CELEX: 62001CJ0222
Language: en
Date: 2004-04-29
Title: Judgment of the Court (Fifth Chamber) of 29 April 2004. # British American Tobacco Manufacturing BV v Hauptzollamt Krefeld. # Reference for a preliminary ruling: Bundesfinanzhof - Germany. # Free movement of goods - External Community transit - Temporary removal of transit and transport documents - Breaking of seals and partial unloading of the goods - Removal of goods from customs supervision - Incurring of a customs debt on importation - Unsuspected presence of undercover customs agents - Special circumstances justifying the remission or repayment of import duties - Responsibility of the principal in the case of deception or obvious negligence on the part of persons engaged by him. # Case C-222/01.

Case C-222/01
      British American Tobacco Manufacturing BV
      v
      Hauptzollamt Krefeld
      (Reference for a preliminary ruling from the Bundesfinanzhof)
      (Free movement of goods – External Community transit – Temporary removal of transit and transport documents – Breaking of seals and partial unloading of the goods – Removal of goods from customs supervision – Incurring of a customs debt on importation – Unsuspected presence of undercover customs agents – Special circumstances justifying the remission or repayment of import duties – Responsibility of the principal in the case of deception or obvious negligence on the part of persons engaged by him)
      Summary of the Judgment
      1.        Preliminary rulings – Jurisdiction of the Court – Limits – Interpretation sought owing to the applicability of provisions
            of Community law to an internal situation as a result of a reference made by national law – Admissibility
      (Art. 234 EC)
      2.        Customs union – Incurrence of a customs debt on importation following removal from customs supervision of goods liable to
            import duty – Meaning of removal – Temporary removal of T 1 transit document preventing its presentation at any possible requisition,
            even if not actually demanded – Included
      (Council Regulations Nos 222/77, Arts 12, 13, 19(1) and 20, and 2144/87, Art. 2(1)(c))
      3.        Own resources of the European Communities – Repayment or remission of import or export duties – ‘Special situation’ – Meaning
            – Infringement of Community transit system originating in the conduct of an undercover customs agent – Included – Conditions
            – Deception or obvious negligence on the part of persons whom the principal has engaged to carry out obligations – Fact not
            in itself excluding repayment
      (Council Regulations Nos 222/77, Art. 13(a) and 1430/79, Art. 13(1))
      1.        Questions referred for a preliminary ruling are not inadmissible where referred in a context in which the Community rules
         to be interpreted apply only by virtue of a reference made by domestic law, since, where, in relation to purely internal situations,
         domestic legislation adopts solutions which are consistent with those adopted in Community law in order, in particular, to
         ensure a single procedure in comparable situations, it is clearly in the Community interest that, in order to forestall future
         differences of interpretation, provisions or concepts taken from Community law should be interpreted uniformly, irrespective
         of the circumstances in which they are to apply.
      
      (see para. 40)
      2.        In so far as the temporary removal of the T 1 transit document from the goods to which it relates prevents the presentation
         of that document at any possible requisition by the customs service, such a removal constitutes a removal of those goods from
         customs supervision within the meaning of Article 2(1)(c) of Regulation No 2144/87, which provides that a customs debt is
         incurred in such a case, even if the customs authorities have not demanded presentation of the document or established that
         it could not have been presented to them without considerable delay.
      
      (see para. 56, operative part 1)
      3.        The fact that infringements of the Community transit system originate in the conduct of an undercover agent belonging to the
         customs services constitutes a special situation within the meaning of Article 13(1) of Regulation No 1430/79, which may,
         in appropriate cases, justify the remission or repayment of duties paid by the principal, provided no deception or obvious
         negligence may be attributed to him.
      
      Deception or obvious negligence on the part of persons whom the principal has engaged to carry out obligations contracted
         under that system does not, in itself, exclude repayment to the principal of duties incurred as a result of the removal of
         goods placed under that system from customs supervision, provided no deception or obvious negligence is attributable to the
         principal.
      
      (see paras 66, 73, operative part 2-3)

      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
            
            JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (Fifth Chamber)29 April 2004(1)
         
         
               (Free movement of goods  –  External Community transit  –  Temporary removal of transit and transport documents  –  Breaking of seals and partial unloading of the goods  –  Removal of goods from customs supervision  –  Incurring of a customs debt on importation  –  Unsuspected presence of undercover customs agents  –  Special circumstances justifying the remission or repayment of import duties  –  Responsibility of the principal in the case of deception or obvious negligence on the part of persons engaged by him)
               
             In Case C-222/01,
             REFERENCE to the Court under Article 234 EC by the Bundesfinanzhof (Germany) for a preliminary ruling in the proceedings pending
            before that court between 
            
            
            
            British American Tobacco Manufacturing BV
            
            and
            
            Hauptzollamt Krefeld,
            
             on the interpretation of the Community rules concerning the incurring, remission and repayment of a customs debt,
            
            THE COURT (Fifth Chamber),,
            
             composed of: C.W.A. Timmermans (Rapporteur), acting for the President of the  Fifth Chamber,  A. La Pergola and S. von Bahr,
            Judges, 
            
             Advocate General: A. Tizzano,Registrar: M.-F. Contet, Principal Administrator,
            
            
            after considering the written observations submitted on behalf of:
               
               –
                British American Tobacco Manufacturing BV,  by H. Glashoff, Steuerberater,
               
               –
                the Commission of the European Communities,  J.-C. Schieferer, acting as Agent,
               
               
            
            
            
            
            after hearing the oral observations of  British American Tobacco Manufacturing BV and the Commission  at the hearing on 6
               February 2003,
            
            
            after hearing the Opinion of the Advocate General at the sitting on  26 June 2003,
         gives the following
         
         
         Judgment
         1
            
          By order of 24 April 2001, received at the Court on 5 June 2001, the Bundesfinanzhof referred to the Court for a preliminary
         ruling under Article 234 EC three questions on the interpretation of the Community rules concerning the incurring, remission
         and repayment of a customs debt. 
         
         
         
         2
            
          Those questions arose in a dispute between British American Tobacco Manufacturing BV (‘BAT’) and the Hauptzollamt Krefeld
         (‘the Hauptzollamt’) concerning the refusal by the latter of BAT’s application for repayment of excise duties levied by reason
         of presumed breaches of the Community transit system. 
         
         
            
               Community law background
            The rules on Community transit
         
         3
            
          Council Regulation (EEC) No 222/77 of 13 December 1976 on Community transit (OJ 1977 L 38, p. 1), most recently amended by
         Council Regulation (EEC) No 474/90 of 22 February 1990 (OJ 1990 L 51, p. 1) (hereinafter referred to as ‘Regulation No 222/77’),
         provides in Article 11:
         ‘For the purposes of this Regulation: 
         (a)    “principal”
          means the person who, in person or through an authorised representative, requests permission, in a declaration in accordance
         with the required customs formalities, to carry out a Community transit operation and thereby makes himself responsible to
         the competent authorities for the execution of the operation in accordance with the rules;
         …
         (c)    “office of departure”
          means the customs office where the Community transit operation begins;
         …
         (e)    “office of destination”
          means the customs office where the goods must be produced to complete the Community transit operation;
         …’
         
         
         
         4
            
          According to Article 12(1), (4) and (6) of Regulation No 222/77:
         ‘1.     Any goods that are to be carried under the procedure for external Community transit shall be covered, in accordance with the
         conditions laid down in this Regulation, by a T 1 declaration. …
         …
          4.       The T 1 declaration shall be signed by the person who requests permission to effect an external Community transit operation
         or by his authorised representative, and at least three copies of it shall be produced at the office of departure.
         …
          6.       The T 1 declaration shall be accompanied by the transport document.
          The office of departure may dispense with production of this document during the customs formalities. However, the transport
         document must be produced whenever required by the customs authorities in the course of carriage.’
         
         
         
         5
            
          Under Article 13 of Regulation No 222/77, ‘the principal shall be responsible for:
         (a)     the production of the goods intact at the office of destination within the prescribed time-limit and with due observance of
         the measures adopted by the competent authorities to ensure identification;
         (b)     the observance of the provisions relating to the Community transit procedure and to transit in each of the Member States in
         the territory of which carriage of the goods is effected.’
         
         
         
         6
            
          Article 17(1) of Regulation No 222/77 provides:
         ‘The office of departure shall register the T 1 declaration, prescribe the period within which the goods must be produced
         at the office of destination, and take such measures for identification as it considers necessary.’ 
         
         
         
         7
            
          Article 18(1) and (4) of Regulation No 222/77 provides:
         ‘1.     As a general rule, identification of the goods shall be ensured by sealing. 
         …
          4.       The office of departure may dispense with sealing if, having regard to other possible measures of identification, the description
         of the goods in the T 1 declaration or in the supplementary documents makes them readily identifiable.’
         
         
         
         8
            
          According to Article 19(1):
         ‘The copies of the T 1 document delivered to the principal or to his representative by the office of departure must accompany
         the goods.’ 
         
         
         
         9
            
          Article 20 states:
         ‘Copies of the T 1 document shall be produced in each Member State as required by the customs authorities, who may satisfy
         themselves that the seals are unbroken. The goods shall not be inspected unless some irregularity is suspected which could
         result in abuse.’
         
         
         
         10
            
          Article 25(1) provides:
         ‘If seals are broken in the course of carriage without the carrier so intending, he shall, as soon as possible, request that
         a certified report be drawn up in the Member State in which the means of transport is located, by the customs authority if
         there is one nearby or, if not, by any other competent authority. The authority concerned shall, if possible, affix new seals.’
         
         
         
         11
            
          Finally, under Article 36(1) of Regulation No 222/77:
         ‘When it is found that, in the course of a Community transit operation, an offence or irregularity has been committed in a
         particular Member State, the recovery of duties or other charges which may be chargeable shall be effected by that Member
         State in accordance with its provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action, without prejudice to the institution
         of criminal proceedings.’
         
         
         
         12
            
          Regulation No 222/77 came into force on 1 July 1977, and was repealed with effect from 1 January 1993 pursuant to Articles
         46 and 47 of Council Regulation (EEC) No 2726/90 of 17 September 1990 on Community transit (OJ 1990 L 262, p. 1). However,
         by the effect of the first paragraph of Article 129 of Commission Regulation (EEC) No 1214/92 of 21 April 1992 on provisions
         for the implementation of the Community transit procedure and for certain simplifications of that procedure (OJ 1992 L 132,
         p. 1), carriage operations begun before 1 January 1993 are to be continued after that date under the conditions laid down
         by Regulation No 222/77 and the rules enacted for its implementation.
         
         The rules on the incurring and extinction of customs debt
         
         13
            
          Article 1(2)(a) of Council Regulation (EEC) No 2144/87 of 13 July 1987 on customs debt (OJ 1987 L 201, p. 15) defines the
         latter as ‘the obligation on a person to pay the amount of the import duties (customs debt on importation) or export duties
         (customs debt on exportation) which apply under the provisions in force to goods liable to such duties’.
         
         
         
         14
            
          According to Article 2(1)(c) and (d) of Regulation No 2144/87, ‘a customs debt on importation shall be incurred by:
         …
         (c)     the removal of goods liable to import duties from the customs supervision involved in the temporary storage of the goods or
         their being placed under a customs procedure which involves customs supervision;
         (d)     the non-fulfilment of one of the obligations arising, in respect of goods liable to import duties, from their temporary storage
         or from the use of the customs procedure under which they are placed, or non-compliance with a condition to which the placing
         of the goods under that procedure is subject, unless it is established that these failures have no significant effect on the
         correct operation of the temporary storage or customs procedure in question.’
         
         
         
         15
            
          Article 3(c) and (d) of Regulation No 2144/87 provides:
         ‘The moment when a customs debt on importation is incurred shall be deemed to be: 
         …
         (c)     in the cases referred to in Article 2(1)(c), the moment when the goods are removed from customs supervision;
         (d)     in the cases referred to in Article 2(1)(d), either the moment when the obligation, non-fulfilment of which causes the customs
         debt to be incurred, ceases to be met, or the moment when the goods were placed under the customs procedure concerned where
         it is established subsequently that a condition governing the placing of the goods under the said procedure was not in fact
         fulfilled;
         …’
         
         
         
         16
            
          Finally, under Article 8(1) of Regulation No 2144/87:
         ‘Without prejudice to the provisions in force concerning the withdrawal of action to recover the amount of a customs debt
         in the event of the time bar for that debt having lapsed, and also concerning the non-recovery of such amounts due to the
         establishment by judicial process of the insolvency of the debtor, a customs debt shall be extinguished: 
         (a)     by payment of the amount of the import or export duties payable on the goods in question or, where appropriate, by remission
         of that amount pursuant to the Community provisions in force;
         (b)     by confiscation of the goods. …’
         
         The rules on the determination of the persons liable for payment of a customs debt
         
         17
            
          Article 4 of Council Regulation (EEC) No 1031/88 of 18 April 1988 determining the persons liable for payment of a customs
         debt (OJ 1988 L 102, p. 5) provides:
         ‘1. Where a customs debt has been incurred pursuant to Article 2(1)(c) of Regulation (EEC) No 2144/87, the person who removed
         the goods from customs supervision shall be liable for payment of such debt. 
          Under the provisions in force in the Member States, the following shall also be jointly and severally liable for payment of
         such debt:
         (a)     any persons who participated in the removal of the goods from customs supervision and any persons who acquired or held them;
         (b)     any other persons who are liable by reason of such removal.
          2.       The person required to fulfil, in respect of goods liable to import duties, the obligations arising from their temporary storage,
         or from the use of the customs procedure under which they have been placed, shall also be jointly and severally liable for
         payment of the customs debt.’
         
         
         
         18
            
          Article 5 of Regulation No 1031/88 provides:
         ‘Where a customs debt has been incurred pursuant to Article 2(1)(d) of Regulation (EEC) No 2144/87, the person who is required,
         according to the circumstances, either to fulfil the obligations arising, in respect of goods liable to import duties, from
         their temporary storage or from the use of the customs procedure under which they have been placed or to comply with the conditions
         to which the placing of the goods under that procedure is subject, shall be liable for payment of such debt.’
         
         The rules on repayment or remission of import or export duties
         
         19
            
          Article 1(2)(c) and (d) of Council Regulation (EEC) No 1430/79 of 2 July 1979 on the repayment or remission of import or export
         duties (OJ 1979 L 175, p. 1), as amended by Council Regulation (EEC) No 3069/86 of 7 October 1986 (OJ 1986 L 286, p. 1) (hereinafter
         referred to as ‘Regulation No 1430/79’) provides:
         ‘For the purposes of this regulation:
         …
         (c)    “repayment” means the total or partial refund of import or export duties which have been paid;
         (d)    “remission” means the complete or partial waiving of import or export duties which have been entered in the accounts of the
         authority responsible for their collection but which have not yet been paid’.
         
         
         
         20
            
          Article 2(1) of Regulation No 1430/79 provides:
         ‘Import duties shall be repaid or remitted in so far as the competent authorities are satisfied that the amount of such duties
         entered in the accounts: 
         
         
         
          
         –
            relates to goods in respect of which a customs debt has either not arisen or has been settled other than by payment or prescription,
         
         
         
         
          
         –
            exceeds for any reason the amount lawfully payable.’
         
         
         
         
         
         21
            
          Finally, in accordance with Article 13(1) of the same regulation:
         ‘Import duties may be repaid or remitted in special situations other than those referred to in Sections A to D, which result
         from circumstances in which no deception or obvious negligence may be attributed to the person concerned.
          The situations in which the first subparagraph may be applied, and the detailed procedural arrangements to be followed for
         this purpose, shall be determined in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 25. Repayment or remission may be
         made subject to special conditions.’
         
         National legal background
         
         22
            
          Article 10(1) of the Tabaksteuergesetz 1980 (Law concerning Excise Duties on Tobacco, of 13 December 1979, BGBl. 1979 I, 2118,
         in the version which applied at the time of the facts in the main proceedings; ‘the TabStG’) provided:
         ‘Where tobacco products or cigarette paper are imported into the territory in which the tax is levied, the provisions for
         customs duties shall apply mutatis mutandis to the incurrence of tax and the date which is relevant for its assessment, to
         the identity of the person liable to pay the tax, personal liability, additional tax in the event of failure to comply with
         tax rules, the taxation procedure, and, where the tax is not paid through the use of revenue stamps, to the time of payment,
         deferment of payment, remission and repayment. This shall apply even where customs duties are not to be levied.’
         
         The dispute in the main proceedings and the questions referred
         
         23
            
          On 9 July 1992, Rothmans Manufacturing BV (‘Rothmans’), a company established in Zevenaar (Netherlands), on the instructions
         of a Swiss company in the group to which it also belongs, arranged for a consignment of 11 000 000 ‘Golden American’ brand
         cigarettes to be cleared under the external Community transit procedure. The time-limit within which the goods had to be presented
         to the customs authorities again was fixed by the office of departure – the Zevenaar customs office – at 16 July 1992. The
         transit document issued on that occasion did not contain any information regarding the nationality or identity of the means
         of transportation. The firm in St Petersburg (Russia), referred to in that document as the consignee of the goods, was not
         consistent with the corresponding information on the delivery note and the invoice.
         
         
         
         24
            
          According to information provided by the driver of the lorry on which the cigarettes were transported, the customs and transport
         documents were taken from him, and returned, three times during transport. He was not, however, able to indicate whether those
         documents had been exchanged or modified during those temporary withdrawals which were carried out, according to him, by East
         Europeans.
         
         
         
         25
            
          On 16 July 1992, the lorry was taken with its trailer to the forwarding agency’s yard, where it was opened by the driver with
         the aid of bolt cutters borrowed from an employee of that agency, then partially unloaded. The content of the cargo was then
         randomly sampled. The sampling revealed that all boxes contained cigarettes without revenue stamps, which led to the arrest
         of the driver and his mate. Customs officers, who had initially been observing the unloading incognito, carried out a body
         search of the driver, in the course of which they discovered a torn-off Netherlands lead customs seal. They then seized the
         lorry and its load with a view to subsequent confiscation and later destroyed the cigarettes.
         
         
         
         26
            
          The order for reference shows that the arrest of the smuggling ring was made possible through its having been infiltrated
         by a customs investigation officer. The latter had himself been offered for sale, through an intermediary for unidentified
         East European sellers, a container full of ‘Golden American’ cigarettes, intended for export to Poland and said not to bear
         any revenue stamps. Payment and delivery arrangements were agreed at a subsequent meeting between the undercover agent and
         the seller, during which it was agreed that the cigarettes were to be delivered on 16 July 1992 on the premises of a specified
         forwarding agency in Nettetal-Kaldenkirchen (Germany). At that meeting, on the request of the agent, the seller had shown
         him from a distance a trailer registered in Poland which was said to contain the cigarettes. Not having been allowed to approach
         the trailer, however, the agent had not been able to see the customs seals.
         
         
         
         27
            
          Considering, in those circumstances, that the breaking of the seals and subsequent unloading of the cigarettes from the lorry
         constituted removal of the goods from customs supervision, the Hauptzollamt, by tax assessment of 7 August 1992, claimed from
         Rothmans as ‘principal’ pursuant to Paragraph 10(1) of the TabStG, the sum of DEM 1 436 776 in excise duty on tobacco.
         
         
         
         28
            
          On 24 November 1992, Rothmans applied to the Hauptzollamt for remission of those duties, pleading, in particular, the existence
         of a ‘special situation’ within the meaning of Article 13(1) of Regulation No 1430/79. That application was rejected by a
         decision of the Hauptzollamt of 14 January 1993, amended by a decision of 4 May 1993 issued following a complaint by Rothmans.
         The latter then brought an action before the Finanzgericht Düsseldorf (Germany) for repayment of the excise duty levied in
         the meantime by the Hauptzollamt, but that action was also rejected on the ground that Regulation No 1430/79, to which Paragraph
         10(1) of the TabStG made reference, did not confer any right to repayment on Rothmans.
         
         
         
         29
            
          In that respect, the Finanzgericht held, first, that Article 2(1) of Regulation No 1430/79 could not be relied on by Rothmans,
         since a customs debt had been incurred by the removal of goods in transit from customs supervision, arising in this case from
         the mere temporary removal of the transit and transport documents. It went on to hold that the customs debt was not extinguished
         following the confiscation of the cigarettes by the customs services, since, on that point, Paragraph 10(1) of the TabStG
         did not refer to the corresponding Community provisions on the extinction of the customs debt.
         
         
         
         30
            
          Nor, in the view of the Finanzgericht, could Rothmans rely on Article 13 of Regulation No 1430/79, since the conduct of the
         persons entrusted by Rothmans with the task of carrying out the Community transit operation revealed, at the very least, the
         existence of deception which ruled out remission or repayment of duties paid. Even if no such deception were found to exist,
         the conditions for remission or repayment of import duties would still not have been met in this case, since neither the weaknesses
         of the Community transit system nor the intervention of the undercover agent constituted special situations within the meaning
         of Article 13. According to the Finanzgericht, there was no relation between the incurring of the customs debt following the
         removal of the transit documents and the activities of the undercover agent.
         
         
         
         31
            
          Considering in those circumstances that the Finanzgericht Düsseldorf had misinterpreted the scope of Regulation No 1430/79,
         Rothmans – which was succeeded by BAT, during the proceedings, on 1 January 2000 – appealed on a point of law to the Bundesfinanzhof,
         making essentially two arguments.
         
         
         
         32
            
          Concerning, first, Article 2 of Regulation No 1430/79, BAT argues, first, that the temporary removal of transit documents,
         the breaking of the seals and the subsequent unloading of the goods do not constitute removal of those goods from customs
         supervision, since, in the latter two cases, customs officers uninterruptedly observed the carrying out of the operation.
         BAT further argues that, even if a customs debt had been incurred by reason of the happening of one of the events referred
         to above, there should in any event be repayment of the duties paid, since Paragraph 10(1) of the TabStG expressly referred
         to the Community provisions on the remission and repayment of customs duties and because those latter provisions – particularly
         the first indent of Article 2(1) of Regulation No 1430/79 – provide for repayment or remission of import duties where the
         customs debt is extinguished otherwise than by payment or prescription. In BAT’s submission, that is precisely the case here,
         since the cigarettes were confiscated, and confiscation is one of the ways in which the customs debt can be extinguished.
         
         
         
         33
            
          Concerning, secondly, Article 13 of Regulation No 1430/79, BAT argues that the presence and the conduct of the customs officers
         in this case, the confiscation of the cigarettes and the impossibility of passing the tax due on to third parties undeniably
         constitute special circumstances for the purposes of that provision, justifying repayment of duties paid. Such repayment is
         excluded only if the party concerned has itself used deception, BAT submits, and in this case no deception can be directly
         attributed to it. For that reason, and in the absence of a Community or national principle of vicarious liability, the Hauptzollamt
         should therefore repay the duties paid.
         
         
         
         34
            
          Whilst the Bundesfinanzhof rejects BAT’s argument that a reference for a preliminary ruling would be pointless on account
         of the simple fact of the customs debt being extinguished following confiscation of the cigarettes by customs, since, in its
         view, Paragraph 10(1) of the TabStG does not refer to the Community provisions on the extinction of the customs debt, it nevertheless,
         in its order for reference, has the same questions as BAT as to whether, in this case, the conditions for incurring a customs
         debt are satisfied and as to whether there might not be special circumstances justifying repayment of duties.
         
         
         
         35
            
          Concerning, first, the Finanzgericht’s view that the temporary removal of transport and transit documents constitutes ‘a removal
         of goods from customs supervision’, the Bundesfinanzhof notes that that latter concept has been defined by the Court of Justice,
         in paragraph 47 of its judgment in Case C-66/99 Wandel [2001] ECR I-873 as ‘any act or omission the result of which is to prevent, if only for a short time, the competent customs
         authority from gaining access to goods under customs supervision and from monitoring them’. In this case, the temporary removal
         of the transit document did not have any impact on the goods themselves and did not affect the ability of the customs authorities
         to identify them, since those authorities did not at any time demand presentation of the transit document or establish that
         that document could not have been presented to them, on their request, without considerable delay.
         
         
         
         36
            
          Concerning, next, the breaking of the seals attached by the Netherlands customs and the subsequent unloading of the goods
         in the yard of the forwarding agency, the Bundesfinanzhof agrees with the Finanzgericht that such events do, in principle,
         constitute a removal of goods from customs supervision. It doubts, however, whether such a classification can be upheld in
         circumstances such as those at issue in the main proceedings. In the first place, the operation took place after a meeting
         arranged by the smugglers with an undercover customs agent and, secondly, it was continuously observed by customs officers.
         The customs authorities were therefore able at all times to put their hands on the goods, which, moreover, is what actually
         happened, with the seizure of the cigarettes followed by their destruction.
         
         
         
         37
            
          Finally, should it be held that a customs debt was in fact incurred following the happening of one of the events referred
         to above, the Bundesfinanzhof considers, unlike the Finanzgericht, that there are special circumstances in this case which
         justify repayment of the duties paid by BAT. In the first place, the infringement of the Community transit system was provoked
         by the activities of the undercover agent, with the result that the principal found itself, in accordance with the case-law
         of the Court – and, in particular, the judgments in Case C-86/97 Trans-Ex-Import [1999] ECR I-1041 and Case C-61/98 De Haan [1999] ECR I-5003 – in an exceptional situation as compared with other operators engaged in the same business. The findings
         of the Finanzgericht also showed that BAT itself had not committed any fault or shown any obvious negligence, only the persons
         who carried out the carriage on its behalf being possibly guilty of blameworthy conduct. 
         
         
         
         38
            
          Considering, in those circumstances, that resolution of the dispute before it depended on an interpretation of Community law,
         the Bundesfinanzhof decided to stay the proceedings and refer the following questions to the Court for a preliminary ruling:
         ‘(1)   Are goods which have been cleared for Community transit removed from customs supervision if the transit document T 1 is temporarily
         removed from the consignment?
         (2)     If the Court answers Question 1 in the negative:
          Have goods cleared for Community transit been removed from customs supervision if the customs seal affixed to ensure their
         identification was opened and the goods were partially unloaded, without the consignment first being duly produced for customs,
         even though the operation was arranged with the persons in question by customs investigation officers operating incognito
         and observed in every detail by those officers? 
         (3)     If the Court answers one of Questions 1 and 2 in the affirmative:
          Do special circumstances exist within the meaning of Article 13 of Regulation No 1430/79 if a customs investigation officer
         acting undercover has provoked infringements of the Community transit procedure? Does the deception or obviously negligent
         conduct of persons used by the principal in fulfilling the obligations assumed by him under the Community transit procedure
         preclude repayment to him of the duties incurred by the removal from customs supervision of goods cleared for Community transit?’
         
         The admissibility of the questions referred
         
         39
            
          Given that the dispute in the main proceedings concerns the repayment of excise duties due under national legislation alone,
         it needs to be examined at the outset whether the questions referred, which concern Community customs rules, are admissible.
         
         
         
         40
            
          It is sufficient to recall in that respect that, where the Court has dealt in the past with cases in which the Community rules
         to be interpreted applied only by virtue of a reference made by domestic law, the Court has consistently held that where,
         in relation to purely internal situations, domestic legislation adopts solutions which are consistent with those adopted in
         Community law in order, in particular, to ensure a single procedure in comparable situations, it is clearly in the Community
         interest that, in order to forestall future differences of interpretation, provisions or concepts taken from Community law
         should be interpreted uniformly, irrespective of the circumstances in which they are to apply (see, to that effect, Joined
         Cases C-297/88 and C-197/89 Dzodzi [1990] ECR I-3763, paragraph 37; Case C-130/95 Giloy [1997] ECR I-4291, paragraph 28; and Case C-300/01 Salzmann [2003] ECR I-4899, paragraph 34). 
         
         
         
         41
            
          In this case, domestic legislation has indisputably aligned itself, for the resolution of internal situations, with the solutions
         used in Community law, since the TabStG has made a complete reference to Community law as regards both the conditions in which
         a customs debt is incurred and the provisions concerning its remission and repayment. This finding is not affected by the
         fact that that legislation did not make such a reference to Community law in relation to the conditions in which a customs
         debt is extinguished.
         
         
         
         42
            
          In those circumstances, the questions referred are admissible.
         
         Question 1
         
         43
            
          By its first question, the referring court essentially asks whether goods placed under the Community external transit system
         are removed from customs supervision within the meaning of Article 2(1)(c) of Regulation No 2144/87 in the case where the
         T 1 transit document for those goods is temporarily removed, particularly where such removal has not had any consequences
         for the goods themselves and has not affected the ability of the customs authorities to identify them, those authorities having
         neither demanded the transit document in question nor established that it could not have been presented to them, at their
         request, without considerable delay.
         
         
         
         44
            
          In BAT’s submission, this question must be answered in the negative, since temporary removal of the transit document does
         not give rise to unlawful handling of the goods being carried or prevent them from being produced once again at the office
         of destination and being examined by that office.
         
         
         
         45
            
          The Commission argues, on the other hand, that such temporary removal of the transit and transport documents does constitute
         a removal of the goods concerned from customs supervision, since, contrary to the requirements of, in particular, Articles
         12(6), 19(1) and 20 of Regulation No 222/77, those documents cannot be presented at the first request of the competent customs
         authorities. Apart from the particular hypothesis referred to in Article 18(4) of that regulation, customs control cannot
         therefore be effective unless customs officers are able, at any time during the transit procedure, to check simultaneously
         the customs sealing and the transit and transport documents.
         
         
         
         46
            
          The Court notes, by way of preliminary observation, that, whereas the Community legislature has included amongst the scenarios
         capable of giving rise to a customs debt on importation the removal of goods from customs supervision which is involved where
         the goods are temporarily stored or placed under a customs procedure which involves such supervision (see Article 2(1)(c)
         of Regulation No 2144/87), it has not defined that concept of removal or listed the conditions the non-observance of which
         will in any event cause a customs debt to be incurred.
         
         
         
         47
            
          When dealing with cases concerning goods placed under the Community external transit system, on the one hand, or goods placed
         under the customs warehousing system, on the other, the Court has held that that concept of removal from customs supervision
         should be interpreted as covering any act or omission the result of which is to prevent, if only for a short time, the competent
         customs authority from gaining access to goods under customs supervision and from carrying out the monitoring required by
         Community customs legislation (Wandel, paragraph 47; Case C-371/99 Liberexim [2002] ECR I-6227, paragraph 55; Case C-337/01 Hamann International [2004] ECR I-0000, paragraph 31).
         
         
         
         48
            
          Having regard to that case-law, it is necessary to examine the objectives pursued by the Community system of external transit
         and, more particularly, the role played in that context by the T 1 transit document, in order to assess whether or not the
         removal of the latter from the goods to which it relates affects the monitoring abilities of the customs authorities.
         
         
         
         49
            
          It should be noted in that respect that, as is shown, in particular, by the fifth and sixth recitals in the preamble to Regulation
         No 222/77, the Community external transit system is a system designed to increase the fluidity of movements of goods within
         the Community by allowing carriage of those goods from the place of entry into the Community to their destination or, in the
         case of passage through the Community, to the customs office at the point of exit, without renewed customs formalities when
         the goods cross from one Member State to another.
         
         
         
         50
            
          To that end, Regulation No 222/77 provides, inter alia, for the lodging with the office of departure of a declaration signed
         by the person applying to carry out the transit operation in question or his authorised representative. That declaration is
         formally registered by that office, which prescribes the period within which the goods must be presented once again to customs
         and takes the identification measures which it considers necessary (see, respectively, Articles 12(1) and (4) and 17(1) of
         Regulation No 222/77).
         
         
         
         51
            
          Articles 19(1) and 20 of Regulation No 222/77 stipulate, in addition, that carriage of goods under the Community external
         transit system is to be effected under cover of copies of the T 1 document issued by the office of departure to the principal
         or his representative, who are required, in each Member State, to present those copies on any requisition by the customs service.
         
         
         
         52
            
          In the light of those provisions – and of the wording of Article 13(a) of Regulation No 222/77, whereby the principal is required,
         amongst other things, to present the goods once again, intact, at the office of destination – the T 1 transit document under
         cover of which carriage of goods under the Community external transit system is effected undeniably plays an essential role
         in the proper functioning of that system. Thus a removal of that document, even if only temporary, is likely to undermine
         the very objectives of that system since, contrary to the requirements of Article 20 of Regulation No 222/77, it prevents
         the presentation of that document on any possible requisition by the customs service. Such removal also complicates the identification
         both of the goods which are subject to the transit procedure and of the customs regime applicable to them. 
         
         
         
         53
            
          In such circumstances, the temporary removal of the T 1 transit document from the goods to which it relates must be characterised
         as a ‘removal’ of those goods from customs supervision. In accordance with the interpretation given by the Court in its judgments
         in Wandel, Liberexim and Hamann International, such removal does constitute an act which has the effect of preventing the competent customs authority, even if only temporarily,
         from having access to goods under customs supervision and carrying out the controls prescribed by Community customs legislation.
         
         
         
         54
            
          Concerning, moreover, the observation of the referring court that, in this case, the removal of the transit document did not
         have any material consequence on the ability of the customs authorities to identify the goods, since they did not actually
         demand presentation of that document at any time or establish that it could not have been presented to them without considerable
         delay, it is sufficient to note that, in accordance with consistent Community case-law, removal of goods from customs supervision
         presupposes only that certain objective conditions are met, such as absence of the goods from the approved place of storage
         at the time when the customs authorities intend to carry out an examination of them (Wandel, paragraph 48; Liberexim, paragraph 60).
         
         
         
         55
            
          As the Advocate General has pointed out in point 30 of his Opinion, it is therefore sufficient, for there to be ‘removal from
         customs supervision’, for the goods in question to have been objectively removed from possible controls, whether or not such
         controls have actually been carried out by the competent authority.
         
         
         
         56
            
          In the light of the above considerations, the answer to the first question must be that, in so far as the temporary removal
         of the T 1 transit document from the goods to which it relates prevents the presentation of that document at any possible
         requisition by the customs service, such a removal constitutes a removal of those goods from customs supervision within the
         meaning of Article 2(1)(c) of Regulation No 2144/87 even if the customs authorities have not demanded presentation of the
         document or established that it could not have been presented to them without considerable delay.
         
         Question 2
         
         57
            
          Since the second question was raised only in the event of the first question being answered in the negative, there is no need
         to provide an answer.
         
         The first part of Question 3
         
         58
            
          In the first part of its third question, the referring court essentially asks whether the fact that the infringements of the
         Community transit system originate in the conduct of an undercover agent belonging to the customs services constitutes a special
         situation within the meaning of Article 13(1) of Regulation No 1430/79 which may, in appropriate cases, justify the remission
         or repayment of the duties paid by the principal.
         
         
         
         59
            
          BAT argues that this question should be answered in the affirmative, since, in this case, the conduct of agents of the customs
         investigation service went far beyond the limits of the normal commercial risk which an economic operator has to bear. It
         argues in that respect that, whilst the breaking of the seals and the subsequent unloading of the goods were doubtless inevitable
         for reasons connected with the effectiveness of the investigation, the customs administration was nevertheless required to
         take the necessary measures to prevent any possible damage which might be caused to it. Since no such measures were taken
         in this case, and BAT did not itself participate in the infringement, BAT found itself, as principal, in an exceptional situation
         as compared with other operators engaged in the same business, with the result that, in accordance with the case-law of the
         Court, the duties it paid should be refunded.
         
         
         
         60
            
          The Commission argues, on the other hand, that such repayment is justified only if the removal of goods from customs supervision,
         and the incurring of the customs debt accordingly, arises merely from the breaking of the seals and the subsequent unloading
         of the goods under the observation of officials of the customs investigation service. In this case, however, there is much
         evidence in the documents before the Court to suggest that the infringement of the Community transit system took place before
         the seals were broken, in that the principal itself produced cigarettes and placed them under the Community external transit
         system in unusual circumstances, following instructions received from a Swiss company belonging to the same group as itself.
         Therefore, the Commission maintains, the referring court, which has to rule as to the possible existence of a special situation
         justifying the repayment of duties paid by BAT, should first assess whether the transit procedure at issue in the main proceedings
         originates solely in the action of the undercover customs agent or in the pre-existing intention of BAT to sell cigarettes
         without in any way being concerned as to the legality of the transit operation concerned.
         
         
         
         61
            
          In this connection, it should be noted that, in accordance with the first subparagraph of Article 13(1) of Regulation No 1430/79,
         import duties may be repaid or remitted in situations resulting from special circumstances in which no deception or obvious
         negligence may be attributed to the person concerned.
         
         
         
         62
            
          As the Court has emphasised a number of times, Article 13(1) of Regulation No 1430/79 constitutes a general equitable provision
         designed to cover situations other than those which arose most often in practice and for which special provision could be
         made when the regulation was adopted (see, in particular, Joined Cases 244/85 and 245/85 Cerealmangimi and Italgrani v Commission [1987] ECR 1303, paragraph 10, and Case C-446/93 SEIM [1996] ECR I-73, paragraph 41).
         
         
         
         63
            
          The Court has held that that article is intended to apply where the circumstances characterising the relationship between
         a trader and the administration are such that it would be inequitable to require the trader to bear a loss which he normally
         would not have incurred (Case 58/86 Coopérative agricole d’approvisionnement des Avirons [1987] ECR 1525, paragraph 22).
         
         
         
         64
            
          In a case concerning the omission of customs authorities to inform a principal of the existence of a risk of fraud in which
         the latter was not involved, but which was capable of causing him to incur a customs debt, the Court held that, whilst Community
         law does not impose on customs authorities which have been informed of a possible fraud in connection with external transit
         arrangements any obligation to warn a principal that he could incur liability for customs duty as a result of the fraud, the
         demands of an investigation conducted by the customs authorities or the police may nevertheless constitute, in the absence
         of any deception or negligence on the part of the person liable, and where that person has not been informed that the investigation
         is being carried out, a special situation within the meaning of Article 13(1) of Regulation No 1430/79. Although it may be
         legitimate for the national authorities, in order better to dismantle a network, identify perpetrators of fraud and obtain
         or consolidate evidence, deliberately to allow offences or irregularities to be committed, to place on the person liable the
         burden of the customs debt arising from the choices made in connection with the prosecution of offences is inimical to the
         objective of fairness which underlies the relevant Community rules in that it puts that person in an exceptional situation
         in comparison with other operators engaged in the same business (see, to that effect, De Haan, paragraphs 36 and 53).
         
         
         
         65
            
          Such a conclusion applies even more strongly where the infringements of the Community transit system have been committed or
         provoked by the customs authorities themselves. Where the removal of goods from the customs supervision implied by their being
         placed under the Community external transit system is the result of the conduct of an undercover agent belonging to the customs
         investigation services, and no deception or obvious negligence may be attributed to the principal, which is a matter for the
         national court to verify, the principal is likewise in an exceptional situation as compared with other operators carrying
         on the same business, which may, in appropriate cases, justify the remission or repayment of duties paid.
         
         
         
         66
            
          In the light of the considerations above, the answer to the first part of the third question must therefore be that the fact
         that infringements of the Community transit system originate in the conduct of an undercover agent belonging to the customs
         services constitutes a special situation within the meaning of Article 13(1) of Regulation No 1430/79, which may, in appropriate
         cases, justify the remission or repayment of duties paid by the principal, provided no deception or obvious negligence may
         be attributed to him.
         
         The second part of Question 3
         
         67
            
          In the second part of the third question, asked in the event that the intervention of an undercover agent of the customs services
         may be regarded as constituting a special situation within the meaning of Article 13(1) of Regulation No 1430/79, the national
         court asks, finally, whether the repayment of duties envisaged by that provision is excluded where there is deception or obvious
         negligence not on the part of the principal himself but on the part of the persons he has engaged to carry out his obligations
         contracted under the Community external transit system.
         
         
         
         68
            
          It should be noted in that respect that, in accordance with the case-law of the Court, and the De Haan judgment in particular, the fact that deception or obvious negligence has been committed by persons that the principal has
         engaged to carry out his obligations contracted under the Community external transit system does not in itself exclude the
         repayment of duties paid by the principal. In De Haan, the Court held that the conditions justifying repayment of duties paid by the principal, to whom no deception or obvious
         negligence was attributable, were met, notwithstanding that a member of the principal’s staff appeared to be involved in the
         irregularities committed during the transit procedure.
         
         
         
         69
            
          A similar conclusion must, a fortiori, be drawn where irregularities are committed by persons outside the principal’s undertaking,
         whom the principal has engaged to carry out his obligations arising from the placing of the goods under the Community external
         transit system. In principle, therefore, such irregularities do not exclude the repayment of duties paid by the principal
         where no deception or obvious negligence is attributable to him.
         
         
         
         70
            
          In this case, however, the information supplied by the referring court does not allow it to be concluded with certainty that
         that latter condition has been fulfilled, since, as noted, in particular, in paragraph 23 of this judgment, the transit document
         issued by the office of departure gave no indication as to the nationality or identity of the means of transportation to be
         used, while the company mentioned in that document as the consignee of the goods did not correspond with the information either
         on the delivery note or on the invoice.
         
         
         
         71
            
          In the light of those factors, it is therefore for the national court to assess whether deception or obvious negligence may
         be attributed to the principal, taking account of its obligations under the relevant Community rules, and in particular under
         Article 13(a) of Regulation No 222/77 which requires it to produce the goods intact at the office of destination within the
         prescribed time-limit and with due observance of the measures adopted by the competent authorities to ensure identification,
         and taking account also of the professional experience of the principal, the degree of care with which it chose the persons
         to whom it entrusted the transport of the goods, and, where relevant, the diligence it showed when any irregularities were
         found.
         
         
         
         72
            
          In that context, particular attention should also be given to the nature of the goods transported, since, as the Court has
         already held, the cigarette market particularly lends itself to the development of unlawful trade (see Case C-491/01 British American Tobacco (Investments) and Imperial Tobacco [2002] ECR I-11453, paragraph 87). 
         
         
         
         73
            
          In the light of the considerations above, the answer to the second part of the third question must be that deception or obvious
         negligence on the part of persons whom the principal has engaged to carry out obligations contracted under the Community external
         transit system does not, in itself, exclude repayment to the principal of duties incurred as a result of the removal of goods
         placed under that system from customs supervision, provided no deception or obvious negligence is attributable to the principal.
         
         
         Costs
         74
            
          The costs incurred by the Commission, which has submitted observations to the Court, are not recoverable. Since these proceedings
         are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the proceedings pending before the national court, the decision on
         costs is a matter for that court.
         
         
         On those grounds,
         
         
         
            
            THE COURT (Fifth Chamber),
         
         
          in answer to the questions referred to it by the Bundesfinanzhof by order of 24 April 2001, hereby rules:
         
            
            
             
               1.
                  In so far as the temporary removal of the T 1 transit document from the goods to which it relates prevents the presentation
                     of that document at any possible requisition by the customs service, such a removal constitutes a removal of those goods from
                     customs supervision within the meaning of Article 2(1)(c) of Council Regulation (EEC) No 2144/87 of 13 July 1987 on customs
                     debt even if the customs authorities have not demanded presentation of the document or established that it could not have
                     been presented to them without considerable delay
                  
               
            
            
            
             
               2.
                  The fact that infringements of the Community transit system originate in the conduct of an undercover agent belonging to the
                     customs services constitutes a special situation within the meaning of Article 13(1) of Council Regulation (EEC) No 1430/79
                     of 2 July 1979 on the repayment or remission of import or export duties, as amended by Council Regulation (EEC) No 3069/86
                     of 7 October 1986, which may, in appropriate cases, justify the remission or repayment of duties paid by the principal, provided
                     no deception or obvious negligence may be attributed to him.
                  
               
             Deception or obvious negligence on the part of persons whom the principal has engaged to carry out obligations contracted
            under the Community external transit system does not, in itself, exclude repayment to the principal of duties incurred as
            a result of the removal of goods placed under that system from customs supervision, provided no deception or obvious negligence
            is attributable to the principal.
            
            
                  Timmermans
               
               
                  La Pergola
               
               
                  von Bahr
               
            
                  
               
               
                  
               
               
                  
               
            
                  
               
               
                  
               
               
                  
               
            
                  
               
               
                  
               
               
                  
               
            
                  
               
               
                  
               
               
                  
               
            
            
            
            
            
            
            
            
         
         
          Delivered in open court in Luxembourg on 29 April 2004.
         
         
         
         
                  R. Grass
               
               
                  V. Skouris
               
            
         
         
         
                  Registrar
               
               
                  President
               
            
      
      
          1 –
            
            Language of the case: German.