CELEX: 51988PC0587
Language: en
Date: 1988-10-27
Title: Proposal for a COUNCIL DECISION adopting a specific research and technological development programme in the field of Marine Science and Technology (presented by the Commission)

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 ---pagebreak--- COMMISSION OF THE EUFO-EAN COMMUNITIES
                                                  COM(88 ) 587 final - SYN 162
                                                  Brussels , 27 October 1988
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                               Proposai for a
                              COU NC IL DECISION_
 adopting a specific research and technological development programme
             in the field of Marine Science and Technology
                      ( presented by the Commission )
 ---pagebreak---                                          srnmm
                Proposal far a research and developiesit programme
              in the field of Marine Science and Ttechnology (MAST )
                                      ( 1989-1992 )
The framework programme for Community activities in the field of research
and technological development ( 1987-19S1 ) has provided for activity no.7
called " Exploitation of the sea bed and use of marine resources ", which
includes Marine Science and Technology ( line 7.1 ).
The main objectives of MAST are :
      to contribute to better knowledge of European coastal and regional
      seas , in order to improve their management and protection and to
      predict change ;
      to encourage the development of new technologies for the exploration ,
      protection and exploitation of marine resources (with the exception of
      fisheries , hydrocarbons and renewable energy, which are addressed cy
      other Ccsmunity programmes );
      to improve coordination and cooperation amongst national marine F, T D
      programmes in trie Member States , and to help increase the effectiveness
      of these programmes through better use of research facilities ;
      to strengthen industrial competitiveness in the relevant sectors ;
      to provide the technical basis for , and encourage the development of ,
      common norms , standards and design guidelines , in view of the
      completion of the internal market in 1992 ;
      to assist European participation in worldwide ocean programmes ;
      to facilitate training and exchange of personnel .
The proposed prog-artiss comprises the following four min headings :
             * Basic and applied marine science (modelling , oceanography ;
             * Coastal zone science and engineering
             * Marine technology ( instrumentation for science , generic enabling
               technologies , design aspects of large scale facilities )
             * Supporfcing initiatives
The funding oor.vidared necessary for this 3 year programme is 50 MECU . A CGC
rill be established to assist the Comd-ssion with the management of the
poxprairine , The pregranme will l>e irnplaranted by means of research contracts ,
coorriuK'-tio'. acr.ivit-.es , . uppoxting initiatives , study contracts , training
and exchanges .
 ---pagebreak---                  PROPOSAL
FOR A EUROPEAN RESEARCH PROGRAMME
                 ON
  MARINE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
              ( MAST )
            1989-1992
 ---pagebreak---                                          ешшетз
                                                                          Page
Fc.^vr-rd
Bitraduction                                                                 1
Need and justification for EC action                                         3
Overall objectives of the EC MAST programme ;                              "5
Technical concent                                                            o
Potential benefits to industry                                                9
Funding and impiaitentation                                                 10
Outline of the content of Parts I to IV of the MAST programme
      Part I       Sasic and Applied Marine Science
                   1 , 'Mbdelling                                           15
                       1.1 . Continental shelf and regional seas            15
                        1.2 , Coastal voters                                15
              ; :      1.3 . Ecosystem models                               15
                       1.4 . Mudeilinç coordination.                        16
                   2 . C'Cfed.noçraphy                                      16
                       2.1 . Circulation and exchange of water masses       16
                       2 2 , Biogeochemicai cycles and fluxes               17
                       2.3 . Interface and boundary processes               17
                  . '2.4 . Biological processes                             17
                       2,5 . Sedimentary processes                          18
      Part II      Coastal Zcne Science and Engineering                     18 .
                   1 . 'Coastal irorphodynami.es                            18
                   2 , Coastal ecosystems                                   19
                   3 . Meceomarine prédictions                              19
                   4 . Coastal engineering                                  19
      Puri: III Marine Technology
                   li Instrjmentation for science                           20
                   2 . Generic enabling technologies                        21
                   3 . Design aspects of large scale facilities             21
                   4 . Studies on the outlook for the 1990 's               21
      Part j.V     Supporting initiatives
                   1.  European ocean data and information network         22
                   2   Research vessel and heavy equipasant ccordin-ution  22
                   3.  Advanced training                                   .22
                   4.  Surveying for xesource évaluation                    22
                   5.  Préparation of noms and standards                   22
                   6.  Marine polar research , marine geoscientific
                       lithospheric research
                                                                                 4.
 ---pagebreak--- FOREWQRD
This proposal for an R & D programme on Marine Science and Technology (MAST )
is intended -to meet the objectives stated in chapter 7.1 of the Framework
Programme 1987-1991 . These are : " to contribute to establishing a scientific
and technological basis for the exploration , exploitation , management and
protection" of the European coastal and marginal seas ", and furthermore : " to
introduce"' the necessary Community dimension to various on-going researc h
activities ". The programme proposal also takes into account earlier
discissions in the European Parliament , as expressed especially in the
Pesolution of 10th October 1986 ( O.J. C.283 ) " on the establishment of an EEC
marine research Institute ", which stresses tlie necessity for " cooperation ,
coordination and complementarity of national policies " and roccimends than
the Commission undertakes a number of actions to that effect u^ier the
Frame>v*ork Programme .
INTRODUCTION
The oceans are the least known part of our planet . They cover 7 2% of its
surface area , they have bean used by man from times immemorial to travel and
to supply him with food and other resources . Yet , only recently has their
multifarious role been fully appreciated .
They provide, living resources for food and animal feed , for the manufacture
of fertilizers and drugs . Sea water is a solution of many useful choorcals .
Tre ocean plays a fundamental role in regulating the climate and may offer
prospects' for alternative sources of energy . Continental shelves conceal
large reserves of hydrocarbons and the ocean floor is a potential source of
minerals . Hie ocean is also the ultimate repository for a large part of tine
end products from human activity .
                                                                                5
 ---pagebreak---                                                                                  2
In the present context of growing world population, increasing pressure is
reing placed on the marine environment . However, in each of the applications
mentioned above, " too little is known about the relevant phenomena and
pcocesses to permit accurate forecasts of the consequences of alternative
use strategies or management measures . Without that knowledge , resources may­
be wasted , used inefficiently or inadvertently destroyed . Hie cost of
ignorance is of ceil high , and the investment in reducing it can return large
dividends " , ( from?      "Ocean science for the year 2000 ", UKESCO ,
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission , 1934 ).
The?e strong arxiunseats in favour of research have been enhanced ir recent
years by the concept cf Exclusive Economic Sonas ( ESZs ), which act as an
additional ir.centive to coastal nations to survey, assess and exploit
resources , both living and non-living , within their jurisdiction . The Unitea
Hitians convention on the law of the Sea ( 1982 ), apart from developing
setting nut tie EEZ concept as mentioned above , has laid down regulcir.Lons
for the cord- JCl. CJ id promotion of marine research worldwide .
A new approach to R 5 P in marine science and technology arises also from a
cumber of devexopmants which have taken place in recent years . Firstly,
there is a growing perception, of the planet Earth as a global system, with
intricate links and inr.eract.ion betvaeen land , oceans , atmosphere , and the
biosphere-. s-'iccatd'iy, significant progress lias been made in technology which
allows for- improved data gathering and processing and witLch extends man 's
'V'V'a.bil.'m    ( he oceans . For example , advances in remote sensing techniques
frem aircraft -^nd satellites enable synoptic and real-time measurements of
the coo.' . - sv ie emergence of inforat; Lies allows for the processing of huge
amounts of dnta > and the development in technology for the exploitation of
of .'shore hydrocarbons ban strengthened man 's confidence in his ability to
meet tori.and econcr.dc challenges under extreme conditions . Thirdly,
there has h.-on an increase in. urbanization of coastal areas , leading to
' -ncYvu evur c;Ch. .issues as coastal management and water quality .
                                                                                   y
 ---pagebreak---                                                                                  3
NEED AND JUSTIFICATION FOR EC ACTION
Historically, culturally and economically, the sea is a vital cind integral
part of the European Cannunity . Hie EC has an extensive (more than 65000 km )
coastline and 11 out of 12 of its members are coastal states . Nowhere in the
vrorld , except per-haps in the USA. ar^d in Japan , are the issues of protection ,
exploitation arsd management of the regional and coastal waters felt more
acutely .
The seas around Europe are among the most interesting and varied . They range
frcm semi-enclosed seas to the open ocean and from arctic to sub-tropical ,
with a corresponding variety of climatic conditions . Their exploitation also
covers a wide range of uses including shipping , fishing , aquaculture , tidal
energy, dumping of wastes , extraction of minerals and aggregates ,
exploitation of oil and gas , cultural aspects , tourism , recreation , all with
significant economic value .
With these many and economically important uses , some of which are mutually
conflicting , it is essential to have a good knowledge base and reliable
predictive techniques so that long term management strategies can be
developed . In addition , large scale transbouixiary problems ( e.g , the
capacity for absorption of waste and the movement of substances from ore sea
area to another ) require multinational research . While the capabilities of
individual countries may be significant in the search for solutions , tile
combined effort of several countries will be more cost effective and will
yield better results .
                                                                                    7
 ---pagebreak---                                                                               4
It is estimated that the Member States together currently invest at least as
much per year on civilian R & D in this area as the USA. A detailed
investigation within the Community has shown that national marine programmes
vary from those which are comprehensive and highly funded in sate countries ,
to less ambitious programmes , concentrating on fisheries , pollution, coastal
protection and continental shelf topics . There is also an intermediate group
of countries which have programmes with broader scope and greater depth , but
in a limited number of fields , compared to the larger national programmes .
The larger programmes include important contributions to the international
global activities .
While several European countries hold the lead in sore aspects of marine
science and technology, this is being threatened because the research effort
is often dispersed , piecemeal or insufficiently coordinated . Cooperation
tends to take place on a bilateral basis and is more often than not , with
non-European countries such as Japan and the USA. The Framework Programme
recognised this and suggested that an EC marine science and technology
initiative would help to introduce the necessary European dimension into the
various on-going research activities and thereby help develop a European
 " critical mass ". This can be achieved through the launching of transnational
projects , and through the shared use of expensive facilities ,             the
coordination of national programmes , and training and exchanges .
Other Community programmes ( e.g. Environmental Protection , Climatology and
Natural Hazards , Fisheries , Technological Development in the Hydrocarbons
Sector , Non-Nuclear Energy, and projects on marine applications of remote
sensing in the Joint Research Centre ( JRC )) have a bearing on topics in
marine science and technology, but none are directed at a wide range at
marine research . This is the first time the Community has attempted to
develop a comprehensive approach to the vast field offered by ocean
research , drawing together and building on aspects of existing national
programmes , and in this respect the MAST programme will be particularly
valuable for the smaller Member States . The MAST programme will also raise
 the level of technological sophistication and scientific expertise in the
marine sector throughout the Community .
 ---pagebreak---                                                                               5
OVERALL OBJECTIVES CF THE EC MAST PROGRAMME
In the light of the above , the objectives cf the MAST prograirsre are as
follows :
- To contribute to better knowledge of the marine environment , especially cf
  coastal and regional seas , in order to improve their management and
  protection , and to predict change .
- To encourage the development of new technologies for exploration ,
  protection and exploitation of marine resources (with the exception of
  fisheries , hydrocarbons and renewable energy, which are addressed by other
  Ccmramity programmes ).
- To improve coordination and cooperation amongst national marine R & D
  programmes in the Member States , and to help increase the effectiveness of
  these pcograrrr.es through better use of research facilities ( vessels , data
  centres , large stationary installations ).
- To strengthen industrial competitiveness in the relevant sectors .
- To provide the technical basis for and encourage the development of cannon
  norms , standards^ and design guidelines , in view of the completion of the
  internal market in 1992 .
- To assist European participation in worldwide ocean programmes .
- To facilitate training and exchange of personnel .
                                                                                9
 ---pagebreak--- TECHNICAL CONTENT
                                                                               4-
The scope for R & D activities on the marine environment is immense . Any
scheme designed to meet the objectives of the Framewark Programme ( see p.l •'
of this proposal ) should encompass basic investigations in a large number of
disciplines as well as an extensive range of applied research activities ,
and seek to promote significant technological developments .
At the same time , these ambitious goals have to be set against a limited
budget , especially in the initial phase of work . Indeed , the Framework
Programme recommends selectivity in the choice of projects to be funded .
However , the content as presented here has to be broad in order to define
the general context for this and possible future programmes , while at the
same time highlighting certain critical issues to be tackled under the
présent proposai .
The technical ; content of the programme has been defined with the help of the
CREST ad-hoc Working Group on Marine Science and Technology . The preparation
involved an extensive process of consultation with research scientists ,
industrialists and government officials . In addition , a procedure of call
for expressions of interest was launch®! in February 1988^-. Tie purpose of
the exercise was to help establish the degree of pertinence of certain
possible areas of research , to assist the definition of projects in the
 light of priorities established , to promote contacts in the scientific
ccmrtunity, particularly between research organizations and industry, with a
view to initiating -, joint projects , and to achieve a quick start once the
Council has adopted the programme .
      ■ku C48 of 20 February 1988 .
 ---pagebreak---                                                                                 7
More than 1000 replies to the call for expressions of interest were received
             ■Г
from companies ( 22% ), institutes ( 37% ), and universities ( 41% ) confirming
the high degree of interest in the topics outlined in the call for
expressions of interest , throughout the Community . The total estimated cost
of the expressions of interest is at least 1200 MECUS which , on the basis of
an average EC contribution of 50% , would mean a request for more than 600
MECUS in Coirrrunity funding . Psplies from industry ;\c count for 40% of the
estimated costs . The distribution by country shows that there is a well
balanced geographical spread of interest . Many of the respondents have
identifier?, possible partners for projects , indicating a willingness to work
in transnational partnerships . The expressions of interest were used to help
determine the final draft technical content of the MAST programme .
Looking at oceanography worldwide , it is evident that significant resources
are already c'-:*”oi-.ed to large scale prograrrnes on the oceans . Sore examples
include ECCE ( v.orld Ocean Circulation Experiment ), TOGA ( Tropical Ocean and
Global Atmosphere)’ , ODP ( Ocean Drilling Programme ) and JGCF3 ( Joint Global
Ocean Flux System ), which are funded by national contributions and not by-
central sources .
By comparison , research on regional and coastal seas appears to have
received less attention . Concern over this issue is not limited to Europe .
As an illustration , the same view was expressed in the context of a recent
hearing (April 1938 ) of the Environment and Public Works Committee of the US
Senate .
In view of this , the main focus of the MAST programme will be on coastal and
regional seas ( regional seas comprise the Mediterranean , the North , Baltic
and Irish Seas ) and parts of the Atlantic . However , it does not exclude the
possibility of seme limited research effort on the open ocean where
particularly relevant , e.g. at the interface of the ocean/continental shelf
and in the North-East At 1 ’otic .
 ---pagebreak---                                                                            8
The broad areas to be included in the Community programme on Marine Science
and Technology are given in the list of topics mentioned in the Technical
Content of chapter 7.1 of the Framework Programme . On the basis of this
outline , these and other related topics were grouped under four main
headings as follows :
       .A
               Paid: II
               Part         Basic and Applied Marine Science
               Part II
               Part     II  Coastal Zone Science and Engineering
               Part III
               Part     III Marine Technology
          •   Tart, IV
              Part      3V  Supporting Initiatives
              - .*** ••
Part I , Basic ; and Applied Marine Science , relates especially to the
investigation of the oceanographic and ecological characteristics of coastal
and regional seas , through the study of marine processes and applying
mathematical modelling techniques . It was considered essential to have a
separate section on Coastal Zone Science and Engineering ( Part II ) due to
the special characteristics and problems in coastal and inshore areas which
require both technical and scientific solutions .
The development and adaptation of new technology is vital for the
advancement of marine science and for the better management and use of the
sea . Requirements in this area are described under Part III , Marine
Technology . Topics included in this section cue of particular relevance to
industry .              1
Part IV addresses in particular the need for better use of existing
 facilities , sharing of data and information , and for improved training .
These objectives . were clearly specified in the Framework Programme and in
the Resolution of the European Parliament of 10.10.1986 .
More details - of the content of Parts I to IV are given in a later part of
 this document . * ;         "h                                    r'h'q-
            *
 ---pagebreak---                                                                             9
POTENTIAL BENEFITS TO INDUSTRY
MAST, like all Community R & D programmes , has its emphasis on pre-
ccmpetitive research . Potential benefits to industry will arise from the
development of new equipment , the access to new information , the use of new
techniques and methodologies , and the use of new materials tested under MAST
projects .
New equipment :
             \ '■
The outcome of seme projects could be new and improved components and
systems , arising frem new design , technology development and trials . Types
of equipment to be considered range from relatively small items , such as
sampling and sensor systems , to major facilities like research vessels ,
robotic sutxnersibles and engineering test facilities . In one case cf the
latter , however , it would be unreasonable to attempt activities beyond the
design level without distorting the programme budget .
It should be noted that the technologies involved in the development of seme
equipment may be covered by other R & D programmes ( e.g. ERIT'E/EURAM , RACE
and ESPRIT ). Projects presenting new concepts for marine equipment which axe
outside the scope of MAST may be redirected to these other programmes for
consideration .
                       „ j
New techniques :           /
Benefits to industry will arise particularly through unproved collection ,
handling and transfer of data and modelling methods , the use of models for
engineering design and monitoring , new survey and monitoring methods , data
processing techniques for a range of applications .
                                                                              13
 ---pagebreak---                                                                                  10
Intprcved information :
New data sources , the gradial improvement of the quality and quantity of
marine and coastal data could be provided to industry as a result of MAST
projects in the fields of offshore operations , engineering design and
survey . The development of oan&non standards for integration and application
of data end the scope for improved and coordinated networks are particularly
important in this respect .
However , the concept of funding research rather than routine activities
precludes contribution to long-term data infrastructure systems , except on a
design and demonstration basis . Data collection aid distribution networks ,
data bases and information exchange systems set up urder MAST intended for
loro-trim use , will require commitment by participants beyond the life time
of the HAST programme .
FUNDING
A Management and Coordination Advisory Conmittee ( CGC ) will be established
•to assist, the Ccroission with the management and implementation of the
programme ,
The amount deemed necessary for Marine Science and Technology ( subdivision
 /. if Framework . Programme 1987-1991 ) has been fitted at 50 MECuS for the
duration of the programme , The programme should continue for 3 years and
will ccsrvc- into 'effect on adoption by the Council presumably in the first
half of if39 era run into 1992 . Decision an the distribution of funds among
the varices parts of the HAST programme will only be taken after the
asset.-•“•id"' of interest and quality of the projects , end in const ilt&tion with
tlie CGC . However, an indication of the possible breakdown of funding is
given below ;
              Petrs. I     basic and Applied Karine Science      30-35   %
              tar.?  II Coastal Zone Science ana Engineering     15-20   %
              Fart   I T.I Marine Tachnol ogy                    dO-35   i
              Part   TV Supporting Initiatives                   10-15   5
                                                                                    5 .1
                                                                                     I -?
 ---pagebreak---                                                                              li
A substantial financial ccninittment will be required for Part IV in order to
meet the needs for better coordination in the short term .
The programme will be implemented by means of shared-cost research
contracts , coordination activities , supporting initiatives , study contracts ,
and training and exchanges . Shared-cost contracts will be used to fund
research projects of Community wide interest , involving work which cannot be
undertaken at national level or by coordinat big national programmes . They
must also' encourage the transfer of knowledge and at the same time meet the
requirements and objectors of the MAST programme . The funds available will
be used for the following :
(a ) To finance research contracts for projects submitted in response to a
     public call for proposals which will be published as soon as faasrble .
     F r shared-cost contracts , the Community participation will generally
     be 50% of the total expenditure , but this percentage may Pa varied
     anvoiding to the nature and the stage of development of the research .
     In respact of universities and research institutes carrying out
     projects , the Ccmsnunity may bear up to 100% of the additional
     expenditures involved .
     Scared-cost research projects should , in general , he carried out by
     participants from more than one member state .
     Priority • •ther.es> or project areas vail be clearly defined in order to
     help applicants to forirralata their proposals and to avoid an excessive
     rejection rate . Proposals will be assessed by independent experts on
     the basis of quality, relevance , and prospect for success . Proposals
     falling in ' Part III will be assessed also on the basis of their
     potential industrial application . The final decision on the selection
            * v.
     of projects for funding will be taken by the Commission after
     consultation with the CGC .
 ---pagebreak---                                                                               12
(b)   To cover the costs of coordination of projects funded at national level
      (" Concerted action ").
(c)   To encourage initiatives which lead to better cormunication , end a
      reduction in duplication of work , to encourage the shared use of
      facilities and equipment , and to promote advanced transna.tional
      training of scientists , engineers and technical personnel .
(d)   To carry out studies on the assessment of opportunities and problems
      and future outlook for marine science and technology in the 1390 'a .
•'e ) To disseminate and encourage application of results of R £ D , through
      contractors meetings and symposia , and to make the information
      available in data bases end networks .
darts I , IT and III will be impLanented by research contracts and
coordination activities while Part IV will be jjjplensnted by providixij the
finruicial means necessary to establish certain Supporting Initiatives .
The prograrae will he open to universities , research organizations and
industrial enteritises established in tlia Community . Efforts will be made to
involve ,:r broad, a spectrum of participants as possible through the
distribution of information packages a_-,.d the designation of national contact
points .              ;
The association and involvarnsnt of non-member states          ( including those
participating in COST >, international and national organizaticiis , will be
made possible through suitable agreements , founded on criterion of luuuoel
advantage , 01 , jn cite case of organizations arid enterprises established in
ETTA countries , through suitable arrangements on a cose by case basis .
                                                                                 ; Ü
 ---pagebreak---                                                                               13
Links with other CcrrmuniLy programmes ( e.g. Environmental Protection ,
Climatology and Natural Hazards , the action plan for proaaction of the
environment i_n the Mediterranean region (MEDSFA.), Fisheries , Non-No . ;lenr
Energy, BRITE/EUPAM, Technological Development in the Eiydrocnrhons Sector ;
will be established . 'Where deemed desirable , consideration will be given ro
a scheme for joint funding of projects . Coordination will be ensured tc
avoid overlaps and bridge gaps in coverage . Particular attention will be
given to ensuring that there is coherence between MAST projects and related
JRC activities in applications of remote sensing .
Contacts will also be set up with activities sponsored by other
international . organizations , such as World Meteorological Office OnlO ;,
Triceigoveiuiirent 1 Oceanographic Carmission ( IOC ) and International Council
for the F: piora cion of the Seas ( ICES ;, and. also the North Sea Task Force .
Contribute ons bp DC countries to these activities could be eligible for
port-funding fron the MAST progname .
The need to r-r- tabli sh connections with FJESKA is acknowledged . The
Carmiss Loii is represented on the EURCMAP. board and this saould -_nsure chat
duplication of work is avoided , particularly '4: are there is doubt on tee
dividing line between preccrrpcrcrtive and carped. Hive research .
An independent evaluation of tire prograi.me will he carriai out o /td will ce
trie subject of reports prepared in accordance with the relevant tonne..1
Resolution and Carmunication from the Camr ssion ,        as well as with the
proviso ons of Article 2 , paragraph 2 of the Fxainer/.turk Programme . The
evaluation will determine the eoctent to wii.ch the objectives of hie
‘progianne have been net and may include the following criteria ;
- The contribution to improved knowledge of the marine             enviro-wiynt ,
   especially of European coastal and regional sees .
- The degree of development or improvement in marine instruments and
   enabling technologies necessary for the advancement of marine science and
   related future industrial developments .
                                                                                  17
 ---pagebreak---                                                                             14
 - Otie exhauc. to which there hag been improved cooperation between rational
   marine R & D programmes in Member States through the coordination of
   Erejects and tnrough EC support for transnational shared-cost prelects .
- The degree to Which there has been an improvement in the shared use of
   existing.major research facilities ( e.g. research vessels ).
- The effectiveness of the programme in encouraging training and exchange of
   personnel .
- The extent to which there has been a strengthening of European
   participation, in worldwide ocean programmes .
OUTLINE OF THE CONTENT OF PARTS I TO IV OF THE MAST PROGRAMME’ (*)
Part T . basic und .applied Marine Science
torsnunicy research in Marine Science has three n-ain aims , es follows * to
achieve a better understanding cf Marine processes , especially in the
ooastal and 3regional seas of the Cotmunity jMfember States ; to improve our
ability ‘to predict changes in those , seas ; and to establish the scientific
basis for their management,"protection and exploitation .
                      y   ■
In order to achieve these objectives , it will be necessary to study the
stax.tore , st -i-biUty. "gno dynamics cf the marine environment , first by
developing uiisting and new Models of marine processes , secondly through the
inplementation of basic research in the various disciplines ( physics ,
chemistry , biology) of oceanography. Part I therefore consists of two
cxTiTponeits : 1 . Moduli:ng 'and 2 . Oceanography.
'■*) Ucbe : A nrore detailed description of the technical content of the
            prograirue is available in the working document entitled "Detailed
            Technical Content of MAST"Ref : XII 521 / 63 .
 ---pagebreak---                                                                                 15
1 . Modelling
    R 6 D in modelling has an important role in the MAST programme . The main
    reason for this is that mathematical , numerical computer mode] ling has
    proven to be the only technique capable of expressing the interaction
    between the complex processes in a marine system , in a iraiiageable or
    controllable way . A basic aim of this part of the programme is to
    establish decision support systems for management of the marine
    environment . This should promote the much needed dialogue between
    managers and scientists .
    1.1 . Continental shelf and regional seas
          The long term goal is to develop a coordinated system for modelling
          of European regional seas . The development of new three-dimensional
          models is required and is of particular relevance for the simulation
          of processes at the shelf-ocean interface .
    1.2 . Coastal waters
          Although parts of European coastal waters have been modelled
          extensively in recent years , the quality of the models varies
          considerably throughout the Community . Major benefits can bn
          obtained through corpora tr/e modelling projects and more widespread
          dissemination of line results of R S D.     The re is also a need for
          bei ter models of coastal voters and for their integration with
          models of regional seas .
    1.3 . Ecosystem models'
                 r -■
          Modelling is the only technique which can comprehensively dose-rile
          marine ecosystems and which takes account of natural variab.i 1 tty . it
          is thud' of direct relevance in cause /effect studies of ecological
          processes . At present , ecosystem modelling is less advanced, than the
          modelling of physical processes and there is a real need to bridge
          this gap .....
                                                                                 19
 ---pagebreak---              •5
                                                                                16
    1.4 . Modelling coordination
           Hie fast developing discipline of modelling is relatively new and
           would benefit frcm better coordination . Initiatives within the
           sector would provide added value to the quality and applicability of
           European modelling ,       to  the  dissemination of  the   results  of
           modelling,        and   to Camtunity   participation in   international
           programmes .
    ^ferine' mathematical modelling is a broad topic , therefore it is proposed
    that , in this . first programme , all other things being equal , priority be
    given to Ecosystemmodels ( 1.3 ) and Modelling coordination ( 1.4 ).
                   ■i;     :  '
                •:   tiT
2 . Oceanoqraphy f .
    Hie focus in oceanography is on the study of marine processes in sea
    areas of . interest to the Member States . Hie onphasis is on multi­
    disciplinary studies which contribute to a better understanding of marine
    systems and which can' provide data for mathematical models . Five
    principal topics have: teen defined .
     2.1 . Circulation and. exchange of water masses
           Circulation patterns and exchange of water masses around Europe need
           to be defined in order to determine the prevailing physical forces
           at work in the marine environment . For example , shelf circulation
           systems must be elucidated to understand the fate of inputs frcm
            land and marine sources and to evaluate exchanges occurring at the
                         i       .
            shelf, break .
                                                                                 h
 ---pagebreak---                                                                             17
2.2 . Biogeochemical cycles and fluxes
      Not - enough is known about the cycling of elements in the marine
      environment and research is required to determine the major pathways
      and reservoirs ( especially for carbon , nitrogen , phosphorous , silica
      and metals ) in biogeochemical cycles . These studies are essential in
      order to determine natural circulation of substances , to fill gaps
      in existing data , and to be able to forecast natural cr induced
      change .
2.3 . Interface and boundary processes
      The points of interaction between the seas , trie sea floor , the
      atmosphere , the coast and estuarine water are the sites where there
      is a constant exchange of gases , particulates and ether matter .
      These highly interactive areas need to be studied further to
      determine the exchanges of matter and energy at the boundaries of
      the marine system , including open boundaries e.g. shelf /oceans , and
      to evaluate the overall contribution of the shelf seas to trie oceans
      at large .
2.4 . Biological processes   '
      Functional studies in marine biological processes , including the
      marine micro-organisms , are required , to provide the data necessary
      for ecosystem modelling . This should help to achieve a better
      understanding of the organization and characteristics of life in the
      sea , to, determine the physical and chemical forces at work , and to
      forecast change.'
       ‘v \ ■
              ■T l
                                                                         - 21
 ---pagebreak---                                                                                  18
     2.5 . - Sedimentary processes
               Studies are required which examine sediment transport , settling ,
               suspension , compaction , erosion and other sedimentary processes in
               offshore as well as coastal situations ( see also Part II , 1 ).
               Information and data from such studies is necessary to predict
                   1
               sediment displacement , to assist management decisions , for
               geotechnical studies , and to determine appropriate uses of the sea
               floor .        .
     In v^ew of the wide range of topics in oceanography mentioned above , in
     this first programme , all other things being equal , priority will be
     given to Biological processes ( 2.4 ) and Biogeochemical cycles and fluxes
     ( 2.2 ).
Part II . Coastal Zone Science and Engineering
Hie objectives of the Coastal Zone Science and Engineering part of the
programs are as" follows : to strengthen European research in coastal
processes , thereby allowing for better management of resources and for
engineering designs ; to provide the information and data required for
development of application of modem tools in coastal management , in
particular mathematical numerical modelling ; to advance and harmonize design
of coastal engineering works ; and to help prepare for the consequences of
what seems an .inevitable rise in sea level within the next century . Coastal
pollution problems are addressed by the Environmental Protection Programme
and therefore excluded from this programme .
1 . Coastal norphodynamics
    Coastal norphodynamics is mainly concerned with the study of the shaping
    of the coast, by waves and currents , and new mathematical models are
    required to understand and predict this process . Existing mathematical
    models of cohesive sediment behaviour are unsatisfactory and better
    predictions are' required to understand the basic processes , e.g. erosion
    properties and time dependent consolidation properties . Models can be
    also used to' predict change brought about by certain technical or
    managerial actions w
 ---pagebreak---                                                                             19
2 . Coastal ecosystems
    Coastal ecosystems are more complex in many respects than open sea
    ecosystems due to the influence of fluctuations in sea level ,
    exploitation of living resources , and the chemical and physical effects
    of human activities on land . Many questions relating to the energy flew
    and physics of coastal ecosystems remain unsolved and a multi­
    disciplinary approach is required which will determine the broad zonal
    patterns and characteristics of coastal ecosystems . Once established ,
    this could provide the scientific basis for the formulation of European
    guidelines for coastal resources management .
3 . Meteanarine prédictions
    Meteomarine research includes the study of wave kinematics ,        growth
    and decay, the interaction between waves and the long term prediction of
    sea level .and wave heights for engineering purposes . The objective of
    this part of the programme is to provide tine basis for the improved
    modelling and forecasting cf waves and to help derive better design
    parameters for offshore engineering structures . The economic benefit from
    research in this sector could be significant .
4 . Coastal engineering
    Several topics in coastal engineering have been selected as priority
    because of their ’ economic and strategic importance . Effort will be
    concentrated on research leading to improved design of coastal and
    harbour breakwaters , sea outfalls , beach nourishment schemes as well as
    options in coastal engineering , to prepare for the predicted global rise
    in sea leve],. There is a need in Europe to transfer knowledge and
    harmonize action to meet this challenge .
                                                                               23
 ---pagebreak---                                                                             20
Part III . Marine Technology
The focus . of the Technology part of the programme is firstly to encourage
the development of instruments and secondly to promote generic enabling
technologies necessary for the advancement of marine science and related
future industrial developments . In agreement with the overall strategy of
the Ccrrenunity Framework Programme , activities supported by the Marine
Technology part of the programme must be preccmpetitive . This is different
from the EUREKA initiatives in the marine field ( EURQMAR, EUROFGR, etc .),
which should be directed towards marketable technology . It should be noted
that projects on offshore oil platforms and pipeline technology, sea surface
positioning and atmospheric canmunication cannot be included in MAST at this
stage , either because of budget limitations , or because of coverage by other
programmes .
Three main areas of importance for Ccnmunity research have been identified .
In addition , studies on the outlook for the 1990 's ( technology and
resources ) are required .
1 . Instrumentation for science
    The demand for synoptic and real time measurements of the physical ,
    chemical and biological parameters is . increasing continuously. New
    sensors and instrument packages will be developed under this programme ,
    taldng into account the needs for autonomous long term in-situ monitoring
    systems and for flexible ROV ( Ranotely Operated Vehicle ) -borne
    instruments for precisely targeted observations , sampling and
    measurements . Those data gathering technologies which operate ty taking
    remote measurements ( e.g. acoustics ) are particularly relevant . The
    programme will also support development of monitoring techniques using
    biosensors .
    New opportunities for calibration , or data gathering and validation will
    become possible as a result of the launching of       satellites ERS-1 and
    TDPEK-POSEJDON . The programme will support these activities , which will
                i .
    be carried! out where possible in association with the JRC .
                    V
    Ί
             K.
                                                                               24
 ---pagebreak---                                                                                     21
2 . Generic enabling technologies
    The MAST programme will support selective actions for the development of
    new or Improved generic enabling technologies such as underwater signal
    transmission ,, ireging and marine applications of modem robotics . These
    actions will mainly be directed at improving the knowledge of the marine
    er'.virctiment -and processes , and at the development of new or improved
    oceanographic instrumentation .
3 . Dasicn. aspects of large scale facilities
    If is proposed to undertake joint studies oe toe desoon requirements of
    r.ew large scale facilities for Europe , such as multi-purpose or
    specialised research vessels , manned or unmanned suitecsfiles , and a
    high-resolution sea-floor mapping system .
4 . Studies on the outlook for the 1930 's
    In oirer to            spare for the challenges of the 1990 's , it is appropriate
    that the fprro.Gity supports technico-eroncnic feasibility studies aid
    projects to assess the baniefits and impacts of future strategic
    init.iati.vi9s ha - arine science and technology ard to glue indications on
    the possible content of a future Community programme .
Part IV . Siroportinq Initiatives
The objective-3 - of 'die Supporting Initiatives part of the programme will be
oarpi^mentary to the research aspects in Fares I , II and III . Under this
part of the programme the financial sneans will be provided for certain
measures Leading to better cornrisunication and less duplication of work . The
purpose .        .i_____s is to encourage more cost effective use of facilities ( e.g.
ship -. special laboratories , etc .), to contribute to pre-star:-dardisation, to
improve specialized . training and research capabilities , and to assist
technology transfer , The Commission has been advised on the need for the
following initiatives ?
 ---pagebreak---                                                                                     22
1 . European ocean data and information network
    This initiative will set up a system linking existing ocean data centres
    in Europe , thereby avoiding unnecessary duplication of data collection in
    some areas and filling the gaps in data in other areas .
2 . Research vessel and heavy equipment coordination
    A pilot ccsrenunication system will be established to coordinate research
    cruises and shared use of equipment or services , in order to achieve the
    maximum number of operational days and reduce costs .
3 . Advanced training
    It is proposed to establish advanced courses on topics of special
    importance , and to establish a training and exchange scheme for marina
    scientists , and/or technology .
4 . Survevinq for resource évaluation
    The Commission will consider ways of supporting cooperative approaches to
    mapping and bathymetric/hydrographic surveying . These ini.tiati.ves will
    have a rearing inter alia on resource evaluation . It should be noted that
    the term resource , in this context , excludes fisheries and hydrocarbons .
5 . Frenaretich'of nor,os and standards
    Agreement ii tsruired on common norms and standards for mwthcdo.logies
    < e.g , sairpl.v<ig. procedures ), equipment , instrument calibration , simulation
    and tenting procedures in hostile conditions . In the first instance, a
    or* nittem of - experts wrll he established to define .tv.quicements in this
    roea .  Tktlu’.ki 1 : this area will be carried out in cooes: aticn with the
    programme iitwvnity Bureau of Rsfarence ( BCR ).
                                                                                       0<
 ---pagebreak---                                                                              2?
6 . Marine polar research , marine qeoscientific lithospheric research
    A working group will be set up to discuss possible Community initiatives
    on marine polar research in the Arctic or Antarctic , and on marine
    geoscientific lithospheric research . It would take account of other
    European initiatives in this area , e.g. the ELF network on polar science
    and related initiatives such as PCNAM ( Polar North Atlantic margins , late
    Cenozoic evolution ).
                         «
               •Î
                                                                                27
 ---pagebreak---          L:   V
                                  Proposai for a
                                 COUNCIL DECISION
      adopting a specific research and technological development programme
                    in the field of Marine Science and Technology
TOE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Ccranunity,
and in particular Article 130 q ( 2 ) thereof ;
Having regard to the proposal fran the Commission ( 1 );
                        \y -
In cooperation with the European Parliament ( 2 );
Having regard to the opinion of the Economic and Social Cormittee ( 3 );
Whereas Article 130 k of the Treaty provides that the framework programme
shall be implemented through specific programmes developed within each
activity;
                 ?■ s        t
 ( 1 ) OJ No   C . .   - ,
 ( 2 ) OJ No   G      ÛJNo C ..
 ( 3 ) CXJ No  C       -,
                                                                           28
 ---pagebreak--- Whereas by its Deci sion 87 / 516 / Euratom,EEC ( 4 ), the Council has adopted a
framework programme of Community research and technological development
( 1987-1991 ), providing inter alia for activities in exploitation of the
seabed and use of marine resources ;
Whereas , for the selection of Ccmnunity actions , the framework programme
sets out criteria including that               of contributing to the strengthening
of economic and social cohesion of the Ccmnunity, consistent with the
pursuit of scientific and technical quality;
Whereas the European Parliament in its Resolution of 10 October 1986 ( 5 )
stresses the necessity for cooperation , coordination and complementarity of
national policies’ in' the field of oceanography and reccmnends that the
Commission undertake       a number of actions to that effect under the framework
programme ;
Whereas other Community programmes                ( e.g. Environmental Protection ,
Climatology and Natural Hazards , Fisheries , Technological Development in the
Hydrocarbons Sector , Non-Nuclear Energy and seme activities of the JRC ) have
a bearing on topics in Marine Science and Technology, but none are directed
                            +
specifically at marine research ;
Whereas in the present context of expanding industrialization , increasing
pressure is being placed on the marine and especially the coastal
environment ;
Whereas it is widely recognized that a good knowledge base and reliable
predictive techniques are essential for long term management and protection
strategies for the marine environment ;
Whereas to achieve these objectives much can be gained from effective
coordination of the research programmes of the Member States and joint
execution of European projects in marine science and technology;
( 4 ) OJ No L 302,24.10.]987 , p. 1
( 5 ) CXJ No C 283, 10.11 . ^ 86 , p. 104
                                                                                    29
 ---pagebreak--- Whereas participation by certain   European  non-member   States  in a
Community R & D programme in marine science and technology would be
beneficial ;
Whereas the Scientific and Technical Research Committee ( CREST ) has been
consulted^on the following measures ,
HAS ADOPTED THIS DECISION :
         s^                       Article 1
A specific research and technological development programme for the European
Economic Community in the field of Marine Science and Technology, as defined
in the Annex , is hereby adopted for a period of 3 years , starting on [ insert
the date of-the adoption of the decision ].
                                  Article 2
The amount deemed necessary for the execution of the programme is 50 million
ECU, including expenditure on a staff of 13 .
                                  Article 3
Detailed rules for the implementation of the programme and the rate of the
Community's financial participation are set out in the Annex .
                                                                              30
 ---pagebreak---                                           Article 4
1 . In the second year of the programme implementation , the Commission shall
     undertake a review of the programme and it shall report to the Council
     and the European Parliament on the results thereof , together , if
     necessary, with any proposals for modification or prolongation .
2 . An evaluation of           the results achieved shall be conducted by the
     Ccmmission , whicK shall report thereon to the Council and the European
     Parliament .       ■> ...
3 . The abovementioned reports shall be established having regard to the
     objectives set out in the Annex to this Decision and in conformity with
     the provisions of Article 2 ( 2 ) of Decision 87 / 516/Euratom,EEC .
                                          Article 5
1 . The Ccmmission shall be responsible for the execution of the programme
     and shall be assisted in its implementation by a Management and
     Coordination Advisory Committee ( CGC ), which shall be set up in
     accordance with the provisions laid down in Council Decision
     84 / 338 /Euratcm , ECSC , EEC ( 6 ), and called the MAST Connittee .
2 . The contracts entered into by the Ccmmission shall regulate the rights
     and obligations of each party, including the methods of disseminating ,
     protecting and'exploiting the research results .
( 6 ) CJ No L 177, 04.07.1984 , p. 25
                                                                             31
 ---pagebreak---                                          Article 6
1 . The Commission is hereby authorized to negotiate , in accordance with Article
    130n of the Treaty , agreements with non-member States and international
    organizations , in particular with those countries participating in
    European cooperation in the field of scientific and technological
    research ( COST ),, and those having concluded framework agreements in
    scientific and technical cooperation with the Community with a view to
    associating them wholly or partly with the programme .
2 . Where framework agreements for scientific and technical cooperation
    between j non1 member States and the European Communities have been
    concluded , .organizations and enterprises established in those countries
    may participate in a project undertaken within this programme .
                            /■- '        Article 7
This Decision is addressed to the Member States .
                          .£      ' . -v
                    - -» • ù .
Done at         r        *•
                A-.
            •v>
For the Council ,
The President .
 ---pagebreak---                                             АЖЕХ
              К & Б ИСОАММЕ Ш МЖШЕ 8С1ШСЕ Ж) ТЕСШСЮЗаУ (ШОТ )
                                       I. QBJ3CTIVIS
The objectives of the MAST programme are :
- to contribute to better knowledge of the marine oaivironeert , especially of
  European coastal and regional seas ( inducing the N.E. Atlantic ), in order
  to inprove their management and. protection and to predict d large­
- to encourage the development of new technologies for the er.deration ,
  pmtection and exploitation of i.arine resources fwith + he 'nrg : hr ; of
  fisherlu •• o’/cf' ocaotons ar>d r.-newable energy , '-hich are a ’Y .- -- o’ ;  or .r r
  O •• ur i - y r. rogrammes );
- to dno'rov<-      coordination oh cooperan.cn o r ne-.f natlore "               g r ;
  prcgg e •■ '-s ’o : he (Member '"’rates , and to help inov,the o'           re‘O
  these program* o' through i otter use cf rest and fadd ities ;
- to stue - ole!; industrial ccmj>:Litiveress ir. 'id * :• h eo-ao 1; sorters ,
- to prov : 'Y the technical bads for , and er courage. five dclo.i-'d of .
  common ,o' "S , standards and design guidelines , i n view of -‘she onspietl n.
  of the intoaiai market in 1S92 ;
- to assist, riuiovean participation in worldwide ocean prog.ram res ;
- to facilitate training and exchange of personnel .
The programme comprises four main headings :
  * Basic and applied marine science
  * Coastal zone .science and engineering
  * Marine technology .
  * Supporting initiatives
 ---pagebreak---                                       II . CONTENTS
           v..-     *V
PART I     Basic and Applied Marine Science
           1 . Modelling
                  1.1 . Continental shelf and regional seas
                  1.2 . Coastal waters
                  1.3 . Ecosystem models
                  1.4 . Modelling coordination
           2 . Oceanography
                : 2.1 . Circulation and exchange of water masses
              . 2.2 .   Biogeochemical cycles and fluxes
                  2.3 . Interface and boundary processes
                  2.4 . Biological processes
                  2.5 . Sedimentary processes
PART II    Coastal Zone Science and Engineering
           1 . Coastal morphodynamics
     ,, „r 2 . Coastal ecosystems
           3 . Metecmarine prédictions
           4 . Coastal engineering
PART III Marine Technology
           1 . Instrumentation for science
           2 . Generic enabling technologies
           3 . Design aspects of large scale facilities
           4 . Studies on the outlook for the 1990 's
PART IV    Supporting Initiatives
           1.     European ocean data and information network
           2.     Research vessel and heavy equipment coordination
           3.     Advanced training
           4.     Surveying for resource evaluation                      u '
           5.     Préparation of norms and standards
           6.     Marine polar research , marine geoscientific     lithospheric
                  research                                               i
 ---pagebreak---                                XII •
The programme shall be implemented by means of ( i ) shared-cost research
contracts , ( ii ) coordination activities ( including concerted action ), ( iii )
supporting initiatives , ( iv ) study contracts , and ( v ) training and exchange
of staff .
The programme is open to universities , research organizations and industrial
companies , including small and medium-sized enterprises , individuals , or any
combination thereof established in the Community . Shared-cost projects
involving research centres ( and/or universities ) and industry are
particularly welcome , and mndatory for Part III , Marine Technology . In
general projects must involve participants frcsn more than one member State .
The association and involvement of non-member States , international arid
national organizations shall be founded on the criterion cf nutual. advantage .
In the case of organizations and enterprises established in EFTA countries
suitable arrangements shall be made on a case by case basis .
For shared-cost contracts , the Community participation will generally be 50%
of the total expenditure , but this percentage may be varied according to the
nature and the stage of development of the research . In respect of
universities and research institutes carrying out projects , the Community
may bear up to 100% of the additional expenditure involved .
 ---pagebreak---                     Assessment of impact on ranal 1 business
This proposal-for an R&D programme on Marine Science and Technology (MAST )
is intended*.to meet the objectives stated in chapter 7.1 of the Framework
Programme 1987-1991 . These are : " to contribute to establishing a scientific
and technolpgica1 basis for the exploration , exploitation , management and
protection of -the European coastal and marginal seas ", and furthermore : "to
introduce the necessary Community dimension to various on-going research
activities ".
One of the aims of the MAST programme is to help improve the competitiveness
of Community industries in the relevant sectors of marine science and
technology . The participation of industry in the programme is important
because the development of scare technologies is more a matter for industry,
including small firms , than for universities and research centres . It is
evident from the topics listed in the contents ( see annex to the proposal
for Council decision) ; that the technology part of the programme will be of
greater interest to industry than the part on science .
Potential benefits and advantages to industry
Participation . in the MAST programme offers SMEs the possibility of
transnational - collaboration in research projects in marine science and
technology . By encouraging companies to work together on projects with a
European dimension , this helps to strengthen industrial competitiveness on a
European scale-. An additional benefit for small businesses is that they have
the possibility to work with larger firms , with universities and with
research centres . Multinational contracts between several partners bring
researchers . together and help to develop further contacts . Participation in
Community programmes gives direct access to the R&D results .
 ---pagebreak--- MAST, like all Community R&D programmes ■which have implications for
industry, has its emphasis on preccmpetitive research . Potential benefits to
industry in general will arise from the development of new equipment , the
access to new information , the use of new techniques and methodologies , and
the use of new materials tested under MAST projects . As marine technology
expands , s^all innovative companies will derive significant benefit in tbac
they will be' able to provide goods and se.rv.i.r:es to larger oampunios and
research institutes . In addition , small firms will V ve the opportunity to
participate in large scale research projects , which would otherwise be
beyond their budget and research capacity , They will also have the
possibility to test their products at see and have access to la • ge scale
test sites and facilities .
The outcome of same projects could be new and improved components and
systems , arising from new design , technology de- r-'lopxnent end trials . Types
of equipment to be considered range from rolaLb’ely small items , vuch as
sanpling and sensor systerns , the R&D which ccvJd be carried out ly SMEs , to
major facilities like res.'-arch vessels , submersibJ.es and engineering test
faciliti.es , the R&D which cculd include SMEs as participants or as sub­
contractors .
Difficulties which may be encountered by SMEs
Small businesses may encounter difficulties in the following areas :
      The Cormunity contribution to the shared-cost research will normally be
      50% of the total cost , with the balancing funds provided by trie project
      proposers-
      The cost of preparing a project proposal can be a deterrent for seme
      SMEs . However , in - s collaborative application , costs are shared with
      the major portion d >puen+1 y carried by tire lead proposer .
 ---pagebreak--- Impact on employment
As the research under the programme is essentially preccmpetitive , the
results and their industrial application are of a medium and long-term
nature so that the effects on employment are difficult to estimate , with the
exception of recruitment and continued employment of the research staff on
EC projects .
Consultation
The technical content of the programme has been defined with the help of the
CREST ad-hoc Working Group . The preparation involved an extensive process of
consultation with- research scientists , industrialists ,, and government
officials .
                                                                             38
 ---pagebreak--- 1. BÜTOET TiTLE
    7371 MAST {Maxine Science and Technology) .
    19B9-19S2 .
2. LEGAL BASIS
   Article 130 Q.
3. rROGRÂO'ME DESCRIPTION AMD OBJECTIVES
   •The Mast programme has the following Train objectives ;
         to contribute to better knowledge of European coastal and regional
         seas in order to improve their management and protection , and to
         predict change ;
         to encourage the development of new technologies for the evpl.orati.cn ,
         protection and exploitation of marine resources (wich 'life exception
         of fisheries , hydrocarbons and renewable energy);
         to imorove co-ordination and co-operation amongst national marine •
         R * D programmes in the Member States , and to help inc.rea.se the
         effectiveness of these programmes through better use of research
         facilities ;
         to strengthen industrial competitiveness in the relevant sectors .
   The programme comprises 4 parts ;
            i.  Basic and applied marine science ;
          i.i , Coastal zone science and engineering ;
         iii .  Marine technology ;
          iv .  Supporting initiatives .
4.  PROGRAMME JUSTIFICATION
   Hie exploitation , management and protection of regional and coastal waters
    around Europe are critical issues for the EC . It is essential to have a
    good knowledge base and reliable predictive techniques so that long-term
   m'^vqorent strategies can be developed . In addition , large scale
    transboundary problems require multinational research .
    An LC marine science and technology programme will help to introduce the
    necessary European 1'unension into the various on-going re .search activities
    and thereby help to develop a European " critical mass".
 ---pagebreak---                                               - 2 -
5.   FINANCIAL IMPLICATICNS FOR INTEHVENTICW APPROPRIATIONS
     (miliion BCU)
5.1  Total cost over duration :
          - Fran the budget of the Ccmmunity :             50.000
          -•• Fran other sectors at national level :       45.8685
5.2  a)   Ccaxmitxnent schedule
              -i _    - - ■>·-
                  y
                                        1989     1990    1991      1992   Total
              - :
     Staff                              0.2415   00.655  01.030    01.070 02.9965
     Administration                     0.265    00.275  00.290    00.305 01.135
     Contracts                          6.4935   29.070  01.680    08.625 45.8685
     Total                              7.000    30.000  03.000    10.000 50.000
     b)    Payroent appropriations
                                 1989   1990      1991   1992      1993 + Total
                    -
     Staff                     . 0.2415 00.655    01.030  01.070   00.00  02.9965
     Administration              0,265  00.275    00.290  00.305   00.00  01.135
     Contracts                   1.4935 11.070    11.680  13.625   08.-00 45.8685
     Total                       2.000  12.000    13.000  15.000   08.000 50.000
 5.3 Method of Calculation
      a)   Expenditure by contract
           T!;;ls expenditure covers the Community 's financial contribution to the
           research carried out under shared-cost contracts to be concluded with
            industry and 'the research institutes of the Member States . It
            includes'also expenditure for external evaluation by independent
           experts estimated to be 100.000 ECUs .
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   b)      Operating expenditure
           This expenditure covers administrative costs (the cariTi.ittee winch
        -• supports the Catmission in the execution of the programme , working
           party meetings , document distribution and dissemination of
           information), use of data processing and telecommunications
           facilities and other supporting activities .
   c)      Personnel costs
           The requirements for this programme have been estimated on the basis
           of auxiliary staff , consultants , costs of mission and statutory
           required staff^ of:
           1)    in 1989
                 2 statutory officials - category A
                 1 statutory official(s) - category C
                 This staff is requested under the 1989 budget .
           2)    for 19902
                 6 statutory officials - category      A
                 1 statutory official - category       B
                 3 statutory officials - category      C
                 This supplementary staff will be      requested under the
                 1990 budget .
6. FINANCING OF EXPENDITURE
   The appropriations required to cover the Canmunity 's contribution to this
   project are to be entered in the Community 's future budgets .
      The cost of the new staff in 1990 is calculated at the 50% rate in the
      enrolment year .
           - The expenditure concerning personnel has been calculated on the
              following basis :
              . 93 . COO ECUs /'year for an A official
              . 58.000 EC"'s.'year for a B official
              . 37.000 ET' / 'y-'rr for a C officiai
           inflation has been prcviced for " 990 .
 ---pagebreak---                                       - 4 -
7. TYPE OF CQNTROL
           Administrative control by the Directorate-General for Financial
       . Control as regards budget implementation .
   -  ; Scientific control by the Directorate-General for Science . Research
            and Development .
           CGC Corrmittee .
        • Audits by the Court of Auditors in accordance with the provision of
            the, Treaty .
              • V' X*
                               X­
                        -4." •
              b
                      &
          ...         %
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