CELEX: 62008TJ0427
Language: en
Date: 2010-12-15 00:00:00
Title: Judgment of the General Court (Fourth Chamber) of 15 December 2010.#Confédération européenne des associations d’horlogers-réparateurs (CEAHR) v European Commission.#Agreements, decisions and concerted practices - Abuse of dominant position - Refusal of Swiss watch producers to supply spare parts to independent watch repairers - Community interest - Relevant market - Primary market and after market - Duty to give reasons - Manifest error of assessment.#Case T-427/08.

Case T-427/08
      Confédération européenne des associations d’horlogers-réparateurs (CEAHR)
      v
      European Commission
      (Agreements, decisions and concerted practices – Abuse of dominant position – Decision rejecting a complaint – Refusal of Swiss watch producers to supply spare parts to independent watch repairers – Community interest – Relevant market – Primary market and after market – Duty to state reasons – Manifest error of assessment)
      Summary of the Judgment
      1.      Competition – Administrative procedure – Examination of complaints – Determination of priorities by the Commission
      (Arts 81 EC, 82 EC and 85 EC)
      2.      Competition – Dominant position – Relevant market – Delimitation – Criteria – Primary market and after-market
      (Art. 82 EC)
      3.      Competition – Administrative procedure – Examination of complaints – Taking into account the Community interest in investigating
            a case – Criteria for assessment
      (Arts 81 EC and 82 EC)
      4.      Competition – Administrative procedure – Examination of complaints – Decision to take no further action motivated by the possibility
            of the claimant bringing the matter before the national courts – Legality – Condition
      (Arts 81 EC and 82 EC)
      1.      The Commission, entrusted by Article 85(1) EC with the task of ensuring the application of Articles 81 EC and 82 EC, is responsible
         for defining and implementing the competition policy of the European Union and for that purpose has a discretion as to how
         it deals with complaints.
      
      When, in the exercise of that discretion, the Commission decides to assign different priorities to the examination of complaints
         submitted to it, the Commission may not only decide on the order in which they are to be examined but also reject a complaint
         on the ground that there is an insufficient Community interest in further investigation of the case.
      
      The Commission’s discretion is not unlimited, however. It must take into consideration all the relevant matters of law and
         of fact in order to decide on what action to take in response to a complaint. More particularly, it must consider attentively
         all the matters of fact and of law which the complainant brings to its attention. Similarly, it is under an obligation to
         state reasons if it declines to continue with the examination of a complaint, and those reasons must be sufficiently precise
         and detailed to enable the Court effectively to review the Commission’s use of its discretion to define priorities.
      
      Review by the Courts of the European Union of the Commission’s exercise of the discretion conferred on it in this regard must
         not lead them to substitute their assessment of the Community interest for that of the Commission, but focuses on whether
         the contested decision is based on materially incorrect facts, or is vitiated by an error of law, manifest error of appraisal
         or misuse of powers.
      
      (see paras 26-28, 65)
      2.      In the context of proceedings concerning an abuse of a dominant position, the concept of the relevant market in fact implies
         that there can be effective competition between the products or services which form part of it and this presupposes that there
         is a sufficient degree of interchangeability between all the products or services forming part of the same market in so far
         as a specific use of such products or services is concerned. The interchangeability or substitutability is not assessed solely
         in relation to the objective characteristics of the products and services at issue, but the competitive conditions and the
         structure of supply and demand on the market must also be taken into consideration.
      
      It is also apparent from the Commission notice on the definition of the relevant market for the purposes of Community competition
         law that a relevant product market comprises all those products and/or services which are regarded as interchangeable or substitutable
         by the consumer, by reason of the products’ characteristics, their prices and their intended use.
      
      According to that notice, the assessment of demand substitution entails a determination of the range of products which are
         viewed as substitutes by the consumer. One way of making this determination can be viewed as a speculative experiment, postulating
         a hypothetical small but lasting change in relative prices and evaluating the likely reactions of customers to that increase.
         It is stated in point 17 of that notice that the question to be answered is whether the parties’ customers would switch to
         readily available substitutes in response to a hypothetical small (in the range 5% to 10%) but permanent relative price increase
         in the products and areas being considered. If substitution were enough to make the price increase unprofitable because of
         the resulting loss of sales, additional substitutes are included in the relevant market.
      
      In addition, according to point 56 of the notice, there are certain areas where the application of the principles above has
         to be undertaken with care. This is the case when considering primary and secondary markets, in particular, when the behaviour
         of undertakings at a point in time has to be analysed pursuant to Article 82 EC. The method of defining markets in these cases
         is the same, i.e. assessing the responses of customers based on their purchasing decisions to relative price changes, but
         taking into account as well constraints on substitution imposed by conditions in the connected markets. A narrow definition
         of market for secondary products, for instance, spare parts, may result when compatibility with the primary product is important.
         Problems of finding compatible secondary products together with the existence of high prices and a long lifetime of the primary
         products may render relative price increases of secondary products profitable. A different market definition may result if
         significant substitution between secondary products is possible or if the characteristics of the primary products make quick
         and direct consumer responses to relative price increases of the secondary products feasible.
      
      In the light of the above, the Commission was rightly able to consider that the spare parts market for primary products of
         a particular brand may not be a separate relevant market in two situations: first, if it is possible for a consumer to switch
         to spare parts manufactured by another producer; second, if it is possible for the consumer to switch to another primary product
         in order to avoid a price increase on the market for spare parts. That finding is valid provided, however, that it is shown
         that, in the event of a moderate and permanent increase in the price of secondary products, a sufficient number of consumers
         would switch to other primary or secondary products, in order to render such an increase unprofitable. Consequently, a purely
         theoretical possibility of switching to another primary product is not a sufficient demonstration for the purposes of the
         definition of the relevant market. 
      
      Moreover, it is also apparent from the above that the mere possibility for the consumer to choose from several brands on the
         primary market is not sufficient to treat the primary market and the after markets as a single market, unless it is established
         that the choice is made, among others, on the basis of the competitive conditions on the secondary market. Furthermore, if
         certain economic operators are specialised and are active solely on the after market of a primary market, that constitutes
         in itself a strong indication of the existence of a specific market.
      
      (see paras 67-70, 79-80, 102, 105, 108)
      3.      In order to assess the Community interest in further investigation of a case, the Commission must take account of the circumstances
         of the case and, in particular, of the matters of law and fact set out in the complaint referred to it. In particular, it
         must weigh the significance of the alleged infringement as regards the functioning of the common market against the probability
         of its being able to establish the existence of the infringement and the extent of the investigative measures necessary in
         order to fulfil, under the best possible conditions, its task of ensuring the observance of Articles 81 EC and 82 EC.
      
      (see para. 158)
      4.      Where the effects of the infringements alleged in a complaint are essentially confined to the territory of one Member State
         and where proceedings in respect of those infringements have been brought before the courts and competent administrative authorities
         of that Member State by the complainant, the Commission is entitled to reject the complaint for lack of Community interest,
         provided however that the rights of the complainant can be adequately safeguarded by the national courts, which presupposes
         that the latter are in a position to gather the factual information necessary in order to determine whether the practices
         at issue constitute an infringement of the abovementioned provisions of the Treaty.
      
      Nevertheless, the consideration that the national authorities and courts are well placed to address the possible infringements
         complained of is insufficient, in itself, to conclude that there is no sufficient Community interest when the practice complained
         of exists in at least five Member States, or possibly in all the Member States, and is attributable to undertakings which
         have their head offices and places of production outside of the European Union, which suggests that action at European Union
         level could be more effective than various actions at national level.
      
      (see paras 173, 176)
JUDGMENT OF THE GENERAL COURT (Fourth Chamber)
      15 December 2010 (*)
      
      (Agreements, decisions and concerted practices – Abuse of dominant position – Refusal of Swiss watch producers to supply spare parts to independent watch repairers – Community interest – Relevant market – Primary market and after market – Duty to give reasons – Manifest error of assessment)
      In Case T‑427/08,
      Confédération européenne des associations d’horlogers-réparateurs (CEAHR), established in Brussels (Belgium), represented by P. Mathijsen, lawyer,
      
      applicant,
      v
      European Commission, represented initially by X. Lewis and F. Ronkes Agerbeek, and subsequently by F. Ronkes Agerbeek and F. Castilla Contreras,
         acting as Agents,
      
      defendant,
      supported by
      Richemont International SA, established in Bellevue (Switzerland), represented by J. Ysewyn, lawyer, and H. Crossley, Solicitor,
      
      intervener,
      APPLICATION for annulment of Commission Decision C(2008) 3600 of 10 July 2008 rejecting the complaint lodged by the applicant
         in Case COMP/E-l/39097,
      
      THE GENERAL COURT (Fourth Chamber),
      composed of O. Czúcz (Rapporteur), President, I. Labucka and K. O’Higgins, Judges,
      Registrar: K. Pocheć, Administrator,
      having regard to the written procedure and further to the hearing on 3 February 2010,
      gives the following
      Judgment
       Facts giving rise to the dispute
      1        The applicant, the Confédération européenne des associations d’horlogers-réparateurs (European confederation for watch repairer
         associations; CEAHR), is a non-profit making association consisting of seven national associations of six Member States representing
         the interests of independent watch repairers.
      
      2        On 20 July 2004, the applicant lodged a complaint with the European Commission (formerly the Commission of the European Communities)
         against several undertakings, including the intervener, active in the watch manufacturing sector (‘the Swiss watch manufacturers’),
         alleging the existence of an agreement or a concerted practice between those manufacturers and the abuse of a dominant position
         resulting from their refusal to continue to supply spare parts to independent watch repairers.
      
      3        By letter of 28 April 2005, the Commission communicated to the applicant its provisional position regarding the complaint
         (‘the provisional position document’). It stated that, following its investigation, it had found no evidence of the existence
         of a concerted practice or of an agreement between manufacturers of luxury watches. Furthermore, it took the view that there
         was no separate market in repair and maintenance services, but that the supply of those services was a feature of the highly
         competitive luxury watch market. Consequently, it concluded that the facts set out in the complaint did not infringe Articles
         81 EC and 82 EC. 
      
      4        By letter of 20 July 2005, the applicant sent to the Commission its observations in response to the provisional position document,
         in which it maintained that the Swiss watch manufacturers’ refusal to continue to supply spare parts constituted an infringement
         of the Community competition rules. 
      
      5        By letter of 13 December 2007, the Commission informed the applicant that, pursuant to Article 7(1) of Commission Regulation
         (EC) No 773/2004 of 7 April 2004 relating to the conduct of proceedings by the Commission pursuant to Articles 81 [EC] and
         82 [EC] (OJ 2004 L 123, p. 18), after examination of the factual and legal elements put forward by the applicant in its complaint
         and its other observations, the Commission maintained its preliminary finding that there was insufficient Community interest
         in continuing the investigation into the alleged infringements. By letter of 30 January 2008, the applicant replied to that
         letter, maintaining its initial position.
      
      6        On 10 July 2008, the Commission adopted Decision C(2008) 3600, in which it rejected the complaint on the ground that there
         was insufficient Community interest in continuing the investigation into the alleged infringements (‘the contested decision’).
         
      
      7        The Commission based its conclusion that there was insufficient Community interest on four main considerations. 
      
      8        Firstly, the Commission stated that the complaint concerned, at most, a market or market segment of a limited size, and thus
         its economic importance was also limited (contested decision, point 8). 
      
      9        Secondly, the Commission added that, on the basis of the information at its disposal, it was unable to conclude that an anti-competitive
         agreement or concerted practice existed between the Swiss watch manufacturers and that, in particular, it was unlikely that
         the selective distribution systems implemented by them were not covered by the block exemption granted by Commission Regulation
         (EC) No 2790/1999 of 22 December 1999 on the application of Article 81(3) [EC] to categories of vertical agreements and concerted
         practices (OJ 1999 L 336, p. 21) (contested decision, point 43). 
      
      10      Thirdly, the Commission stated that it had examined the primary market for luxury and prestige watches, as well as two after
         markets, namely the market for spare parts and the market for repair and maintenance services in connection with luxury and
         prestige watches, and had reached the prima facie conclusion that those two after markets did not constitute distinct markets and that, therefore, a dominant position did
         not appear to exist, with the result that the question of the existence of abuse was irrelevant (contested decision, point
         44).
      
      11      Fourthly, the Commission stated that, given its assessment of the alleged infringements, it appeared that, even if further
         resources were allocated to the investigation of the complaint, there would be little likelihood of establishing an infringement
         of the competition rules, and any such allocation of resources would therefore be disproportionate (contested decision, points
         8 and 45). It added that, in any event, even if infringements of the Community competition rules could be established, the
         national competition authorities and courts, having jurisdiction to apply Articles 81 EC and 82 EC, appeared to be well placed
         to deal with such infringements (contested decision, point 8).
      
       Procedure and forms of order sought by the parties
      12      By application lodged at the Court Registry on 24 September 2008, the applicant brought the present action.
      
      13      By document lodged at the Court Registry on 27 January 2009, Richemont International sought leave to intervene in the present
         proceedings in support of the form of order sought by the Commission. By order of 30 March 2009, the President of the Fourth
         Chamber of the Court granted that leave to intervene.
      
      14      The intervener lodged its statement in intervention and the other parties lodged their observations thereon within the prescribed
         periods.
      
      15      Upon hearing the report of the Judge-Rapporteur, the Court (Fourth Chamber) decided to open the oral procedure. By way of
         measures of organisation of procedure, it requested the parties to answer certain questions in writing and to produce certain
         documents. The parties complied with those requests within the time-limit set.
      
      16      The parties presented oral argument and answered the questions put to them by the Court at the hearing on 3 February 2010.
         At the hearing, the applicant requested that a passage from the Commission’s answer to a written question put by the Court
         be removed from the file, claiming that it contained a line of argument which was not related to the question asked and which,
         furthermore, was additional to the arguments put forward by the Commission in the contested decision, its defence and rejoinder.
         
      
      17      The applicant claims that the Court should:
      
      –        annul the contested decision;
      –        order the Commission to pay the costs; 
      –        order the intervener to pay the costs incurred by the applicant as a result of its intervention.
      18      The Commission contends that the Court should:
      
      –        dismiss the action;
      –        order the applicant to pay the costs.
      19      The intervener contends that the Court should:
      
      –        dismiss the action;
      –        order the applicant to pay the costs incurred by the intervener.
       Law
      20      The applicant advances five pleas in support of its action. The first plea is divided into two parts and alleges, first, an
         erroneous assessment of the existence of a Community interest and, second, illegalities in relation to the finding that the
         size of the market to which the complaint relates, and thus its economic importance, are limited. The second plea is based
         on an erroneous definition of the relevant market. The third and fourth pleas allege, respectively, an infringement of Article
         81 EC and Article 82 EC. The fifth plea is based on a misuse of powers because of an over-late reliance on the lack of Community
         interest, a distortion of the content of the complaint and a lack of objectivity in the Commission’s investigation.
      
      21      It should be noted that the grounds for the Commission’s conclusion that there was insufficient Community interest in continuing
         to examine the complaint are disputed by the applicant not only in the context of its first plea, but also in its second,
         third and fourth pleas. Therefore, the Court deems it useful to examine, first of all, the second part of the first plea,
         concerning the size of the market to which the complaint relates and its economic importance, and not to examine the first
         part of that plea, concerning the existence of sufficient Community interest, until it has ruled on the merits of the second,
         third and fourth pleas. 
      
      1.     The size of the market to which the complaint relates and its economic importance
       Arguments of the parties
      22      The applicant submits that the Commission stated, in point 8 of the contested decision, in support of its conclusion that
         there was insufficient Community interest in continuing the investigation, that the complaint concerned only a market (segment)
         ‘of a limited size and thus its economic importance [was] also limited’. It failed, however, to identify that market, to quantify
         its size and to describe its economic importance, thereby infringing its duty to give reasons. Similarly, the Commission failed
         to take account of the fact, pointed out by the applicant during the administrative procedure, that independent watch repairers
         in the 27 Member States are affected by the practices of Swiss watch manufacturers and that such practices pose a threat to
         the very existence of an entire profession of craftsmen.
      
      23      The Commission, supported by the intervener, contends that the full analysis and reasoning of its position on the lack of
         sufficient Community interest is set out not only in the introductory part to the contested decision criticised by the applicant,
         but also throughout the contested decision, and in particular in points 12 to 26. In those points the contested decision clearly
         states which is the relevant primary market (the market for luxury/prestige watches) and which are the after markets (the
         maintenance and repair services market for luxury/prestige watches and the market for spare parts for such watches).
      
      24      The Commission adds that the finding in point 8 of the contested decision that the market is of a limited size and, consequently,
         its economic importance is also limited, is supported by the statement in that same point that it is apparent from the information
         which it received that ‘the after-sales services related to luxury/prestige watches amounts only to [an] insignificant part
         of [the] general turnover achieved in the sale of luxury/prestige watches, whereas it must be borne in mind that [those watches]
         constitute only a certain segment of [the] total watches market’.
      
      25      The Commission adds that the allegations of a failure to state reasons is a consequence of the applicant’s disagreement with
         its definition of the relevant market. In the Commission’s view, the two after markets must be considered together with the
         primary market, that is to say the market for luxury/prestige watches (contested decision, point 16), to which they are closely
         related. The contested decision made clear that, since the primary market is competitive, the after markets are likewise competitive
         (contested decision, point 18), with the result that there was no need to determine the size and economic importance of the
         after markets since these are not the only markets on which competition is assessed. The fact that the applicant does not
         agree with that market definition does not mean that the contested decision does not adequately state the reasons on which
         it is based in that respect. 
      
       Findings of the Court
      26      According to the case‑law, the Commission, entrusted by Article 85(1) EC with the task of ensuring the application of Articles 81 EC
         and 82 EC, is responsible for defining and implementing the competition policy of the European Union and for that purpose
         has a discretion as to how it deals with complaints (Case T‑193/02 Piau v Commission [2005] ECR II‑209, paragraph 80, and the judgment of 12 July 2007 in Case T‑229/05 AEPI v Commission, not published in the ECR, paragraph 38).
      
      27      When, in the exercise of that discretion, the Commission decides to assign different priorities to the examination of complaints
         submitted to it, the Commission may not only decide on the order in which they are to be examined but also reject a complaint
         on the ground that there is an insufficient Community interest in further investigation of the case (Case T‑62/99 Sodima v Commission [2001] ECR II‑655, paragraph 36; see, to that effect, Case T‑5/93 Tremblay and Others v Commission [1995] ECR II‑185, paragraphs 59 and 60).
      
      28      The Commission’s discretion is not unlimited, however. It must take into consideration all the relevant matters of law and
         of fact in order to decide on what action to take in response to a complaint. More particularly, it must consider attentively
         all the matters of fact and of law which the complainant brings to its attention (see Case C‑450/98 P IECC v Commission [2001] ECR I‑3947, paragraph 57 and the case‑law cited). Similarly, it is under an obligation to state reasons if it declines
         to continue with the examination of a complaint, and those reasons must be sufficiently precise and detailed to enable the
         Court effectively to review the Commission’s use of its discretion to define priorities (Case C‑119/97 P Ufex and Others v Commission [1999] ECR I‑1341, paragraphs 89 to 91, and Sodima v Commission, cited in paragraph 27 above, paragraphs 41 and 42).
      
      29      In the present case, the Commission found as follows in points 8 and 9 of the contested decision: 
      
      ‘8      In particular, the Commission observes that the complaint concerns at most the market (segment) of a limited size and thus
         its economic importance is also limited. It is true that despite having sent several questionnaires to watch manufacturers,
         it proved to be difficult to obtain precise statistics and figures concerning the size of the markets complained about - whether
         primary or secondary. However, from the information received by the Commission, it is immediately apparent that the size of
         the after-sales services related to luxury/prestige watches amounts only to [an] insignificant part of the general turnover
         achieved in the sale of luxury/prestige watches, whereas it must be borne in mind that “luxury/prestige watches” constitute
         only a certain segment of [the] total watches market. Moreover, the prima facie assessment of the complainant’s submissions has not provided any reliable information on the basis of which it would be possible
         to conclude at this stage that there are likely infringements of competition law in this case. It also seems unlikely that
         such infringements would be found after devoting further investigatory resources. Finally, even if it was possible to establish
         infringements in the present case, national competition authorities or national courts appear to be well placed to investigate
         and deal with such infringements. They have the power and the obligation to apply Articles 81 [EC] and 82 [EC].
      
      9      Consequently, in light of the above considerations devoting the Commission’s scarce resources to continue investigating the
         case appears to be disproportionate. As a result, the Commission has come to the conclusion that the complaint must be rejected
         for lack of Community interest on grounds derived from limited impact of possible effects of the alleged infringements on
         the functioning of the common market, complexity of the investigation required and limited likelihood of establishing proof
         of infringements.’
      
      30      In the first place, it is necessary to examine the applicant’s complaint that the Commission failed to take account of the
         fact, raised in the complaint, that the practices referred to therein concern the entire territory of the European Union.
         
      
      31      It should be noted that the applicant’s statement, in its complaint, regarding the geographical extent of the practices concerned
         was not disputed by the Commission in either the provisional position document or in the contested decision. In addition,
         at the hearing, the Commission admitted that it was in possession of information indicating that those practices existed in
         ‘five or six Member States’ and that it could neither confirm nor deny that such practices also existed in other Member States.
         
      
      32      Furthermore, the Court considers that the extent of the territory concerned is necessarily relevant for the size of the market
         or markets concerned by the complaint and for the economic importance of that or those markets. In addition, the importance
         of that factor put forward by the applicant in its complaint is reinforced, in the present case, by the fact that it clearly
         indicates that the complaint does not concern a local market, but a market which covers, or markets which cover, the territory
         of at least five Member States, or possibly even the entire territory of the European Union. 
      
      33      Thus, by failing to take note of that aspect in its assessment of the size of the market concerned and of its economic importance,
         the Commission infringed its obligation to take into consideration all the relevant matters of law and of fact and to consider
         attentively all the matters of fact and of law which the applicant brought to its attention (see the case‑law cited in paragraph
         28 above).
      
      34      In the second place, it is necessary to examine the applicant’s complaint alleging that the Commission insufficiently grounded
         its conclusion, in the contested decision, concerning the limited size of the market to which the complaint relates. 
      
      35      Firstly, in so far as concerns the identity of the market to which that conclusion relates, the contested decision contains,
         as the Commission points out, more precise findings in respect of the markets examined, particularly in point 15 thereof.
         The Commission stated in that point that it had undertaken its investigation on the assumption that ‘the luxury/prestige watches
         market [was] a separate (relevant) primary market’ and that it had therefore ‘examined the market for luxury/prestige watches
         as the primary market, as well as two after‑markets - one for the repair and maintenance [services] of luxury/prestige watches,
         and one for spare parts for [such] watches.’ It is also apparent from the contested decision that the Commission worked on
         the assumption that the two after markets did not constitute independent relevant markets, but had to be considered together
         with the primary market, that is to say the market for luxury/prestige watches. 
      
      36      In that regard, the Commission affirmed at the hearing, in response to a question put by the Court, that its finding concerning
         the limited size of the market (segment) at issue in the complaint concerned the market for luxury/prestige watches, since
         the Swiss watch manufacturers at issue in the complaint produce only such watches. 
      
      37      However, it should be noted that, in point 3 of the contested decision, the Commission itself stated that, according to the
         applicant’s claims, its complaint concerned a restriction of competition ‘on the market for … [watch] repair and maintenance
         [services]’.
      
      38      Next, the second sentence of point 8 of the contested decision refers to several markets to which the complaint relates, since
         the Commission states in that point that it ‘proved to be difficult to obtain precise statistics and figures concerning the
         size of the markets complained about – whether primary or secondary’. That statement stands in contrast to the use of the
         singular in the first sentence of that point, according to which ‘the complaint concerns at most the market (segment) of a
         limited size’.
      
      39      Accordingly, it is impossible for the Court to establish with certainty whether the Commission’s finding concerning the limited
         size of the relevant market(s) relates to the market for luxury/prestige watches, the watch repair and maintenance services
         market for such watches or both of those markets.
      
      40      Secondly, the contested decision does not contain any figures or estimates relating to the size of those markets, nor, for
         that matter, to the size of the market for watches in general or the market for spare parts. The Commission bases its conclusion
         that the market for luxury/prestige watches and/or the repair and maintenance services market for such watches are of limited
         size on the sole argument that the market for luxury/prestige watches is more limited than the market for watches in general
         and that the size of the after market for such watches is even more limited than that of the market for luxury/prestige watches.
         
      
      41      In the absence of an absolute point of reference, which could be in the form of figures or estimations concerning the size
         of at least one of those markets, the mere references to the relative sizes of those markets in comparison to the others do
         not enable the Court to assess the accuracy of the finding that the complaint concerns, at most, a market of limited size
         and, thus, the economic importance of that market is also limited. 
      
      42      In addition, the Commission admitted at the hearing that that finding was not based on exact figures. 
      
      43      Therefore, the Commission did not provide sufficient grounds for its statement that the complaint concerns, at most, a market
         (segment) of a limited size and consequently of a limited economic importance.
      
      44      The other considerations mentioned by the Commission in the contested decision and raised before the Court are not such as
         to call that finding into question.
      
      45      Firstly, the Commission’s observation, in point 8 of the contested decision, regarding the difficulties in obtaining information
         concerning the size of the markets to which the complaint relates cannot support its position. There was no rule of law requiring
         the Commission to determine the size of the market or markets to which the complaint relates. By contrast, since it decided
         to rely on the finding that ‘the complaint concern[ed] at most the market (segment) of a limited size and thus its economic
         importance [was] also limited’ to justify its position that there was insufficient Community interest in continuing the investigation
         of the complaint, the Commission had a duty to give sufficient reasons for that finding. 
      
      46      Secondly, the Commission’s argument that it considered in the contested decision that the after markets had to be examined
         together with the primary market for luxury/prestige watches cannot affect the Court’s finding, in paragraph 43 above, in
         relation to the lack of sufficient grounds. The Commission also failed to provide figures or estimations relating to the combined
         size of all those markets. 
      
      47      Thirdly, the Commission’s finding in the contested decision that, essentially, the after markets are competitive since the
         primary market is competitive has no effect on the reasoning given for its finding in relation to the limited size of the
         market (segment) to which the complaint relates, since the finding that the size of the market is limited cannot be inferred
         from the fact that it is competitive. 
      
      48      In addition, although it is true that, to a large extent, the Commission founded its conclusion relating to the low probability
         of establishing an infringement of the Community competition rules on its finding concerning the competitive nature of the
         market for luxury/prestige watches, the fact none the less remains that, as is apparent from point 8 of the contested decision,
         in the broad logic of its reasoning seeking to establish the lack of sufficient Community interest, the finding that the size
         of the market (segment) to which the complaint relates is limited constitutes a ground which is independent of the finding
         concerning that competitive nature. 
      
      49      Accordingly, the applicant’s complaints relating to the limited size and economic importance of the market (sector) to which
         the complaint relates must be upheld. Consequently, the Court holds that the Commission infringed not only its duty to give
         reasons but also its duty to take into consideration all the relevant matters of law and of fact and to consider attentively
         all of those matters which the applicant brought to its attention. 
      
      2.     The definition of the relevant market
       Arguments of the parties
      50      The applicant submits that the Commission wrongly rejected the definition of the relevant market which it had proposed in
         its complaint and maintained throughout the administrative procedure, namely the ‘maintenance and repair services market for
         watches worth repairing’. 
      
      51      In the first place, by substituting the phrase ‘luxury/prestige watches’ for ‘watches worth repairing’, the Commission artificially
         modified the scope of the complaint, in particular in point 12 of the contested decision. It thus tried to reduce the market
         examined to a small segment of the market in question, which made it easier for it to conclude that the size of the market
         or market segment concerned was insignificant. The definition of the market as being the market for ‘luxury/prestige watches’
         is not supported by any of the documents sent to the Commission and is pure invention on its part. 
      
      52      In the second place, the applicant submits that the Commission refers to the ‘product’ market and to the ‘luxury/prestige
         watch market’, despite the applicant’s repeated assertions during the administrative procedure that that product market is
         of no direct interest to independent watch repairers. 
      
      53      Next, the Commission wrongly took the view, in points 17 and 18 of the contested decision, that the repair and maintenance
         services market did not constitute a ‘separate relevant market’, but rather had to be ‘viewed together with the primary market’.
         By confusing those markets and claiming that there was competition on the product market, the Commission wrongly concluded
         that competition likewise existed on the services market. 
      
      54      The applicant also disputes the Commission’s finding that ‘the spare parts market’ for luxury/prestige watches does not constitute
         a separate relevant market. As far as points 24 and 25 of the contested decision are concerned, it states that the Commission
         bases its statements that the ‘spare parts market’ is not the relevant market, first and foremost, on the fact that consumers
         could switch to the secondary products of another manufacturer. However, this substitutability exists only in the case of
         spare parts for movements manufactured by the company ETA, found in most Swiss watches, precisely because those movements,
         and the compatible spare parts, are manufactured by a separate company from the manufacturers against which the complaint
         was directed. By contrast, other spare parts are specific to each Swiss watch producer, and there is no substitutability between
         parts designed for one manufacturer’s watches and those designed for another’s. Accordingly, the provision of maintenance
         and repair services depends entirely on the supply of spare parts from the manufacturer concerned, who therefore has a monopoly.
         
      
      55      Finally, the applicant disputes the Commission’s statement in point 26 of the contested decision that ‘the spare parts market’
         is not a relevant market if it is possible for the consumer to switch to another primary product. According to the applicant,
         even if it is possible for the consumer to switch to another brand on the watch market, the Commission fails to demonstrate
         that the owner of a Swiss watch would switch to another brand, and the Commission’s reference to this point is therefore irrelevant.
         
      
      56      In the first place, the Commission contends that its investigation showed that repair and maintenance services and the supply
         of spare parts constituted an after market separate from the primary watch manufacturing market. 
      
      57      Next, the Commission points out that it stated in point 14 of the contested decision that it was not possible to define the
         market accurately on the basis of the information it had at its disposal. It therefore assumed (contested decision, point
         15), even though it had doubts in this regard (contested decision, point 14), that the primary market for luxury/prestige
         watches constituted the relevant market, together with the related repair and maintenance and spare parts after markets. 
      
      58      Notwithstanding the difficulties in defining the market, the Commission found no evidence of the existence of any agreement
         or concerted practice between the undertakings referred to in the complaint. It also found that the undertakings against which
         the complaint was brought did not collectively hold a dominant position because of the strong competition that existed between
         them (contested decision, point 40). Consequently, it was legitimately able to conclude that it had not found any evidence
         of the existence of an infringement of the competition rules on any market, however defined. 
      
      59      In the second place, the Commission disputes the argument advanced by the applicant that it was wrongly found in the contested
         decision that the market for ‘watch maintenance and repair services’ does not constitute a separate market but must be viewed
         together with the primary market. 
      
      60      The Commission could legitimately establish a link between the primary market of the manufacture and sale of luxury watches
         and the two after markets (see, inter alia, contested decision, point 18). The applicant merely expresses its disagreement
         with the Commission’s assessment but does not adduce any evidence or arguments to demonstrate how that assessment is erroneous.
         
      
      61      According to the Commission, the conclusion which it reached in the contested decision with respect to the relevant market
         is based both on the information provided by the applicant in its complaint and on the results of its own investigation. Furthermore,
         it makes reference in the contested decision to specific data concerning the relevant product market, in particular in relation
         to the maintenance and repair after market, on the one hand, and the spare parts after market, on the other hand (contested
         decision, points 19 to 26 and footnotes 15, 18, 19 and 20). 
      
      62      The intervener contends that the Commission was entitled to conclude, in point 22 of the contested decision, that the cost
         to the customer of after-sales services over the lifetime of the watches was minor in comparison with the initial cost of
         the watch itself and was considered by the consumer as a relatively inconsequential element of the overall price. The intervener’s
         experience shows that the service and repair costs are not of immediate and primary concern to the purchaser of a watch. At
         the same time, the after-sales services for high-quality, highly technical branded watches have specific characteristics which
         must be taken into account. Each watch is composed of a very high number of components and these components are different
         for each watch model. The skills, expertise and tools required to repair such watches are thus very substantial. 
      
      63      Furthermore, the intervener submits that it is of utmost importance for each brand that the quality of the after-sales service
         and the repair work is high, as consumers perceive such services as part of the quality of the watch itself. In the intervener’s
         experience, this can be ensured only through extensive training, equipment, guidance and control requiring significant investment
         on its part. 
      
      64      The intervener therefore endorses the Commission’s view that the after markets for repair and spare parts are not distinct
         downstream markets. Rather, they are ancillary parts of, and wholly dependent upon, the highly competitive primary market.
         
      
       Findings of the Court
      65      According to settled case‑law, review by the Courts of the European Union of the Commission’s exercise of the discretion conferred
         on it in this regard must not lead them to substitute their assessment of the Community interest for that of the Commission,
         but focuses on whether the contested decision is based on materially incorrect facts, or is vitiated by an error of law, manifest
         error of appraisal or misuse of powers (Case T‑115/99 SEP v Commission [2001] ECR II‑691, paragraph 34, and Piau v Commission, cited in paragraph 26 above, paragraph 81).
      
      66      Similarly, in so far as the definition of the relevant market involves complex economic assessments on the part of the Commission,
         it is subject to only limited review by the Courts of the European Union (see, to that effect, Case T‑201/04 Microsoft v Commission [2007] ECR II‑3601, paragraph 482, and Case T‑151/05 NVV and Others v Commission [2009] ECR II‑1219, paragraph 53). 
      
      67      The concept of the relevant market in fact implies that there can be effective competition between the products or services
         which form part of it and this presupposes that there is a sufficient degree of interchangeability between all the products
         or services forming part of the same market in so far as a specific use of such products or services is concerned (see, to
         that effect, Case 85/76 Hoffmann-La Roche v Commission [1979] ECR 461, paragraph 28, and Case T‑340/03 France Télécom v Commission [2007] ECR II‑107, paragraph 80). The interchangeability or substitutability is not assessed solely in relation to the objective
         characteristics of the products and services at issue, but the competitive conditions and the structure of supply and demand
         on the market must also be taken into consideration (Case 322/81 Michelin v Commission [1983] ECR 3461, paragraph 37, and Case T‑219/99 British Airways v Commission [2003] ECR II‑5917, paragraph 91). 
      
      68      It is also apparent from the Commission notice on the definition of the relevant market for the purposes of Community competition
         law (OJ 1997 C 372, p. 5, paragraph 7) that ‘[a] relevant product market comprises all those products and/or services which
         are regarded as interchangeable or substitutable by the consumer, by reason of the products’ characteristics, their prices
         and their intended use’.
      
      69      According to that notice, the assessment of demand substitution entails a determination of the range of products which are
         viewed as substitutes by the consumer. One way of making this determination can be viewed as a speculative experiment, postulating
         a hypothetical small but lasting change in relative prices and evaluating the likely reactions of customers to that increase.
         In point 17 of the notice, the Commission states:
      
      ‘The question to be answered is whether the parties’ customers would switch to readily available substitutes … in response
         to a hypothetical small (in the range 5% to 10%) but permanent relative price increase in the products and areas being considered.
         If substitution were enough to make the price increase unprofitable because of the resulting loss of sales, additional substitutes
         … are included in the relevant market.’
      
      70      In addition, point 56 of the notice states: 
      
      ‘There are certain areas where the application of the principles above has to be undertaken with care. This is the case when
         considering primary and secondary markets, in particular, when the behaviour of undertakings at a point in time has to be
         analysed pursuant to Article [82 EC]. The method of defining markets in these cases is the same, i.e. assessing the responses
         of customers based on their purchasing decisions to relative price changes, but taking into account as well, constraints on
         substitution imposed by conditions in the connected markets. A narrow definition of market for secondary products, for instance,
         spare parts, may result when compatibility with the primary product is important. Problems of finding compatible secondary
         products together with the existence of high prices and a long lifetime of the primary products may render relative price
         increases of secondary products profitable. A different market definition may result if significant substitution between secondary
         products is possible or if the characteristics of the primary products make quick and direct consumer responses to relative
         price increases of the secondary products feasible.’
      
      71      In the present case, the Commission stated, before making its prima facie assessment of the existence of the anti‑competitive practices complained of (contested decision, points 27 to 42), that it
         was working on the assumption that there was a primary product market, namely the market for luxury/prestige watches, as well
         as two after markets – one for the repair and maintenance of luxury/prestige watches, and one for spare parts for such watches
         (contested decision, paragraph 15). On the basis of its prima facie assessment it considered that the two after markets did not constitute separate relevant markets, but should be viewed together
         with the primary market (contested decision, point 17).
      
      72      The applicant essentially puts forward two complaints in respect of those findings. First, it considers that the Commission
         wrongly substituted the phrase ‘luxury/prestige watches’ for ‘watches worth repairing’, which it had used during the administrative
         procedure. Second, it submits that the Commission wrongly considered that the watch repair and maintenance services market
         and ‘the spare parts market’ did not constitute separate markets, but had to be examined together with the luxury/prestige
         watch market. It also maintains that spare parts which are specific to a given brand are not substitutable, with the result
         that every producer holds a monopoly in respect of the specific spare parts which it produces. 
      
       The first complaint, alleging an erroneous substitution of the phrase ‘luxury/prestige watches’ for ‘watches worth repairing’
      73      As regards the applicant’s first complaint, it must be noted, first of all, that the applicant itself stated, on page 5 of
         its complaint, that the demand for watch spare parts exists only ‘for expensive watches’, given that cheaper watches are simply
         replaced by a new one when they stop working. Second, in its letter of 30 January 2008, the applicant states that the watches
         concerned cost between EUR 1 500 and EUR 4 000 when bought ‘new’, whereas, according to an expert cited by the Commission
         in the provisional position document, the essential function of a watch, namely to tell the time, is fully and accurately
         served by a watch costing around EUR 25. 
      
      74      Since the price of the watches in the range referred to by the applicant is 60 to 160 times higher than the price of the cheapest
         watches which still serve their main function and do so reliably, the Court considers that the Commission did not err in finding
         that the watches concerned by the complaint of are ‘luxury/prestige watches’. 
      
      75      Accordingly, the applicant’s first complaint must be rejected. 
      
       The second complaint, alleging a failure to examine separately the watch repair and maintenance services market and the market
         for spare parts
      
      76      By it second complaint, the applicant criticises the fact that the Commission did not treat the watch repair and maintenance
         services market and the market for spare parts as separate relevant markets, but examined them together with the market for
         luxury/prestige watches as a whole. In addition, the applicant complains that the Commission failed to take account, in the
         contested decision, of the fact that spare parts which are specific to a given brand are not substitutable. 
      
      77      As regards those after markets, the Commission made the following general findings in the contested decision: 
      
      ‘(d) Aftermarkets
      (17)      As explained in paragraph 15 above, the Commission has examined two aftermarkets - one for after-sales services (repair and
         maintenance) and one for spare parts, both these markets being considered as standard examples of aftermarkets. The prima facie assessment of the situation on both the primary market for the production and sales of luxury/prestige watches and the aftermarkets
         leads to the conclusion that the aftermarkets should not be considered as the separate relevant product markets, but should
         be viewed together with the primary market ...
      
      (18)      Moreover, even if they were to be regarded as separate relevant markets, the fact that the primary market appears to be competitive
         makes possible anticompetitive effects very unlikely. In particular, price increases in the aftermarkets tend to be unprofitable
         due to their impact on sales in the primary market, unless prices in the primary market are lowered to offset the higher aftermarket
         prices. Consequently, competition in the primary market is very likely to ensure that the overall price of the bundle of goods
         and services on both primary and aftermarkets is competitive (even if customers did not base their choice on accurate life
         cycle calculations).’
      
      –       The assessment of the market for spare parts 
      78      It is first necessary to examine the Commission’s finding that the market for spare parts for luxury/prestige watches does
         not constitute a separate relevant market. In that regard, the Commission considered the following: 
      
      ‘(ii)  Components and spare parts for luxury/prestige watches 
      (23)      As mentioned before, the luxury/prestige watch components aftermarket seems to be dependent on the primary market for luxury/prestige
         watches and closely linked to it. This is contrary to the conclusions drawn by [the applicant] who believes that the spare
         parts market is a distinct market in the present case ...
      
      (24)      Furthermore, the Commission took into consideration that an aftermarket consisting of the secondary products (spare parts)
         of one brand of primary product may not be a relevant market in two situations. Firstly, if it is possible for a consumer
         to switch to the secondary products of another producer; secondly, if it is possible for him to switch to another primary
         product and thus avoid higher prices in the aftermarket. In the present case it is apparent that consumers are not locked-in
         without having an option to shift to another primary or secondary product. 
      
      (25)      Where it comes to the possibility to switch to the secondary products of another producer, it must be noted that [the applicant]
         has not managed to provide a full, clear-cut and consistent explanation of the extent of and limitation on substitutability
         of spare parts for luxury/prestige watches.
      
      (26)      However, as for the possibility to switch to another primary product, potential luxury/prestige watches purchasers are fully
         free to choose among numerous available luxury/prestige watch brands which compete with each other. As for the customers who
         already own luxury/prestige watches, it is in principle possible to switch to another primary product, mainly due to the fact
         that many luxury/prestige watches may have high residual values on numerous second-hand markets and the switching costs do
         not involve any investments, such as training, changing routines, installations, software, etc making the switch even easier.
         In view of the above, it turns out that consumers are equipped with a wide scope of possibilities to shift, without incurring
         extraordinary costs, between primary products.’ 
      
      79      Thus, according to the general finding in point 24 of the contested decision, the spare parts market for primary products
         of a particular brand may not be a separate relevant market in two situations: first, if it is possible for a consumer to
         switch to spare parts manufactured by another producer; second, if it is possible for the consumer to switch to another primary
         product in order to avoid a price increase on the market for spare parts. 
      
      80      The applicant does not dispute that general finding as such. In addition, the Court considers that that finding is compatible
         with the case‑law cited in paragraph 67 above and with the notice on the definition of relevant market, provided however that
         it is shown that, in the event of a moderate and permanent increase in the price of secondary products, a sufficient number
         of consumers would switch to other primary or secondary products, in order to render such an increase unprofitable. 
      
      81      Therefore, it is necessary to examine the considerations set out by the Commission in the contested decision relating to the
         application of the test which it sought to establish in point 24 of that decision. 
      
      82      It should be noted at the outset that, even if elsewhere in the contested decision the Commission regarded the ‘market for
         spare parts’ as a single after market (see in particular points 17 and 23 of the contested decision), in point 24 of that
         decision it examined the situations in which a ‘market for [spare parts] for one brand of primary product’ might not constitute
         a separate relevant market. 
      
      83      Therefore, it must be observed that points 24 to 26 of the contested decision refer to two partially distinct parts of the
         definition of relevant market. First, there is the issue as to whether all spare parts for luxury/prestige watches form a
         single market, or constitute numerous markets, in which spare parts which are specific to a particular brand constitute separate
         markets. The factors related to that issue – the possibility for the consumer to switch to spare parts manufactured by other
         producers in order to avoid a price increase by a particular producer – are addressed by the Commission in point 25 of the
         contested decision. Second, there is the issue of whether the market for spare parts or the numerous markets for spare parts
         must be regarded as separate relevant markets or whether it is necessary to examine them together with the primary market
         for luxury/prestige watches as a single, unified relevant market. The factors related to that issue – concerning the possibility
         for the consumer to switch to another primary product in order to avoid a price increase for the spare parts of a particular
         producer – are examined by the Commission in point 26 of the contested decision. 
      
      84      In the first place, as regards the possibility for the consumer to switch to spare parts manufactured by other producers,
         it should be noted, at the outset, that for the purposes of the case‑law and the notice on the definition of the relevant
         market, cited in paragraphs 67 to 70 above, the issue of the existence of such a possibility and, thus, the issue as to whether
         there is a single market for spare parts or there are numerous spare parts markets specific to certain brands, depends primarily
         on the existence of a sufficient degree of substitutability of the spare parts manufactured by the various producers. 
      
      85      In that regard, it is apparent from the wording of the contested decision that the Commission chose to not expressly take
         a stance on the substitutability of the spare parts manufactured by the various producers, in so far as it merely stated,
         in point 25 of the contested decision, that ‘[the applicant] has not managed to provide a full, clear-cut and consistent explanation
         of the extent of and limitation on substitutability of spare parts for luxury/prestige watches’.
      
      86      That approach stands in contrast to the provisional position document in which the Commission affirmed explicitly that, generally
         speaking, there is no substitutability between spare parts belonging to different brands because of the differences in size,
         design and other factors. Thus, according to the provisional position document, luxury/prestige watch manufacturers are the
         only suppliers of specific ranges of spare parts for their own brands. 
      
      87      Similarly, the intervener stated that the components of each watch were different and that a large number of the spare parts
         for its watches were not interchangeable with parts manufactured by other producers since they are not compatible with the
         primary products. 
      
      88      Furthermore, it is apparent from the file that, during the administrative procedure, the applicant produced copies of the
         decision of the Swiss competition authorities in Case ETA SA Manufacture horlogère suisse (Receuil des décisions et communications
         des autorités suisses de concurrence, 2005/1, p. 128) and of a provisional position, dated 12 July 2002, of the Netherlands
         competition authority concerning a complaint similar to the one lodged with the Commission. The Netherlands competition authority
         considered that ‘the spare parts for the watches concerned [were] linked with the brand and [were] not substitutable’, with
         the result that there were numerous markets, that is to say a market for specific spare parts belonging to each brand. The
         Swiss competition authority considered that the watch components compatible with a specific family of watches were not substitutable
         with components which are compatible with other families, with the result that the components and spare parts manufactured
         by ETA belonged to a number of relevant markets. 
      
      89      Irrespective of the question whether those factors needed to be taken into account by the Commission in the contested decision,
         or whether they are such as to cast doubt on the Commission’s assessment, it should be noted that the possibility for the
         consumer to switch to spare parts manufactured by another producer in order to avoid an increase in the price of spare parts
         was in no way established in the contested decision. Consequently, the Commission was not entitled to base its decision on
         that hypothesis when defining the relevant market in the present case. 
      
      90      In addition, it cannot be ruled out that, if the Commission had decided to adopt a position as to the substitutability of
         the spare parts, it would have reached the conclusion, in particular on the basis of its assessment in the provisional position
         document and the factual elements contained in the decision of the Swiss competition authority and the provisional position
         of the Netherlands competition authority, that, generally speaking, there is no substitutability between the spare parts belonging
         to the different brands, with the result that there cannot be effective competition between those parts, at least in respect
         of the parts which are brand‑specific. 
      
      91      In the second place, it is necessary to examine the Commission’s finding that consumers may avoid price increases for spare
         parts by switching to another primary product. 
      
      92      First, according to the contested decision, such a possibility exists even if the consumer already owns a luxury/prestige
         watch, since that watch may have a high residual value on the second-hand market. In addition, that possibility is facilitated
         by the fact that it does not involve any training, changing routines, installations or software, inter alia. 
      
      93      It should be noted that, due to the complexity involved in repairing and maintaining watches, the demand for spare parts does
         not, in principle, come from watch users, but from specialists who provide those services. Therefore, from the point of view
         of the consumer, a price increase for spare parts is normally included in the price of those services. 
      
      94      Next, in its analysis which led to its conclusion that it was possible for the consumer to switch to another primary product,
         the Commission takes no account of its finding, in point 22 of the contested decision, that the cost of after-sales services
         over the life time of a watch is minor in comparison with the initial cost of a luxury/prestige watch itself, and that the
         consumer will consider such costs as a relatively minor element in the price of the overall package. 
      
      95      In that regard, it is apparent from the documents provided at the Court’s request and the intervener’s statements that the
         total cost of repair and maintenance services for those watches over a ten-year period remains, for the majority of models,
         less than 5% of the purchase price of a new watch. Furthermore, the price of the spare parts is normally included in that
         cost, and thus represents an even lower percentage of the purchase price of the new watch. Accordingly, it is evident that
         a moderate price increase for spare parts remains a negligible sum in comparison to the price of a new luxury/prestige watch.
         
      
      96      That factor is capable, in itself, of undermining the validity of the Commission’s finding concerning the possibility for
         the consumer to switch to another primary product. The Commission does not show that the consumer could reasonably choose
         to switch to another primary product, with the aim of avoiding a price increase for repair and maintenance services resulting
         from a moderate price increase for spare parts, given the fact that the purchase of another primary product would involve
         a substantially higher cost. 
      
      97      The Commission’s reference to the existence of a market for second-hand watches cannot compensate for that omission in its
         assessment. It merely stated, in point 26 of the contested decision, that ‘it is in principle possible to switch to another
         primary product, mainly due to the fact that many luxury/prestige watches may have high residual values on numerous second-hand
         markets’.
      
      98      In that regard, the Commission does not claim that all, or even the majority of, luxury/prestige watches have a high residual
         value on the second-hand market. Thus, according to the contested decision, a sale of a luxury/prestige watch at a reasonable
         price on the second-hand market is just one eventuality. In addition, the Commission in no way examined the issue whether,
         even in the case of a sale on the second-hand market, the difference between the price received and the price paid for another
         watch – and thus the loss incurred by the consumer as a result of changing watch – is less than the amount which could be
         saved by avoiding a moderate price increase for spare parts of a certain brand. 
      
      99      It should be added that in order to sell a watch on the second-hand market the watch must, in principle, be in good condition.
         Thus, in principle, the consumer must have a watch repaired before selling it, and if not, it is the purchaser who has to
         pay the cost of such repairs, which would have repercussions, in any event, on the sale price received by the consumer. Therefore,
         the Commission’s claim that the consumer may avoid a price increase for spare parts by selling his watch on the second-hand
         market and buying another watch is wholly implausible as any price increase for spare parts must be borne by the consumer
         in any event. 
      
      100    Finally, the Commission considers, in point 26 of the contested decision, that the cost of switching to another primary product
         does not involve any investment such as training, changing routines, installations or software, which makes such a switch
         even easier. 
      
      101    It should be noted, in that regard, that the Commission chose to consider the market for spare-parts from the point of view
         of the final consumer (the user of the watch). The use of such an item of consumer goods does not typically involve any investment
         in training, changing routines, installations or software. Thus, the Commission cannot validly claim that the fact that such
         investments are not necessary facilitates the switch to another primary product. 
      
      102    On the basis of the foregoing, it must be concluded that the Commission did not show, in point 26 of the contested decision,
         that consumers who already own luxury/prestige watches may reasonably switch to another primary product in order to avoid
         a price increase for spare parts. The factors raised by the Commission merely indicate a purely theoretical possibility of
         switching to another primary product, which is not a sufficient demonstration for the purposes of the definition of the relevant
         market. That definition is based on the concept that effective competition exists, which presupposes that a sufficient number
         of consumers would actually switch to another primary product in the event of a moderate price increase for spare parts in
         order to make such an increase unprofitable (see paragraphs 67, 69 and 70 above). 
      
      103    Second, it is also necessary to examine the effect of the statement, in point 26 and footnote 27 of the contested decision,
         that potential purchasers of luxury/prestige watches may chose freely between many existing brands of luxury/prestige watches
         which are in competition. In that regard, the Commission stated, at the hearing, that the factors raised, in the contested
         decision, with regard to consumers already owning watches did not constitute the main basis of its conclusion relating to
         the definition of the relevant market. It submits that the reason why it is necessary to treat the primary market and the
         after markets as a single unified market (‘system market’) is that price increases on the after markets cause a shift in demand
         to products from other manufacturers on the primary market, which would render such an increase unprofitable. 
      
      104    The Court observes that this practice is compatible with the case‑law, given that the definition of the relevant market is
         not to be assessed solely in relation to the objective characteristics of the products and services at issue, but the competitive
         conditions and the structure of supply and demand on the market must also be taken into consideration (see paragraph 67 above).
         
      
      105    However, it is apparent from the case‑law cited in paragraph 67 above and the notice on the definition of the relevant market
         that to be able to treat the primary market and the after markets jointly, possibly as a single unified market or ‘system
         market’, it must be shown, in the scenario described by the Commission (see paragraph 103 above), that a sufficient number
         of consumers would switch to other primary products if there were a moderate price increase for the products or services on
         the after markets and thus render such an increase unprofitable (see also, to that effect, Case T‑30/89 Hilti v Commission [1991] ECR II‑1439, paragraph 75). In other words, contrary to what the Commission suggests in point 26 and footnote 27 of
         the contested decision, the mere possibility for the consumer to choose from several brands on the primary market is not sufficient
         to treat the primary market and the after markets as a single market, unless it is established that that choice is made, among
         others, on the basis of the competitive conditions on the secondary market. 
      
      106    In the present case, the Commission has not shown, in the contested decision, that price increases of a specific producer
         on the after markets would have any effect on the volume of its sales on the primary market. On the contrary, it repeatedly
         stressed that the cost of repair and maintenance services (which includes the price of spare parts) is minor and insignificant
         in comparison to the initial price of the luxury/prestige watch itself (see paragraph 94 above). According to the Commission’s
         statement in footnote 27 of the contested decision, that cost remains minor over the life of a luxury/prestige watch in comparison
         with the initial cost of the watch, with the result that it is unlikely that potential purchasers will calculate that cost
         over the life of the primary product. The Commission concludes, in that same footnote, that ‘the consumer does not consider
         the cost of after-sales servicing as a criterion when choosing a watch’.
      
      107    Accordingly, it is apparent from the foregoing that the Commission has not shown that consumers who already own a luxury/prestige
         watch may reasonably switch to another primary product in order to avoid a price increase for spare parts, or that, in general,
         the price of spare parts has an impact on competition between primary products. Consequently, it has not shown that a moderate
         price increase for spare parts by a particular producer would cause a shift in demand to watches from another producer, rendering
         such an increase unprofitable. Thus, it made a manifest error of assessment in examining them together as forming part of
         a single relevant market. 
      
      108    That conclusion is supported by the fact that, as is apparent from the decision of the Swiss competition authority in Case
         ETA SA Manufacture horlogère suisse, ETA is the largest manufacturer of components and spare parts for Swiss watches, including
         for luxury/prestige watches. However, ETA does not manufacture complete watches. According to the case-law, if certain economic
         operators are specialised and are active solely on the after market of a primary market, that constitutes in itself a strong
         indication of the existence of a specific market (see, to that effect and by analogy, Hilti v Commission, cited in paragraph 105 above, paragraph 67). 
      
      109    Therefore, it cannot be ruled out that, had that error not occurred, and had the Commission taken account of its finding in
         the provisional position document concerning the general lack of substitutability between the spare parts belonging to different
         brands, and the factors put forward by the applicant in that regard (see paragraphs 86, 88 and 89 above), it would have concluded
         that separate brand-specific markets for spare parts existed as a function of their substitutability. 
      
      –       The examination of the market for repair and maintenance services 
      110    As regards the market for repair and maintenance services, it should be examined whether the Commission’s conclusion, in point
         17 of the contested decision, that that market should not be treated as a separate relevant market is justified by the grounds
         set out in points 19 to 22 of the contested decision. 
      
      111    The Commission stated as follows in those points: 
      
      ‘(i)      After-sales maintenance and repair
      (19)      It is apparent that the natural evolution of the market, as it seems to be, consisting in the resurgence of demand for complex
         mechanical movements in the luxury/prestige watches sector has led a majority of the luxury/prestige watch manufacturing groups
         to change their policy and to allow maintenance and repair of luxury/prestige watches only within their selective distribution
         system. Over [the] last 20 years, one by one, and depending on each individual manufacturer’s focus on the luxury segment
         luxury/prestige watch manufacturers adopted this specific strategy to the provision of such after-sales services.  
      
      (20)      The Commission notes that the watch manufacturers regard after‑sales maintenance and repair as ancillary service to the distribution
         of watches which is demonstrated, inter alia, by the value of watch manufacturers’ revenue on the said market. Such value
         is not significant and on average constitutes a small part of the total revenue obtained. Furthermore, the luxury/prestige
         watch manufacturers see the establishment of a consistent and uniform high-quality after-sales service network as an essential,
         customer-driven ingredient and as an integral and vital element of their competitive strategy on the primary market. According
         to the manufacturers, the value of the primary product to the customer would be diminished if its image were associated with
         anything other than brand-related state-of-the-art post-sales servicing, carried out either by the watch manufacturers themselves,
         or in approved service centres.
      
      (21)      When it comes to independent watch repairers, it appears that they are not always able to meet the quality-based selection
         criteria introduced by the watch manufacturers with respect to their authorised point of repairs … Moreover, according to
         some watch manufacturers, up to 30% of repair work done in their after-sales services centres concern the damage caused by
         the inappropriate and wrongful repair executed by the watch repairers who do not possess proper knowledge and skills.
      
      (22)      It must be also noted that the product concerned is also specific in that the cost to the customer of after-sales services
         over the life‑time of a luxury/prestige watch is minor in comparison with the initial cost of the watch itself, and will therefore
         be considered by the consumer as a relatively-minor element in the price of the overall “package”.’
      
      112    First, it should be noted that (see paragraph 108 above), if certain economic operators are specialised and are active solely
         on the market linked to the primary market or on the after market, that constitutes in itself a strong indication of the existence
         of a specific market. 
      
      113    The applicant submitted, during the administrative procedure, that the fact that the independent watchmakers, which make up
         a profession, are not active on the watch market, but solely on the market for watch repair and maintenance services, in itself
         constitutes evidence of the existence of a separate market for those services. The Commission failed to take account of that
         strong indication submitted by the applicant. 
      
      114    Second, even if the circumstances in the present case are very specific in the light of the fact that both a product market
         and an after-sales services market are at issue, the Commission cannot disregard the case‑law relating to the definition of
         the relevant market when it decides to consider the after market together with the primary market, possibly as a single relevant
         market. 
      
      115    With the exception of the indication that the cost of after-sales services is minimal in relation to the initial cost of a
         luxury/prestige watch, none of the considerations set out by the Commission in points 19 to 22 of the contested decision relates
         to the factors referred to in the case‑law cited in paragraph 67 above, nor, furthermore, to those set out in the notice on
         the definition of the relevant market (see paragraphs 68 to 70 above). 
      
      116    In addition, the Commission did not carry out the analysis which it has deemed to be the most relevant in relation to the
         market or markets for spare parts, that is to say, mutatis mutandis, the analysis seeking to determine whether consumers may avoid a price increase for repair and maintenance services by switching
         to primary products from other manufacturers. 
      
      117    Third, it should be noted that, according to point 22 of the contested decision, the cost of after-sales services was minor
         in comparison with the initial cost of the watch itself and that, according to footnote 27 of that decision, ‘the consumer
         [would] not consider the cost of after-sales servicing as a criterion when choosing a watch’.
      
      118    Accordingly, in the light of those elements and in the absence of alternative evidence in the contested decision that account
         was taken of the criteria established by the case‑law and the notice on the definition of the relevant market (cited in paragraphs
         67 to 70 above), the Court considers that the Commission has failed to establish that a moderate price increase on the services
         market would cause a shift in demand on the luxury/prestige watch market which could render such an increase unprofitable,
         nor that, in general, the price of services affects competition between primary products. 
      
      119    Consequently, the Commission was not entitled to conclude, on the basis of the findings which it set out in points 19 to 22
         of the contested decision, that the market for watch repair and maintenance services did not constitute a separate relevant
         market but, on the contrary, had to be examined together with the market for luxury/prestige watches. Consequently, the Commission
         committed a manifest error of assessment in that regard. 
      
      120    Since the Commission’s findings that the watch repair and maintenance services market and the market(s) for spare parts do
         not constitute relevant markets to be examined separately are vitiated by manifest errors of assessment, it is necessary to
         examine whether, in spite of those errors, the Commission was legitimately able to conclude that there was insufficient Community
         interest in continuing its investigation. 
      
      121    It is clear from the contested decision that the low probability of the existence of infringements of Articles 81 EC and 82
         EC is one of the main reasons supporting the Commission’s conclusion that there was no such interest. It is therefore necessary
         to examine whether the erroneous definition of the relevant market could have affected the Commission’s findings in relation
         to the likelihood of the existence of infringements of the Community competition rules. 
      
      3.      Infringement of Article 81 EC
       Arguments of the parties
      122    The applicant maintains that the Swiss watch manufacturers did indeed collude to eliminate independent watch repairers from
         the Community market in watch maintenance and repair services, thereby infringing Article 81 EC. In addition, it considers
         that the Commission erred in taking the view that the practice of refusing to supply spare parts to independent repairers
         constitutes a selective distribution system covered by the block exemption provided for in Regulation No 2790/1999. 
      
      123    With regard to points 27 and 28 of the contested decision, in which the Commission claims not to have found any evidence of
         a concerted practice, the applicant submits that the existence of this kind of practice is normally indicated not by hard
         proof but by circumstantial evidence. In this case, in the course of the administrative procedure the applicant furnished
         several pieces of evidence in this regard. It pointed out, firstly, that the majority of the Swiss watch manufacturers had
         interrupted their supply of spare parts within a particular period of time, secondly, that practically all the manufacturers
         against which the complaint was directed belong to well-organised ‘groups’ of manufacturers, and, thirdly, that all of them
         meet regularly to discuss questions of strategy as members of the Fédération Horlogère Suisse (Swiss Watch Manufacturer Association;
         ‘FHS’). However, the Commission failed to take account of those factors and simply disputed the length of the period over
         which the Swiss manufacturers’ actual refusal to continue to supply spare parts took place (contested decision, point 16).
         Even that finding by the Commission is unfounded given that the applicant supplied the Commission with a document showing
         the concentration in temporal terms of the contested refusals in a given Member State. 
      
      124    In any event, the applicant states that the Commission wrongly concluded that the practice in question could qualify for exemption
         from Article 81(1) EC, since the conditions laid down in Article 81(3) EC, as specified in Regulation No 2790/1999, are not
         met. 
      
      125    The Commission maintains that, as it explained in points 27 and 28 of the contested decision, in the course of its investigation
         it found no evidence of the existence of a concerted practice or an agreement between the luxury/prestige watch manufacturers.
         The applicant provided it with no reliable information on the basis of which it could have established an infringement of
         Article 81 EC. Quite the contrary, the primary market for watches appears to be competitive, a fact which the applicant does
         not dispute. 
      
      126    With regard to the document, submitted by the applicant concerning the concentration of the refusals in temporal terms, the
         Commission points out that that document was drawn up by the applicant itself, its source is not disclosed and it concerns
         one Member State only. Consequently, the document has little probative value. In any event, it shows the progressive refusal
         to supply spare parts for watches from 1985 to 2008, which reflects a natural development of the market. 
      
      127    The Commission maintains that the selective distribution system implemented by the Swiss watch manufacturers is compatible
         with the provisions of Regulation No 2790/1999, and that there is no evidence of the existence of practices contrary to Article
         4(a) of that regulation. The fact that the Swiss watch manufacturers changed their practice by opting for a selective distribution
         system based on qualitative criteria is totally market-driven and responds to consumers’ demands and the manufacturers’ aim
         to guarantee better-quality services. 
      
      128    The intervener submits that the applicant’s allegation concerning the concentration of refusals in temporal terms – extending
         over a period of ‘about two years’ prior to the lodging of the complaint – is materially inaccurate. 
      
      129    In addition, the intervener concurs with the Commission’s finding that the quality of after-sales services provided by independent
         watch repairers is the subject of more complaints than the quality of repairs carried out by authorised retailers or the manufacturer
         itself. 
      
       Findings of the Court
      130    First, as regards the applicant’s complaint relating to an agreement between the Swiss watchmakers, it should be noted that
         the applicant has not established that the Commission’s finding, in point 28 of the contested decision, that the applicant
         did not provide any evidence of a suspected agreement or concerted practice seeking to eliminate independent watchmakers from
         the watch repair and maintenance services market for luxury/prestige watches is vitiated by illegality. 
      
      131    In particular, the document entitled ‘progression of refusals’ shows that in 1985 only 3 brands refused to provide spare parts,
         in 1990 that number had risen to 5, in 1995 to 15, in 2000 to 35, in 2005 to 38 and, finally, in 2008 the number had risen
         to 50. 
      
      132    Therefore, even that document, which was drawn up by the applicant, tends to confirm the Commission’s position that the progression
         of refusals was not the result of an agreement, but of a series of independent commercial decisions adopted by the Swiss watch
         manufacturers. 
      
      133    Second, the applicant submits that the practice of selective distribution of spare parts – entailing the refusal to provide
         those parts to independent watch makers and the prohibition on undertakings within the network from providing those parts
         to operators outside the network – is a practice which is contrary to Article 81 EC and cannot qualify for the block exemption
         provided for in Regulation No 2790/1999. 
      
      134    Article 2(1) of that regulation provides as follows: 
      
      ‘Pursuant to Article 81(3) [EC] and subject to the provisions of this Regulation, it is hereby declared that Article 81(1)
         shall not apply to agreements or concerted practices entered into between two or more undertakings each of which operates,
         for the purposes of the agreement, at a different level of the production or distribution chain, and relating to the conditions
         under which the parties may purchase, sell or resell certain goods or services (“vertical agreements”).
      
      This exemption shall apply to the extent that such agreements contain restrictions of competition falling within the scope
         of Article 81(1) (“vertical restraints”).’
      
      135    According to Article 3 of that regulation, ‘the exemption provided for in Article 2 shall apply on condition that the market
         share held by the supplier does not exceed 30% of the relevant market on which it sells the contract goods or services.’
      
      136    In addition, according to point 94 of the guidelines on vertical restraints (OJ 2000 C 291, p. 1): 
      
      ‘Where a supplier produces both original equipment and the repair or replacement parts for this equipment, the supplier will
         often be the only or the major supplier on the after-market for the repair and replacement parts ... The relevant market for
         application of … Regulation [No 2790/1999] may be the original equipment market including the spare parts or a separate original
         equipment market and after‑market depending on the circumstances of the case, such as the effects of the restrictions involved,
         the lifetime of the equipment and importance of the repair or replacement costs.’
      
      137    The Commission concluded as follows, in point 33 of the contested decision, in that regard:
      
      ‘… As explained before, the analysis made by the Commission for the purpose of current proceedings has led to the conclusion
         that the spare parts aftermarket is not to be viewed as a market distinct from the primary market. Consequently, an overall
         market power of a particular watch manufacturer must be assessed, and in particular its position and strength on the primary
         market is to be taken into consideration. Therefore, taking into account that none of the watch manufacturer[s] being subject
         to the complaint appears to have either a dominant position on the primary market, or its market share exceeds 30%, it seems
         that they could benefit from the Block Exemption Regulation.’
      
      138    It cannot be ruled out that, had the Commission not committed the manifest error of assessment found in paragraph 107 above,
         it might well have concluded that the spare parts specific to individual brands constituted separate relevant markets, depending
         on their substitutability. 
      
      139    However, the contested decision does not show that the market share of the Swiss watch manufacturers is also less than 30%
         on the markets for brand‑specific spare parts. 
      
      140    Accordingly, in those circumstances it cannot be ruled out that, had the manifest error of assessment found in paragraph 107
         above not taken place, and if the Commission had included in the contested decision its finding in the provisional position
         document that the manufacturers of luxury/prestige watches were the only suppliers of the specific ranges of spare parts for
         their own brands, it would have concluded that the exemption provided for in Regulation No 2790/1999 was inapplicable, in
         the light of Article 3 thereof. 
      
      141    In addition, in point 43 of the contested decision, under the heading ‘Conclusion’, regarding the low probability that the
         selective distribution systems infringe Article 81 EC, the Commission does not refer to any factor other than the applicability
         of the block exemption under Regulation No 2790/1999. Therefore, the Court considers that that factor was of decisive importance
         in that regard. 
      
      142    Consequently, it must be found that the manifest error of assessment found in paragraph 107 above also vitiates the Commission’s
         conclusion concerning the low probability of an infringement of Article 81 EC. 
      
      4.     Infringement of Article 82 EC 
       Arguments of the parties
      143    The applicant submits, with regard to the Commission’s findings in points 39 to 42 of the contested decision, that the Commission
         recognised in its provisional position document that each Swiss watch manufacturer holds a dominant position or a monopoly
         with respect to the spare parts specific to its brand. By refusing to continue to supply their spare parts, those producers
         have committed an abuse. 
      
      144    In the applicant’s view, the fact that the Swiss watch market is, according to the Commission, a competitive market has no
         bearing on the state of competition on the repair and maintenance services market, which should have been considered to be
         a separate relevant market in this case. It observes that the latter market is no longer competitive, with the exception of
         a degree of residual competition between independent watch repairers and the Swiss watch manufacturers. The manufacturers’
         practice of refusing to continue to supply spare parts seeks to eliminate even that residual competition.
      
      145    The Commission contends that, according to its analysis, the primary market is the watch market, on which the after market
         of watch spare parts is totally dependent. The watch market appears to be sufficiently competitive and there is no evidence
         of the existence of a collective dominant position on the part of the Swiss watch manufacturers, let alone of an abuse of
         a dominant position. 
      
      146    The intervener contends that it does not occupy a dominant position on the primary market. Similarly, the conditions required
         to establish a collective dominant position are lacking. 
      
       Findings of the Court 
      147    The Commission stated as follows in point 41 of the contested decision:
      
      ‘… as far as aftermarkets are concerned, it has already been established that in the Commission’s view it seems unlikely that
         they would constitute a market to be assessed on a distinct basis, and thus the question of dominance is not to be assessed
         on them separately from the primary market.’
      
      148    In point 44 of the contested decision, under the heading ‘Conclusion’, the Commission stated as follows:
      
      ‘… [the] analysis has lead to the prima facie conclusion that the aftermarkets in the present case do not constitute distinct markets, and therefore dominance, either collective
         or single, on the examined aftermarkets does not seem to exist. In the absence of dominance, the question of abuse lost its
         relevance.’
      
      149    As has already been noted in paragraph 109 above, it cannot be ruled out that, had the manifest error of assessment found
         in paragraph 107 above not occurred, the Commission might have concluded that, depending on their substitutability, the brand-specific
         spare parts constituted separate relevant markets. 
      
      150    It should be noted that the contested decision does not contain any analysis of the position which the Swiss watch manufacturers
         hold on the markets for spare parts specific to their own brands. Thus, in the contested decision, the Commission did not
         depart from its finding in the provisional position document that manufacturers of luxury/prestige watches were the only suppliers
         of specific ranges of spare parts for their own brands, nor did it adopt a position on the applicant’s claim that the Swiss
         watch manufacturers held a dominant position on the markets for spare parts specific to their own brands. 
      
      151    Accordingly, it cannot be ruled out that, if that Commission had concluded that separate relevant markets existed, constituted
         by spare parts specific to brands, and had thus examined the position of Swiss watch manufacturers on those markets, it would
         have confirmed its finding in the provisional position document, namely that luxury/prestige watch manufacturers were the
         only suppliers of specific ranges of spare parts for their own brands. Therefore, it cannot be ruled out that it might have
         established, on that basis, that those manufacturers held a dominant position, or a monopoly, at the very least in respect
         of certain ranges of their spare parts which constitute relevant markets. 
      
      152    Given that the Commission based its conclusion that there was a low probability of an infringement of Article 82 EC on the
         fact that the Swiss watch manufacturers did not hold a dominant position, the manifest error of assessment committed in relation
         to the definition of the relevant market also vitiates that conclusion. 
      
      5.     The assessment of a sufficient Community interest in continuing the investigation 
       Arguments of the parties
      153    The applicant considers that the Commission’s statements in point 9 of the contested decision relating to the limited impact
         of the alleged infringement on the functioning of the common market, the complexity of the investigation required and the
         limited likelihood of being able to prove infringements, are incorrect or, at the very least, unsupported by any evidence
         or arguments. In particular, it takes the view that the contention that the alleged infringements are of limited impact is
         incorrect given the prospect of the disappearance of a profession of craftsmen in the European Union. 
      
      154    The applicant also submits that, in point 14 of the contested decision, the Commission states that it ‘is not convinced that
         the luxury/prestige watches market is a relevant (primary) market in [this] case’, but this does not prevent it from taking
         that definition as the basis for its assessment. Similarly, having failed to define the relevant market, the Commission could
         not conclude, without committing an error of logic, that ‘there [was] no indication that the functioning of the market [was]
         disturbed’. 
      
      155    The Commission also failed to take account of the fact that the anti-competitive conduct alleged concerns all Member States,
         and that it is therefore best placed to adopt measures to re-establish healthy competition within the common market. The applicant
         refers to the case‑law on the question whether, by referring the complainant to the national courts, the Commission had taken
         account of the extent of the protection which national courts can grant. In this case, the decision of a single national authority
         or court could not make good the impairment of competition, in particular since Swiss watch brands are not all represented
         in all the Member States. 
      
      156    The Commission refers to Ufex and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 28 above (paragraph 79). It contends that the issue of whether there is sufficient Community interest
         in continuing the investigation must be judged under a balancing test. Applying that test, the Commission may properly conclude
         that a complaint lacks sufficient Community interest to be further investigated, based on a single factor or a combination
         of multiple factors. In view of the fact that the assessment of the Community interest raised by a complaint depends on the
         circumstances of each case, the number of criteria of assessment the Commission may refer to should not be limited, nor conversely
         should it be required to have recourse exclusively to certain criteria.
      
       Findings of the Court
      157    It is settled case‑law that, where the Commission decides upon certain priorities in examining complaints brought before it,
         it may establish the order in which those complaints are to be examined and refer to the Community interest in a particular
         case as being a criterion for determining priority (Tremblay and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 27 above, paragraph 60; see, to that effect, Case T‑24/90 Automec v Commission [1992] ECR II‑2223, paragraphs 83 to 85). 
      
      158    In order to assess the Community interest in further investigation of a case, the Commission must take account of the circumstances
         of the case and, in particular, of the matters of law and fact set out in the complaint referred to it. In particular, it
         must weigh the significance of the alleged infringement as regards the functioning of the common market against the probability
         of its being able to establish the existence of the infringement and the extent of the investigative measures necessary in
         order to fulfil, under the best possible conditions, its task of ensuring the observance of Articles 81 EC and 82 EC (see,
         to that effect, Automec v Commission, cited in paragraph 157 above, paragraph 86; Tremblay andOthers v Commission, cited in paragraph 27 above, paragraph 62; and Sodima v Commission, cited in paragraph 27 above, paragraph 46).
      
      159    In that regard, the Court must, inter alia, examine whether it is clear from the decision that the Commission weighed the
         significance of the impact which the alleged infringement may have on the functioning of the common market, the probability
         of its being able to establish the existence of the infringement and the extent of the investigative measures required for
         it to perform, under the best possible conditions, its task of ensuring that Articles 81 EC and 82 EC are complied with (see
         Sodima v Commission, cited in paragraph 27 above, paragraph 46 and the case‑law cited). 
      
      160    In addition, the Court notes once more the case‑law cited in paragraph 65 above, according to which review by the Courts of
         the European Union of the exercise by the Commission of the discretion conferred on it in this regard must not lead them to
         substitute their assessment of the Community interest for that of the Commission but focuses on whether the contested decision
         is based on materially incorrect facts, or is vitiated by an error of law, a manifest error of assessment or misuse of powers.
      
      161    Finally, it should also be recalled that a manifest error of assessment is not sufficient to warrant annulment of the contested
         decision if, in the particular circumstances of the case, it could not have had a decisive effect on the outcome (Case T‑60/05
         Ufex and Others v Commission [2007] ECR II‑3397, paragraph 77; see, to that effect, Case T‑126/99 Graphischer Maschinenbau v Commission [2002] ECR II‑2427, paragraphs 48 and 49). Similarly, in order to satisfy its duty to state reasons, it is sufficient if
         the Commission sets out the facts and the legal considerations having decisive importance in the context of the decision (see
         Case T‑211/05 Italy v Commission [2009] ECR II‑2777, paragraph 68 and the case‑law cited).
      
      162    Therefore, it is necessary to examine the importance, in the context of the contested decision, of the considerations vitiated
         by a lack of reasoning (see paragraph 49 above), the Commission’s failure to take account of the relevant factors, in spite
         of it’s obligation to consider attentively all the matters of fact and of law which the complainant brings to its attention
         (see paragraph 33 above), and the manifest errors of assessment (see paragraphs 107 and 119 above), with a view to determining
         whether those illegalities could have affected the Commission’s weighing of the significance of the alleged infringement on
         the functioning of the common market, the probability of its being able to establish the existence of the infringement and
         the extent of the investigative measures required. 
      
      163    In that regard, it should be noted that the Commission’s finding concerning the insufficient Community interest in continuing
         its investigation is based on four essential considerations. First, the complaint concerns only one market or a segment of
         a market of limited size, with the result that their economic importance is also limited. Second, the Commission cannot conclude,
         on the basis of the documents at its disposal, that there was an agreement or concerted practice, and it is unlikely that
         the selective distribution systems put in place by the Swiss watch manufacturers are not covered by the block exemption provided
         for in Regulation No 2790/1999. Third, since the two after markets do not constitute separate markets, a dominant position
         does not appear to exist, with the result that the question of the existence of an abuse is irrelevant. Fourth, given the
         Commission’s assessment of the alleged infringements, even if further resources were allocated to the investigation of the
         complaint, there would be little likelihood of establishing an infringement of the competition rules. In any event, even if
         infringements could be established, the national competition authorities and courts appear to be well placed to deal with
         them (see paragraphs 8 to 11 above). 
      
      164    First, the Court holds that the consideration that the complaint concerns only one market or a segment of a market of limited
         size, with the result that their economic importance is also limited, played an important role in the Commission’s weighing
         of the factors to be assessed in determining the existence of sufficient Community interest in continuing the investigation.
         However, that consideration is vitiated by a lack of reasoning and an infringement of the duty to consider attentively all
         the matters of fact and of law which the applicant brought to its attention (see paragraph 49 above). 
      
      165    Second, the manifest errors of assessment made by the Commission in defining the relevant market also vitiate its conclusions
         concerning the low probability that Articles 81 EC and 82 EC were infringed. 
      
      166    The Commission’s argument, in point 14 of the contested decision, that it ‘is not convinced that the luxury/prestige watches
         market is a relevant (primary) market in [this] case’ and that, in any event, it was not necessary to establish an exact delineation
         of the relevant market since ‘there [was] no indication that the functioning of this market [was] disturbed’ cannot compensate
         for those illegalities. 
      
      167    In point 33 of the contested decision (see paragraph 137 above), the Commission considered the following in that regard:
      
      ‘[T]he analysis made by the Commission … has led to the conclusion that the spare parts aftermarket is not to be viewed as
         a market distinct from the primary market. Consequently, an overall market power of a particular watch manufacturer must be
         assessed, and in particular its position and strength on the primary market is to be taken into consideration. Therefore,
         taking into account that none of the watch manufacturer[s] being subject to the complaint appears to have either a dominant
         position on the primary market, or its market share exceeds 30%, it seems that they could benefit from the Block Exemption
         Regulation.’ 
      
      168    Similarly, in point 44 of the contested decision (see paragraph 148 above), the Commission concluded as follows:
      
      ‘[The] analysis has lead to the prima facie conclusion that the aftermarkets in the present case do not constitute distinct markets, and therefore dominance, either
         collective or single, on the examined aftermarkets does not seem to exist. In the absence of dominance, the question of abuse
         lost its relevance.’
      
      169    Therefore, it is clear from the contested decision that the Commission relied on the prima facie market definition to underpin its conclusion that there was a low probability of there being any infringements of Articles
         81 EC and 82 EC, and on that latter conclusion to base its finding that there was no evidence of disturbance of the market
         in question. Thus the Commission cannot validly claim that it did not need to define the relevant market because there was
         no evidence of disturbance of the market in question, given that its finding concerning the absence of such disturbance was
         based precisely on the definition of the relevant market which it had in fact made. 
      
      170    Similarly, the illegalities on the part of the Commission in defining the relevant market cannot be neutralised by its statement,
         in point 18 of the contested decision, that ‘even if they were to be regarded as separate relevant markets, the fact that
         the primary market appears to be competitive makes possible anticompetitive effects very unlikely[;] [i]n particular, price
         increases in the aftermarkets tend to be unprofitable due to their impact on sales in the primary market, unless prices in
         the primary market are lowered to offset the higher aftermarket prices’.
      
      171    The Commission does not support its assertion that ‘price increases in the aftermarkets tend to be unprofitable due to their
         impact on sales in the primary market’ with any analysis or any evidence. On the contrary, in the contested decision it calls
         its assertion into question by pointing out that ‘the consumer does not consider the cost of after-sales servicing as a criterion
         when choosing a watch’. That has the plausible consequence that an increase in the price of those services – or in the price
         of spare parts included in the price of those services – does not affect demand for the watches of the brand which increases
         prices on the after markets (see paragraph 106 above). 
      
      172    Third, since the main considerations supporting the Commission’s conclusion as to the absence of sufficient Community interest
         in continuing the investigation are vitiated by insufficient reasoning, the failure to take account of a relevant factor raised
         in the complaint, and manifest errors of assessment, it needs to be examined whether the sole remaining valid ground, namely
         that the national competition authorities and courts are well placed to investigate possible infringements of Articles 81
         EC and 82 EC and to deal with them, is sufficient in itself to justify the Commission’s conclusion regarding the absence of
         sufficient Community interest. 
      
      173    According to settled case‑law, where the effects of the infringements alleged in a complaint are essentially confined to the
         territory of one Member State and where proceedings in respect of those infringements have been brought before the courts
         and competent administrative authorities of that Member State by the complainant, the Commission is entitled to reject the
         complaint for lack of Community interest, provided however that the rights of the complainant can be adequately safeguarded
         by the national courts, which presupposes that the latter are in a position to gather the factual information necessary in
         order to determine whether the practices at issue constitute an infringement of the abovementioned provisions of the Treaty
         (judgment of 3 July 2007 in Case T‑458/04 Au lys de France v Commission, not published in the ECR, paragraph 83; see, to that effect, Automec v Commission, cited in paragraph 157 above, paragraphs 89 to 96).
      
      174    Similarly, the previous cases, in which the Court has already ruled on a ground raised by the Commission relating to the possibility
         which complainants have to defend their rights before the national authorities and courts, concerned situations in which the
         extent of the practices complained of were essentially limited to the territory of a single Member State and proceedings had
         already been brought before those authorities or courts (Case T‑114/92 BEMIM v Commission [1995] ECR II‑147, paragraphs 76 and 77; Tremblay and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 27 above, paragraphs 73 and 74; AEPI v Commission, cited in paragraph 26 above, paragraph 46; and UFEX and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 161 above, paragraph 157). 
      
      175    By contrast, in the present case, even if the Commission states that there are slight variations between the Member States
         as regards the extent of the practice of which the applicant complains, it admitted that that practice concerns the territory
         of at least five Member States, and it neither disputes nor confirms that the practice takes place throughout the entire European
         Union. 
      
      176    Thus, in the present case, even supposing that the national authorities and courts are well placed to address the possible
         infringements complained of, as the Commission concluded in point 8 of the contested decision, that consideration alone is
         insufficient to support the Commission’s final conclusion that there is no sufficient Community interest. The practice complained
         of exists in at least five Member States, or possibly in all the Member States, and is attributable to undertakings which
         have their head offices and places of production outside of the European Union, which suggests that action at European Union
         level could be more effective than various actions at national level. 
      
      177    In the light of all of the foregoing considerations, it must be concluded that the illegalities on the part of the Commission
         are such as to affect its assessment of the existence of sufficient Community interest for it to continue its examination
         of the complaint. 
      
      178    Consequently, the contested decision must be annulled, and there is no need to examine the applicant’s other pleas and arguments,
         or its application for removal from the file of a passage in the Commission’s reply to the written questions put by the Court.
         
      
       Costs
      179    Under Article 87(2) of the Rules of Procedure, the unsuccessful party is to be ordered to pay the costs if they have been
         applied for in the successful party’s pleadings. Where there are several unsuccessful parties the Court shall decide how the
         costs are to be shared. 
      
      180    In the present case, since the Commission and the intervener have been unsuccessful, the intervener must be ordered to pay,
         in addition to its own costs, those incurred by the applicant as a result of the intervention, and the Commission must be
         ordered to pay, in addition to its own costs, the remainder of the applicant’s costs, in accordance with the form of order
         sought by the applicant. 
      
      On those grounds,
      THE GENERAL COURT (Fourth Chamber)
      hereby:
      1.      Annuls Commission Decision C(2008) 3600 of 10 July 2008 in Case COMP/E-1/39097;
      2.      Orders Richemont International SA to pay, in addition to its own costs, those incurred by theConfédération européenne des associations d’horlogers-réparateurs (CEAHR) as a result of the intervention; 
      3.      Orders the European Commission to pay, in addition to its own costs, the remainder of those incurred by the CEAHR.
      
               Czúcz 
            
            
               Labucka 
            
            
               O’Higgins 
            
         Delivered in open court in Luxembourg on 15 December 2010.
      [Signatures] 
      
      
      Table of contents
      
      Facts giving rise to the dispute
      Procedure and forms of order sought by the parties
      Law
      1.  The size of the market to which the complaint relates and its economic importance
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      2.  The definition of the relevant market
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      The first complaint, alleging an erroneous substitution of the phrase ‘luxury/prestige watches’ for ‘watches worth repairing’
      The second complaint, alleging a failure to examine separately the watch repair and maintenance services market and the market
         for spare parts
      
      –  The assessment of the market for spare parts
      –  The examination of the market for repair and maintenance services
      3.  Infringement of Article 81 EC
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      4.  Infringement of Article 82 EC
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      5.  The assessment of a sufficient Community interest in continuing the investigation
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      Costs
      * Language of the case: English.