CELEX: 51987PC0351
Language: en
Date: 1987-07-24
Title: PROPOSAL FOR A COUNCIL REGULATION ON A COMMUNITY PROGRAMME IN THE FIELD OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS APPLIED TO ROAD TRANSPORT DRIVE ( DEDICATED ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE FOR VEHICLE SAFETY IN EUROPE )

31. 12. 87                             Official Journal of the European Communities                              No C 355/1
                                                                II
                                                       (Preparatory    Acts)
                                                  COMMISSION
                Proposal for a Council Regulation on a Community programme in the field of information
                technology and telecommunications applied to road transport — Dedicated road infrastruc-
                                           ture for vehicle safety in Europe (Drive)
                                                       COM(87) 351 final
                              (Submitted  by the Commission     to the Council on 7 August 1987)
                                                          (87/C 355/1)
 THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,                           report (4) of its Committee on Economic and Monetary
                                                                    Affairs and Industrial Policy on the European Com-
 Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European              munity automobile industry demonstrated the Euro-
 Economic Community, and in particular Article                      pean dimension of this industry;
 130Q (2) thereof,
                                                                    Whereas the Council in its resolution of 19 December
 Having regard to the proposal from the Commission,                  1984 on road safety invited the Commission to submit
                                                                    proposals (5);
 Having regard to the opinion of the Economic and
 Social Committee,                                                  Whereas the Single European Act provides a new politi-
                                                                    cal and legal base for the development of a scientific
 In cooperation with the European Parliament,                       and technological strategy with particular importance
                                                                    being given to the goal of promoting industrial compe-
 Whereas the Community has as its task, by establishing
                                                                    titiveness;
 a common market and progressively approximating
 the economic policies of Member States, to promote                 Whereas the Council adopted the framework pro-
 throughout the Community a harmonious development                  gramme for actions of the Community in the field of
 of economic activity and close relations between the               research and technological development making pro-
 Member States;                                                     visions for actions in the field of the application of
                                                                    information technology and telecommunications to
 Whereas the Heads of State and Government emphasi-
                                                                    meet common social needs and in particular to road
 zed the importance of road transport efficiency, safety
                                                                    transport, to be implemented through specific pro-
 and environmental compatibility as a major factor for
                                                                    grammes selected by the application of stated criteria,
 economic growth and social development within the
                                                                    the methods, duration and finance, being open to a
 framework laid down in the Treaty of Rome( 1 );                    decision at the time of adoption of those programmes;
 Whereas the European Parliament, in its assessment of
                                                                    Whereas the Council has recognized the importance of
 the situation and development of road transport,
                                                                    standardization in the field of information technology
 stressed its role for the future political, social and
                                                                    and telecommunications (6); whereas cooperation in
 economic development of the Community and made
                                                                    pre-normative and pre-competitive research and devel-
 particular reference to the need to develop electronic
                                                                    opment towards the development of standards can
 road safety aids (2) and by its adoption (3) of the
(1) Article 75.
(2) Resolution of the European Parliament on the adoption of a      (4) Document A 2-171/86 of 8 December 1986 (rapporteur Mr
    programme of Community measures to promote road safety              Peter Beasley).
    (OJ No C 104, 27. 4. 1984, p. 38).                              (5) OJ No C 341, 21. 12. 1984, p. 1.
(3) Resolution of the European Parliament of 23 January 1987        (6) Council Decision of 22 December 1986 (OJ No L 36,
    (PE 110.615).                                                       7.2. 1987, p. 31).
 ---pagebreak--- No C 355/2                            Official Journal of the European Communities                              31. 12. 87
make a major contribution, notably by facilitating the          Whereas the Commission has declared at the second
evolution towards future more efficient and safer road          Eureka ministerial meeting in London (June 1986) its
transport at regional and local levels;                         wish to support projects relating to road safety and
                                                                navigation;
Whereas the Economic and Social Committee made
particular reference to electronic traffic aids on major
roads (^ and to the implementation of a Community               Whereas the constitution or consolidation of a specifi-
programme on road safety (2);                                   cally European industrial potential in the technologies
                                                                concerned is an urgent necessity; whereas its benefici-
Whereas the Commission in its proposal for a medium-            aries must be industry, network/broadcasting oper-
term transport infrastructure programme (3) made                ators, research establishments, undertakings, including
specific reference to the importance of stimulating tech-       small and medium-sized enterprises and other bodies
nological developments for improving transport per-             established in the Community which are best suited to
formance and likely to be of value to exports and               attain these objectives;
to the enlargement of the internal market for new
technologies for European industry to offer the security
 of future increases in productivity and competitiveness;       Whereas exploratory investigations at Community level
                                                                have confirmed the need and the advantages of Com-
Whereas, with the emergence of mobile communication             munity cooperation in this field;
services and the progressive introduction of computing
in automobiles, the conditions for major improvements
                                                                Whereas the definition phase of Prometheus has con-
for traffic management, reduction of environmental
                                                                firmed the feasibility of the objectives and identified
impact of road transport and road safety are emerging;
                                                                the specific work to be undertaken to reach them;
Whereas developments in road transport efficiency and
safety will benefit the international competitiveness of        Whereas the Commission has worked with industry
the European economies in general and of industries in          and administrations in defining the pre-normative and
particular;                                                     pre-competitive work relating to the road infrastructure
                                                                system needed to complement the efforts of industry
Whereas advances in road transport efficiency and               with respect to the car;
 safety will contribute to resolving the problem of intol-
erable social and other consequences of road accidents;
                                                                Whereas it is in the Community's interest to consolidate
Whereas the concerted efforts in this domain will con-          the scientific and financial basis of European research
 tribute to the creation of the internal market and pre-        by means of the involvement to a greater extent of
 vent the formation of new internal frontiers to road           participants from European third countries in certain
safety;                                                         Community programmes and particularly in pro-
                                                                grammes involving cooperation in research and devel-
Whereas the development of common functional speci-             opment of road transport technology;
fications for equipment and services will strengthen
cohesion and permit the less-developed regions to ben-
efit fully from the efforts of Member States piloting the       Whereas the Drive programme will benefit from the
 improvements of the transport and traffic management           results of ESPRIT and RACE as well as the on-going
 infrastructure developments in the Community;                  efforts in standardization;
Whereas the development of the road transport infra-
                                                                Whereas the implementation of concerted actions in the
 structure technology and services offers a wide range
                                                                COST framework is an essential element to comp-
of opportunities for small and medium-sized companies
                                                                lement industrially-oriented research and development
 in the manufacture of equipment and in the provision
                                                                projects;
of specialized services within the Community;
Whereas it is appropriate for projects carried out in the       Whereas the Scientific and Technical Research Com-
context of Eureka and specific activities undertaken            mittee (Crest) has expressed its opinion,
within the framework programme to complement and
support each other;
                                                                HAS ADOPTED THIS REGULATION:
                                                                                         Article 1
(') Opinion of 27 and 28 April 1977 (OJ No C 126, 28. 5. 1977,  1.    A Community programme in the field of road
    p. 20).                                                     transport informatics, hereinafter referred to as 'Drive',
(2) Opinion of 24 May 1984 (OJ No C 206, 6. 8. 1984, p. 60).    is adopted for an initial period of 30 months commenc-
(3) COM(86) 340 final.                                          ing 1 January 1988.
 ---pagebreak---  31. 12. 87                         Official Journal of the European Communities                            No C 355/3
 2.     The programme is designed, in concertation with       proportion of the costs, which should normally be at
 public and private actions in the field of road transport    least 50 % of the total expenditure.
 informatics undertaken at national and international
 level, to promote the competitiveness of the Com-            4.     The proposals for projects shall, as a general
 munity's industries, operators and service providers in      rule, be submitted in reply to an invitation to tender
 order to make available to the final users, at minimum       published in the Official Journal of the European Com-
 cost and with minimum delay, the improvements in             munities and involve the participation of at least two
 road transport efficiency and safety as well as mini-        independent partners not all established in the same
 mizing the environmental impact of road transport,           Member State. One of the partners shall be a commer-
 thereby contributing to social as well as economic objec-    cial undertaking.
 tives.
                                                              5.    In exceptional cases where the call for tenders has
                                                              not resulted in a satisfactory response; in case of
 3.     The programme represents the Community con-           urgency or in cases where the call for tenders is not
 tribution to the Eureka actions in this field, in particu-   the right procedure in point of cost-effectiveness, the
 lar, the project Prometheus, with respect to standardi-      decision may be taken, in accordance with the pro-
 zation and common functional specifications relating         cedure set out in Article 7, to derogate from the prin-
 to the development of advanced infrastructure systems.       ciples set out in paragraphs 3 and 4.
                                                                                       Article 4
                          Article 2
                                                              Where Framework Agreements for scientific and techni-
 The programme, as set out in more detail in the Annex,       cal cooperation between non-Community European
 shall consist of the development of a common concep-         countries and the European Community have been con-
 tual framework for cooperation, pre-normative work           cluded, organizations and enterprises established in
 and technology exploration and the investigation of the      these countries may become partners to a project under-
 non-technological factors as required for the objective      taken within this programme.
 of concerting European efforts in improving road trans-
 port efficiency, road safety and reduction of environ-
 mental impact. The work includes the following parts:                                 Article 5
 I.   Reference model development.                            1.     The funds estimated as necessary for the Com-
 II.  Specifications protocols and standards.                 munity contribution to the execution of the programme
 III. RTI technologies.                                       amount to 60 million ECU over 30 months, including
 IV.  Assessment of technological scenarios.                  expenditure on staff whose costs shall not exceed 4,5 %
 V.   Action plan.                                            of the Community's contribution.
 The scope and the verifiable objectives of this work are     2.     The indicative allocation of these funds is set out
 described in more detail in the Annex and in the draft       in the Annex.
 workplan.
                                                                                       Article 6
                          Article 3
                                                               1.    The Commission shall ensure that the programme
 1.     The detailed objectives of the programme to be         is properly performed and shall take the measures
undertaken are defined in a work plan to be adopted           necessary, to this end, without prejudice to the pro-
under the procedure set out in Article 7.                     cedures provided for in Article 3.
                                                              2.     The Committee shall be assisted in the execution
2.      The evaluation of projects is carried out by the      of its tasks by a Committee, composed of two represen-
Commission having regard to the objectives defined in         tatives from each Member State and chaired by a rep-
the Annex and in the work plan. The eligibility of            resentative of the Commission, hereinafter referred to
projects involving a research and development effort          as 'the Committee'.
exceeding 50 man-years is to be decided under the
procedure set out in Article 7. For other projects the        The members of the Committee can call on the assist-
results of the evaluation will be brought to the notice       ance of experts or advisors according to the nature of
of the Committee referred to in Article 6.                    the problems under study.
                                                              The proceedings of the Committee shall be confidential.
3.     Projects relating to the programme shall be            The Committee shall adopt its own internal procedures.
executed by means of shared cost contracts to be con-         The Commission shall provide the secretariat of the
cluded by the Commission with industry, network/              Committee.
broadcasting operators, research institutes, undertak-
ings, including small and medium-sized enterprises and        3.     The Commission may consult the Committee on
other organisations established in the Community.             any matter within the field of application of this Regu-
Contractors shall be expected to bear a substantial           lation.
 ---pagebreak--- No C 355/4                           Official Journal of the European Communities                                        31. 12. 87
                          Article 7                                                          ANNEX
1.     Where the procedure laid down in this Article is to                 I. REFERENCE MODEL DEVELOPMENT
be followed, the chairman shall refer to the Committee a
draft of the measures to be adopted. The Committee
                                                               Objective
shall deliver its opinion on this draft within a time limit
set by the chairman in relation to the urgency of the
matter. This shall normally be one month and in no             The objective of this work is to establish the framework of sub-
case shall be longer than two months. The opinion is           models with which to evaluate potential systems. Together the
                                                               sub-models will form a reference model which will be the main
delivered by the majority specified in Article 148 (2) of
                                                               tool for the assessment of potential infrastructure and vehicle-
the Treaty for decisions which the Council is required         based systems against defined objectives using a range of evalu-
to adopt on a proposal from the Commission. In the             ation criteria.
Committee the votes of the representatives of the Mem-
ber States are weighted as indicated in that Article. The
chairman does not vote.                                        Scope
2.     The Commission shall adopt the measures under
                                                               The scope of the work will embrace methods for evaluating the
consideration when they are in accordance with the             costs and benefits of potential systems at various stages of their
opinion of the Committee. When the measures under              implementation, including their acceptability to drivers and
consideration are not in accordance with the opinion           vehicle owners, effects on accident rates and severity, financial
of the Committee or in the absence of an opinion, the          and operational implications for operating authorities, effects
Commission shall submit to the Council without delay           on traffic flows and network efficiency, and benefits to the
a proposal relating to the measures to be taken. The           environment. Existing models will be used or built upon wherever
Council shall decide by a qualified majority.                   this is appropriate.
3.     If, after the expiry of a period of one month            A base model will provide the means for deriving forecasts of
following the Council's consideration of the matter,            road traffic demand and network supply, which will form part
the Council has not taken a decision, the proposed              of the base information for input to the impact assessment
measures shall be adopted by the Commission.                    methods. Its component sub-models will provide the basic tools
                                                                for the impact assessments.
                                                                An infrastructure reference model will provide the framework
                          Article 8
                                                                within which the implications of various infrastructure-based
                                                                systems can be assessed, including the timescale, cost and organiz-
The result of the programme shall be reviewed by the            ational factors which will need to be taken into account.
Commission after 12 months. The Commission shall
report to the Council and the European Parliament on            An interface reference model will provide the means for assessing
the results of this review, together with any proposals         the user acceptability of vehicle-based sub-systems of possible
for modification or prolongation of the programme               technological options. This sub-model will include tools for mar-
which the Commission deems appropriate.                         ket research and mechanisms for the assessment of man-machine
                                                                 interface suitability.
                          Article 9                              The traffic impact sub-model will take as input particular scen-
                                                                 arios postulating discrete sets of technological options, taken
                                                                 from the infrastructure reference model, together with the base
 1.    With regard to the coordination activities pro-           traffic forecasts from the base model and the effects of market
 vided for in Article 1 (2), the Member States and the           penetration estimated from the interface reference model, and
 Commission shall exchange all appropriate information           will produce estimates of the effects on traffic.
 to which they have access and which they are free to
 disclose concerning activities in the areas covered by          Output from the traffic impact sub-model, together with infor-
 this Regulation, whether or not planned or carried out          mation from the scenarios themselves, will provide the input to
 under their authority.                                          the assessment sub-model which will be designed to evaluate the
                                                                 effects of options with regard to particular criteria. The criteria
 2.     Information shall be exchanged according to a            will include financial, operational, safety, efficiency and environ-
 procedure to be defined by the Commission after con-            mental parameters.
 sulting the Committee, and shall be treated as confiden-
 tial at the supplier's request.                                 The results of running the assessment sub-model will provide the
                                                                  information for the impact comparison in which the effects of
                                                                  the various options will be compared.
                          Article 10
 This Regulation shall enter into force on 1 January                                    A. Base traffic model
 1988.
                                                                  Objective
 This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and
 directly applicable in all Member States.
                                                                  To provide the basic tool for forecasting road network supply
                                                                  and road traffic demand which will form a reference against
                                                                  which the impacts of various options can be assessed.
 ---pagebreak--- 31. 12. 87                                  Official Journal of the European Communities                                      No C 355/5
Scope                                                                 The model will take into account technology resources, geo-
                                                                      demographic environments, evolution of techniques and avail-
The base sub-model will be heavily reliant upon existing models,      ability of resources. Scenarios for implementing infrastructure-
data sources and existing road infrastructure forward pro-            based systems will be generated to assess the best techno-econ-
grammes. However the need for an integrated pan-European              omic strategies to be adopted taking into account the progressive
approach will inevitably entail new development work and data         integration of other RTI functions.
collection exercises, together with a great deal of collation and
transformation of information from these existing sources.
The base model will be a broadly based conventional traffic
forecasting model which will itself comprise a set of sub-models.
These sub-models will deal with car ownership, trip generation                             C. Interface reference model
and attraction, modal split, trip distribution, goods vehicle traffic
and traffic assignment to the road network.                           Objective
                                                                      The interface reference model will provide the means for assessing
It may be appropriate to utilize a traffic simulation model capable   the performance, costs and user acceptability of infrastructure
of assessing detailed changes to traffic flow within a limited        and vehicle-based sub-systems including tools for market
geographical area. Integration of the simulation model within the     research.
overall framework of the global base model would then provide
a useful tool for generalizing from the microscopic to the macro-
scopic.                                                               Scope
                                                                      This sub-model will seek to establish specific requirements of
A particular requirement within the base model will be the            users of the road transport environment, including vehicle users
representation of accident rates. Coarse relationships have been      (both owners and drivers) and traffic managers. The object will
developed for relating accident rates to vehicle mileage, but there   be to provide guidelines with respect to functional specifications
is much scope for refinement. It will be necessary to gather          and standards relating to traffic management systems, vehicle-
accident statistics from each of the Member States, to develop        based components of technological options, and to the man-
techniques for normalizing them to a consistent basis, and for        machine interface (both in traffic management systems and in
investigating relationships between the output of the traffic         the vehicle).
assignment sub-model and accident rates. The model should seek
to develop relationships for accident rates of different severities,
so that for example a change in vehicle speeds — which might          The model will need to distinguish between different users and
lead to an increase in accident rate but a decrease in average        different vehicle types, and the different criteria likely to be
severity, perhaps producing an overall net benefit — could be         appropriate. For example traffic managers will benefit from
adequately represented.                                               statistical, historical and actual traffic information. Goods vehicle
                                                                      owners will benefit from route guidance based upon minimum
                                                                      cost route trees, whereas it may be desirable to offer the private
It will be necessary to specify particular design years for which     motorist a range of route choice criteria ranging from minimum
to run the base model. Given the urgency of making optimum            time to minimum distance and other information.
use of the restricted synergy window for developing standardized
systems, the initial design year might be as close as 1990, with a
medium-range development period represented by a second date          It may be appropriate to develop market research techniques to
of 1995. It will of course be possible to run the base model for      help to assess the suitability of various functions and of techniques
other design years besides those chosen initially.                    for their implementation. The techniques used should seek to
                                                                      establish the requirements of vehicle owners, their willingness to
                                                                      pay for various features, and the performance and acceptability
                                                                      of the man-machine interface with the driver — including control
                                                                      features as well as information presentation.
                 B. Infrastructure reference model
Objective
The infrastructure reference model will provide the framework                              D. Traffic impact sub-model
within which the implications of various infrastructure-based
systems can be assessed, including the performance, timescale,        Objective
cost and organizational factors which will need to be taken into
account.                                                              The traffic impact sub-model will produce estimates of the effects
                                                                      on traffic of various possible technological options and implemen-
                                                                      tation strategies.
Scope
Based on the requirements and definitions of the main actor           Scope
organizations who form the potential infrastructure operators,
and on the range of installation, operational and maintenance         The sub-model will take as its input the outputs from the base
requirements of the multiplicity of technological options, an         model, giving a base traffic demand and supply situation, and
information base will be established which will form the infra-       from the infrastructure and vehicle reference models which
structure reference model.                                            together will define possible implementation scenarios.
The model will be referred to in the generation of standards,         The sub-model will establish techniques for representing the
data capture and promulgation, data transmission protocols and        effects on traffic of particular systems by considering each stage
functional specifications, particularly as they relate to the infra-  of the base model in turn. Some systems for example might affect
structure requirements.                                               levels of car ownership because such effects estimated within the
 ---pagebreak--- No C 355/6                                Official Journal of the European Communities                                      31. 12. 87
vehicle reference model were significant — in this case each        — the use of the reference model to assess the requirements of
component of the base model would need to be re-assessed                 each interface,
accordingly; other technological options, for example inexpensive
                                                                    — the production of standards and definitions incorporating the
optional navigation devices, might have marginal effects on
                                                                         requirements arising from the established combinations of
vehicle routing, requiring adjustments to the traffic assignment
sub-model. Collision avoidance systems may or may not have               technological options,
significant effects on traffic flow. These could be estimated by    — the drafting of guidelines for the drawing up of Regulations.
extending the scope of the traffic assignment sub-model to include
a base accident model, but they would also have significant
effects on accident rates and severities. The base accident model
would therefore need refinement to take into account the effects
of the new system.                                                         A. Definition of requirements and specific objectives
The traffic impact sub-model will therefore function by consider-   Objective
ing each component of the base model in turn and re-specifying
                                                                    The purpose of this task is to generate specific objectives for the
it to take into account the effects of new systems. The re-
                                                                    requirements of signals, protocols and the features of highways,
specification will entail re-calibration to take into account the
                                                                    against which the completeness and efficacy can be judged.
detailed effects and might depend either upon results of field
trials or upon results of simulations, or both.
                                                                    Scope
                                                                    The scope of this work encompasses the generation of specific
                                                                    and realistic objectives for the drawing up of standards for the
                     E. Assessment sub-model                        various interfaces which are identified during the development
                                                                    of the reference model.
Objective
                                                                    It is envisaged that this will be an iterative process during the
The objective of the assessment sub-model is to provide the         running of the first year by which the objectives and requirements
information on the financial, operational, safety, efficiency and   are updated and refined as interfaces are progressively included.
environmental effects of technological options considered which
is required for the overall evaluation of options and the develop-
ment of viable scenarios.
                                                                                      B. The use of the reference model
Scope
                                                                    Objective
The sub-model will take as its input the results of the infrastruc-
ture, vehicle and traffic impact sub-models and will produce        The objective of this work is to run the various component sub-
estimates of the costs and benefits of each technological option     models of the reference model both individually and in concert
to be considered.                                                   to ensure that optimum standards and protocols are drawn up
                                                                    for the efficient operation of the whole.
Benefits may comprise savings in accidents and the costs associ-
ated with them, decreases in resource costs of vehicle operation,   Scope
savings in travel time associated with improved network
efficiency, increased network capacity and reduction of construc-   The scope of this work is to encompass the range of interfaces
tion investment for new roads. There will also be environmental      which are established from a study of the reference model with
benefits due to decreased pollution. In most cases it will be        all of its sub-systems incorporated. This operation will establish
possible to express benefits in terms of monetary savings, but       the required minimum operating parameters over the wide range
some outputs from the assessment sub-model will necessarily be       of interfaces that will be utilized by the Drive system. The final
either unquantifiable or expressed in terms of values other than     requirements must be defined by taking into account the sharing
financial.                                                           of some boundaries. Suitable strategies will need to be adopted
                                                                     in order to obtain an overall optimum at an acceptable cost.
 II. SPECIFICATIONS, PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDIZ-                       C. The development of functional specifications and standardiz-
                       ATION PROPOSALS                                                         ation proposals
 Objective                                                           Objective
 To establish protocols for the propagation of signals and the       The objective of this phase is to draw up suitable standards and
 interchange of information, to define signal properties which are   protocols which will define the interfaces used throughout the
 required to permit the system to operate in a satisfactory manner   Drive system.
 with no interference to or from external systems. To define
 specifications for data collection and promulgation.                Scope
                                                                     The scope of this work is to consider each and every interface in
 Scope                                                               the total system in order to establish comprehensive standards
                                                                     which may be achieved by the then known technologies and
 The scope of the work is to find common approaches with all          which permit the efficient operation of the whole.
 participating partners for:
                                                                     Where ever appropriate these standards and protocols should be
 — the definition of objectives,                                      similar to or comply with those already established by others
 ---pagebreak--- 31. 12. 87                                 Official Journal of the European Communities                                             No C 355/7
concerned with the interchange of data such as CC1TT and CEPT        2.   Communications                   options
for example.
                                                                     These divide naturally into electro-magnetic radiation and line
Because Drive will be utilizing the most up to date technologies     systems. Taking the electromagnetic spectrum, usage will range
it is likely that actors operating within the Drive context will be  from sub-audio which might be multiplexed with entertainment,
in the forefront and may need to take the initiative in drawing      through kilo-cycle frequencies for road loop detection and trans-
up revised standards.                                                mission, HF for local broadcasts, VHF and UHF for vehicle to
The interfaces must take into account not only hardware-hard-        fixed station communications and cellular radio systems, micro-
ware boundaries but the whole gamut of boundaries that may           waves for satellite communications and millimetric waves, oxy-
appertain between the three classes of operator (viz. hardware,      gen band or infra-red for short distance communications to
software, liveware).                                                 roadside beacons etc.
                                                                     The modulation systems needing to be explored include digital
                                                                     multi-level frequency hopping and noise communications or
    D. The drafting of guidelines for drawing up Regulations
                                                                     spread spectrum techniques.
Objective
                                                                     For the line communications between control stations and road-
The objective of this stage is to draw up guidelines which will      side beacons, loops, etc. use of the PSTN or message switching
inform legislators of the contents required of regulations to be     infrastructure are the options, together with the ISDN when
in force.                                                            implementation is far enough advanced. Major options are the
                                                                     extent to which communications will be real-time or by a polling
Scope                                                                system or bulk transfer of some information at night. Advanced
                                                                     error protection techniques will of course be incorporated
The scope of this work is to cover the range of Regulations which    together with message minimization and compression philos-
may be required to be introduced or modified within Member           ophies.
States to enable the road infrastructure to be installed and oper-
ated. An additional aspect of this work is to include any regu-
lations governing the obligations of drivers who wish to take        3.   The     in t e r - v e h i c l e i n t e r a c t i v e component
advantage of the system and those who do not. It is foreseen that
this work will differ from Member State to Member State in           The techniques or radar, sonar, infra-red and stimulated radio
order to bring about a final agreed uniformity.                      repeating need to be explored. Associated with these the technol-
                                                                     ogies for the launchers and receptors must be identified so as to
                                                                     be cheap rugged and vibration proof.
                     III. RTI TECHNOLOGIES
 Objective
                                                                                            B. RTI software technologies
The objective of this part is to explore the key technologies which
might be employed in the Drive project so as to maximize the          1. S o f t w a r e      infrastructure
cost/performance ratio, select technologies which are sufficiently
mature for implementation in the timeframe envisaged and allow       The Drive network will require software whose requirements are
for later extensions to wider functions. This work of course          more complex than those of present day telecommunication
will be system driven and specifically related to the functional      systems. Decision support systems for example, will figure more
specifications derived in Part II, and be evaluated with the use     and more prominently in the traffic management systems, and
of the reference model derived in Part I.                            even in the autonomous on-board vehicle systems. However,
                                                                     significant increases in programming productivity are being
                                                                      achieved by the provision of a unified software infrastructure
Scope
                                                                     covering specification, implementation, on-line environment,
                                                                     testing, re-usability and the corresponding tool set.
The scope of the work will include the research, test and exper-
imentation needed to explore the techno/economic characteristics
of new technologies relevant to Drive. The content covers Drive
specific hardware and software topics including:                     2.   Requirements definition                        tools
                                                                     The process of requirements capture and their subsequent map-
                                                                     ping onto a system architecture is an essential component of the
            A. Enabling and supporting RTI technologies              first year. For both hardware and software development there
                                                                     are necessarily a large number of necessary options. These
 1. S p e c i f i c components                                       requirements cover the function system behavior, interfaces and
                                                                     performance. Considerable effort is needed to establish a frame-
Specific components are also required for low-cost implemen-         work for the requirements — work which will allow for checking
tation of both those elements which are carried permanently in       of consistency and completeness.
 the vehicle, and of those elements on the other side of the vehicle
 interface. The interfaces to roadside beacons, loops or other
 sensors have also to be considered in the same vein and as far as   3.   T h e D r i ver I n terf ace
 possible be developed so that they do not introduce too many
 system constraints as technologies change. The scale of pro-        The requirements for the driver interface are very stringent since
 duction of these elements will certainly support specific custom-   the minimum of interference must be caused to the driver whose
 ized integrated circuits using silicon or gallium arsenide tech-    primary task is controlling the vehicle. In order to obtain a
 nology and, if driver fitness sensors are incorporated, biochip     pluri-lingual embodiment the techniques of speech synthesis and
 technologies.                                                       pictographic displays need to be thoroughly explored.
 ---pagebreak--- No C 355/8                                  Official Journal of the European Communities                                           31. 12. 87
4.    The human        factor                                                           B. The use of the reference model
Engineering in this region will need to buffer much of the Drive        Objective
complexity from the user and provide a simple user friendly
interface oriented towards user needs, including special groups         The objective of this work is to run the various component sub-
such as naive and disabled users.                                       models of the reference model in order to evaluate the effects of
                                                                        the technological options and their implementation strategies
                                                                        which are to be assessed.
                       C. Self-checking systems
                                                                        Scope
Since lives depend on the integrity of the Drive systems, it is         For each option to be evaluated there may be a range of present
essential that sophisticated self-checking and majority voting          and future conditions within which the evaluation should be
technologies are included. These must not only indicate a system        carried out. Part of the work will comprise the determination of
failure, but where the system redundancy has been used up and           these conditions and the use of the base reference model to
only the back-up system is in operation.                                generate appropriate traffic demand and road supply conditions.
                                                                        The main part of the work will be to determine the parts of the
                                                                        reference model which it is appropriate to use for the particular
                                                                        option under consideration, and to calibrate and run the models
    IV. ASSESSMENT OF TECHNOLOGICAL SCENARIOS                           accordingly.
Objective
                                                                                      C. Outline of implementation scenarios
The objective of this work is to assess the technological options
and implementation strategies identified in Part III against par-        Objective
ticular objectives, using a range of criteria, and to use the results
to generate viable scenarios for a range of present and future           The objective of this work is to generate viable scenarios for
conditions.                                                              further development, based upon the results of the assessments
                                                                         of technical options and the extent to which they meet the
                                                                         objectives defined.
 Scope
                                                                         Scope
 The scope of the work comprises three main tasks:
                                                                         The scope of the work is to consider the results of the analyses
 — the refinement of objectives,
                                                                         conducted using the reference model in a framework for evalu-
 — the use of the reference model to assess the suitability of           ation, in which the meeting of the objectives defined can be
      various technological options, and                                 assessed according to a range of criteria.
 — the generation of viable scenarios which incorporate the              According to the results of the evaluations, particular technologi-
      appropriate technological options for meeting the defined          cal options should emerge as suitable for further development in
      objectives.                                                        order to achieve the particular objectives.
                      A. Refinement of objectives
 Objective
 The purpose of this task is to generate specific objectives relating
 to improvements in safety, efficiency or environmental effects,
 against which the performance of various technological options                                  V. ACTION PLAN
 can be assessed.
                                                                          Objective
                                                                          The objective of this work is to relate the results of the assessment
 Scope
                                                                          of scenarios directly to the objectives identified, and to prepare
                                                                          a possible outline programme for further development.
 The scope of the work encompasses the generation of specific
 realistic objectives at specific points in the future: for example
 the two objectives identified in the main text of the communi-           Scope
 cation are:
                                                                          The scope of the work encompasses a detailed review of the
 — 1990: operational real-time pluri-lingual road information             technological scenarios identified in the overall assessment with
      and navigation system in Europe, and                                regard to the specific objectives, the selection of appropriate
                                                                          scenarios for further development, and the preparation of an
 — 1995: operational fail-safe anti-collision system for impact
                                                                          outline work programme to move towards the implementation
      speeds exceeding 30 km/h.
                                                                          of the recommended scenarios.
  It may be appropriate to generate alternative objectives relating                               A. Task definition
  to different criteria or to different years. There is likely to be an
  iterative process in which objectives may be refined in the light       The individual tasks needed to achieve each of the selected
  of what is desirable and/or achievable using the results of the         scenarios will be defined after consideration of the main alterna-
  overall assessment process.                                             tives.
 ---pagebreak--- 31. 12. 87                               Official Journal of the European Communities                                 No C 355/9
                  B. Outline of implementation                     The preparation of recommendations for the outline action plan
                                                                   will include resource estimates and the identification of mile-
                                                                   stones. It will be vital to identify realistic timescales which
An outline work programme will be prepared for the further         recognize the significance of work being carried out in other
work necessary to achieve the selected scenarios, based upon the   areas, as well as the need to identify the optimal potential for
individual tasks identified in Part V (A).                         exploitation of the synergy window.