CELEX: 62009CC0229
Language: en
Date: 2010-06-17 00:00:00
Title: Opinion of Advocate General Trstenjak delivered on 17 June 2010. # Hogan Lovells International LLP v Bayer CropScience AG. # Reference for a preliminary ruling: Bundespatentgericht - Germany. # Patent law - Plant-protection products - Regulation (EC) No 1610/96 - Directive 91/414/EEC - Supplementary protection certificate for plant protection products - Grant of a certificate for a product which had obtained a provisional marketing authorisation. # Case C-229/09.

OPINION OF ADVOCATE GENERAL
      TRSTENJAK
      delivered on 17 June 2010 1(1)
      
      Case C‑229/09
      Rechtsanwaltssozietät Lovells
      v
      Bayer CropScience AG
      (Reference for a preliminary ruling from the Bundespatentgericht (Germany))
      (Regulation EC No 1610/96 – Article 3 – Conditions for the grant of a supplementary protection certificate for plant protection products – Directive 91/414/EEC – Article 4 – Article 8 – Marketing authorisation – Temporal limitation on the effects of the judgment on the reference for a preliminary ruling)
      
      Table of contents
      
      I –  Introduction
      II –  Legal framework
      A – Community law
      1. Directive 91/414
      2. Regulation No 1610/96
      B – National law
      III –  Facts of the case and question referred
      IV –  Procedure before the Court
      V –  Arguments of the parties
      VI –  Legal appraisal
      A – The provisions of Directive 91/414 and Regulation No 1610/96 and how they interlink
      1. The authorisation to place plant protection products on the market under Directive 91/414
      2. Grant of a supplementary protection certificate for plant protection products under Regulation No 1610/96
      3. The interlinking of Regulation No 1610/96 and Directive 91/414
      B – A supplementary protection certificate for plant protection products may not be granted on the basis of a provisional
         marketing authorisation within the meaning of Article 8(1) of Directive 91/414
      
      C – Temporal limitation on the effects of the judgment on the reference for a preliminary ruling
      VII –  Conclusion
      
      I –  Introduction
      1.        In the present reference for a preliminary ruling under Article 234 EC, (2) the Bundespatentgericht (Federal Patent Court, Germany) (‘the referring court’) has referred to the Court a question on the
         interpretation of Regulation (EC) No 1610/96 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 1996 concerning the
         creation of a supplementary protection certificate for plant protection products. (3) The referring court seeks, in essence, to establish whether a supplementary protection certificate under Article 3 of Regulation
         No 1610/96 may be applied for and granted following the receipt of a provisional authorisation in accordance with Article 8(1) of Council Directive 91/414/EEC of 15 July 1991 concerning the placing of plant
         protection products on the market (4) or only following the receipt of a definitive authorisation to place that plant protection product on the market in accordance with Article 4 of that directive.
      
      II –  Legal framework
      A –    Community law
      1.      Directive 91/414
      2.        In accordance with Article 3(1) of Directive 91/414, Member States must prescribe that plant protection products may not be
         placed on the market and used in their territory unless they have authorised the product in accordance with that directive,
         except where the intended use is research and development within the meaning of Article 22.
      
      3.        Article 4(1) of Directive 91/414 provides:
      
      ‘Member States shall ensure that a plant protection product is not authorised unless: 
      (a)      its active substances are listed in Annex I and any conditions laid down therein are fulfilled, and, with regard to the following
         points (b), (c), (d) and (e), pursuant to the uniform principles provided for in Annex VI, unless: 
      
      (b)      it is established, in the light of current scientific and technical knowledge and shown from appraisal of the dossier provided
         for in Annex III, that when used in accordance with Article 3(3), and having regard to all normal conditions under which it
         may be used, and to the consequences of its use: 
      
      (i)      it is sufficiently effective;
      (ii)      it has no unacceptable effect on plants or plant products;
      (iii)      it does not cause unnecessary suffering and pain to vertebrates to be controlled;
      (iv)      it has no harmful effect on human or animal health, directly or indirectly (e.g. through drinking water, food or feed) or
         on groundwater;
      
      (v)      it has no unacceptable influence on the environment, having particular regard to the following considerations:
      –      its fate and distribution in the environment, particularly contamination of water including drinking water and groundwater,
      –      its impact on non-target species;
      (c)      the nature and quantity of its active substances and, where appropriate, any toxicologically or ecotoxicologically significant
         impurities and co-formulants can be determined by appropriate methods, harmonised according to the procedure provided in Article
         21, or, if not, agreed by the authorities responsible for the authorisation;
      
      (d)      its residues, resulting from authorised uses, and which are of toxicological or environmental significance, can be determined
         by appropriate methods in general use;
      
      (e)      its physical and chemical properties have been determined and deemed acceptable for the purposes of the appropriate use and
         storage of the product;
      
      (f)      where appropriate, the MRLs [maximum residue levels] for the agricultural products affected by the use referred to in the
         authorisation have been set or modified in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 396/2005.’
      
      4.        Article 5(1) of Directive 91/414 provides:
      
      ‘In the light of current scientific and technical knowledge, an active substance shall be included in Annex I for an initial
         period not exceeding 10 years, if it may be expected that plant protection products containing the active substance will fulfil
         the following conditions:
      
      (a)      their residues, consequent on application consistent with good plant protection practice, do not have any harmful effects
         on human or animal health or on groundwater or any unacceptable influence on the environment, and the said residues, in so
         far as they are of toxicological or environmental significance, can be measured by methods in general use;
      
      (b)       their use, consequent on application consistent with good plant protection practice, does not have any harmful effects on
         human or animal health or any unacceptable influence on the environment as provided for in Article 4(1)(b)(iv) and (v).’
      
      5.        Article 8(1) of Directive 91/414 is worded as follows:
      
      ‘By way of derogation from Article 4, a Member State may, to enable a gradual assessment to be made of the properties of new
         active substances and to make it easier for new preparations to be made available for use in agriculture, authorise, for a
         provisional period not exceeding three years, the placing on the market of plant protection products containing an active
         substance not listed in Annex I and not yet available on the market two years after notification of this Directive, provided
         that:
      
      (a)      following application of Article 6(2) and (3) it is found that the dossier on the active substance satisfies the requirements
         of Annexes II and III in relation to the projected uses;
      
      (b)      the Member State establishes that the active substance can satisfy the requirements of Article 5(1) and that the plant protection
         product may be expected to satisfy the requirements of Article 4(1)(b) to (f).
      
      …’
      2.      Regulation No 1610/96
      6.        Article 2 of Regulation No 1610/96 is worded as follows:
      
      ‘Any product protected by a patent in the territory of a Member State and subject, prior to being placed on the market as
         a plant protection product, to an administrative authorisation procedure as laid down in Article 4 of Directive 91/414/EEC
         or pursuant to an equivalent provision of national law if it is a plant protection product in respect of which the application
         for authorisation was lodged before Directive 91/414/EEC was implemented by the Member State concerned, may, under the terms
         and conditions provided for in this Regulation, be the subject of a certificate.’
      
      7.        Article 3(1) of Regulation No 1610/96 provides:
      
      ‘A certificate shall be granted if, in the Member State in which the application referred to in Article 7 is submitted, at
         the date of that application:
      
      (a)      the product is protected by a basic patent in force;
      (b)      a valid authorisation to place the product on the market as a plant protection product has been granted in accordance with
         Article 4 of Directive 91/414/EEC or an equivalent provision of national law;
      
      (c)      the product has not already been the subject of a certificate;
      (d)      the authorisation referred to in (b) is the first authorisation to place the product on the market as a plant protection product.’
      8.        In accordance with Article 4 of Regulation No 1610/96, within the limits of the protection conferred by the basic patent,
         the protection conferred by the certificate extends only to the product covered by the authorisations to place the corresponding
         plant protection product on the market and for any use of the product as a plant protection product that has been authorised
         before the expiry of the certificate. Under Article 5 the certificate confers, subject to Article 4, the same rights as are
         conferred by the basic patent and is subject to the same limitations and the same obligations.
      
      9.        Article 7 of Regulation No 1610/96 governs applications for supplementary protection certificates in the following terms:
      
      ‘(1)      The application for a certificate shall be lodged within six months of the date on which the authorisation referred to in
         Article 3(1)(b) to place the product on the market as a plant protection product was granted.
      
      (2)      Notwithstanding paragraph 1, where the authorisation to place the product on the market is granted before the basic patent
         is granted, the application for a certificate shall be lodged within six months of the date on which the patent is granted.’
      
      10.      Under Article 9(1) of Regulation No 1610/96, the application for a certificate must be lodged with the competent industrial
         property office of the Member State which granted the basic patent or on whose behalf it was granted and in which the authorisation
         referred to in Article 3(1)(b) to place the product on the market was obtained, unless the Member State designates another
         authority for that purpose.
      
      11.      Article 10 of Regulation No 1610/96 is worded as follows:
      
      ‘(1)      Where the application for a certificate and the product to which it relates meet the conditions laid down in this Regulation,
         the authority referred to in Article 9(1) shall grant the certificate.
      
      (2)      The authority referred to in Article 9(1) shall, subject to paragraph 3, reject the application for a certificate if the application
         or the product to which it relates does not meet the conditions laid down in this Regulation.
      
      …’
      12.      The duration of the supplementary protection certificate is governed by Article 13 of Regulation No 1610/96 in the following
         terms:
      
      ‘(1)      The certificate shall take effect at the end of the lawful term of the basic patent for a period equal to the period which
         elapsed between the date on which the application for a basic patent was lodged and the date of the first authorisation to
         place the product on the market in the Community, reduced by a period of five years.
      
      (2)      Notwithstanding paragraph 1, the duration of the certificate may not exceed five years from the date on which it takes effect.
      (3)      For the purposes of calculating the duration of the certificate, account shall be taken of a provisional first marketing authorisation
         only if it is directly followed by a definitive authorisation concerning the same product.’
      
      13.      Under Article 15(1)(a) of Regulation No 1610/96, a supplementary protection certificate is deemed invalid if it was granted
         contrary to the provisions of Article 3. In accordance with Article 15(2) of that regulation, any person may submit an application
         or bring an action for a declaration of invalidity of the certificate before the body responsible under national law for the
         revocation of the corresponding basic patent.
      
      B –    National law
      14.      Paragraph 15 of the Gesetz zum Schutz der Kulturpflanzen (Law on the protection of cultivated plants) (‘PflSchG’) (5) governs the authorisation of plant protection products by the Bundesamt für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit
         (Federal Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety) in accordance with the criteria established in Article 4 of Directive
         91/414.
      
      15.      Paragraph 15c of the PflSchG governs the authorisation of plant protection products for a provisional period by the Bundesamt
         für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit in accordance with the criteria established in Article 8 of Directive 91/414.
      
      III –  Facts of the case and question referred
      16.      The defendant in the main proceedings (‘the defendant’) is the owner of European patent 0 574 418 (basic patent) granted on
         11 November 1998 having validity for, inter alia, the Federal Republic of Germany, for which application was filed at the
         European Patent Office on 12 February 1992, with the title ‘aryl sulphonyl urea compounds, a method of preparing them, and
         their use as herbicides and growth regulators’. The basic patent covers, inter alia, a chemical compound commonly known as
         iodosulfuron. Iodosulfuron acts as a herbicidal substance.
      
      17.      In 1998, the defendant filed an application with the competent German authorities for the inclusion of the active substance
         iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium in Annex I to Directive 91/414. On 13 December 1998, the defendant filed, in addition, an application
         for the provisional authorisation of the plant protection product ‘Husar’ containing the active substance iodosulfuron in
         accordance with Paragraph 15c of the PflSchG. 
      
      18.      By a decision of 31 May 1999, (6) the Commission confirmed that the dossiers submitted in accordance with Article 6(2) of Directive 91/414 were complete and
         satisfied, in principle, the data and information requirements of Annexes II and III to that directive. Thereupon, by a decision
         of 9 March 2000, the Biologische Bundesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft (German Federal Biological Institute for Agriculture
         and Forestry) granted an authorisation (Authorisation No 4727-00) under Paragraph 15c of the PflSchG for the plant protection
         product ‘Husar’ which was valid up to 8 March 2003.
      
      19.      By a decision of 21 May 2003, (7) the Commission noted that the examination of the dossiers for the purposes of evaluating the application for the inclusion
         of the active substance iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium in Annex I to Directive 91/414 was still ongoing. As there were no reasons
         for immediate concern, the Member States were authorised to prolong provisional authorisations for plant protection products
         containing iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium for a period of 24 months. Following an application by the defendant, the provisional
         authorisation granted by decision of 9 March 2000 was extended to 21 May 2005.
      
      20.      Inclusion of the active substance iodosulfuron in Annex I to Directive 91/414 was effected by Commission Directive 2003/84/EC
         of 25 September 2003 amending Council Directive 91/414/EEC to include flurtamone, flufenacet, iodosulfuron, dimethenamid-p,
         picoxystrobin, fosthiazate and silthiofam as active substances. (8)
      
      21.      By decision of 13 January 2005, the plant protection product ‘Husar’ containing the active substance iodosulfuron was authorised
         under Paragraph 15 of the PflSchG for 10 years up to 31 December 2015. 
      
      22.      On the basis of the authorisation granted on 9 March 2000 under Paragraph 15c of the PflSchG, constituting also the first
         authorisation to place the active substance iodosulfuron on the market in the Community as a plant protection product, the
         defendant had already applied on 8 September 2000 to the Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt (German Patent and Trade Mark Office
         (DPMA)) for the grant of a supplementary protection certificate for iodosulfuron and the esters and salts thereof, including
         non-salt form iodosulfuron-methyl. By decision of 5 October 2001, the DPMA rejected in part the defendant’s application. Following
         an appeal by the defendant against that decision, by decision of 17 July 2003 the referring court granted the supplementary
         protection certificate for plant protection products No 100 75 026 for ‘iodosulfuron and its C1 to C12 alykl esters and salts
         including iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium salt’ covering the period from 13 February 2012 to 9 March 2015. The calculation of the
         certificate’s duration took as its basis the authorisation of 9 March 2000 as being the first authorisation for placing the
         product on the market in the Community.
      
      23.      The claimant in the main proceedings (‘the claimant’) has brought proceedings to have supplementary protection certificate
         No 100 75 026 set aside as being void. That certificate, it submits, is void under Article 15(1)(a) of Regulation No 1610/96
         on the ground that it was granted contrary to Article 3(1)(b) of that regulation. Authorisation No 4727-00 of 9 March 2000
         granted under Paragraph 15c of the PflSchG, on which the certificate is based, corresponds to a provisional authorisation
         for placing the product on the market in accordance with Article 8(1) of Directive 91/414 and, accordingly, does not satisfy
         the condition set out in Article 3(1)(b) of Regulation No 1610/96. 
      
      24.      As the referring court has doubts regarding the interpretation of Article 3(1)(b) of Regulation No 1610/96, it has referred
         to the Court the following question for a preliminary ruling:
      
      ‘For the purpose of the application of Article 3(1)(b) of Regulation No 1610/96, must account be taken exclusively of a marketing
         authorisation under Article 4 of Directive 91/414, or can a certificate also be issued pursuant to a marketing authorisation
         which has been granted on the basis of Article 8(1) of Directive 91/414?’
      
      IV –  Procedure before the Court
      25.      The reference for a preliminary ruling dated 28 April 2009 was received at the Registry of the Court on 24 June 2009. In the
         written procedure, the claimant, the defendant, the Government of the Italian Republic and the Commission submitted observations.
         At the hearing of 22 April 2010, representatives of the claimant and defendant and the Commission participated.
      
      V –  Arguments of the parties
      26.      According to the claimant and the Commission, the grant of a supplementary protection certificate under Art 3(1)(b) of Regulation
         No 1610/96 necessarily requires a marketing authorisation granted pursuant to Article 4 of Directive 91/414. By contrast,
         the defendant and the Government of the Italian Republic take the view that the reference in Article 3(1)(b) of Regulation
         No 1610/96 may not be restricted to definitive authorisations in accordance with Article 4 of Directive 91/414 but must be
         extended to cover provisional authorisations issued under Article 8(1) of that directive.
      
      27.      The defendant stresses, first, the considerable economic significance of the question referred. In that context, it emphasises in particular
         that the DPMA has altered its practice regarding the grant of supplementary protection certificates for plant protection products.
         As, hitherto, the established practice of the DPMA and most of the bodies in other Member States was to grant those protection
         certificates on the basis of an authorisation in accordance with Article 8(1) of Directive 91/414, the majority of supplementary
         protection certificates for plant protection products granted in Germany and other Member States would be rendered void if
         the Court were to deem that practice to be incompatible with the regulation. The harm to the industry would be immense and
         irreparable, particularly as in the cases in which authorisations pursuant to Article 4 of Directive 91/414 have in the interim
         been granted the application period under Article 7 of Regulation No 1610/96 has expired and, as a result, ultimately, no
         applications could be made for new protection certificates. 
      
      28.      In the defendant’s view, to restrict Article 3(1)(b) of Regulation No 1610/96 exclusively to authorisations in accordance
         with Article 4 of Directive 91/414 would in practice lead to outcomes – relevant not only to the past but also to the future
         – which would be at variance with the declared meaning and purpose of the regulation. That follows, inter alia, from the fact
         that the authorisation procedure in accordance with Article 4 of Directive 91/414 may require such a lengthy period that the
         basic patent may have expired before an authorisation in accordance with Article 4 of Directive 91/414 has been granted. In
         that context, for the most part, the applicant is not responsible for the length of time taken by the authorisation process.
         The owner of an expired basic patent, precisely in the case of such particularly lengthy authorisation processes, would no
         longer have the possibility to obtain a protection certificate and, more particularly, not through any fault of its own.
      
      29.      In the defendant’s view, the wording of Article 3(1)(b) of Regulation No 1610/96 can extend to authorisations in accordance
         with Article 8 of Directive 91/414. Such an interpretation would correspond to the spirit and purpose of Regulation No 1610/96.
         This, it argues, follows from the fact that, ultimately, authorisations in accordance with Article 4 and authorisations in
         accordance with Article 8(1) of Directive 91/414 are equivalent. In substantive terms, an authorisation in accordance with
         Article 8(1) of Directive 91/414 constitutes an authorisation in accordance with Article 4 of that directive. 
      
      30.      In addition, the defendant stresses that under Article 3(1)(b) of Regulation No 1610/96, for the purposes of issuing a protection
         certificate, an authorisation granted in accordance with an equivalent provision of national law also suffices. If such a
         marketing authorisation for a plant protection product granted pursuant to an application for authorisation submitted prior
         to the transposition of Directive 91/414 suffices of itself for the purposes of granting the protection certificate, then,
         a fortiori, an application for authorisation in accordance with Article 8(1) of Directive 91/414 submitted after transposition suffices.
         
      
      31.      Finally, the defendant advances an argument also on the basis of Article 13(3) of Regulation No 1610/96. According to that
         provision, for the purposes of calculating the duration of the certificate, account is to be taken of a provisional first
         authorisation only if it is directly followed by a definitive authorisation concerning the same product. In the defendant’s
         view, ‘provisional authorisations’ within the terms of Article 13(3) of Regulation No 1610/96 means both provisional authorisations
         in accordance with Article 8(1) of Directive 91/414 and ‘emergency authorisations’ under Article 8(4) of that directive. The
         rule established in Article 13(3) of Regulation No 1610/96 can be explained by the fact that emergency authorisations under
         Article 8(4) of Directive 91/414 generally are not directly followed by authorisations pursuant to Article 4 or Article 8(1)
         of that directive.
      
      32.      The Italian Government stresses the fact that the supplementary protection certificate under Regulation No 1610/96 is intended to grant the patent
         holder effective protection in excess of what the patent itself guarantees. In addition, according to recital 8 in the preamble
         to Regulation No 1610/96, the grant of such a certificate may be regarded as a positive measure for the protection of the
         environment. As, in accordance with Article 2 EC, protection of the environment constitutes a primary objective, the requirements
         for the grant of a protection certificate should not be applied vis-à-vis an applicant in an overly restrictive or disadvantageous
         manner.
      
      33.      The Italian Government emphasises from a schematic perspective that, according to Article 13 of Regulation No 1610/96, for
         the purposes of calculating the duration of the protective certificate, account is to be taken of a provisional first authorisation
         in accordance with Article 8(1) of Directive 91/414. Against that background, it would be contrary to the Regulation’s scheme
         if a provisional authorisation could not be invoked as the basis for the grant of a protection certificate. In addition, the
         protection inherent in the supplementary protection certificate would not be effective if it was not ensured from the date
         of the first commercial market exploitation but only from the grant of a definitive authorisation at a later date. In the
         latter case, there would be the risk, too, that the basic patent might have expired during the period of the authorisation
         process.
      
      34.      In the view of the claimant, the clear wording itself of Article 3(1)(b) of Regulation No 1610/96 militates against the grant of a supplementary protection
         certificate on the basis of a provisional authorisation in accordance with Article 8(1) of Directive 91/414. Such provisional
         authorisation, it argues, is not even mentioned in Article 3(1)(b) of Regulation No 1610/96. Moreover, such provisional authorisation
         cannot be interpreted either as an ‘authorisation in accordance with Article 4’ or as an ‘authorisation in accordance with
         an equivalent provision of national law’. 
      
      35.      According to the claimant, from the scheme of Regulation No 1610/96, it follows also that supplementary protection certificates
         may be granted only on the basis of definitive authorisations in accordance with Article 4 of Directive 91/414. In its view,
         that interpretation of Article 3(1)(b) of Regulation No 1610/96 is not precluded by the purpose of that regulation. Its primary
         purpose is to compensate – through the grant of certificates – for the period lost as a result of the lengthy authorisation
         process, thereby allowing the patent owner to recoup its investment in the research and development of the plant protection
         product. However, that purpose is not prejudiced by the fact that a patent owner may apply for a certificate only at a later
         date, that is, only on definitive authorisation. The duration of the certificate is thereby unaffected. 
      
      36.      In the view of the Commission also, Article 3(1)(b) of Regulation No 1610/96 must be interpreted as meaning that an authorisation for the marketing of
         a plant protection product in accordance with Article 8(1) of Directive 91/414 may not constitute the basis for the grant
         of a supplementary protection certificate.
      
      37.      In the Commission’s view, that interpretation is supported, first, by the wording of Article 3(1)(b) of Regulation No 1610/96.
         A schematic perspective confirms that interpretation, given the fact that Article 13(3) is the only provision of that regulation
         which expressly employs the terms ‘provisional’ and ‘definitive’ in relation to a marketing authorisation. In that connection,
         so it argues, account must be taken of a provisional marketing authorisation for the purposes only of calculating the duration
         of the certificate.
      
      38.      In the Commission’s view, its interpretation is also more effective than the contrary interpretation in satisfying the demands
         of legal certainty. It is obvious, it claims, that an interpretation of Article 3(1)(b) of Regulation No 1610/96 which goes
         beyond the wording of that provision raises consequential problems which, in the interests of legal certainty, ought to be
         avoided.
      
      39.      Finally, according to the Commission, it is also not evident that an interpretation which implies that a protection certificate
         may be granted only on the basis of a definitive, and not on the basis of a provisional, marketing authorisation within the
         meaning of Directive 91/414 would interfere with the legitimate interests of the patent owner. The risk – raised in argument
         in the main proceedings – that the definitive marketing authorisation might be granted only after the expiry of the term of
         protection of the basic patent is, in its view, simply theoretical. If the application for the marketing authorisation is
         lodged at a time closely connected to the grant of the basic patent, it is extremely unlikely that such a risk would materialise.
      
      40.      At the hearing, in response to questioning, the parties to the main proceedings and the Commission advanced arguments on the
         question whether, in the event that the Court were to conclude in the present case that supplementary protection certificates
         may not be granted on the basis of provisional authorisations in accordance with Article 8(1) of Directive 91/414, the temporal
         effects of the preliminary ruling should be limited to the future. 
      
      41.      In the defendant’s view, a temporal limitation on the effects of such a judgment would establish, in principle, legal certainty
         in relation to the past. As regards the future, however, the problem of the lengthy authorisation process under Article 4
         of Directive 91/414 would remain. On the other hand, the Commission, supported on this point by the claimant, considers that
         it would be unnecessary to issue such a ruling on an ex nunc basis. In the Commission’s view, consideration of the legal consequences of such a judgment in relation to supplementary
         protection certificates already granted should be reserved for future cases in which applications are made to have such certificates
         set aside as being void on the basis of Article 15 of Regulation No 1610/96. Having regard to the general principles of legal
         certainty and protection of legitimate expectations inherent in the legal order of the European Union, it would be a matter
         for determination in those future cases whether, in relation to infringements of Article 3(1)(b) which arose prior to the
         handing-down of judgment in the present proceedings, the penalty of invalidity provided for in Article 15 of Regulation No 1610/96
         would have to be suspended.
      
      VI –  Legal appraisal
      42.      The main question to be answered in the present proceedings is whether a supplementary protection certificate pursuant to
         Regulation No 1610/96 may be applied for and granted simply following the receipt of a provisional marketing authorisation
         for a plant protection product in accordance with Article 8(1) of Directive 91/414 or only following the receipt of a definitive
         marketing authorisation in accordance with Article 4 of that directive.
      
      43.      As the answer to that question results from the interplay of Directive 91/414 and Regulation No 1610/96, first of all, I shall
         briefly examine the provisions included in that directive and regulation and how they interlink. On the basis of those clarifications,
         I shall then analyse and answer the question referred. Finally, I shall consider the economic effects of my proposed answer
         and, in that connection, examine whether the temporal effects of the judgment on the reference for a preliminary ruling ought
         to be limited.
      
      A –    The provisions of Directive 91/414 and Regulation No 1610/96 and how they interlink
      1.      The authorisation to place plant protection products on the market under Directive 91/414
      44.      The objective of Directive 91/414 is to harmonise national rules on the grant of authorisations (9) to place plant protection products on the market. That harmonised scheme is intended primarily to ensure a high standard
         of protection for human and animal health and for the environment. (10) Against that background, authorisation to place plant protection products on the market in accordance with Directive 91/414
         must, in principle, be limited to certain plant protection products containing certain active substances specified at European
         Union level on the basis of their toxicological and ecotoxicological properties. (11)
      
      45.      For those purposes, Directive 91/414 provides for the compilation of a European Union list of authorised active substances
         which plant protection products are permitted to include. That list is attached as Annex I to Directive 91/414 and is updated
         at regular intervals. The procedure for the inclusion of active substances in Annex I is set out in Articles 5 and 6 of that
         directive. The inclusion of an active substance in Annex I to Directive 91/414 applies for an initial period not exceeding
         10 years; (12) on request, however, it may be renewed once or more for periods not exceeding 10 years. However, that inclusion may be reviewed
         at any time. (13)
      
      46.      In order to ensure that only plant protection products which include the active substances mentioned in Annex I are placed
         on the market, Article 4(1)(a) of Directive 91/414 provides as a basic rule that a plant protection product may not be authorised
         in an individual Member State unless its active substances are listed in Annex I and any conditions laid down therein are
         fulfilled. In addition, the requirements laid down in Article 4(1)(b) to (f) on the effectiveness and safety of the plant
         protection product concerned must also be satisfied. 
      
      47.      As the procedure for the inclusion of an active substance in Annex I may take several years, Article 8(1) of Directive 91/414
         provides for a derogation under which a Member State may authorise, for a provisional period not exceeding three years, the
         placing on the market of plant protection products containing an active substance not listed in Annex I and not yet available
         on the market two years after notification of that directive. Such a provisional authorisation presupposes, however, that
         the applicant has requested the inclusion of the active substance in Annex I and has submitted a dossier in accordance with
         the requirements of European Union law and that the Member State concerned has established that the active substance and the
         plant protection product are likely to satisfy the requirements on effectiveness and safety laid down in Article 5(1) and
         Article 4(1)(b) to (f). If, on expiry of the three-year period, a decision has not been taken on the inclusion of the active
         substance in Annex I, a further period may be authorised in accordance with the fourth subparagraph of Article 8(1).
      
      48.      In addition to that provisional authorisation in anticipation of the inclusion of an active substance in Annex I to Directive
         91/414, Article 8(4) provides for the possibility of an emergency authorisation. According to that provision, in special circumstances
         a Member State may authorise, for a period not exceeding 120 days, the placing on the market of plant protection products,
         the active substances of which are not listed in Annex I and which do not satisfy the requirements regarding effectiveness
         and safety laid down in Article 4(1)(b) to (f), for a limited and controlled use if such a measure appears necessary because
         of an unforeseeable danger which cannot be contained by other means.
      
      2.      Grant of a supplementary protection certificate for plant protection products under Regulation No 1610/96
      49.      The primary objective of the supplementary protection certificate for plant protection products introduced by Regulation No
         1610/96 is to extend the period of patent protection for active substances used in plant protection products.
      
      50.      The regular term of patent protection is 20 years, calculated from the date of application for registration of the invention.
         If an authorisation to place plant protection products on the market in accordance with Directive 91/414 is granted only following
         the filing of an application to have the patent registered, manufacturers of plant protection products will be unable commercially
         to exploit their position of exclusivity in relation to the active substances protected under the patent during the period
         which elapses between the application to have the patent registered and authorisation to place the plant protection product
         concerned on the market. Since, in the view of the legislature, this makes the period of effective protection under the patent
         insufficient to cover the investment in research and to generate the resources needed to maintain a high level of research, (14) Regulation No 1610/96 grants those manufacturers the possibility to extend their rights to exclusivity by applying for a
         supplementary protection certificate to cover a period not exceeding 15 years from the time at which the plant protection
         product first obtains authorisation to be placed on the market within the European Union. (15)
      
      51.      Against that background, the scope of Regulation No 1610/96 is circumscribed in Article 2 on the basis of two principal criteria,
         that is, (1) the existence of a product protected by a patent, which (2) prior to being placed on the market as a plant protection
         product was subject to an administrative authorisation procedure in accordance with Article 4 of Directive 91/414. If, in
         relation to the plant protection product concerned, the application for authorisation was lodged before Directive 91/414 was
         implemented by the Member State at issue, Regulation No 1610/96, according to Article 2 thereof, applies on condition that
         the product protected by the patent was subject to a national procedure equivalent to that provided for in Article 4 of Directive
         91/414.
      
      52.      The principal criteria laid down in Article 2 of Regulation No 1610/96 governing the regulation’s scope are repeated in Article
         3 as conditions for the grant of a supplementary protection certificate. Under Article 3(1), a protection certificate will
         be granted if, in the Member State in which the application is submitted, at the date of that application the product is protected
         by a basic patent in force (subparagraph (a)) and a valid authorisation to place the product on the market as a plant protection
         product has been granted in accordance with Article 4 of Directive 91/414 or an equivalent provision of national law (subparagraph
         (b)). According to that provision, the grant of a protection certificate is subject to further conditions, namely, that the
         product has not already been the subject of a certificate (subparagraph (c)) and that the authorisation referred to in subparagraph
         (b) is the first authorisation to place the product on the market as a plant protection product (subparagraph (d)).
      
      3.      The interlinking of Regulation No 1610/96 and Directive 91/414
      53.      It follows from the above observations that the purpose of Regulation No 1610/96 is to confer on the owner of a patent for
         a product intended to be used as a plant protection product an additional period for exclusive commercial exploitation of
         that product. The economic motivation for that preferential treatment for manufacturers of plant protection products with
         patented active substances is the fact that, although patent protection applies following a successful application to register
         a patent in relation to an active substance used in plant protection products, such protection cannot be exploited commercially
         as long as there is no authorisation to place the plant protection product on the market in accordance with Directive 91/414.
         As the processing of the application for authorisation may take a long time, there is a risk that the period of effective
         protection under the patent may be reduced to an insufficient duration. The supplementary protection certificate for plant
         protection products is designed to counteract that risk.
      
      54.      Against that background, the scope of Regulation No 1610/96 is defined by reference to the authorisation for placing plant
         protection products on the market governed by Directive 91/414. If the plant protection product at issue is one for which
         an application for a marketing authorisation was lodged following the implementation of Directive 91/414 in the Member State
         concerned, Regulation No 1610/96 applies where an active substance used in that plant protection product is protected by a
         basic patent and a marketing authorisation for the plant protection product in that Member State has been granted in accordance
         with Article 4 of Directive 91/414. 
      
      B –    A supplementary protection certificate for plant protection products may not be granted on the basis of a provisional marketing
            authorisation within the meaning of Article 8(1) of Directive 91/414
      55.      By its question, the referring court seeks ultimately to ascertain whether a supplementary protection certificate for plant
         protection products under Regulation No 1610/96 may be applied for and granted on the basis of a provisional authorisation
         to place the plant protection product on the market which was issued pursuant to Article 8(1) of Directive 91/414.
      
      56.      In my view, that question must be answered in the negative.
      
      57.      According to the clear wording of Article 3(1)(b) of Regulation No 1610/96, a supplementary protection certificate may be
         granted only if, in the Member State in which the application for the certificate is submitted, a valid authorisation to place
         the product on the market as a plant protection product has, at the date of that application, been granted in accordance with
         Article 4 of Directive 91/414 or an equivalent provision of national law. It follows from Article 2 of Regulation No 1610/96
         that the criterion of an authorisation pursuant to an equivalent provision of national law applies only to cases in which
         the application for the marketing authorisation was lodged before Directive 91/414 was implemented in the Member State concerned.
      
      58.      Therefore, according to its wording, Article 3(1)(b) of Regulation No 1610/96 does not allow a supplementary protection certificate
         to be granted on the basis of a provisional authorisation to place the plant protection product on the market within the meaning
         of Article 8(1) of Directive 91/414.
      
      59.      In the view of the defendant and the Italian Government, on a schematic and teleological interpretation, and contrary to its
         clear wording, Article 3(1)(b) of Regulation No 1610/96 ought to be construed to mean that a supplementary protection certificate
         may be granted also on the basis of a provisional marketing authorisation issued pursuant to Article 8(1) of Directive 91/414.
      
      60.      I cannot identify any schematic or teleological arguments which might permit or justify such an interpretation.
      
      61.      From a schematic perspective, it must be emphasised that Directive 91/414 distinguishes between three separate categories
         of authorisation to place plant protection products on the market, (16) that is, definitive authorisations in accordance with Article 4, provisional authorisations in accordance with Article 8(1)
         and emergency authorisations in accordance with Article 8(4). That distinction between the separate categories of authorisations
         is reflected systematically and very clearly in Regulation No 1610/96. 
      
      62.      In relation simply to its material scope, Article 2 of Regulation No 1610/96 makes clear that the regulation applies only
         in so far as a marketing authorisation in accordance with Article 4 of Directive 91/414 has been granted, that is, of course,
         presupposing that the application for authorisation was lodged after Directive 91/414 had been implemented. (17) Therefore, the possibility to obtain a certificate on the basis of a provisional authorisation in accordance with Article
         8(1) of Directive 91/414 or on the basis of an emergency authorisation in accordance with Article 8(4) of that directive is
         ruled out simply in terms of the scope of Regulation No 1610/96. 
      
      63.      In establishing the conditions for the grant of a supplementary protection certificate, Article 3(1)(b) of Regulation No 1610/96
         refers expressly also to the authorisation in accordance in Article 4 of Directive 91/414. The same applies with regard to
         Article 7 of Regulation No 1610/96, according to which an application for a supplementary protection certificate must be lodged
         within six months of the date on which the marketing authorisation referred to in Article 3(1)(b) was granted, if at that
         date the basic patent has already been granted.
      
      64.      The only context in which Regulation No 1610/96 refers substantively to the category of provisional authorisations within
         the meaning of Article 8(1) of Directive 91/414 is in the determination of the duration of the protection certificate. 
      
      65.      According to Article 13(1) of Regulation No 1610/96, the certificate takes effect at the end of the lawful term of the basic
         patent for a period equal to the period which elapsed between the date on which the application for a basic patent was lodged
         and the date of the first authorisation to place the product on the market in the European Union, reduced by a period of five
         years. According to Article 13(2), the duration of the certificate may not exceed five years from the date on which it takes
         effect. Article 13(3) then makes clear that account may be taken of a provisional first marketing authorisation only if it
         is directly followed by a definitive authorisation concerning the same product.
      
      66.      Having regard to the purpose of Article 13 of Regulation No 1610/96, that reference to provisional authorisations under Article
         8(1) of Directive 91/414 is wholly unsuitable as an argument that the grant of such provisional authorisation suffices in
         itself to trigger the application of Regulation No 1610/96. Rather, it is evident from the recitals in the preamble that the
         objective underlying the supplementary protection certificate is to grant the patent owner the period of protection of exclusivity
         required to cover the investment put into research, without losing sight, nevertheless, of all the other interests at stake. (18) Against that background, Article 13(3) of Regulation No 1610/96 essentially provides that, for the purposes of calculating
         the duration of the certificate, regard must be had also to the opportunities for recoupment enjoyed by the patent owner resulting
         from the grant of a provisional authorisation within the terms of Article 8(1) of Directive 91/414. However, that consideration
         given to a provisional authorisation under Article 8(1) of Directive 91/414 for the purposes of determining a fair period
         during which patent owners may recoup their investments does not permit any conclusions to be reached in relation to the scope
         of Regulation No 1610/96 or in relation to the conditions established in Article 3(1) of that regulation governing the grant
         of supplementary protection certificates.
      
      67.      In that connection, it should also be noted that Article 13 of Regulation No 1610/96 refers to authorisations to place the product on the market in the Community, whereas Article 3 of that regulation requires a valid authorisation, in accordance with Article 4 of Directive 91/414, to place the product on the market in the Member State in which the application for a certificate is submitted. Thus, in terms of their geographical scope, the references in Article 3 and in Article 13 of Regulation No 1610/96 to ‘marketing
         authorisations’ are certainly not identical. (19) That distinction is reflected, for example, in Article 8(1)(a)(iv) of Regulation No 1610/96. According to that provision,
         the application for a certificate must include the number and date of the first authorisation to place the product on the
         market, as referred to in Article 3(1)(b) of that regulation, and, if that authorisation is not the first authorisation to
         place the product on the market within the European Union, the number and date of such authorisation.
      
      68.      Having regard to the need – confirmed in consistent case-law (20) – for an interpretation of Council Regulation (EEC) No 1768/92 of 18 June 1992 concerning the creation of a supplementary
         protection certificate for medicinal products (21) and Regulation No 1610/96 which is coherent, it must be emphasised in that connection also that the possibility of granting
         provisional authorisations to place a product on the market constitutes a specific feature of Directive 91/414. In those circumstances,
         the reference to such provisional authorisations in Article 13(3) of Regulation No 1610/96 constitutes also a specific feature
         of that regulation. Thus, on that point, Regulation No 1610/96 differs from Regulation No 1768/92, which, for the remainder,
         shares almost identical wording. (22)
      
      69.      If one were to interpret Regulation No 1610/96 as meaning that regard could be had to a provisional marketing authorisation
         in accordance with Article 8(1) of Directive 91/414 not only for the purposes of calculating the duration of the certificate
         in accordance with Article 13 but also as a criterion for the grant of a protection certificate in accordance with Article
         3(1)(b), that would result, ultimately, in the abandonment of the structural symmetry between Regulation No 1610/96 and Regulation
         1768/92 in relation to their scope and the conditions governing their application. That would scarcely be compatible with
         the need to ensure a coherent interpretation of both regulations.
      
      70.      In the light of the foregoing, I conclude that a schematic and teleological interpretation of Regulation No 1610/96 confirms
         the literal interpretation of Article 3(1)(b), namely, that a supplementary protection certificate may not be granted on the
         basis of provisional marketing authorisation under Article 8(1) of Directive 91/414.
      
      71.      In the view of the defendant, such an interpretation of Article 3(1)(b) of Regulation No 1610/96 would result in an unacceptable
         outcome. Having regard to the potentially extremely lengthy authorisation process under Article 4 of Directive 91/414, a patent
         owner could never be sure that it will obtain the authorisation in accordance with Article 4 prior to the expiry of the patent’s
         term. If it were to obtain that authorisation only after expiry of the basic patent, it would no longer be in a position to
         apply for certificate protection, an outcome which would be contrary to the purpose of Regulation No 1610/96. In the light
         of the resulting gap in the law, the defendant invites the Court to close that gap with a contra legem interpretation of Article 3(1)(b) of Regulation No 1610/96.
      
      72.      In my view, the alleged gap in the law identified by the defendant does not exist. 
      
      73.      From my observations above, it follows that the grant of a supplementary protection certificate in accordance with Regulation
         No 1610/96 presupposes, inter alia, that, at the date of the application for the certificate, the product concerned is protected
         by a basic patent in force (23) and that at that date an authorisation to place the plant protection product concerned on the market has been granted in
         accordance with Article 4 of Directive 91/414.
      
      74.      As the regular term of patent protection lasts for 20 years from the date of application to have the invention registered,
         the alleged gap in the law identified by the defendant would arise only if those 20 years were to constitute an insufficient
         period in which to obtain, first, the registered patent and an authorisation to place the product under patent on the market
         as a plant protection product in accordance with Article 4 of Directive 91/414 and, subsequently, on that basis, to apply
         for a supplementary protection certificate in accordance with Regulation No 1610/96.
      
      75.      No information has been provided in the present proceedings which might lead one to conclude that the patent term of 20 years
         from the date of application to have the invention registered is insufficient to obtain, first, the registered patent and
         the authorisation to place the product under patent on the market as a plant protection product in accordance with Article
         4 of Directive 91/414 and, on that basis, to apply for a supplementary protection certificate in accordance with Regulation
         No 1610/96. (24)
      
      76.      Even if, in an exceptional case, the process of obtaining the authorisation under Article 4 of Directive 91/414 were to be
         excessively lengthy, such that the patent term of 20 years from the date of application to have the invention registered is
         insufficient for the purposes of applying for a supplementary protection certificate, that most likely would result from an
         error or inattention on the part of one or more of the parties concerned. To the extent to which the lengthiness of the process
         were to result from an error or a lapse by the applicant, it would hardly be appropriate to refer to this as constituting
         a gap in the law. However, even if the excessive duration of the process were to result from an error or a lapse by the national
         authorities or the Commission, this would not, in my view, amount to a gap in the system established by Regulation No 1610/96.
         Instead, such a situation would reflect a failing by the authorities for which compensation would have to be sought in proceedings
         brought against those authorities with a view to establishing liability. 
      
      77.      Finally, I should like to add that the interpretation favoured by the defendant, according to which a supplementary protection
         certificate could be granted also on the basis of a provisional marketing authorisation under Article 8(1) of Directive 91/414,
         would result in many consequential problems in the interpretation of Regulation No 1610/96. The main reason for that is the
         fact that, in terms of its wording and scheme, Regulation No 1610/96 is drafted and constructed in such a way that only an
         authorisation granted in the Member State concerned in accordance with Article 4 of Directive 91/414 may operate as the basis
         for the grant of a supplementary protection certificate. If it were possible for a supplementary protection certificate to
         be granted additionally on the basis of a provisional marketing authorisation granted in that Member State under Article 8(1)
         of Directive 91/414, every provision of Regulation No 1610/96 referring directly or indirectly to a marketing authorisation
         under Article 4 of Directive 91/414 would have to be examined in order to determine whether it also covers an authorisation
         granted in the Member State concerned under Article 8(1) of Directive 91/414. 
      
      78.      A good example in this respect is Article 7 of Regulation No 1610/96, which establishes a six-month period in which to apply
         for a certificate. If the authorisation to place the product on the market is granted after the basic patent has been granted,
         in accordance with Article 7(1), that six-month period begins on the date on which the authorisation referred to in Article
         3(1)(b) to place the product on the market as a plant protection product was granted. If, however, a provisional authorisation
         in accordance with Article 8(1) of Directive 91/414 is to be categorised as an authorisation to place the product on the market
         in accordance with Article 3(1)(b) of Regulation No 1610/96, the question will necessarily arise as to whether the owner of
         the basic patent now has two six-month periods in which to apply for the certificate, that is, one following the authorisation
         in accordance with Article 8(1) and another following the authorisation in accordance with Article 4 of Directive 91/414.
         If a patent owner were granted two six-month periods, that would not only be at variance with the wording of Article 7(1)
         of Regulation No 1610/96 but would also eliminate in that area the coherence between the rules on certificate applications
         in accordance with that regulation and with Regulation No 1768/92. (25) If, on the other hand, only one six-month period were granted, that would logically preclude a certificate application after
         the expiry of the ‘first’ six-month period starting from the grant of the marketing authorisation in accordance with Article
         8(1) of Directive 91/414, which, in turn, would be contrary to the Regulation’s scheme and seriously affect the interests
         of a patent owner which had awaited the grant of an authorisation in accordance with Article 4 of Directive 91/414 before
         lodging its application.
      
      79.      A similar problem would arise in the interpretation of Article 3(1)(d) of Regulation No 1610/96. According to that provision,
         a supplementary protection certificate may be granted only if the authorisation referred to in subparagraph (b) of that paragraph
         is the first authorisation to place that product on the market as a plant protection product. (26) If, however, a provisional authorisation under Article 8(1) of Directive 91/414 is also to be categorised as an authorisation
         to place the product on the market under Article 3(1)(b) of Regulation No 1610/96, that would mean that the authorisation
         in accordance with Article 4 of that directive to place the same product on the market would have to be regarded – in so far
         as a provisional authorisation had already been granted – as a ‘second’ authorisation. If, in that scenario, the owner of
         the basic patent did not apply for the supplementary protection certificate following receipt of the preliminary authorisation,
         Article 3(1)(d) of Regulation No 1610/96 would, in principle, preclude such an application following receipt of the definitive
         authorisation. In this case, too, the outcome would be contrary to the Regulation’s scheme and would constitute a grave interference
         with the interests of patent owners which had awaited the grant of an authorisation under Article 4 of Directive 91/414 before
         applying for a supplementary protection certificate.
      
      80.      In summary, therefore, I conclude that, on a literal, schematic and purposive interpretation of Article 3(1)(b) of Regulation
         No 1610/96, a supplementary protection certificate for plant protection products cannot be granted on the basis of a marketing
         authorisation issued pursuant to Article 8(1) of Directive 91/414.
      
      C –    Temporal limitation on the effects of the judgment on the reference for a preliminary ruling
      81.      If, in giving its judgment on this reference for a preliminary ruling, the Court should hold – as I have proposed – that a
         supplementary protection certificate for plant protection products may not be granted on the basis of a marketing authorisation
         under Article 8(1) of Directive 91/414, in the main proceedings, the referring court must, ultimately, set aside as void the
         supplementary protection certificate No 100 75 026 for ‘iodosulfuron and its C1 to C12 alykl esters and salts including iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium
         salt’. In that case, it would be clear that the certificate had been granted contrary to the provisions of Article 3 of Regulation
         No 1610/96 and, as a result, in accordance with Article 15(1) of that regulation, must be regarded as invalid.
      
      82.      However, the legal consequences of such a ruling would not be limited to the main proceedings.
      
      83.      Regard must be had in that connection to the settled case-law of the Court to the effect that the interpretation which, in
         the exercise of the jurisdiction conferred on it by Article 267 TFEU, the Court gives to a rule of European Union law clarifies
         and defines the meaning and scope of that rule as it must be or ought to have been understood and applied from the time of
         its entry into force. It follows that the rule as thus interpreted may, and must, be applied by the courts even to legal relationships
         which arose and were established before the judgment ruling on the request for interpretation, provided that in other respects
         the conditions for bringing a dispute relating to the application of that rule before the competent courts are satisfied. (27) In other words, a judgment on a reference for a preliminary ruling does not create or alter the law, but is purely declaratory,
         with the consequence that in principle it takes effect from the date on which the rule interpreted entered into force. (28)
      
      84.      In that connection, in its reference, the Bundespatentgericht notes that the well-established practice of the DPMA was to
         grant supplementary protection certificates for plant protection products on the basis of authorisations under Article 8(1)
         of Directive 91/414. In addition, it would appear – according to that court – that in other Member States, too, such certificates
         were granted on the basis of provisional authorisations. That was the case, for example, in Belgium, Italy and the United
         Kingdom. (29) The defendant, too, asserts that in other Member States of the European Union protection certificates were, and continue
         to be, granted regularly on the basis of authorisations in accordance with Article 8(1) of Directive 91/414. It claims that
         in its portfolio of protective rights at a European level some 75% of all its protection certificates were granted on the
         basis of such provisional authorisations. As proof to support those assertions, the defendant has submitted several protection
         certificates for plant protection products granted in Spain, Italy, the United Kingdom, France, Austria, the Netherlands and
         Ireland on the basis of provisional authorisations in accordance with Article 8(1) of Directive 91/414. (30) In addition, the defendant has submitted a position paper by the European Crop Protection Association of 28 September 2009. (31) According to the position paper, prior to the reversal in the decision-making practice of the DPMA in 2007, it was the uncontested
         practice of national patent authorities in all the Member States to grant supplementary protection certificates for plant
         protection products on the basis of marketing authorisations under Article 8(1) of Directive 91/414. As a result, at a European
         Union level some 90% of protection certificates granted were based on a provisional authorisation to place on the market the
         plant protection product concerned. (32)
      
      85.      If, in the present proceedings, the Court should rule that supplementary protection certificates for plant protection products
         may not be granted on the basis of an authorisation to place the product on the market in accordance with Article 8(1) of
         Directive 91/414, the legal consequences of that ruling would extend significantly beyond the question concerning the invalidity
         of the protection certificate granted to the defendant. The consequence of such a ruling would be that all supplementary protection
         certificates for plant protection products granted on the basis of provisional authorisations in accordance with Article 8(1)
         of Directive 91/414 would have to be regarded as void under the terms of Article 15(1) of Regulation No 1610/96. Thus, in
         accordance with Article 15(2) of that regulation, any person could submit an application or bring an action to have those
         certificates set aside as void. 
      
      86.      Although a determination that a supplementary protection certificate is void does not exclude of itself the possibility that
         the owner of the basic patent may make a new application for a supplementary protection certificate for the plant protection
         product concerned, such an application must satisfy the requirements of Regulation No 1610/96. The most problematic issue
         in that connection is likely to be the period in which applications must be lodged, which, under Article 7(1), is six months
         from the date of the first authorisation to place the product on the market. In all cases in which that period has already
         expired and the possibility to reopen such no longer applies, a determination that protection certificates granted on the
         basis of provisional authorisations are void would result in the irrevocable extinction of the exclusivity rights of the certificate
         owners established therein.
      
      87.      Against that background, it appears to me appropriate to examine the possibilities of a temporal limitation on the effects
         of the judgment on the reference for a preliminary ruling in the present case.
      
      88.      Although Article 264 TFEU grants the Court of Justice express authority to limit the temporal effects of its judgments only
         in relation to actions for annulment, in consistent case-law, the Court has drawn upon the legal notion inherent in that provision
         also in proceedings for a preliminary ruling. The Court does that not only in the context of proceedings for a preliminary
         ruling, in which it must determine the validity of a provision of European Union law or an act of a European Union institution, (33) but also in the context of proceedings for a preliminary ruling in which it is asked to rule on the interpretation of a provision
         of European Union law. (34)
      
      89.      According to that case-law, in exceptional cases, in application of a general principle of legal certainty inherent in the
         legal order of the European Union, the Court may decide to restrict the right to rely upon a provision, which it has interpreted,
         with a view to calling into question legal relations established in good faith. (35)
      
      90.      The determination that a preliminary ruling on a new legal issue takes effect ex nunc allows for subsequent preliminary rulings on the same legal issue to rely on that temporal limitation. That is, if in an
         earlier preliminary ruling on a legal issue the Court ordered its judgment to apply ex nunc, in subsequent preliminary rulings on the same issue, too, the Court may limit the temporal effects of its reply to the date
         on which judgment was handed down in that earlier case. (36) If, on the other hand, the Court first replied to a question by way of a judgment on a reference for a preliminary ruling
         and did not order that judgment to apply ex nunc, in the context of a subsequent preliminary ruling on the same question, it has refused in consistent case-law to impose
         any temporal limitation on the effects of its judgment. (37)
      
      91.      As a general rule, the Court, in application of the general principle of legal certainty inherent in the legal order of the
         European Union, limits the temporal effects of its preliminary rulings only where, first, there is a risk of serious economic
         repercussions owing in particular to the large number of legal relationships entered into in good faith on the basis of rules
         considered to be validly in force and, second, where it appears that both individuals and national authorities have been led
         to adopt practices which do not comply with European Union legislation by reason of objective and significant uncertainty
         regarding the implications of provisions of European Union law, to which the conduct of other Member States or the Commission
         may even have contributed. (38)
      
      92.      In the present case, it should be observed, first, that the Court has not hitherto interpreted Article 3(1)(b) of Regulation
         No 1610/96.
      
      93.      Moreover, as I have already indicated, it must be presumed that a judgment on a reference for a preliminary ruling which establishes
         that a supplementary protection certificate for plant protection products may not be granted on the basis of a provisional
         authorisation to place the product on the market pursuant to Article 8(1) of Directive 91/414 will risk having serious economic
         repercussions. (39)
      
      94.      However, the question as to whether there was objective and significant uncertainty regarding the implications of the condition
         laid down in Article 3(1)(b) of Regulation No 1610/96 for the grant of a supplementary protection certificate which led basic
         patent owners and national authorities to adopt unlawful practices concerning the grant of protection certificates cannot
         easily be answered.
      
      95.      As I have already argued, on a literal, schematic and purposive interpretation of Article 3(1)(b) of Regulation No 1610/96,
         the grant of a supplementary protection certificate for plant protection products on the basis of a marketing authorisation
         issued pursuant to Article 8(1) of Directive 91/414 is precluded.
      
      96.      However, it is apparent from information provided to the Court that the established practice of numerous Member State authorities
         competent to grant supplementary protection certificates for plant protection products was to grant such certificates on the
         basis of provisional marketing authorisations issued in accordance with Article 8(1) of Directive 91/414. In addition, it
         follows from the decision to refer in the present case that the referring court, too, in its capacity as a court dealing with
         appeals brought against decisions taken by the DPMA, approved that practice and quashed the decision of the DPMA to abandon
         that practice. (40)
      
      97.      It follows, further, from the decision making the reference in the present case that the practice of granting supplementary
         protection certificates on the basis of provisional authorisations must be understood as resulting from an extensive interpretation
         of Article 3(1)(b) of Regulation No 1610/96 which was intended to ensure as far as possible that the objectives of that regulation
         could be realised. (41)
      
      98.      According to the referring court, the development of that practice results, inter alia, from the fact that a provisional authorisation
         to place an active substance on the market as a plant protection product under Article 8(1) of Directive 91/414, as a general
         rule, will lead in practice to the inclusion of that active substance in Annex I and, immediately following the provisional
         authorisation, to a definitive authorisation under Article 4(1) of that directive. In its view, that follows from the strict
         requirements which, under Article 8(1)(a) and (b), in conjunction with Article 6(2) and (3), of Directive 91/414, are applicable
         to provisional authorisations in order to ensure the high level of protection required by the directive. The comprehensive
         dossier on the active substance and one or more preparations containing that active substance compiled in accordance with
         the requirements of Annexes II and III at considerable expense and involving considerable time investment on the part of the
         applicant allows Member States, for the purposes of a provisional authorisation, to establish in accordance with Article 8(1)(b)
         of Directive 91/414 that, from a toxicological and ecotoxicological perspective, the plant protection product is not expected
         to have harmful effects. Further detailed evaluation under the European Union procedure, in practice, confirms, as a rule,
         that projection and leads – where necessary, subject to the imposition of conditions – to the inclusion of the active substance
         in Annex I and to the definitive authorisation to place the product on the market in accordance with Article 4(1) of Directive
         91/414. (42)
      
      99.      According to the referring court, in practice, the first provisional authorisation to place the product on the market in the
         Community is followed immediately by a definitive authorisation concerning the same product in accordance with Article 13(3)
         of Regulation No 1610/96. In its view, the legal basis to ensure that a definitive authorisation immediately follows the first
         provisional authorisation to place the product on the market in the European Union is provided by the fourth subparagraph
         of Article 8(1) of Directive 91/414. According to that provision, by way of derogation from Article 6, if, on expiry of the
         period, not exceeding three years, established in Article 8(1), a decision has not been taken concerning the inclusion of
         an active substance in Annex I, a further period may be ordered to enable a full examination to be made of the dossier and,
         where appropriate, of any additional information requested in accordance with Article 6(3) and (4). In the light of such further
         period, Member States have the power to extend the period of provisional authorisation originally granted. In the present
         case, too, in relation to the active substance iodosulfuron protected by the certificate at issue, by decision of 21 May 2003,
         in accordance with the fourth subparagraph of Article 8(1) of Directive 91/414, the Commission provided for a further period
         limited to 21 May 2005 to enable a full examination to be made of the dossier relating to that active substance. Thereupon,
         in Germany, the authorisation of 9 March 2000 originally limited to 8 March 2003, in accordance with Paragraph 15c(3) of the
         PflSchG, was extended to 21 May 2005. The definitive authorisation in accordance with Paragraph 15 of the PflSchG was granted
         on 13 January 2005, thus factually satisfying the requirement of Article 13(3) of Regulation No 1610/96, and, ultimately,
         the certificate at issue in the proceedings was granted for the correct period. (43)
      
      100. It follows from those observations of the referring court that the practice, in contravention of the regulation, whereby supplementary
         protection certificates were granted on the basis of provisional authorisations in accordance with Article 8(1) of Directive
         91/414, was in essence based on experience gained in everyday procedural practice in conjunction with specific provisions
         of Directive 91/414 and Regulation No 1610/96. In my view, those – primarily practical – considerations do not suffice to
         rebut the interpretation of Article 3(1)(b) of Regulation No 1610/96 which I propose, namely, that supplementary protection
         certificates for plant protection products may not be granted on the basis of provisional authorisations. However, in my view,
         having regard to the particular circumstances of the present case, those considerations allow the conclusion that objective
         and significant uncertainty existed as to the implications of the criterion for the grant of a supplementary protection certificate
         established in Article 3(1)(b) of Regulation No 1610/96, and that this uncertainty led applicants and national authorities
         to adopt the unlawful practice by which supplementary protection certificates were granted on the basis of provisional authorisations
         issued pursuant to Article 8(1) of Directive 91/414.
      
      101. Therefore, having regard to the particular circumstances of the present case, I conclude that the interpretation of Article
         3(1)(b) of Regulation No 1610/96 which I propose risks causing serious economic repercussions for the industry for plant protection
         products. In addition, it may be presumed that the practice of granting supplementary protection certificates on the basis
         of provisional authorisations in accordance with Article 8(1) of Directive 91/414 results from objective and significant uncertainty
         regarding the implications of the provisions concerned. Thus, both basic conditions are satisfied which, according to established
         case-law, are required for the purposes of a temporal limit on the effects of a preliminary ruling.
      
      102. In that connection, it should be mentioned that, in cases in which it imposes a temporal limitation on the effects of a preliminary
         ruling, the Court generally provides for an exception from those ex nunc effects in favour of the parties to the main proceedings and others who have sought legal remedies in the broadest sense prior
         to the handing-down of the judgment. That exception generally applies in those cases in which the applicant in the main proceedings
         seeks to assert pecuniary or other claims and the Court has upheld the legal view on that point taken by the applicant. (44) The motive which essentially underlies such exceptions to the ex nunc effect is that it would be unjust to deny to those parties which have particularly sought to assert their rights prior to
         the handing-down of judgment the ex tunc effects of the judgment on the reference for a preliminary ruling. (45)
      
      103. However, that is not the factual situation which obtains in the main proceedings here. If the claimant’s action to have the
         certificate set aside as void is upheld, that does not mean that the claimant could assert any rights of its own without retroactively
         weakening the legal position of the defendant in relation to others. Instead, the defendant would lose retroactively and erga omnes its position of exclusivity granted by the supplementary protection certificate. Thus, having regard to the particular circumstances
         of the present case, to exempt the claimant from the ex nunc effects of the ruling would impose a disproportionate burden on the defendant. In my view, therefore, in the present case,
         to include such an exception would be also unreasonable.
      
      104. Finally, I should like to observe that I am not persuaded by the Commission’s argument that, in the present case, Article
         3(1)(b) of Regulation No 1610/96 should be interpreted ex tunc in the manner I have proposed on the basis that the legal consequences of the judgment in this case could be temporally limited,
         if necessary, in further references for a preliminary ruling on the application of Article 15 of Regulation No 1610/96 to
         supplementary protection certificates which were granted in contravention of Article 3(1)(b) of Regulation No 1610/96. First,
         such a solution would result in extreme legal uncertainty as to the validity of supplementary protection certificates for
         plant protection products previously granted on the basis of provisional authorisations in accordance with Article 8(1) of
         Directive 91/414. In addition, such a solution would be incompatible with established case-law, according to which a limitation
         on the temporal effects of an interpretation handed down in a preliminary ruling may be imposed only in the case itself which
         delivers a ruling on the interpretation sought. (46)
      
      105. If, in its ruling on the preliminary reference in this case, the Court should rule along the lines which I have proposed,
         namely, to the effect that a supplementary protection certificate for plant protection products may not be granted on the
         basis of an authorisation to place the product on the market issued pursuant to Article 8(1) of Directive 91/414, in the light
         of the foregoing, it appears to me reasonable and justified to limit the effects of that judgment to the future. 
      
      VII –  Conclusion 
      106. On the basis of the foregoing, I propose that the Court should reply to the Bundespatentgericht as follows:
      
      (1)         Article 3(1)(b) of Regulation (EC) No 1610/96 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 1996 concerning the
         creation of a supplementary protection certificate for plant protection products must be interpreted as meaning that a supplementary
         protection certificate for plant protection products may not be granted on the basis of a marketing authorisation for that
         product which was issued pursuant to Article 8(1) of Council Directive 91/414/EEC of 15 July 1991 concerning the placing of
         plant protection products on the market.
      
      (2)         This interpretation of Article 3(1)(b) of Regulation No 1610/96 may not be relied upon for the purpose of any application
         to have set aside, as being void, supplementary protection certificates for plant protection products which were applied for,
         prior to the handing-down of the judgment in the present case, on the basis of provisional marketing authorisations issued
         pursuant to Article 8(1) of Directive 91/414.
      
      1 –	Original language:  German.
      
      2 –	In accordance with the Treaty of Lisbon amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty establishing the European
         Community of 13 December 2007 (OJ 2007 C 306, p. 1), the preliminary-reference procedure is now governed by Article 267 TFEU.
      
      3 –	OJ 1996 L 198, p. 30.
      
      4 –	OJ 1991 L 230, p. 1, as amended by Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 February
         2005 on maximum residue levels of pesticides in or on food and feed of plant and animal origin and amending Council Directive
         91/414/EEC (OJ 2005 L 70, p. 1).
      
      5 –	Gesetz zum Schutz der Kulturpflanzen of 15 September 1986, in the amended version of 14 May 1998 (BGBl. I p. 971, 1527,
         3512), most recently amended by Article 13 of the Law of 29 July 2009 (BGBl. I p. 2542).
      
      6 –	Commission Decision 1999/392/EC of 31 May 1999 recognising in principle the completeness of the dossiers submitted for
         detailed examination in view of the possible inclusion of ZA 1296 (mesotrione), Iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium (AEF 115008) Silthiopham
         (MON 65500) and Gliocladium catenulatum in Annex I to Council Directive 91/414/EEC concerning the placing of plant- protection
         products on the market (OJ 1999 L 148, p. 44).
      
      7 –	Commission Decision 2003/370/EC of 21 May 2003 allowing Member States to extend provisional authorisations granted for
         the new active substances iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium, indoxacarb, S-metolachlor, Spodoptera exigua nuclear polyhedrosis virus, tepraloxydim and dimethenamid-P (OJ 2003 L 127, p. 58).
      
      8 –	OJ 2003 L 247, p. 20.
      
      9 –	The German version of Directive 91/414 does not use the term ‘Genehmigung’ to mean authorisation but refers systematically
         by means of the term ‘Zulassung’ to the authorisation of plant protection products. In Article 2(11) of the directive the
         ‘authorisation of a plant protection product’ [in German: ‘Zulassung eines Pflanzenschutzmittels’] is defined as an ‘administrative
         act by which the competent authority of a Member State authorises, following an application submitted by an applicant, the
         placing on the market of a plant protection product in its territory or in a part thereof’. The German version of Regulation
         No 1610/96 refers to authorisations [‘Zulassungen’] in accordance with Directive 91/414 as authorisations [‘Genehmigungen’]
         to place plant protection products on the market. In the light of that, hereinafter, in German, I will use the term ‘Genehmigung’
         uniformly to mean authorisation both when referring to Directive 91/414 and to Regulation No 1610/96. 
      
      10 –	See the ninth recital in the preamble to Directive 91/414, in which, in addition, protection of human and animal health
         and of the environment is mentioned as taking priority in that connection over the objective of improving plant production.
      
      11 –	See the eleventh recital in the preamble to Directive 91/414.
      
      12 –	Article 5(1) of Directive 91/414.
      
      13 –	Article 5(5) of Directive 91/414.
      
      14 –	See recital 5 in the preamble to Regulation No 1610/96. 
      
      15 –	See recital 11 in the preamble to Regulation No 1610/96.
      
      16 –	See point 46 et seq. of this Opinion.
      
      17 –	See point 51 of this Opinion.
      
      18 –	See recitals 5 to 12 in the preamble to Regulation No 1610/96.
      
      19 –	On that point, see Case C‑127/00 Hässle [2003] ECR I‑14781, paragraph 77, and the Opinion of Advocate General Stix-Hackl in that case, point 85 et seq., concerning
         the interpretation of the identically worded Article 13(1) of Regulation No 1768/92.
      
      20 –	See, for example, Case C‑482/07 AHP Manufacturing [2009] ECR I‑7295, paragraph 23 et seq.; Case C‑431/04 Massachusetts Institute of Technology [2006] ECR I‑4089, paragraph 22 et seq.; and Case C‑392/97 Farmitalia [1999] ECR I‑5553, paragraph 20. 
      
      21 –	OJ 1992 L 182, p. 1.
      
      22 –	On that point, see, for example, Schennen, D., ‘Auf dem Weg zum Schutzzertifikat für Pflanzenschutzmittel’, GRUR Int. 1996, p. 102 et seq. See also Galloux, J.-C., ‘Le certificat complémentaire de protection pour les produits phytopharmaceutiques’,
         JCP 1996 Ed. E, p. 499, point 1. Differences between Regulation No 1610/96 and Regulation No 1768/92 generally stem from provisions included
         in Regulation No 1610/96 as a result of experiences encountered with Regulation No 1768/92. To ensure a coherent interpretation
         of both regulations even on those points, recital 17 in the preamble to Regulation No 1610/96 indicates essentially that the
         innovations introduced by Regulation No 1610/96 apply also in the interpretation of Regulation No 1768/92. That recital is
         based on a proposal by the Council; see Common Position (EC) No 30/95 adopted by the Council on 27 November 1995 with a view
         to adopting Regulation (EC) No 1610/96 of the European Parliament and the Council of 23 July 1996 concerning the creation
         of a supplementary protection certificate for plant protection products (OJ 1995 C 353, p. 36; the second paragraph of point
         9 of the Council’s statement of reasons). However, in point 13 of the statement of reasons accompanying Common Position No 30/95
         the Council stressed also that the consideration given to provisional authorisations in Article 13 of Regulation No 1610/96
         constitutes an aspect which is specific to the procedure for the placing on the market of plant protection products and, hence,
         that the coherence with Regulation No 1768/92 does not extend to that specific aspect of the calculation of the certificate’s
         duration.
      
      23 –	On the other hand, it is irrelevant whether at the date of the grant of the supplementary protection certificate the basic
         patent remains in force; see, for example, S. Jones and G. Cole, (eds), CIPA Guide to the Patents Acts, London, 6th edition, 2009, p. 1214. 
      
      24 –	In that connection, reference may also be made to point 1.3 of the Opinion of the Economic and Social Committee of 27 April
         1995 on the 'Proposal for a European Parliament and Council Regulation (EC) concerning the creation of a supplementary protection
         certificate for plant protection products' (OJ 1995 C 155, p. 14). It is emphasised there that the period between authorisation
         to market the product and patent expiry is approximately nine years in the European Union.
      
      25 –	On that coherence see, for example, D. Schennen, cited above in footnote 22, p. 108, who emphasises that the procedure
         for application for and grant of the certificate under Regulation No 1610/96 does not differ from the scheme established by
         Regulation No 1768/92.
      
      26 –	On that point, see Case C‑258/99 BASF [2001] ECR I‑3643. In that case, the manufacturer of a pesticide had refined its production process, primarily by raising
         the level of purity of the active substance. In 1967, the Netherlands authorities granted the first marketing authorisation
         for the plant protection product and in 1987 they granted a new authorisation for the improved plant protection product. In
         relation to the new process for the manufacture of the purer form of the active substance a European process patent had been
         granted. It was questionable whether, on the basis of the process patent, a supplementary protection certificate could be
         applied for in relation to the improved plant protection product. In the Court’s view, both plant protection products were
         based on the same product within the meaning of Regulation No 1610/96. Accordingly, the authorisations granted in 1967 and
         1987, which for the purposes of Article 3(1)(b) of Regulation No 1610/96 were regarded as having been granted in accordance
         with an equivalent provision of national law, also concerned the same product. Against that background, the Court held that
         the conditions laid down in Article 3(1)(a) and (d) of Regulation No 1610/96 for the grant of a new supplementary protection
         certificate had not been satisfied. 
      
      27 –	Case C‑292/04 Meilicke and Others [2007] ECR I‑1835, paragraph 34; Case C‑209/03 Bidar [2005] ECR I‑2119, paragraph 66; Joined Cases C‑367/93 to C‑377/93 Roders and Others [1995] ECR I‑2229, paragraph 42; and Case 61/79 Denkavit italiana [1980] ECR 1205, paragraph 16.
      28 –	See Case C‑2/06 Kempter [2008] ECR I‑411, paragraph 35.
      
      29 –	Paragraph 34 of the reference for a preliminary ruling of 28 April 2009.
      
      30 –	Annex 2 to the written observations of the defendant of 13 October 2009.
      
      31 –	‘ECPA’s position – on the relationship between Supplementary Protection Certificates and National Provisional Authorizations’,
         attached as Annex 1 to the written observations of the defendant of 13 October 2009.
      
      32 –	ECPA position paper (cited in footnote 31), p. 3.
      
      33 –	Case C‑333/07 Régie Networks [2008] ECR I‑10807, paragraph 118 et seq.; Case C‑228/92 Roquette Frères [1994] ECR I‑1445, paragraph 17 et seq.; Joined Cases C‑38/90 and C‑151/90 Lomas and Others [1992] ECR I‑1781, paragraph 23 et seq.; and Case 300/86 Van Landschoot [1988] ECR 3443, paragraph 22 et seq.
      
      34 –	The authoritative judgment on that point is Case 43/75 Defrenne [1976] ECR 455, paragraph 69 et seq.
      
      35 –	Case C‑426/07 Krawczyński [2008] ECR I‑6021, paragraph 42; Meilicke and Others, cited above in footnote 27, paragraph 35; Bidar, cited above in footnote 27, paragraph 67; Case C‑184/99 Grzelczyk [2001] ECR I‑6193, paragraph 51; Case C‑104/98 Buchner and Others [2000] ECR I‑3625, paragraph 39; and Case C‑262/96 Sürül [1999] ECR I‑2685, paragraph 108.
      
      36 –	See, for example, Case C‑262/88 Barber [1990] ECR I‑1889, paragraph 40 et seq., limiting the temporal effects of the judgment to the date on which judgment was
         handed down, and Case C‑109/91 Ten Oever [1993] ECR I‑4879, paragraph 15 et seq., limiting the temporal effects of the judgment to the date of the Barber judgment. On that point, see also Kokott, J. and Henze, T., ‘Die Beschränkung der zeitlichen Wirkung von EuGH-Urteilen in
         Steuersachen’, NJW 2006, p. 177, at p. 181.
      
      37 –	See, for example, Krawczyński, cited above in footnote 35, paragraph 43 et seq. and Meilicke and Others cited above in footnote 27, paragraph 35 et seq.
      
      38 –	See Bidar, cited above in footnote 27, paragraph 69, Grzelczyk, cited above in footnote 35, paragraph 53, and Roders and Others, cited above in footnote 27, paragraph 43.
      
      39 –	See point 84 et seq. of this Opinion.
      
      40 –	See point 22 of this Opinion.
      
      41 –	See paragraph 37 of the reference for a preliminary ruling of 28 April 2009.
      
      42 –	See paragraph 38 of the reference for a preliminary ruling of 28 April 2009.
      
      43 –	See paragraph 39 et seq. of the reference for a preliminary ruling of 28 April 2009.
      
      44 –	See, for example, Régie Networks, cited above in footnote 33; Sürül, cited above in footnote 35; Roquette Frères, cited above in footnote 33; Ten Oever, cited above in footnote 36; Barber, cited above in footnote 36; and Defrenne, cited above in footnote 34.
      
      45 –	See Kokott, J. and Henze, T., cited above in footnote 36, p. 182.
      
      46 –	See, for example, Krawczyński, cited above in footnote 35, paragraph 43, and Meilicke and Others, cited above in footnote 27, paragraph 36.