CELEX: 62005TJ0021
Language: en
Date: 2010-05-19
Title: Judgment of the General Court (Eighth Chamber) of 19 May 2010.#Chalkor AE Epexergasias Metallon v European Commission.#Competition - Agreements, decisions and concerted practices - Copper plumbing tube industry - Decision finding an infringement of Article 81 EC - Continuous and multiform infringement - Fines - Limited participation in the cartel - Geographic extent of the relevant market - Duration of the infringement - Cooperation.#Case T-21/05.

Case T-21/05
      Chalkor AE Epexergasias Metallon
      v
      European Commission
      (Competition – Agreements, decisions and concerted practices – Copper plumbing tube industry – Decision finding an infringement of Article 81 EC – Continuous and multiform infringement – Fines – Limited participation in the cartel – Geographic extent of the relevant market – Duration of the infringement – Cooperation)
      Summary of the Judgment
      1.      Competition – Fines – Guidelines on the method of setting fines – Method of calculation displaying flexibility in a number
            of ways
      (Art. 229 EC; Council Regulations No 17, Art. 15(2), and No 1/2003, Art. 23(2); Commission Communication 98/C 9/03)
      2.      Competition – Agreements, decisions and concerted practices – Agreements between undertakings – Participation allegedly under
            pressure
      (Art. 81(1) EC)
      3.      Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Criteria – Gravity of the infringement
      (Council Regulations No 17, Art. 15(2), and No 1/2003, Art. 23(3); Commission Communication 98/C 9/03, Section 1A)
      4.      Competition – Agreements, decisions and concerted practices – Agreements between undertakings – Burden of proving the infringement
            borne by the Commission
      (Art. 81(1) EC)
      5.      Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Criteria – Duration of the infringement – Infringements of long duration –
            10 % increase in the starting amount per year
      (Council Regulations No 17, Art. 15(2), and No 1/2003, Art. 23(2); Commission Communication 98/C 9/03, Section 1B)
      6.      Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Criteria – Attenuating circumstances – Termination of the infringement before
            the Commission's intervention
      (Council Regulations No 17, Art. 15(2), and No 1/2003, Art. 23(2); Commission Communication 98/C 9/03)
      7.      Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Criteria – Reduction of the fine for cooperation of the fined undertaking –
            Conditions
      (Council Regulations No 17, Art. 11, and No 1/2003, Art. 18; Commission Communication 96/C 207/04)
      8.      Competition – Fines – Amount – Determination – Criteria – Duration of the infringement – Infringements of long duration –
            10 % increase in the starting amount per year – Consequences
      (Council Regulations No 17, Art. 15(2), and No 1/2003, Art. 23(2); Commission Communication 98/C 9/03)
      1.      Whilst the Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 and Article 65(5)
         of the ECSC Treaty may not be regarded as rules of law, they nevertheless form rules of practice from which the Commission
         may not depart in an individual case without giving reasons which are compatible with the principle of equal treatment. It
         is therefore for the Court to verify, when reviewing the legality of the fines imposed by a Commission decision, whether the
         Commission exercised its discretion in accordance with the method set out in those guidelines and, should it be found to have
         departed from that method, to verify whether that departure is justified and supported by sufficient legal reasoning.
      
      The self-limitation on the Commission’s discretion arising from the adoption of the guidelines is not incompatible with the
         Commission’s maintaining a substantial margin of discretion. The guidelines display flexibility in a number of ways, enabling
         the Commission to exercise its discretion in accordance with the provisions of Regulations No 17 and No 1/2003, as interpreted
         by the Court of Justice. Therefore, in areas where the Commission has maintained a discretion, review of the legality of those
         assessments is limited to determining the absence of manifest error of assessment. Nor, in principle, does the discretion
         enjoyed by the Commission and the limits which it has imposed in that regard prejudge the exercise by the Court of its unlimited
         jurisdiction, which empowers it to annul, increase or reduce the fine imposed by the Commission. 
      
      (see paras 60-64)
      2.      Pressure which is brought to bear by undertakings and which is intended to lead other undertakings to participate in an infringement
         of competition law does not, however great, absolve the undertaking concerned from its responsibility for the infringement
         committed or in any way alter the gravity of the infringement and cannot constitute an attenuating circumstance for the purposes
         of calculating fines, since the undertaking concerned could have reported any pressure to the competent authorities and made
         a complaint to them.
      
      (see para. 72)
      3.      An undertaking whose liability is established in relation to several branches of a cartel contributes more to the effectiveness
         and the seriousness of the cartel than an offender involved in only one branch of it. Thus, the first undertaking commits
         a more serious infringement than the second.
      
      In accordance with the principle of individual liability and that penalties should fit the individual offender, the Commission
         is required to take into account, when assessing the relative seriousness of the participation of each offender in a cartel,
         the fact that certain offenders may not be held liable for all the branches of that cartel.
      
      With regard to the application of the Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 15(2) of Regulation
         No 17 and Article 65(5) of the ECSC Treaty, that assessment necessarily has to be made at the stage when a specific starting
         amount is set, since the taking into account of attenuating circumstances only allows the basic amount of the fine to be adjusted
         by reference to the arrangements for the offender’s implementation of the cartel. An offender who is not held responsible
         for certain branches of that cartel cannot have been involved in the implementation of those aspects. The infringement of
         the rules of competition law is, owing to the limited scope of the infringement established in respect of that offender, less
         serious than that attributed to offenders who participated in all aspects of the infringement.
      
      The Commission thus infringes the principle of equal treatment by failing to take into consideration, when calculating the
         amount of the fines, the fact that an undertaking has participated in only one branch of a cartel, unlike other members of
         that cartel, and by therefore treating different situations in an identical manner, without such treatment being objectively
         justified. 
      
      (see paras 99-101, 104)
      4.      It is sufficient for the Commission to establish that the undertaking concerned participated in obviously anti-competitive
         meetings between competitors in order to prove to the requisite legal standard that the undertaking participated in the cartel.
         Where participation in such meetings has been established, it is for the undertaking concerned to put forward indicia to establish
         that its participation in those meetings was without any anti-competitive intention by demonstrating that it had indicated
         to its competitors that it was participating in those meetings in a spirit that was different from theirs.
      
      (see para. 130)
      5.      It is clear from the Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 and Article
         65(5) of the ECSC Treaty that the Commission has not established any overlap or interdependence between assessment of the
         gravity and that of the duration of the infringement. The fact that the Commission reserved for itself the possibility of
         increasing the fine per year of infringement, going in the case of infringements lasting 12 months or more up to 10% of the
         amount adopted for the gravity of the infringement, does not in any way oblige it to fix that uplift by reference to the intensity
         of the activities of the cartel or its effects, or to the gravity of the infringement. It is for the Commission to choose,
         in the context of its wide discretion, the uplift which it intends to apply in respect of the duration of the infringement.
      
      (see paras 141, 143)
      6.      The Commission is under no obligation, in the exercise of its discretion, to reduce a fine for the termination of an infringement
         of the rules on competition which had already come to an end before the Commission intervened. 
      
      (see para. 151)
      7.      In assessing the cooperation provided by members of a cartel, the Commission enjoys a wide discretion in assessing the quality
         and usefulness of the cooperation provided by an undertaking, in particular by reference to the contributions made by other
         undertakings. Only an obvious error of assessment by the Commission is thus capable of being censured. None the less, in making
         that assessment, the Commission cannot ignore the equal treatment principle. 
      
      By contrast, the Court has a comprehensive power of review as to whether the cooperation provided by an undertaking goes beyond
         its obligation under Article 11 of Regulation No 17 and Article 18 of Regulation No 1/2003 to reply to the Commission’s requests
         for information.
      
      (see paras 162, 168)
      8.      It is clear from the general system of the Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 15(2) of
         Regulation No 17 and Article 65(5) of the ECSC Treaty that those undertakings which participate in a cartel for the longest
         period of time will have the smallest fines imposed on them if the amounts are divided by the number of months of participation
         in the cartel or by the number of meetings which those undertakings attended, since the Commission is restricted, in those
         guidelines, to prescribing increases in the starting amounts of fines of up to a maximum of 10% per year of infringement.
         An undertaking cannot rely on that self-limitation in order to obtain a reduction of the fine imposed in its case.
      
      (see paras 179-180)
JUDGMENT OF THE GENERAL COURT (Eighth Chamber)
      19 May 2010 (*)
      
      (Competition – Agreements, decisions and concerted practices – Copper plumbing tube industry – Decision finding an infringement of Article 81 EC – Continuous and multiform infringement – Fines – Limited participation in the cartel – Geographic extent of the relevant market – Duration of the infringement – Cooperation)
      In Case T‑21/05,
      Chalkor AE Epexergasias Metallon, established in Athens (Greece), represented by I. Forrester QC, A. Schulz and A. Komninos, lawyers,
      
      applicant,
      v
      European Commission, represented by P. Oliver and S. Noë, acting as Agents,
      
      defendant,
      APPLICATION for cancellation or reduction of the fine imposed on the applicant by Commission Decision C(2004) 2826 of 3 September
         2004 relating to a proceeding pursuant to Article 81 [EC] and Article 53 of the EEA Agreement (Case COMP/E-1/38.069 – Copper
         plumbing tubes),
      
      THE GENERAL COURT (Eighth Chamber),
      composed of M.E. Martins Ribeiro, S. Papasavvas and N. Wahl (Rapporteur), Judges,
      Registrar: C. Kantza, Administrator,
      having regard to the written procedure and further to the hearing on 6 November 2008,
      gives the following
      Judgment
       Background
      1        Chalkor AE Epexergasias Metallon (‘Chalkor’ or ‘the applicant’) is a company incorporated under Greek law and listed on the
         Athens stock exchange (Greece). Viohalco SA has a majority shareholding in the applicant.
      
      1.     Administrative procedure
      2        Following the communication of information by Mueller Industries Inc. (‘Mueller’) in January 2001, the Commission of the European
         Communities carried out unannounced inspections at the premises of several undertakings in the copper tubes industry in March
         2001, pursuant to Article 14 of Council Regulation No 17 of 6 February 1962, First Regulation implementing Articles [81 EC]
         and [82 EC] (OJ, English Special Edition 1959-1962, p. 87).
      
      3        On 9 and 10 April 2001, further inspections were carried out at the premises of KME Germany AG (formerly KM Europa Metal AG),
         and of Outokumpu Oyj and Luvata Oy (formerly Outokumpu Copper Products Oy) (together ‘the Outokumpu group’). On 9 April 2001,
         Outokumpu offered to cooperate with the Commission under the Commission Notice on the non-imposition or reduction of fines
         in cartel cases (OJ 1996 C 207, p. 4; ‘the 1996 Leniency Notice’) with regard both to industrial tubes and to plumbing tubes.
         Following further investigations, the Commission divided its inquiry in relation to copper tubes into three separate proceedings,
         namely Case COMP/E‑1/38.069 (Copper plumbing tubes), Case COMP/E‑1/38.121 (Fittings) and Case COMP/E‑1/38.240 (Industrial
         tubes).
      
      4        By letter of 30 May 2001, the Outokumpu group sent the Commission a memorandum together with a number of annexes describing
         the copper tube industry and the collusive agreements relating to it.
      
      5        On 5 June 2002, in Case COMP/E‑1/38.240 (Industrial tubes), interviews concerning the Outokumpu group’s offer of cooperation
         took place, at the Commission’s initiative, with representatives of the group. The Outokumpu group also indicated its willingness
         for the Commission to conduct interviews with employees who were involved in the arrangements in Case COMP/E‑1/38.069 (Copper
         plumbing tubes).
      
      6        In July 2002, in Case COMP/E‑1/38.240 (Industrial tubes), the Commission sent requests for information under Article 11 of
         Regulation No 17 to Wieland-Werke AG (‘Wieland’) and to the KME group (comprising KME Germany, KME France SAS (formerly Tréfimétaux
         SA) and KME Italy SpA (formerly Europa Metalli SpA)), and also invited the Outokumpu group to disclose further information.
         On 15 October 2002, the KME group replied to the request for information. Its reply included a statement and a request for
         application of the 1996 Leniency Notice in Case COMP/E‑1/38.069 (Copper plumbing tubes). In addition, the KME group gave the
         Commission permission to use all the information provided in the context of Case COMP/E‑1/38.240 (Industrial tubes) in Case
         COMP/E‑1/38.069 (Copper plumbing tubes).
      
      7        On 23 January 2003, Wieland submitted to the Commission a statement including a request for application of the 1996 Leniency
         Notice in Case COMP/E‑1/38.069 (Copper plumbing tubes).
      
      8        On 3 March 2003, the Commission sent requests for information in relation to Case COMP/E‑1/38.069 (Copper plumbing tubes)
         to the Boliden group (comprising Boliden AB, Outokumpu Copper Fabrication AB (formerly Boliden Fabrication AB) and Outokumpu
         Copper BCZ SA (formerly Boliden Cuivre & Zinc SA)), to HME Nederland BV (‘HME’) and to Chalkor, as well as, on 20 March 2003,
         to the IMI group (comprising IMI plc, IMI Kynoch Ltd and Yorkshire Copper Tube).
      
      9        On 9 April 2003, Chalkor’s representatives met Commission staff and requested application of the 1996 Leniency Notice in Case
         COMP/E‑1/38.069 (Copper plumbing tubes).
      
      10      On 29 August 2003, the Commission adopted a statement of objections in Case COMP/E‑1/38.069 (Copper plumbing tubes) against
         the companies concerned. After those companies had been given access to the file electronically and had submitted written
         observations, they took part – with the exception of HME – in a hearing on 28 November 2003.
      
      11      On 16 December 2003, the Commission adopted Decision C(2003) 4820 final relating to a proceeding pursuant to Article 81 [EC]
         and Article 53 of the EEA Agreement (Case COMP/E‑1/38.240 – Industrial tubes), a summary of which was published in the Official Journal of the European Union on 28 April 2004 (OJ 2004 L 125, p. 50). 
      
      2.     The contested decision 
      12      On 3 September 2004, the Commission adopted Decision C(2004) 2826 relating to a proceeding pursuant to Article 81 [EC] and
         Article 53 of the EEA Agreement (Case COMP/E-1/38.069 – Copper plumbing tubes) (‘the contested decision’), a summary of which
         was published in the Official Journal of the European Union on 13 July 2006 (OJ 2006 L 192, p. 21).
      
      13      The contested decision includes, in particular, the following provisions:
      
      ‘Article 1
      The following undertakings infringed Article 81(1) [EC] and – from 1 January 1994 – Article 53(1) of the EEA Agreement by
         participating, for the periods indicated, in a complex of agreements and concerted practices consisting of price fixing and
         market sharing in the copper plumbing tubes sector:
      
      (a)      Boliden …, together with [Outokumpu Copper Fabrication] and [Outokumpu Copper BCZ], from 3 June 1988 until 22 March 2001;
      (b)      [Outokumpu Copper Fabrication], together with Boliden … and [Outokumpu Copper BCZ], from 3 June 1988 until 22 March 2001;
      (c)      [Outokumpu Copper BCZ], together with Boliden … and [Outokumpu Copper Fabrication], from 3 June 1988 until 22 March 2001;
      (d)      Austria Buntmetall AG:
      (i)      together with Buntmetall Amstetten [GmbH], from 29 August 1998 at the latest until 8 July 1999, and
      (ii)      together with [Wieland] and Buntmetall Amstetten …, from 9 July 1999 until 22 March 2001;
      (e)      Buntmetall Amstetten …:
      (i)      together with Austria Buntmetall …, from 29 August 1998 at the latest, until 8 July 1999, and
      (ii)      together with [Wieland] and Austria Buntmetall …, from 9 July 1999 until 22 March 2001;
      (f)      [Chalkor] from 29 August 1998 at the latest, until at least beginning of September 1999;
      (g)      [HME] from 29 August 1998 at the latest, until 22 March 2001;
      (h)      IMI … together with IMI Kynoch … and Yorkshire Copper Tube …, from 29 September 1989 until 22 March 2001;
      (i)      IMI Kynoch … together with IMI … and Yorkshire Copper Tube …, from 29 September 1989 until 22 March 2001;
      (j)      Yorkshire Copper Tube … together with IMI … and IMI Kynoch …, from 29 September 1989 until 22 March 2001;
      (k)      [KME Germany]:
      (i)      individually, from 3 June 1988 until 19 June 1995, and
      (ii)      together with [KME France] and [KME Italy], from 20 June 1995 to 22 March 2001;
      (l)      [KME Italy]:
      (i)      together with [KME France], from 29 September 1989 to 19 June 1995, and
      (ii)      together with [KME Germany] and [KME France], from 20 June 1995 to 22 March 2001;
      (m)      [KME France]:
      (i)      together with [KME Italy], from 29 September 1989 to 19 June 1995, and
      (ii)      together with [KME Germany] and [KME Italy], from 20 June 1995 to 22 March 2001;
      …
      (s)      Outokumpu … together with [Luvata], from 29 September 1989 until 22 March 2001;
      (t)      [Luvata], together with Outokumpu …, from 29 September 1989 until 22 March 2001; 
      (u)      [Wieland]:
      (i)      individually from 29 September 1989 until 8 July 1999, and
      (ii)      together with Austria Buntmetall … and Buntmetall Amstetten …, from 9 July 1999 until 22 March 2001.
      Article 2
      For the infringements referred to in Article 1, the following fines are imposed:
      (a)      Boliden …, [Outokumpu Copper Fabrication] and [Outokumpu Copper BCZ] jointly and severally: EUR 32.6 million;
      (b)      Austria Buntmetall … and Buntmetall Amstetten … jointly and severally: EUR 0.6695 million;
      (c)      Austria Buntmetall …, Buntmetall Amstetten … and [Wieland] jointly and severally: EUR 2.43 million;
      (d)      [Chalkor]: EUR 9.16 million;
      (e)      [HME]: EUR 4.49 million;
      (f)      IMI …, IMI Kynoch … and Yorkshire Copper Tube … jointly and severally: EUR 44.98 million;
      (g)      [KME Germany]: EUR 17.96 million;
      (h)      [KME Germany], [KME France] and [KME Italy] jointly and severally: EUR 32.75 million;
      (i)      [KME Italy] and [KME France] jointly and severally: EUR 16.37 million;
      (j)      Outokumpu … and [Luvata] jointly and severally: EUR 36.14 million;
      (k)      [Wieland] individually: EUR 24.7416 million.
      …’
      14      The Commission took the view that the undertakings concerned had participated in a single, continuous, complex and, in the
         case of the Boliden group, the KME group and Wieland, multiform infringement (‘the cartel’ or ‘the infringement at issue’).
         The Commission stated that national arrangements were not, as such, covered by the contested decision (recitals 2 and 106
         of the contested decision).
      
       Relevant products and markets
      15      The industry concerned – copper tube manufacturing – encompasses two product groups: (i) industrial tubes, which are divided
         into various sub-groups based on their end use (air-conditioning and refrigeration, fittings, gas heaters, filter dryers and
         telecommunications), and (ii) plumbing tubes, also called ‘sanitary tubes’, ‘water tubes’ or ‘installation tubes’, which are
         used for water, oil, gas and heating installations in the construction industry (recital 3 of the contested decision).
      
      16      The Commission took the view that Cases COMP/E-1/38.069 (Copper plumbing tubes) and COMP/E-1/38.240 (Industrial tubes) concerned
         two separate infringements. It relied in that regard mainly on the fact that ‘the arrangements pertaining to plumbing tubes
         on the one hand and those relating to industrial tubes on the other hand involved different companies (and employees), and
         were organised in a different way’. The Commission also took the view that the plumbing tube industry differed from the industrial
         tube industry as regards end consumers, end use and technical specifications for the products (recitals 4 and 5 of the contested
         decision).
      
      17      With regard to copper plumbing tubes, the Commission stated in the contested decision that this product group comprised two
         ‘sub-families’ of products: plain copper plumbing tubes and plastic-insulated copper plumbing tubes. It noted that ‘plain
         copper plumbing tubes and plastic-insulated copper plumbing tubes are not necessarily substitutable and might constitute distinct
         product markets when assessed under the Commission Notice on the definition of relevant market for the purposes of Community
         competition law’ (OJ 1997 C 372, p. 5). However, for the purposes of the contested decision, the Commission took the view
         that those two ‘sub-families’ of products were to be regarded as ‘one product group … because the arrangements pertaining
         to both sub-families of products involved essentially the same companies (and employees) and were organised in a similar way’
         (recitals 13 and 459 of the contested decision).
      
      18      In the contested decision, the Commission also stated that the relevant geographic market was the European Economic Area (EEA).
         It took the view that, in 2000, the value of the EEA market in plain copper plumbing tubes was approximately EUR 970.1 million,
         and that in plastic-coated copper plumbing tubes EUR 180.9 million. The aggregate value of those two markets was therefore
         assessed as EUR 1 151 million in 2000 in the EEA (recitals 17 and 23 of the contested decision).
      
       Components of the infringement at issue
      19      The Commission observed that the infringement at issue manifested itself in three separate but interconnected forms (recitals
         458 and 459 of the contested decision). The first branch of the cartel consisted in the arrangements entered into between
         the ‘SANCO producers’. The second branch of the infringement at issue comprised the arrangements concluded between the ‘WICU
         and Cuprotherm producers’. Lastly, the third branch of the cartel involved the arrangements entered into within a wider group
         of plain copper plumbing tube producers and was referred to as ‘the broader European arrangements’.
      
       Arrangements between the ‘SANCO producers’
      20      SANCO is both a trade mark and the name of a specific technical process for the production of premium anti-corrosive copper
         plumbing tubes. The process was patented in 1980 by the company Usines à cuivre et à zinc. The Boliden group held the original
         patent for the production process until its expiry in 2000 but was not the proprietor of the SANCO trade mark in all European
         countries. Its competitor, the KME group, applied for and obtained registration of the SANCO trade mark in its own name in
         a number of European countries. Subsequently, the KME group patented a certain number of improvements in respect of the original
         patent and the two competitors granted each other cross-licences in respect of their respective patents and trade marks. The
         KME group and the Boliden group have granted Wieland trade mark and patent licences since 1981 (recitals 115 to 118 of the
         contested decision).
      
      21      The Commission found in the contested decision that, since 1988, the arrangements between the ‘SANCO producers’ had gone beyond
         a mere licensor/licensee relationship. According to the Commission, from June 1988 until the end of the first half of 1994
         there were agreements between those producers – the KME group, the Boliden group and Wieland – on target prices and discount
         rates and on the allocation of volumes and market shares (‘the SANCO arrangements’). Monitoring of the implementation of those
         arrangements was based mainly on the communication among the ‘SANCO producers’ of their production and sales figures (recitals
         125 to 146 and 456 of the contested decision).
      
       Arrangements between the ‘WICU and Cuprotherm producers’
      22      WICU and Cuprotherm are trade marks relating to patented plastic-coated copper plumbing tubes.
      
      23      The WICU trade mark and associated patents belong to the KME group, which, inter alia, granted a trade mark and patent licence
         to Wieland. Conversely, the Cuprotherm trade mark and associated patent belong to Wieland, which granted a trade mark and
         patent licence to the KME group (recital 121 of the contested decision).
      
      24      The Commission found in the contested decision that the arrangements between the KME group and Wieland concerning WICU and
         Cuprotherm tubes went beyond a mere licensor/licensee relationship. The KME group and Wieland had anti-competitive contacts
         in the form of an exchange of sensitive information and coordination of volumes and prices with respect to plastic-coated
         copper plumbing tubes (the ‘WICU and Cuprotherm arrangements’) (recital 149 of the contested decision).
      
       Broader European arrangements
      25      In the contested decision the Commission stated that, in addition to the SANCO arrangements and the WICU and Cuprotherm arrangements,
         the infringement at issue included a third branch, consisting of the arrangements between the members of a larger group of
         plain copper plumbing tube producers (recitals 102, 104, 105, 108 to 111, 147, 148, 461 and 462 of the contested decision).
      
      26      The number of participants in that larger group was originally five: the KME group, Wieland, the Outokumpu group, the IMI
         group and Mueller (‘the group of five’). Following the arrival of Chalkor, HME, the Boliden group and the Buntmetall group
         (comprising Austria Buntmetall and Buntmetall Amstetten), the number of participants rose to nine (‘the group of nine’) (recital
         216 of the contested decision).
      
      27      According to the Commission, the members of the group of five and the group of nine attempted to stabilise the plain copper
         plumbing tube market by using market shares of a reference year as a basis for fixing a target for future market shares. Furthermore,
         it found in the contested decision that the members had reached agreement on exchange of sensitive information, allocation
         of market shares, monitoring of sales volumes, a ‘market leadership’ mechanism and coordination of prices, including price-lists,
         the application of ‘price-lines’ and rebates (recital 192 of the contested decision).
      
       Duration and continuous nature of the infringement at issue
      28      The Commission noted in the contested decision that the infringement at issue had started on 3 June 1988 in the case of the
         KME group and the Boliden group, on 29 September 1989 in the case of the IMI group, the Outokumpu group and Wieland, on 21
         October 1997 in the case of Mueller, and on 29 August 1998 at the latest in the case of Chalkor, the Buntmetall group and
         HME. As regards the date on which the infringement came to an end, the Commission found that this was 22 March 2001, except
         in the case of Mueller and Chalkor which, according to the Commission, ceased to participate in the cartel on 8 January 2001
         and in September 1999 respectively (recital 597 of the contested decision).
      
      29      As regards the continuous nature of the infringement at issue, in the case of the Boliden group, the IMI group, the KME group,
         the Outokumpu group and Wieland, the Commission observed in the contested decision that, although there were periods of reduced
         cartel activity between 1990 and December 1992, and between July 1994 and July 1997, the unlawful activity was never entirely
         interrupted, so that the infringement at issue effectively constituted a single infringement that was not time-barred (recitals
         466, 471, 476, 477 and 592 of the contested decision).
      
      30      With regard to HME, the Buntmetall group and Chalkor, it is clear from the contested decision that the Commission was unable
         to prove their participation in the cartel for the period before 29 August 1998 (recitals 592 and 597 of the contested decision).
      
       Determination of the amount of the fines
      31      In the contested decision, the Commission imposed fines, pursuant to Article 23(2) of Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2003 of
         16 December 2002 on the implementation of the rules on competition laid down in Articles 81 [EC] and 82 [EC] (OJ 2003 L 1,
         p. 1) and Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17, on the Boliden group, the Buntmetall group, Chalkor, HME, the IMI group, the
         KME group, the Outokumpu group and Wieland (recital 842 and Article 2 of the contested decision).
      
      32      The amounts of the fines were fixed by the Commission in accordance with the gravity and duration of the infringement at issue,
         those being the two criteria explicitly mentioned in Article 23(3) of Regulation No 1/2003 and Article 15(2) of Regulation
         No 17, which, according to the contested decision, was applicable at the time of the infringement at issue (recitals 601 to
         603 of the contested decision).
      
      33      In fixing the amount of the fine imposed on each undertaking, the Commission applied the method set out in the Guidelines
         on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 and Article 65(5) [CS] (OJ 1998 C 9,
         p. 3; ‘the Guidelines’), even if it did not systematically refer to them. In the contested decision, the Commission also assessed
         whether, and to what extent, the undertakings concerned met the requirements laid down in the 1996 Leniency Notice. 
      
       Starting amount of the fines
      –       Gravity
      34      In assessing the gravity of the infringement at issue, the Commission took account of the nature of the infringement, its
         actual impact on the market and the extent and size of the relevant geographic market (recitals 605 and 678 of the contested
         decision).
      
      35      It stated that, by their nature, market-sharing and price-fixing practices of the kind at issue in the present case constituted
         a very serious infringement, and found that the geographic market affected by the cartel corresponded to the territory of
         the EEA. The Commission also took account of the fact that the copper plumbing tubes market was a very important industrial
         sector, with an estimated market value in the EEA of EUR 1 151 million in 2000, the last full year of the cartel (recitals
         606 and 674 to 678 of the contested decision).
      
      36      As regards the actual impact on the market, the Commission observed that there was sufficient proof that the cartel had overall
         had an impact on the relevant market, particularly on prices, although it was not possible to quantify it precisely (recitals
         670 and 673 of the contested decision). It based that finding on a number of factors. First of all, it relied on the implementation
         of the cartel, referring to the fact that the participants had exchanged information on sales volumes and price levels (recitals
         629 and 630 of the contested decision). 
      
      37      Second, it took into account the fact that the members of the cartel held a significant share – 84.6% – of the EEA market
         (recital 635 of the contested decision). 
      
      38      Third, the Commission relied on tables, memoranda and notes drawn up by members of the cartel in connection with its meetings.
         These documents showed that prices had increased during certain periods of the cartel and that its members had achieved additional
         earnings compared with earlier periods. Some of the documents indicated that the people involved in the cartel took the view
         that it had enabled the undertakings concerned to achieve their price targets. The Commission also relied on the statements
         made by Mr M, a former director of one of the companies in the Boliden group, and by Wieland, by the Boliden group and by
         Mueller in the context of their respective cooperation (recitals 637 to 654 of the contested decision). 
      
      39      Finally, the Commission found that the respective market shares of the cartel participants had remained relatively stable
         throughout the period of the infringement, although customers had fluctuated between the participants (recital 671 of the
         contested decision).
      
      40      The Commission concluded from this that the undertakings concerned had committed a very serious infringement (recital 680
         of the contested decision).
      
      –       Differential treatment
      41      In the contested decision the Commission identified four groups which it regarded as being representative of the relative
         importance of the undertakings involved in the infringement at issue. The Commission’s division of the members of the cartel
         into several categories was based on the respective market shares of the cartel members in the sales of the relevant products
         in the EEA in 2000. Consequently, the KME group was regarded as being the main player in the relevant market and was placed
         in the first category. The Wieland group (comprising Wieland and the Buntmetall group, of which Wieland took control in July
         1999) and the IMI and Outokumpu groups were regarded as medium-sized operators in that market and were placed in the second
         category. The Boliden group was placed in the third category. HME and Chalkor were placed in the fourth category (recitals
         681 to 692 of the contested decision).
      
      42      Market shares were determined on the basis of the turnover achieved by each offender from sales of plumbing tubes in the combined
         market for plain and plastic-coated copper plumbing tubes. Therefore, the market shares of the undertakings which did not
         sell WICU and Cuprotherm tubes were calculated by dividing their turnover of plain copper plumbing tubes by the overall size
         of the combined market for plain and plastic-coated copper plumbing tubes (recitals 683 and 692 of the contested decision).
      
      43      The Commission therefore set the starting amount of the fines at EUR 70 million for the KME group, EUR 23.8 million for the
         Wieland, IMI and Outokumpu groups, EUR 16.1 million for the Boliden group and EUR 9.8 million for Chalkor and for HME (recital
         693 of the contested decision).
      
      44      In view of the fact that Wieland and the Buntmetall group formed a single undertaking after July 1999 and that, until June
         1995, KME France and KME Italy jointly formed an undertaking separate from KME Germany, the starting amounts of the fines
         imposed on each of them were fixed as follows: EUR 35 million for the KME group (KME Germany, KME France and KME Italy jointly
         and severally); EUR 17.5 million for KME Germany; EUR 17.5 million for KME Italy and KME France jointly and severally; EUR 3.25 million
         for the Wieland group; EUR 19.52 million for Wieland and EUR 1.03 million for the Buntmetall group (recitals 694 to 696 of
         the contested decision).
      
      45      In order to take account of the need to set the fine at a level that would ensure its deterrent effect, the Commission increased
         the starting amount of the fine imposed on the Outokumpu group by 50%, thus taking it to EUR 35.7 million, on the basis that
         its worldwide turnover – in excess of EUR 5 billion – indicated that its size and economic power were such as to justify such
         an increase (recital 703 of the contested decision).
      
       Basic amount of the fines
      46      It is apparent from the contested decision that the Commission increased the starting amounts of the fines by 10% per full
         year of infringement and by 5% for any additional period of six months or more but less than a year. Accordingly, the Commission
         found that:
      
      –        since the IMI group had participated in the cartel for 11 years and 5 months, the starting amount of the fine of EUR 23.8 million
         should be increased by 110%;
      
      –        since the Outokumpu group had participated in the cartel for 11 years and 5 months, the starting amount of the fine of EUR 35.7 million
         fixed following the increase for deterrence purposes should be increased by 110%; 
      
      –        since the Boliden group had participated in the cartel for 12 years and 9 months, the starting amount of the fine of EUR 16.1 million
         should be increased by 125%;
      
      –        since Chalkor had participated in the cartel for 12 months, the starting amount of the fine of EUR 9.8 million should be increased
         by 10%;
      
      –        since HME had participated in the cartel for 2 years and 6 months, the starting amount of the fine of EUR 9.8 million should
         be increased by 25%;
      
      –        since the KME group had participated in the cartel for 5 years and 7 months, the starting amount of the fine of EUR 35 million
         should be increased by 55%;
      
      –        since KME Germany had participated in the cartel for 7 years and 2 months, the starting amount of the fine of EUR 17.5 million
         should be increased by 70%;
      
      –        since KME France and KME Italy had participated in the cartel for 5 years and 10 months, the starting amount of the fine of
         EUR 17.5 million should be increased by 55%;
      
      –        since Wieland was held to be individually liable for a period of 9 years and 9 months, and jointly and severally liable with
         the Buntmetall group for an additional period of 1 year and 8 months, the starting amount of the fine of EUR 19.52 million
         for which Wieland was solely liable should be increased by 95%, and the starting amount of the fine of EUR 3.25 million for
         which Wieland and the Buntmetall group were jointly and severally liable should be increased by 15% (recitals 706 to 714 of
         the contested decision).
      
      47      Therefore, the basic amounts of the fines imposed on the undertakings involved are as follows:
      
      –        the KME group: EUR 54.25 million;
      –        KME Germany: EUR 29.75 million;
      –        KME France and KME Italy (jointly and severally): EUR 27.13 million;
      –        the Buntmetall group: EUR 1.03 million;
      –        the Wieland group: EUR 3.74 million;
      –        Wieland: EUR 38.06 million;
      –        the IMI group: EUR 49.98 million;
      –        the Outokumpu group: EUR 74.97 million;
      –        Chalkor: EUR 10.78 million;
      –        HME: EUR 12.25 million;
      –        the Boliden group: EUR 36.225 million (recital 719 of the contested decision).
       Aggravating and attenuating circumstances
      48      The basic amount of the fine imposed on the Outokumpu group was increased by 50% on the ground that it was responsible for
         a repeat infringement, having been the addressee of Commission Decision 90/417/ECSC of 18 July 1990 relating to a proceeding
         under Article 65 [CS] concerning an agreement and concerted practices engaged in by European producers of cold-rolled stainless
         steel flat products (OJ 1990 L 220, p. 28) (recitals 720 to 726 of the contested decision).
      
      49      In respect of attenuating circumstances, the Commission took into account the fact that the KME and Outokumpu groups had provided
         it with information when each cooperated to an extent not covered by the 1996 Leniency Notice.
      
      50      Therefore, the Commission reduced the basic amount of the fine imposed on the Outokumpu group by EUR 40.17 million, corresponding
         to the fine that would have been imposed on it for the period of the infringement from September 1989 to July 1997, the finding
         in respect of which had been made possible by the information which had been provided to the Commission (recitals 758 and
         759 of the contested decision).
      
      51      As regards the KME group, the basic amount of the fine which was imposed on it was reduced by EUR 7.93 million for its cooperation,
         which had enabled the Commission to establish that the infringement at issue extended to plastic-coated copper plumbing tubes
         (recitals 760 and 761 of the contested decision).
      
       Application of the 1996 Leniency Notice
      52      Under Section D of the 1996 Leniency Notice, the Commission granted reductions of fines of 50% to the Outokumpu group, 35%
         to the Wieland group, 15% to Chalkor, 10% to the Boliden group and to the IMI group and 35% to the KME group. HME was not
         granted any reduction under that notice (recital 815 of the contested decision).
      
       Final amount of the fines
      53      Under Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17 and Article 23(2) of Regulation No 1/2003, the Commission set the amounts of the fines
         to be imposed on the addressees of the contested decision as follows:
      
      –        the Boliden group: EUR 32.6 million;
      –        the Buntmetall group: EUR 0.6695 million;
      –        Chalkor: EUR 9.16 million;
      –        HME: EUR 4.49 million;
      –        the IMI group: EUR 44.98 million;
      –        the KME group: EUR 32.75 million;
      –        KME Germany: EUR 17.96 million;
      –        KME France and KME Italy (jointly and severally): EUR 16.37 million;
      –        the Outokumpu group: EUR 36.14 million;
      –        the Wieland group: EUR 2.43 million;
      –        Wieland: EUR 24.7416 million (recital 842 of the contested decision).
       Procedure and forms of order sought
      54      By application lodged at the Registry of the Court on 21 January 2005, the applicant brought the present action.
      
      55      Owing to a change in the composition of the chambers of the Court, the Judge-Rapporteur was assigned to the Eighth Chamber
         to which, in consequence, the present case was assigned.
      
      56      The applicant claims that the Court should:
      
      –        annul Article 1(f) and Article 2(d) of the contested decision to the extent that a fine is thereby imposed on it;
      –        in the alternative, reduce the fine imposed on it;
      –        order the Commission to pay the costs.
      57      The Commission contends that the Court should:
      
      –        dismiss the action;
      –        order the applicant to pay the costs.
       Law
      58      The applicant puts forward six pleas in law in support of the present action alleging, respectively, that (i) the Commission
         failed to take account of the fact that the applicant was coerced into participating in the cartel; (ii) the starting amount
         of the fine was set incorrectly; (iii) the starting amount of the fine was wrongly increased by reason of the duration of
         the cartel; (iv) attenuating circumstances were not taken into account; (v) the 1996 Leniency Notice was misapplied; and (vi)
         the amount of the fine was disproportionate.
      
      59      Before examining the pleas raised by the applicant, it should be pointed out that it is clear from recitals 601 and 842 of
         the contested decision that the fines which the Commission imposed for the infringement were imposed by virtue of Article
         15(2) of Regulation No 17 and Article 23(2) of Regulation No 1/2003. Furthermore, the Commission fixed the amount of the fines
         by applying the method set out in the Guidelines and the 1996 Leniency Notice (see paragraph 33 above).
      
      60      Whilst the Guidelines may not be regarded as rules of law, they nevertheless form rules of practice from which the Commission
         may not depart in an individual case without giving reasons which are compatible with the principle of equal treatment (see
         Case C‑397/03 P Archer Daniels Midland and Archer Daniels Midland Ingredients v Commission [2006] ECR I‑4429, paragraph 91 and the case-law cited).
      
      61      It is therefore for the Court to verify, when reviewing the legality of the fines imposed by the contested decision, whether
         the Commission exercised its discretion in accordance with the method set out in the Guidelines and, should it be found to
         have departed from that method, to verify whether that departure is justified and supported by sufficient legal reasoning.
         In that regard, it should be noted that the Court of Justice has confirmed the validity, first, of the principle of the Guidelines
         and, second, of the general method which is there indicated (Joined Cases C‑189/02 P, C‑202/02 P, C‑205/02 P to C‑208/02 P
         and C‑213/02 P Dansk Rørindustri and Others v Commission [2005] ECR I‑5425, paragraphs 252 to 255, 266, 267, 312 and 313).
      
      62      The self-limitation on the Commission’s discretion arising from the adoption of the Guidelines is not incompatible with the
         Commission’s maintaining a substantial margin of discretion. The Guidelines display flexibility in a number of ways, enabling
         the Commission to exercise its discretion in accordance with the provisions of Regulations No 17 and No 1/2003, as interpreted
         by the Court of Justice (Dansk Rørindustri and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 61 above, paragraph 267).
      
      63      Therefore, in areas where the Commission has maintained a discretion, for example as regards the uplift for duration, review
         of the legality of those assessments is limited to determining the absence of manifest error of assessment (see, to that effect,
         Case T‑241/01 Scandinavian Airlines System v Commission [2005] ECR II‑2917, paragraphs 64 and 79).
      
      64      Nor, in principle, does the discretion enjoyed by the Commission and the limits which it has imposed in that regard prejudge
         the exercise by the Court of its unlimited jurisdiction (Joined Cases T‑67/00, T‑68/00, T‑71/00 and T‑78/00 JFE Engineering andOthers v Commission [2004] ECR II‑2501, paragraph 538), which empowers it to annul, increase or reduce the fine imposed by the Commission (see,
         to that effect, Case C‑3/06 P Groupe Danone v Commission [2007] ECR I‑1331, paragraphs 60 to 62, and Case T‑368/00 General Motors Nederland and Opel Nederland v Commission [2003] ECR II‑4491, paragraph 181).
      
      1.     Plea alleging that the Commission failed to take account of the fact that the applicant was coerced into participating in
            the cartel
       Arguments of the parties
      65      The applicant submits, in essence, that its participation in the cartel was essentially prompted by fear of retaliation by
         members of the group of five, the main operators in the relevant market. It claims to have been a victim, not an instigator
         or dominant member of the cartel. Consequently it claims that, although it infringed Article 81 EC, it should not be fined,
         or should be fined only a reduced or even a symbolic amount.
      
      66      The applicant refers in that context to a number of previous Commission decisions in which undertakings which were the victims
         of coercive action requiring them to take part or to continue to take part in an anti-competitive agreement were not fined
         at all or were penalised by fines that were substantially reduced.
      
      67      In support of its assertion that it was put under pressure, the applicant claims that, being a small undertaking and a relative
         newcomer to the Western European markets, it needed from time to time to attend industry meetings as a means of legitimately
         gathering information about the plumbing tube market. Therefore, when it decided to attend the meeting on 28 August 1998 to
         which the Commission refers in the contested decision, it did so convinced that it had been invited in order to discuss the
         ‘European Drinking Water Directive’ and was surprised by the collusive nature of the meeting. During that meeting, the applicant
         was the victim of coercive action which induced it to attend six subsequent meetings, albeit in a passive and subordinate
         capacity. 
      
      68      At those meetings, the market leaders in each of the five countries concerned – Germany, United Kingdom, France, Spain and
         the Netherlands – proposed price and discount targets for the coming months. However, the applicant did not change its pricing
         or sales policy in those five Western markets, and its exports to those countries actually continued to increase. 
      
      69      The applicant also refers to various documents in the Commission’s file, in particular from the KME group and from Wieland.
         It maintains that, in view of the ‘conspiratorial’ context in which those documents were drawn up, they confirm, first of
         all, that the group of five intended to intimidate undertakings which refused to yield to their entreaties and, second, that
         the threats made against the applicant in the meeting on 28 August 1998 had been planned in advance and that it had reason
         to regard them as credible.
      
      70      The Commission contends that the present plea should be dismissed.
      
       Findings of the Court
      71      The applicant’s reference to previous Commission decisions must be rejected at the outset, since the Commission’s practice
         in previous decisions does not serve as a legal framework for the fines imposed in competition matters (Case T‑203/01 Michelin v Commission [2003] ECR II‑4071, paragraph 292).
      
      72      Furthermore, the case-law shows that pressure which is brought to bear by undertakings and which is intended to lead other
         undertakings to participate in an infringement of competition law does not, however great, absolve the undertaking concerned
         from its responsibility for the infringement committed or in any way alter the gravity of the infringement and cannot constitute
         an attenuating circumstance for the purposes of calculating fines, since the undertaking concerned could have reported any
         pressure to the competent authorities and made a complaint to them (see, to that effect, Dansk Rørindustri and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 61 above, paragraphs 369 and 370; Case T‑17/99 KE KELIT v Commission [2002] ECR II‑1647, paragraph 50; and Case T‑62/02 Union Pigments v Commission [2005] ECR II‑5057, paragraph 63).
      
      73      The present plea must therefore be dismissed.
      
      2.     Plea alleging that the starting amount of the fine was set incorrectly
      74      By this plea, the applicant submits that, when setting the starting amount of the fine imposed on the applicant, the Commission
         erred in law in so far as it failed to take into consideration the fact that the applicant had participated only in the third
         branch of the cartel and the fact that the geographic extent of the arrangements in which it had been involved was limited
         to five countries.
      
       The applicant’s limited participation in the cartel
       Arguments of the parties
      75      The applicant claims that the differential treatment applied by the Commission, which is based on the market shares of the
         cartel participants, is inadequate and infringes the principle of equal treatment since the difference between the participants’
         market shares does not reflect its limited participation in the cartel.
      
      76      According to the applicant, it is undisputed that the infringement for which it is held responsible consists solely in its
         participation, in the context of the third branch of the cartel, in the unlawful cooperation of the group of nine between
         August 1998 and April 1999 as part of the broader European arrangements.
      
      77      It maintains that both the cooperation observed in the SANCO arrangements and the WICU and Cuprotherm arrangements and the
         cooperation between the members of the group of five was more intense than the cooperation between the members of the group
         of nine. 
      
      78      The applicant also submits that the Commission was wrong to conclude in recital 690 of the contested decision that its participation
         in the cartel made the activities of the cartel more efficient. The applicant states in that regard that it never adhered
         to the quotas proposed under the broader European arrangements and that its sales to the countries covered by the cartel had,
         on the contrary, increased during its participation.
      
      79      The applicant concludes that the starting amount of the fine imposed on it should be reduced to take account of the difference
         in the nature, extent and quality of its involvement in the cartel by comparison with the other participants.
      
      80      The Commission contends that it is apparent from the contested decision that it found a single infringement comprising three
         branches.
      
      81      It claims that, for the purposes of fixing the starting amount of the fine, it was not obliged to make a distinction between
         the applicant and the undertakings which had participated in the SANCO and the WICU and Cuprotherm arrangements, or between
         the members of the group of five and the members of the group of nine.
      
      82      In the first place, the Commission alleges in that regard that the applicant’s active participation in the cartel from 28
         August 1998 until the beginning of September 1999 was not qualitatively or quantitatively different from that of the other
         offenders. It also observes that the fact that certain undertakings participated in the cartel for longer than others does
         not alter the gravity of their infringement. A longer period of participation is reflected in the increase of the fine for
         duration. 
      
      83      In the second place, the Commission recalls that it has consistently been held that, in assessing the real impact of the infringement
         committed by each participant, the proportion of the turnover accounted for by the goods in respect of which the infringement
         was committed gives a proper indication of the scale of the infringement on the relevant market.
      
      84      The division into different categories based on the turnover accounted for by products which have been the subject of a restrictive
         practice necessarily leads to starting amounts for fines that are roughly the same per percentage point of market share. This
         means that the starting point of a fine imposed on an undertaking with a large market share will be set at a higher level
         than that of a fine imposed on an undertaking with a lesser market share. That is why the starting amount of the fine imposed
         on the KME group was set at EUR 70 million, whereas the starting amount of the fine imposed on Chalkor was only EUR 9.8 million.
         Clearly that approach does not infringe the principle of equal treatment.
      
      85      In the third place, the Commission contends that it is contrary to the case-law for an undertaking involved in two or three
         branches of a cartel to be punished more severely than another undertaking with the same market share but which participated
         in only one branch of that cartel (Joined Cases 100/80 to 103/80 Musique Diffusion française and Others v Commission [1983] ECR 1825, paragraph 121; Case C‑185/95 P Baustahlgewebe v Commission [1998] ECR I‑8417, paragraph 91; Case T‑151/94 British Steel v Commission [1999] ECR II‑629, paragraph 643; and Case T‑220/00 Cheil Jedang v Commission [2003] ECR II‑2473, paragraph 91). 
      
      86      In the fourth place, the Commission observes that there is no proof that the SANCO arrangements and the WICU and Cuprotherm
         arrangements involved significantly closer cooperation than the cooperation within the broader European arrangements. Accordingly,
         there is no reason for the first two branches of the cartel to be regarded as more serious infringements of the rules on competition
         than the third branch.
      
      87      In the fifth place, the Commission takes the view that there was no reason to differentiate within the broader European arrangements
         between the members of the group of five and the four other producers – the Boliden group, HME, the Buntmetall group and Chalkor
         – since the participation of those four producers was important for the functioning of the cartel and they benefited from
         it to the same extent as the other participants in the period between 1998 and 2001. 
      
      88      In the sixth place, the Commission maintains that Chalkor’s participation made the activities of the cartel more effective.
         The mere fact that the members of the group of five invited Chalkor and three other companies to join them demonstrates that
         they were important for the cartel’s effectiveness. The Commission claims that the fact that Chalkor’s sales increased while
         it was participating in the cartel does not prove that its participation in cartel meetings did not reinforce the unlawful
         arrangements. The increase in sales could be accounted for by a seasonal effect or by the fact that, after a certain amount
         of time, Chalkor had fewer scruples about cheating the other offenders.
      
      89      In the seventh place, the Commission contends that, even if it had found a more intense cooperation between some of the addressees
         of the contested decision, that finding would have resulted in higher fines being imposed on those undertakings rather than
         lower fines being imposed on the other addressees. Therefore, the Commission submits that, if the Court were to accept Chalkor’s
         arguments on that point, it would have to consider, in the exercise of its unlimited jurisdiction, increasing the fines imposed
         on the ‘SANCO producers’, namely the KME group, Wieland and the Boliden group, rather than reducing the fine imposed on Chalkor.
      
       Findings of the Court
      90      It is necessary to recall at the outset the principles established by the case-law as regards the individual liability which
         arises from an infringement of Article 81(1) EC, such as a cartel. 
      
      91      First of all, concerning liability for the infringement as such, the case-law shows that the fact that an undertaking has
         not participated directly in all the elements constituting an overall cartel cannot absolve it from liability for infringement
         of Article 81(1) EC if it is established that it must necessarily have known, first, that the collusion in which it was participating
         was part of an overall plan, and, second, that that overall plan included all the constituent elements of the cartel (see,
         to that effect, Case C‑49/92 P Commission v Anic Partecipazioni [1999] ECR I‑4125, paragraph 87; Case T‑295/94 Buchmann v Commission [1998] ECR II‑813, paragraph 121; and Case T‑99/04 AC-Treuhand v Commission [2008] ECR II‑1501, paragraphs 130 and 131).
      
      92      Having established the existence of a cartel and identified its participants, the Commission is required, in order to impose
         fines, to examine the relative seriousness of the participation of each of them. That is apparent both from the case-law (see,
         to that effect, Commission v Anic Partecipazioni, cited in paragraph 91 above, paragraphs 90 and 150; Dansk Rørindustri and Others v Commission, cited in paragraph 61 above, paragraph 145; and AC-Treuhand v Commission, cited in paragraph 91 above, paragraph 133) and from the Guidelines, which provide for differential treatment in respect
         of the starting amount (specific starting amount) and for account to be taken of aggravating and attenuating circumstances
         allowing the amount of the fine to be adjusted, notably by reference to the active or passive role of the undertakings concerned
         in the implementation of the infringement.
      
      93      However, an undertaking may never be fined an amount which is calculated to reflect its participation in a collusion for which
         it is not held liable (Case T‑28/99 Sigma Tecnologie v Commission [2002] ECR II‑1845, paragraphs 79 to 82).
      
      94      It is in the light of the abovementioned principles that the Court must examine the applicant’s claim that the Commission
         did not take account of its limited participation in the cartel. 
      
      95      In the first place, it is necessary to consider the complaint relating to the applicant’s non-participation in the SANCO arrangements
         and in the WICU and Cuprotherm arrangements.
      
      96      In that context, it must be borne in mind that it is undisputed that the applicant participated only in the broader European
         arrangements and is being held liable only for its participation in that branch of the cartel (recital 461 of the contested
         decision). However, the Commission has not examined the question whether an offender who participates in a single branch of
         a cartel commits a less serious infringement, for the purposes of Article 23(3) of Regulation No 1/2003, than an offender
         who, in the context of the same cartel, participates in all of its branches. That question was particularly important in this
         case, since the applicant has not been held liable for the two other branches of the cartel, namely the SANCO and the WICU
         and Cuprotherm arrangements.
      
      97      The Commission concluded, in recital 689 of the contested decision, that there was no need to treat offenders who had participated
         only in the broader European arrangements differently from those who had also participated in the SANCO arrangements, since
         the cooperation within the SANCO arrangements had not been significantly closer than that which existed within the broader
         European arrangements.
      
      98      It must be held that the Commission’s reasoning is erroneous, since a comparison between the intensity of the various branches
         of the cartel might have been relevant if the applicant had been involved in several branches of it, which was not the case
         here. 
      
      99      An undertaking whose liability is established in relation to several branches of a cartel contributes more to the effectiveness
         and the seriousness of the cartel than an offender involved in only one branch of it. Thus, the first undertaking commits
         a more serious infringement than the second. 
      
      100    In this respect, it must be emphasised that, in accordance with the principle of individual liability and that penalties should
         fit the individual offender, the Commission is required to take into account, when assessing the relative seriousness of the
         participation of each offender in a cartel, the fact that certain offenders may not be held liable, for the purposes of the
         judgment in Commission v Anic Partecipazioni, cited in paragraph 91 above (paragraph 87), for all the branches of that cartel.
      
      101    With regard to the application of the Guidelines, that assessment necessarily has to be made at the stage when a specific
         starting amount is set, since the taking into account of attenuating circumstances only allows the basic amount of the fine
         to be adjusted by reference to the arrangements for the offender’s implementation of the cartel. An offender who is not held
         responsible for certain branches of that cartel cannot have been involved in the implementation of those aspects. The infringement
         of the rules of competition law is, owing to the limited scope of the infringement established in respect of that offender,
         less serious than that attributed to offenders who participated in all aspects of the infringement.
      
      102    The Commission’s argument that all the members of the broader European arrangements profited from the restriction on competition
         established by the ‘SANCO producers’ cannot be accepted, since it did not hold the applicant liable for the branch of the
         infringement in question concerning the SANCO arrangements. In that regard, it should also be noted that the anti-competitive
         impact of a cartel upon prices is by nature likely to benefit all suppliers present on the relevant market and not merely
         the undertakings which are members of that cartel.
      
      103    As regards the judgments cited in paragraph 85 above to which the Commission refers in its rejoinder, suffice it to note that
         they do not relate to the question whether an offender who is held liable for a single branch of a cartel commits a less serious
         infringement than an offender who, within the same cartel, is held liable for all of its branches.
      
      104    Having regard to the above, it must be concluded that the Commission infringed the principle of equal treatment by failing
         to take into consideration, when calculating the amount of the fines, the fact that, unlike the KME group, Wieland and the
         Boliden group, the applicant had participated in only one branch of the cartel, and by therefore treating different situations
         in an identical manner, without such treatment being objectively justified.
      
      105    As regards the consequences to be drawn from that finding, the Commission proposes, as regards the SANCO arrangements, that
         the Court should increase the amounts of the fines imposed on the ‘SANCO producers’ rather than reducing the fine imposed
         on the applicant. The Court considers, however, in the exercise of its unlimited jurisdiction, that the starting amount adopted
         by the Commission is appropriate in relation to the seriousness of the three branches of the cartel as a whole, and that the
         starting amount of the fine imposed on Chalkor should be reduced in order to take account of the fact that the Commission
         held it liable for participation only in the third branch of the cartel. 
      
      106    Furthermore, the Court must reject the Commission’s arguments set out in paragraphs 83 and 84 above in so far as they may
         be regarded as a submission to the effect that the applicant’s non-participation in the SANCO arrangements was sufficiently
         reflected in the specific starting amount of the fine imposed on it. That argument is based on the premiss that the market
         share of Chalkor, which did not sell SANCO tubes, was calculated on the basis of the aggregate turnover of all producers of
         plain copper plumbing tubes, including sales of SANCO tubes. 
      
      107    The SANCO arrangements and the broader European arrangements concerned the same relevant market, namely that for plain copper
         plumbing tubes. Therefore, the Commission was required, even in the absence of the SANCO arrangements, to take account of
         the turnover generated by sales of SANCO tubes in order to calculate the applicant’s market share on the relevant market.
      
      108    By contrast, as regards the WICU and Cuprotherm arrangements, the situation is different. Those arrangements concerned products
         which could not be substituted for plain copper plumbing tubes. Recital 459 of the contested decision shows that plain copper
         plumbing tubes and plastic-coated copper plumbing tubes constitute distinct relevant markets. 
      
      109    Accordingly, by calculating the market share of the applicant, which was active in the plain copper plumbing tube market,
         on the basis of turnover achieved in both the plain and plastic-coated copper plumbing tube markets, the applicant was in
         fact deemed to have a smaller market share and, therefore, allocated a lower specific starting amount than would have been
         set if its market share had been calculated solely on the basis of turnover in the market in respect of which it actually
         participated in the cartel. 
      
      110    In the second place, as regards the question whether the fact that cooperation within the group of five was more intense than
         cooperation within the group of nine justified different treatment with regard to fines, the Court finds as follows. 
      
      111    The group of five and the group of nine both operated in the third branch of the cartel, in respect of which the applicant
         has been held responsible. In recital 690 of the contested decision, the Commission stated that the applicant was not a member
         of the group of five because of its size. The applicant did not challenge that statement. 
      
      112    Consequently, the Commission cannot be blamed for concluding that the gravity of the applicant’s participation in the broader
         European arrangements was adequately taken into consideration by the Commission’s division of the offenders into categories
         on the basis of their market shares.
      
      113    Having regard to all of the above, it is appropriate merely to amend the amount of the fine imposed on the applicant to reflect
         the fact that it did not participate in the SANCO arrangements. The specific consequences of that adjustment are detailed
         in paragraphs 183 to 186 below.
      
       The extent of the geographic market in which the applicant participated in the cartel
       Arguments of the parties
      114    In essence, the applicant challenges the fact that, in using its market share as a basis for different treatment, the Commission
         included sales in Greece in addition to sales in Germany, France, Spain, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. It claims
         that the geographic scope of the arrangements in which it was involved between August 1998 and September 1999 was limited
         to Germany, France, Spain, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. By taking sales in Greece into account, the Commission
         increased the applicant’s market share from 2.2% to 3.8%, amounting to a 72% increase in the starting amount of the fine imposed.
      
      115    According to the applicant, the fact that it participated in the cartel following threats made in relation to the Greek market
         does not mean that Greece was part of the territory covered by the cartel. In the contested decision, the Commission confuses
         the subject-matter of the cartel and the means employed in connection with that cartel.
      
      116    The Commission’s claims that the applicant benefited from a tacit agreement not to compete on the home market of each member
         of the cartel are not supported by the evidence in the file. The Commission’s assertions are, moreover, contradicted by conclusive
         evidence. There is nothing to indicate that, apart from the members of the group of five and the participants in the SANCO
         arrangements, the other participants in the cartel agreed to restrict, or in fact restricted, their sales in Greece. In reality,
         imports into Greece by the applicant’s competitors rose from 3 263 tonnes in 1997 to 3 548 tonnes in 1999. Furthermore, the
         applicant’s exports to France, Germany, the United Kingdom and Spain rose from 4 135 tonnes in the second half of 1998 to
         5 201 tonnes in the first half of 1999, an increase of 26%.
      
      117    According to the applicant, it would be illogical to claim that it adhered to a policy of not competing on the home markets
         of each participant in the cartel when its exports actually increased. First, it was not aware of the existence of such an
         agreement and, second, it did not participate in the cartel in order to protect its domestic market but for fear of retaliation
         (dumping) by the group of five on the Greek market.
      
      118    The Commission contends that this complaint should be rejected. 
      
       Findings of the Court
      119    It must be borne in mind that the Commission was entitled, in accordance with Section 1 A of the Guidelines, to take account
         of the extent of the relevant geographic market for the purposes of assessing the gravity of the infringement at issue. 
      
      120    In the present case, it found that the territory of the EEA constituted the relevant geographic market affected by the cartel
         (recital 17 of the contested decision). That finding was not challenged by the applicant, which merely claims that the infringement
         for which it has been held responsible covered only Germany, France, Spain, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. That argument
         cannot be accepted.
      
      121    Since the relevant geographic market corresponds to the territory of the EEA, it must be held that, even on the assumption
         that the Greek market was not affected by the infringement at issue, the Commission was entitled, in setting the amount of
         the applicant’s fine, to take account of the applicant’s sales in Greece.
      
      122    In the light of the above, the present complaint must be rejected. 
      
      3.     Plea alleging that the starting amount of the fine was wrongly increased by reason of the duration of the cartel 
      123    The applicant states that, given that its participation in the cartel lasted less than 12 months, the Commission made a manifest
         error by increasing the starting amount of the fine imposed on the applicant by 10% for duration. In the alternative, the
         applicant claims that the Commission should have applied a smaller increase. 
      
       Duration of participation in the cartel
       Arguments of the parties
      124    The applicant claims that the starting point for the infringement it has been found to have committed should be the date on
         which it participated in a collusive meeting for the second time, 10 September 1998, not the date on which it first attended
         a meeting of the cartel, namely 28 or 29 August 1998. It submits that it was ignorant of the real purpose and collusive nature
         of the meeting held in August 1998 until its representatives took part in it. It also claims, by reference to an internal
         note prepared by one of its employees present at that meeting, that it did not agree to any unlawful conduct during that meeting.
         Its representatives expressly declined to accede to the requests made of them and stated that they had to consult Chalkor’s
         management.
      
      125    As regards the date on which the applicant ended its participation in the cartel, it states that this was when it ceased to
         participate in the cartel’s activities and not when the other members of the cartel became aware of its withdrawal from the
         cartel. The applicant recalls that it ceased to participate in meetings of the cartel in April 1999 even though it continued
         until August 1999 to submit confidential data to its competitors on a monthly basis, its last submission being in respect
         of July 1999. Therefore, the applicant maintains that its participation in the cartel ended in July 1999 or, at the latest,
         in August 1999.
      
      126    Consequently, the applicant takes the view that its participation in the cartel lasted less than 12 months and that, as the
         Guidelines show, no increase in the starting amount of the fine should have been applied to it for duration.
      
      127    The Commission contends that this complaint should be rejected.
      
       Findings of the Court
      128    As a preliminary point, it must be observed that, although the applicant raised this complaint with a view to obtaining a
         reduction of the fine imposed on it, it is in fact also challenging the legality of Article 1(f) of the contested decision,
         according to which the infringement imputed to the applicant lasted from 29 August 1998 at the latest until the beginning
         of September 1999.
      
      129    In that context, it should be recalled that Article 81(1) EC does not apply unless there exists a concurrence of wills between
         at least two parties, the form in which it is manifested being unimportant so long as it constitutes the faithful expression
         of the parties’ intention (Case T‑41/96 Bayer v Commission [2000] ECR II‑3383, paragraph 69).
      
      130    Furthermore, the case-law shows that it is sufficient for the Commission to establish that the undertaking concerned participated
         in obviously anti-competitive meetings between competitors in order to prove to the requisite legal standard that the undertaking
         participated in the cartel. Where participation in such meetings has been established, it is for the undertaking concerned
         to put forward indicia to establish that its participation in those meetings was without any anti-competitive intention by
         demonstrating that it had indicated to its competitors that it was participating in those meetings in a spirit that was different
         from theirs (Case C‑199/92 P Hüls v Commission [1999] ECR I‑4287, paragraph 155).
      
      131    In this instance, it has been established that, on 29 August 1998 at the latest, Chalkor participated in a meeting in connection
         with the cartel and that it became aware at least in the course of that meeting if not before of its obviously anti-competitive
         nature. The applicant has not been able to demonstrate that it had indicated to the other participants in that meeting that
         it was participating in that meeting in a spirit that was different from theirs and that it was opposed to the idea of collusion
         in the copper plumbing market. 
      
      132    On the contrary, as the Commission alleges, the applicant’s internal notes indicate instead that, during that meeting, Chalkor’s
         representatives were concerned about the quota which they had been allocated and did not oppose the idea of collusion (recital
         326 of the contested decision). The applicant’s argument that its representatives indicated during that meeting that they
         had to consult their management might have been relevant if they had refrained from participating in subsequent collusive
         meetings, which is not the case.
      
      133    In the light of the above, it must be held that the Commission did not make a mistake in finding that the applicant’s participation
         in the cartel had started on 29 August 1998 at the latest.
      
      134    With regard to the date on which the applicant ended its participation in the cartel, it must be noted that, under the information
         exchange system which was one of the constituent parts of the cartel (recitals 450 and 486 of the contested decision), the
         parties had agreed to submit their figures to the administrator of the system on a monthly basis (recitals 306 and 308 of
         the contested decision).
      
      135    Therefore, in the absence of a formal cessation of its participation in that arrangement, it must be held that the applicant’s
         withdrawal from that arrangement did not take effect until, at the earliest, the moment it failed to fulfil its monthly obligation
         to communicate sensitive data, that is in September 1999.
      
      136    It follows from this that the Commission did not make a mistake in finding that the applicant was responsible for its participation
         in the cartel until the beginning of September 1999. Consequently, the complaint relating to the duration of Chalkor’s participation
         in the cartel must be rejected.
      
       Rate of increase
       Arguments of the parties
      137    The applicant submits that, even if it was established that its participation lasted 12 months, the rate of increase in the
         fine of 10% per year of infringement is disproportionate. It claims in that regard that its participation in the cartel became
         less intense after April 1999 and that the Commission should have increased the starting amount of the fine imposed on it
         by less than 10% to take account of that reduced intensity. It refers to a number of previous Commission decisions in that
         regard.
      
      138    The applicant also claims that a comparison of the various increases for duration applied to the addressees of the contested
         decision confirms that the increase applied in respect of the applicant was unfair. In particular, an increase of 110% of
         the starting amount of the fine imposed on the Outokumpu group was applied for its participation of 11 years and 5 months,
         which would imply that 5 months were left out of account. However, that 5-month period amounts to almost half of the period
         of the applicant’s participation in the cartel and considerably more than half of the period during which it participated
         in the meetings at issue. The same applies in respect of the Boliden group, since the starting amount of the fine imposed
         on that group was subject to an increase of 125% for its participation of 12 years and 9 months. The four months of participation
         which were not taken into account correspond to half of the period during which the applicant participated in the meetings
         at issue. 
      
      139    The Commission contends that the plea should be dismissed.
      
       Findings of the Court
      140    As a preliminary point, it must be stated that the previous Commission decisions referred to by the applicant are not relevant,
         since the Commission’s practice in previous decisions does not serve as a legal framework for the fines imposed in competition
         matters (see paragraph 71 above).
      
      141    It should also be noted that an increase in the amount of the fine by reference to duration is not limited to the situation
         in which there is a direct relation between the duration and serious harm caused to the objectives referred to in the competition
         rules (see, to that effect, Michelin v Commission, cited in paragraph 71 above, paragraph 278 and the case-law cited). It is, moreover, clear from the Guidelines that the
         Commission has not established any overlap or interdependence between assessment of the gravity and that of the duration of
         the infringement.
      
      142    On the contrary, in the first place, it is clear from the general system of the Guidelines that they prescribe assessment
         of the gravity of the infringement as such for the purposes of fixing a starting amount for the fine. In the second place,
         the gravity of the infringement is analysed in relation to the characteristics of the undertaking concerned, notably its size
         and its position in the relevant market, which may give rise to a weighting of the starting amount, the allocation of the
         undertakings into categories and the fixing of a specific starting amount. In the third place, the duration of the infringement
         is taken into account for fixing the basic amount, and, in the fourth place, the Guidelines require account to be taken of
         aggravating and attenuating circumstances allowing the amount of the fine to be adjusted, notably by reference to the active
         or passive role of the undertakings concerned in the implementation of the infringement.
      
      143    It follows that the mere fact that the Commission reserved for itself the possibility of increasing the fine per year of infringement,
         going in the case of infringements lasting 12 months or more up to 10% of the amount adopted for the gravity of the infringement,
         does not in any way oblige it to fix that uplift by reference to the intensity of the activities of the cartel or its effects,
         or to the gravity of the infringement. It is for the Commission to choose, in the context of its wide discretion (see paragraph
         63 above), the uplift which it intends to apply in respect of the duration of the infringement.
      
      144    In the present case, the Commission found that the applicant had participated in the infringement at issue for a period of
         12 months and, accordingly, increased the starting amount of the fine imposed on it by 10%. In so doing, the Commission did
         not depart from the rules which it imposed upon itself in the Guidelines. 
      
      145    Moreover, the Commission’s approach of increasing the starting amount of the fine by 10% per full year and 5% for any additional
         period of six months or more (see paragraph 46 above) does not, in the circumstances of this case, give rise to significant
         disparities between offenders. Therefore, there is no need for the Court to substitute its own assessment for that of the
         Commission as regards the rate of increase applied for duration.
      
      146    It follows from all the foregoing that this plea must be dismissed in its entirety.
      
      4.     Plea alleging that the voluntary cessation of the applicant’s participation in the cartel was not taken into account
       Arguments of the parties
      147    The applicant submits that the Commission should have taken into account, as an attenuating circumstance, the fact that it
         had voluntarily withdrawn from the meetings of the cartel in 1999, before the Commission opened its investigation. The applicant
         takes the view that, if the Commission’s assertion that its participation reinforced the activities of the cartel is correct,
         its voluntary withdrawal should have weakened the cartel’s activities. 
      
      148    The applicant notes that the Guidelines provide that the Commission will reduce the amount of the fine imposed on an undertaking
         where it terminates the infringement as soon as the Commission intervenes, in particular when it carries out inspection visits.
         
      
      149    By contrast, withdrawal from a cartel before the Commission begins its inquiry is not recognised as an attenuating circumstance
         by the Guidelines. The applicant claims that it is illogical and ‘bad justice’ and ‘bad policy’ for no credit to be given
         to undertakings which withdraw voluntarily from a cartel. The applicant concludes that the voluntary termination of participation
         must be regarded as an attenuating circumstance in connection with the setting of the amount of a fine. Any other conclusion
         would be incompatible with the objective of the Commission’s fining policy, which is deterrence. The voluntary termination
         of an infringement does not call for any element of deterrence.
      
      150    The Commission contends that the plea should be dismissed. 
      
       Findings of the Court
      151    It is sufficient to note that the case-law shows that the Commission is under no obligation, in the exercise of its discretion,
         to reduce a fine for the termination of an infringement which had already come to an end before the Commission intervened
         (see, to that effect, Joined Cases T‑101/05 and T‑111/05 BASF and UCB v Commission [2007] ECR II‑4949, paragraph 128 and the case-law cited). 
      
      152    Furthermore, the fact that Chalkor voluntarily brought its infringement to an end before the Commission initiated its inquiry
         was taken sufficiently into account in the calculation of the duration of the infringement period found against Chalkor, so
         that it cannot rely on the third indent of Section 3 of the Guidelines.
      
      153    The present plea must, therefore, be dismissed. 
      
      5.     Plea alleging that the reduction of the fine was insufficient, having regard to the applicant’s cooperation pursuant to the
            1996 Leniency Notice 
       Arguments of the parties
      154    The applicant takes the view that, in light of the benefit of its cooperation to the conduct of the inquiry, it should have
         been granted a more substantial reduction of the fine under Section D of the 1996 Leniency Notice than the 15% reduction obtained.
         It points out that it could have chosen not to cooperate with the Commission and to withhold much of the evidence that was
         in its possession.
      
      155    In that regard it submits that (i) it voluntarily and promptly provided the Commission, at the same stage of the procedure
         as the KME group and Wieland, with all the relevant information in its possession, (ii) the information which it provided
         was detailed and was useful to the Commission’s inquiry, and (iii) because of its limited participation in the cartel, it
         was not in a position to provide the same amount of information as the KME and Outokumpu groups or Wieland.
      
      156    The applicant also submits that it is difficult to understand why the Outokumpu and KME groups were granted a more substantial
         reduction of their fines than was granted to the applicant.
      
      157    In support of its claim that the rate of reduction applied to the fine imposed on it was insufficient, the applicant again
         refers to previous Commission decisions.
      
      158    Finally, the applicant notes that both the Boliden group and the IMI group obtained a reduction of 10% because they did not
         contest the facts set out in the statement of objections. Accordingly, given that the applicant did not contest the facts
         either, it should have been awarded a more substantial reduction for its cooperation than it actually obtained.
      
      159    The Commission contends that the plea should be dismissed. 
      
       Findings of the Court
      160    It must be stated, first of all, that the applicant’s references to previous Commission decisions are entirely irrelevant,
         since the Commission’s practice in previous decisions does not serve as a legal framework for the fines imposed in competition
         matters (see paragraph 71 above). 
      
      161    Next, it must be borne in mind that, according to settled case-law, a reduction in the fine on grounds of cooperation during
         the administrative procedure is based on the consideration that such cooperation facilitates the Commission’s task of identifying
         an infringement (Case T‑311/94 BPB de Eendracht v Commission [1998] ECR II‑1129, paragraph 325, and Case T‑338/94 Finnboard v Commission [1998] ECR II‑1617, paragraph 363).
      
      162    Finally, it must be noted that, in assessing the cooperation provided by members of a cartel, only an obvious error of assessment
         by the Commission is capable of being censured, since the Commission enjoys a wide discretion in assessing the quality and
         usefulness of the cooperation provided by an undertaking, in particular by reference to the contributions made by other undertakings
         (Case C‑328/05 P SGL Carbon v Commission [2007] ECR I‑3921, paragraph 88). None the less, in making that assessment, the Commission cannot ignore the equal treatment
         principle.
      
      163    In the present case, it is apparent from recitals 803 to 807 of the contested decision that the Commission took the view that
         the applicant’s cooperation was of limited value, since it already had proof of the existence of the infringement at issue
         in its possession when that cooperation was provided. 
      
      164    The applicant did not put forward any evidence to cast doubt on that conclusion. It merely claimed that its cooperation could
         not have been more extensive because its participation in the cartel had been very limited in terms of both time and substance.
         That argument is, however, unfounded since the Commission cannot be required, when determining the rate of reduction pursuant
         to the 1996 Leniency Notice, to take into account factors other than the objective usefulness of the cooperation provided
         by an undertaking for the purposes of establishing an infringement. 
      
      165    It follows from the foregoing that the Commission cannot be criticised for, on the one hand, having reduced the fine imposed
         on Chalkor by 15% to take account of the information which it supplied and the fact that it did not contest the facts in the
         statement of objections and, on the other, for having reduced the fine imposed on the Boliden group and on the IMI group by
         10% solely on the ground that they had not contested the facts set out in the statement of objections.
      
      166    With regard to the reference to the rate of reduction of the fines applied to the KME group and to Wieland, the applicant
         concedes that their respective contributions were more extensive than its own. Similarly, it is undisputed that the Outokumpu
         group cooperated more than a year before the applicant. Consequently, there is no need to consider further the allegation
         of discrimination against the applicant as compared with those undertakings.
      
      167    Finally, by the applicant’s assertion that the rate of reduction which it was granted is insufficient since it could have
         chosen not to cooperate with the Commission and to withhold much of the evidence that was in its possession, the applicant
         is effectively implicitly challenging the conclusion in recital 803 of the contested decision, according to which a considerable
         part of the information provided by the applicant to the Commission fell within the ambit of the applicant’s duty pursuant
         to Article 11 of Regulation No 17.
      
      168    In that context, this Court has a comprehensive power of review as to whether the cooperation provided by the applicant goes
         beyond its obligation under Article 11 of Regulation No 17 and Article 18 of Regulation No 1/2003 to reply to the Commission’s
         requests for information (see, to that effect, Joined Cases T‑259/02 to T‑264/02 and T‑271/02 Raiffeisen Zentralbank Österreich and Others v Commission [2006] ECR II‑5169, paragraph 531). However, it must be noted that the applicant did not specify in its written pleadings
         which parts of the information that it provided it could have omitted to communicate to the Commission.
      
      169    In the light of the above, the present plea must be dismissed in its entirety.
      
      6.     Plea alleging that the fine set was disproportionate
       Arguments of the parties
      170    The applicant takes the view that the final amount of the fine imposed on it, which was set at EUR 9.16 million, is disproportionate
         by comparison with the fines imposed on the other undertakings to which the contested decision was addressed. In that regard
         it refers, in the first place, to the case of HME, which was of a similar size to the applicant at the material time and whose
         participation in the cartel lasted two and a half times longer. However, the final amount of the fine imposed on HME is only
         EUR 4.49 million.
      
      171    In the second place, the applicant submits that the fine imposed on it is equivalent to a fine of EUR 760 000 per month of
         participation in the infringement, whereas the fines imposed on other undertakings range from EUR 210 000 to EUR 440 000 per
         month of participation in the infringement.
      
      172    In the third place, the applicant submits that the number of collusive meetings attended by an undertaking is an indication
         of its level of involvement in a cartel. It remarks that, for its attendance at seven meetings, it was fined EUR 1.83 million
         per meeting, whereas Wieland and KME, which attended virtually all of the 120 meetings held in connection with the cartel,
         were fined EUR 0.206 million and EUR 0.56 million respectively per meeting.
      
      173    In the fourth place, the applicant claims that it is the only small, independent undertaking able to compete with large European
         producers. According to the applicant, the fine imposed on it for its passive participation in the cartel is unreasonably
         high and will have an impact on its ability to compete. 
      
      174    The Commission contends that the plea should be dismissed. It observes, in particular, that the final amount of the fine imposed
         on HME is the result of the tacit application of the 10% limit set by Article 23(2) of Regulation No 1/2003.
      
       Findings of the Court
      175    First, in view of the explanation provided by the Commission and the absence of any challenge by the applicant, the Court
         must dismiss the complaint relating to the difference between the final amount of the fine imposed on HME and that set for
         the applicant.
      
      176    Second, even on the assumption that the applicant could argue that the amount of the fine imposed on it is capable of reducing
         its competitiveness, so as to demonstrate that the fine is disproportionate, it must be noted that the applicant has not put
         forward any specific evidence in this respect.
      
      177    As to the remainder, it must be observed that the other arguments put forward by the applicant in relation to the present
         plea are indirectly aimed at calling into question the scheme for the calculation of fines established by the Guidelines.
      
      178    By dividing the final amounts of the fines by the number of months of participation in the cartel or by the number of meetings
         attended by the offenders, the applicant is, in reality, attempting to challenge anew the Commission’s determination of the
         amount of the fine imposed on account of the duration of the infringement.
      
      179    In that context, it must be held that it is clear from the general system of the Guidelines that those undertakings which
         participate in a cartel for the longest period of time will have the smallest fines imposed on them if the amounts are divided
         by the number of months of participation in the cartel, since the Commission is restricted, in the Guidelines, to prescribing
         increases in the starting amounts of fines of up to a maximum of 10% per year of infringement. The applicant cannot rely on
         that self-limitation in order to obtain a reduction of the fine imposed in its case. 
      
      180    The reasoning set out in paragraph 179 above applies equally to the applicant’s argument concerning the relationship between
         the amount of the fine imposed on it and the number of meetings which it attended, since the number of meetings which it attended
         is linked to the duration of its participation in the cartel.
      
      181    In the light of the above, this final plea must also be dismissed.
      
      7.     Determination of the final amount of the fine
      182    As is clear from paragraphs 90 to 113 above, it is necessary to vary the contested decision inasmuch as the Commission failed,
         in setting the amount of the fine, to take account of the fact that the applicant did not participate in the SANCO arrangements.
         
      
      183    As to the remainder, the considerations which the Commission set out in the contested decision and the method of calculation
         of the fines that was applied in the present case remain unchanged. The final amount of the fine is therefore calculated as
         follows. 
      
      184    The starting amount of the fine imposed on the applicant is reduced by 10% to take account of the lesser gravity of its participation
         in the cartel by comparison with that of the ‘SANCO producers’. The new starting amount of the fine imposed on the applicant
         is, therefore, set at EUR 8.82 million.
      
      185    The application of the 10% uplift for duration results in a basic amount of EUR 9.702 million. Taking into account the 15%
         reduction which the Commission granted the applicant pursuant to Section D of the 1996 Leniency Notice, the final amount of
         the fine imposed on the applicant is, therefore, EUR 8.2467 million.
      
       Costs
      186    Under Article 87(2) of the Rules of Procedure of the General Court, the unsuccessful party is to be ordered to pay the costs
         if they have been applied for in the successful party’s pleadings. However, pursuant to the first subparagraph of Article
         87(3) of the Rules of Procedure, the Court may order that the costs be shared or that each party bear its own costs where
         each party succeeds on some and fails on other heads or where the circumstances are exceptional.
      
      187    In view of the fact that each party has been partially unsuccessful, it must be held that each party shall bear its own costs.
      
      On those grounds,
      THE GENERAL COURT (Eighth Chamber)
      hereby:
      1.      Orders that the fine imposed on Chalkor AE Epexergasias Metallon under Article 2(d) of Commission Decision C(2004) 2826 of
            3 September 2004 relating to a proceeding pursuant to Article 81 [EC] and Article 53 of the EEA Agreement (Case COMP/E-1/38.069
            – Copper plumbing tubes) shall be set at EUR 8.2467 million; 
      2.      Dismisses the action as to the remainder;
      3.      Orders Chalkor Epexergasias Metallon and the European Commission to bear their own costs. 
      
               Martins Ribeiro
            
            
               Papasavvas 
            
            
               Wahl
            
         Delivered in open court in Luxembourg on 19 May 2010.
      [Signatures]
      Table of contents
      
      Background
      1.  Administrative procedure
      2.  The contested decision
      Relevant products and markets
      Components of the infringement at issue
      Arrangements between the ‘SANCO producers’
      Arrangements between the ‘WICU and Cuprotherm producers’
      Broader European arrangements
      Duration and continuous nature of the infringement at issue
      Determination of the amount of the fines
      Starting amount of the fines
      –  Gravity
      –  Differential treatment
      Basic amount of the fines
      Aggravating and attenuating circumstances
      Application of the 1996 Leniency Notice
      Final amount of the fines
      Procedure and forms of order sought
      Law
      1.  Plea alleging that the Commission failed to take account of the fact that the applicant was coerced into participating
         in the cartel
      
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      2.  Plea alleging that the starting amount of the fine was set incorrectly
      The applicant’s limited participation in the cartel
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      The extent of the geographic market in which the applicant participated in the cartel
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      3.  Plea alleging that the starting amount of the fine was wrongly increased by reason of the duration of the cartel
      Duration of participation in the cartel
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      Rate of increase
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      4.  Plea alleging that the voluntary cessation of the applicant’s participation in the cartel was not taken into account
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      5.  Plea alleging that the reduction of the fine was insufficient, having regard to the applicant’s cooperation pursuant to
         the 1996 Leniency Notice
      
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      6.  Plea alleging that the fine set was disproportionate
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      7.  Determination of the final amount of the fine
      Costs
      * Language of the case: English.