on purchasers and increased by almost 50% between 1992
         and 1996. Those specific and detailed findings were not disputed by SGL. The Commission therefore validly established a link
         between the price increases and the application of the unlawful agreements by the eight members of the cartel which controlled
         almost 90% of the world market in graphite electrodes (recital 135 of the Decision) and which had succeeded in agreeing on
         prices for five to six years (recital 3 of the Decision), in sharing the markets and in taking a whole series of related measures
         (recital 2 of the Decision).
         
         
         
         215
            
          It follows that the pleas alleging failure to have regard to the real impact of the cartel on the price increases and on the
         market shares of certain members of the cartel cannot be upheld.
         
         
         – The division of the members of the cartel into three categories and the fixing of the respective starting amounts
         
         
         216
            
          As regards the complaint relating to the arbitrary and excessive nature of the starting amounts and, in particular, the amount
         of EUR 40 million fixed for SGL, on the ground that that high amount is incompatible with the Commission’s previous decision-making
         practice, it is sufficient to observe that the Commission has a margin of discretion when fixing fines, in order that it may
         direct the conduct of undertakings towards compliance with the competition rules (Deutsch Bahn v Commission, cited at paragraph 157 above, paragraph 127). The fact that the Commission, in the past, imposed fines of a certain level
         for certain types of infringements does not mean that it is estopped from raising that level at any moment in order to ensure
         the implementation of Community competition policy (Musique diffusion française v Commission, cited at paragraph 144 above, paragraph 109) and to strengthen the deterrent effect of the fines (Case T-327/94 SCA Holding v Commission [1998] ECR II-1373, paragraph 179) (see paragraphs 191 and 192 above). It follows that the complaint relating to the change
         in practice as regards the level of the basic amounts must be rejected.
         
         
         
         217
            
          As regards the division of the members of the cartel into several categories, which had the consequence that a flat-rate starting
         amount was fixed for all the undertakings in the same category, although such an approach by the Commission ignores the differences
         in size between undertakings in the same category, it cannot in principle be condemned. The Commission is not required, when
         determining fines, to ensure, where fines are imposed on a number of undertakings involved in the same infringement, that
         the final amounts of the fines resulting from its calculations for the undertakings concerned reflect any distinction between
         the undertakings concerned in terms of their overall turnover (see FETTCSA, cited at paragraph 47 above, paragraph 385, and the case-law cited there).
         
         
         
         218
            
          The Commission did not therefore err in fact or in law in dividing the applicants into categories when determining the gravity
         of the infringement. 
         
         
         
         219
            
          The fact none the less remains that such a division by categories must comply with the principle of equal treatment, according
         to which it is prohibited to treat similar situations differently and different situations in the same way, unless such treatment
         is objectively justified (FETTCSA, paragraph 406). Likewise, the Guidelines provide in point 1.A, sixth indent, that a ‘considerable’ disparity between the
         sizes of the undertakings committing infringements of the same type may justify a differentiation for the purposes of the
         assessment of the gravity of the infringement. Furthermore, according to the case-law, the amount of the fine must at least
         be proportionate in relation to the factors taken into account in the assessment of the gravity of the infringement (Joined
         Cases T-202/98, T-204/98 and T-207/98 Tate & Lyle and Others v Commission [2001] ECR II-2035, paragraph 106).
         
         
         
         220
            
          Consequently, where the Commission divides the undertakings concerned into categories for the purpose of setting the amount
         of the fines, the thresholds for each of the categories thus identified must be coherent and objectively justified (FETTCSA, paragraph 416, and LR AF 1998 v Commission, cited at paragraph 38 above, paragraph 298).
         
         
         
         221
            
          In that regard, the Commission, in stating in the introduction to the Guidelines that the margin of discretion which it enjoys
         when setting the amount of fines must follow ‘a coherent and non-discriminatory policy which is consistent with the objectives
         pursued in penalising infringements of the competition rules’, undertook to be guided by those principles when it determines
         the amount of fines imposed for infringements of the competition rules.
         
         
         
         222
            
          It is therefore necessary to examine whether in the present case the thresholds separating the three categories identified
         by the Commission on the basis of the table set out at recital 30 of the Decision (see paragraph 168 above) were determined
         in a manner that was coherent and objectively justified.
         
         
         
         223
            
          In that regard, it is quite plain from recitals 148 to 151 of the Decision that, in order to establish the three categories
         and to set the different starting amounts, the Commission relied on a single criterion, namely the actual turnover and market
         shares which the members of the cartel achieved through sales of the relevant product on the world market. To that end, the
         Commission referred to turnover figures for 1998 and changes in market shares between 1992 and 1998, as set out in the abovementioned
         table. It is further apparent that the arithmetical method applied consisted in proceeding in steps of approximately […]%
         of market share, each step corresponding to an amount of approximately EUR 8 million. Thus, SGL and UCAR, with a market share
         of approximately […], were given a starting amount of […] EUR 40 million each. VAW, SEC and Nippon, whose market share was
         below 5%, were given EUR 8 million each, while the amount ascribed to SDK, C/G and Tokai, with a market share of between 5%
         and 10%, came to EUR 16 million each.
         
         
         
         224
            
          As regards the starting point for that method, namely the choice of steps of EUR 8 million, in order to arrive at the precise
         maximum figure of EUR 40 million in the case of SGL and UCAR, it is true that the Commission does not state anywhere in the
         Decision its reasons for choosing the precise figure of EUR 40 million for undertakings in the first category. However, that
         choice on the Commission’s part cannot be described as arbitrary and does not exceed the discretion which it enjoys in that
         regard.
         
         
         
         225
            
          The Guidelines allow an amount of EUR 20 million to be set for ‘very serious’ infringements. Horizontal price agreements have
         always been regarded as particularly injurious under Community competition law and may therefore be described in themselves
         as ‘very serious’ (FETTCSA, cited at paragraph 47 above, paragraph 262). That is doubly true of the cartel penalised in the present case, which involved
         a cartel on prices and also on market sharing which covered the entire territory of the common market and the EEA. 
         
         
         
         226
            
          It must be added that the relevant turnover for SGL and UCAR came to EUR […] million and EUR […] million respectively, while
         their respective market shares fluctuated between […]% and […]% and between […]% and […]%. The Commission was therefore correct
         to take the view that those two undertakings should be placed in the same category, consistent with an average turnover of
         EUR […] million and a market share of approximately […]%.
         
         
         
         227
            
          As the lawfulness of the first category and the associated starting amount has thus been established, it is appropriate to
         examine whether the second category, consisting of SDK, C/G and Tokai, was constituted in a manner that was coherent and objectively
         justified. In that regard, it transpires that the arithmetical method applied by the Commission leads to a coherent result
         in the case of SDK, whose relevant turnover and market share were EUR […] million and approximately […]% respectively. The
         ratio between SDK, on the one hand, and the category composed of SGL and UCAR, on the other, may therefore be put at 1:2.5,
         which justifies setting a starting amount of EUR 16 million for SDK (40:2.5).
         
         
         
         228
            
          However, the fact that SDK and Tokai were placed in the same category, when Tokai’s turnover and market share were only EUR
         […] million and approximately […]% respectively, i.e. one half of the relevant figures for SDK, exceeds the acceptable limits
         from the aspect of the principles of proportionality and equal treatment, more particularly since the difference in size between
         Tokai and SDK, which belong to the same category, is greater than that between Tokai and Nippon (turnover: EUR […] million
         and market share: approximately […]%), which are in two different categories. Contrary to the Commission’s argument, such
         a manner of classification cannot be described as coherent (see, to that effect, FETTCSA, cited at paragraph 47 above, paragraphs 415, 422 and 426).
         
         
         
         229
            
          In ascertaining whether the Commission’s approach may be objectively justified, it must be borne in mind that the Decision,
         after referring to the worldwide turnover derived by each undertaking from sales of the relevant product in 1998 and to world
         market shares (recitals 149 and 150), merely states that ‘C/G, SDK and Tokai, which had significantly lower market shares
         in the worldwide market (5% to 10%) [than SGL’s and UCAR’s], are placed in the second category’ (recital 150). That passage
         does not state any specific reason which would allow the Commission, in spite of the size ratios referred to above, to bracket
         Tokai specifically with SDK and not with Nippon.
         
         
         
         230
            
          Before the Court, the Commission claimed that, in establishing the three categories and setting the different starting amounts,
         it took note of orders of size rather than of arithmetical formulae, as a fine should be proportionate not to the turnover
         of a given undertaking but to the gravity and duration of the infringement. In any event, the cartel as a whole had a considerable
         impact in the EEA, so that even a participant with a modest market share was able to make a significant contribution to that
         result. Market share and turnover therefore do not necessarily reflect the entire impact on competition of each member of
         the cartel. Last, the Commission is not required to draw any distinction between undertakings on the basis of their turnover;
         consequently, where such a distinction is drawn, the Commission cannot be criticised for not having applied a strict ratio
         between the relative turnovers.
         
         
         
         231
            
          That argument cannot be accepted. As the Commission decided to apply in this particular case the differentiation method laid
         down in the Guidelines, it was required to adhere to them, and where it departs from them it must set out expressly the reasons
         justifying such a departure (FETTCSA, cited at paragraph 47 above, paragraph 271). Since the members of the cartel were, in the words of the Decision, placed
         in categories solely on the basis of their turnover and market shares, the Commission cannot properly go back, before the
         Court, on its own method of differentiation and claim that it was a question only of rather vague orders of size and that
         neither market share nor turnover necessarily reflected the impact of each undertaking on competition. Nor does the Decision
         contain any specific element which explains why the latter argument would provide grounds for bracketing Tokai specifically
         with SDK and not with Nippon. 
         
         
         
         232
            
          While it is true that the Commission may take a multitude of factors into consideration in determining the final amount of
         a fine and that it is not required to apply mathematical formulae when doing so, the fact remains that, where it deemed it
         appropriate and equitable to have recourse, at a certain stage of that exercise, to mathematical calculations, it must apply
         its own method in a manner which is correct, coherent and, in particular, non-discriminatory. Once it has voluntarily chosen
         to apply such an arithmetical method, it is bound by the rules inherent therein, unless it provides express reasons for not
         doing so, in regard to all members of the same cartel.
         
         
         
         233
            
          It follows from the foregoing that Tokai cannot be classified in the same category as SDK. In the exercise of its unlimited
         jurisdiction, the Court considers that it is indeed appropriate to remain within the general logic of the Commission and to
         retain the system of categories employed by the Commission for members of the cartel. However, the second category must be
         dismantled and SDK and Tokai must be placed at the outset in two different categories: SDK must retain the starting amount
         of EUR 16 million ascribed by the Commission, whereas Tokai must be given a starting amount of EUR 8 million.
         
         
         
         234
            
          Consequently, there is no need to adjudicate on the two further pleas put forward by Tokai with a view to being given a starting
         amount of EUR 8 million, whereby it alleged that the Commission had provided no valid indication of the size of the relevant
         market and that it had failed to take account of the fact that Tokai’s market share was slightly below the 5% threshold.
         
         
         
         235
            
          Still in the exercise of its unlimited jurisdiction, the Court considers, second, that C/G, whose turnover was EUR […] million
         and whose market share was approximately […]%, is so close to Tokai, in terms of size on the relevant worldwide market, that
         it should be placed in the same category as that undertaking. C/G’s starting amount will therefore also be fixed at EUR 8
         million.
         
         
         
         236
            
          As regards the former third category, consisting of Nippon, SEC and VAW, it appears to be sufficiently coherent from the aspect
         of the difference in size both between the first three undertakings concerned and by comparison with the undertakings in the
         next category (Tokai and C/G). That category of the smallest undertakings must therefore remain as it is.
         
         
         
         237
            
          However, the average turnover (EUR […] million) and average market share (approximately […]%) of that category comes to only
         half of the corresponding average figures of the next category, consisting of Tokai and C/G, and to one tenth of the figures
         of the first category, consisting of SGL and UCAR. Consequently, the Court considers, in the exercise of its unlimited jurisdiction,
         that the starting amount for Nippon and SEC should be fixed at EUR 4 million.
         
         
         – The ‘deterrent factor’ applied in the Decision
         
         
         238
            
          It should be noted, first of all, that SGL’s allegation that, instead of taking account of the particular circumstances of
         the undertaking, the Commission sought only to impose a deterrent effect, is factually incorrect. It was only in referring
         to the general rules governing its calculation that the Commission mentioned the sufficiently deterrent level of the starting
         amounts (recitals 146 and 148 of the Decision). Those amounts were adjusted in order to provide them with a specific deterrent
         effect only in the case of VAW and SDK (recitals 152 to 154 of the Decision), whereas no such adjustment was made in SGL’s
         case.
         
         
         
         239
            
          As regards SDK’s complaint, it has consistently been held that when calculating an undertaking’s fine the Commission may take
         into consideration, inter alia, its size and economic power (Musique diffusion française v Commission, cited at paragraph 144 above, paragraph 120, and Case T-48/98 Acerinox v Commission [2001] ECR II-3859, paragraphs 89 and 90). Furthermore, as regards measuring the financial capacity of the members of a cartel,
         the case-law has recognised the relevance of worldwide turnover (Case C-291/98 P Sarrió v Commission [2000] ECR I-9991, paragraphs 85 and 86), and in its judgment in ABB Asea Brown Boveri v Commission (cited at paragraph 151 above, paragraphs 154, 155 and 162 to 167), the Court of First Instance actually recognised the lawfulness
         of the principle of a multiplier of precisely 2.5 and emphasised that the Commission may take the sufficiently deterrent effect
         of the fine imposed into account.
         
         
         
         240
            
          In those circumstances, SDK’s complaint alleging breach of its rights of defence must be rejected. At point 110 of the statement
         of objections, the Commission stated that it proposed to ‘set fines at a level sufficient to ensure deterrence’. SDK was plainly
         aware of the wording of Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 and of its high worldwide turnover. Furthermore, SDK could infer
         from Commission Decision 1999/60/EC of 21 October 1998 relating to a proceeding under Article 85 of the EC Treaty (Case No
         IV/35.691/E-4: – Pre-Insulated Pipe Cartel) (OJ 1999 L 24, p. 1, ‘the pre-insulated pipes decision’), in which a multiplier
         of precisely 2.5 had been applied to Asea Brown Boveri, that it was not precluded that the Commission would also apply to
         it a multiplier of that order. There was therefore nothing to prevent SDK from referring, during the administrative procedure,
         to its size and its financial resources or from expressing its views on the deterrent effect of the penalty that the Commission
         would take against it. 
         
         
         
         241
            
          In the light of the case-law referred to at paragraph 239 above, the Commission was therefore entitled to take the view that,
         owing to its enormous worldwide turnover by comparison with the turnovers of the other members of the cartel, SDK could more
         readily raise the necessary funds to pay its fine, which, if the fine was to have a sufficiently deterrent effect, justified
         the application of a multiplier. None of SDK’s arguments to the contrary can be upheld.
         
         
         
         242
            
          First, while it is true that the mere size of an undertaking is not automatically synonymous with financial power, that general
         observation is irrelevant in the present case, since SDK, unlike the other applicants, has not claimed that it lacks the financial
         capacity to pay the fine. Second, in claiming that a just fine can seek only to make good the harm caused to the free play
         of competition and that it is necessary, to that effect, to evaluate the likelihood that the cartel will be discovered and
         also the profits reckoned on by the members of the cartel, SDK is referring to hypothetical parameters that are too uncertain
         for an evaluation of an undertaking’s actual financial resources.
         
         
         
         243
            
          In any event, SDK’s argument is not capable of invalidating the rule that an infringement committed by an undertaking with
         vast financial resources may, in principle, be sanctioned by a fine proportionately higher than that imposed in respect of
         the same infringement committed by an undertaking without such resources. Last, as regards the reference to other undertakings
         which, although in situations comparable to SDK’s, were given less severe penalties, it is sufficient to observe that, provided
         that the Commission complies with the maximum limit in Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17, it is not required to perpetuate
         a given practice in setting the level of fines.
         
         
         
         244
            
          As it is thus recognised that a multiplier may be applied to SDK, it is appropriate to examine whether the figure of 2.5 is
         compatible with the principles of proportionality and equal treatment.
         
         
         
         245
            
          In that regard, the sole point of reference in the Decision which permits an examination of the merits of the figure of 2.5
         applied to SDK is a comparison between that figure and the figure of 1.25 applied to VAW, which must be made in the light
         of the figures and reasons set out in recitals 30 and 152 to 154 of the Decision (see paragraphs 168 and 170 above). 
         
         
         
         246
            
          It follows from those recitals that the Commission deemed it fair, in VAW’s case, to increase the starting amount ‘in order
         to take account of the size and global resources’ of that undertaking. However – as the turnover and market shares relating
         to worldwide sales of the product between 1992 and 1998 had been exhausted for the purposes of the differentiation between
         the members of the cartel in respect of the gravity of the infringement and the figures relating to the EEA market are of
         no relevance in the present context –, the only factor capable of justifying that finding in respect of VAW is its total worldwide
         turnover in 2000, which, as stated in the table in recital 30 of the Decision, is three times as much as SGL’s. As regards
         the factor of 1.25 fixed for VAW, it is clear that multiplication by the figure 1 has a completely neutral effect, the only
         real multiplying effect being introduced by the figure 0.25 added to the figure 1.
         
         
         
         247
            
          As regards SDK’s situation, the Decision states that it is ‘by far the largest undertaking concerned’, and for that reason
         its starting amount was weighted by 2.5 (recital 154). The only factor which justifies that description of SDK is its total
         worldwide turnover in 2000, which is twice as much as VAW’s and six times as much as SGL’s. According to the logic which the
         Commission itself followed in VAW’s case, it was therefore appropriate to adjust SDK’s starting amount by twice the real increase
         applied to VAW, in order to take account of the fact that SDK was twice as large and had twice as many global resources. The
         only multiplier to satisfy that criterion is 0.5 (2 x 0.25) added to the figure 1.
         
         
         
         248
            
          None of the arguments to the contrary put forward by the Commission can upset that conclusion. The Decision contains no finding
         other than those relating to the undertaking’s size and global resources which would justify the application to SDK of a multiplier
         greater than 1.5. In particular, it does not explain why the circumstances of the present case would require the application
         to SDK of a multiplier six times that applied to VAW, although its relevant turnover for the purposes of that operation is
         only twice VAW’s. In so far as the Commission stated before the Court that it had not relied on SDK’s exact turnover, but
         that it had simply made a rough adjustment in order to give certain guidance, it is sufficient to state that that argument
         is contradicted both by the figures and by the grounds set out in that regard in the Decision. The Commission cannot therefore
         depart from them before the Court (see paragraph 232 above). In any event, that argument cannot justify the application of
         the multiplier of 2.5.
         
         
         
         249
            
          In the light of the foregoing, the Court, in the exercise of its unlimited jurisdiction, considers that the starting amount
         fixed for SDK must be weighted by 1.5 and thus become EUR 24 million.
         
         
         – The reasons stated in the Decision
         
         
         250
            
          It is settled case-law that the statement of reasons on which an individual decision is based must disclose in a clear and
         unequivocal fashion the reasoning followed by the institution which adopted the measure in question in such a way as to enable
         the persons concerned to ascertain the reasons for the measure and to enable the competent Community court to exercise its
         power of review. The assessment of the requirement to state reasons depends on the circumstances of each case. It is not necessary
         for the reasoning to go into all the relevant facts and points of law, since the question whether the statement of reasons
         meets the requirements of Article 253 EC must be assessed with regard not only to the wording of the measure but also to the
         context in which the measure was adopted (see, in particular, Case C-367/95 P Commission v Sytraval and Brink’s France [1998] ECR I-1719, paragraph 63).
         
         
         
         251
            
          Having regard to the information provided in recitals 129 to 154 of the Decision on the calculation of the fines for the gravity
         of the infringement, to the Guidelines, and also to the case-law and the decision-making practice on the matter, discussed
         by the parties before the Court, it must be held that the applicants were quite capable of raising the numerous pleas alleging
         illegality as to the substance as regards the calculations in respect of the gravity of the infringement. If they claim that
         one or other of those factors is not sufficiently reasoned, they are at the same time complaining of the inaccuracy or unfairness
         of that factor and present data which the Commission should in their opinion have taken into consideration. In those circumstances,
         the applicants were not placed in a situation where the Commission’s failure to provide exhaustive reasoning denied them adequate
         judicial protection (see, to that effect, UK Coal v Commission, cited at paragraph 149 above, paragraph 206).
         
         
         
         252
            
          In any event, the Court of Justice has held that the Commission fulfils its obligation to state reasons when it indicates
         in its decision the factors which enabled it to measure the gravity of the offence, without being required to set out a more
         detailed account or the figures relating to the method of calculating the fine (Case C-279/98 P Cascades v Commission [2000] ECR I-9693, paragraphs 38 to 47, and Sarrió v Commission, cited at paragraph 239 above, paragraphs 76 and 80).
         
         
         
         253
            
          It follows that the pleas alleging failure to state reasons cannot be upheld.
         
         
         
         254
            
          It follows from the foregoing that the pleas raised by SGL and UCAR must be rejected, although the other applicants’ starting
         amounts will be fixed as follows: for Tokai and C/G, at EUR 8 million each, for SEC and Nippon at EUR 4 million each and for
         SDK at EUR 24 million.
         
         
          c) The basic amounts determined in the decision on the basis of the duration of the infringement
          Summary of the Decision
         
         
         255
            
          At recitals 155 to 157 of the Decision, the Commission found that SGL, UCAR, Tokai, Nippon and SEC had infringed Article 81(1) EC
         and Article 53(1) of the EEA Agreement between May 1992 and February/March 1998. As they had committed a long-term infringement
         of 5 years and 9 to 10 months, their starting amounts, calculated on the basis of the gravity of the infringement, were increased
         by 55%. The Commission considered that SDK and VAW had committed a medium-term infringement of 4 years and 7 to 11 months,
         and their starting amounts were therefore increased by 45%. As C/G had committed a medium-term infringement of 3 years and
         10 months, its starting amount was increased by 35%.
         
          Case T-239/01
         
         
         256
            
          SGL claims that the increase of its starting amount by 55% for an infringement lasting 5 years and 10 months is inconsistent
         with the Pre-insulated pipes decision (cited at paragraph 240 above), where the Commission merely applied an increase of 40% for duration where the infringement
         had lasted for five years.
         
         
         
         257
            
          SGL further submits that quota cartels, classified as ‘very serious’ infringements in the Guidelines, regularly last for a
         number of years. That typically long-term nature is inherent in infringements of that type. Consequently, a quota cartel which
         by its very nature is long-lasting cannot be treated in the same way for the purposes of duration as an infringement which,
         as for example an abuse of a dominant position, is in itself ‘very serious’ where it is of much shorter duration. The duration
         of a quota cartel can therefore lawfully be taken into account only where it is significantly in excess of the typical duration
         of an infringement of that type. On that point, SGL disputes the legality of the Guidelines in that they envisage the duration
         of an infringement in the same way, irrespective of the nature of the infringement.
         
         
         
         258
            
          In that regard, the Court recalls, first of all, that the plea which SGL directs against the Commission’s findings of fact
         concerning the duration of the infringement was rejected above (paragraphs 71 to 77).
         
         
         
         259
            
          As regards the objection of illegality raised in the present context, Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 expressly provides
         that for the purposes of determining the amount of the fine, regard is to be had ‘both to the gravity and to the duration
         of the infringement’. In the light of that provision, even on the assumption that quota cartels are intrinsically conceived
         as long-term arrangements, the Commission cannot be prohibited from taking their actual duration in each particular case into
         account. It is sufficient to think of cartels which, in spite of their planned longevity, are detected by the Commission or
         reported by a participant after having been in operation for a short time. Their harmful effect is necessarily less than in
         a situation where they have been in operation for a long period. Consequently, a distinction must always be drawn between
         the duration of an infringement and its gravity as resulting from its particular nature (see, to that effect, FETTCSA, cited at paragraph 47 above, paragraph 283).
         
         
         
         260
            
          The Commission was therefore entitled to state, at point 1.B, third paragraph, of the Guidelines that the increase in the
         fine for long-term infringements would represent a considerable strengthening of the previous practice with a view to imposing
         effective sanctions on restrictions ‘which have had a harmful impact on consumers over a long period’.
         
         
         
         261
            
          Accordingly, there is no reason why the Commission should not have taken account of the Guidelines in order to increase the
         starting amount calculated in SGL’s case by 55% for duration of an infringement lasting 5 years and 9 months. 
         
         
         
         262
            
          That conclusion is not called in question by the Pre-insulated pipes decision, where the Commission applied an increase of only 40% for duration where the infringement had lasted five years.
         That case entailed a particular weighting which was expressly justified by the specific circumstances of the case: at the
         beginning of the infringement period, the collusive arrangements had been incomplete or had had a limited effect; subsequently,
         they had been suspended for a certain period and had reached their most complete form only after several years (recital 170
         of the Pre-insulated pipes decision). SGL’s situation is not marked by such specific circumstances.
         
         
         
         263
            
          It follows that the plea alleging failure to have proper regard to the infringement found in SGL’s case must be rejected.
         
          Case T-246/00 
         
         – Arguments of the parties
         
         
         264
            
          As regards the final period of operation of the cartel, UCAR claims that it provided the evidence of its participation in
         the infringement after the investigations carried out by the Commission in June 1997, in particular the evidence which enabled
         the Commission to establish that the meetings of the cartel on November 1997 and 13 February 1998 had taken place and that
         the bilateral contacts had been maintained until March 1998. In application of its draft new Leniency Notice published in
         2001, the Commission was prevented from using that information to increase its fine by 55%. In that draft, the Commission
         suggested that, where an undertaking provides evidence relating to facts previously unknown to the Commission which have a
         direct bearing on the gravity or duration of the suspected infringement, the Commission would not take those elements into
         account when setting any fine to be imposed on the undertaking which provided that evidence. That, in the applicant’s submission,
         is an appropriate approach that the Commission should have taken. In any event, the Court could take it into consideration
         by virtue of its unlimited jurisdiction.
         
         
         
         265
            
          UCAR concludes that the evidence of its participation in the cartel after the meeting held in April 1997 must not be taken
         into account, which would reduce the duration of its infringement to 4 years and 11 months. Its starting amount should therefore
         be increased by 45% at the most for duration.
         
         
         
         266
            
          As regards the initial period of the cartel (1992 to 1995), UCAR states that the Commission should have imposed fines on Mitsubishi
         and Union Carbide, its parent companies at that time, and not on UCAR. Those companies held control of UCAR and played a significant
         role by initiating the first contacts between competitors and facilitating UCAR’s participation in the cartel. Legally, Mitsubishi
         and Union Carbide controlled UCAR until 1995. In the context of a recapitalisation effected in January 1995, Mitsubishi and
         Union Carbide literally ‘plundered’ it and provoked its indebtedness. UCAR submits that the Commission has never investigated
         the role of Mitsubishi and Union Carbide and that the Decision contains no reasoning concerning the problem of the control
         exercised by Mitsubishi and Union Carbide over UCAR during the relevant period.
         
         
         
         267
            
          UCAR further submits that the Commission should also have taken into consideration the fact that, since the date of the investigations,
         UCAR’s management board sought, by means of a systematic and intensive internal investigation, to detect actively and to put
         an end to any unlawful contacts with competitors.
         
         
         
         268
            
          As regards the final period of the cartel, the Commission states that its new policy on cooperation had not yet been adopted
         on the date of the Decision. UCAR cannot therefore have based a legitimate expectation on the fact that the Commission would
         apply such a policy. The fact that the Commission acknowledges that its policy on cooperation may be amended and improved
         does not prevent it from applying in the meantime the provisions in force. Before formally adopting its draft revisal to which
         UCAR refers, the Commission was therefore not compelled to take that draft into account.
         
         
         
         269
            
          The questions raised by UCAR as regards the role of Mitsubishi and Union Carbide were not raised either in UCAR’s reply to
         the statement of objections or at any time in the proceedings before the Commission. Until it lodged its application, it acted
         as though it fully recognised that it had infringed the competition rules and deserved a fine; it did not claim that it should
         not receive a sanction for the infringement committed before 1995 because its conduct should be imputed to Mitsubishi and
         Union Carbide.
         
         
         
         270
            
          Even in the letter which it sent to the Commission on 23 February 2001, enclosing the record of the proceedings against Mitsubishi
         in the United States, UCAR did not put forward any of the arguments raised before the Court. Even at that time, therefore,
         when it had all the relevant evidence, it did not claim that Mitsubishi’s role had the slightest bearing on the facts established
         in respect of its participation in the infringement. The letter concentrated rather on the question of UCAR’s real capacity
         to pay.
         
         
         
         271
            
          As regards Union Carbide, UCAR did not at any time claim that that company had participated directly in the infringement.
         Even before the Court, Union Carbide is not clearly implicated, except in respect of the financial advantages which it is
         alleged to have derived from the cartel.
         
         
         
         272
            
          The Commission therefore contends that the Court, in the exercise of its unlimited jurisdiction in relation to fines, should
         increase the fine imposed on UCAR to reflect what the Commission describes as that unacceptable change in viewpoint on the
         part of an undertaking which has had a substantial reduction in its fine under the Leniency Notice on the ground that it did
         not dispute the Commission’s allegations.
         
         
         – Findings of the Court
         
         
         273
            
          As regards the complaint relating to the final period of the cartel, it is based exclusively on the draft of a new Leniency
         Notice which, on the date of adoption of the Decision (18 July 2001), had not even been published in the Official Journal;
         the draft appeared only in the Official Journal of 21 July 2001 (OJ 2001 C 205, p. 18). As regards the new ‘Commission notice
         on immunity from fines and reduction of fines in cartel cases’, which, at point 23, final paragraph, incorporated the draft
         on which UCAR relies, it was only published in the Official Journal of 19 February 2002 (OJ 2002 C 45, p. 3) and, pursuant
         to point 28, replaced the former Leniency Notice of 1996 only from 14 February 2002. In those circumstances, it is clear that
         the Commission did not err in not applying the new policy on cooperation, on which UCAR relies, in the context of the Decision.
         
         
         
         
         274
            
          In so far as UCAR claims that the Court is not prevented from taking the new Leniency Notice of 2002 into account as an expression
         of the principle of fairness, the Court, in the exercise of its unlimited jurisdiction, may take it into account as additional
         information not set out in the Decision (Case C-297/98 P SCA Holding v Commission, cited at paragraph 108 above, paragraph 55). In the circumstances of the present case, however, the Court considers that
         it is not appropriate to exercise its jurisdiction and award a reduction in the rate applied to UCAR for the duration of its
         participation in the infringement.
         
         
         
         275
            
          It is clear from the answer to a written question put by the Court and from the argument at the hearing that the parties are
         agreed that the evidence which UCAR was the first undertaking to have provided to the Commission covers only the period between
         the middle of November 1997 and March 1998. Even if the duration of UCAR’s participation in the infringement were reduced
         to the period between May 1992 and the middle of November 1997, it would still have participated in a long-term infringement,
         lasting five and a half years, for which point 1.B, first paragraph, of the Guidelines allows an additional amount to be fixed,
         determined by the application of a rate of 55%. Furthermore, the Commission has already taken account of all the evidence
         supplied by UCAR, which had enabled it to establish ‘important aspects of the case’, by granting it a reduction of 40% of
         its fine under the Leniency Notice (recitals 200 to 202 of the Decision), which – after the reduction of 70% granted to SDK
         for having provided the first evidence of the entire cartel (recital 217 of the Decision) – represents the second largest
         of all the reductions granted under that head.
         
         
         
         276
            
          The principle of fairness therefore does not require any adjustment, for the final period of the cartel, of the rate of 55%
         applied to UCAR for the duration of its participation in the infringement.
         
         
         
         277
            
          As regards the measures which UCAR’s management board took immediately following the Commission’s investigations in order
         to put an end to the infringement, it is sufficient to observe that efforts to put an end to an infringement cannot automatically
         be assimilated to the definitive cessation of the infringement. It is a fact that UCAR did not dispute the Commission’s finding
         as a fact that it had participated in the cartel in 1997 and in 1998. The Commission’s power to impose a sanction on an undertaking
         where it has committed an infringement presumes only the unlawful action of a person who is generally authorised to act on
         behalf of the undertaking (Musique diffusion française v Commission, cited at paragraph 144 above, paragraph 97). The action taken by UCAR’s management board is therefore irrelevant to the
         consideration of the duration of the infringement.
         
         
         
         278
            
          As regards the complaint relating to the initial period of the cartel (1992 to 1995), when UCAR was under the control of Mitsubishi
         and Union Carbide, it is common ground that UCAR participated in the cartel between May 1992 and March 1998, as ‘UCAR International
         Inc.’. It is on that company, UCAR International Inc., that the Commission imposed a fine for that infringement, and not on
         the natural or legal persons who allegedly influenced it. Consequently, it was not required to take into consideration any
         changes which might have taken place during the infringement period in the composition of the legal or economic owners of
         the company.
         
         
         
         279
            
          The fact that UCAR may have formed an economic unit with Mitsubishi and/or Union Carbide, so that it was unable to take autonomous
         decisions, which the Commission disputes, plays no role in that context. That fact would have been relevant only if the Commission
         had used its power to impose a sanction on UCAR’s parent company for UCAR’s conduct, as, moreover, it did in the case of VAW
         (recitals 117 to 123 of the Decision), with reference to Case C‑286/98 P Stora Kopparbergs Bergslags v Commission (cited at paragraph 113 above, paragraphs 26 to 29). In the present case, on the other hand, the point of whether UCAR’s
         conduct could be attributed to another undertaking did not arise (Joined Cases T-45/98 and T-47/98 Krupp Thyssen Stainless and Acciai speciali Terni v Commission [2001] ECR II-3757, hereinafter ‘Krupp’, paragraph 189), since the Commission decided to address itself only to UCAR.
         
         
         
         280
            
          Nor does the present case concern the questions which may arise as a result of an economic succession in the control of an
         undertaking, where it is necessary to determine who is accountable for the undertaking’s actions, namely the transferor or
         the transferee (judgment of the Court of First Instance, following appeal and referral back to the Court of First Instance,
         in Case T‑354/94 Stora Kopparbergs Bergslags v Commission, cited at paragraph 113 above, paragraphs 60 and 70; judgment in Case T-9/99 HFB and Others v Commission [2002] ECR II-1487, paragraphs 101 to 108). While it is true that the application of the rule laid down in the case-law that
         ‘[i]t falls, in principle, to the natural or legal person managing the undertaking in question when the infringement was committed
         to answer for that infringement, even if, when the Decision finding the infringement was adopted, another person had assumed
         responsibility for operating the undertaking’ (HFB and Others v Commission, paragraph 101) may prove difficult in certain circumstances, in the present case the Commission imposed a penalty only on
         UCAR and was therefore not required to examine the questions of the operation and control of UCAR.
         
         
         
         281
            
          In any event, the judicially determined rule just referred to must be interpreted as meaning that an undertaking – that is
         to say, an economic unit consisting of personal, tangible and intangible elements (Case 19/61 Mannesmann v High Authority [1962] ECR 357, 371) – is directed by the organs provided for in its articles of association and that any decision imposing
         a fine on it may be addressed to the management as provided for in the undertaking’s articles of association (management board,
         management committee, chairman, manager, etc.), even though the financial consequences of the fine are ultimately borne by
         its owners. That rule would not be observed if the Commission, faced with unlawful conduct on the part of an undertaking,
         were always required to ascertain who is the owner exercising a decisive influence on the undertaking and were allowed to
         impose a sanction only on that owner. 
         
         
         
         282
            
          If UCAR claims to have been ‘plundered’ by its former owners Mitsubishi and Union Carbide, who, it alleges, encouraged it
         to set up the cartel in respect of which it is now subject to a sanction, the Commission has rightly stated that the solution
         to that dispute must be sought in the relations between Mitsubishi and Union Carbide, on the one hand, and UCAR and its present
         owner on the other, and not at the level of the application of competition law by the Commission. Thus, even if Mitsubishi
         and Union Carbide had in fact used UCAR as an instrument intended to realise the profits derived from the actions of the cartel,
         the Commission was entitled to impose a fine only on that ‘instrument’, while UCAR and/or its owners are free to bring proceedings
         for damages against Mitsubishi and Union Carbide. Furthermore, UCAR took action against Mitsubishi and Union Carbide in the
         United States in order to recover money allegedly extracted from it (recital 42 of the Decision).
         
         
         
         283
            
          In so far as UCAR further claims that the Commission should have examined the role played by Mitsubishi and Union Carbide
         in setting up the cartel, it is sufficient to recall that, according to a consistent line of decisions, even on the assumption
         that the situation of another economic operator to which the Decision was not addressed was comparable to that of UCAR, that
         could not in any event constitute a ground for setting aside the finding of an infringement by UCAR, provided that that infringement
         was properly established on the basis of documentary evidence. Owing to the fact that it infringed Article 81 EC, UCAR cannot
         escape any penalty on the ground that no fine was imposed on other economic operators such as Mitsubishi and Union Carbide
         when, as in the present case, those other undertakings’ circumstances are not even the subject of proceedings before the Court
         (Joined Cases C-89/85, C-104/85, C-114/85, C‑116/85, C-117/85 and C-125/85 to C-129/85 Ahlström Osakeyhtiö and Others v Commission [1993] ECR I-1307, paragraphs 146 and 197; Acerinox v Commission, cited at paragraph 239 above, paragraphs 156 and 157; and Case T‑17/99 KE KELIT v Commission [2002] ECR II-1647, paragraph 101). 
         
         
         
         284
            
          In those circumstances, the fact that Mitsubishi was convicted in the United States in February 2001 of aiding and abetting
         a conspiracy among graphite electrode producers and was fined USD 134 million (recital 42 of the Decision) is of no relevance
         for the purpose of examining the calculation of the fine imposed on UCAR. Nor is there any need to examine whether the Commission
         had been duly informed of Mitsubishi’s or Union Carbide’s involvement in the cartel or whether UCAR was actually controlled
         by Mitsubishi or Union Carbide.
         
         
         
         285
            
          Last, as the Commission was entitled to impose a sanction on the undertaking that participated directly in the infringement,
         i.e. UCAR, it was not required to justify that choice by setting out its reasons for not imposing sanctions on Mitsubishi
         and Union Carbide. The Commission did not therefore breach its obligation to state reasons under Article 253 EC.
         
         
         
         286
            
          On the other hand, the Commission’s submission that the fine imposed on UCAR should be increased cannot be upheld.
         
         
         
         287
            
          It follows from the foregoing that the Commission was not required to adduce further evidence before the Court of the duration
         of UCAR’s participation in the infringement found in the Decision. In response to the plea alleging failure to have regard
         to the role played by Mitsubishi and Union Carbide between 1992 and 1995, the Commission was entitled merely to present the
         legal arguments which have just been set out.
         
         
         
         288
            
          Furthermore, it was in February and April 2001, and therefore before the adoption of the Decision, that UCAR had sent the
         Commission evidence of the participation of, in particular, Mitsubishi in the cartel being investigated by the Commission.
         The Decision also mentions UCAR’s statement that its former parent companies, Union Carbide and Mitsubishi, benefited from
         the cartel (recital 204). In those circumstances, it cannot be claimed that UCAR challenged for the first time before the
         Court the accuracy of the facts relating to the duration of its participation in the infringement, within the meaning of point
         E.4, second subparagraph, of the Leniency Notice. Rather, UCAR put a fresh legal complexion on documentary evidence which
         it had already made available to the Commission during the administrative procedure.
         
         
         
         289
            
          It follows from the foregoing that the pleas put forward by SGL and UCAR must be rejected.
         
         
         
         290
            
          As regards the other applicants whose starting amounts for the gravity of the infringement were reduced, the Court sees no
         reason to depart from the rates applied by the Commission for the duration of their participation in the infringement. The
         basic amounts fixed at recital 158 of the Decision will be corrected as follows: Tokai = EUR 12.4 million; Nippon = EUR 6.2
         million; SEC = EUR 6.2 million; SDK = EUR 34.8 million and C/G = EUR 10.8 million.
         
         
          d) Aggravating circumstances
          Summary of the Decision
         
         
         291
            
          In the case of SGL, UCAR, Tokai, SEC and Nippon, the Commission considered that the gravity of the infringement was aggravated
         by the fact that they had continued that clear-cut and indisputable infringement after the investigations carried out by the
         Commission. A further aggravating circumstance was established on the part of SGL and UCAR owing to the fact that they were
         the two ringleaders and instigators of the cartel. Last, the Commission classified as an aggravating circumstance SGL’s attempt
         to obstruct the Commission proceedings by giving warnings to other companies of the forthcoming investigations. The Commission
         therefore increased SGL’s basic amount by 85%, UCAR’s by 60% and Tokai’s, SEC’s and Nippon’s by 10% (recitals 160, 164, 187,
         192, 209 and 210 of the Decision).
         
          Cases T-244/01 and T-251/01
         
         
         292
            
          Nippon and SEC criticise the Commission for having increased their fines by 10% for having allegedly continued the infringements
         after the investigations carried out in June 1997. However, by letter of 15 December 1997 the Commission informed the Japanese
         producers that they were not directly concerned by the cartel in question. It was only two years later, in the statement of
         objections, that the Commission informed them of its suspicions concerning their possible involvement. Nippon and SEC therefore
         had a legitimate expectation that they would not be fined in respect of the period after the June 1997 investigations, and
         the Commission cannot maintain that they should have put an end to the infringement following investigations which did not
         concern them. Nippon and SEC further complain of a failure to state reasons, in that the Decision is silent as to the question
         of their legitimate expectation.
         
         
         
         293
            
          SEC further claims that the increase of 55% in its starting amount for the duration of the infringement already covered the
         period following the investigations. The additional increase of 10% means that it was penalised twice for its participation
         in the infringement during that period.
         
         
         
         294
            
          In that regard, the Court observes that it is common ground that Nippon and SEC participated in the infringement until February
         1998. By the abovementioned letter of 15 December 1997, they were informed that the Commission was investigating the cartel
         without being aware at the material time that they too were directly participating in it. The letter cannot therefore be regarded
         as having given rise to valid expectations, still less as having given precise assurances, that they would not receive a sanction
         (see paragraph 152 above). On the contrary, Nippon and SEC had to expect that once their involvement in the cartel was detected
         the Commission would impose a sanction for their participation in the infringement and would take account, in particular,
         that they had not ceased the infringement immediately upon being warned that the Commission was investigating the cartel.
         
         
         
         295
            
          Nor can there be any question that a double sanction was imposed on SEC for the relevant period. The increase of 55% concerns
         only the duration of the infringement, whereas the increase of 10% is intended to represent a sanction for the additional
         unlawful energy which it expended in continuing the infringement even though it was informed that the Commission had launched
         an investigation targeted at that very infringement.
         
         
         
         296
            
          In those circumstances, the Commission cannot be criticised for not having provided in the Decision any specific reasons devoted
         to the problem of any possible legitimate expectation on the part of Nippon and SEC, still less because the Decision’s silence
         in that regard did not prevent those two applicants from presenting their arguments on that point.
         
         
         
         297
            
          The pleas put forward by Nippon and SEC cannot therefore be upheld.
         
          Cases T-239/01 and T-246/01
         
         
         298
            
          UCAR maintains that the Commission was wrong to regard as an aggravating circumstance the continuation of the infringement
         after its investigations in June 1997, since UCAR’s management board made concerted efforts to put an end to any collusive
         activity. Nor should the Commission have held UCAR accountable for having set up and implemented the cartel, since Mitsubishi
         and Union Carbide had been the real instigators of the cartel. Last, SGL was the only genuine ringleader of the cartel. In
         so far as the Commission attempts to ascribe that role to UCAR too, it is not entitled to rely on events preceding the beginning
         of the relevant period, i.e. before May 1992.
         
         
         
         299
            
          SGL submits that the increase of 85% in its basic amount for aggravating circumstances is wholly disproportionate and inconsistent
         with the Commission’s previous decision-making practice, in which such an exorbitant increase has never been known. First,
         no increase was possible for allegedly continuing the infringement after the investigations of June 1997, as the Commission
         failed to produce sufficient evidence in that regard. Second, the fact that SGL warned other members of the cartel that those
         investigations were about to take place cannot be penalised by an increase in the fine. Article 15 of Regulation No 17 allows
         fines to be increased only for infringements of Articles 81 EC and 82 EC or for breach of one of the conditions and charges
         imposed pursuant to Article 8 of Regulation No 17. The warnings in question do not constitute such breaches of the law.
         
         
         
         300
            
          Nor are those warnings covered by the Guidelines, since the second indent of point 2 provides for an increase in the fine
         only for attempts to obstruct the Commission ‘in carrying out its investigations’. The warnings were issued before the investigations
         commenced. In any event, SGL has suffered discrimination by comparison with UCAR. UCAR even destroyed incriminating documents
         but did not receive a sanction for an aggravating circumstance. In SGL’s submission, destroying documents is more serious
         than giving oral warnings about possible investigations.
         
         
         
         301
            
          In that regard, the Court recalls that, according to a well-established line of decisions, where an infringement has been
         committed by a number of undertakings, it is necessary, in determining the amount of the fines, to establish their respective
         roles in the infringement throughout the duration of their participation in it (Commission v Anic, cited at paragraph 203 above, paragraph 150, and Case T-6/89 Enichem Anic v Commission [1991] ECR II-1623, paragraph 264). It follows, in particular, that the role of ‘ringleader’ played by one or more undertakings
         in a cartel must be taken into account for the purposes of calculating the amount of the fine, in so far as the undertakings
         which played such a role must therefore bear special responsibility in comparison with the other undertakings (Case C-298/98
         P Finnboard v Commission [2000] ECR I-10157, paragraph 45).
         
         
         
         302
            
          In accordance with those principles, point 2 of the Guidelines sets out, under the head of aggravating circumstances, a non-exhaustive
         list of circumstances which may lead to an increase in the basic amount of the fine, including the ‘role of leader in, or
         instigator of the infringement’.
         
         
         
         303
            
          In the present case, SGL and UCAR accused each other during the administrative procedure of having been the ringleader and
         instigator of the cartel (recitals 161 and 188 of the Decision). However, it appears that the Commission established to the
         requisite legal standard in the Decision that SGL and UCAR were, more or less equally, the joint driving forces of the cartel
         which, since the first contacts in 1991, had conceived its basic principles and which organised the first ‘Top Guy’ meetings
         in May 1992 (recitals 44 to 51 of the Decision).
         
         
         
         304
            
          In that context, there was nothing to prevent the Commission from taking account of the steps preparatory to the setting-up
         stricto sensu of the cartel, in order to establish the economic situation which preceded and provided the reasons for the setting-up of
         the cartel or in order to establish and evaluate the respective roles played by the members of the cartel in conceiving, setting
         up and implementing it. It is on the same basis, moreover, that the Commission may take account of the stage subsequent to
         the infringement period stricto sensu, in order to evaluate, under the Leniency Notice or on account of any attenuating circumstances, the actual cooperation of
         the undertakings in reporting their cartel.
         
         
         
         305
            
          According to those findings made by the Commission, the joint direction of the cartel by SGL and UCAR was also revealed in
         the fixing of prices in the EEA, their ‘home’ market, in that SGL took the initiative for price increases in Scandinavia and
         Germany, while UCAR did likewise in France and the United Kingdom, while they both decided on each occasion which would take
         the initiative in Italy and Spain (recitals 62 and 66 of the Decision).
         
         
         
         306
            
          Those findings have not been validly challenged by either UCAR or SGL.
         
         
         
         307
            
          UCAR reiterates its argument based on the role of Mitsubishi and Union Carbide and states that those two companies were really
         the instigators – and, until 1995, the ringleaders – of the cartel. On that point, it is sufficient to state that Mitsubishi
         and Union Carbide are not among the undertakings whose participation in the cartel was established and penalised by the Commission
         and they are not involved in the proceedings before the Court. The reference to Mitsubishi and Union Carbide cannot therefore
         affect the finding that, among the members of the cartel identified by the Commission, SGL and UCAR were the instigators and
         ringleaders. 
         
         
         
         308
            
          As regards UCAR’s reference to the efforts made by its management board to put an end to the infringement, it is also sufficient
         to refer to what was said above concerning the duration of the infringement: those efforts did not prevent UCAR, represented
         by persons authorised to act on behalf of the undertaking, from actually continuing the infringement after the investigations
         of June 1997.
         
         
         
         309
            
          As to SGL’s argument that the increase of 85% is excessive and more than that generally applied in previous decisions of the
         Commission, it does not establish a breach of the principle of proportionality or of the principle of equal treatment. In
         that regard, it is sufficient to reiterate that, according to a consistent line of decisions, the Commission has a discretion
         when determining the amount of each fine and is not required to apply a precise mathematical formula for that purpose (Martinelli v Commission, cited at paragraph 165 above, paragraph 59). The fact that the role of instigator played by a company in other cases has
         been penalised by a specific rate of increase does not therefore mean that that rate can never be exceeded in future, whatever
         the circumstances of the present case (Musique diffusion française v Commission, cited at paragraph 144 above, paragraphs 106 and 109).
         
         
         
         310
            
          Even from the aspect of the Court’s unlimited jurisdiction, it does not appear disproportionate or discriminatory to apply
         to SGL an increase of 50% for its role as ringleader (like the 50% applied to UCAR), an increase of 10% for continuing the
         infringement after June 1997 (like the 10% applied to UCAR, SEC, Nippon and Tokai) and an increase of 25% for having warned
         other members of the cartel of the forthcoming Commission investigations.
         
         
         
         311
            
          On the last two points, the plea which SGL directs against the findings of fact made by the Commission concerning the duration
         of its participation in the cartel, and in particular the continuation of the infringement after the investigations, has been
         rejected (see paragraphs 70 to 76 above). The Commission was therefore correct to increase the fine by 10% for continuation
         of the infringement.
         
         
         
         312
            
          The fact that SGL warned other undertakings of the forthcoming investigations may also be properly characterised as an aggravating
         circumstance (see, to that effect, Case T-334/94 Sarrió v Commission [1998] ECR II-1439, paragraph 320). Contrary to SGL’s assertion, that conduct does not constitute a specific and autonomous
         infringement for which no provision is made in the Treaty or in Regulation No 17, but conduct which added to the gravity of
         the initial infringement. By thus warning other members of the cartel, SGL sought to conceal the existence of the cartel and
         to keep it in operation, an aim which was successfully achieved until March 1998.
         
         
         
         313
            
          In that context, SGL’s reference to Article 15(1)(c) of Regulation No 17 – from which it infers that the Community legislature
         sought to penalise only obstructions of investigations which the Commission had already commenced, and not acts preceding
         the investigation – is irrelevant. That provision is aimed at obstructions qua autonomous infringements, independent of the existence of a cartel, which, moreover, explains the relatively lenient fine
         of between EUR 100 and EUR 5 000 that may be imposed for such an infringement. In the present case, on the other hand, the
         warnings given by SGL sought to ensure the continuation of a cartel which is accepted as having constituted a flagrant and
         undisputed breach of Community competition law.
         
         
         
         314
            
          Nor is the fact that the warnings were taken into account as an aggravating circumstance contrary to point 2 of the Guidelines.
         A simple reading of that provision (‘such as’ and ‘other’) shows that the list of aggravating circumstances is not exhaustive.
         
         
         
         315
            
          Last, SGL’s reliance on the principle of equal treatment by comparison with UCAR – whose destruction of documents was not
         taken into consideration as an aggravating circumstance – is not capable of altering the characterisation of the warnings
         as an aggravating circumstance. As they were issued to other undertakings, the warnings went beyond the purely internal sphere
         of SGL and sought to frustrate the Commission’s entire investigation in order to ensure that the cartel could continue, whereas
         UCAR had destroyed its documents in order to prevent its involvement in the cartel from being discovered. Those are two completely
         different types of conduct and for that reason the Commission cannot be criticised for having treated similar situations differently.
         
         
         
         316
            
          Furthermore, even if the Commission had improperly favoured UCAR by not increasing its fine, the aggravating nature of SGL’s
         conduct would not be affected. SGL cannot legitimately demand that UCAR’s fine be increased or rely to its advantage on any
         unlawful treatment of UCAR (see, to that effect, Case T-327/94 SCA Holding v Commission, cited at paragraph 216 above, paragraph 160). 
         
         
         
         317
            
          At the hearing, SGL further maintained that the fact that it warned other undertakings of the forthcoming investigations could
         not be characterised as an aggravating circumstance since those warnings originated within the Commission itself. SGL thus
         refers to UCAR’s disclosure of a leak within the Commission’s services, one of whose officials, mentioned by name, supposedly
         informed SGL of forthcoming unannounced investigations at the premises of the members of the cartel. In that regard, it is
         clear that that information, on the assumption that it was in fact provided, cannot in any way be attributed to the Commission
         as an expression of its official competition policy. It represented the fraudulent acts of an official intended to maintain
         the operation of the cartel. SGL cannot therefore validly rely on those acts with a view to minimising the seriousness of
         its own conduct.
         
         
         
         318
            
          As all the pleas put forward by Nippon, SEC, UCAR and SGL must be rejected, the rates which the Commission applied to the
         basic amounts fixed for those applicants will be maintained.
         
         
         
         319
            
          As regards the applicants whose amounts have been altered under the head of the duration of the infringement, it is appropriate
         to determine, in order to take account of the aggravating circumstances established by the Commission, the following figures:
         Tokai = EUR 13.64 million; Nippon = EUR 6.82 million and SEC = EUR 6.82 million.
         
         
          e) Attenuating circumstances
          Summary of the Decision
         
         
         320
            
          The Commission considered that no attenuating circumstance justified a reduction in the basic amount in the case of SGL, UCAR,
         Tokai, SEC, Nippon and SDK. In C/G’s case, however, it applied a reduction of 40% owing to the exclusively passive role played
         by that undertaking and to the fact that it did not apply the unlawful agreements in part (recitals 165, 166, 193 to 198,
         211 to 215 and 234 to 238 of the Decision).
         
          Cases T-236/01, T-239/01, T-244/01, T-246/01, T-251/01 and T-252/01
         
         – Arguments of the parties
         
         
         321
            
          C/G contends that it should have been granted a much larger reduction than the 40% granted by the Commission. It points to
         its marginal and passive role in the cartel. It had only bilateral contacts with SGL and was not invited to the ‘Top Guy’
         or ‘Working Group’ meetings or to the local meetings; no one even informed it that those meetings were to be held. None of
         the other members of the cartel named it as a participant in the infringement. Nor did it participate in either the Central
         Monitoring System set up to implement the cartel or the system of code names drawn up to conceal the identity of the members
         of the cartel. Contrary to one of the principles of the cartel, the fixing of C/G’s prices was not reserved for the senior
         management within the undertaking. Furthermore, it went directly against a basic principle of the cartel by increasing its
         production capacity and sales on the EEA market.
         
         
         
         322
            
          C/G further claims that in 1994 it sold its manufacturing technology to a Chinese producer for USD 4 million. This transfer
         of technology, contrary to the interests of the cartel, was the cause of such concern to SGL that SGL complained to C/G. Last,
         it put an end, on its own initiative, to its relations with the cartel, before the Commission opened its investigation. C/G
         further states that it acted under economic pressure caused by its particular situation as a producer depending on other members
         of the cartel and also pleads the structural overcapacity of the graphite electrodes industry in the 1970s and 1980s, which
         led to significant falls in prices.
         
         
         
         323
            
          On this last point, SGL states that the structural crisis in the graphite electrodes sector is comparable with that in the
         steel sector in the early 1990s, which affected steel producers and graphite electrodes producers in the same way. In the
         Seamless steel tubes and pipes decision of 8 December 1999 and the Alloy Surcharge decision of 21 January 1998, the Commission characterised that crisis as an attenuating circumstance. That characterisation
         cannot be refused in the present case, concerning the same economic crisis.
         
         
         
         324
            
          UCAR also refers to the disastrous economic situation in the sector and states that both the Commission, in its previous decision-making
         practice, and the Court of First Instance have considered that such a situation may constitute an attenuating circumstance.
         UCAR further submits that its exemplary internal inquiry aimed at detecting the infringement and putting an end to it as quickly
         as possible merited recognition as an attenuating circumstance. In that context, C/G refers to the introduction of a programme
         designed to ensure that its commercial policy complies with competition law.
         
         
         
         325
            
          UCAR also claims that the cartel did not provide it with any financial advantage, since Mitsubishi and Union Carbide ‘harvested’
         all the profits made by the cartel. The Commission should have taken into account the considerable sums which UCAR paid its
         customers in the United States by way of damages for the artificially high prices charged during the infringement period.
         
         
         
         326
            
          Nippon, SEC and Tokai emphasise the passive role which they played in the cartel. Nippon did not participate in the first
         meetings of the cartel during which the basic principles of market-sharing were fixed; even during the other meetings in which
         it did participate, it remained purely passive. SEC claims that it never participated itself in a single ‘Top Guy’ meeting;
         at that level, it was only represented, on two occasions, by Tokai. Furthermore, it submits, the Commission characterised
         as ‘active’ only the roles of Tokai and SDK, and not SEC’s (recital 212 of the Decision). In the particular case of SEC, the
         smallest Japanese producer, moreover, there is no causal link between the worldwide cartel and the failure to act in the EEA.
         Tokai claims that it was not actively involved in the collusive agreements in respect of the European market and had not participated
         in any of the meetings of the European Group. No agreement on European prices was concluded at the ‘Top Guy’ or ‘Working Level’
         meetings.
         
         
         
         327
            
          Nippon and Tokai contend, in particular, that they should have been treated in the same way as C/G, since they, like C/G,
         did not reduce the volume of their sales in the EEA and did not apply the cartel agreements in full.
         
         
         
         328
            
          Last, Nippon, SEC and Tokai criticise the Commission for not having explained in the Decision its reasons for not affording
         them any attenuating circumstance. They maintain that the Commission has thus infringed Article 253 EC.
         
         
         
         329
            
          The Commission refutes each of the pleas and arguments put forward by the applicants.
         
         
         – Findings of the Court
         
         
         330
            
          First of all, according to the third indent of point 3 of the Guidelines, an ‘exclusively passive or “follow-my-leader” role’
         played by an undertaking in the infringement may, if established, constitute an attenuating circumstance.
         
         
         
         331
            
          In that regard, it has been held that the factors capable of revealing the passive role of an undertaking within a cartel
         include the significantly more sporadic nature of its participation in the meetings by comparison with the ordinary members
         of the cartel (Case T-311/94 BPB de Eendracht v Commission [1998] ECR II-1129, paragraph 343), and also the existence of express declarations to that effect made by representatives
         of other undertakings which participated in the infringement (Case T-317/94 Weig v Commission [1998] ECR II-1235, paragraph 264). In any event, it is necessary to take account of all the relevant circumstances in each
         particular case.
         
         
         
         332
            
          As regards C/G’s conduct, the Decision satisfies those criteria. It is clear from recitals 81 to 86 and 234 to 238 that the
         Commission properly assessed the passive role played by C/G within the cartel and made due allowance therefor by granting
         a reduction of 40% of its fine and that it was not required to grant C/G a higher reduction. According to the Commission’s
         findings, although C/G had not participated in the ‘Top Guy’ or ‘Working Level’ meetings of the cartel, it none the less maintained
         bilateral contacts with the other members of the cartel and gained from the information which it obtained from them concerning
         the decisions taken by the ‘home producers’ on price-fixing within the cartel. In its application, moreover, C/G expressly
         stated that it did not dispute either the existence of or its participation in the cartel. That conclusion is not affected
         by the fact that C/G’s prices were not fixed at the highest level within its structure; owing to C/G’s passive and ‘follow-my-leader’
         role, the hierarchical level at which its prices, which merely followed the prices fixed by the other members of the cartel,
         were calculated was irrelevant.
         
         
         
         333
            
          As regards the role played by Tokai, SEC and Nippon, the Commission could properly distinguish that role from the role played
         by C/G, since the Japanese producers actually participated in numerous ‘Top Guy’ and ‘Working Level’ meetings (recitals 49
         to 56 of the Decision). The Commission’s findings of fact concerning that participation were not disputed by either SEC or
         Tokai, while Nippon’s objection to the findings in respect of the period May 1992 to March 1993 has been rejected (see paragraphs
         100 to 116 above). Where an undertaking has, even without playing an active role, participated in one or more meetings having
         an anti-competitive objective, it must be regarded as having participated in the cartel unless it proves that it openly distanced
         itself from the unlawful collusion (Cement judgment, cited at paragraph 39 above, paragraph 3199, and the case-law cited there). Tokai, SEC and Nippon do not claim
         to have openly opposed the setting-up and the implementation of the cartel.
         
         
         
         334
            
          By way of example, at the ‘Working Level’ meeting in Zurich, the world graphite market was reviewed region by region, including
         the Far East, and market shares were also allocated to the Japanese producers. At the Vienna meeting, the participants again
         exchanged information on the graphite electrodes market region by region (recitals 51, 53 and 71 of the Decision).
         
         
         
         335
            
          The non-passive nature of SEC’s and Nippon’s conduct is not called in question by the fact that they were represented by Tokai
         at one or two meetings: far from having opposed such ‘inappropriate interference’ in their commercial policy, they agreed
         to that representation and demonstrated their adherence to the cartel by participating, represented by their own staff, in
         the other meetings affecting their interests, which was clearly not the case of the meetings of the European Group, consisting
         of the ‘home’ producers responsible for the EEA, which is why it was sufficient to inform the Japanese members of the cartel
         of the European prices fixed at those meetings. In view of the worldwide nature of the cartel, which attributed to the Japanese
         producers the role of concentrating on their ‘home’ market in Asia, the Commission was therefore entitled to take the view
         that they had not played a passive role in the infringement. In those circumstances, the Commission was not required to state
         in the Decision its reasons for not affording them any attenuating circumstance in that regard.
         
         
         
         336
            
          Contrary to the objection that the reduction in C/G’s fine to reflect the fact that it did not apply the unlawful agreements
         in part was not sufficient, the Commission took sufficient account of the fact that C/G had increased its sales in the EEA
         market, thereby not respecting the basic principle of the cartel of restricting sales in ‘non-home’ markets (recital 235 of
         the Decision). In doing so, it was not required also to take into consideration the increase in C/G’s production capacity.
         First, the Commission stated in its defence, without being contradicted on that point in C/G’s reply, that C/G’s production
         capacity had remained essentially unaltered during the infringement period established in its case (1993 to 1996). Second,
         it is permissible to take the view that the increase in European sales sufficiently reflects, as regards the EEA market, any
         increase in production capacity.
         
         
         
         337
            
          In that context, Nippon and Tokai plead the principle of equal treatment and claim that they are in the same situation as
         C/G, which had been ‘compensated’ for having increased its sales volume in the EEA.
         
         
         
         338
            
          Nippon’s argument must be rejected in so far as it merely claims that it ‘had not reduced its sales volumes within the EEA’,
         without providing any figures. The Commission was entitled to draw a distinction between Nippon’s unsupported assertion that
         it had maintained its sales volumes and the undisputed fact that C/G had more than doubled its sales between 1993 and 1996.
         
         
         
         339
            
          In the case of Tokai, which claims that it penetrated the German market, one of SGL’s and UCAR’s ‘home’ markets, in 1996 and
         quadrupled its EEA sales between 1992 and 1997 (from 200 tonnes in 1992 to 900 tonnes in 1997), it must be held that Tokai,
         unlike C/G, obtained only a minimal market share in the EEA, less then 2%, whereas C/G’s market share was almost 8%. In those
         circumstances, the Commission was entitled to conclude, without making an error of assessment and without infringing the principle
         of equal treatment, that in spite of Tokai’s non-implementation of the offending agreements, that non-implementation remained
         below a threshold of reasonable effectiveness for the purposes of the second indent of point 3 of the Guidelines. The Court
         does not consider it appropriate to review that assessment, even in the exercise of its unlimited jurisdiction.
         
         
         
         340
            
          The same applies to C/G’s argument that it sold its manufacturing technology to a Chinese producer for USD 4 million in 1994,
         contrary to one of the basic principles of the cartel (recital 50, last indent, of the Decision). The details of that transfer
         of technology were not provided by C/G during the administrative procedure – its corporate statement of 11 October 1999 and
         its reply of 6 April 2000 to the statement of objections each contain only a single sentence to that effect – so that the
         Commission did not err in refusing to take it into consideration in the Decision. The Court sees no reason to review the Commission’s
         assessment, even in the exercise of its unlimited jurisdiction, still less so as the proposed factory in China has never been
         built.
         
         
         
         341
            
          Last, the fact that C/G voluntarily put an end to the infringement before the Commission had opened its investigation was
         sufficiently taken into account in the calculation of the duration of the infringement period found in C/G’s case (recital
         157 of the Decision). In particular, C/G cannot rely on the third indent of point 3 of the Guidelines, as the cessation of
         its anti-competitive conduct was not incited by the Commission’s involvement.
         
         
         
         342
            
          As regards the other arguments whereby the applicants seek to obtain reductions in their fines for attenuating circumstances,
         they must all be rejected too.
         
         
         
         343
            
          First, the fact that in the wake of the investigation initiated by the Commission C/G and UCAR set up, respectively, a competition
         compliance programme and an internal inquiry designed to put an end to the infringement does not alter the reality of the
         infringement. Consequently, the mere fact that in certain of its previous decisions the Commission took such measures into
         consideration as attenuating circumstances does not mean that it is obliged to act in the same manner in every case (Case
         T-7/89 Hercules Chemicals v Commission [1991] ECR II-1711, paragraph 357, and Case T-352/94 Mo och Domsjö v Commission [1998] ECR II-1989, paragraphs 417 and 419). That is a fortiori so where, as here, the infringement constitutes a manifest breach of Article 81(1)(a) and (c) EC. Furthermore, in so far
         as UCAR’s internal investigation encouraged its cooperation with the Commission, the Commission took that into account by
         granting it a reduction in fine of 40% under the Leniency Notice.
         
         
         
         344
            
          As regards, second, C/G’s argument concerning the economic pressure brought to bear on it, the only information which it provided
         in that regard concerned the contacts which it had had with SGL in 1996 (recital 82 of the Decision), i.e. after the implementation
         of the cartel. It is sufficient therefore to point out that C/G freely decided to comply with the decisions of the members
         of the cartel on prices. It did not claim to have been pressured into adhering to the cartel; even if that had been the case,
         moreover, it could have informed the competent authorities instead of supporting the cartel. The argument cannot therefore
         be upheld.
         
         
         
         345
            
          The same applies as regards, third, the reference by C/G, SGL and UCAR to the structural crisis in the graphite electrodes
         sector. In that regard, it is sufficient to note that in Case T-16/99 Lögstör Rör v Commission [2002] ECR II-1633, paragraphs 319 and 320, one of the Pre-insulated pipes cases, the Court of First Instance held that the Commission is not required to regard as an attenuating circumstance the
         poor financial state of the sector in question. The Court of First Instance has also stated that just because the Commission
         has taken account in earlier cases of the economic sector as an attenuating circumstance it does not necessarily have to continue
         to observe that practice (Case T-13/89 ICI v Commission [1992] ECR II-1021, paragraph 372). As the Commission properly observed, as a general rule cartels come into being when a
         sector encounters problems. If the applicants’ reasoning were to be followed, the fine would have to be reduced as a matter
         of course in virtually all cases. It is therefore unnecessary to investigate further whether the facts of this case and those
         forming the background to other decisions in which structural crises were regarded as attenuating circumstances were in fact
         comparable.
         
         
         
         346
            
          Fourth, and in the alternative, SGL’s argument that a crisis affecting manufacturers of graphite electrodes in particular
         owing to a crisis in the steel tubes industry is not convincing. The Commission emphasised, without being contradicted on
         that point, that the volume of steel produced in electric arc furnaces grew from 196 million tonnes in 1987 to 270 million
         tonnes in 1997 (recital 9 of the Decision). It may be inferred that any fall in world steel production did not primarily affect
         the production of electric steelworks but that of traditional steelworks (recitals 4, 5, 9 and 10 of the Decision).
         
         
         
         347
            
          Fifth, as regards the economic advantage that only Mitsubishi and Union Carbide, and not UCAR, are alleged to have derived
         from the cartel, the fact that an undertaking did not benefit from an infringement cannot constitute an attenuating circumstance,
         as otherwise the fine would lose its deterrent character (see, to that effect, FETTCSA, cited at paragraph 47 above, paragraphs 340 to 342, and the case-law cited there). Such an absence of economic advantage
         does not limit the gravity of the infringement. Furthermore, if UCAR criticises the conduct of Mitsubishi and Union Carbide,
         it must take proceedings against those companies in order to enforce its rights, as it has already done by lodging a complaint
         in the United States.
         
         
         
         348
            
          In so far as UCAR relies, last, on the civil-law settlements concluded in the United States and Canada, those settlements
         do not in any way alter the gravity of the infringement either and cannot therefore be taken into consideration as attenuating
         circumstances. Although in the Pre-insulated pipes decision the Commission took into account the damages paid to a competitor whose elimination from the Community market had
         been one of the main objectives of the cartel, that competitor was established in the Community and was therefore one of the
         economic operators protected by Community competition law. That fact does not mean that the Commission is obliged to take
         into account, for the benefit of UCAR, the damages paid to customers in the United States and Canada because of the losses
         sustained on those markets. The settlements in question have no impact on the infringement committed by UCAR in the EEA.
         
         
         
         349
            
          It follows from the foregoing that the pleas and arguments put forward by Tokai, C/G, SGL, Nippon, UCAR and SEC must be rejected.
         
         
          f) The maximum limit of the fines and the ability to pay of certain applicants within the meaning of point 5 of the Guidelines
         
          Cases T-239/01 and T-245/01
         
         
         350
            
          SDK and SGL observe that the basic fine calculated for UCAR was reduced by 15.2% in order to comply with the maximum limit
         of 10% of UCAR’s worldwide turnover (recital 199 of the Decision) and accuse the Commission of having given UCAR the benefit
         of that adjustment before applying the Leniency Notice, and therefore at an intermediate stage rather than at the end of its
         fine-fixing procedure. The fines imposed on the other participants in the cartel were not reduced in that way. SDK and SGL
         complain of that unequal treatment and demand the same reduction in their fines so that a consistent and proportionate relation
         with UCAR’s fine will be maintained.
         
         
         
         351
            
          SDK further claims that it has been punished excessively because its worldwide turnover is significantly greater than its
         turnover from sales of graphite electrodes; it is therefore being penalised because it has a greater number of other activities
         not connected with sales of that product. If SDK’s graphite electrodes business had been a separate undertaking, the application
         of the 10% ceiling would have reduced the final fine to EUR 6.6 million.
         
         
         
         352
            
          In that regard, the Court finds that in applying to UCAR the maximum limit of 10% not at the stage of the calculation of the
         ‘final amount’ but at an earlier stage, namely before applying the Leniency Notice, the Commission failed to comply with the
         wording of point 5(a) of the Guidelines. Once the Commission decided to apply in this case the method laid down by the Guidelines
         it was required to adopt that method when calculating the amount of the fines, and was required to set out expressly its reasons
         should it depart from those Guidelines in any particular regard (see the case-law cited at paragraph 157 above and FETTCSA, cited at paragraph 47 above, paragraph 271).
         
         
         
         353
            
          In so far as it merely refers to the maximum limit of fines provided for in Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17, recital 199
         of the Decision does not contain an express explanation of the Commission’s reasons for departing from the Guidelines. However,
         the Commission stated before the Court that it had applied the reduction of 15.2% to UCAR not because it considered that the
         infringement committed by that undertaking deserved a lower penalty than that imposed on the other members of the cartel,
         but because it wished to take account of the fact that in UCAR’s case alone the basic amount fixed before the application
         of the Leniency Notice exceeded the maximum permitted limit by EUR 15.1 million, i.e. by 15.2%. In those circumstances, the
         Commission considered that it was necessary to anticipate the application of that limit in order to ensure that the Leniency
         Notice could be fully effective: if the basic amount was significantly in excess of the 10% limit before the application of
         that notice and the limit could not be applied immediately, the incentive for the undertaking concerned to cooperate with
         the Commission would be much less, since the final fine would be reduced to 10% in any event, with or without the undertaking’s
         cooperation.
         
         
         
         354
            
          The Court considers that that explanation justifies the approach taken by the Commission in UCAR’s case. The reasons for that
         approach were not required to be stated in the Decision itself, since that approach did not adversely affect the undertaking
         concerned, namely UCAR. Even if the measure in favour of UCAR were unlawful for failure to state reasons, SDK and SGL could
         not rely on that illegality committed in favour of another (see, to that effect, Case T-327/94 SCA Holding v Commission, cited at paragraph 216 above, paragraph 160).
         
         
         
         355
            
          In any event, it is common ground that SDK and SGL were not in a similar situation to UCAR’s as regards worldwide turnover,
         as the basic amount fixed for those two undertakings did not exceed the maximum limit before application of the Leniency Notice.
         Consequently, they cannot validly maintain that the Commission was required, under the principle of equal treatment, to grant
         them the same reduction as that applied in favour of UCAR. It follows that the pleas alleging breach of that principle must
         be rejected.
         
         
         
         356
            
          The same applies to the plea raised by SDK that its fine would have had to be significantly reduced if its graphite electrodes
         business had been a separate undertaking. That plea is based on speculations wholly unconnected with the real legal status
         of the company which the Commission was required to take into account in applying, in accordance with a well-established line
         of decisions (see, for example, Musique diffusion française v Commission, cited at paragraph 144 above, paragraphs 118 and 119, and the Cement judgment, cited at paragraph 39 above, paragraph 5022), the maximum limit of 10% to SDK’s total turnover (for all products).
         If SDK chose a vertical ‘unitary’ structure for its company, the Commission was required to take note of that fact and to
         assume that that structure was in SDK’s economic interest. At the present stage, moreover, there is no means of knowing what
         would have been the precise status and the position of a separate undertaking within the SDK group. This plea must therefore
         be rejected too. 
         
          Cases T-239/01, T-246/01, T-251/01 and T-252/01
         
         – Arguments of the parties
         
         
         357
            
          SEC claims that its fine corresponds to 11.3% of its total turnover in 1999 and therefore exceeds the 10% ceiling laid down
         in Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17.
         
         
         
         358
            
          SGL maintains that the Commission was not entitled to calculate its fine on the basis of its turnover for 2000. That turnover
         rose by EUR 180 million following the acquisition of another company in January 2000. The Cement judgment, cited at paragraph 39 above, paragraph 5045, precludes the taking into consideration of an increase in turnover
         after the end of the infringement (March 1998). In that context, SGL complains of the over-long period of the administrative
         procedure; the resulting delay adversely affected its financial interests, since its 1999 turnover was lower than its 2000
         turnover.
         
         
         
         359
            
          SGL further claims that the maximum limit of 10% is absolute, in the sense that it could not even be exceeded by the ‘intermediate’
         (starting and basic) amounts fixed by the Commission in the course of its calculations. The contrary reasoning set out by
         the Court of First Instance in LR AF 1998 v Commission, cited at paragraph 38 above, is flawed.
         
         
         
         360
            
          SGL criticises the Commission, last, for not having taken account of its very difficult financial situation. Its failure to
         do so infringed point 5(b) of the Guidelines.
         
         
         
         361
            
          UCAR and C/G also claim that they are unable to pay the fine. They emphasise the difficult situation in the graphite electrodes
         sector and their own precarious financial situation.
         
         
         
         362
            
          In that context, UCAR recalls to mind the heavy debt which Mitsubishi and Union Carbide caused it to incur in its restructuring
         in 1995. It further refers to the heavy fines imposed on it by the United States and Canadian authorities. UCAR is now unable
         to borrow more money, as its lines of credit have been frozen. UCAR states that the Commission has repeatedly taken account
         in its previous practice in taking decisions of the profitability of the addressees of its decisions, either when setting
         the amount of the fines or when determining the payment terms. In the present case, it has failed to follow its own administrative
         practice.
         
         
         
         363
            
          C/G further states that its financial difficulties obliged it to initiate an insolvency procedure in the United States shortly
         after the Decision was adopted.
         
         
         
         364
            
          The Commission objects to the pleas and arguments put forward by the applicants.
         
         
         – Findings of the Court
         
         
         365
            
          As regards SEC’s plea, it is sufficient to observe that the 10% maximum laid down in Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 refers
         to the financial year preceding the date of the Decision, namely, in this case, 2000 (see, to that effect, Case C‑291/98 P
         Sarrió v Commission, cited at paragraph 239 above, paragraph 85, and FETTCSA, cited at paragraph 47 above, paragraph 506). SEC expressly acknowledges that for the year 2000 that ceiling was observed
         in its case. The plea must therefore be rejected.
         
         
         
         366
            
          In so far as SGL claims that the Commission was required to calculate its fine on the basis of its total turnover for 1999,
         as that figure was considerably lower than its total turnover for 2000, it is sufficient to observe that the starting point
         for the calculation of the fines was worldwide turnover in 1998 from sales of the relevant product and the market shares of
         the undertakings concerned between 1992 and 1998 (recitals 30, 149 and 150 of the Decision). Those turnover figures do not
         refer either to 1999 or to 2000. SGL’s argument is therefore inoperative.
         
         
         
         367
            
          Next, it is settled case-law that the maximum limit of 10% referred to in Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 refers to the
         total turnover of the undertaking concerned, which alone gives an indication of that undertaking’s size and influence on the
         market (see the Cement judgment, cited at paragraph 39 above, paragraph 5022 and the case-law cited there). Furthermore, it is only the fine ultimately
         imposed that must be reduced to that 10% limit, in accordance with Article 15 of Regulation No 17; that provision does not
         prohibit the Commission from referring, during its calculation, to an intermediate amount higher than that limit, provided
         that the amount of the fine eventually imposed does not exceed it (LR AF 1998 v Commission, cited at paragraph 38 above, paragraphs 287 and 288). In SGL’s case, the final fine of EUR 80.2 million is under the limit
         of 10% with respect both to 1999 (EUR 980 million) and to 2000 (EUR 1 262 million). The arguments which SGL derives from an
         excessively long administrative procedure and from the Cement judgment (paragraph 5045) are therefore irrelevant.
         
         
         
         368
            
          The criticism concerning the judgment in LR AF 1998 v Commission is unfounded. If SGL is referring to criminal law, which does not allow the court to exceed the maximum penalty prescribed
         for a specific offence, it must be emphasised that no provision of Community law lays down administrative sanctions, either
         minimum or maximum, for the various categories of infringements of competition law. The Commission is therefore free, in principle,
         to determine the amount of the fines imposed in respect of such infringements according to their gravity and duration. The
         only maximum limit on the power to impose sanctions conferred on the Commission concerns the financial capacity of the undertaking
         concerned in terms of its global turnover. Therefore there is nothing to prevent the Commission from exceeding the maximum
         limit of 10% referred to in Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 in the course of purely intermediate calculations relating to
         the gravity and duration of the infringement.
         
         
         
         369
            
          The difficult situation in the graphite electrodes sector does not constitute a ‘specific’ economic context within the meaning
         of point 5(b) of the Guidelines. As stated above, cartels come into being, in particular, at a time when a sector is experiencing
         difficulties. If that circumstance did not justify the grant of an attenuating circumstance (see paragraph 345 above), it
         cannot justify a reduction in the fine in the present context either.
         
         
         
         370
            
          The same applies to the precarious financial situation of SGL, UCAR and C/G. According to settled case-law, the Commission
         is not required when determining the amount of the fine to take account of an undertaking’s financial losses since recognition
         of such an obligation would have the effect of conferring an unfair competitive advantage on the undertakings least well adapted
         to the conditions of the market (LR AF 1998 v Commission, cited at paragraph 38 above, paragraph 308; HFB and Others v Commission, cited at paragraph 280 above, paragraph 596; and FETTCSA, cited at paragraph 47 above, paragraph 351, and the case-law cited there). The fact that the Commission has found in previous
         decisions that it was appropriate to take account of the financial difficulties of a given undertaking does not mean that
         it is obliged to do so in subsequent decisions as well (FETTCSA, paragraphs 353 and 354).
         
         
         
         371
            
          That line of decisions is not called in question by point 5(b) of the Guidelines, which states that an undertaking’s real
         ability to pay must be taken into consideration. That ability applies only in a ‘specific social context’ consisting of the
         consequences which payment of the fine would have, in particular, by leading to an increase in unemployment or deterioration
         in the economic sectors upstream and downstream of the undertaking concerned. In that regard, the applicants have adduced
         no evidence capable of determining the ‘specific social context’.
         
         
         
         372
            
          Furthermore, the fact that a measure taken by a Community authority leads to the insolvency or liquidation of a given undertaking
         is not prohibited as such by Community law (see, to that effect, Case 52/84 Commission v Belgium [1986] ECR 89, paragraph 14, and Case C-499/99 Commission v Spain [2002] ECR I-6031, paragraph 38). Although the liquidation of an undertaking in its existing legal form may adversely affect
         the financial interests of the owners, investors or shareholders, it does not mean that the personal, tangible and intangible
         elements represented by the undertaking would also lose their value.
         
         
         
         373
            
          At the hearing, SGL maintained that the Commission’s failure to take account of its poor financial situation is contrary to
         the Commission’s very recent practice, which in Decision C (2002) 5083 final of 17 December 2002 relating to a procedure under
         Article 81 of the EC Treaty and Article 53 of the EEA Agreement (COMP/E-2/37.667 – Speciality graphites), expressly reduced
         the fine imposed on SGL owing to its serious financial situation. SGL maintains that the same reduction should therefore have
         been granted in this case.
         
         
         
         374
            
          In that regard, it is sufficient to observe that the decision of 17 December 2002 took into consideration both SGL’s financial
         situation and the fact that a large fine had already been imposed on SGL for its participation in the cartel on the graphite
         electrodes market, so that the Commission considered that ‘in these particular circumstances, imposing the full amount of
         the fine did not appear necessary in order to ensure effective deterrence’ (recital 558). SGL cannot therefore rely on that
         feature of the decision of 17 December 2002 and allege that the Commission made an error of law or a manifest error of assessment
         in failing, in the present context in which that particular feature is not present, to depart from the case-law referred to
         at paragraph 370 above.
         
         
         
         375
            
          In so far as C/G lists further economic handicaps which the Commission should have taken into account, namely the fact that
         it has no production site outside the United States and its inability to provide high-level technical services, its high labour
         costs, the poor quality of its products and the vertical integration of its production activities, the Commission has correctly
         observed that those disadvantages are reflected in its turnover and, accordingly, in its being placed in a category for which
         a starting amount lower than SGL’s and UCAR’s was fixed. Furthermore, since C/G, in spite of those handicaps, was able to
         increase its sales in Europe, a significant reduction in its fine was granted for attenuating circumstances. Consequently,
         no additional reduction in the fine is justified in this context.
         
         
         
         376
            
          UCAR’s references to the penalties imposed in the United States and Canada, and to the harmful conduct of Mitsubishi and Union
         Carbide, merely reiterate, in the present context, pleas which have already been rejected above. It is sufficient to restate,
         therefore, that UCAR has not shown that it was placed in a ‘specific social context’ which required that the Commission refrain,
         at least in part, from imposing a fine on it. As regards the conduct of Mitsubishi and Union Carbide, which were not identified
         and fined in the Decision as having committed the infringement, the Commission was under no obligation to reduce, for that
         reason, the fine imposed on UCAR, whose role in committing the infringement was established, and thus to relieve it of the
         need to bring an action against those two undertakings before the competent national courts for compensation for the financial
         loss allegedly suffered as a result of their conduct.
         
         
         
         377
            
          As none of the pleas and arguments put forward in this context has been upheld, the basic amounts as determined thus far will
         not be altered.
         
         
          3.  Pleas alleging failure to comply with the Leniency Notice
         
         378
            
          SGL, UCAR and C/G maintain that the reductions in their fines which the Commission granted pursuant to point D of the Leniency
         Notice were insufficient.
         
         
         
         379
            
          Point D of the Leniency Notice states: ‘Where an enterprise cooperates without having met all the conditions set out in [points]
         B or C, it will benefit from a reduction of 10% to 50% of the fine that would have been imposed if it had not cooperated’
         (paragraph 1).
         ‘Such cases may include the following:
         
         
         
          
         –
            before a statement of objections is sent, an enterprise provides the Commission with information, documents or other evidence
               which materially contribute to establishing the existence of the infringements;
            
         
         
         
         
          
         –
            after receiving a statement of objections, an enterprise informs the Commission that it does not substantially contest the
               facts on which the Commission bases its allegations’ (paragraph 2).
            
         
         
         
         
         
         380
            
          In the Decision, the Commission applied point D, paragraph 2, first indent, of the Leniency Notice to the cases of SGL (recitals
         169 and 172 to 175), UCAR (recitals 200 to 202) and C/G (recitals 239 and 240).
         
         
          a) Case T-239/01
          Summary of the Decision
         
         
         381
            
          The Commission reduced SGL’s fine by 30% because SGL had cooperated at an early stage of the procedure (recitals 167 to 169
         and 175). However, SGL did not really cooperate after the initial contacts in April 1998, so that the Commission had to send
         it a formal request for information and a reminder in which it reserved the right to adopt a formal decision pursuant to Article
         11(5) of Regulation No 17. In reply, SGL sent a statement on 8 June 1999 concerning its participation in the cartel (recital
         173). The Commission took the view that any cooperation on the part of undertakings must be voluntary and in particular outside
         the exercise of any investigatory power. Consequently, a substantial part of the information provided in the statement of
         8 June 1999 in fact constituted SGL’s reply to the Commission’s formal request for information. Only information which went
         beyond that requested under Article 11 would be regarded as a voluntary contribution within the meaning of the Leniency Notice
         (recital 174).
         
          Arguments of the parties
         
         
         382
            
          SGL maintains that it was not required to reply to certain questions in the Commission’s request for information as it would
         otherwise have had to incriminate itself. In its statement of 8 June 1999, it none the less provided full and accurate replies.
         In the light of the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights (the Funke judgment of 25 February 1993, Series A No 256-A, § 44), SGL was even entitled to object to any contribution to the establishing
         of its own guilt. By concluding incorrectly that SGL was obliged to answer all the questions, the Commission undervalued its
         voluntary cooperation.
         
         
         
         383
            
          SGL further submits that the Commission was also required to take account of its reply of 30 July 1997 to a request for information.
         By that reply, SGL confirmed that it had warned others of the Commission’s forthcoming investigation. That request for information
         was aimed at obtaining SGL’s admission concerning an infringement, so that SGL was not in any event required to respond. Its
         voluntary admission should therefore have been reflected in the form of a larger reduction in its fine.
         
         
         
         384
            
          SGL is of the view that its statement of 8 June 1999 came at the same stage of the administrative procedure as SDK’s and UCAR’s
         cooperation. It presented the facts in a manner as detailed as they did and the scope and content of the information were
         objectively equivalent. Consequently, the Commission should not have ascribed to the cooperation by SGL a more limited value
         than it did to the earlier cooperation by SDK and UCAR (Krupp, cited at paragraph 279 above, paragraph 237 et seq.).
         
         
         
         385
            
          SGL further claims that the Commission discriminated against it by comparison with UCAR, C/G and SDK.
         
         
         
         386
            
          First, the fact that it reduced UCAR’s fine by 40%, whereas SGL’s fine was reduced by only 30%, constitutes unequal treatment,
         since UCAR’s cooperation was not substantially greater than SGL’s. SGL informed the Commission from the outset of its intention
         to collaborate as quickly as possible, while stating that the parallel criminal proceedings under way against it in the United
         States prevented it from communicating in writing all the factual details of the cartel. It had to await the conclusion of
         a plea agreement in May 1999 before it was able to send the Commission its statement of 8 June 1999. UCAR and SDK also awaited
         the conclusion of such plea agreements before sending their information to the Commission. SGL should not have been placed
         at a disadvantage because SDK and UCAR were in a position to conclude their plea agreements earlier, as SGL had no influence
         on the conduct of the United States authorities. SGL adds that the statements of two employees of UCAR sent to the Commission
         on 25 March 1999 cannot be regarded as cooperation on the part of UCAR, since only the undertaking itself may be concerned
         by the procedure and be entitled to be rewarded for cooperation. Furthermore, the value of UCAR’s cooperation was lower than
         the Commission credited it with.
         
         
         
         387
            
          Second, the reduction in fine of 40% awarded to C/G reflects an error of assessment in so far as C/G’s partial non-application
         of the unlawful agreements was considered to justify such a reduction. C/G’s conduct was comparable to that of the other participants
         in the cartel.
         
         
         
         388
            
          Third, the Commission subjected SGL to unequal treatment by reducing by 70%, under point C of the Leniency Notice, the amount
         of the fine imposed on SDK. The Decision does not state whether the conditions of the Leniency Notice were actually satisfied
         in SDK’s case and were not in SGL’s. In any event, SDK’s contribution does not justify the considerable level of favourable
         treatment given to that undertaking.
         
         
         
         389
            
          The Commission replies that most of the matters put forward by SGL to demonstrate the extent of its cooperation constitute
         information which it was obliged to provide under Article 11 of Regulation No 17, namely the dates, places, participants and
         procedures for the preparation and organisation of meetings with competitors, figures and deliveries of graphite electrodes
         in the Community and tables showing price changes. Consequently, all of that information had to be disregarded for the purposes
         of the Leniency Notice. Even on the assumption that SGL was not required to provide certain information requested on 31 March
         1999, its contribution must not be overvalued. When the Commission received SGL’s statement on 8 June 1999, it already had
         most of the information at its disposal owing to the cooperation of SDK and two highly-placed employees of UCAR. In any event,
         SGL did not take the initiative to cooperate but merely replied to a request for information.
         
         
         
         390
            
          SGL’s reference to Krupp (cited at paragraph 279 above) is irrelevant, in the Commission’s submission, since the chronology of the replies provided
         in that case corresponded to the order in which the Commission had questioned the undertakings concerned; according to the
         Court of First Instance, in those conditions, the mere fact that one of the undertakings recognised the alleged facts by being
         the first to answer the questions could not constitute an objective reason for differentiated treatment. In the present case,
         on the other hand, the order in which the documents reached the Commission is not explained by the order in which the Commission
         questioned SGL, SDK and UCAR.
         
         
         
         391
            
          The Commission further submits that SGL provided it with an incomplete answer to the question as to which undertakings had
         been informed by SGL about the forthcoming investigations by the Commission: SGL did not state that it had also warned UCAR.
         It was perfectly capable of informing the Commission that it had warned three undertakings without at the same time acknowledging
         the existence of an infringement. The fact of telling other undertakings that investigations are going to take place does
         not in itself constitute an infringement of Article 81 EC.
         
         
         
         392
            
          In so far as SGL criticises the Commission for having discriminated against it by comparison with UCAR, C/G and SDK, the Commission
         replies that UCAR made a greater contribution than SGL to the establishment of the infringement. As regards C/G’s role, the
         Commission emphasises that the passive nature of C/G’s conduct and the fact that it increased its sales in Europe earned it
         a reduction of 40% in its fine for attenuating circumstances. C/G’s and SGL’s situations are therefore not comparable. The
         same applies to the comparison with SDK. Unlike SGL, SDK benefited from the application of point C of the Leniency Notice,
         since it was the first company actually to provide conclusive evidence of the existence of the cartel and it withdrew from
         the cartel in April 1997.
         
         
         
         393
            
          The Commission observes that SGL did not dispute during the administrative procedure the objection that it had continued the
         infringement after the investigations and that its failure to dispute the facts was taken into consideration in the reduction
         of its fine by 30%. Before the Court, however, SGL denied for the first time having continued the infringement after the investigations.
         In doing so, it restricted ex post facto the extent of its cooperation. Accordingly, a further reduction by the Court, in the exercise of its unlimited jurisdiction,
         is not appropriate.
         
          Findings of the Court
         
         
         394
            
          As regards the complaint alleging breach of the principle of equal treatment, it is settled case-law that, when assessing
         the cooperation provided by the undertakings concerned, the Commission cannot ignore that principle, which is infringed where
         comparable situations are treated differently or different situations are treated in the same way, unless such treatment is
         objectively justified (Krupp, cited at paragraph 279 above, paragraph 237, and ABB Asea Brown Boveri v Commission, cited at paragraph 153 above, paragraph 240, and the case-law cited there). 
         
         
         
         395
            
          In that regard, it must be held that SDK and C/G are not in a situation comparable with SGL’s.
         
         
         
         396
            
          The Commission found in the Decision that C/G did not participate in the ‘Top Guy’ meetings or in the ‘Working Level’ meetings,
         that it merely followed the prices fixed by the other members of the cartel and that, in breach of one of the basic principles
         of the cartel (the ‘home producer’ principle), it increased its sales in Europe. SGL neither disputed those findings of fact
         (recitals 81 to 86 of the Decision) nor claimed that it had acted in a similar manner to that of C/G as just described.
         
         
         
         397
            
          As regards the situation of SDK, which benefited from the application of point C of the Leniency Notice and whose fine was
         reduced by 70%, SGL does not claim that it too should have benefited from point C; it merely complains that the Decision does
         not state why the conditions of point C were satisfied in SDK’s case and not in its own case. As stated above, the Commission
         properly found that SGL had been one of the instigators and ringleaders of the cartel; furthermore, SGL does not even claim
         that it was the first undertaking to provide conclusive evidence of the existence of the cartel. Consequently, the conditions
         laid down in point B(b) and (e), read together with point C, of the Leniency Notice were not satisfied by SGL. SGL cannot
         therefore receive a reduction in fine as provided for in point C and its arguments concerning SDK are therefore inoperative.
         
         
         
         
         398
            
          Also inoperative is the argument that SDK’s contribution – and also UCAR’s – was in reality of less value than that accorded
         to it by the Commission and did not justify the reduction in fine. In endeavouring to deprecate the cooperation of other undertakings,
         SGL is seeking not to maintain that its own cooperation had the same value as that provided by another undertaking and therefore
         deserved the same reduction as that granted to that undertaking, but to denounce what it alleges to be the over-favourable,
         i.e. unlawful, treatment of those undertakings. That argument cannot therefore secure a greater reduction in SGL’s fine.
         
         
         
         399
            
          As regards whether the cooperation provided by SGL, which was rewarded by a reduction of 30%, was objectively of a value comparable
         with that provided by UCAR, which was rewarded by a reduction of 40%, it is apparent from the papers before the Court that
         both SGL and UCAR, in their capacity as instigators and ringleaders of the cartel, provided instructive and detailed information
         which made the Commission’s task much easier, although the substantial part of SGL’s cooperation was provided several months
         later than that of the two employees of UCAR, Mr […] and Mr […], who had been encouraged by UCAR to send their statements
         to the Commission, so that the Commission was entitled to ascribe that cooperation to UCAR itself.
         
         
         
         400
            
          In that context, SGL cannot successfully claim that its cooperation was ‘delayed’ by the parallel proceedings in the United
         States. As the Commission correctly stated (recital 172 of the Decision), it was at its own risk that SGL preferred to await
         the closure of the United States proceedings, in the hope of receiving a lighter penalty in the United States, before collaborating
         with the Commission, so that it had to expect that the Commission would already have been informed by other undertakings and
         that its own contribution would thus have lost its value as information.
         
         
         
         401
            
          Next, the essential reason why the Commission granted SGL a reduction of only 30% is set out in recital 174 of the Decision:
         according to the Commission, an undertaking deserves a reduction in its fine only if its cooperation is ‘voluntary’ and is
         outside the exercise of ‘any investigatory power’: the Commission considered that ‘a substantial part of the information provided
         [by SGL] in fact constitute[d] SGL’s reply to the Commission’s formal request for information [and that] SGL’s statement [would]
         be regarded as a voluntary contribution within the meaning of the Leniency Notice only where the information provided went
         beyond that requested under Article 11’. Furthermore, SGL sent its statement of 8 June 1999 only after it had received a reminder
         in which the Commission reserved the right to adopt a formal decision under Article 11(5) (recital 173 of the Decision). Relying
         on the judgment of the Court of Justice in Case 374/87 Orkem v Commission [1989] ECR 3283, paragraphs 27, 28 and 32 to 35, the Commission therefore did not make recompense for the information which
         it considered that SGL was required to provide in any event in reply to a request for information or to a decision ordering,
         under threat of penalties, communication of the information requested.
         
         
         
         402
            
          In that context, it is appropriate to observe that the absolute right to silence on which SGL relies in support of its contention
         that it was not required to respond to any request for information, cannot be recognised. To acknowledge the existence of
         such a right would be to go beyond what is necessary in order to preserve the rights of defence of undertakings, and would
         constitute an unjustified hindrance to the Commission’s performance of its duty to ensure that the rules on competition within
         the common market are observed. A right to silence can be recognised only to the extent that the undertaking concerned would
         be compelled to provide answers which might involve an admission on its part of the existence of an infringement which it
         is incumbent upon the Commission to prove (Case T‑112/98 Mannesmannröhren-Werke v Commission [2001] ECR II-729, paragraphs 66 and 67).
         
         
         
         403
            
          In order to ensure the effectiveness of Article 11 of Regulation No 17, the Commission is therefore entitled to compel the
         undertakings to provide all necessary information concerning such facts as may be known to them and to disclose to the Commission,
         if necessary, such documents relating thereto as are in their possession, even if the latter may be used to establish the
         existence of anti-competitive conduct (see Mannesmannröhren-Werke v Commission, cited at paragraph 402 above, paragraph 65, and the case-law cited there). 
         
         
         
         404
            
          This power of the Commission to obtain information, enshrined in Orkem v Commission and Mannesmannröhren-Werke v Commission, cited at paragraphs 401 and 402 above respectively, does not fall foul of either Article 6(1) and (2) of the ECHR (Mannesmannröhren-Werke v Commission, cited above, paragraph 75) or the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights.
         
         
         
         405
            
          Although the Court of Justice has held (LVM, cited at paragraph 130 above, paragraph 274) that after the judgment in Orkem v Commission, cited at paragraph 401 above, the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights, of which the Community Courts must take
         account, has gone through new developments with the Funke judgment, cited at paragraph 382 above, the Saunders v United Kingdom judgment of 17 December 1996 (Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1996-VI, p. 2044, §§ 69, 71 and 76), and the J.B. v Switzerland judgment of 3 May 2001 (not yet published in the Reports, §§ 64 to 71), the Court of Justice did not reverse its previous
         case-law in LVM.
         
         
         
         406
            
          In any event, the mere fact of being obliged to answer purely factual questions put by the Commission and to comply with its
         requests for the production of documents already in existence cannot constitute a breach of the principle of respect for the
         rights of defence or impair the right to fair legal process, which offer, in the specific field of competition law, protection
         equivalent to that guaranteed by Article 6 of the Convention. There is nothing to prevent the addressee of a request for information
         from showing, whether later during the administrative procedure or in proceedings before the Community Courts, when exercising
         his rights of defence, that the facts set out in his replies or the documents produced by him have a different meaning from
         that ascribed to them by the Commission (Mannesmannröhren-Werke v Commission, cited at paragraph 402 above, paragraphs 77 and 78).
         
         
         
         407
            
          As regards, next, the extent to which SGL was required to reply, in accordance with the case-law referred to above, to the
         request for information of 31 March 1999, it must be observed that, in addition to the purely factual questions and the requests
         to produce documents already in existence, the Commission requested SGL to describe the object of and what occurred at a number
         of meetings in which SGL participated and also the results/conclusions of those meetings, when it was clear that the Commission
         suspected that the object of the meetings was to restrict competition. It follows that a request of that nature was of such
         a kind as to require SGL to admit its participation in an infringement of the Community competition rules.
         
         
         
         408
            
          The same applies to the requests for the protocols of those meetings, the working documents and the preparatory documents
         concerning them, the handwritten notes relating to them, the notes and the conclusions pertaining to the meetings, the planning
         and discussion documents and also the implementing projects concerning the price increases put into effect between 1992 and
         1998.
         
         
         
         409
            
          As SGL was not required to answer questions of that type in the request for information of 31 March 1999, the fact that it
         none the less provided information on those points must be regarded as voluntary collaboration on the part of the undertaking
         apt to justify a reduction in the fine under the Leniency Notice.
         
         
         
         410
            
          That conclusion cannot be affected by the Commission’s argument that the information in question was not provided voluntarily
         but in reply to a request for information. point D, paragraph 2, first indent, of the Leniency Notice does not require a voluntary
         act taken solely on the initiative of the undertaking concerned, but merely requires information which contributes to establishing
         the existence of the infringement. Even point C, moreover, which relates to a more substantial reduction in the fine than
         that referred to in point D, makes it possible to reward cooperation provided ‘after the Commission has undertaken an investigation
         ordered by decision on the premises of the parties to the cartel’. Accordingly, the fact that a request for information was
         sent to SGL under Article 11(1) of Regulation No 17 cannot minimise the cooperation provided by that undertaking under point
         D, paragraph 2, first indent, of the Leniency Notice, especially not as a request for information is a less coercive measure
         than an investigation ordered by decision.
         
         
         
         411
            
          It follows that the Commission failed to appreciate the importance of SGL’s cooperation in that context.
         
         
         
         412
            
          In so far as the Commission criticises SGL for having given an incomplete answer to the question as to which undertakings
         SGL had informed of the forthcoming investigations by the Commission in June 1997, it is true that, by letter of 30 July 1997,
         SGL admitted only to having informed VAW and another undertaking and failed to state that it had also informed UCAR. However,
         the Commission itself stated that SGL’s warning increased the gravity of the infringement, gave rise to a fine whose deterrent
         effect was greater than normal and justified being regarded as an aggravating circumstance, as SGL’s conduct had created the
         conditions necessary to keep the cartel active and to prolong its injurious effects. Consequently, SGL was not required to
         inform the Commission that it had warned other undertakings. That information was likely to increase the penalty which the
         Commission would impose on SGL. On this point too, therefore, the Commission failed to appreciate SGL’s conduct by criticising
         it for having provided an incomplete reply.
         
         
         
         413
            
          Last, it is clear from the Decision that none of the undertakings involved, including SGL, substantially contested the facts
         on which the Commission had based its statement of objections (recital 41). Although recital 168 reproduces in full point
         D of the Leniency Notice and although the Commission expressly granted Tokai, SEC and Nippon a reduction of 10% of their fines
         pursuant to the second indent of point D(2) for not having contested the facts (recitals 219 and 222), it did not apply that
         provision to SGL and only reduced its fine pursuant to the first indent of point D(2) (recital 175).
         
         
         
         414
            
          In answer to a written question put by the Court, the Commission endeavoured to explain that omission by stating that, when
         the undertakings’ cooperation was limited to not contesting the facts, it applied a reduction based solely on that type of
         cooperation and referred expressly to the second indent of point D(2) of the Leniency Notice, whereas, for the undertakings
         which also cooperated under the first indent of that provision, namely SGL, UCAR, VAW and C/G, it applied only a single reduction,
         thus grouping each of the two types of cooperation together; that single reduction was exclusively, and incorrectly, based
         on the first indent. In any event, it is clear from the context of the decision that the reduction granted to SGL was based
         on the fact that it provided information and documents as well as on the fact that it did not contest the facts.
         
         
         
         415
            
          In that regard, it is sufficient to state that that explanation was provided for the first time before the Court by the representatives
         of the Commission and that it does not appear anywhere in the Decision adopted by the College of Members of the Commission.
         The assessment of SGL’s conduct in not contesting the facts should have appeared in the recitals relating to its cooperation,
         in the same way as it was expressly stated – apart from in recital 41, describing the course of the administrative procedure
         – in recitals 219 and 222 as regards Tokai, SEC and Nippon (see, to that effect, ABB Asea Brown Boveri v Commission, cited at paragraph 153 above, paragraph 244). In the light of the passage of the Decision concerning SGL, the Court cannot
         but note that the Commission did not give that undertaking the benefit of the second indent of point D(2) of the Leniency
         Notice, although SGL satisfied the conditions of that provision.
         
         
         
         416
            
          It follows from the foregoing that the Commission failed, on a number of points, to appreciate the significance of the cooperation
         provided by SGL before the adoption of the Decision. In the exercise of its unlimited jurisdiction, the Court considers it
         appropriate to reduce, on that basis, the fine imposed by 10% in addition to the 30% already granted by the Commission.
         
         
         
         417
            
          In so far as the Commission requests the Court not to apply that reduction, on the ground that SGL first substantially contested
         before the Court the facts which it had previously admitted during the administrative procedure, it must be held that SGL
         is actually complaining that the Commission had incorrectly found that it continued the infringement after June 1997. The
         findings made by the Commission in that regard were essentially based on SGL’s objective conduct during the administrative
         procedure and on its rather general no-contest statements. Before the Court, SGL merely claimed, in substance, that the Commission
         had been mistaken as to the meaning of its conduct and its statements. In order to refute that complaint, the Commission could
         merely refer to that conduct and those statements on SGL’s part and also the chronology of the administrative procedure (see
         paragraphs 71 to 77 above). The Commission’s task of establishing the facts constituting an infringement, which had been made
         easier during the administrative procedure by SGL’s conduct and statements, was not therefore objectively made more difficult
         when SGL subsequently contested the facts before the Court. 
         
         
         
         418
            
          However, it cannot be overlooked that the Commission, against any expectation that it could reasonably base on SGL’s objective
         cooperation during the administrative procedure, was required to draft and submit a defence before the Court of First Instance
         dealing specifically with SGL’s challenge of the facts constituting the infringement, which it had rightly considered that
         SGL would no longer call in question. In those circumstances, the Court considers that it should exercise its unlimited jurisdiction
         under Article 17 of Regulation No 17 and reduce the reduction in fine granted to SGL by two percentage points. That reduction
         in its fine therefore comes to only 8%. 
         
         
         
         419
            
          As held at paragraph 113 above, that conclusion is not inconsistent with the judgment in Stora Kopparbergs Bergslags v Commission.
         
         
         
         420
            
          It follows that the final amount of the fine imposed on SGL must be fixed at EUR 69.114 million.
         
         
          b) Case T-246/01
          Summary of the Decision
         
         
         421
            
          The Commission applied a reduction of 40% to UCAR’s fine because, although it was not the first company to provide the Commission
         with decisive evidence, it contributed substantially to establishing important aspects of the case and it was the first company
         to acknowledge illicit contacts with competitors, in reply to a formal request for information (recitals 200 to 202).
         
          Arguments of the parties
         
         
         422
            
          UCAR claims that the 40% reduction in its fine which the Commission granted is insufficient by comparison with the reductions
         of 30% granted to SGL and 70% granted to SDK. Owing to the fact that UCAR cooperated as much as possible with the Commission,
         it submits that it is entitled to the maximum reduction possible. UCAR provided decisive information for an understanding
         of the operation of the cartel. SDK’s disclosures did, admittedly, provide the Commission with evidence that there was a cartel,
         but UCAR provided evidence which filled the many gaps in the Commission’s information.
         
         
         
         423
            
          UCAR criticises the Commission, first, for not having taken account of the independent and thorough internal investigation
         which its management board conducted for the purpose of establishing all the relevant facts and communicating them to the
         Commission. That investigation was decisive, since its managing director and its sales director for Europe were directly involved
         in the cartel and had the means of preventing the communication of the information.
         
         
         
         424
            
          Second, UCAR claims that it communicated all of the relevant information to the Commission immediately after it became aware
         of the infringement which it had committed. It worked with the Commission’s staff to draft a request for information pursuant
         to Article 11 of Regulation No 17. UCAR expressed its reluctance to provide the Commission with written documents, as there
         was a risk that those documents might be used in parallel proceedings initiated against UCAR in the United States. UCAR therefore
         proposed that it should communicate information to the Commission orally. In June 1998, the Commission sent UCAR a request
         for information structured in agreement with UCAR in order to correspond with the oral information already provided to the
         Commission. Following the closure of the proceedings initiated in the United States, UCAR voluntarily communicated all the
         relevant information to the Commission in June 1999.
         
         
         
         425
            
          UCAR states, third, that it informed the Commission that the warning about unannounced investigations originated in contacts
         between SGL and a Commission official mentioned by name. The inquiry into that official led to criminal proceedings. UCAR
         further states that its cooperation concerning the warning about those unannounced investigations played a significant role
         in the assessment of the gravity of the infringement committed by SGL.
         
         
         
         426
            
          The Commission contends that the 40% reduction in fine granted to UCAR remains within the 10% to 50% bracket provided for
         in point D(2) of the Leniency Notice. UCAR has not succeeded in showing that the Commission made a manifest error on that
         point. The cooperation provided by UCAR was given sufficient recognition in the Decision, since the purely oral information
         could not be used as reliable evidence.
         
         
         
         427
            
          As regards UCAR’s role in discovering possible leaks from the Commission’s services, the Commission claims that it is necessary
         to distinguish two aspects of the assistance provided. First, UCAR informed it that SGL had alerted the other undertakings;
         that fact constitutes an element of the infringement and the Commission took it into account as an aggravating circumstance
         for the purpose of calculating the fine imposed on SGL, while that cooperation on UCAR’s part was taken into consideration
         in the context of the reduction of its fine by 40%. Second, the information about the possible involvement of one of the Commission’s
         officials was of no relevance to the application of the Leniency Notice to the infringement committed by UCAR in the context
         of these proceedings, as that information did not help the Commission to implicate the members of the cartel.
         
          Findings of the Court
         
         
         428
            
          In so far as UCAR claims that the reduction of its fine was insufficient by comparison with the reductions granted to SGL
         and SDK, that argument does not suffice to establish a manifest error of assessment on the part of the Commission. SDK received
         a reduction in its fine pursuant to point C of the Leniency Notice. Its situation is therefore not comparable with that of
         UCAR, which received a reduction under point D and does not claim to satisfy the conditions of point C. As regards SGL, UCAR
         has not demonstrated in detail that its own cooperation, rewarded by a reduction of 40%, was of a much higher value than SGL’s,
         which was rewarded by a reduction of 30%. As regards UCAR’s reference to the parallel proceedings in the United States, it
         is not capable of establishing that the Commission failed to appreciate the value of its cooperation during the administrative
         procedure before it (see paragraph 400 above).
         
         
         
         429
            
          UCAR’s argument based on the internal investigation carried out by its management board cannot succeed either. In so far
         as that investigation is reflected in UCAR’s cooperation, the Commission took it into account in granting a reduction of 40%
         of its fine. The fact of having implemented an internal investigation does not as such justify an increase in that rate. It
         must not be forgotten that, at the same time as that investigation was being carried out, other representatives of UCAR continued
         the infringement on behalf of the undertaking, even after the Commission’s unannounced investigations. 
         
         
         
         430
            
          As regards the oral contacts between UCAR and the Commission, the Commission stated, in answer to a written question put by
         the Court, that the oral information provided by UCAR on 25 March, 2 April and 11 June 1998 had been reported in detail in
         the internal memoranda drawn up by officials of the Commission. Those memoranda do not form part of the investigation file.
         At the material time, UCAR did not wish the information which it had provided orally to be used as evidence. The Commission
         inferred that this oral information did not constitute valid evidence for the purposes of the first indent of point D(2) of
         the Leniency Notice, which is why UCAR was not granted a specific reduction in its fine for having supplied it.
         
         
         
         431
            
          That argument cannot be accepted. First, the first indent of point D(2) of the Leniency Notice states that not only ‘documents’
         but also ‘information’ may serve as ‘evidence’ which materially contributes to establishing the existence of the infringement.
         It follows that the information need not necessarily be provided in documentary form. Second, the practical utility of purely
         oral information is indisputable when it allows the Commission, for example, to find direct evidence of the infringement or
         when, owing to its precision, it encourages the Commission to continue an investigation which, not having sufficient evidence
         available at that time, it would have abandoned without that information.
         
         
         
         432
            
          In the present case, as is apparent from the internal memoranda referred to above, UCAR had provided orally, inter alia, the
         names of other undertakings which were members of the cartel, the names of a number of representatives of those members, code
         names used to conceal contacts (see recital 59 of the Decision) and also a number of dates and places of meetings, including
         the participants, organised within the framework of the cartel. That information in itself allowed the Commission to send
         requests for information to the undertakings identified by UCAR, inviting them to confirm whether their named representatives
         had participated in the meetings mentioned by UCAR, and thus to inform them that it already had a source of reliable information,
         which might induce the addressee undertakings to cooperate with the Commission at that early stage of the investigation.
         
         
         
         433
            
          As the oral information provided by UCAR was subsequently confirmed by the written statements produced by the undertaking
         itself or at its initiative (the statements of Mr […] and Mr […]), it appears that UCAR provided its cooperation in two stages:
         first, in the context of several oral communications and then by the communication of documentary evidence. By not taking
         account of the oral information provided by UCAR in March, April and June 1998, the Commission therefore failed to appreciate
         the importance of the cooperation provided by that undertaking.
         
         
         
         434
            
          As regards the role played by UCAR in revealing a possible leakage from the Commission’s services, the Commission stated at
         the hearing its view that that disclosure did not help it to implicate the members of the cartel. It submits that the sole
         purpose of the Leniency Notice is to recompense the provision of evidence which would otherwise expose the cooperating undertaking
         to sanctions. The source of the warnings in question in the present case is not part of an infringement which would expose
         UCAR to a fine.
         
         
         
         435
            
          That argument cannot be accepted. A reduction in the fine may be granted in respect of any cooperation which enabled the Commission
         to establish the existence of an infringement more easily and, where relevant, to bring it to an end (Case C-297/98 SCA Holdings v Commission, cited at paragraph 108 above, paragraph 36). While it is true that the Leniency Notice provides, in point 3, only for a
         reduction ‘in the fine which would have been imposed upon [the undertakings cooperating with the Commission]’, it does not
         require that each individual item of information must relate to an infringement of competition law in respect of which a separate
         sanction may be imposed. In order to be able to benefit from the Leniency Notice, it is sufficient that, by revealing its
         involvement in an infringement, the undertaking minded to cooperate exposes itself to sanctions, while whether the various
         items of information may be taken into consideration for the purposes of a possible reduction in the fine depends on how useful
         they are to the Commission in its task of establishing the existence of the infringement and putting an end to it.
         
         
         
         436
            
          In that last regard, it is clear that a disloyal Commission official is in a position to sabotage its mission by supporting
         the members of an illegal cartel. Thus, he may considerably complicate the investigation carried out by the Commission, for
         example by destroying or manipulating evidence, by informing the members of the cartel of a forthcoming unannounced investigation
         and by revealing the entire investigation strategy drawn up by the Commission. Consequently, information about the existence
         of such an official must, in principle, be regarded as being capable of making it easier for the Commission to carry out its
         task of establishing an infringement and putting an end to it. Such information is particularly useful when it is provided
         at the beginning of the investigation opened by the Commission into possible anti-competitive conduct.
         
         
         
         437
            
          In the present case, UCAR submitted, in its application and in annex 47 thereto, the factual details of the leak from the
         Commission’s services, stating in particular that it had informed the Commission of the leak in January 1999, that the European
         Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) had intervened and that a criminal investigation had been undertaken in Italy against the official
         concerned. Throughout the written procedure before the Court and again in reply to a written question put by it, the Commission
         did not dispute any of that factual evidence. It was only at the hearing that the Commission first stated that the internal
         investigation carried out in that context had not borne fruit and that the official reported by UCAR was still in the Commission’s
         service. It would therefore not be possible today to identify an official as being responsible for the leak in question.
         
         
         
         438
            
          In that regard, it must be held that the Commission, which was advised by UCAR in January 1999, should have informed UCAR
         no later than the date on which it adopted the Decision whether it was going to take that piece of information into account
         in the context of the application of the Leniency Notice. As the Court is unable to ascertain whether the Commissionﾀﾙs internal
         investigation aimed at detecting the official in question was conducted properly and whether it produced a correct result,
         it can only draw the necessary consequences from the Commission’s procedural conduct: the contestation of the facts first
         presented at the hearing must be characterised as a new plea in law and rejected as being out of time, pursuant to Article
         48(2) of the Rules of Procedure. The Court must therefore take as its basis the facts as presented by UCAR and accept that
         the information on the leak from the Commission’s services was objectively useful to the Commission in dealing with the file
         concerning the cartel active on the graphite electrodes market. By failing to take account of that information, the Commission
         therefore failed to appreciate the importance of the cooperation provided by UCAR.
         
         
         
         439
            
          The same applies to the fact that the Commission applied to UCAR only the first indent of point D(2) of the Leniency Notice
         (recital 202 of the Decision), although UCAR did not substantially contest the facts on which the Commission based its statement
         of objections (recital 41 of the Decision) (see, to that effect, paragraphs 413 to 415 above).
         
         
         
         440
            
          It follows from the foregoing that the Commission failed, on various points, to appreciate the importance of the cooperation
         provided by UCAR before the adoption of the Decision. In the exercise of its unlimited jurisdiction, the Court considers that
         UCAR’s fine should be reduced by 10% in addition to the 40% already allowed by the Commission.
         
         
         
         441
            
          It follows that the final amount of the fine imposed on UCAR must be fixed at EUR 42.05 million.
         
         
          c) Case T-252/01
          Summary of the Decision
         
         
         442
            
          The Commission reduced C/G’s fine by 20% because C/G provided it with certain information. However, it considered that C/G
         was not entitled to a larger reduction. Although it provided the Commission in July 1998 with certain documents relating to
         the contacts between competitors, it did not transmit a corporate statement until October 1999, in which it remained ambiguous
         about its role in the cartel. In the Commission’s view, the undertaking’s reply of 21 July 1999 to the formal request for
         information pursuant to Article 11 of Regulation No 17 did not constitute a voluntary contribution within the meaning of the
         Leniency Notice (recitals 239 and 240).
         
          Arguments of the parties
         
         
         443
            
          C/G criticises the Commission for having erred in awarding it a reduction in its fine of only 20% for its cooperation. C/G
         claims that it provided the Commission with all the relevant information. In addition, it did not substantially contest the
         facts which the Commission established in the statement of objections. In C/G’s submission, that cooperation was more valuable
         than that of the other addressees of the Decision which received the same or greater reductions.
         
         
         
         444
            
          C/G states that, in reality, all the evidence established against it comes from C/G itself. Had it not cooperated, the Commission
         would not have obtained that evidence. In so far as the Commission claims that other undertakings also incriminated it, C/G
         emphasises that the statements of the other undertakings are mere flimsy and hesitant suppositions.
         
         
         
         445
            
          C/G further compares its own situation with that of Conradty, which, unlike C/G, refused to cooperate with the Commission,
         although that did not prevent the Commission from fining C/G and not Conradty. Last, C/G complains that SGL and VAW received
         reductions of 30% and 20% respectively for their cooperation, whereas SGL had warned VAW, and also other undertakings, of
         the Commission’s forthcoming unannounced investigations. It is not logical that SGL, the ringleader of the cartel, should
         receive a greater reduction than C/G.
         
         
         
         446
            
          The Commission contends that C/G received a reduction of 20%, which is within the prescribed bracket of 10% to 50%. Its legitimate
         expectation was therefore observed.
         
         
         
         447
            
          In so far as C/G claims that it itself provided all the evidence established against it, the Commission states that it was
         already in possession of the evidence provided by SGL, VAW and UCAR, which also showed that C/G had participated in the infringement.
         In that context, it refers to the statement by SGL which contains the direct minute of a meeting between SGL and C/G held
         to discuss the problem of ‘ever-increasing [United States] exports’ to the European market. That statement bore out those
         made by UCAR and its employees.
         
         
         
         448
            
          In the Commission’s submission, the situation of C/G, on the one hand, and those of Conradty, SGL and VAW, on the other, are
         completely different: Conradty did not cooperate and the Commission did not succeed in establishing its participation in the
         infringement. SGL received a reduction in its fine because it had provided valuable information on the operation of the cartel,
         while C/G’s contribution essentially concerned the nature of its own participation. Last, C/G was the last undertaking to
         make a statement, at a time when virtually all the information about the cartel, in particular that provided by SGL and VAW,
         was known to the Commission.
         
          Findings of the Court
         
         
         449
            
          In so far as C/G compares its own situation with Conradty’s, it is sufficient to state that C/G itself acknowledged that it
         had participated in the infringement, whereas Conradty – just like Mitsubishi and Union Carbide – was not identified in the
         Decision as an author of the infringement and is not a party to the proceedings before the Court concerning the Decision.
         The reference to Conradty cannot therefore justify any additional reduction in C/G’s fine.
         
         
         
         450
            
          Nor are the arguments based on a comparison between C/G and SGL or VAW of such a kind as to justify such a reduction. Far
         from demonstrating in detail that its own cooperation was undervalued by comparison with those two undertakings’ cooperation,
         C/G merely deprecates their cooperation.
         
         
         
         451
            
          As regards C/G’s assertion that it itself provided virtually all the evidence established against it, which the Commission
         has disputed, it has become apparent before the Court that the evidence relied on by the Commission, other than that provided
         by C/G itself, consisted of two statements by UCAR that ‘Mr […] assumed on the basis of statements by Mr […] [of SGL] that
         Mr […] was continuing his contacts with … C/G’ and ‘UCAR’s representative … thinks that SGL may have had direct contacts …
         possibly with C/G’s German agent’, a statement by Mr […] who ‘assumed that Mr […] had contacts with … C/G’ and a statement
         by SGL to the effect that, at a meeting between the representatives of SGL and C/G at Frankfurt airport on 21 November 1996,
         the constant increase in United States exports to Europe was discussed and information on the situation of the European market
         was exchanged. 
         
         
         
         452
            
          The only actual information that is not mere supposition is in SGL’s statement concerning the meeting on 21 November 1996.
         However, C/G’s participation in the infringement, as found in the Decision, ended precisely in November 1996. It follows that
         C/G in reality provided all the relevant evidence as regards the nature and the duration of its participation in the infringement.
         By awarding it only a 20% reduction in its fine, the Commission manifestly failed to appreciate the importance of the voluntary
         cooperation given by C/G in that regard.
         
         
         
         453
            
          The same applies to the fact that the Commission applied to C/G only the first indent of point D(2) of the Leniency Notice
         (recital 239 of the Decision), although C/G did not substantially contest the facts on which the Commission based its statement
         of objections (recital 41 of the Decision) (see, to that effect, paragraphs 413 to 415 above).
         
         
         
         454
            
          Last, in taking the view that C/G’s reply to a formal request for information did not constitute a voluntary contribution
         within the meaning of the Leniency Notice, which reduced its value, the Commission also underestimated the cooperation provided
         by C/G (see, to that effect, paragraph 410 above).
         
         
         
         455
            
          It follows from the foregoing that the Commission failed, on various points, to appreciate the importance of the cooperation
         provided by C/G before the adoption of the Decision. In the exercise of its unlimited jurisdiction, the Court considers that
         the fine imposed on C/G must be reduced, on that ground, by 20% in addition to the 20% already granted by the Commission.
         
         
         
         456
            
          Consequently, the final amount of C/G’s fine must be set at EUR 6.48 million.
         
         
         
         457
            
          It follows from the foregoing that the final amount of the fines imposed on SGL, UCAR and C/G must be set at EUR 69.114 million,
         EUR 42.05 million and EUR 6.48 million respectively. However, the Court sees no reason to depart from the rates which the
         Commission applied to the other applicants under the Leniency Notice, with the exception of Nippon, whose fine will be reduced
         not by 10% but, because it was late in contesting the duration of the infringement (see paragraph 112 above), by only 8% and
         will be set at EUR 6.2744 million.
         
         
         
         458
            
          Following the analysis which the Court has carried out above, the fines referred to in Article 3 of the Decision must be reduced
         as follows:
         
         
         
          
         –
            the fine imposed on SGL is reduced to EUR 69.114 million;
         
         
         
         
          
         –
            the fine imposed on UCAR is reduced to EUR 42.05 million;
         
         
         
         
          
         –
            the fine imposed on Tokai is reduced to EUR 12.276 million;
         
         
         
         
          
         –
            the fine imposed on SDK is reduced to EUR 10.44 million;
         
         
         
         
          
         –
            the fine imposed on C/G is reduced to EUR 6.48 million;
         
         
         
         
          
         –
            the fine imposed on Nippon is reduced to EUR 6.2744 million;
         
         
         
         
          
         –
            the fine imposed on SEC is reduced to EUR 6.138 million.
         
         
         
         
          C – The claims in Cases T-239/01 and T-246/01 for annulment of Article 4 of the Decision and of the July and August letters
          1. Arguments of the parties
         
         459
            
          SGL seeks annulment of Article 4 of the Decision; it disputes the legality of the rate of interest and claims that it was
         fixed without any reference to a legal basis. The Decision was sent to it by letter of the Commission dated 23 July 2001,
         in which the Commission informed it that, upon expiry of the period prescribed for payment, it would proceed to recover its
         debt and would apply interest at a rate of 8.04%, and stated that, should proceedings be initiated before the Court, it would
         not seek to recover the debt while the judicial proceedings continued, on condition that SGL agreed that interest at the rate
         of 6.04% should be applied and constituted a bank guarantee. SGL also disputes the legality of that rate of interest. It contends
         that the right to apply interest for late payment is intended solely to prevent abusive actions and to ensure that the undertakings
         which pay ‘late’ are not put at an advantage. Although the Commission may therefore refer to the conditions of rates actually
         applied in practice, there are no grounds for applying a further 3.5 percentage points to such a market rate. That amounts
         to a prohibitive interest rate which acts, without any basis in authority, as an additional sanction penalising the use of
         a means of legal protection.
         
         
         
         460
            
          UCAR also seeks annulment of Article 4 of the Decision, claiming that there is no indication in the Decision that its ability
         to pay was taken into consideration, although it provided the Commission with detailed information of its precarious financial
         situation. UCAR states that it is unable to pay either the fine within the period prescribed in Article 4 or the rate of interest
         payable in the event of late payment. It claims that the Commission has not taken into account UCAR’s real ability to pay
         in a specific social context, contrary to its own Guidelines. In the alternative, UCAR claims that Article 4 should be replaced
         by a requirement that UCAR give a charge over its unencumbered real assets. The rate of interest should be either cancelled
         or significantly reduced.
         
         
         
         461
            
          UCAR further seeks annulment of the letter of 23 July 2001 whereby the Decision was served on it and in which the amount of
         the fine imposed and the terms of payment were set out. It disputes, in particular, the condition that, should an action be
         brought before the Court, no enforcement measure will be taken, provided that interest at the rate of 6.04% is paid and a
         bank guarantee constituted.
         
         
         
         462
            
          Last, UCAR seeks annulment of the letter of 9 August 2001 whereby the Commission, in reply to UCAR’s observations on the terms
         of payment, refused to accept, first, a proposal to pay in instalments and, second, a lien on UCAR’s assets to guarantee payment
         of the fine.
         
         
         
         463
            
          The Commission replies that the imposition of an increase of 3.5% over the refinancing rate applied by the European Central
         Bank is consistent with its normal practice and does not go beyond what is necessary to avoid delaying tactics. It maintains
         that it is not required to take account of an undertaking’s ability to pay when determining the method of payment of a fine
         or the period within which it must be paid. Nor is it required to provide any justification for Article 4.
         
         
         
         464
            
          The Commission considers that the claims for annulment of the July and August letters are inadmissible. In its July letter,
         it made an offer to UCAR which UCAR could accept or reject. The letter produced no binding legal effect capable of adversely
         affecting UCAR’s interests. Nor is the August letter an act intended to produce mandatory legal effects. The refusal in that
         letter to accept the terms of payment proposed by UCAR left UCAR in exactly the same legal position as it had been in before
         the letter was written, i.e. in the position in which it had been placed by Article 4 of the Decision.
         
         
         
         465
            
          As regards the substance, the Commission states that the case-law has accepted its practice of requiring the provision of
         a bank guarantee together with interest and that it is only in exceptional circumstances that an applicant is able to avoid
         providing a bank guarantee. UCAR has not established the existence of exceptional circumstances that would justify waiving
         the condition concerning the bank guarantee. In the Commission’s submission, the appropriate legal procedure for challenging
         its position on the provision of a bank guarantee is an application for interim measures under Articles 242 EC and 243 EC.
         
         
         
         466
            
          UCAR contends that the July letter lays down conditions concerning the implementation of the Decision which are not set out
         in the Decision. The letter must therefore be amenable to judicial review. The August letter contains a position taken by
         the Commission on whether payment of the fine by instalments and the provision of a lien on the company’s assets may be accepted.
         The letter does not therefore confirm an earlier decision but determines, for the first time, that the circumstances of the
         present case are not sufficiently exceptional to justify alternative payment terms. 
         
         
         
         467
            
          As regards the substance, UCAR criticises the Commission for having insisted on the provision of a bank guarantee without
         having considered whether the circumstances of the present case were such that a different security might be considered appropriate.
         In that context, it states that it has assets in France which are not mortgaged to its banks and the value of which is in
         excess of USD 50 million. However, the Commission merely stated in the August letter that it would not consider any proposal
         other than payment of the fine in full or the provision of a bank guarantee. It gave no reasons for its refusal to take UCAR’s
         particular situation into consideration. UCAR further submits that the provision of a bank guarantee, unlike that of a real
         security, would constitute a default under its principal credit facilities as agreed with its lending banks.
         
         
          2. Findings of the Court
         
         468
            
          As regards the admissibility of the claims for annulment of the July and August letters, it is appropriate first of all to
         define the precise object of those claims.
         
         
         
         469
            
          In that regard, it is a fact that UCAR, before receiving the July letter and the Decision on 26 July 2001, contacted the Commission
         with a view to discussing possible payment arrangements should it receive a fine and that the Commission refused to discuss
         the matter at that stage. In those circumstances, UCAR must be recognised as having a legitimate interest in obtaining a review
         of the new elements – by comparison with Article 4 of the Decision – set out in those letters, namely the preferential rate
         of 6.04% and the conditions on which that preferential rate was available. That review applies to whether the Commission can
         validly refuse to allow UCAR to take advantage of the rate of 6.04% on the ground that UCAR had failed to provide a bank guarantee
         or whether it should have accepted the alternative security offered by UCAR.
         
         
         
         470
            
          While it is beyond doubt that the lawfulness of the rate of 8.04% imposed by Article 4 of the Decision may be reviewed by
         the Court (see, to that effect, Joined Cases T-24/93 to T-26/93 and T-28/93 Compagnie maritime belge transports and Others v Commission [1996] ECR II-1201, paragraph 250), UCAR must also be permitted to challenge the alternative rate of 6.04% and also the conditions
         on which that rate is available, as set out in the July and August letters. To that end, it must be able to complain, in particular,
         of a breach by the Commission of the principle of equal treatment in the event that the Commission has refused to apply that
         preferential rate to it while granting it to another undertaking in the same situation as UCAR.
         
         
         
         471
            
          The same applies as regards the action brought by SGL, which, although it does not formally contest the July letter, challenges
         the legality of the rate of 6.04% fixed in that letter.
         
         
         
         472
            
          On the other hand, it is also a fact that at the time when Case T-246/01 was brought, the Commission had not yet proceeded
         to recover the fine imposed or to enforce the Decision pursuant to Article 256 EC and Articles 104 to 110 of the Rules of
         Procedure of the Court of First Instance. Consequently, any request for a review of the actual application of the detailed
         arrangements for payment vis-à-vis UCAR (the replacement of Article 4 of the Decision by payment in instalments, actual rate
         of interest, period for payment) must be regarded as premature, since it was impossible to know on the date on which the action
         was brought what UCAR’s situation would be in the event and at the time that the Commission should proceed to take measures
         of recovery or enforcement (see, to that effect, Musique diffusion française v Commission, cited at paragraph 144 above, paragraph 135). In particular, as UCAR had not at that time, under threat of imminent recovery,
         lodged an application for interim measures within the meaning of Article 242 EC and Article 104 et seq. of the Rules of Procedure,
         the Court is not required to consider, in the present context, whether the balancing of the interests involved precludes the
         application of those payment arrangements before delivery of the main judgment determining the legality of the fine imposed
         on UCAR, on the ground that that application would jeopardise the existence of the undertaking.
         
         
         
         473
            
          The requests to that effect submitted by UCAR must therefore be declared inadmissible.
         
         
         
         474
            
          As regards the substance, it must be held, first, that neither SGL nor UCAR has submitted any plea alleging breach of the
         principle of equal treatment.
         
         
         
         475
            
          Second, it is settled case-law (Case 107/82 AEG v Commission [1983] ECR 3151, paragraphs 141 to 143, Case T-275/94 CB v Commission [1995] ECR II-2169, paragraphs 46 to 49, and LR AF 1998 v Commission, cited at paragraph 38 above, paragraphs 395 and 396) that the power conferred on the Commission by Article 15(2) of Regulation
         No 17 covers the power to determine the date on which the fines are payable and that on which default interest begins to accrue,
         the power to set the rate of such interest and to determine the detailed arrangements for implementing its decision by requiring,
         where appropriate, the provision of a bank guarantee covering the principal amount of the fines imposed plus interest. If
         the Commission had no such power, the advantage which undertakings might be able to derive from late payment of fines would
         weaken the effect of penalties imposed by the Commission when carrying out its task of ensuring that the rules on competition
         are applied. Thus, the charging of default interest on fines is justified by the need to ensure that the Treaty is not rendered
         ineffective by practices applied unilaterally by undertakings which delay paying fines imposed on them and to ensure that
         those undertakings do not enjoy an advantage over those which pay their fines within the period laid down.
         
         
         
         476
            
          In that context, the case-law has accepted that the Commission is entitled to fix default interest at the market rate plus
         3.5 percentage points (CB v Commission, cited at paragraph 475 above, paragraph 54, LR AF 1998 v Commission, cited at paragraph 38 above, paragraph 397, and Compagnie maritime belge transports and Others v Commission, cited at paragraph 470 above, paragraph 250) and, where a bank guarantee is provided, at the market rate plus 1.5 percentage
         points (CB v Commission, paragraph 54). In those judgments, the Court of First Instance allowed default interest rates of 7.5%, 13.25% and 13.75%,
         holding that the Commission is entitled to adopt a point of reference higher than the applicable market rate offered to the
         average borrower, to an extent necessary to discourage dilatory behaviour (LR AF 1998 v Commission, paragraph 398). 
         
         
         
         477
            
          In those circumstances, the Commission did not in this case exceed the discretion which it enjoys when setting a default interest
         rate. SGL and UCAR, as prudent and informed economic operators, were deemed to be aware of the Commission’s decision-making
         practice and the case-law cited above. They could not expect that the Commission would apply more lenient interest rates to
         them. In this context – which is not referred to in Articles 242 EC and 256 EC or in Articles 104 to 110 of the Rules of Procedure
         –, the Commission was not required, in particular, to take UCAR’s financial situation into consideration (see paragraphs 370
         to 372 and 472 above).
         
         
         
         478
            
          As regards, more particularly, UCAR’s obligation to provide a bank guarantee, the Court has held that, by allowing an undertaking
         which brings an action against a decision imposing a fine on it to avoid paying the fine immediately by lodging a bank guarantee
         to ensure payment of the fine and interest thereon, the Commission is granting the undertaking concerned a privilege for which
         neither the Treaty nor Regulation No 17 provides (CB v Commission, cited at paragraph 475 above, paragraph 82). That privilege is increased by the fact that the interest rate imposed where
         a bank guarantee is provided is lower than that required in the event of non-payment of the fine (CB v Commission, paragraph 83).
         
         
         
         479
            
          In the light of that case-law, the Commission was not required to accept UCAR’s request for a further privilege, by waiving
         the requirement for a bank guarantee and accepting, instead, a real security. A bank guarantee is better than any other form
         of security since in the event of non-payment it is sufficient to call upon the bank in order to obtain the guaranteed sum
         immediately, whereas the realisation of a different surety may prove more uncertain and require additional efforts and time.
         In a different context, the Court of Justice has recognised that the Community institutions are entitled to introduce a simple
         and effective security mechanism (Case 137/85 Maizena [1987] ECR 4587, paragraph 10). The Commission is not a bank and has neither the infrastructure nor the specialised staff
         of a bank which would be necessary in order to value the security in question and to determine how it should be realised in
         the event of non-payment. It was therefore entitled to refuse, without giving specific reasons, to accept the real security
         offered by UCAR.
         
         
         
         480
            
          Last, as regards UCAR’s alleged inability to obtain a bank guarantee, its claim to that effect was not supported to the requisite
         legal standard. The applicant produced no document issued by its lending banks showing that it applied for a bank guarantee
         to secure its fine while continuing to enjoy the bank advances intended for the company’s current activities and that such
         application was refused owing to its financial difficulties. Nor has UCAR shown that it was impossible to obtain, on the basis
         of the real security offered to the Commission, a bank guarantee from a financial institution other than its lending banks.
         
         
         
         481
            
          As none of the pleas and arguments presented in this context has been upheld, the claims for annulment of Article 4 of the
         Decision and of the July and August letters, in so far as they are admissible, must be rejected as unfounded.
         
         The reopening of the oral procedure
         
         482
            
          By a document of 9 January 2004, GrafTech International Ltd, formerly UCAR, requested that the oral procedure be reopened
         in Case T-246/01. In support of its request, it stated that it had pleaded, during the administrative procedure before the
         Commission and during the proceedings before the Court, its inability to pay the fine owing to its precarious financial situation,
         aggravated by the sanctions which had been imposed on it by the authorities of other States. Although it thus established
         its inability to pay for the purposes of point 5(b) of the Guidelines, the Commission refused to apply that provision to it
         on the ground that a reduction of the fine on that basis would amount to securing an unjustified competitive advantage on
         undertakings least adapted to market conditions. However, in its decision of 3 September 2003 relating to a procedure under
         Article 81 of the EC Treaty (COMP 38.359 – Carbon and graphite-based products for electrical and mechanical applications),
         the Commission adopted a radically different position on the question of ability to pay within the meaning of point 5(b) of
         the Guidelines.
         
         
         
         483
            
          Referring to a Commission press release of the same date, UCAR states that the Commission reduced by 33% the amount of the
         fine which would otherwise have been imposed on SGL, owing to the fact that it had already been given high fines for its participation
         in two previous cartels and because it was in a difficult financial situation. UCAR submits that it is necessary to reopen
         the oral procedure in the present case in order to invite the Commission to indicate whether it proposes to continue to refuse
         UCAR’s request and, if so, to explain how that refusal may be reconciled with the approach which it took in its decision of
         3 December 2003.
         
         
         
         484
            
          Faced with that argument, the Court considers that there is no need to order the reopening of the oral procedure pursuant
         to Article 62 of its Rules of Procedure. The Court, which has a discretion in the matter, is not required to grant a request
         to reopen the oral procedure unless the party concerned relies on facts which may have a decisive influence on the outcome
         of the case and which could not be put forward before the close of the oral procedure (Case C-199/92 P Hüls v Commission [1999] ECR I-4287, paragraphs 127 and 128). Although UCAR was unable to rely, at the oral procedure on 3 July 2003, on the
         Commission decision of 3 December 2003, that decision has no relevance in the present context. As is clear from the case-law
         cited at paragraph 370 above, the Commission is under no obligation, when determining the amount of a fine, to take account
         of the financial losses of the undertaking concerned, irrespective of whether it may be induced to take that situation into
         consideration in the specific circumstances of a given case.
         
         
         
         485
            
          The request to reopen the oral procedure must therefore be rejected.
         
         
         Costs
         486
            
          Under Article 87(2) of the Rules of Procedure, the unsuccessful party is to be ordered to pay the costs if they have been
         applied for in the successful party’s pleadings. Under the first subparagraph of Article 87(3), the Court may, where each
         party succeeds on some and fails on other heads, order costs to be shared. 
         
         
         
         487
            
          In the present case, in Cases T-239/01 and T-246/01, as the applicants have been unsuccessful in a significant part of their
         pleadings, the Court will make an equitable assessment of the case in holding that SGL is to bear seven eighths of its own
         costs and pay seven eighths of the costs incurred by the Commission and that the Commission is to bear one eighth of its own
         costs and pay one eighth of those incurred by SGL, while UCAR will bear four fifths of its own costs and pay four fifths of
         those incurred by the Commission and the Commission will bear one fifth of its own costs and pay one fifth of the costs incurred
         by UCAR.
         
         
         
         488
            
          In Cases T-245/01 and T-252/01, as the applicants have been successful in a significant part of their pleadings, the Court
         will make an equitable assessment of the case in holding that SDK and C/G are to bear three fifths of their own costs and
         pay three fifths of the costs incurred by the Commission, while the Commission will bear two fifths of its own costs and pay
         two fifths of those incurred by the applicants.
         
         
         
         489
            
          In Cases T-236/01, T-244/01 and T-251/01, as the parties have been unsuccessful and successful in equal parts, the Court will
         make an equitable assessment of the case in holding that Tokai, Nippon and SEC are to bear one half of their own costs and
         pay one half of those incurred by the Commission, while the Commission will bear one half of its own costs and pay one half
         of those incurred by the applicants.
         
         
         On those grounds, 
         
         
         
            
            THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE (Second Chamber)
         
         
          hereby: 
         
            
            
             
               1.
                  In Case T-236/01 Tokai Carbon v Commission:
                  
               
            
            
            
             
               
                  
                     –
                        sets the amount of the fine imposed on the applicant by Article 3 of Decision 2002/271 at EUR 12 276 000;
                     
               
            
            
            
             
               
                  
                     –
                        dismisses the remainder of the application;
                     
               
            
            
            
             
               
                  
                     –
                        orders each party to bear one half of its own costs and to pay one half of the costs incurred by the opposing party.
                     
               
            
            
            
            
             
               2.
                  In Case T-239/01 SGL Carbon v Commission:
                  
               
            
            
            
             
               
                  
                     –
                        sets the amount of the fine imposed on the applicant by Article 3 of Decision 2002/271 at EUR 69 114 000;
                     
               
            
            
            
             
               
                  
                     –
                        dismisses the remainder of the application;
                     
               
            
            
            
             
               
                  
                     –
                        orders the applicant to bear seven eighths of its own costs and to pay seven eighths of the costs incurred by the Commission
                           and the Commission to bear one eighth of its own costs and to pay one eighth of the costs incurred by the applicant.
                        
                     
               
            
            
            
            
             
               3.
                  In Case T-244/01 NipponCarbon v Commission:
                  
               
            
            
            
             
               
                  
                     –
                        sets the amount of the fine imposed on the applicant by Article 3 of Decision 2002/271 at EUR 6 274 400;
                     
               
            
            
            
             
               
                  
                     –
                        dismisses the remainder of the application;
                     
               
            
            
            
             
               
                  
                     –
                        orders each party to bear one half of its own costs and to pay one half of the costs incurred by the opposing party.
                     
               
            
            
            
            
             
               4.
                  In Case T-245/01 Showa Denko v Commission:
                  
               
            
            
            
             
               
                  
                     –
                        sets the amount of the fine imposed on the applicant by Article 3 of Decision 2002/271 at EUR 10 440 000;
                     
               
            
            
            
             
               
                  
                     –
                        dismisses the remainder of the application;
                     
               
            
            
            
             
               
                  
                     –
                        orders the applicant to bear three fifths of its own costs and to pay three fifths of the costs incurred by the Commission
                           and the Commission to bear two fifths of its own costs and to pay two fifths of the costs incurred by the applicant.
                        
                     
               
            
            
            
            
             
               5.
                  In Case T-246/01 GrafTech International, formerly UCAR International v Commission:
                  
               
            
            
            
             
               
                  
                     –
                        sets the amount of the fine imposed on the applicant by Article 3 of Decision 2002/271 at EUR 42 050 000;
                     
               
            
            
            
             
               
                  
                     –
                        dismisses the remainder of the application;
                     
               
            
            
            
             
               
                  
                     –
                        orders the applicant to bear four fifths of its own costs and to pay four fifths of the costs incurred by the Commission and
                           the Commission to bear one fifth of its own costs and to pay one fifth of the costs incurred by the applicant.
                        
                     
               
            
            
            
            
             
               6.
                  In Case T-251/01 SECCorporation v Commission:
                  
               
            
            
            
             
               
                  
                     –
                        sets the amount of the fine imposed on the applicant by Article 3 of Decision 2002/271 at EUR 6 138 000;
                     
               
            
            
            
             
               
                  
                     –
                        dismisses the remainder of the application;
                     
               
            
            
            
             
               
                  
                     –
                        orders each party to bear one half of its own costs and to pay one half of the costs incurred by the opposing party.
                     
               
            
            
            
            
             
               7.
                  In Case T-252/01 TheCarbide/GraphiteGroup v Commission:
                  
               
            
            
            
             
               
                  
                     –
                        sets the amount of the fine imposed on the applicant by Article 3 of Decision 2002/271 at EUR 6 480 000;
                     
               
            
            
            
             
               
                  
                     –
                        dismisses the remainder of the application;
                     
               
            
            
            
             
               
                  
                     –
                        orders the applicant to bear three fifths of its own costs and to pay three fifths of the costs incurred by the Commission
                           and the Commission to bear two fifths of its own costs and to pay two fifths of the costs incurred by the applicant.
                        
                     
               
            
            
            
                  Forwood
               
               
                  Pirrung 
               
               
                  Meij 
               
            
                  
               
               
                  
               
               
                  
               
            
                  
               
               
                  
               
               
                  
               
            
                  
               
               
                  
               
               
                  
               
            
                  
               
               
                  
               
               
                  
               
            
            
            
            
            
            
            
            
         
         
          Delivered in open court in Luxembourg on 29 April 2004.
         
         
         
         
                  H. Jung
               
               
                  J. Pirrung
               
            
         
         
         
                  Registrar
               
               
                  President
               
            
         
            Table des matières
         
         
                  Facts and procedure
                     
               
            
                  Forms of order sought by the parties
                     
               
            
                  Law
                     
               
            
                      
                        A –  Claims for annulment of the Decision in its entirety or of certain findings of fact
                     
               
            
                          
                        1.  The claims for annulment of the Decision in its entirety
                     
               
            
                              
                        a)  Case T-239/01
                     
               
            
                                  
                        The alleged refusal to grant full access to the file
                     
               
            
                                  
                        The allegation that the statement of objections was not definitive
                     
               
            
                                  
                        The allegedly unlawful report of the Hearing Officer
                     
               
            
                              
                        b)  Case T-246/01
                     
               
            
                          
                        2.  The claims for partial annulment of Article 1 of the Decision and of certain findings of fact made in the Decision
                     
               
            
                              
                        a)  The plea alleging, in Case T-239/01, an incorrect finding concerning the implementation of a Central Monitoring System
                     
               
            
                              
                        b)  Plea alleging, in Case T-236/01, an incorrect finding that the cartel operated on a global scale
                     
               
            
                              
                        c)  The plea alleging, in Case T-239/01, incorrect assessment of the duration of the infringement found in the Decision
                     
               
            
                              
                        d)  The pleas alleging, in Case T-244/01, breach of essential procedural requirements owing to the absence of sufficient evidence
                           of Nippon’s participation in the infringement during the period May 1992 to March 1993, and failure to state reasons on that
                           point
                        
                     
               
            
                                  
                        Arguments of the parties
                     
               
            
                                  
                        Findings of the Court
                     
               
            
                      
                        B –  The claims for annulment of Article 3 of the Decision or a reduction in the fines
                     
               
            
                          
                        1.  Pleas alleging breach of the principle prohibiting concurrent sanctions and of the Commission’s obligation to take the
                           fines imposed previously into account, and also failure to state reasons on that point
                        
                     
               
            
                              
                        a)  Arguments of the parties
                     
               
            
                              
                        b)  Findings of the Court
                     
               
            
                          
                        2.  The pleas alleging failure to have regard to the Guidelines, the illegality of the Guidelines and failure to state reasons
                           on that point
                        
                     
               
            
                              
                        a)  Preliminary observations on the legal framework of the fines imposed on the applicants
                     
               
            
                              
                        b)  The starting amounts according to gravity established in the Decision
                     
               
            
                                  
                        Summary of the Decision
                     
               
            
                                  
                        Arguments of the parties
                     
               
            
                                  
                        Findings of the Court
                     
               
            
                                      
                        –  The applicability of the Guidelines for the purpose of determining the turnover to be employed
                     
               
            
                                      
                        –  The turnover used by the Commission in determining the starting amount
                     
               
            
                                      
                        –  The real impact of the cartel on the price increases and on the market shares of certain members of the cartel
                     
               
            
                                      
                        –  The division of the members of the cartel into three categories and the fixing of the respective starting amounts
                     
               
            
                                      
                        –  The ‘deterrent factor’ applied in the Decision
                     
               
            
                                      
                        –  The reasons stated in the Decision
                     
               
            
                              
                        c)  The basic amounts determined in the decision on the basis of the duration of the infringement
                     
               
            
                                  
                        Summary of the Decision
                     
               
            
                                  
                        Case T-239/01
                     
               
            
                                  
                        Case T-246/00
                     
               
            
                                      
                        –  Arguments of the parties
                     
               
            
                                      
                        –  Findings of the Court
                     
               
            
                              
                        d)  Aggravating circumstances
                     
               
            
                                  
                        Summary of the Decision
                     
               
            
                                  
                        Cases T-244/01 and T-251/01
                     
               
            
                                  
                        Cases T-239/01 and T-246/01
                     
               
            
                              
                        e)  Attenuating circumstances
                     
               
            
                                  
                        Summary of the Decision
                     
               
            
                                  
                        Cases T-236/01, T-239/01, T-244/01, T-246/01, T-251/01 and T-252/01
                     
               
            
                                      
                        –  Arguments of the parties
                     
               
            
                                      
                        –  Findings of the Court
                     
               
            
                              
                        f)  The maximum limit of the fines and the ability to pay of certain applicants within the meaning of point 5 of the Guidelines
                     
               
            
                                  
                        Cases T-239/01 and T-245/01
                     
               
            
                                  
                        Cases T-239/01, T-246/01, T-251/01 and T-252/01
                     
               
            
                                      
                        –  Arguments of the parties
                     
               
            
                                      
                        –  Findings of the Court
                     
               
            
                          
                        3.  Pleas alleging failure to comply with the Leniency Notice
                     
               
            
                              
                        a)  Case T-239/01
                     
               
            
                                  
                        Summary of the Decision
                     
               
            
                                  
                        Arguments of the parties
                     
               
            
                                  
                        Findings of the Court
                     
               
            
                              
                        b)  Case T-246/01
                     
               
            
                                  
                        Summary of the Decision
                     
               
            
                                  
                        Arguments of the parties
                     
               
            
                                  
                        Findings of the Court
                     
               
            
                              
                        c)  Case T-252/01
                     
               
            
                                  
                        Summary of the Decision
                     
               
            
                                  
                        Arguments of the parties
                     
               
            
                                  
                        Findings of the Court
                     
               
            
                      
                        C –  The claims in Cases T-239/01 and T-246/01 for annulment of Article 4 of the Decision and of the July and August letters
                     
               
            
                          
                        1.  Arguments of the parties
                     
               
            
                          
                        2.  Findings of the Court
                     
               
            
                  The reopening of the oral procedure
                     
               
            
                  Costs
                     
               
            
      
          1 –
            
            Languages of the case: German and English.
         
      2 –
         
         Confidential information omitted.