CELEX: 62006CJ0050
Language: en
Date: 2007-06-07
Title: Judgment of the Court (Third Chamber) of 7 June 2007. # Commission of the European Communities v Kingdom of the Netherlands. # Failure of a Member State to fulfil obligations - Citizenship of the Union - Freedom of movement for nationals of the Member States -Directive 64/221/EEC - Public policy - National legislation concerning expulsion - Criminal conviction - Expulsion. # Case C-50/06.

Case C-50/06
      Commission of the European Communities
      v
      Kingdom of the Netherlands
      (Failure of a Member State to fulfil obligations – Citizenship of the Union – Freedom of movement for nationals of the Member States – Directive 64/221/EEC – Public policy – National legislation concerning expulsion – Criminal conviction – Expulsion)
      Judgment of the Court (Third Chamber), 7 June 2007 
      Summary of the Judgment
      1.     Freedom of movement for persons – Exceptions – Decisions on the control of aliens – Substantive and procedural safeguards
            – Scope ratione personae 
      (Council Directive 64/221)
      2.     Freedom of movement for persons – Exceptions – Grounds of public policy 
      (Council Directive 64/221)
      1.     An interpretation to the effect that the provisions of Directive 64/221 on the co-ordination of special measures concerning
         the movement and residence of foreign nationals which are justified on grounds of public policy, public security or public
         health apply only to citizens of the Union who are lawfully resident on the territory of the host Member State is not consistent
         with Community law.
      
      The safeguards provided by Directive 64/221 call for a broad interpretation as regards the persons to whom they apply. Member
         States must take all steps to ensure that the safeguard of the provisions of the directive is available to any national of
         another Member State who is subject to a decision ordering expulsion. To exclude from the benefit of those substantive and
         procedural safeguards citizens of the Union who are not lawfully resident on the territory of the host Member State would
         deprive those safeguards of their essential effectiveness.
      
      (see paras 35, 37)
      2.     A Member State which applies to citizens of the Union not Directive 64/221 on the co-ordination of special measures concerning
         the movement and residence of foreign nationals which are justified on grounds of public policy, public security or public
         health but general legislation relating to foreign nationals which makes it possible to establish a systematic and automatic
         connection between a criminal conviction and a measure ordering expulsion fails to fulfil its obligations under Directive
         64/221.
      
      A previous criminal conviction can be taken into account only in so far as the circumstances which gave rise to that conviction
         are evidence of personal conduct constituting a present threat to the requirements of public policy. Reliance by a national
         authority on the concept of public policy presupposes, in any event, the existence, in addition to the perturbation of the
         social order which any infringement of the law involves, of a genuine and sufficiently serious threat to one of the fundamental
         interests of society. Community law also precludes provisions of national law based on a presumption that nationals of other
         Member States who have received a particular sentence for specific offences must be expelled.
      
      (see paras 41, 43-44, 51, operative part)
JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (Third Chamber)
      7 June 2007 (*)
      
      (Failure of a Member State to fulfil obligations – Citizenship of the Union – Freedom of movement for nationals of the Member States –Directive 64/221/EEC – Public policy – National legislation concerning expulsion – Criminal conviction – Expulsion)
      In Case C-50/06,
      ACTION under Article 226 EC for failure to fulfil obligations, brought on 31 January 2006,
      Commission of the European Communities, represented by M. Condou-Durande and R. Troosters, acting as Agents, with an address for service in Luxembourg,
      
      applicant,
      v
      Kingdom of the Netherlands, represented by H.G. Sevenster and M. de Grave, acting as Agents,
      
      defendant,
      THE COURT (Third Chamber),
      composed of A. Rosas (Rapporteur), President of the Chamber, J. Klučka, J.N. Cunha Rodrigues, P. Lindh and A. Arabadjiev,
         Judges,
      
      Advocate General: E. Sharpston,
      Registrar: R. Grass,
      having regard to the written procedure,
      having decided, after hearing the Advocate General, to proceed to judgment without an Opinion,
      gives the following
      Judgment
      1       By its application, the Commission of the European Communities asks the Court to declare that, by not applying to citizens
         of the Union Council Directive 64/221/EEC of 25 February 1964 on the co-ordination of special measures concerning the movement
         and residence of foreign nationals which are justified on grounds of public policy, public security or public health (OJ,
         English Special Edition 1963-1964, p. 117), but by applying to them general legislation relating to foreign nationals which
         makes it possible to establish a systematic and automatic connection between a criminal conviction and a measure ordering
         expulsion, the Kingdom of the Netherlands has failed to fulfil its obligations under that directive.
      
       Legal context
       Community law
      2       Article 18(1) EC provides that every citizen of the Union has the right to move and reside freely within the territory of
         the Member States, subject to the limitations and conditions laid down in the EC Treaty and by the measures adopted to give
         it effect.
      
      3       Article 1 of Directive 64/221 provides that the directive is to apply to any national of a Member State who resides in or
         travels to another Member State of the Community, either in order to pursue an activity as an employed or self-employed person,
         or as a recipient of services. The provisions of the directive are to apply also to the spouse and to the members of the family
         of such a national, to the extent to which they come within the provisions of the regulations and directives adopted in this
         field in pursuance of the Treaty. 
      
      4       Article 2 of Directive 64/221 provides that the directive relates to all measures concerning entry into their territory, issue
         or renewal of residence permits, or expulsion from their territory, taken by Member States on grounds of public policy, public
         security or public health. 
      
      5       Article 3(1) and (2) of the directive provide that:
      ‘1. Measures taken on grounds of public policy or of public security shall be based exclusively on the personal conduct of
         the individual concerned. 
      
      2. Previous criminal convictions shall not in themselves constitute grounds for the taking of such measures.’
      6       According to Article 8 of Directive 64/221, the person concerned is to have the same legal remedies in respect of any decision
         concerning entry, or refusing the issue or renewal of a residence permit, or ordering expulsion from the territory, as are
         available to nationals of the State concerned in respect of acts of the administration.
      
      7       The purpose of Article 9 of the directive is to provide minimum procedural safeguards for nationals of Member States refused
         issue or renewal of a residence permit, or whose expulsion from the territory has been ordered.
      
       National legislation
      8       Article 1 of the Law on Foreign Nationals (Vreemdelingenwet) of 23 November 2000 (Stb. 2000, No 495) provides:
      ‘In this law and in the provisions which are based upon it, the following definitions apply:
      …
      (e)      Community nationals:
      1. nationals of the Member States of the European Union who, under the Treaty establishing the European Community, are entitled
         to enter and reside on the territory of another Member State;
      
      2. members of the families of the persons referred to in subparagraph 1 who are nationals of a third State and who, on the
         basis of a decision taken in application of the Treaty establishing the European Community, are entitled to enter and reside
         on the territory of a Member State;
      
      …
      (m)      Foreign national: 
      any person who does not hold Netherlands nationality and who by law is not entitled to be treated as a Netherlands national.’
      9       Under Article 8(e) of that law, foreign nationals are not lawfully resident in the Netherlands as Community nationals except
         where their residence is based on a rule adopted under the Treaty or under the Agreement on the European Economic Area of
         2 May 1992 (OJ 1994 L 1, p. 3).
      
      10     Article 63 of the Law on Foreign Nationals provides that a foreign national who is not lawfully resident in the Netherlands
         and who has not voluntarily left the Netherlands within the period laid down by that law may be expelled, pursuant to Article
         27(1)(b) or Article 45(1)(b) of that law. 
      
      11     In accordance with Article 67 of that law:
      ‘1. A foreign national may be declared undesirable by our minister:
      (a)      if he is not lawfully resident in the Netherlands and if he has repeatedly committed acts punishable under this law;
      (b)      if he has been convicted by a judgment which has become final for offences in respect of which he is liable to a sentence
         of imprisonment of three years or more or if he is the subject of a measure of the kind provided for in Article 37a of the
         Wetboek van Strafrecht (Netherlands Criminal Code);
      
      (c)      if he represents a danger to the requirements of public policy or national security and if he is not lawfully resident in
         the Netherlands for the purposes of paragraphs (a) to (e) of Article 8 or paragraph (l) thereof;
      
      (d)      pursuant to a treaty; or
      (e)      in the interests of the international relations of the Netherlands.
      …
      3. By derogation from Article 8, a foreign national who has been declared undesirable cannot be lawfully resident [in the
         Netherlands].’
      
      12     That article reproduces, in substance, the terms of Article 21 of the Law on Foreign Nationals of 1965, to which the Commission
         refers in its application.
      
      13     Article 1:5, paragraph 1, of the Decree on Foreign Nationals (Vreemdelingenbesluit) of 23 November 2000 (Stb. 2000, No 497)
         provides as follows:
      
      ‘In respect of a decision on an objection or on an administrative appeal, our minister will seek the opinion of the Advisory
         Board for matters concerning foreign nationals …, if the contested decision refuses a Community national entry to the Netherlands
         or if it is declared that a Community national is not lawfully resident in the country for the purposes of Article 8(e) of
         the law or if such lawful residence is terminated on grounds relating to a threat to the requirements of public policy, public
         security or public health within the meaning of Directive 64/221 …’
      
      14     Article 8:13 of that decree states:
      ‘1. A Community national shall not be expelled for as long as it is not clear that the person concerned does not enjoy a right
         of residence or that his right of residence has lapsed.
      
      2. A foreign national who is a national of one of the contracting States to the Treaty establishing the European Community
         or to the Agreement on the European Economic Area, or a member of his family, and who does not enjoy a right of residence
         as a Community national, or whose right of residence has lapsed, shall be expelled only after a period of at least four weeks
         has been granted to him to leave for a country, other than the Netherlands, into which he is guaranteed entry.
      
      3. The expulsion of the foreign national referred to in paragraph 2 may not be carried out before a decision has been taken
         on any objection lodged within the prescribed period to a decision for the purposes of paragraph 2. 
      
      4. It is possible to derogate from paragraphs 2 and 3 in urgent cases.’
      15     Point B10/7.3.2 of the Circular on Foreign Nationals (Vreemdelingencirculaire) (Stcrt. 2000, No 64, p. 17) provides that nationals
         of the Union and members of their families who are lawfully resident in the Netherlands may be expelled only by the minister
         (Article 63(2) of the Law on Foreign Nationals). The safeguards provided by Articles 1:5 and 8:13 of the Decree on Foreign
         Nationals must be taken into account in that context. On the other hand, with regard to nationals and members of their families
         who are not or who are no longer lawfully resident in the country in accordance with Community law or with any other rule,
         point B10/7.3.1 of the circular provides that the general rules relating to departure and expulsion apply, that is Articles
         61 to 65 of the Law on Foreign Nationals.
      
      16     The Law on Foreign Nationals, the Decree on Foreign Nationals and the Circular on Foreign Nationals entered into force on
         1 April 2001.
      
       Pre-litigation procedure
      17     A number of Union citizens who were sentenced to imprisonment in the Netherlands complained to the Commission about measures
         taken against them by the Netherlands authorities declaring them undesirable on public policy grounds. After examining those
         complaints, the Commission concluded that the general legislation of the Netherlands relating to foreign nationals, which
         is equally applicable to nationals of other Member States, was not, as concerns citizens of the Union, consistent with Directive
         64/221, in so far as it made it possible to establish a systematic and automatic connection between a criminal conviction
         and a measure ordering expulsion from the territory. As a result, on 19 December 2002, the Commission sent a letter of formal
         notice to the Kingdom of the Netherlands, inviting it to submit its observations. 
      
      18     In its reply of 6 March 2003, the Netherlands Government disputes the Commission’s complaint. Citizens of the Union who do
         not enjoy a right of residence under Community law provisions do not fall within the scope of Directive 64/221. They are subject
         on that assumption to the provisions of national law. This is the case in particular for nationals of other Member States
         who do not provide evidence of their nationality by means of a valid passport or identity card. The same applies to nationals
         of other Member States, such as the complainants, who have been reliant on public funds in the Netherlands, since that circumstance
         automatically entails the loss of the right of residence.
      
      19     The Netherlands Government also submits that the national authorities are not under an obligation to expel foreign nationals
         who have been convicted of a criminal offence, but that they retain a discretion which allows them to balance the various
         interests in question. The family situation of the person concerned is taken into account before the expulsion order is made.
         
      
      20     As that reply did not convince the Commission, it sent a reasoned opinion to the Kingdom of the Netherlands, on 9 July 2004,
         reiterating the complaint made in the letter of formal notice and inviting it to take the measures necessary to comply with
         the opinion within a period of two months from the date of its notification.
      
      21     Since the Netherlands Government in its reply of 24 September 2004 to the reasoned opinion essentially maintained its previous
         position, the Commission decided to bring the present action. 
      
      The action
       Admissibility
      22     In its defence, the Kingdom of the Netherlands raises an objection of inadmissibility, based on the extension of the subject-matter
         of the action. 
      
      23     According to the Netherlands Government, the Commission in its letter of formal notice of 19 December 2002 and its reasoned
         opinion of 9 July 2004 criticises it only for applying to citizens of the Union not the provisions of Directive 64/221 but
         general legislation relating to foreign nationals which makes it possible to establish a systematic and automatic connection
         between a criminal conviction and a measure ordering expulsion. On the other hand, in its application, the Commission argues
         in a general way that that legislation is not consistent with Community law on the ground that it fails to distinguish between,
         on the one hand, foreign nationals in general and, on the other hand, nationals of other Member States, Moreover, it complains
         that the defendant failed to transpose Directive 64/221 correctly into national law. 
      
      24     In its reply, the Commission asserts that its action is concerned only with the systematic and automatic connection which
         the legislation in question makes it possible to establish between a criminal conviction and a measure ordering expulsion
         from the national territory in respect of citizens of the Union. 
      
      25     That assertion is borne out by the wording of the form of order sought in the application initiating proceedings by which
         the Commission claims that the Court should declare that, by not applying Directive 64/221 to citizens of the Union but by
         applying to them general legislation relating to foreign nationals which makes it possible to establish a systematic and automatic
         connection between a criminal conviction and a measure ordering expulsion, the Kingdom of the Netherlands has failed to fulfil
         its obligations under that directive.
      
      26     In those circumstances, the Netherlands Government cannot complain that the Commission extended the subject-matter of the
         action as defined by the pre-litigation procedure. 
      
      27     The objection of inadmissibility must therefore be rejected.
       Substance
      28     As indicated in paragraph 25 of this judgment, the Commission complains that the Kingdom of the Netherlands has failed to
         fulfil its obligations under Directive 64/221 by applying to citizens of the Union not the provisions of that directive but
         general legislation relating to foreign nationals which makes it possible to establish a systematic and automatic connection
         between a criminal conviction and a measure ordering expulsion. 
      
      29     The Commission submits that every citizen of the Union must be able to rely on the substantive and procedural safeguards provided
         for by Directive 64/221, irrespective of his situation with regard to the right of residence. Under Article 3 of that directive,
         the expulsion of such a citizen on grounds of public policy must be based on his personal conduct and may not be justified
         by previous criminal convictions in themselves. According to settled case-law, Member States may expel nationals of other
         Member States on such grounds only where the person concerned represents a genuine and sufficiently serious threat affecting
         one of the fundamental interests of the society in question. 
      
      30     According to the Commission, the Kingdom of the Netherlands has failed to fulfil its obligations under Directive 64/221 even
         if it can be shown that the general legislation of the Netherlands relating to foreign nationals does not provide for automatic
         expulsions and that a balancing of the various interests at stake is carried out in that context. It cannot be ruled out that
         the national authorities presume that foreign nationals convicted of a criminal offence must be expelled, unless special circumstances
         dictate otherwise. 
      
      31     The questions to be examined are therefore, first, whether citizens of the Union may rely on the safeguards provided by Directive
         64/221 independently of their status as residents and, second, the supposed systematic and automatic connection which the
         legislation in question makes it possible to establish between a criminal conviction and a measure ordering expulsion.
      
      32     It should be recalled, first of all, that the status of citizen of the Union is destined to be the fundamental status of nationals
         of the Member States (Case C-184/99 Grzelczyk [2001] ECR I-6193, paragraphs 30 and 31, and Case C-209/03 Bidar [2005] ECR I-2119, paragraph 31). Under Article 18(1) EC, every citizen of the Union has the right to move and reside freely
         within the territory of the Member States. A national of a Member State who does not enjoy a right of residence in the host
         Member State as a result of other provisions of the Treaty or of provisions adopted to give it effect may, simply by virtue
         of being a citizen of the Union, enjoy a right of residence there in direct application of that article (see, to that effect,
         Case C-413/99 Baumbast and R [2002] ECR I-7091, paragraph 84, and Case C-456/02 Trojani [2004] ECR I-7573, paragraph 31).
      
      33     That right is not however unconditional. Article 18(1) EC provides that it is conferred only subject to the limitations and
         conditions laid down in the Treaty and by the measures adopted to give it effect (see in particular Trojani, paragraphs 31 and 32, and Case C-406/04 De Cuyper [2006] ECR I-6947, paragraph 36). 
      
      34     Among the limitations and conditions laid down or authorised by Community law, Directive 64/221 permits Member States to expel
         nationals of other Member States from their territory on grounds of public policy or public security, subject to compliance
         with the substantive and procedural safeguards laid down by that directive and with the general principles of Community law
         (see to that effect Case C-459/99 MRAX [2002] ECR I-6591, paragraphs 61 and 62, and Case C-503/03 Commission v Spain [2006] ECR I-1097, paragraphs 43 and 44).
      
      35     As is apparent from the case-law, the safeguards provided by Directive 64/221 call for a broad interpretation as regards the
         persons to whom they apply (see to that effect MRAX, paragraph 101). Member States must take all steps to ensure that the safeguard of the provisions of the directive is available
         to any national of another Member State who is subject to a decision ordering expulsion (see to that effect Case C‑136/03
         Dörr and Ünal [2005] ECR I-4759, paragraph 49). To exclude from the benefit of those substantive and procedural safeguards citizens of
         the Union who are not lawfully resident on the territory of the host Member State would deprive those safeguards of their
         essential effectiveness. 
      
      36     That interpretation is borne out by the judgment in MRAX, in which the Court held that a national of a non-member State who is a member of the family of a Community national, but
         who does not fulfil the conditions necessary for lawful residence, must be able to rely on the procedural safeguards provided
         for by Directive 64/221.
      
      37     It must therefore be held that an interpretation to the effect that the provisions of Directive 64/221 apply only to citizens
         of the Union who are lawfully resident on the territory of the host Member State is not consistent with Community law. 
      
      38     As regards next the question of the systematic and automatic connection which the general Netherlands legislation relating
         to foreign nationals makes it possible to establish, in respect of citizens of the Union, between, on the one hand, a criminal
         conviction and, on the other hand, a measure ordering expulsion from the territory, it should be pointed out that under Article
         67 of the Law on Foreign Nationals, read in conjunction with Article 1(m) of that law, a foreign national, that is anyone
         who does not have Netherlands nationality, may be declared undesirable by the competent Netherlands authorities if inter alia
         he has been convicted by a judgment which has become final for offences in respect of which he is liable to a sentence of
         imprisonment of three years or more.
      
      39     While it is true that, under the legislation in question, as interpreted by the Circular on Foreign Nationals, the safeguards
         provided for in Articles 1:5 and 8:13 of the Decree on Foreign Nationals must be taken into account in the case of nationals
         of the Union and members of their families, the fact remains that that rule applies only to persons who are lawfully resident
         in the Netherlands.
      
      40     Since Directive 64/221 applies also to citizens of the Union who are not lawfully resident in the territory of the host Member
         State, such persons may be expelled on grounds of public policy or public security only within the strict limitations laid
         down by the directive. 
      
      41     Under Article 3(1) of Directive 64/221, measures taken on grounds of public policy or of public security are to be based exclusively
         on the conduct of the person concerned. Article 3(2) specifies that previous criminal convictions are not in themselves to
         constitute grounds for the taking of such measures. A previous criminal conviction can therefore be taken into account only
         in so far as the circumstances which gave rise to that conviction are evidence of personal conduct constituting a present
         threat to the requirements of public policy (see inter alia Case 30/77 Bouchereau [1977] ECR 1999, paragraph 28; Case C-348/96 Calfa [1999] ECR I-11, paragraph 24; Commission v Spain, cited above, paragraph 44, and Case C-441/02 Commission v Germany [2006] ECR I-3449, paragraph 33).
      
      42     The Court has always emphasised that the public policy exception constitutes a derogation from the fundamental principle of
         freedom of movement for persons, which must be interpreted strictly and the scope of which cannot be determined unilaterally
         by the Member States (Case 36/75 Rutili [1975] ECR 1219, paragraph 27; Bouchereau, paragraph 33; Calfa, paragraph 23; Joined Cases C-482/01 and C-493/01 Orfanopoulos and Oliveri [2004] ECR I-5257, paragraphs 64 and 65; Commission v Spain, cited above, paragraph 45, and Case C-441/02 Commission v Germany, paragraph 34).
      
      43     According to settled case-law, reliance by a national authority on the concept of public policy presupposes, in any event,
         the existence, in addition to the perturbation of the social order which any infringement of the law involves, of a genuine
         and sufficiently serious threat to one of the fundamental interests of society (Rutili, paragraph 28; Bouchereau, paragraph 35; Orfanopoulos and Oliveri, paragraph 66; Commission v Spain, cited above, paragraph 46, and Commission v Germany, cited above, paragraph 35). 
      
      44     According to the Court, Community law also precludes provisions of national law based on a presumption that nationals of other
         Member States who have received a particular sentence for specific offences must be expelled (see Orfanopoulos and Oliveri, paragraph 93).
      
      45     Although it is not possible to ascertain in this case whether there is under the general Netherlands legislation relating
         to foreign nationals an absolutely automatic connection between, on the one hand, a criminal conviction and, on the other
         hand, a measure ordering expulsion from the territory, the fact remains that that legislation makes it possible to expel from
         the territory of the Kingdom of the Netherlands citizens of the Union who have been convicted of an offence, without regard
         to the substantive and procedural safeguards provided by Directive 64/221. It cannot be ruled out that a decision to expel
         such a person would be taken, in spite of family considerations being taken into account, without regard either to their personal
         conduct or to whether there exists a genuine and sufficiently serious threat to the requirements of public policy.
      
      46     It must therefore be held that the general Netherlands legislation relating to foreign nationals makes it possible to establish
         a systematic and automatic connection between a criminal conviction and a measure ordering expulsion in respect of citizens
         of the Union. 
      
      47     Finally, the Netherlands Government indicates in its defence that it has reconsidered its position in the light of the later
         case-law of the Court. It accepts that every citizen of the Union falls within the scope of Directive 64/221 and must be able
         to enjoy the substantive and procedural safeguards it lays down. According to that Government, national legislation should
         be made consistent with Community law in the course of the transposition into national law of Directive 2004/38/EC of the
         European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to
         move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States, amending Regulation (EEC) No 1612/68 and repealing Directives
         64/221/EEC, 68/360/EEC, 72/194/EEC, 73/148/EEC, 75/34/EEC, 75/35/EEC, 90/364/EEC, 90/365/EEC and 93/96/EEC (OJ 2004 L 158,
         p. 77, and Corrigendum OJ 2004 L 229, p. 35). 
      
      48     Suffice it in that regard to point out that the question whether a Member State has failed to fulfil its obligations must
         be determined by reference to the situation prevailing in the Member State at the end of the period laid down in the reasoned
         opinion and that the Court cannot take account of any subsequent changes (see, inter alia, Case C-200/88 Commission v Greece [1990] ECR I-4299, paragraph 13; judgment of 14 April 2005 in Case C-22/04 Commission v Greece, not published in the ECR, paragraph 19, and Case C-433/03 Commission v Germany [2005] ECR I-6985, paragraph 32).
      
      49     In this case, it is common ground that the Kingdom of the Netherlands had not adopted the measures necessary to end the alleged
         failure to fulfil its obligations by the expiry of the period laid down in the reasoned opinion.
      
      50     Having regard to the foregoing considerations, the action brought by the Commission is well founded.
      51     It must therefore be declared that, by not applying Directive 64/221 to citizens of the Union, but by applying to them general
         legislation relating to foreign nationals which makes it possible to establish a systematic and automatic connection between
         a criminal conviction and a measure ordering expulsion, the Kingdom of the Netherlands has failed to fulfil its obligations
         under that directive.
      
       Costs
      52     Under Article 69(2) of the Rules of Procedure, the unsuccessful party is to be ordered to pay the costs if they have been
         applied for in the successful party’s pleadings. Since the Commission has applied for costs and the Netherlands has been unsuccessful,
         the latter must be ordered to pay the costs.
      
      On those grounds, the Court (Third Chamber) hereby:
      1.      Declares that, by not applying to citizens of the Union Council Directive 64/221/EEC of 25 February 1964 on the co-ordination
            of special measures concerning the movement and residence of foreign nationals which are justified on grounds of public policy,
            public security or public health, but by applying to them general legislation relating to foreign nationals which makes it
            possible to establish a systematic and automatic connection between a criminal conviction and a measure ordering expulsion,
            the Kingdom of the Netherlands has failed to fulfil its obligations under that directive;
      2.      Orders the Kingdom of the Netherlands to pay the costs.
      [Signatures]
      * Language of the case: Dutch.