CELEX: 62002CC0438
Language: en
Date: 2004-05-25
Title: Opinion of Mr Advocate General Léger delivered on 25 May 2004. # Criminal proceedings against Krister Hanner. # Reference for a preliminary ruling: Stockholms tingsrätt - Sweden. # Articles 28 EC, 31 EC, 43 EC and 86(2) EC - Marketing of medicinal preparations - Establishment of retail traders - National monopoly on the retail of medicinal preparations - Undertaking entrusted with providing a service of general economic interest. # Case C-438/02.

OPINION OF ADVOCATE GENERALLÉGERdelivered on 25 May 2004(1)
         Case C-438/02ÅklagarenvKrister Hanner(Reference for a preliminary ruling from the Stockholms Tingsrätt (Sweden))
            (Article 31 EC  –  State monopolies  –  Monopoly on the retail sale of medicinal products  –  Discrimination  –  Justification  –  Article 86(2) EC)
            
      
         
        1.        In this case, the Stockholms Tingsrätt (District Court, Stockholm) (Sweden) refers a number of questions for a preliminary
      ruling on the legality of the monopoly on the retail of medicinal products in Sweden. Those questions arose in criminal proceedings
      against Mr Krister Hanner, who is accused of selling certain medicinal products in contravention of the Swedish legislation
      which allows only the State or a body designated by the State to sell those products.
      
      
        2.        This case essentially raises the question whether an exclusive retailing right can be considered compatible with Article 31
      EC. If not, it will be necessary to ask whether the maintenance of such an exclusive right can be justified on the basis of
      the derogating provisions of the EC Treaty and, in particular, of Article 86(2) EC. 
      
      
        3.        One of the difficulties with this issue arises from the fact that the Court’s case‑law contains contradictory answers on those
      various points.
      
      
      I –  National legal background
        4.        In 1969, the Swedish authorities organised the dissolution of private pharmacies and established a State monopoly on the retail
      of medicinal products. That monopoly covers all medicinal products, namely medicinal products for human and veterinary use
      as well as prescription and non‑prescription medicines. It is now governed by the Lagen (1996:1152) om handel med läkemedel
      m.m. (Law No 1152 of 1996 on trade in medicinal products). 
         			(2)
         		
      
        5.        Section 2 of that law defines ‘retail’ as the sale to consumers and persons authorised to prescribe medicines. Under Section
      3 of the law, any other form of selling constitutes ‘wholesale’ and requires authorisation from the Läkemedelsverket (the
      Swedish Medicinal Products Agency).
      
      
        6.        Section 4 of the Law of 1996 establishes the Swedish State monopoly. It states that ‘[u]nless otherwise provided by this law,
      the retail of [medicinal products] shall be reserved for the State or for one or more legal persons over which the State has
      a determining influence’ and that ‘[t]he Government shall determine the person(s) authorised to engage in this trade and the
      detailed rules for engaging therein’.
      
      
        7.        By way of derogation from that provision, the retail of medicinal products to hospitals may be engaged in by persons holding
      a wholesale authorisation. 
         			(3)
         		 
      
      
        8.        Under Section 11 of the Law of 1996, persons who disregard the provisions establishing the State monopoly are liable to a
      penalty consisting of a fine or a period of imprisonment of up to two years.
      
      
        9.        Under an agreement signed in 1970, the Swedish State entrusted the company Apoteksbolaget AB, which had been specifically
      set up for that purpose, with the task of engaging in the activity of retailing medicinal products. Apoteksbolaget AB subsequently
      changed its name and became, in 1988, Apoteket AB. 
         			(4)
         		 
      
      
        10.      Apoteket is a company whose capital is held by the State and whose board of directors is composed mainly of politicians and
      civil servants. It currently has a total of 11 000 employees.
      
      
        11.      For the purpose of selling medicinal products to the public, Apoteket has recourse to 800 pharmacies which it owns and manages
      itself. Those dispensaries are generally located in densely populated areas such as urban centres, shopping centres and health
      care centres.
      
      
        12.      In rural areas, where setting up a pharmacy would not be financially viable, Apoteket sells medicinal products through some
      970 ‘Apoteksombud’ (pharmacy agents). These are private operators with whom it has concluded an agreement and who undertake,
      in return for remuneration, to distribute prescription medicines to patients. These pharmacy agents are also authorised to
      sell a limited selection of non‑prescription medicines to the public. They are under the supervision of Apoteket, which determines
      the selling price of the medicinal products as well as the selection of products. Pharmacy agents receive no specific training
      and are not allowed to give the customers advice on the use of the medicinal products.
      
      
        13.      The file shows that, since the spring of 2002, Apoteket has also been selling non‑prescription medicines over the internet
      and by telephone. In the long term, it expects to be able to sell all medicinal products, including prescription medicines,
      through those channels. In those circumstances, it would dispatch the medicinal products to the customers, together with the
      necessary information and advice on use.
      
      
        14.      With regard to the conditions governing procurement, Apoteket obtains its supplies exclusively from two wholesalers on the
      Swedish market, namely Tamro and Kronans Droghandel. It is not allowed to import medicinal products from other Member States
      itself.
      
      
        15.      At the material time, relations between the State and Apoteket were governed by the agreement of 20 December 1996, as extended
      and amended by the agreement of 21 December 1998. 
         			(5)
         		
      
        16.      That agreement provides that Apoteket must ensure that there is a satisfactory nationwide supply of medicinal products and
      that consumers receive information which is independent of the manufacturers of the medicinal products. To that end, Apoteket
      must organise a national distribution system and ensure that stocks and delivery capacity are sufficient to meet the demands
      of the health system. Against that background, Apoteket itself determines the number and locations of pharmacies and other
      sales outlets for medicinal products. It must be able to supply all the medicines (prescription or non‑prescription) covered
      by its exclusive right.
      
      
        17.      Article 8 of the 1996 agreement requires Apoteket to charge a single selling price for each medicinal product. For medicines
      eligible for reimbursement, the selling price – and therefore Apoteket’s profit margin – is fixed by the Läkemedelsförmånsnämnden
      (Committee on Medicine Prices). However, in the case of medicines for which there is no reimbursement, Apoteket itself fixes
      the prices of products as well as its profit margin. The medicines which are eligible for reimbursement are prescription medicines
      and certain non‑prescription medicines. 
      
      
      II –  The reference for a preliminary ruling
        18.      The Swedish authorities brought criminal proceedings against Mr Hanner for contravening Section 4 of the Law of 1996. They
      accuse him of selling, in May and July 2001, 12 packs of Nicorette patches and Nicorette chewing gum, namely nicotine substitutes
      intended to help smokers stop smoking. The public prosecutor pointed out that those products were classed as medicinal products
      by the Läkemedelsverket and were therefore covered by the Swedish State monopoly.
      
      
        19.      Before the national court, Mr Hanner accepted the facts but disputed that they constituted an offence. He maintained that
      the Swedish State monopoly was contrary to Articles 31 EC, 28 EC and 43 EC.
      
      
        20.      Taking the view that the outcome of the proceedings hinged on the interpretation of those provisions, the Stockholms Tingsrätt
      decided to stay the proceedings and to submit the following questions to the Court for a preliminary ruling:
      ‘1.     There is an independent system at national level for the testing and approval of medicinal products, intended to ensure the
      good quality of medicinal products and prevent damaging effects of medicinal products. Certain medicinal products also require
      a prescription from a registered doctor. In such circumstances, does Article 31 EC preclude national legislation which provides
      that retail trade in medicinal products may only be carried on by the State or by legal persons over which the State has a
      determining influence, the objective of which is to meet the need for safe and effective medicinal products?
       2.       Does Article 28 EC preclude legislation such as that described in Question 1, in the light of the information contained in
      that question?
       3.       Does Article 43 EC preclude legislation such as that described in Question 1, in the light of the information contained in
      that question?
       4.       Does the principle of proportionality preclude national legislation such as that described in Question 1, on examination of
      Questions 1 to 3?
       5.       Would the answers to Questions 1 to 4 be different if “non-prescription” medicines were entirely or partly exempted from the
      requirement under national legislation that retail trade in medicinal products be carried on only by the State or by legal
      persons over which the State has a determining influence?’
      
      
      III –  Purpose of the questions referred
        21.      The request from the Stockholms Tingsrätt for a preliminary ruling raises two sets of questions.
      
      
        22.      First, the national court seeks to ascertain whether the fundamental provisions governing the free movement of goods (Articles
      31 EC and 28 EC) and freedom of establishment (Article 43 EC) preclude national legislation which reserves for the State,
      or for a body controlled by the State, the exclusive right to retail medicinal products. 
         			(6)
         		
      
        23.      If so, it will then be necessary to ask whether such legislation can be justified on the basis of the exceptions provided
      for by the Treaty. Although the Stockholms Tingsrätt does not expressly refer to the derogating provisions of the Treaty in
      its request for a preliminary ruling, only an interpretation of those provisions will serve to provide it with a helpful answer,
      that is to say, with all the criteria necessary in order to determine whether the monopoly at issue is compatible with Community
      law. 
         			(7)
         		 The question of the justification for the monopoly is in any case implied in the first two sentences of Question 1 as well
      as in Questions 4 and 5.
      
      
        24.      The national court seeks, in particular, to ascertain whether the measure at issue is proportionate to the objective pursued
      by it. 
         			(8)
         		 It is unsure whether that measure is necessary since other statutory provisions governing the control, authorisation and
      prescription of medicinal products are already intended to ensure the protection of public health. 
         			(9)
         		 In addition, the national court asks whether the measure at issue goes beyond what is necessary in so far as it includes
      non‑prescription medicines in the State monopoly. 
         			(10)
         		
      
        25.      I shall consider those various questions in turn, beginning with an analysis of Article 31 EC since, according to the case‑law,
      that provision is a lex specialis for State monopolies of a commercial character. 
         			(11)
         		
      
      IV –  Article 31 EC
        26.      Article 31(1) EC is worded as follows:
      ‘Member States shall adjust any State monopolies of a commercial character so as to ensure that no discrimination regarding
      the conditions under which goods are procured and marketed exists between nationals of Member States.
       The provisions of this Article shall apply to any body through which a Member State, in law or in fact, either directly or
      indirectly supervises, determines or appreciably influences imports or exports between Member States. These provisions shall
      likewise apply to monopolies delegated by the State to others.’
      
      
        27.      Article 31 EC is included among the provisions of the Treaty relating to the free movement of goods. Its principal objective
      is to prevent Member States from using their commercial monopolies for protectionist purposes and thus re‑creating obstacles
      to the free movement of goods which the other provisions of the Treaty are specifically aimed at eliminating. 
         			(12)
         		 The Spaak Report states that: 
         			(13)
         		‘A particular problem arises when imports are directly regulated, not by means of quotas, but by the institution of a purchasing
      monopoly, whether it be for a government agency or for a private grouping which the State authorises to act on its behalf.
      In those circumstances, the authority which determines the import ceiling and the purchaser itself are one and the same. An
      automatic formula for increases cannot therefore be applied since there can be no question of making unnecessary purchases
      obligatory. An important part of the solution is that, by the end of the transitional period, the national purchasing or importing
      organisations will either have to have disappeared or have adapted to the common market or, if necessary, have been replaced
      by a common organisation.’
      
      
        28.      Article 31 EC therefore constitutes a specific provision aimed at eliminating obstacles to the free movement of goods arising,
      not from a State measure, but from the conduct of State monopolies. 
         			(14)
         		
      
        29.      In the present case, the Stockholms Tingsrätt seeks to ascertain whether that provision precludes national legislation which
      reserves for the authorities of a Member State or a body controlled by those authorities the exclusive right to retail medicinal
      products.
      
      
        30.      In order to answer that question, I shall begin by establishing whether Apoteket falls within the scope of Article 31 EC (section
      A below). I shall then consider whether an exclusive retailing right can be regarded as compatible with the requirements laid
      down by that provision (section B below).
      
      
       A – Scope of Article 31 EC
        31.      Article 31 EC applies to State monopolies of a commercial character and covers ‘any body through which a Member State either
      directly or indirectly supervises, determines or appreciably influences imports or exports between Member States’. 
         			(15)
         		
      
        32.      As Advocate General Cosmas has pointed out, 
         			(16)
         		 that definition presupposes the existence of two distinct elements: an organic element and a functional element.
      
      
        33.      With regard to the organic element, Article 31 EC requires that the State monopoly be of a ‘commercial’ character. This means
      that the body in question must engage in an economic activity, that is, an activity which consists in offering goods or services
      on a given market. 
         			(17)
         		 The concept of a ‘State monopoly of a commercial character’ is thus akin to that of an ‘undertaking’ within the meaning of
      competition law since the latter covers ‘every entity engaged in an economic activity, regardless of the legal status of the
      entity and the way in which it is financed’. 
         			(18)
         		
      
        34.      However, the ‘State’ character of the monopoly requires that the entity in question have a special link with the State. 
         			(19)
         		 It may be part of the administration, 
         			(20)
         		 a public undertaking 
         			(21)
         		 or a private undertaking endowed with exclusive or special rights. 
         			(22)
         		 The main criterion is that the State be able to exert a decisive influence over the conduct of that entity. 
         			(23)
         		 In addition, the ‘State’ character of the monopoly requires that it have its origin in an act of the public authority and
      that its exclusivity be guaranteed in law. 
         			(24)
         		 It therefore excludes purely economic monopolies, which are covered by the rules on competition. Finally, the Court has held
      that Article 31 EC refers to trade in goods 
         			(25)
         		 and therefore does not apply to monopolies in the provision of services, 
         			(26)
         		 unless such monopolies could have a direct influence on trade in goods between Member States. 
         			(27)
         		
      
        35.      With regard to the functional element, Article 31 EC applies to a situation in which the public authorities are in a position
      to influence trade between Member States appreciably through the aforementioned body or entity. 
         			(28)
         		 In that regard, it is not necessary for the State to supervise or determine imports and exports. It is sufficient that it be in a position to influence such trade, even indirectly. 
         			(29)
         		 In addition, in order for the State’s influence to be deemed appreciable, it is not necessary for it to supervise all imports
      or exports. A State which has the exclusive right to import and market products for 65% of the requirements of the national
      market has the power to exert an appreciable influence on imports of those products from other Member States. 
         			(30)
         		
      
        36.      In this case, it is established that Apoteket meets both those conditions.
      
      
        37.      On the one hand, Apoteket engages in an economic activity within the meaning of competition law since it sells goods on a
      given market, namely the medicinal products market. It is also subject to State control since its capital is held by the Swedish
      authorities and its board of directors is composed of politicians and civil servants. Finally, it has a statutory monopoly
      since the exclusive character of its activity is guaranteed both by the Law of 1996 
         			(31)
         		 and by the 1996 agreement. 
         			(32)
         		
      
        38.      On the other hand, Apoteket has an exclusive retailing right. The Court has already held that the existence of such a right
      enabled the Member State concerned to exert an appreciable influence over imports of the product in question from other Member
      States. 
         			(33)
         		
      
        39.      In those circumstances, Apoteket constitutes a State monopoly of a commercial character within the meaning of Article 31 EC. It
      must therefore be ascertained whether the requirements laid down by that provision preclude the existence or particular exercise
      of the exclusive retailing right conferred on it.
      
      
       B – The obligations laid down by Article 31 EC
        40.      Article 31 EC does not require the abolition of State monopolies of a commercial character. 
         			(34)
         		 It requires only the adjustment of such monopolies so as to ensure that no discrimination regarding the conditions under
      which goods are procured and marketed exists between nationals of Member States. 
         			(35)
         		
      
        41.      One of the difficulties raised by Article 31 EC arises from the fact that the term ‘State monopoly’ is used to denote both
      the exclusive right to engage in a particular activity (production, importation, marketing) and the body entrusted with the
      exercise of that exclusive right. 
         			(36)
         		 Clearly, on the basis of Article 295 EC, 
         			(37)
         		 the Treaty cannot require a Member State to abolish a body holding exclusive rights. However, the Court has held that the
      obligation of adjustment laid down by Article 31 EC could require Member States to abolish the existence of certain exclusive
      rights. 
      
      
        42.      Consequently, in Manghera and Others, cited above, 
         			(38)
         		 the Court held that an exclusive right to import products inherently involved discrimination prohibited by Article 31 EC
      and that Member States were therefore obliged to abolish such rights. Similarly, the Court has held that exclusive rights
      to export products are inherently contrary to Article 31 EC and must be abolished. 
         			(39)
         		
      
        43.      The question which arises in this case is whether an exclusive retailing right can be considered compatible with Article 31
      EC.
      
      
        44.      The Court has already had occasion to rule on this question in Franzén. It held that the monopoly at issue in that case was consistent with Article 31 EC in so far as the provisions relating to
      its existence and operation were neither discriminatory nor liable to put products imported from other Member States at a
      disadvantage.
      
      
        45.      In this case, however, I shall propose that the Court should not apply the Franzén judgment. Like the majority of legal writers, 
         			(40)
         		 I take the view that the solution identified by that judgment is not a correct interpretation of the provisions of the Treaty.
      
      
        46.      Before setting out my reasons for proposing that the Court reverse the Franzén judgment, it is appropriate to outline its content.
      
      
       1. Content of the Franzén judgment
      
        47.      The Franzén  case concerned the monopoly on the retail sale of alcoholic beverages in Sweden.
      
      
        48.      In that State, the law made the production of, wholesale trade in and importation of alcoholic beverages subject to the holding
      of special licences issued by the Alkoholinspektion (Alcohol Inspectorate). In addition, the law had entrusted to a State
      company, specially constituted for the purpose, the exclusive right to retail wine, strong beer and spirits. That company,
      called Systembolaget Aktiebolag, 
         			(41)
         		 was wholly owned by the Swedish State.
      
      
        49.      In criminal proceedings brought against Mr Franzén, a Swedish court had referred to the Court a number of questions seeking
      to ascertain whether Systembolaget’s monopoly was compatible with Articles 30 and 37 of the EC Treaty (now, after amendment,
      Articles 28 EC and 31 EC).
      
      
        50.      The Court began by pointing out that the national court’s questions concerned not only the national provisions relating to
      the existence and operation of the monopoly at issue, but also, more generally, the provisions which, although not governing
      the operation of the monopoly, had a direct bearing upon it, namely the rules relating to production and wholesale licences. 
         			(42)
         		
      
        51.      The Court then stated that, according to its case‑law, the rules relating to the existence and operation of the monopoly had
      to be examined with reference to Article 37 of the Treaty, 
         			(43)
         		 whereas the other provisions, which were separable from the operation of the monopoly although they had a bearing upon it,
      had to be examined with reference to Article 30 of the Treaty. 
         			(44)
         		
      
        52.      With regard to the rules relating to the existence and operation of the monopoly, the Court stated that:
      ‘39     The purpose of Article 37 of the Treaty is to reconcile the possibility for Member States to maintain certain monopolies of
      a commercial character as instruments for the pursuit of public interest aims with the requirements of the establishment and
      functioning of the common market. It aims at the elimination of obstacles to the free movement of goods, save, however, for
      restrictions on trade which are inherent in the existence of the monopolies in question. 
       40       Thus, Article 37 requires that the organisation and operation of the monopoly be arranged so as to exclude any discrimination
      between nationals of Member States as regards conditions of supply and outlets, so that trade in goods from other Member States
      is not put at a disadvantage, in law or in fact, in relation to that in domestic goods and that competition between the economies
      of the Member States is not distorted … 
       41       In the present case, it is not contested that, in aiming to protect public health against the harm caused by alcohol, a domestic
      monopoly on the retail of alcoholic beverages, such as that conferred on Systembolaget, pursues a public interest aim.
       42       It is therefore necessary to determine whether a monopoly of this kind is arranged in a way which meets the conditions referred
      to in paragraphs 39 and 40 above.’
      
      
        53.      The Court therefore examined the provisions relating to the product selection system, 
         			(45)
         		 the monopoly’s sales network 
         			(46)
         		 and the system for promoting alcoholic beverages. 
         			(47)
         		 In each case, it held that the provisions at issue were not discriminatory or liable to put products imported from other
      Member States at a disadvantage. In any event, the Court took the view that, assuming that was the case, those provisions
      were justified in the light of the requirements inherent in the existence or management of the contested monopoly. 
         			(48)
         		
      
        54.      The Court concluded that ‘a retail monopoly such as that in question in the main proceedings meets the conditions for being
      compatible with Article 37 of the Treaty, set out in paragraphs 39 and 40 of this judgment’. 
         			(49)
         		
      
        55.      With regard to the other national provisions having a bearing on the operation of the monopoly, the Court held that the provisions
      allowing only traders holding a licence to import alcoholic beverages constituted a hindrance as referred to in the Dassonville judgment. 
         			(50)
         		 It further held that the Swedish Government had not established in what respect those provisions were proportionate to the
      public health aim pursued. 
         			(51)
         		 The Court therefore concluded that the Swedish provisions relating to the system for importing alcoholic beverages were contrary
      to Articles 30 and 36 of the EC Treaty (now, after amendment, Articles 28 EC and 30 EC). 
         			(52)
         		
      
       2. Analysis of the Franzén  judgment
      
        56.      Like the majority of legal writers, 
         			(53)
         		 I believe that the reasoning set out in the Franzén  judgment is based on a misinterpretation of Article 31 EC. In my view, that judgment raises essentially three sets of difficulties.
      
      
        57.      Firstly, the Court has adopted a ‘piecemeal’ approach to the monopoly at issue.
      
      
        58.      In its earlier case-law, the Court was often required to rule only on a particular aspect of a State monopoly of a commercial
      character. That aspect might concern the levying of a duty or charge on imported products, 
         			(54)
         		 the marketing of products at an abnormally low selling price, 
         			(55)
         		 a prohibition on distilling imported raw materials, 
         			(56)
         		 the fixing of uniform trading margins 
         			(57)
         		 or the fixing of a selling price different from the price fixed by the manufacturers and importers. 
         			(58)
         		 Clearly, in those various cases, the Court was obliged to confine its examination solely to the aspect of the monopoly which
      was the subject‑matter of the dispute brought before it. 
      
      
        59.      However, in all other cases, the Court has undertaken an overall examination of the monopoly concerned. Thus, in Manghera and Others, 
         			(59)
         		 it examined the whole of the monopoly on the importation of manufactured tobacco in the light of Article 31 EC, and not only
      the various rules for the operation of that monopoly. Similarly, in Commission v Greece, cited above, 
         			(60)
         		 the Court held, in general terms, that the Greek State’s exclusive rights with regard to the importation and marketing of
      petroleum products gave rise to discrimination prohibited by Article 31 EC. It follows that, where it has before it a question
      relating to the compatibility of the whole of a State monopoly of a commercial character, the Court undertakes an overall
      examination of the exclusive right(s) which is (are) at issue.
      
      
        60.      In Franzén, however, the Court departed from that approach, even though that question had been expressly referred to it. 
         			(61)
         		 As we have seen, the Court considered each of the various rules for the operation of the monopoly (the product selection
      system, the sales network, the promotion of products) in isolation and examined, in each case, whether those rules were discriminatory
      or liable to put imported products at a disadvantage.
      
      
        61.      It may be asked whether that approach led the Court to underestimate the impact of the monopoly at issue on trade between
      Member States. It seems that the assessment of the effects of a monopoly on trade between Member States will be different
      depending on whether an overall examination is carried out or a piecemeal approach adopted. Unlike the latter approach, an
      overall examination takes account of restrictions on the free movement of goods resulting from the cumulative effect of the
      various rules for the operation of the monopoly. Indeed, it was by taking as his basis an overall analysis of Systembolaget’s
      monopoly that Advocate General Elmer had concluded that that monopoly was capable of seriously hindering intra‑Community trade. 
         			(62)
         		
      
        62.      Secondly, I believe that the Court has adopted a restrictive interpretation of the concept of ‘discrimination’ in Article
      31 EC.
      
      
        63.      As we shall see, 
         			(63)
         		 Article 31 EC does not prohibit only discrimination against products from other Member States. That provision primarily prohibits discrimination between nationals of Member States regarding the conditions under which goods are procured and marketed. Article 31 EC thus aims to guarantee
      that traders established in other Member States have the opportunity to offer their products to customers of their choice
      in the Member State where the monopoly exists. Conversely, it aims to enable consumers in the Member State where the monopoly
      exists to obtain supplies from traders of their choice in other Member States. Article 31 EC is not, therefore, aimed only
      at protecting the free movement of goods as such: it is primarily aimed at protecting the traders who participate in that
      free movement. 
         			(64)
         		
      
        64.      As one legal writer has pointed out, 
         			(65)
         		 that particular understanding of ‘discrimination’ goes further than the concept of discrimination between products. The abolition
      of discrimination between products  does not necessarily require the abolition of exclusive rights. In order for the monopoly to be compatible with that requirement,
      it is sufficient that it apply identical (not discriminatory) treatment to domestic and foreign products. On the other hand,
      the removal of discrimination between nationals  of Member States may involve the abolition of exclusive rights, since the act of reserving the right to pursue an economic
      activity for a national trader may be such as to affect directly traders established in the other Member States with regard
      to the conditions under which they procure and market goods. As we shall see, 
         			(66)
         		 the Court has adopted that particular understanding of ‘discrimination’ in its case‑law. It has thus required the abolition
      of exclusive rights without even considering whether the monopoly in question ensured identical treatment for domestic and
      imported products. 
         			(67)
         		
      
        65.      However, in Franzén, the Court departed from that case‑law.
      
      
        66.      It essentially limited its analysis to the question of discrimination between products of Member States. We have seen that the Court ascertained, for each rule of operation of the monopoly (the product selection
      system, the sales network and the promotion of products), that the provisions in question were applied irrespective of the
      products’ origin and that they were not liable to put products imported from other Member States at a disadvantage. The Court
      therefore based its examination on a restrictive interpretation of ‘discrimination’ within the meaning of Article 31 EC. 
      
      
        67.      In that regard, it might have been thought that the Franzén  judgment represented a reversal of precedent and thus heralded a change in the interpretation of Article 31 EC. However, that
      hypothesis is refuted by the fact that, on the very day of the delivery of the Franzén judgment, the Court delivered three other judgments which applied the traditional interpretation of ‘discrimination’.
      
      
        68.      Thus, in the judgments in Commission v Netherlands, 
         			(68)
         		Commission v Italy 
         			(69)
         		 and Commission v France, 
         			(70)
         		 cited above, which were also delivered on 23 October 1997, the Court stated that the existence in a Member State of exclusive
      rights to import and export gas and electricity gave rise to discrimination prohibited by Article 31 EC against operators established in other Member States. It added that such was the case even where the monopoly in question ensured identical
      (non‑discriminatory) treatment for domestic products and imported products. 
         			(71)
         		 In accordance with its traditional case‑law, the Court therefore required the abolition of the exclusive rights at issue.
      
      
        69.      As legal writers have pointed out, 
         			(72)
         		 it is difficult to understand why the Court adopted two different approaches in two sets of judgments which were delivered
      on the same day by the same Court (sitting in plenary session).
      
      
        70.      The third difficulty raised by the Franzén judgment concerns the justification of measures contrary to Article 31 EC.
      
      
        71.      The question of the justification of measures contrary to Article 31 EC is a much-debated one, to which I shall return. 
         			(73)
         		 For now, I shall note that, in the judgment in Campus Oil and Others, 
         			(74)
         		 the Court had held that Article 90(2) of the EC Treaty (now Article 86(2) EC) did not exempt a Member State which entrusted
      an undertaking with the operation of a service of general economic interest from the prohibition on adopting measures that
      restrict imports contrary to Article 30 of the Treaty. Moreover, in the judgment in Commission v Greece, cited above, 
         			(75)
         		 the Court had held that, contrary to what the Greek Government contended, the maintenance of exclusive rights to import and
      market petroleum products was not justified on grounds of public security within the meaning of Article 36 of the Treaty.
      
      
        72.      On the basis of those judgments, the Commission had concluded that Article 86(2) EC could not be relied upon to justify a
      measure contrary to Article 31 EC and that only Article 30 EC could serve as a basis for such justification. 
         			(76)
         		
      
        73.      In Franzén, the Court departed from that approach. It opened up another possibility of justification by creating a sort of ‘rule of
      reason’ in Article 31(1) EC.
      
      
        74.      In paragraph 39 of the judgment in Franzén, the Court held that Article 31 EC serves ‘to reconcile the possibility for Member States to maintain certain monopolies
      of a commercial character as instruments for the pursuit of public interest aims with the requirements of the establishment and functioning of the common market. It aims at the elimination of obstacles
      to the free movement of goods, save, however, for restrictions on trade which are inherent in the existence of the monopolies in question’. 
         			(77)
         		
      
        75.      In its further reasoning, the Court found that the monopoly conferred on Systembolaget actually pursued a public interest
      aim since it aimed to protect public health against the harm caused by alcohol. 
         			(78)
         		 The Court then satisfied itself that the provisions relating to the organisation and operation of the monopoly did not involve
      restrictive effects on the free movement of goods or that, in any event, such effects did not go beyond what was inherent
      in ‘the existence’ 
         			(79)
         		 or ‘management’ 
         			(80)
         		 of a State monopoly of a commercial character.
      
      
        76.      In expounding that reasoning, the Court therefore laid down two principles:
      
        
      –
         firstly, Article 31 EC allows the Member States to maintain a State monopoly of a commercial character, provided that that
            monopoly pursues a public interest aim, and
         
      
      
        
      –
         secondly, if the monopoly pursues such an aim, Article 31 EC does not prohibit restrictions on the free movement of goods
            which are ‘inherent in the existence’ of that monopoly, that is, restrictions which do not go beyond what is necessary in
            order to attain the aim pursued. 
         
      
      
      
      
        77.      However, those two principles have no basis in Article 31 EC.
      
      
        78.      First, Article 31 EC does not require a Member State which wishes to maintain a national monopoly to demonstrate that that
      monopoly pursues a public interest aim. 
         			(81)
         		 According to its wording, that provision only requires Member States to adjust their State monopolies so as to ensure that
      no discrimination regarding the conditions under which goods are procured and marketed exists between nationals of Member
      States. Consequently, once the Member States have made such an adjustment, Article 31 EC allows them to maintain their monopolies
      without imposing any further conditions.
      
      
        79.      The question whether the monopoly pursues a general interest aim is actually a question which relates to the justification for the exclusive right where it proves to be contrary to Article 31 EC. That requirement is laid down by the two provisions
      which could be relied upon to justify the maintenance of exclusive rights contrary to Article 31 EC, namely Article 30 EC
      (on grounds of public morality, public policy, public security and public health) and Article 86(2) EC (on the ground of ‘services
      of general economic interest’). The question of the aim pursued by the monopoly therefore falls, not under Article 31 EC,
      but under the derogating provisions of the Treaty. 
      
      
        80.      Second, it will be recalled that the Court has already held that Article 31(1) EC lays down ‘a specific and unconditional
      obligation to achieve results’. 
         			(82)
         		 That provision prescribes that State monopolies must be adjusted in such a way as to ensure that ‘all discrimination’ 
         			(83)
         		 between nationals of Member States ‘shall cease to exist’. 
         			(84)
         		 Contrary to the principle laid down by Franzén, Article 31 EC does not contain any proviso or exception for restrictions on the free movement of goods which are inherent
      in the existence of a State monopoly or proportionate to the aim pursued by that monopoly. Here again, exceptions to the principle
      laid down by Article 31 EC must be based on the derogating provisions of the Treaty, namely Article 30 EC and/or Article 86(2)
      EC.
      
      
        81.      In the light of all the foregoing, I propose that the Court should not apply the Franzén judgment in this case. I propose that it should apply its traditional case‑law as most recently confirmed by the judgments
      delivered on 23 October 1997 in Commission v Netherlands, Commission v Italy and Commission v France. 
      
      
       3. The circumstances of the main proceedings
      
        82.      In so far as I propose that the interpretation adopted by the judgment in Franzén should not be applied, it remains to be considered whether Apoteket’s exclusive retailing right gives rise to ‘discrimination’
      prohibited by Article 31 EC.
      
      
        83.      As the case-law stands at present, it seems to me that the concept of ‘discrimination’ in Article 31 EC covers several categories
      of measures.
      
      
        84.      First of all, that concept clearly refers to any difference of treatment between domestic products and products from other
      Member States. In its early judgments, the Court stated that there was no discrimination within the meaning of Article 31
      EC ‘when the imported product is subjected to the same conditions as the domestic product subject to the monopoly’. 
         			(85)
         		 Discrimination may thus result from an import duty which has the effect of imposing higher charges on imported products than
      on the similar domestic products; 
         			(86)
         		 from the act of extracting a contribution to the monopoly costs from the imported products alone, even in the form of a duty; 
         			(87)
         		 from a prohibition on distilling affecting only imported raw materials, 
         			(88)
         		 or from a charge imposed only on imported products for the purpose of compensating for the difference between the selling
      price of the product in the Member State of origin and the selling price paid by the monopoly to domestic producers for the
      same product. 
         			(89)
         		
      
        85.     ‘Discrimination’ also covers measures applicable without distinction which are liable to hinder trade between Member States. Thus,
      in the judgment of 1983 in Commission v France, 
         			(90)
         		 the Court held that the fixing by a State monopoly of the retail price of tobacco at a level different from that determined
      by the manufacturers or importers constituted not only an obstacle contrary to Article 28 EC, but also discrimination prohibited
      by Article 31 EC. Similarly, in Commission  v Italy in 1983, 
         			(91)
         		 the Court, having established that the measure at issue applied without distinction to domestic and imported products, went
      on to consider whether that measure was none the less liable to have a discriminatory effect as referred to in Article 31
      EC.
      
      
        86.      It follows that the concept of ‘discrimination’ in Article 31 EC refers to all obstacles to the free movement of goods. 
         			(92)
         		 Those obstacles may take a variety of forms, such as customs duties or charges having equivalent effect within the meaning
      of Article 25 EC, 
         			(93)
         		 quantitative restrictions or measures having equivalent effect within the meaning of Article 28 EC 
         			(94)
         		 or discriminatory internal taxation within the meaning of Article 90 EC. 
         			(95)
         		
      
        87.      However, it seems that Article 31 EC has a wider scope than the provisions of the Treaty concerning the free movement of goods. As
      has been said, that provision not only prohibits discrimination and obstacles with regard to products  from other Member States. It primarily prohibits discrimination between nationals  of Member States regarding the conditions under which goods are procured and marketed. Article 31 EC thus aims to guarantee
      that traders established in other Member States have the opportunity to offer their products to customers of their choice
      in the Member State concerned. Conversely, it aims to enable consumers in the Member State concerned to obtain supplies from
      traders of their choice in other Member States. 
         			(96)
         		
      
        88.      As we have seen, that particular meaning of ‘discrimination’ goes further than discrimination between products, prohibited
      by Articles 25 EC, 28 EC and 90 EC. The abolition of discrimination between products does not, in principle, require the abolition
      of exclusive rights since, in order to comply with that requirement, it is sufficient that the monopoly apply non‑discriminatory
      treatment to domestic products and products from other Member States. However, the concept of ‘discrimination between nationals
      of Member States’ may require the abolition of certain exclusive rights since the mere act of reserving the right to pursue
      an economic activity for a domestic trader may be such as to affect directly traders established in other Member States as
      regards the conditions under which they procure and market goods.
      
      
        89.      The Court has applied that particular understanding of ‘discrimination’ on a number of occasions in its case‑law.
      
      
        90.      Thus, in Manghera and Others, 
         			(97)
         		 it held that an exclusive right to import products constituted, by its very nature, discrimination in respect of Community
      exporters and that national monopolies had to be adjusted so as to eliminate such rights. The Court reached that conclusion
      without considering whether the monopoly in question applied identical treatment to domestic products and imported products.
      
      
        91.      Similarly, in Commission v Greece, 
         			(98)
         		 the Court held that exclusive rights with regard to the importation and marketing of petroleum products gave rise to discrimination
      against exporters established in other Member States. It had become clear that those rights were intended to secure an outlet
      for the products of the Greek public‑sector refineries 
         			(99)
         		 and therefore deprived distribution companies of the possibility of procuring from undertakings established in other Member
      States. 
         			(100)
         		
      
        92.      In Sociéte coopérative d’amélioration de l’élevage et d’insémination artificielle du Béarn 
         			(101)
         		 and Gervais and Others, cited above, 
         			(102)
         		 the Court ruled on a monopoly in the provision of services relating to the artificial insemination of animals. It held that
      a monopoly in the provision of services did not fall under Article 31 EC unless it contravened the principle of the free movement
      of goods by discriminating against imported products to the advantage of products of domestic origin. The Court held that
      that was not the case where breeders were free to request the insemination centre for their area to supply them with semen
      from a production centre of their choice, in the Member State or abroad.
      
      
        93.      Finally, the Court obviously applied that particular meaning of ‘discrimination’ in the 1997 judgments in Commission v Netherlands, Commission v Italy and Commission v France. In those judgments, it confirmed that exclusive import rights inherently give rise to discrimination against exporters established
      in other Member States on the ground that such rights ‘directly affect the conditions under which goods are marketed only
      as regards operators or sellers in other Member States’. 
         			(103)
         		 Similarly, the Court held that ‘exclusive export rights inherently give rise to discrimination against importers established
      in other Member States since that exclusivity affects only the conditions under which goods are procured by operators or consumers
      in other Member States’. 
         			(104)
         		
      
        94.      With regard to exclusive import rights, the Netherlands Government had contended, in one of those cases, that Article 31 EC
      prohibited only the discriminatory exercise of such rights, not merely the holding of them. 
         			(105)
         		 The Court clearly rejected that argument by stating that ‘[the] free movement [of goods] is impeded by the very existence
      of exclusive import rights in a Member State since economic operators in other Member States are thereby deprived of the possibility
      of offering their products to customers of their choice in the Member State concerned’. 
         			(106)
         		
      
        95.      It follows that ‘discrimination’ in Article 31 EC has a wider meaning than ‘discrimination’ in the other provisions of the
      Treaty concerning the free movement of goods. That concept not only seeks to guarantee that products from other Member States
      can have access to the market of the Member State concerned. It seeks primarily to guarantee such access for traders established
      in other Member States. In that regard, the principal criterion is that traders established in other Member States should
      be able to offer their products to customers of their choice in the Member State concerned and, conversely, that consumers
      in the Member State concerned should be able to obtain supplies from traders of their choice in other Member States. 
         			(107)
         		
      
        96.      In the light of that particular definition of ‘discrimination’, it is now necessary to consider whether an exclusive retailing
      right such as the right conferred on Apoteket is also inherently contrary to Article 31 EC. 
      
      
        97.      As a preliminary point, it is important to make a distinction between an exclusive retailing right and a ‘system of licences’,
      that is, a system which reserves the right to retail certain products for distributors holding an administrative authorisation.
      
      
        98.      As Advocate General Elmer has pointed out, 
         			(108)
         		 a system of licences does not constitute a monopoly in the economic sense of the term. It is an ‘open’ system in which any
      trader fulfilling the requirements laid down by the law is allowed to market a particular product. A system of licences therefore
      generally presupposes the existence of a large number of distributors (some 76 000 retailers in the Banchero case, cited above) who are free to obtain supplies from traders of their choice. It is because of those characteristics that
      the Court has held 
         			(109)
         		 that a system of licences, which does not affect the sale of products originating in other Member States any differently
      from that of domestic products, constitutes a ‘selling arrangement’ within the meaning of the judgment in Keck and Mithouard 
         			(110)
         		 and therefore falls outside the scope of Article 28 EC. 
         			(111)
         		
      
        99.      An exclusive retailing right, on the other hand, is a true monopoly in the economic sense of the term. It is a ‘closed’ system
      in which only one trader – in this case the State or a State‑controlled entity – is authorised to market the product in question.
      
      
        100.    An exclusive retailing right displays the same characteristics as an exclusive importing right. 
         			(112)
         		
      
        101.    An exclusive retailing right necessarily entails centralisation of all purchases of the product for retailing. An entity,
      such as Apoteket, which holds a monopoly on the retail sale of a product, constitutes not only the sole seller of that product
      in the Member State concerned, but also the sole purchaser of that product in that State. Producers and wholesalers are, in the final analysis, able to turn to only one trader (Apoteket)
      in order to ensure the sale of their products to consumers.
      
      
        102.    In those circumstances, it is clear that a national retail monopoly is able, in the same way as a State monopoly on importation,
      to determine which products will be placed on the market in the Member State concerned. In that regard, either the product
      benefits from access to the monopoly’s sales network and, in that case, will be sold in the Member State concerned, or it
      does not benefit from access to the monopoly’s sales network and, in that case, will be totally excluded from the market in question. The holder of an exclusive retailing right therefore has the power to determine which
      products will have access to the market of the Member State concerned. It is therefore in a position to determine the level
      of imports from other Member States as effectively as the holder of an exclusive importation right. 
         			(113)
         		
      
        103.    That conclusion is confirmed in this case by the material in the file.
      
      
        104.    The Stockholms Tingsrätt points out that, under the 1996 agreement, Apoteket had the power to decide independently which non-prescription
      medicines it would market. 
         			(114)
         		 It thus states that ‘[m]anufacturers of non-prescription medicines and those approved in other countries have no right to have their products marketed by Apoteket in Sweden’. 
         			(115)
         		  Similarly, with regard to pharmacy agents, the national court states that Apoteket is the owner of the stocks of medicines
      held by those agents and that ‘[t]he selection of medicines is decided by the pharmacy manager in consultation with the local
      health service’. 
         			(116)
         		 It follows that Apoteket has the power to determine which products will be sold by its network and will therefore have access
      to the Swedish market. 
         			(117)
         		
      
        105.    In those circumstances, I take the view that an exclusive retailing right displays, from the point of view of its effects
      on intra-Community trade, the same characteristics as an exclusive right of importation. An exclusive retailing right is therefore
      also inherently contrary to Article 31 EC.
      
      
        106.    Moreover, the Court’s case‑law contains a number of strands confirming that analysis.
         			(118)
         		
      
        107.    Thus, in France  v Commission, the Court stated, albeit taking as its basis a Treaty provision other than Article 31 EC, that an exclusive marketing right
      was incompatible with the provisions of the Treaty concerning the free movement of goods. It held, with regard to exclusive
      importing and marketing rights in the telecommunications terminals sector, that:
      ‘34    … [T]he existence of exclusive importing and marketing rights deprives traders of the opportunity of having their products
      purchased by consumers. 
       35       It should [also] be pointed out … that the terminals sector is characterised by the diversity and technical nature of the
      products concerned and by the ensuing constraints. In those circumstances there is no certainty that the holder of the monopoly
      can offer the entire range of models available on the market, inform customers about the state and operation of all the terminals
      and guarantee their quality.
       36       Accordingly, exclusive importation and marketing rights in the telecommunications terminal sector are capable of restricting
      intra‑Community trade [within the meaning of Article 31 EC]’. 
         			(119)
         		
      
        108.    In addition, the reasoning set out in the judgments of 1997 in Commission v Netherlands, Commission v Italy and Commission v France with regard to exclusive importation rights is perfectly capable of being applied to the case of a State retail monopoly.
      
      
        109.    Accordingly, it can be stated as a fact, as in respect of exclusive importation rights, that exclusive retailing rights ‘directly
      affect the conditions under which goods are marketed only as regards operators or sellers in other Member States’. 
         			(120)
         		 Likewise, it cannot be maintained that only the discriminatory exercise of exclusive retailing rights is contrary to Article
      31 EC since ‘[t]he existence of [such] exclusive … rights … deprives economic operators in other Member States of the opportunity
      to offer their products to consumers of their choice in the Member State concerned’. 
         			(121)
         		 Finally, it is established that an exclusive retailing right, like an exclusive importation right, prevents ‘potential customers
      in [the Member State concerned] from freely choosing their sources of supply [for the product in question] from other Member
      States’. 
         			(122)
         		
      
        110.    In those circumstances, I am of the view that an exclusive retailing right also gives rise to discrimination both against
      traders established in other Member States and against consumers in the Member State concerned.
      
      
        111.    That conclusion is not called in question by the fact that, in this case, Apoteket’s exclusive right does not extend to imports
      of and wholesale trade in medicinal products. We know that one of the features of the France v Commission  case was that the entity in question held concurrently both an exclusive importation right and an exclusive marketing right. It
      may therefore be asked whether that circumstance is such as to modify the assessment of the compatibility of an exclusive
      retailing right in the light of Article 31 EC.
      
      
        112.    As Advocate General Elmer has pointed out, 
         			(123)
         		 such a distinction (between a situation in which exclusive rights are held concurrently and the existence of a single exclusive
      retailing right) would be a product of purely theoretical reasoning.
      
      
        113.    The economic reality is that traders established in other Member States will agree to export their products to Sweden only
      if they have the certainty that those products will be marketed by Apoteket. In the same way, traders established in Sweden will agree to import products
      from other Member States only if they have the certainty that those products will be purchased by Apoteket. From an economic point of view, therefore, the liberalisation of imports
      and wholesaling is of benefit to traders only if it is accompanied by a liberalisation of retailing. 
         			(124)
         		
      
        114.    In those circumstances, the fact that the holder of an exclusive retailing right is not also the holder of an exclusive importing
      right is of no importance. By holding the power to decide which products will be sold by its network, the holder of an exclusive
      retailing right actually holds the power to decide which products will be able to be imported into the Member State concerned
      and which traders will be able to export to that State. From the point of view of the free movement of goods, a State retail
      monopoly therefore produces the same effects as a State import monopoly.
      
      
        115.    In the light of those factors, I therefore believe that an exclusive retailing right is inherently contrary to Article 31
      EC. 
         			(125)
         		 I therefore propose that the Court should answer the first question referred to the effect that Article 31 EC precludes the
      maintenance of an exclusive retailing right such as that conferred on Apoteket by the Swedish authorities.
      
      
      V –  Articles 28 EC and 43 EC
        116.    In Commission v Netherlands, 
         			(126)
         		Commission v Italy
         			(127)
         		 and Commission v France, 
         			(128)
         		 the Court stated that where maintenance of the exclusive right at issue proves to be contrary to Article 31 EC, it is unnecessary
      to consider whether it is also contrary to Articles 28 EC and 29 EC.
      
      
        117.    Since I propose that the Court should answer Question 1 to the effect that Article 31 EC precludes maintenance of Apoteket’s
      exclusive right, Questions 2 and 3 referred by the Stockholms Tingsrätt become devoid of purpose. I shall therefore consider
      them briefly in the alternative.
      
      
        118.    Questions 2 and 3 seek, in essence, to ascertain whether Articles 28 EC and 43 EC preclude maintenance of an exclusive right
      to retail medicinal products, such as the right conferred on Apoteket.
      
      
        119.    With regard to Article 28 EC, 
         			(129)
         		 I would point out that, according to the case-law, 
         			(130)
         		 a measure contrary to Article 31 EC is, as a general rule, also considered contrary to Article 28 EC. That conclusion seems
      logical since we have seen how Article 31 EC was intended to eliminate all obstacles to the free movement of goods where they
      result from the conduct of a State monopoly, and how those obstacles primarily include quantitative restrictions and measures
      having equivalent effect within the meaning of Article 28 EC.
      
      
        120.    It is also clear from the judgments of 13 December 1990 in Commission v Greece
         			(131)
         		 and France v Commission
         			(132)
         		 that the existence of an exclusive marketing right constitutes a measure having equivalent effect within the meaning of Article
      28 EC. The Court held that the existence of such a right deprived traders of the opportunity of having their products purchased
      by consumers and therefore constituted a barrier to intra‑Community trade for the purposes of Article 28 EC. In those circumstances,
      it seems to me that Article 28 EC also precludes maintenance of an exclusive retailing right, such as the right conferred
      on Apoteket.
      
      
        121.    With regard to Article 43 EC, we know that the concept of ‘establishment’ within the meaning of the Treaty is ‘a very broad
      one, allowing a Community national to participate, on a stable and continuous basis, in the economic life of a Member State
      other than his State of origin and to profit therefrom, so contributing to economic and social interpenetration within the
      Community in the sphere of activities as self-employed persons’. 
         			(133)
         		
      
        122.    As the Commission has pointed out, 
         			(134)
         		 it seems, on the face of it, that a State retail monopoly constitutes a serious obstacle to the right of establishment guaranteed
      by Article 43 EC. Contrary to a system of licences, which allows any person fulfilling the conditions laid down by the law
      to pursue the activity in question, an exclusive retailing right prevents all traders established in other Member States from
      establishing themselves in the Member State concerned in order to pursue there the activity in question. Consequently, I would
      incline to the view that Article 43 EC also precludes maintenance of an exclusive right to retail medicinal products, such
      as that conferred on Apoteket. 
      
      
      VI –  Justification for the monopoly at issue
        123.    In the light of the foregoing, it is necessary to consider whether maintenance of the exclusive right at issue can be justified
      on the basis of the derogating provisions of the Treaty.
      
      
        124.    In that regard, the first question which arises is which provision can be relied upon to justify a measure contrary to Article
      31 EC. 
         			(135)
         		
      
       A – The relevant provision
        125.    In the words of Article 30 EC, the ‘provisions of Articles 28 [EC] and 29 [EC] shall not preclude prohibitions or restrictions
      on imports, exports or goods in transit justified [inter alia] on grounds of … the protection of health and life of humans,
      animals ... Such prohibitions or restrictions shall not, however, constitute a means of arbitrary discrimination or a disguised
      restriction on trade between Member States’.
      
      
        126.    Owing to the wording of that provision, there has been some uncertainty as to whether it could be relied upon to justify a
      measure contrary to Article 31 EC.
      
      
        127.    Certain writers 
         			(136)
         		 have suggested that that question should be answered in the negative. They have argued that Article 30 EC is aimed only at
      potential restrictions as referred to in Articles 28 EC and 29 EC and that, as an exception to the fundamental principle of
      free movement of goods, it must be interpreted strictly.
      
      
        128.    For their part, Advocates General Cosmas 
         			(137)
         		 and Elmer 
         			(138)
         		 have taken the view that, notwithstanding that textual argument, reasons of consistency point to an opposite approach. In
      their view, it is illogical to accept that Article 30 EC may justify a quantitative restriction or measure having equivalent
      effect arising from a ‘classic’ State measure (as referred to in Articles 28 EC and 29 EC) but to refuse to accept that that
      article may justify the same quantitative restriction or measure having equivalent effect on the ground that it arises from
      the conduct of a State monopoly within the meaning of Article 31 EC. 
      
      
        129.    Initially the Court also seems to have decided in favour of the latter argument. 
      
      
        130.    In Campus Oil and Others, 
         			(139)
         		 it held that Article 86(2) EC did not exempt a Member State which had entrusted an undertaking with the operation of a service
      of general economic interest from the prohibition on adopting measures that restrict imports contrary to Article 28 EC. In
      addition, in Commission v Greece, 
         			(140)
         		 the Court examined – and rejected – the Greek Government’s argument that the maintenance of exclusive rights to import and
      market petroleum products was justified on grounds of public security within the meaning of Article 30 EC.
      
      
        131.    The Court had therefore implied that a measure contrary to Article 31 EC had to be justified on the basis of Article 30 EC
      and not on that of Article 86(2) EC.
      
      
        132.    However, the Court reversed that position in 1997 in Commission v Netherlands, Commission v Italy and Commission v France. It held that:
      ‘33     Since the exclusive import and export rights at issue are … contrary to Article 37 of the Treaty, it is unnecessary to consider
      whether they are contrary to Articles 30 and 34 or, consequently, whether they might possibly be justified under Article 36
      of the Treaty.
       34       Nevertheless, it is still necessary to verify whether the exclusive rights at issue might be justified … under Article 90(2)
      … of the Treaty. 
      …
       43      [Contrary to what is maintained by the Commission, Article 90(2) of the Treaty] may be relied upon to justify the grant by
      a Member State, to an undertaking entrusted with the operation of services of general economic interest, of exclusive rights
      which are contrary to, in particular, Article 37 of the Treaty, to the extent to which performance of the particular tasks
      assigned to it can be achieved only through the grant of such rights and provided that the development of trade is not affected
      to such an extent as would be contrary to the interests of the Community’. 
         			(141)
         		
      
        133.    Since those judgments were given by the Full Court and in the light of the opposite Opinions of Advocates General Cosmas 
         			(142)
         		 and Elmer 
         			(143)
         		 I therefore take the view that, as Community law stands at present, a measure contrary to Article 31 EC must be justified
      on the basis of Article 86(2) EC and not on that of Article 30 EC.
      
      
        134.    I shall therefore consider whether the maintenance of Apoteket’s exclusive right may be justified on the basis of Article
      86(2) EC.
      
      
       B – Article 86(2) EC
        135.    Article 86(2) EC states that ‘[u]ndertakings entrusted with the operation of services of general economic interest or having
      the character of a revenue-producing monopoly shall be subject to the rules contained in this Treaty, in particular to the
      rules on competition, in so far as the application of such rules does not obstruct the performance, in law or in fact, of
      the particular tasks assigned to them. The development of trade must not be affected to such an extent as would be contrary
      to the interests of the Community.’
      
      
        136.    As I have stated elsewhere, 
         			(144)
         		 Article 86(2) EC lays down six conditions for its application.
      
      
        137.    Firstly, the body concerned must be an ‘undertaking’ within the meaning of competition law. It must be an ‘entity engaged
      in an economic activity, regardless of the legal status of the entity and the way in which it is financed’. 
         			(145)
         		 According to the case-law, the concept of ‘economic activity’ covers any activity consisting of offering goods and services
      on a given market. 
         			(146)
         		 As a general rule, an activity is economic when it is capable of being carried on, at least in principle, by a private operator
      with a view to profit. 
         			(147)
         		
      
        138.    Secondly, the undertaking must have been ‘entrusted’ with the operation of a service of general economic interest by an act
      of the public authority. 
         			(148)
         		 In principle, the mere pursuit of an activity regulated under the supervision of the State is not sufficient to bring an
      entity within the scope of Article 86(2) EC, even if the State supervision is more intense with regard to the entity concerned. 
         			(149)
         		
      
        139.    Thirdly, the entity concerned must be entrusted with the operation of a ‘service of general economic interest’. Although the
      case-law does not define that concept, the activities is question must certainly be of ‘a general economic interest exhibiting
      special characteristics as compared with the general economic interest of other economic activities’. 
         			(150)
         		 In point of fact, it falls to the Member States to define the content of their services of general economic interest and,
      in so doing, they enjoy considerable leeway since the Court and the Commission will intervene only in order to penalise manifest
      errors of assessment. 
         			(151)
         		 
      
      
        140.    The fourth condition in Article 86(2) EC lays down a test of necessity. The wording requires that the application of the rules
      of the Treaty to the undertaking concerned must be such as to ‘obstruct’ the performance of the particular task assigned to
      it. The measure at issue (causing a restriction of competition or an obstacle to the free movement of goods) must be necessary
      in order to attain the objective pursued. 
         			(152)
         		 In that regard, it is not necessary that the application of the rules of the Treaty should threaten the survival, viability
      or financial balance of the undertaking. 
         			(153)
         		 It is sufficient that, in the absence of the exclusive rights conferred by the State, it would not be possible for the undertaking
      to perform the particular tasks entrusted to it or that maintenance of those rights is necessary to enable the holder of them
      to perform its task under economically acceptable conditions. 
      
      
        141.    The fifth condition in Article 86(2) EC sets out a proportionality test. The wording makes it clear that undertakings entrusted
      with the operation of services of general economic interest are to be subject to the rules contained in the Treaty ‘in so
      far as’ the application of such rules does not obstruct the performance of their particular tasks. 
      
      
        142.    It follows that obstacles to the free movement of goods or restrictions on free competition are allowed only ‘in so far as
      they are necessary in order to enable the undertaking entrusted with such a task of general interest to perform it’. 
         			(154)
         		 The proportionality test therefore means verifying whether the undertaking’s specific task could be performed with less restrictive
      measures. 
         			(155)
         		
      
        143.    Finally, the last condition in Article 86(2) EC requires that ‘[t]he development of trade must not be affected to such an
      extent as would be contrary to the interests of the Community’. Even though the Court has not yet ruled on the meaning of
      that requirement, certain Advocates General have already adopted a position on the issue. In their view, effect on the development
      of intra-Community trade within the meaning of Article 86(2) EC, unlike the classic definition of the concept of ‘measures
      having an effect equivalent to a quantitative restriction’, calls for proof that the measure in issue has in fact had a substantial
      effect on intra-Community trade. 
         			(156)
         		 That assessment does seem to me to be supported by the wording of Article 86(2) EC.
      
      
        144.    Before considering whether those conditions are fulfilled in this case, it should be recalled that, being a provision which
      derogates from the rules of the Treaty, Article 86(2) EC must be interpreted strictly. 
         			(157)
         		 It will also be recalled that, according to the case-law, it is incumbent on a Member State which invokes Article 86(2) EC
      to show that the conditions for application of that provision are fulfilled. 
         			(158)
         		
      
        145.    In this case, the material in the file shows that the first three conditions for the application of Article 86(2) EC are fulfilled.
      
      
        146.    We have seen that Apoteket engages in an economic activity within the meaning of the case‑law since it offers goods on a given
      market, namely the market in medicinal products. Such an activity could plainly be engaged in by a private operator with a
      view to profit. Indeed, it is clear from the file that, even in Sweden, before the nationalisation of pharmacies, the activity
      of retailing medicinal products was engaged in by private operators. 
         			(159)
         		 Apoteket is therefore an undertaking within the meaning of Article 86(2) EC.
      
      
        147.    Moreover, that company has been entrusted with the operation of a service of general economic interest by an act of the public
      authority.
      
      
        148.    The file shows that the objective of granting the right at issue is to contribute to the protection of public health by guaranteeing
      access for the Swedish population to medicinal products.
      
      
        149.    In its written 
         			(160)
         		 and oral observations, the Swedish Government explained that, with a population of nine million inhabitants and an area of
      450 000 km2, Sweden was the second most sparsely populated Member State of the European Union 
         			(161)
         		 after the Republic of Finland, the most sparsely populated. The Swedish Government stated that, owing to its geographical
      characteristics and social policy, it was determined to ensure that every citizen could have access to medicines under identical
      conditions and, in particular, at uniform prices. The creation of the State monopoly on the retail sale of medicinal products
      was therefore intended to guarantee an adequate supply of medicinal products on uniform terms throughout Sweden. 
      
      
        150.    Such a task constitutes a service of general interest for the purposes of Article 86(2) EC. In accordance with the case-law,
      it is ‘of a general economic interest exhibiting special characteristics as compared with the general economic interest of
      other economic activities’. 
         			(162)
         		 The Court has moreover accepted that the need to guarantee that medicinal products are widely available and sufficient to
      meet the requirements of the population constitutes a public interest aim pursuant to Article 30 EC 
         			(163)
         		 and Article 86(2) EC. 
         			(164)
         		 
      
      
        151.    Finally, it is established that Apoteket was entrusted with that task by an express act of the public authority since the
      assignment of that task and of the exclusive right at issue arise, so far as is relevant here, from a decision of the Swedish
      Government of 19 December 1996 and from the 1996 agreement. 
         			(165)
         		
      
        152.    Apoteket is therefore an undertaking entrusted with the operation of a service of general economic interest within the meaning
      of Article 86(2) EC.
      
      
        153.    However, the material in the file does not prove that the fourth and fifth conditions for the application of that provision
      are fulfilled in this case. 
      
      
        154.    First of all, it must be pointed out that the Law of 1996 and the 1996 agreement pursue a different objective from that pursued
      by the Community provisions on the authorisation and control of medicinal products. 
         			(166)
         		
      
        155.    The latter provisions are aimed at ensuring the protection of public health as such. They are aimed at protecting public health and the life of humans and animals against the potential dangers of medicinal
      products and their conditions of use. On the other hand, as we have seen, the granting of the exclusive right at issue is
      aimed at guaranteeing access to medicinal products for the Swedish population. It aims to guarantee an adequate supply on
      uniform terms throughout Sweden. In reply to the questions referred by the Stockholms Tingsrätt for a preliminary ruling on
      this point, 
         			(167)
         		 it can therefore be stated that the Law of 1996 and the 1996 agreement do not duplicate the Community provisions on the authorisation
      and control of medicinal products.
      
      
        156.    That said, to my mind the Swedish Government has not shown how the grant of an exclusive retailing right is necessary to enable
      Apoteket to perform its task.
      
      
        157.    It has not adduced any detailed evidence (statistical or other) to demonstrate that, in the absence of the exclusive right
      at issue, sparsely populated areas would not be supplied with medicinal products or would be so under less favourable conditions. Similarly,
      the Swedish authorities have not adduced any detailed evidence to demonstrate that, assuming that they have to intervene to
      ensure that dispensaries are established in sparsely populated areas, the grant of an exclusive retailing right is the measure
      which is least restrictive from the point of view of intra‑Community trade.
      
      
        158.    On the contrary, certain material in the file seems to show that maintenance of the exclusive right at issue is not necessary
      to achieve the aim pursued. That material is as follows.
      
      
        159.    Firstly, we have seen how, in order to market its medicinal products, Apoteket had recourse to 800 pharmacies owned and managed
      by it and to 970 pharmacy agents dispersed throughout Sweden. We also know that pharmacies are generally located in densely
      populated areas, such as urban centres and shopping centres, and that pharmacy agents are situated in sparsely populated rural
      areas.
      
      
        160.    Pharmacy agents are operators which are independent of Apoteket. They are private operators which have concluded agreements
      with that company and have agreed to distribute prescription medicines and sell a limited selection of non‑prescription medicines. In
      addition, those agents are chosen by Apoteket, not on the basis of criteria relating to population density or the requirements
      of the population, but ‘on the basis of business considerations, that is to say, in places where they do not compete with
      full‑scale pharmacies’. 
         			(168)
         		 Finally, it is established that those pharmacy agents do not receive any training 
         			(169)
         		 and are not authorised to provide the customers with advice regarding the use of the medicinal products. 
         			(170)
         		
      
        161.    In those circumstances, it is difficult to accept that the grant of the exclusive right at issue is necessary to ensure a
      supply of medicinal products throughout the country. The fact that, in order to ensure the distribution of medicinal products
      in sparsely populated areas, Apoteket concludes contracts with external operators who are already located in the areas concerned
      and who are chosen on the basis of business considerations demonstrates that it is not necessary to reserve the right to sell
      medicinal products for a single operator in order to ensure an adequate supply throughout Sweden. 
      
      
        162.    Similarly, it is unclear in what respect the grant of the exclusive right at issue is necessary in order to guarantee access
      for the population to medicines under optimum and identical conditions. The fact that, in the majority of cases and in rural
      areas, medicinal products are not sold by pharmacists, but by operators who have received no training and are not authorised
      to issue advice, tends to show that the right at issue is not a necessary (or appropriate) measure to achieve that aim. 
      
      
        163.    Secondly, we know that Apoteket has begun to do business over the internet and by telephone. The national court states 
         			(171)
         		 that, since the spring of 2002, Apoteket has been marketing non‑prescription medicines over the internet and that, in the
      long term, it expects to be able to sell all medicines through that channel, including prescription medicines. To that end,
      Apoteket would dispatch the medicines to the customers by post, together with the appropriate information and advice on use. 
      
      
        164.    That fact also tends to demonstrate that maintenance of the right at issue is not necessary to enable Apoteket to perform
      its task.
      
      
        165.    It is impossible to see how it is necessary to reserve the retail sale of medicines for a single operator in order to ensure
      the sale of those products in rural areas, even though the holder of the exclusive right ensures that supply by mail order
      sales. It seems to me that any pharmacy with an internet or telephone sales network at its disposal could receive orders from
      patients, even patients situated in sparsely populated areas, and dispatch medicines to them, together with the appropriate
      information and advice. 
      
      
        166.    Thirdly, a brief outline of the systems existing in the other Member States 
         			(172)
         		 shows that, more generally, the grant of an exclusive retailing right is not necessary to ensure that dispensaries are present
      in sparsely populated areas.
      
      
        167.    It seems that, in all the Member States, including the Republic of Finland (which is the most sparsely populated Member State),
      the public authorities are not required to intervene to require the setting‑up of dispensaries in sparsely populated areas. The
      measures which they have introduced (namely, a general definition of the criteria relating to the location of dispensaries
      and a limit on the number of dispensaries in densely populated areas) are generally sufficient to ensure an adequate presence
      of pharmacies throughout the country and, in particular, in the least populated areas.
      
      
        168.    In any event, even if the authorities of a Member State have to intervene to ensure the setting-up of dispensaries in a part
      of their country, the grant of an exclusive retailing right constitutes, in my view, a disproportionate measure in relation
      to that aim.
      
      
        169.    In order to ensure the setting‑up of a dispensary in an area where it proves to be necessary, it is conceivable that the authorities
      of the State concerned could introduce a system of licences and intervene only in specific cases by concluding a public service
      contract with a private operator. That operator would thus have a public service obligation imposed on it and would be responsible,
      in return for a subsidy paid by the State, for the sale of medicines in the area concerned. Such a system would be appreciably
      less restrictive from the point of view of intra‑Community trade since, unlike an exclusive retailing right, it would not
      prevent operators in other Member States from establishing themselves in the Member State concerned or from offering their
      products to customers of their choice in that country.
      
      
        170.    In that regard, the material in the file seems to show that such a system would not be impossible in Sweden.
      
      
        171.    In the course of the written procedure, Mr Hanner produced a report from the Handelns Utredningsinstitut (HUI) (Institute
      for Business Studies) of May 2002 relating to the distribution of medicinal products in Sweden. 
         			(173)
         		 That report tends to demonstrate that, if Apoteket’s exclusive right were abolished in respect of non‑prescription medicines,
      the number of sales outlets for those medicines would increase by some 3 300 units. Mr Hanner also referred to several reports
      by the Konkurrensverket (National Competition Council), 
         			(174)
         		 which seems to show that, if Apoteket’s exclusive right were abolished in respect of non‑prescription medicines, the prices
      of those medicines would become lower than those charged by Apoteket. However, the Swedish Government did not comment on those
      various reports. 
      
      
        172.    In addition, the Stockholms Tingsrätt states 
         			(175)
         		 that, before the creation of Apoteket’s monopoly in 1969, the retail sale of medicines was carried out by private operators
      under a system of licences. However, at no point in the proceedings did the Swedish Government maintain that that system failed
      to ensure an adequate supply of medicines on uniform price terms throughout the country. It therefore seems that Apoteket’s
      monopoly was not created for technical reasons connected with a deficiency in the supply of medicines to the public.
      
      
        173.    In the light of those various factors, I do not think that the Swedish authorities have justified the application of Article
      86(2) EC. The material in the file shows, on the contrary, that maintenance of the exclusive right to retail medicinal products
      is not necessary to enable Apoteket to perform its particular task and that, in any event, the maintenance of that right constitutes
      a disproportionate measure in relation to the aim pursued.
      
      
        174.    Finally, in answer to the third question referred by the Stockholms Tingsrätt for a preliminary ruling, I shall explain why,
      in my opinion, that conclusion would be no different if non‑prescription medicines were to be excluded from the scope of Apoteket’s
      monopoly. 
         			(176)
         		
      
        175.    The foregoing considerations show that the reasons which preclude acceptance of the necessity and proportionality of Apoteket’s
      exclusive right apply both to prescription medicines and to non‑prescription medicines. Consequently, excluding non‑prescription
      medicines from the scope of Apoteket’s exclusive right ought not to have the effect of bringing the latter into conformity
      with the requirements of Community law. 
      
      
        176.    In those circumstances, I believe that maintenance of Apoteket’s exclusive right cannot be justified on the basis of Article
      86(2) EC. I therefore propose that the Court’s reply to the Stockholms Tingsrätt should be to the effect that Articles 31
      EC and 86(2) EC preclude the maintenance of an exclusive right to retail medicinal products, such as that conferred on Apoteket.
      
       
      VII –  Conclusion
        177.    In the light of all the foregoing considerations, I therefore propose that the Court rule as follows:
       Articles 31 EC and 86(2) EC must be interpreted as precluding a national measure which grants to an undertaking such as the
      company Apoteket AB an exclusive right to retail medicinal products with the aim of ensuring an adequate supply of medicinal
      products on identical price terms throughout the territory of the Member State concerned.
      
      
       1 –
         
         Original language: French.
      
      2 –
         
         Annex I to the Swedish Government’s written observations (hereinafter: ‘the Law of 1996’).
            
         
      
      3 –
         
         Section 5 of the Law of 1996.
            
         
      
      4 –
         
         Hereinafter ‘Apoteket’.
            
         
      
      5 –
         
         Annex 2 to the Swedish Government’s written observations (hereinafter ‘the 1996 agreement’).
            
         
      
      6 –
         
         Questions 1 (third sentence), 2 and 3 referred for a preliminary ruling.
            
         
      
      7 –
         
         It will be recalled that, according to settled case‑law, in order to provide a helpful answer to the national court which
            has referred a question to it for a preliminary ruling, the Court may deem it necessary to consider provisions of Community
            law to which the national court has not referred in its question (see, in particular, Case 35/85 Tissier [1986] ECR 1207, paragraph 9; Case C-107/98 Teckal [1999] ECR I-8121, paragraph 39; Case C‑265/01 PansardandOthers [2003] ECR I‑683, paragraph 19; and Case C‑271/01 COPPI [2004] ECR I‑0000, paragraph 27). 
            
         
      
      8 –
         
         Question 4.
            
         
      
      9 –
         
         Question 1 (first and second sentences).
            
         
      
      10 –
         
         Question 5.
            
         
      
      11 –
         
         Case 120/78 Rewe‑Zentral [1979] ECR 649, ‘CassisdeDijon’, paragraph 7; Case 119/78 PeureuxII [1979] ECR 975, paragraph 27; and Case C‑387/93 Banchero [1995] ECR I‑4663, paragraph 26. 
            
         
      
      12 –
         
         See, to that effect, Article 31(2) EC and Case 91/78 Hansen [1979] ECR 935, paragraph 8.
            
         
      
      13 –
         
         Intergovernmental Committee set up by the Messina Conference, Report of the Heads of Delegation to the Ministers for Foreign
            Affairs, Brussels, 21 April 1956, p. 37 [unofficial English translation].
            
         
      
      14 –
         
         Berrod, F., ‘Monopoles publics et droit communautaire’, Juris‑classeurEurope, 2004, fascicule 1510, point 24.
            
         
      
      15 –
         
         Case 59/75 MangheraandOthers [1976] ECR 91, paragraph 7, and Case 30/87 Bodson [1988] ECR 2479, paragraph 11. 
            
         
      
      16 –
         
         Joined Opinion in Cases C‑157/94 Commission v Netherlands [1997] ECR I‑5699, C-158/94 Commission v Italy [1997] ECR I‑5789, C‑159/94 Commission v France [1997] ECR I‑5815 and C‑160/94 Commission v Spain [1997] ECR I‑5851, paragraph 28.  
            
         
      
      17 –
         
         It will be recalled that, in competition law, the concept of ‘economic activity’ applies to any activity which consists in
            offering goods or services on a given market (see, in particular, Case 118/85 Commission v Italy [1987] ECR 2599, paragraph 7; Case C‑35/96 Commission v Italy [1998] ECR I‑3851, paragraph 36, and Case C‑309/99 WoutersandOthers [2002] ECR I‑1577, paragraph 47).  
            
         
      
      18 –
         
         Case C-41/90 HöfnerandElser [1991] ECR I‑1979, paragraph 21.
            
         
      
      19 –
         
         This is clear from the original [French] text of Article 31 EC, which used the words ‘monopole d’État’.  Other language versions
            of the Treaty, such as the English version, have, moreover, retained that particular expression (‘State monopolies’). 
            
         
      
      20 –
         
         See, in particular, Bodson, cited above, paragraph 13. 
            
         
      
      21 –
         
         Judgments in Commission v Italy [1997], cited above, paragraph 2, Commission v France [1997], cited above, paragraph 3, and Case C‑189/95 Franzén [1997] ECR I‑5909, paragraph 15, hereinafter ‘the Franzén judgment’ or ‘Franzén’.
            
         
      
      22 –
         
         See, in particular, Commission v Netherlands, cited above, paragraphs 2 to 4, and Opinion of Advocate General Roemer in Case 82/71 SAIL [1972] ECR 119, 145. 
            
         
      
      23 –
         
         See, to that effect, Case 13/70 Cinzano [1970] ECR 1089, paragraph 5, and the Opinion of Advocate General Roemer in SAIL, cited above, at ECR 145. 
            
         
      
      24 –
         
         De Cockbourne, J.‑E., Defalque, L., Durand, C.‑F., Prahl., H., and Vandersanden, G., CommentaireJ. Megret, Le droit de la CEE, volume1, Préambule, Principes, Librecirculationdesmarchandises, Éditions de l’université de Bruxelles, 2nd edition, Brussels, 1992, p. 311, and Berrod, F., cited above, point 6.
            
         
      
      25 –
         
         Case 6/64 Costa v ENEL [1964] ECR 585, paragraph 11, and paragraph 4 of the operative part.
            
         
      
      26 –
         
         Case 155/73 Sacchi [1974] ECR 409, paragraph 10, and Case C‑6/01 AnomarandOthers [2003] ECR I‑0000, paragraph 59.
            
         
      
      27 –
         
         Case 271/81 Sociétécoopérative d’amélioration de l’élevage et d’insémination artificielle du Béarn [1983] ECR 2057, paragraphs 8 to 13, and Case C‑17/94 GervaisandOthers [1995] ECR I‑4353, paragraphs 35 and 37.
            
         
      
      28 –
         
         See, in particular, Bodson, cited above, paragraph 13; Case C‑393/92 Almelo [1994] ECR I‑1477, paragraph 29, and Banchero, cited above, paragraph 26.
            
         
      
      29 –
         
         .Cinzano, cited above, paragraph 5.
            
         
      
      30 –
         
         Case C‑347/88 Commission v Greece [1990] ECR I‑4747, paragraph 41. 
            
         
      
      31 –
         
         Section 4. 
            
         
      
      32 –
         
         Article 1.
            
         
      
      33 –
         
         .Franzén, paragraphs 37 et seq. That conclusion also follows from a converse reading of Banchero, cited above, paragraphs 29 to 31. 
            
         
      
      34 –
         
         .MangheraandOthers, cited above, paragraph 5. 
            
         
      
      35 –
         
         Idem.
            
         
      
      36 –
         
         De Cockborne, J.E., Defalque, L., Durand, C.-F., Pral., H., and Vandersanden, G., cited above, p. 322.
            
         
      
      37 –
         
         That article provides that ‘[t]his Treaty shall in no way prejudice the rules in Member States governing the system of property
            ownership’.
            
         
      
      38 –
         
         Paragraphs 12 and 13.
            
         
      
      39 –
         
         .Commission v Italy [1997], cited above, paragraph 24. 
            
         
      
      40 –
         
         See, in particular, Berrod, F., note sur l’arrêt Franzén, in Europe, January 1998, pp. 14 and 15; Blum, F., ‘De Sacchi à Franzén en passant par la Crespelle: jurisprudence récente de l’article
            90’, in GazetteduPalais, 1999, pp. 1031 to 1043; Buendia Sierra, J.-L., Exclusive rights and state monopolies under EC law, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1999, pp. 102 to 104, sections 3.105 to 3.108, and pp. 121 and 122, sections 3.169 and
            3.170; Slot, P.J., Note sur les arrêts du 23 octobre 1997, Franzén, Commission/Pays-Bas, Commission/Italie, Commission/France
            et Commission/Espagne [cited above] in Common Market Law Review, 1998, pp. 1183 to 1203, and Faull, J., and Nikpay, A., The EC law of competition, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1999, p. 309, section 5.109.  
            
         
      
      41 –
         
         Hereinafter ‘Systembolaget’.
            
         
      
      42 –
         
         .Franzén, paragraph 34.
            
         
      
      43 –
         
         Ibid., paragraph 35.
            
         
      
      44 –
         
         Ibid., paragraph 36.
            
         
      
      45 –
         
         Ibid., paragraphs 43 to 52.
            
         
      
      46 –
         
         Ibid., paragraphs 53 to 57.
            
         
      
      47 –
         
         Ibid., paragraphs 58 to 65.
            
         
      
      48 –
         
         Ibid., paragraphs 49 and 59.
            
         
      
      49 –
         
         Ibid., paragraph 66.
            
         
      
      50 –
         
         Case 8/74 Dassonville [1974] ECR 837, paragraph 5.
            
         
      
      51 –
         
         .Franzén, paragraph 76.
            
         
      
      52 –
         
         Ibid., paragraph 77.
            
         
      
      53 –
         
         Cited in footnote 40 of this Opinion.
            
         
      
      54 –
         
         .Cinzano, cited above, paragraphs 1 and 2, and Case 91/75 Miritz [1976] ECR 217, paragraphs 1 and 2. 
            
         
      
      55 –
         
         .Hansen, cited above, paragraphs 12 and 13.
            
         
      
      56 –
         
         .Peureux II, cited above, paragraphs 3 and 4.
            
         
      
      57 –
         
         Case 78/82 Commission v Italy [1983] ECR 1955, paragraph 5.
            
         
      
      58 –
         
         Case 90/82 Commission v France [1983] ECR 2011, paragraph 1.
            
         
      
      59 –
         
         Paragraphs 9 to 13.
            
         
      
      60 –
         
         Paragraphs 41 to 44.
            
         
      
      61 –
         
         The national court had asked, in particular, whether ‘a statutory monopoly such as that of Systembolaget [was] compatible
            with Article 30 of the Treaty of Rome’ and whether ‘a statutory monopoly such as that of Systembolaget [infringed] Article
            37 of the Treaty of Rome’ (Franzén, paragraph 29). 
            
         
      
      62 –
         
         Opinion in Franzén, points 74 to 103.
            
         
      
      63 –
         
         Points 84 to 95 of this Opinion.
            
         
      
      64 –
         
         Opinion of Advocate General Elmer in Franzén, point 68.
            
         
      
      65 –
         
         Buendia Sierra, J.L., cited above, pp. 102 and 103, sections 3.103 to 3.108. 
            
         
      
      66 –
         
         Points 89 to 94 of this Opinion.
            
         
      
      67 –
         
         See, in particular, MangheraandOthers, paragraph 13.
            
         
      
      68 –
         
         Paragraphs 21 to 23.
            
         
      
      69 –
         
         Paragraphs 22 to 24.
            
         
      
      70 –
         
         Paragraphs 32 to 34.
            
         
      
      71 –
         
         .Commission v Netherlands, cited above, paragraphs 21 to 23.
            
         
      
      72 –
         
         See, in particular, Berrod, F., Note sur l’arrêt Franzén, cited above, p. 14; Blum, F., cited above, pp. 1036 and 1037, and
            Buendia Sierra, J.L., cited above, pp. 103 and 104, section 3.108, and pp. 121 and 122, sections 3.170 and 3.171.
            
         
      
      73 –
         
         See points 124 to 133 of this Opinion.
            
         
      
      74 –
         
         Case 72/83 [1984] ECR 2727, paragraph 19.
            
         
      
      75 –
         
         Paragraphs 47 to 49.
            
         
      
      76 –
         
         See Commission v Netherlands, paragraph 26, Commission v Italy, paragraph 35, and Commission v France, paragraph 43 [1997], and Joined Opinion of Advocate General Cosmas in those cases, point 87. 
            
         
      
      77 –
         
         Emphasis added.
            
         
      
      78 –
         
         .Franzén, paragraph 41.
            
         
      
      79 –
         
         Ibid., paragraph 49.
            
         
      
      80 –
         
         Ibid., paragraph 59.
            
         
      
      81 –
         
         That is also the position which the Commission of the European Communities adopted in answer to the written question which
            the Court put to it on this point in the present case (see written answer of 10 December 2003, points 1 to 4).
            
         
      
      82 –
         
         .Miritz, cited above, paragraph 11.
            
         
      
      83 –
         
         See, inter alia, the judgments cited above in Hansen, paragraph 16, PeureuxII, paragraph 27, Commission v Italy [1983], paragraph 11 and Banchero, paragraph 27.
            
         
      
      84 –
         
         See, in particular, MangheraandOthers, paragraph 5, Miritz, paragraph 7, Commission v Netherlands, paragraph 14, Commission v Italy [1997], paragraph 22, and Commission v France [1997], paragraph 32.
            
         
      
      85 –
         
         .Cinzano, paragraph 9, and Case 45/75 Rewe-Zentrale [1976] ECR 181, paragraph 27.
            
         
      
      86 –
         
         .Cinzano, paragraph 9.
            
         
      
      87 –
         
         .Rewe‑Zentrale, cited above, paragraph 26.
            
         
      
      88 –
         
         .PeureuxII, paragraph 32.
            
         
      
      89 –
         
         .Miritz, paragraph 12.
            
         
      
      90 –
         
         Paragraph 27.
            
         
      
      91 –
         
         Paragraphs 12 to 18.
            
         
      
      92 –
         
         See also, to that effect, the Opinion of Advocate General Rozès in Commission v Italy [1983], point III.B, and the Joined Opinion of Advocate General Cosmas in Commission v Netherlands, Commission v Italy and Commission v France [1997], point 25.  In the legal literature, see, in particular, Kovar, R., Note sur les arrêts du 13 mars 1979, Peureux I (Case 86/78 [1979] ECR 897), Hansen et Peureux II, in Journal du droit international, 1981, pp. 125 to 132 (p. 127), and Pappalardo, A., ‘La position des monopoles publics par rapport aux monopoles privés’,
            in La réglementation du comportement des monopoles et entreprises dominantes en droit communautaire, Collège d’Europe, Bruges, 1977, pp. 538 to 558 (pp. 554 and 555).
            
         
      
      93 –
         
         .Miritz, paragraph 8.
            
         
      
      94 –
         
         .MangheraandOthers, paragraph 9, and PeureuxII, paragraph 32.
            
         
      
      95 –
         
         .Rewe-Zentrale, paragraph 26, and Peureux I, paragraphs 30 and 31.
            
         
      
      96 –
         
         See also, to that effect, De Cockborne, J.-E., Defalque, L., Durand, C.-F., Prahl, H., and Vandersanden, G., cited above,
            p. 312.
            
         
      
      97 –
         
         Paragraphs 12 and 13.
            
         
      
      98 –
         
         Paragraph 44.
            
         
      
      99 –
         
         Ibid., paragraph 43.
            
         
      
      100 –
         
         Ibid., paragraph 38.
            
         
      
      101 –
         
         Paragraphs 12 and 13. 
            
         
      
      102 –
         
         Paragraphs 36 and 37.
            
         
      
      103 –
         
         .Commission v Netherlands, paragraph 15, Commission v Italy [1997], paragraph 23, and Commission v France [1997], paragraph 33.
            
         
      
      104 –
         
         .Commission v Italy [1997], paragraph 24, and Commission v France [1997], paragraph 34.
            
         
      
      105 –
         
         .Commission v Netherlands, paragraph 21.
            
         
      
      106 –
         
         Ibid., paragraph 23.
            
         
      
      107 –
         
         It will however be noted that, in Case C‑202/88 France v Commission [1991] ECR I‑1223, paragraphs 33 to 36, the Court applied a similar criterion in the context of Article 28 EC. It held that
            ‘the existence of exclusive importing and marketing rights deprives traders of the opportunity of having their products purchased
            by consumers’ and that ‘[a]ccordingly, [such rights] are capable of restricting intra-Community trade’ within the meaning
            of the Dassonville judgment. To date, however, the Court has not confirmed that interpretation of Article 28 EC. 
            
         
      
      108 –
         
         Opinion in Franzén, points 84 and 87.
            
         
      
      109 –
         
         See Case C‑391/92 Commission v Greece [1995] ECR I‑1621 and Banchero.
            
         
      
      110 –
         
         Joined Cases C‑267/91 and C‑268/91 [1993] ECR I‑6097.
            
         
      
      111 –
         
         For cases relating to the pharmacists’ monopoly which predate KeckandMithouard, cited above, see Case C‑369/88 Delattre [1991] ECR I‑1487 and Case C‑60/89 MonteilandSamanni [1991] ECR I‑1547. 
            
         
      
      112 –
         
         See also, to that effect, the Opinion of Advocate General Elmer in Franzén, points 80 to 97.
            
         
      
      113 –
         
         See also, to that effect, Buendia Sierra, J.L., cited above, pp. 119 and 121, sections 3.162 and 3.168.
            
         
      
      114 –
         
         Order for reference, p. 10.
            
         
      
      115 –
         
         Idem (emphasis added).
            
         
      
      116 –
         
         Idem.
            
         
      
      117 –
         
         At the hearing, the Swedish Government disputed that conclusion.  It contended that, under the 1996 agreement, Apoteket is
            obliged to supply all medicines having a marketing authorisation.  It took as its basis in that regard Article 5 of that agreement,
            which provides that ‘[Apoteket] shall be responsible for acquiring and supplying within the shortest possible time any medicinal
            products covered by the scheme under which medicines are eligible for reimbursement and any prescribed consumer products.
            [Apoteket] must also be in a position to supply, on the one hand, any other medicinal products covered by its exclusive retailing
            right [and], on the other, any natural medicinal products’.  In my view, the Swedish Government’s argument cannot be accepted.  First,
            that argument is contradicted by the material put before the Court by the national court which, as is known, is alone competent
            to establish the facts and points of national law within the framework of a preliminary ruling procedure (see, as a recent
            example of settled case‑law, Case C‑147/02 Alabaster [2004] ECR I‑0000, paragraph 52).  Second, as pointed out by the Commission in its written observations (points 89 to 100),
            the rules on the operation and organisation of Apoteket, including Article 5 of the 1996 agreement, lay down no precise, objective
            and transparent criteria for the selection and marketing of products.  Apoteket therefore has wide discretion in deciding
            which products will be marketed by its sales network and which will therefore have access to the Swedish market.  
            
         
      
      118 –
         
         In addition to the case-law cited in points 107 to 109 of this Opinion, see Commission v Greece [1990], cited above, paragraphs 41 and 44, and its analysis by De Cockborne, J.-E., Defalque, L., Durand, C.-F., Prahl, H.,
            and Vandersanden, G., cited above, pp. 328 and 329, as well as Banchero and its analysis by Advocate General Elmer in his
            Opinion in Franzén, point 82. 
            
         
      
      119 –
         
         See also, to that effect, Banchero, and the Opinion of Advocate General Elmer in Franzén, paragraph 82.
            
         
      
      120 –
         
         .Commission v Netherlands [1997], paragraph 15, Commission v Italy [1997], paragraph 23, and Commission v France [1997], paragraph 33.
            
         
      
      121 –
         
         .Commission v France [1997], paragraph 40.  See also, to that effect, Commission v Netherlands, paragraph 23.
            
         
      
      122 –
         
         .Commission v Netherlands, paragraph 10 (see also paragraphs 16 and 17).
            
         
      
      123 –
         
         Opinion in Franzén, points 91 to 94.
            
         
      
      124 –
         
         See also, to that effect, Pappalardo, A., cited above, p. 556.
            
         
      
      125 –
         
         See also, to that effect, Beraud, R.C., ‘L’aménagement des monopoles nationaux prévu à l’article 37 du traité CEE à la lumière
            des récents développements jurisprudentiels’, in Revue trimestrielle de droit européen, 1979, pp. 573 to 606 (p. 605); Buendia Sierra, J.L., cited above, pp. 119 to 122, sections 3.162 to 3.172; Burrows, F.,
            ‘State Monopolies’, in Yearbook of European Law, 1983, pp. 25 to 47 (p. 30); De Cockborne, J.‑E., Defalque, L., Durand, C.‑F., Prahl, H., and Vandersanden, G., cited above,
            pp. 327 to 329; Wooldridge, F., ‘Some recent decisions concerning the ambit of Article 37 of the EEC Treaty’, in Legal Issues of European Integration, 1979, pp. 105 to 121 (p. 120), and Pappalardo, A., cited above, pp. 555 and 556. 
            
         
      
      126 –
         
         Paragraph 24.
            
         
      
      127 –
         
         Paragraph 33.
            
         
      
      128 –
         
         Paragraph 41.
            
         
      
      129 –
         
         On the relationship between Article 31 EC and Articles 28 EC and 29 EC, see the detailed analysis by Advocate General Cosmas
            in Commission v Netherlands, Commission v Italy,  Commission v France and Commission v Spain [1997], points 18 to 25.  
            
         
      
      130 –
         
         .PeureuxII, paragraph 32; Commission v France [1983], paragraph 27, and Commission v Greece [1990], paragraph 50.
            
         
      
      131 –
         
         Paragraphs 45 and 46.
            
         
      
      132 –
         
         Paragraphs 33 to 36.
            
         
      
      133 –
         
         Case C‑55/94 Gebhard [1995] ECR I‑4165, paragraph 25.
            
         
      
      134 –
         
         Written observations, points 111 to 127.
            
         
      
      135 –
         
         In so far as my examination of Articles 28 EC and 43 EC was carried out in the alternative, I shall dispense with an analysis
            of the provisions under which a derogation from those two provisions may be justified.  I shall examine only the provisions
            under which a measure contrary to Article 31 EC could be justified.  
            
         
      
      136 –
         
         See, in particular, Berrod, F., ‘Monopoles publics et droit communautaire’, cited above, point 66, and Mattera, A., Le marché unique européen.  Ses règles, son fontionnement, Jupiter, Paris, 2nd edition, 1990, p. 56. 
            
         
      
      137 –
         
         Joined Opinion in Commission v Netherlands, Commission v Italy, Commission v France and Commission v Spain, cited above, point 26.
            
         
      
      138 –
         
         Opinion in Franzén, points 106 and 107.
            
         
      
      139 –
         
         Paragraph 19.
            
         
      
      140 –
         
         Paragraphs 47 to 49.
            
         
      
      141 –
         
         .Commission v Italy [1997].  See also Commission v Netherlands, paragraphs 24, 25 and 32, and Commission v France [1997], paragraphs 41, 42 and 49.
            
         
      
      142 –
         
         Joined Opinion in Commission v Netherlands, Commission v Italy, Commission v France and Commission v Spain [1997], points 26 and 69 to 85. 
            
         
      
      143 –
         
         Opinion in Franzén, points 104 to 121.
            
         
      
      144 –
         
         See my Opinion in WoutersandOthers, cited above, points 157 to 166. 
            
         
      
      145 –
         
         .HöfnerandElser, cited above, paragraph 21. 
            
         
      
      146 –
         
         See, in particular, Commission v Italy [1987], paragraph 7, Commission v Italy [1998], paragraph 36, and the judgment in WoutersandOthers, paragraph 47.
            
         
      
      147 –
         
         Case C‑475/99 AmbulanzGlöckner [2001] ECR I‑8089, paragraph 20.  See also the Opinions of Advocate General Tesauro in Joined Cases C‑159/91 and C‑160/91
            PoucetandPistre [1993] ECR I‑637, point 8, and in Case C‑364/92 SATFluggesellschaft [1994] ECR I‑43, point 9.
            
         
      
      148 –
         
         Case 127/73 BRTandSABAM [1974] ECR 313, ‘BRT‑II’, paragraph 20, and Case 66/86 AhmedSaeedFlugreisenandSilverLineReisebüro [1989] ECR 803, paragraph 55.
            
         
      
      149 –
         
         Case 172/80 Züchner [1981] ECR 2021, paragraph 7, and Case 7/82 GVL v Commission [1983] ECR 483, paragraphs 29 to 32.
            
         
      
      150 –
         
         Case C‑179/90 Merci convenzionali porto di Genova [1991] ECR I‑5889, paragraph 27; Case C‑242/95 GT-Link [1997] ECR I‑4449, paragraphs 52 and 53, and Case C‑266/96 CorsicaFerriesFrance [1998] ECR I‑3949, paragraph 45.
            
         
      
      151 –
         
         Case T‑106/95 FFSA and Others v Commission [1997] ECR II‑229, paragraph 99, and Communication 2001/C 17/04 from the Commission on services of general interest in Europe
            (OJ 2001 C 17, p. 4, paragraph 22).
            
         
      
      152 –
         
         See, in particular, AmbulanzGlöckner, cited above, paragraphs 56 and 57. 
            
         
      
      153 –
         
         .Commission v France [1997], paragraphs 59 and 95. 
            
         
      
      154 –
         
         .Almelo, cited above, paragraph 49.  See also Case C‑320/91 Corbeau [1993] ECR I‑2533, paragraph 14.
            
         
      
      155 –
         
         Case C‑209/98 SydhavnensSten& Grus [2000] ECR I‑3743, paragraph 80.
            
         
      
      156 –
         
         Opinion of Advocate General Rozès in Commission v Italy [1983], point VI. C, and Joined Opinion of Advocate General Cosmas in Commission v Netherlands, Commission v Italy,  Commission v France and Commission v Spain [1997], point 126.
            
         
      
      157 –
         
         .BRT-II, cited above, paragraph 19; GT-Link, cited above, paragraph 50, and Commission v Netherlands, paragraph 37.
            
         
      
      158 –
         
         See, in particular, Commission v France [1997], paragraph 94.
            
         
      
      159 –
         
         Order for reference, p. 4.
            
         
      
      160 –
         
         Point 22.
            
         
      
      161 –
         
         In this Opinion, that phrase refers to the Member States of the European Union before 1 May 2004.
            
         
      
      162 –
         
         .Merci convenzionali porto di Genova, paragraph 27; GT‑Link, paragraphs 52 and 53, and Corsica Ferries France, paragraph 45. 
            
         
      
      163 –
         
         Case C‑322/01 DeutscherApothekerverband [2003] ECR I‑0000, paragraphs 106 and 107.
            
         
      
      164 –
         
         Case C‑53/00 Ferring [2001] ECR I‑9067, paragraphs 24 and 32, and the Opinion of Advocate General Tizzano in that case, point 66.
            
         
      
      165 –
         
         See the preamble to and Articles 1 and 2 of the 1996 agreement. 
            
         
      
      166 –
         
         For the relevant Community provisions, see, in particular, Directives 2001/83/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
            of 6 November 2001 on the Community code relating to medicinal products for human use (OJ 2001 L 311, p. 67) and 2001/82/EC
            of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 November 2001 on the Community code relating to veterinary medicinal products
            (OJ 2001 L 311, p. 1). 
            
         
      
      167 –
         
         See Questions 1 (first sentence) and 4.
            
         
      
      168 –
         
         Order for reference, p. 10.
            
         
      
      169 –
         
         Idem.
            
         
      
      170 –
         
         The Swedish Government’s written observations, point 11.
            
         
      
      171 –
         
         Order for reference, p. 9.
            
         
      
      172 –
         
         See, in particular, the table shown on the internet site of the Pharmaceutical Group of the European Union: http://www.pgeu.org.
            (under the titles Sitemap, Pharmaciens d’officine, Données Pharmacie, Le nombre de pharmacies d’officine en Europe).
            
         
      
      173 –
         
         Mr Hanner’s written observations (Annex 3 and points 92 to 94). 
            
         
      
      174 –
         
         Report No 1999/4, entitled ‘Competition in the sale of medicines’; report No 2002/4, entitled ‘Nurturing and creating competition’,
            and report No 2002/2, entitled ‘Competition in Sweden’ (cited in points 39 and 40 of Mr Hanner’s written observations).
            
         
      
      175 –
         
         Order for reference, p. 4. 
            
         
      
      176 –
         
         See Question 5.