CELEX: 51991PC0268
Language: en
Date: 1991-07-23
Title: PROPOSAL FOR A COUNCIL DECISION ON ACCESSION BY THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY TO THE PROTOCOL TO THE GENEVA CONVENTION ON LONG-RANGE TRANSBOUNDARY AIR POLLUTION ON THE REDUCTION OF EMISSIONS OF NITROGEN OXIDES OR THEIR TRANSBOUNDARY FLUXES

COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
                                           C0M(91) 268 final
                                           Brussels, 17 July 1991
                     PROPOSAL FOR A COUNCIL DECISION
             ON ACCESSION BY THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY
         TO THE PROTOCOL TO THE GENEVA CONVENTION ON LONG-RANGE
      TRANSBOUNDARY AIR POLLUTION ON THE REDUCTION OF EMISSIONS OF
              NITROGEN OXIDES OR THEIR TRANSBOUNDARY FLUXES
                    (presented by the Commission)
 ---pagebreak---                                  - 1 -
                        EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM
1.   Introduction
The Community and all the Member States are contracting parties to
the Convention on long-range transboundary air pollution (1979 Geneva
Convention), as drawn up by the Economic Commission for Europe of the
United Nations.
The Protocol on the reduction of emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx)
or their transboundary fluxes was established as part of that
Convention.
The Community has extensive legislation on the control of air
pollution which, tightened up where necessary, should enable the
Community to meet the fundamental obligations laid down by the NOx
Protocol.
Eleven of the Community Member States have signed the NOx Protocol.
The Commission proposes that the Council should decide on accession
by the European Economic Community to the Protocol on the reduction
of emissions of nitrogen oxides or their transboundary fluxes.
2.   The NOx Protocol
In Its fundamental obligations the NOx Protocol provides that the
contracting parties should, as a first step and as soon as possible,
take effective measures to control and/or reduce their annual
national emissions of nitrogen oxides or their transboundary fluxes,
to the effect that, by 31 December 1994 at the latest, the latter are
not higher than their annual national emissions of nitrogen oxides or
the transboundary fluxes of these emissions during the 1987 calendar
year or any other previous year to be specified on signature of the
Protocol or accession thereto, on condition that, as regards any
contracting party specifying any previous year, Its transboundary
national fluxes or Its national emissions of nitrogen oxides over the
period from 1 January 1987 to 1 January 1996 do not exceed, on annual
average, Its transboundary fluxes or Its national emissions for the
1987 calendar year.
Furthermore, these obligations are completed two years after entry
Into force of the Protocol by the following measures:
     application of emission standards for new fixed and mobile
     sources based on the best available and economically acceptable
     technologies;
     adoption of antl-pollution measures for existing large fixed
     sources.
The contracting parties undertook to negotiate, six months after the
entry Into force of the Protocol (July 1991) more rigorous measures,
and In particular, reductions in national annual emissions based on
internationally acceptable critical loads.
 ---pagebreak---                                        2 -
   The Protocol also provides for measures geared to:
         technology exchange;
         adequate availability of unleaded fuel;
         diverse research and monitoring activities;
         exchange of Information and notification to the executive body
         of the programmes, policies and strategies which the contracting
         parties are obliged to establish.
  3.     COMMUNITY LEGAL PROVISIONS CONCERNED
  3.1 Existing directives
  The Community has already adopted        the following legal provisions
  designed to reduce the emissions         of NOx and to control their
  concentrations in the air:
   (a)   Directive 84/360/EEC on the combating of air pollution from
         Industrial plants;1
   (b)   Directive 85/203/EEC on air quality standards for nitorgen
         dioxide;2
   (c)   Directive 85/210/EEC on the approximation of the laws of the
         Member States concerning the lead content of petrol;3
   (d)   Directives 88/76/EEC and 89/458/EEC on air pollution from
         private cars and small capacity (less than 1400 cc) private cars
         respect Ively;4
   (e)   Directive 88/77/EEC on air pollution from utility vehicles;5
   (f)   Directive 88/609/EEC on the limitation of emissions of certain
         pollutants into the air from large combustion plants.6
  These measures should enable the Community to meet its obligations
  concerning the stabilization of NOx emissions and, In particular, the
  obiigatIons to:
         establish emission standards for certain new fixed sources (f)
         on the basis of the best available technologies;
         establish emission standards for certain new mobile sources (d
         and e) on the basis of the best available technologies;
         adopt anti-pollution measures for certain existing fixed sources
         (a and f);
         use the best available technology not Involving excessive costs
         (fixed sources) (a);
         introduce unleaded petrol in general in the Community (c).
1 OJ  No  L 188, 16.7.1984, p. 20.
2 OJ  No  L 87, 27.3.1985, p.1.
3 OJ  No  L 372, 31.12.1985, p. 37
4 OJ  No  L 36, 9.2.1988, p. 1
  OJ  No  L 226, 3.8.1989, p. 1.
5 OJ  No  L 36, 9.2.1988, p. 33.
 ---pagebreak---                                    - 3-
  3.2 Development of Community     legislation and future work on the
  control of NOx emissions
  At meetings held In December 1990 and March 1991 the Council agreed
   to tighten up the legislation on emissions of certain pollutants Into
   the air from private cars and heavy goods vehicles.
  Furthermore, the Commission plans shortly to submit to the Council a
  proposal on the limitation of air pollution due to gas turbines.
  A number of other policies pursued by the Community In energy or
  research will enable it to participate In an exchange of technologies
  and in the work to be undertaken as part of the Protocol.
  3.3 NOx emissions In the Community
  As part of the CORINAIR programme, the Commission has drawn up an
   Inventory of emissions of SO2» NOx and volatile organic compounds
  for the year 1985.
  For the major categories of emitters the picture for NOx emissions is
  as fol lows:
                  Sources              Emissions          NOx
                                                 (kt)      (%)
                  Traffic                     5 422        50
                  Large combustion
                  plants (> 50 MW)            3 987        37
                  Others                      1 471        13
                         TOTAL              10 880        100
  Table 1: Emissions of NOx in the Community In 1985
  Some experts 2 felt that the value attributed to NOx emissions from
  traffic was slightly underestimated and proposed a value of 6237 kt,
  which would bring the total to 11 695 kt.
  The Commission does not have the corresponding figures for 1987.
  Under the Geneva Convention the contracting parties must give notice
  of their annual emission levels.
  1     Residential and services, Industrial processes
2 Study on the forecast of emissions from motor vehicles In the European
                                     • - ,. «, „ I,. I I„
 ---pagebreak---                                       - 4 -
    The figures available for 1985 and 1987 are 11 400 kt and 11 659 kt
    respectively.3 If, to take account of German unification, the
    figures supplied by the GDR are added, the totals come to 12 355 kt
    and 12 660 kt.
    As regards the 1987 values, Greece and Spain had not yet communicated
    their emission levels and thus for these two countries the 1985
    emission levels were simply added to the 1987 totals.
    Any difference for these two countries between 1985 and 1987 would
    probably show a slight Increase in emissions.
    The approach taken Is to keep, for 1987, the 1985 figures, which are
    lower than the level provided for by the Protocol and hence more
    stringent in terms of the total emission level to be taken by the
    Community as a basis for stabilization.
    Table 2 Indicates the information available for emissions In 1985 and
    1987.
         CORINAIR         COR/SAM1       UN-ECE 2       UN-ECE/GDR3
85 (kt)     10880           11695          11400              12355
87 (kt)                                    11659              12660*     J
    Table 2:   Inventories of N0 X emissions available for 1985 and 1987
    At present the best    Inventories of NO x    have a margin of error of
    around 15%.
    The figures In the various Inventories of NOx emissions             In the
    Community in 1985 are within this margin of error.
    For 1987 the Community level finally          adopted  of   N0 X emissions
    (including the GDR) will be 12660 kt.
    The forecast for N0 X emissions for the Protocol       target year, i.e.
    1994, Is based on the following hypotheses:
    1.   The number of vehicles Is extrapolated from the trend between
          1970 and 1985 and from a number of socioeconomic parameters
          (GDP, number of households, road network, etc.).
 3  EB.AIR/GE.I/16/Add.1.
 1  CORINAIR values amended In accordance with SAMARAS et al.
 2  Values communicated by the contracting parties to the Geneva Convention
    (Community total).
 3  Ditto + GDR.
 ---pagebreak---                                    - 5 -
       The estimate of emissions due to traffic takes account of
       directives already adopted by the Council, of proposals for
       directives made by the Commission4 and of accelerated measures
       taken by some Member States.
       The directive on large combustion plants sets NO x emission
       reduction targets for all the Member States to be achieved, for
       existing plants, In 1993 and 1998.
       Some Member States can take advantage of an additional period of
       two years (Germany + former GDR: 3 years) to achieve the 1993
       target.
       New plants put   Into service up to 1992 are counted as existing
       plants.
       Only plants put Into service between 1992 and 1995 are regarded
       as new plants.
       They comply with the emission limits laid down by the Directive.
       Plant capacity of some 10 600 MWe is likely tobe brought into
       service In the Community between 1992 and 1995.
       Taking all types of fuel together, the Increase in consumption
       Is estimated at 9.6% for Industrial processes and 15% for the
       residential and services sector.
       However, this estmate does not take account of reductions that
       might be achieved In some Member States.
       The N0 X emission figures for the former East Germany are kept
       at their 1987 level of 1 001 kt (probably a conservative
       hypothesis).
       The estimated emissions of N0 X   In the Community In 1994 are as
       fol lows:
                      Sources                  Emissions
                    GDR                           1001
                    Traffic                       6751
                    Large combustion plants       3452
                    Others                        1632
                    Total                        12836*
     Table 3: Estimates of emissions of N0 X In the Community In 1994
  4. CONCLUSION
  A look at the figures* In Tables 2 and 3 shows that for 1994 the
  emission levels of N0 X In the Community will be barely higher than
  In 1987.
4 OJ NO C 81, 30.3.1990;
  C0M(90)174 final.
* Estimated value for the tarcet year (end o f 1994)
 ---pagebreak---                                    - 6 -
  However, given a number of stringent hypotheses taken and a margin of
  error Inherent In forecasts of emissions of this type of pollutant
  which are far
  greater than this slight Increase, the Commission takes the view that
  the Community Is already In a position to stabilize Its emissions of
  N0 X by 1994 at the 1987 level. Where necessary, in the light of
  future Inventories, the Commission will put forward additional
  measures to reduce emissions to fulfil this obligation.
  With the exception of Portugal  all the Member States have signed the
  N0 X Protocol. 1 in addition,    some Member States have signed a
  declaration announcing their   Intention to reduce, by 1998 at the
  latest, their annual level of   N0 X emissions by 30%, this reduction
  being calculated on the basis  of the level of emissions in any year
  between 1980 and 1986.
  The Commission therefore feels that the Community will be technically
  able to meet the obligations of the NO x Protocol. It is also
  Important that the Community should make a concrete commitment, at
  International level, to the combating of transboundary air Pollution,
  Including the more stringent measures provided for by the N0 X
  protocol, thereby effectively assuming the responsibilities incumbent
  upon It. The Commission thus proposes that the Council adopt this
  decision.
1 As at 1 October 1990 only France and the Netherlands had ratified the
 ---pagebreak---                                   4-
     Council Decision of ... on the accession of the Community to the
     Protocol to the Geneva Convention on long-range transboundary air
     pollution on the reduction of emissions on nitrogen oxides or their
     transboundary fluxes
     THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,
     Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Economic
     Community, and In particular Article 130s thereof,
     Having regard to the proposal from the Commission,
     Having regard to the opinion of the European Parliament,
     Having regard to the opinion of the Economic and Social Committee,
     Whereas Article 130r(5) of the Treaty calls for active cooperation by
     the Community and the Member States In International measures to
     protect the environment; whereas, because of the transboundary nature
     of air pollution, It is in the interest of the Community to
     participate   in International measures designed to reduce this
     poI lut ion;
     Whereas the Community is a contracting party to the Convention of the
     Economic Commission for Europe of the United Nations on long-range
     transboundary air pollution (1979 Geneva Convention)1 and to one of
      Its Protocols on the financing of EMEP (Cooperative programme for
     monitoring and evaluation of the long-range transmission of air
     pollutants In Europe); 2
     Whereas Article 130r(2) of the Treaty states that measures by the
     Community should be based on the principles of preventive action and
     correction at source, as a priority, of damage to the environment;
     whereas these principles have been enshrined, as regards air
     pollution, by several Community legal acts on the reduction of
     emissions of nitrogen oxides from the main sources (motor vehicles
     and large combustion plants);
     Whereas the principle of correction at source Is one of the
     objectives of the NOx Protocol to the Convention, which lays down In
     particular a general objective of stabilizing total emissions of
     nitrogen oxides and provides for the application of emission
     standards and adoption of anti-pollution measures, while reserving
     the right to tighten up obligations for subsequent negotiations;
     Whereas use of the best available technology, as set out in the
     fundamental obligations of the protocol, has been enshrined since
     1984 In Community law on the combating of air pollution of an
     industrial origin; whereas this same principle has become, since
     1989,    the basic philosophy for reducing emissions from motor
     vehicles;
     Whereas, in view of the damage caused to the environment and in the
     light of the transboundary nature of long-range air pollution due to
     emissions of nitrogen oxides, there should be joint action at
     International level; whereas the Community should accede to the
     Protocol on the reduction of emissions of nitrogen oxides or their
     transboundary fluxes.
   1 OJ No L 171, 27.6.1981, p. 11
2) -
 ---pagebreak---                                 - 2
HAS DECIDED AS FOLLOWS:
Article 1
The European Economic Community hereby accedes to the Protocol to the
1979 Convention on long-range transboundary air pollution on the
reduction of emissions of nitrogen oxides or their transboundary
fluxes.
The text of the said Protocol Is attached to this decision.
Article 2
The President of the Council shall deposit       the  Instruments  In
accordance with Article 14 of the Protocol.
Done at Brussels,
For the Cou : iI
     The President
 ---pagebreak---      ??.CTCCCL  :o n-n ;:-~9 CC:;YZ:JT::N cs izv,z-?.\:.zz TRANSBORDA?.*  AIR POLLUTION
     AIR  ?CL-WT:CN CONCERNING    THE CONTROL C ? EMISSIONS    OF NITP.CGZN OXIDES CR
                               THEIR   TRANS3CJNDAJIÏ   FLUXES
        The Parties,
        Determined to implement the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air
  Pollution,
       Concerned that present emissions of air pollutants are causing damage, in
  exposed parts of Europe and North America, to natural resources of vital
  environmental and economic importance,
        Recalling that the Executive 3ody for the Convention recognized at its
 second session the need to reduce effectively the tccal annual emissions of
 nitrogen oxides from stationary and mooiie sources or their transboundary
 fluxes by 1995, and the need on the part of other States that had already made
 progress in reducing these emissions to maintain and review their emission
 standards for nitrogen oxides,
       Taking into consideration existing scientific and technical data on
 emissions, atmospheric movements and effects on the environment of nitrogen
 oxides and their secondary products, as well as on control technologies,
       Conscious that the adverse environmental effects of emissions of nitrogen
 oxides vary a.r.ong countries,
       Determined tc ta<e effective action to control and reduce national annual
 emissions of nitrogen oxides or their transboundary fluxes by, in particular,
 the application of appropriate national emission standards to new mobile and
 major new stationary sources and the retrofitting of existing major stationary
 sources,
       Recognizing that scientific and technical knowledge of these matters is
developing and that it will be necessary to take such developments into
account when reviewing the operation of this Protocol and 'deciding on further
action,
      Noting that the elaboration of an approach based on critical loads is
aimed at the establishment of an effect-oriented scientific basis to be taken
into account when reviewing the operation of this Protocol and at deciding on
further internationally agreed measures to limit and reduce emissions of
nitrogen oxides or their transboundary fluxes,
      Recocnizing that the expeditious consideration of procedures to create
more favourable conditions for exchange of technology will contribute to the
effective reduction of emissions of nitrogen oxides in the region of the
Commission,
                                     -A*
 ---pagebreak---             No tir, g with a p p r e c i a t i c r . the ~ut.:al ccr.*7>: trrent u n :: e r t a .< e r. cy s e v e r a l
  c o u n t r i e s t o implement immediate and s u c s t a r . t i a l cecucticr.s of n a t i o n a l annual
  e m i s s i o n s of n i t r o g e n o x i d e s ,
            Ackncwledcing the measures a l r e a d v taken by some c o u n t r i e s which have had
  the e f f e c t of reducing emissions of n i t r o g e n o x i d e s ,
           Have agreed as follows:
                                                         Article 1
                                                        Definitions
           For the purposes of the present Protocol,
 1.        "Convention" means the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air
 Pollution, adopted in Geneva on 13 November 1979;
 2.        "EME?" means the Co-operative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of
 the Long-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe;
 3.        "Executive 3ody" means the Executive Body for the Convention constituted
under article 10, paragrapn 1 of the Conventic.i;
 4.        "Geographical scope of EME?" means the area defined in article 1,
paragraph 4 of the Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-range Transboundary
Air Pollution on Long-term Financing of the Cc-ocerative Programme for
Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in
Europe (EME?) , adopted in Geneva on 28 September 1934;
5.         "Parties" means, unless the context otherwise requires, the Parties to
the present Protocol;
6.        "Commission" means the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe;
7.        "Critical load" means a quantitative estimate of the exposure to one or
more pollutants below which significant harmful effects on specified sensitive
elements of the environment do not occur according to present knowledge;
8.        "Major existing stationary source" means any existing stationary source
the thermal input of which is at least 100 MW;
9.        "Major new stationary source" means any new stationary source the thermal
input of which is at least 50 MW;
10. "Major source category" means any category of sources which emit or may
emit air pollutants in the form of nitrogen oxides, including the categories
described in the Technical Annex, and which contribute at least 10 per cent of
                                                          - 2-
 ---pagebreak---  the total national emissions of nitrogen oxides on an annual casis as measured
 or calculated in tr.e first calendar year after the date of entry into force of
 the present Protocol, and every fourth year thereafter;
 11. "New stationary source" means any stationary source the construction or
 substantial modification of which is commenced after the expiration of two
 years from the date of entry into force of this Protocol;
 12. "New mobile source" means a motor vehicle or other mobile source which is
 manufactured after the expiration of two years from the date of entry into
 force of the present Protocol.
                                     Article 2
                                Basic obligations
 1.   The Parties shall, as soon as possible and as a first step, take
effective measures to control and/or reduce their national annual emissions of
nitrogen oxides or their transboundary fluxes so that these, at the latest by
 31 December 1994, do not exceed their national annual emissions of nitrogen'
oxides or transboundary fluxes of such emissions for the calendar year 1987 or
any previous year to be spe^fied upon signature of, or accession to, the
Protocol, provided that in addition, with respect to any Party specifying such
a previous year, its national average annual transboundary fluxes or national
average annual emissions of nitrogen oxides for the period from 1 January 1937
to 1 January 19 96 do not exceed its transboundary fluxes or national emissions
for the calendar year 1937.
2.    Furthermore, the Parties shall in particular, and no later than two years
after the date of entry into force of the present Protocol:
      (a) Apply national emissions standards to major new stationary sources
and/or source categories, and to substantially modified stationary sources in
major source categories, based on the best available technologies which are
economically feasible, taking into consideration the Technical Annex;
      (b) Apply national emission standards to new mobile sources in all major
source categories based on the best available technologies which are
economically feasible, taking into consideration the Technical Annex and the
relevant decisions taken within the framework of the Inland Transport
Committee of the Commission; and
      (c) Introduce pollution control measures for major existing stationary
sources, taking into consideration the Technical Annex and the characteristics
of the plant, its age and its rate of utilization and the need to avoid undue
operational disruption.
3.    (a) The Parties shall, as a second step, commence negotiations, no later
than six months after the date of entry into force of the present Protocol, on
                                      - 3 -
 ---pagebreak---   f-rt.-.er s t e p s to recjc? r.atior.a- annual emissions of nitrogen oxides or
  t r ansooundary fluxes of s~c?. enis 3 ion 3, t a x i n g i n t o account the best a v a i l 3 o I
  s c i e n t i f i c and tecr.no loci c a l developments, i n t e r n a t i o n a l l y accepted c r i t i c a l
  loads and o t h e r elements r e s u l t i n g from the work pogramme undertaken under
  a r t i c l e 6.
             (b)      To t h i s end, the P a r t i e s s h a l l c o - o p e r a t e in order t o e s t a b l i s h :
                      (i)       C r i t i c a l loads;
                     (ii)       Reductions in n a t i o n a l annual emissions of n i t r o g e n oxides or
                                transboundary fluxes of such emissions as required t o a c h i e v e
                                agreed o b j e c t i v e s based on c r i t i c a l l o a d s ; and
                   (iii)        Measures and a t i m e - t a b l e commencing nc l a t e r than
                                1 January 1996 for a c h i e v i n g such r e d u c t i o n s .
 4.        P a r t i e s may take more s t r i n g e n t measures than those r e q u i r e d by the
 present a r t i c l e .
                                                               Article 3
                                                     Exchange of t e c h n o l o g y
 1.        The P a r t i e s s h a l l , c o n s i s t e n t with t h e i r n a t i o n a l laws, r e g u l a t i o n s and
 p r a c t i c e s , f a c i l i t a t e the exchange of t e c h n o l o g y t o reduce emissions of
n i t r o g e n o x i d e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y through t h e promotion of:
            (a)      Commercial exchange of a v a i l a b l e t e c h n o l o g y ;
            (b) D i r e c t i n d u s t r i a l c o n t a c t s and c o - o p e r a t i o n , i n c l u d i n g j o i n t
ventures ;
            (c)      Exchange of information and e x p e r i e n c e ; and
            (d)      P r o v i s i o n of t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e .
2.         In promoting the a c t i v i t i e s s p e c i f i e d in subparagraphs (a) t o (d) above,
t h e P a r t i e s s h a l l c r e a t e favourable c o n d i t i o n s by f a c i l i t a t i n g c o n t a c t s and
c o - o p e r a t i o n among a p p r o p r i a t e o r g a n i z a t i o n s and i n d i v i d u a l s in the p r i v a t e
and p u b l i c s e c t o r s t h a t are capable of p r o v i d i n g technology, design and
e n g i n e e r i n g s e r v i c e s , equipment or f i n a n c e .
3.         The P a r t i e s s h a l l , no l a t e r than s i x months a f t e r the d a t e of e n t r y i n t o
f o r c e of t h e p r e s e n t P r o t o c o l , commence c o n s i d e r a t i o n of procedures t o c r e a t e
more f a v o u r a b l e c o n d i t i o n s for the exchange of technology t o reduce emissions
of n i t r o g e n o x i d e s .
                                                                  -    4   -
 ---pagebreak---                                      n » _• » « S
                                   Unleaded fuel
      The Parties shall, as soon as possible      and no later than two years afte:
 the date of entry into force of the present      Protocol, make unleaded fuel
 sufficiently available, in particular cases      as a minimum along main
 international transit routes, to facilitate      the circulation of vehicles
 equipped with catalytic converters.
                                     Article 5
                                  Review process
 1.   The Parties shall regularly review the present Protocol, taking into
account the best available scientific substantiation and technological
development.
2.    The first review shall take place no later than one year after the date
of entry into force of the present Protocol.
                                     Article 6
                              Work to be undertaken
      The Parties shall give high priority to research and monitoring related
to the development and application of an approach based on critical loads to
determine, en a scientific basis, necessary reductions in emissions of
nitrogen oxides. The Parties shall, in particular, through national research
programmes, in the work plan of the Executive Body and through other
co-operative programmes within the framework of the Convention, seek to:
      (a) Identify and quantify effects of emissions of nitrogen oxides on
humans, plant and animal life, waters, soils and materials, taking into
account the impact on these of nitrogen oxides from sources other than
atmospheric deposition;
      (b)  Determine the geographical distribution of sensitive areas;
      (c) Develop measurements and model calculations including harmonized
methodologies for the calculation of emissions, to quantify the long-range
transport of nitrogen oxides and related pollutants;
      (d) Improve estimates of the performance and costs of technologies for
control of emissions of nitrogen oxides and record the development of improved
and new technologies; and
                                       - 5 -
 ---pagebreak---             ;'e) Develop, in the context of an. approacn based on c r i t i c a l loads,
 methods to integrate s c i e n t i f i c , technical and economic data m order to
 determine appropriate control s t r a t e g i e s .
                                                     Article 7
                                 National programmes, p o l i c i e s and strategies
           The     P a r t i e s shall develop without undue delay national programmes,
policies          and s t r a t e g i e s to implement the obligations under the present
 Protocol          t h a t s h a l l serve as a means of controlling and reducing emissions of
nitrogen          oxides or their transboundary fluxes.
                                                    Article 8
                                    Information exchange and annual reporting
1.        The P a r t i e s shall exchange information by notifying the Executive 3ody of
the n a t i o n a l programmes, policies and s t r a t e g i e s that they develop in
accordance with a r t i c l e 7 and by reporting to i t annually on progress achieved
under, and any changes t o , those programmes, p o l i c i e s and s t r a t e g i e s , and in
p a r t i c u l a r on:
           (a) The l e v e l s of national annual emissions of nitrogen oxides and the
basis upon which they have been calculated;
           (b) Progress in applying national emission standards required under
a r t i c l e 2, subparagraphs 2 (a) and 2 (b), and the national emission standards
applied or to be applied, and the sources and/or source categories concerned;
           (c) Progress in introducing the pollution control measures required
under a r t i c l e 2, subparagraph 2 (c), the sources concerned and the measures
introduced or to be introduced;
          (d)       Progress in making unleaded fuel a v a i l a b l e ;
           (e)      Measures taken to f a c i l i t a t e the exchange of technology; and
          (f)       Progress in establishing c r i t i c a l loads.
2.        Such information s h a l l , as far as p o s s i b l e , be submitted in accordance
with a uniform reporting framework.
                                                        - 6 -
 ---pagebreak---                                                           Article 9
                                                       Calculations
           EME? s n a i l , u t i l i z i n g appropriate models and in good time before the
 annual meetings of the Executive 3ody, provide to the Executive Body
 c a l c u l a t i o n s of nitrogen budgets and also of transboundary fluxes and
 d e p o s i t i o n of nitrogen o x i d e s within the geographical scope of EME?. In areas
 o u t s i d e the geographical scope of EMEP, models appropriate to the particular
 c i r c u m s t a n c e s of P a r t i e s to the Convention therein s h a l l be used.
                                                         A r t i c l e 10
                                                     Technical Annex
           The Technical Annex to the present Protocol i s recommendatory in
character.               I t s h a l l form an i n t e g r a l part of the Protocol.
                                                         A r t i c l e 11
                                             Amendments to the Protocol
1.         Any Party may propose amendments to the present Protocol.
2.         Proposed amendments s h a l l be submitted in writing to the Executive
S e c r e t a r y c f the Commission who s h a l l communicate them to a l l Parties. The
E x e c u t i v e Body s h a l l d i s c u s s the proposed amendments at i t s next annual
meeting provided' that these proposals have been circulated by the Executive
S e c r e t a r y t o the P a r t i e s a t l e a s t ninety days in advance.
3.         Amendments to the P r o t o c o l , other than amendments to i t s Technical Annex,
s h a l l be adopted by consensus of the Parties present at a meeting of the
E x e c u t i v e Body, and s h a l l enter i n t o force for the Parties which have accepted
them on the n i n e t i e t h day a f t e r the date on which two-thirds of the Parties
have d e p o s i t e d t h e i r instruments of acceptance thereof. Amendments shall
e n t e r i n t o force for any Party which has accepted them after two-thirds of the
P a r t i e s have deposited t h e i r instruments of acceptance of the amendment, on
t h e n i n e t i e t h day a f t e r the date on which that Party deposited i t s instrument
o f acceptance of the amendments.
4.         Amendments to the Technical Annex s h a l l be adopted by consensus of the
P a r t i e s present at a meeting of the Executive Body and s h a l l become e f f e c t i v e
t h i r t y days a f t e r the date on which they have been communicated in accordance
w i t h paragraph 5 below.
5.         Amendments under paragraphs 3 and 4 above s h a l l , as soon as possible
a f t e r t h e i r adoption,, be communicated by the Executive Secretary to a l l
Parties.
                                                             -   7 -
 ---pagebreak---                                        Article 12
                                 Settlement of disputes
         If a dispute arises between two or more Parties as to the interpretation
or application of the present Protocol, they shall seek a solution by
negotiation or "by any other method of dispute settlement acceptable to the
parties to the dispute.
                                       Article 13
                                        Signature
1.       The present Protocol shall be open for signature at Sofia from
1 November 1988 until 4 November 1988 inclusive, then at the Headquarters
of the United Nations in New York until 5 May 1989» by the member States
of the Commission as veil as- States having consultative status with the
Commission, pursuant to paragraph 8 of Economic and Social Council
resolution 36 (IY) of 28 March 1947» and by regional economic integration
organizations, constituted by sovereign States members of the Commission,
which have competence in respect of the negotiation, conclusion and
application of international agreements in matters covered by the Protocol,
provided that the States and organizations concerned are Parties to the
Convention,
2.       In matters within their competence, such, regional economic integration
organizations shall, on their own behalf,-exercise the rights and fulfil the
responsibilities which the present Protocol attributes to their member
States. In such cases, the member States of these organizations shall not be
entitled to exercise such rights individually.
                                       Article 14
                   Batification,   acceptance, approval and accession
1*       The present Protocol shall be subject to ratification, acceptance or
approval by Signatories.
2.       The present Protocol shall be open for accession as from 6 Kay 1989
by the States and organizations referred to in a r t i c l e 13» paragraph 1*
3*       A State or organization which accedes to the present Protocol after
31 December 1993 nay implement articles 2 and 4 no later than
31 December 1995»
4,       The instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession
s h a l l be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who
w i l l perform the functions of depositary.
                                         - 8 -
 ---pagebreak---                                   Article l1?
                               Sntry into force
1.   The present Protocol shall enter into force on the ninetieth day
following the date on which the sixteenth instrument of ratification,
acceptance, approval or accession has been deposited.
2.   For each State and organization referred to in article 13, paragraph 1,
which ratifies, accepts or approves the present Protocol or accedes thereto
after the deposit of the sixteenth instrument of ratification, acceptance,
approval, or accession, the Protocol shall enter into force on the
ninetieth day following the date of deposit by such Party of its instrument
of ratification, acceptance, approval, or accession.
                                  Article 16
                                  Withdrawal
     At any tine after five years from the date on which the present Protocol
has come into force with respect to a Party, that Party may withdraw from it
by giving written notification to the depositary. Any such withdrawal shall
take effect on the ninetieth day following the date of its receipt by the
depositary, or on such later date as may be specified in the notification of
the withdrawal.
                                    - 9-
 ---pagebreak---                                            .•i L
                                  Auiher.tic tects
     The original of the present Protocol, of which the English,
Russian texts are equally authentic, shall ce deposited with the
Secretary-General of the united Nations.
     Ill WITI.£.S5 WH23IGF the undersigned, being duly authorized thereto, hav
signed the present Protocol.
     DOITS at Sofia this thirty-first day of October one thousand nine hundred and
eighty-eight.
                                     - 10 -
 ---pagebreak---                                                             TECHNICAL ANNEX
  1.        I n f o r m a t i o n regarding emission performance and c o s t s i s based en o f f i c i a l
 documentation of the Executive Bcdy and i t s s u b s i d i a r y b o d i e s , in p a r t i c u l a r
 documents EB.AIR/WG.3/R.8, R.9 and R.16, and ENV/WP.1/R.86, and C o r r . l , as
 reproduced in c h a p t e r 7 of Effects ar.c C o n t r o l of Transboundary Air
 P o l l u t i o n . V Unless otherwise i n d i c a t e d , the t e c h n o l o g i e s l i s t e d a r e
 c o n s i d e r e d t o be well e s t a b l i s h e d on the b a s i s of o p e r a t i o n a l e x p e r i e n c e . **/
 2.        The information contained in t h i s annex i s incomplete. Because
 e x p e r i e n c e with new engines and new p l a n t s i n c o r p o r a t i n g low emission
 t e c h n o l o g y , as well as with r e t r o f i t t i n g e x i s t i n g p l a n t s , i s c o n t i n u o u s l y
 e x p a n d i n g , r e g u l a r e l a b o r a t i o n and amendment of the annex w i l l be n e c e s s a r y .
 The annex cannot be an exhaustive s t a t e m e n t of t e c h n i c a l o p t i o n s ; i t s aim i s
 to p r o v i d e guidance for the P a r t i e s in i d e n t i f y i n g economically f e a s i b l e
 t e c h n o l o g i e s for giving effect to the o b l i g a t i o n s of the P r o t o c o l .
           I . CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES FOR N0X EMISSIONS FROM STATIONARY SOURCES
 3.        F o s s i l f u e l combustion i s the main s t a t i o n a r y source of anthropogenic
 NOx e m i s s i o n s . In a d d i t i o n , some non-combustion p r o c e s s e s can c o n t r i b u t e
 r e l e v a n t NOx e m i s s i o n s .
 4.        Major s t a t i o n a r y source c a t e g o r i e s of N0X emissions may i n c l u d e :
           (a)        Combustion p l a n t s ;
           (b)        I n d u s t r i a l process furnaces ( e . g . , cement manufacture);
           (c)        S t a t i o n a r y gas t u r b i n e s and i n t e r n a l combustion e n g i n e s ; and
           (d)        Non-combustion processes ( e . g . , n i t r i c acid p r o d u c t i o n ) .
5.        T e c h n o l o g i e s for the reduction of N0X emissions focus on c e r t a i n
c o m b u s t i o n / p r o c e s s modifications, and, e s p e c i a l l y for l a r g e power p l a n t s , on
flue gas treatment.
6.        For r e t r o f i t t i n g of e x i s t i n g p l a n t s , t h e e x t e n t of a p p l i c a t i o n of
low-NO x t e c h n o l o g i e s may be l i m i t e d by n e g a t i v e o p e r a t i o n a l s i d e - e f f e c t s or
by o t h e r s i t e - s p e c i f i c c o n s t r a i n t s . In t h e c a s e of r e t r o f i t t i n g , t h e r e f o r e ,
only approximate e s t i m a t e s are given for t y p i c a l l y achievable N0X emission
v a l u e s . For new p l a n t s , negative s i d e - e f f e c t s can be minimized or excluded by
a p p r o p r i a t e design features.
            j j / Air P o l l u t i o n Studies No. 4 (United Nations p u b l i c a t i o n ,
S a l e s No. E . 8 7 . I I . E . 3 6 ) . .
          * * / I t i s a t p r e s e n t d i f f i c u l t to provide r e l i a b l e data on the c o s t s of
c o n t r o l t e c h n o l o g i e s in absolute terms. For c o s t data included in the p r e s e n t
annex, emphasis should therefore be placed on the r e l a t i o n s h i p s between the
c o s t s of d i f f e r e n t technologies r a t h e r than on a b s o l u t e c o s t f i g u r e s .
                                                                - 11 -
 ---pagebreak---              Accord i.-.g tc c u r r e n t l y a v a i l a b l e d a t a , the c c s t s c : ccnccstion
  - e d i f i c a t i o n s can ce considered as small for new p l a n t s . However, in the caô-
  of r e t r o f i t t i n g , for instance at lar^e pewer p l a n t s , they ranged from accut
  3 to 25 Swiss francs per <W9^ (in 1335). As a r u l e , investment c c s t s cf
  f l u e gas t r e a t m e n t systems are c o n s i d e r a b l y h i g h e r .
  3.        For s t a t i o n a r y sources, emission f a c t o r s are expressed in .Tiiiliçra.T.s cf
 NO 2 per normal (C° C, 1013 x»b) cubic metre (.T.g/m3) , dry b a s i s .
 Combustion p l a n t s
  9.        The category of combustion plants comprises f o s s i l fuel combustion in
  f u r n a c e s , b o i l e r s , i n d i r e c t heaters and other combustion f a c i l i t i e s with a
 heat i n p u t larger than 10 MW, without mixing the ccraoustion flue gases with
 other e f f l u e n t s or treated materials. The following combustion technologies,
 e i t h e r s i n g l y or in combination, are a v a i l a b l e for new and e x i s t i n g
 installations:
            (a) Low-temperature design of the f i r e b o x , including fluidized bed
 combustion;
            (b)       Low e x c e s s - a i r operation;
            (c)       I n s t a l l a t i o n of special low-NOx burners;
            (d)      Flue gas recirculation into the combustion a i r ;
            (e)       Staged combust ion/over f i r e - a i r operation; and
           (f)       Reburning (fuel staging) . ***/
Performance standards that can be achieved are summarized in table 1.
10. Flue gas treatment by s e l e c t i v e c a t a l y t i c reduction (SCR) i s an
a d d i t i o n a l NOx emission reduction measure with e f f i c i e n c i e s of up to
80 per c e n t and more. Considerable operational experience from new and
r e t r o f i t t e d i n s t a l l a t i o n s i s now being obtained within the region of the
Commission, i n particular for power plants larger than 300 MW (thermal). When
combined with combustion modifications, emission values of 200 rog/m^ ( s o l i d
f u e l s , 6% O2) and ISO mg/ra3 (liquid f u e l s , 3% O2) can be e a s i l y met.
1 1 . S e l e c t i v e n o n - c a t a l y t i c reduction (SNCR), a f l u e gas treatment for
a 20-60% NOx reduction, i s a cheaper technology for s p e c i a l applications
( e . g . , r e f i n e r y furnaces and base load gas combustion).
          * * * / There i s limited operational experience of t h i s type of combustion
technology
                                                            - 12 -
 ---pagebreak---                       Table 1:   N0 V performance standards (mg/m-*) that can he achieved by combustion modifications
                    Plant type a/                     Uncontrolled baseline        Existing plant retrofit b/      New plant    02
                                                                                                                                %
                                                                                        Range        Typical value
                   Grate Combustion (coal)                300 - 1 000                                    600              400   7
          10 MW c/  Fluidized Bed Combustion
             to        (i) stationary                     300 -    600                                                    400   7
            300 MW    (ii) circulating                    150 -    300                                                    200   7
                    Pulverized Coal Combustion
                      (i) dry bottom                      700 - 1 700                600 - 1 100          800           < 600   6
Solid               (ii) wet bottom                     1 000 - 2 300            1 000 - 1 400                        < 1 000   6
Fuels
                    Pulverized Coal Combustion
          >300 MW     (i) dry bottom                       700 - 1 700               600 - 1 100           -            < 600    6
                     (ii) wet bottom                    1 000 - 2 300             1 000 - 1 400                      < 1 000     6
          10 MW c/  Distillate Oil Combustion                                                             300                    3
             to
Liquid      300 MW  Residual Oil Combustion                500 - 1 400                200 - 400           400               -    3
Fuels
          >300 MW   Residual Oil Combustion                500 - 1 400                200 - 400            -                -    3
          10 MW C/
             to
Gaseous     300 MW                                         150 - 1 000                100 - 300            -           <   300   3
Fuels
1         >300 MW
          1
                                                           250 - 1 400                100 - 300            -           <   300   3
1                                                                                   •  •»   —
      a/ Capacity numbers refer to MW (thermal) heat input by fuel (lower heating value).
      b/ Only approximate values can be given due *•"* site specific factors and greater uncertainty for retrofitting of existing plant.
      c/ For small (10 MW - 100 MW) plants a greater degree of un .rtainty applies to all figures given.
 ---pagebreak---  Stationary "3 3 turbines and internal cc.nirust i or. 'ID ~-. : ; r. :-3
  L2. N0 X émissions from stationary gas turbines can be reduced eitr.er cy
 combustion modification (dry control) or by water/steam injection ;•«•*:
 control). Both measures are well establ isned. 3y these Tie ans, emission
 values of 150 mg/m 3 (gas, 15% O2) and 300 tng/m3 (oil, 15% 0 2 ) can be
 met. Retrofit is possible.
 13. N 0 X emissions from stationary spark ignition IC engines can be reduced
 either by combustion modifications (e.g., lean-burn and exhaust gas
 recirculation concepts) or by flue gas treatment (closed-loop*3-way catalytic
 converter, SCR). The technical and economic feasibility of these various
 processes depends on engine size, engine type (two stroke/four stroke), and
 engine operation mode (constant/varying load). The lean-burn concept is
capable of meeting N0 X emission values of 800 mg/m 3 (5% 03) , the
SCR process reduces N0 X emissions well below 400 mg/m 3 (5% O2) , and the
 three-way catalytic converter reduces such emissions even below 200 mg/m3
 (5% 0 2 ) .
 Industrial process furnaces - Cement calcination
 14. The precalcination process is being evaluated within the reqion of the
Commission as à possible technology with the potential for reducing N0 X
concentrations in the flue gas of new and existing cement calcination furnaces
to about 300 mg/m 3 (10% O 2 ) .
Non-combustion processes - Nitric acid production
15. Nitric acid production with a high pressure absorption (>8 bar)
is capable of keeping N 0 X concentrations in undiluted effluents below
400 mg/m 3 . The same emission performance can be met by medium pressure
absorption in combination with a SCR process or any other similar efficient
N0 X reduction process. Retrofit is possible.
      II. CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES FOR N0 X EMISSIONS FROM MOTOR VEHICLES
16. The motor vehicles considered in this annex are those used for road
transport, namely: petrol-fuelled and diesel-fuelled passenger cars,
light-duty vehicles and heavy-duty vehicles. Appropriate reference is made,
as necessary, to the specific vehicle categories (M^, M2, M3, N^,
N2, N 3 ) defined in ECE Regulation No. 13 pursuant to the 1958 Agreement
concerning the Adoption of Uniform Conditions of Approval and Reciprocal
Recognition of Approval for Motor Vehicles Equipment and Parts.
17. Road transport is a major source of anthropogenic N0 X emission in many
Commission countries, contributing between 40 and 80 per cent of total
national emissions. Typically, petrol-fuelled vehicles contribute two-thirds
of total road transport N O x emissions.
                                      - 14 -
 ---pagebreak---  13.         The t e c h n o l o g i e s a v a i l a b l e for the c o n t r o l of nitrogen oxides from meter
 v e h i c l e s are summarized in t a b l e s 3 and 6. It is convenient to group the
 t e c h n o l o g i e s by reference to e x i s t i n g or proposed national and international
 emission standards d i f f e r i n g in stringency of control. Because current
 r e g u l a t o r y t e s t c y c l e s only r e f l e c t urban and metropolitan d r i v i n g , the
 e s t i m a t e s of r e l a t i v e N0X emissions given below ta<e account of higher speed
d r i v i n g where N0X emissions can be p a r t i c u l a r l y important.
19.          The a d d i t i o n a l production c o s t figures for the various technologies
g i v e n in t a b l e s 3 and 6 are manufacturing c o s t estimates rather than r e t a i l
prices.
20.          Control of production conformity and in-use v e h i c l e performance i s
important in ensuring that the reduction p o t e n t i a l of emission standards i s
achieved in p r a c t i c e .
21.          Technologies that incorporate or are based on the use of c a t a l y t i c
c o n v e r t e r s require unleaded f u e l . Free c i r c u l a t i o n of v e h i c l e s equipped with
c a t a l y t i c c o n v e r t e r s depends on the general a v a i l a b i l i t y of unleaded p e t r o l .
P e t r o l - f u e l l e d and d i e s e l - f u e l l e d passenger cars (My)
22.         In t a b l e 2, four emission standards are summarized. These are used in
t a b l e 3 to group the various engine technologies for petrol v e h i c l e s according
t o t h e i r NOx emission reduction p o t e n t i a l .
                                                              - 15 -
 ---pagebreak---                   Table 2:    D e f i n i t i o n of emission standards
    Standard                     Limits                                  Comments
 A. ECS R.15-04       HC • : » x : 19-23 g / t e s t       Current ECS standard
                                                            (Regulation No.15, including
                                                           the 04 series of
                                                           amendments, pursuant to the
                                                           1953 Agreement referred to in
                                                           paragraph 16 above), also
                                                           adopted by the European
                                                           Economic Community (Directive
                                                           83/351/EEC). E Œ R.15 urban
                                                           test cycle. Emission limit
                                                           varies with vehicle mass.
B. "Luxembourg 1985' BC • NO x :                           Standards to be introduced
                      1.4-2.0 1 t 8.0 g/test               during 1988-1*993 in the
                     This standard only used               European Economic Community,
                     to group technology                   as discussed at the 1985
                      «1.4 1 i 15.0 g/test,                Luxembourg meeting of EEC
                       >2.0 1 : 6.5 g/test)               Council of Ministers and
                                                           finally agreed upon in
                                                           December 1987. E Œ R.15
                                                           urban test cycle
                                                          applies. Standard for
                                                           engines > 2 1 is generally
                                                          equivalent to US 1983
                                                          standard. Standard for
                                                          engines <1.4 1 Is
                                                          provisional, definite
                                                          standard to be elaborated.
                                                          Standard for engines of
                                                          1.4-2.0 applies to all
                                                          diesel cars >1.4 1.
C."Stockholm 1985"                                        Standards for national
                                                          legislation based on the
                                                          "master document" developed
                                                          after the 1985 Stockholm
                                                          meeting of Environment
                                                          Ministers from eight countries.
                                                          Matching OS 1987 standards,
                                                          with the following test
                                                          procedures:
                     N0 X : 0.62 g/tan                    US Federal Test Procedure
                                                          (1975).
                     N0 X : 0.76 g/km                     Highway fuel economy t e s t
                                                          procedure.
D."California 1989" NO x : 0.25 g/kra                     Standards to be introduced in
                                                          the State of California,
                                                          United S t a t e s from 1989
                                                          models onwards. US Federal
                                                          Test Procedure.
                                         - 16 -
 ---pagebreak---  Table 3:           Petrol engine technologies, emission performance, c o s t s ar.d fuel
                   consumotion for emission standard l e v e l s
 Standard                      Technology                   Composite a/ Additional b / Fuel
                                                            NOx reduc-    production       consumption
                                                            t i o n (%)   c o s t (1986    index a/
                                                                          Swiss francs)
                   Baseline (Current                                . c/                      100
                   conventional spark-ignition
                   engine with carburettor)
     B.
                   (a)      Fuel injection +                       25            200          105
                            EGR + secondary
                            air d/
                   (b)      Open-loop three-way                    55            150          103
                            c a t a l y s t (+EGR)
                   (c)      Lean-burn engine                       60        200-600           90
                            with oxidation
                            c a t a l y s t (*2GR) * /
    C.            Closed-loop three-way                            90        300-600           95
                  catalyst
    D.            Closed-loop three-way                            92        350-650           98
                  c a t a l y s t (+ EGR)
          a / Composite NOx reduction and fuel consumption index estimates are
for an average-weight European car operating under average European driving
conditions.
          b / Additional production c o s t s could be more r e a l i s t i c a l l y expressed as
a percentage of the t o t a l car c o s t . However, s i n c e c o s t estimates are
p r i m a r i l y for comparison in r e l a t i v e terms o n l y , the formulation of the
o r i g i n a l documents has been retained.
          c/     Composite NOx emission factor » 2.6 g/km.
          d/     "EGR" means exhaust gas r e c i r c u l a t i o n .
          • / Based entirely on data for experimental engines.                   Virtually no
production of lean-burn engined v e h i c l e s e x i s t s .
                                                       - 17 -
 ---pagebreak---    22.       The emission standards A, 3 , C and 3 incl-ice l i m i t s on .v/drscarcer. {KC;
   and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions as well as N0X. Estimates cf emission
   r e d u c t i o n s for these p o l l u t a n t s , r e l a t i v e to the b a s e l i n e ECZ R.15-04 c a s e ,
   a r e g i v e n in t a b l e 4.
       T a o i e 4:     Estimated r e d u c t i o n s in HC and CO emissions from o e t r o l - f u e l l e d
                        passenger cars for d i f f e r e n t tecr.nolocies
            Standard                      HC-reduction                                    CO-reduction
                                                   (%)                                           (!)
                 B.                 (a)           30-40                                        50
                                    (b)           50-60                                       40-50
                                    (c)           70-90                                       70-90
                 C.                                 90                                         90
                D.                                  90                                         90
 24.       Current d i e s e l cars can meet the NOx emission requirements of standards
A, B and C. S t r i c t particulate emission requirements, together with the
 s t r i n g e n t NOx l i m i t s of standard D, imply that d i e s e l passenger cars w i l l
 r e q u i r e further development, probably including e l e c t r o n i c c o n t r o l of the fuel
 pump, advanced fuel injection systems, exhaust gas r e c i r c u l a t i o n and
p a r t i c u l a t e traps. Only experimental v e h i c l e s e x i s t to date.                   (See a l s o
 t a b l e 6, footnote a / ) .
Other l i g h t - d u t y v e h i c l e s (Ni )
25. The control methods for passenger cars are applicable but NOx
r e d u c t i o n s , c o s t s and commercial lead time factors may d i f f e r .
Heavy-duty p e t r o l - f u e l l e d v e h i c l e s (M?, Mi, .N?, Hn)
26.        This c l a s s of vehicle i s i n s i g n i f i c a n t in western Europe and i s
d e c r e a s i n g in eastern Europe. US 1990 and US 1991 NOx emission l e v e l s (see
t a b l é 5) could be achieved a t modest c o s t without s i g n i f i c a n t technology
advancement.
Heavy-duty d i e s e l - f u e l l e d v e h i c l e s (M?, Mi, N?, N<Q
27.        In t a b l e 5, three emission standards are summarized. These are used in
t a b l a 6 t o group engine technologies for heavy-duty d i e s e l v e h i c l e s according
t o NOx reduction p o t e n t i a l . The b a s e l i n e engine configuration i s changing,
with a trend away from naturally aspirated to turbo-charged engines. This
trend has implications for improved b a s e l i n e fuel consumption performance.
Comparative estimates of consumption are therefore not included.
                                                           - 18 -
 ---pagebreak---                       Table 5:      D e f i n i t i o n of emission   standards
       —                 >•   •"  •                               •                 •  '         — — —
       Standard              N 0 X limits (g/kWh)                          Comments
       I   £CE R.49                    18                                13 mode test
     II    US-1990                       8.0                             Transient test
    III    US-1991                       6.7                             Transient test
   Table 6:    Heavy-duty diesel enoine technologies, emission performance, *a/
               and costs for emission standard levels
                                                         N0 X reduction         Additional
    Standard        Technology                            estimate (%)          production
                                                                                cost (1984 USS)
                                                                                                     •
         I      Current conventional
                direct injection
                diesel engine
        II b/   Turbo-charging + after-                          40                   $115
1               cooling f injection
                timing retard
                                                                             ($69 attributable
                                                                             to N0 X standard) c/
                 (Combustion chamber
                and port modification)
                 (Naturally-aspirated
                engines are unlikely
                to meet this standard)
                                                                           1
      III b/    Further refinements of                           50                   $404
                technologies listed under                                    ($68 attributable
                II together with variable                                    to N0 X standard) c/
                injection timing and use
                of electronics
      a/ Deterioration in diesel fuel quality would adversely affect emission
and may affect fuel consumption for both heavy and light duty vehicles.
      b/ It is still necessary to verify on a large scale the availability of
new components.
     c/    Particulate control and other considerations account for the balance.
                                                   - 19 -
 ---pagebreak---  ---pagebreak---  ---pagebreak---                                                                      ISSN 0254-1475
                                                              COM(91) 268 final
                                                      DOCUMENTS
EN                                                                              14
                                 Catalogue number : CB-CO-91-309-EN-C
                                                             ISBN 92-77-74225-9
Office for Official Publications of the European Communities
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