CELEX: 51992PC0009
Language: en
Date: 1992-03-19
Title: Proposal for a COUNCIL DIRECTIVE on the incineration of hazardous waste

2 . 5 . 92                                  Official Journal of the European Communities                              No . C 130/ 1
                                                                   II
                                                           (Preparatory Acts)
                                                      COMMISSION
                                Proposal for a Council Directive on the incineration of hazardous waste
                                                             (92 /C 130 /01 )
                                                      COM(92) 9final — SYN 406
                                           (Submitted by the Commission on 23 March 1992)
THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN                                             Whereas the incineration of hazardous waste, due to its
COMMUNITIES,                                                            characteristics and constituents, gives rise to emissions
                                                                        particularly dangerous for the environmental media of
Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European                   air, soil , surface and groundwater, thereby endangering
Economic Community, and in particular Article 100a                      public health ; whereas in some cases this pollution
thereof,                                                                may have transboundary features ;
Having regard to the proposal of the Commission,                        Whereas therefore preventive action is required to pro­
                                                                        tect the environment against particularly dangerous
In cooperation with the European Parliament,                            emissions from the incineration of hazardous waste
                                                                        and to guarantee citizens the right to a clean and heal­
Having regard to the opinion of the Economic and                        thy environment ;
Social Committee,
                                                                        Whereas the differences between technical standards
Whereas the 1973 (»), 1977 (2), 1983 (3) and 1987 (4)                   and control and operating procedures relating to instal­
European Community Action Programmes on the                             lations for the incineration of hazardous waste have an
Environment stress the importance of the prevention                     influence on incineration activity, in particular as a
and reduction of air pollution ;                                        result of the costs arising from the nature of the tech­
                                                                        nical standards imposed and the level of environmental
Whereas in their resolution concerning the action pro­                  protection thus ensured ;
gramme on the environment 1987 to 1992, the Council
and the Representatives of the Governments of the
Member States meeting within the Council , emphasize                    Whereas the current differences in national provisions
the importance for Community action to concentrate,                     applicable to the incineration of hazardous waste , and
inter alia , on implementation of appropriate standards                 in some cases the absence of such provisions, may dis­
in order to ensure a high level of public health and                    tort competition, affect the free movement of goods in
environmental protection ;                                              the single market, and give rise to differences in the
                                                                        protection of health and the environment ;
Whereas the Council resolution of 7 May 1990 on
waste policy (5) invites the Commission to complete its                 Whereas it is necessary, for the smooth functioning of
proposals on incinerators for industrial waste, as a mat­               the internal market, to harmonize the national provi­
ter of urgency ;                                                        sions relating to the incineration of hazardous waste in
                                                                        such a way as to ensure a high level of protection of
                                                                        health and the environment in all Members States ;
 <)  OJ  No  C 112, 20. 12 . 1973 , p. 1 .
 2)  OJ  No  C 139 , 13.6. 1977, p. 1 .
 J)  OJ  No  C 46, 17 . 2. 1983 , p. 1 .
 *)  OJ  No  C 328 , 7 . 2 . 1987, p. 1 .                               Whereas Article 4 of Council Directive 84/360/ EEC of
 5)  OJ  No  C 122, 18 . 5 . 1990, p. 2 .                               28 June 1984 on the combating of air pollution from
 ---pagebreak--- No . C 130 / 2                                Official Journal of the European Communities                                  21 . 5.92
industrial plants (') provides that prior authorization                  by using progressive techniques and to make all efforts
shall be required for the operation of industrial plants,                to meet the fixed guide values ;
particularly those belonging to listed categories among
which are waste incineration plants ; whereas this                       Whereas the environment requires an integrated protec­
authorization may be issued only when all appropriate                    tion against emissions resulting from the incineration
preventive measures against air pollution have been                      of hazardous wastes ; whereas, therefore, waste water
taken , including the application of the best available                  resulting from the cleaning of exhaust gases of new
technology not entailing excessive costs ;                               plants shall not be discharged, in order to prevent a
                                                                         pollution shift from one environmental medium to
                                                                         another ;
Whereas Council Directive 75 /442/ EEC of 15 July
                                                                         Whereas the incineration of hazardous waste as addi­
 1975 on waste (2), as amended by Directive 91 / 156 /
EEC (3), provides that waste must be disposed of with­                   tional fuel in plants not solely destined for this purpose
out endangering human health and without harming                         may not cause higher mass concentrations of polluting
the environment ; whereas, to this end, the same Direc­                  substances in that part of the exhaust gas volume
tive stipulates that any installation or undertaking                     resulting from such incineration and should therefore
treating waste must obtain a permit from the competent                   be subject to appropriate limitations ;
authority relating, inter alia , to the precautions to be
taken ;                                                                  Whereas the Commission and each Member State shall
                                                                         collaborate in order to ensure that information on the
                                                                         progress on emission control techniques and the results
                                                                         of the measurements of the pollutants released into the
Whereas a high level of environmental protection                         environment will be made available ;
requires the setting and maintaining of appropriate
operating conditions and emission limit values for                       Whereas a committee should be set up to assist the
hazardous waste incineration plants within the Com­                      Commission in implementing this Directive and adapt­
munity ; whereas hereby and in the first place the com­                  ing it to scientific and technical progress ,
petent authorities have to take into account the latest
development of effective emission control techniques
when issuing or reviewing the permit ;                                   HAS ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE :
                                                                                                       Article I
Whereas high standard measurement techniques are
required to monitor the mass concentrations of the pol­                  1 . The aim of this Directive is to provide for measures
lutants permitted to be released into the environment                    and procedures to prevent or at least to minimize the
and to compare the results of the measurements within                    effects on the environment, in particular the pollution
the Community taking into account maximum confi­                         of air, soil, surface and groundwater, and the resulting
dence intervals ;                                                        risks to human health, from the incineration of hazar­
                                                                         dous waste and, to this end, to set up and maintain
                                                                         appropriate operating conditions and emission limit
                                                                         values for hazardous waste incineration plants within
Whereas the normal operation as well as technically                      the Community.
unavoidable stoppages, disturbances or failures of the
purification devices have to be regulated ; whereas, the
provisions to prevent and minimize the risks and con­                    2 . This Directive applies without prejudice to other
sequences of major accidents as set by Council Direc­                    Community legislation relating to hazardous waste and
tive 82/ 501 / EEC of 24 June 1982 on the major-acci­                    the protection of the health and safety of the workers at
dent hazards of certain industrial activities (4), as last               the incineration plant, in particular Council Directives
amended by Directive 90/656/ EEC (5), apply to inci­                     80/ 1 107 / EEC (6) and 89/391 / EEC (7).
neration plants for hazardous waste ;
                                                                                                       Article 2
Whereas, for the emissions of dioxins and furans, a                      For the purpose of this Directive :
guide value only should be set due to the lack of exist­
ing appropriate measurement methods ; whereas,
nonetheless, it is decisive to minimize such emissions                   1.   'hazardous waste' shall mean any solid or liquid
                                                                              waste as laid down by Article 1 of Council Direc­
                                                                              tive 91 /689/ EEC (8).
  ') OJ No  L  188 . 16. 7 . 1984, p. 20 .
 2)  OJ No  L  194, 25 . 7 . 1975 , p. 47 .
 J)  OJ No  L  78 , 26 . 3 . 1991 , p. 32 .                              (o)  OJNoL327, 3 . 12. 1980, p. 8 .
 4)  OJ No  L  230 . 5 . 8 . 1982, p. 1 .                                o    OJ No L 183 , 29. 6 . 1989, p . 1 .
 *)  OJ No  L  353 , 17 . 12 . 1990 , p. 59 .                            (s)  OJ No L 377 , 31 . 12 . 1991 , p . 20 .
 ---pagebreak--- 21 . 5.92                                           Official Journal of the European Communities                             No . C 130/ 3
      The following wastes shall be excluded from the                          4.  'existing incineration plant' shall mean a plant for
      scope of this Directive :                                                    which the first permit to operate is granted before
                                                                                   the date specified in Article 19(1 );
      — municipal wastes as defined in Article 1 (3 ) of
           Council Directive 89/ 369 / EEC (') and Article                     5.  ' emission limit value ' shall mean the concentration
            1 (3 ) of Council Directive 89/429 / EEC (2),                          and/or mass of polluting substances which is not
                                                                                   to be exceeded in emissions from plants during a
      — combustible liquid wastes including waste oils                             specified period ;
           as defined in Council Directive 75 / 439 / EEC
           (3) if
                                                                               6.  ' operator' shall mean any natural or legal person
                                                                                   who operates the incineration plant, or who has or
           — the mass content of polychlorinated aro­                              has been delegated decisive economic power over
                  matic hydrocarbons, e.g. polychlorinated                         it .
                  biphenyls ( PCB) or pentachlorinated
                  phenol ( PCP), amounts to not more than
                  10 ppm,                                                                                 Article 3
           — the net calorific value amounts to at least
                  30 MJ per kilogram, and                                      Member States shall ensure that :
            — these wastes are not rendered hazardous                          1.  permits for installations, establishments or under­
                  due to other constituents .                                      takings which operate incineration plants must be
                                                                                   obtained from the competent authorities, pursuant
      — any combustible liquid wastes which cannot                                 to Articles 9, 10 and 11 of Directive 75 /442/ EEC
            cause, in the flue gas directly resulting from                         and Article 3 of Council Directive 84/ 360 / EEC ;
            their combustion , other emissions than those
            from gas oil as defined in Article 1 ( 1 ) of                      2.  the permit shall be given only if the application
            Council Directive 75 / 716/ EEC (4) or a higher                        shows that the incineration plant is designed,
            concentration of emissions than those resulting                        equipped and will be operated in such a manner
            from the combustion of gas oil as so defined ;                         that all appropriate preventive measures against
                                                                                   environmental pollution , in particular measures to
                                                                                   prevent or minimize emissions, have been taken .
2.    'incineration plant' shall mean any technical                                 As a minimum , those measures provided for by
                                                                                    Articles 5 to 13 must be met ;
      equipment used for the incineration by oxidation
      of hazardous wastes including pretreatment as well
      as pyrolysis or other thermal treatment processes,                       3.   the permit given by the competent authorities must
      e.g. plasma process, insofar as their products are                            explicitly list the categories and/or the generic
      subsequently incinerated with or without recovery                             types of those hazardous wastes which may be
      of the combustion heat generated . This includes                              treated in the incineration plant as well as the total
       plants burning such wastes as a regular or addi­                             capacity of the incinerator ;
      tional fuel for any industrial process ;
                                                                               4.   in the case of a plant not intended primarily to
                                                                                    incinerate hazardous wastes, and where such a
      This definition covers the site and the entire instal­                        plant is being fed with hazardous wastes the result­
       lation comprising the waste reception, storage, pre­                         ing heat release from which is between 10 and 40 %
      treatment facilities, the incinerator, its wastes, fuel                       inclusive of the total heat released in the plant at
       and air-supply systems, exhaust gas and waste                                each moment of the operation , the following Arti­
       water treatment facilities, and devices and systems                          cles only of the Directive shall apply :
       for controlling incineration operations and contin­
       uously recording and monitoring incineration con­                            — Articles 1 to 6,
       ditions ;
                                                                                    — Article 7 points 2 and 6,
                                                                                    — Article 8 including its measuring provisions,
 3.    ' new incineration plant' shall mean a plant for                             — Article 10,
       which the permit to operate is granted as from the
       date specified in Article 19 ( 1 );                                          — Articles 13 , 14 and 15 ;
 (')   OJ  No  L   163 , 14. 6 . 1989, p. 32 .                                  5.  the permit for additional incineration as described
 0     OJ  No  L   203 , 15.7 . 1989, p. 50 .
 (3 )  OJ  No  L   194,  25 . 7 . 1975, p. 3 1 .                                     in paragraph 4 shall be issued only if it is demon­
 (4)   OJ  No  L   307 , 27 . 1 1 . 1975 , p . 22 .                                  strated in the application :
 ---pagebreak--- No . C 130/4                            Official Journal of the European Communities                                  21 . 5.92
    — that the hazardous waste burners shall be posi­                  — the physical and chemical composition of the
          tioned and the waste added in such a way as to                    waste and all information necessary to eval­
          achieve complete incineration, and                                uate its suitability for the intended incineration
                                                                            process ,
     — with calculations as laid down in Annex II that
          the provisions of Article 8 shall be met.                    — the hazard characteristics of the waste, the
                                                                            substances with which it cannot be mixed, pre­
     The permit for additional incineration shall expli­                    cautions to be taken in handling the waste ;
     citly list the categories and/ or the generic types of
     those hazardous wastes which may be incinerated
     additionally in the plant. It shall, moreover, specify        3.  prior to accepting the waste at the incineration
     the minimum and maximum mass flows of those                       plant, at least the following reception procedures
     hazardous wastes , their lowest and maximum cal­                  have to be respected :
     orific values and their maximum contents of pollu­
     tants , e.g. PCB , PCP, chlorine , fluorine, sulphur,             — the mass of the waste has to be determined,
     heavy metals .
                                                                       — the checking of those documents required by
     The permit shall expire six months after starting                      Directive 91 / 689 / EEC and, where they apply,
     such incineration, if a comparison of the results of                   those required by Council Directive 84/631 /
     measurements       carried   out    under    the   most                EEC (') and dangerous goods transport regula­
     unfavourable conditions show that the provisions                       tions ,
     of Article 8 are not met. For this period of six
     months the competent authority may grant                          — representative samples have to be taken where
     excemptions from the percentage requirement sti­                       appropriate and as far as possible before
     pulated in point 4.                                                    unloading, to verify the conformity with the
                                                                            description provided under point 2 by carrying
                                                                            out controls like those indicated in Annex TN I
                           Article 4
                                                                            and to enable the competent authorities to
                                                                            identify the nature of the wastes treated. These
                                                                            samples have to be kept for at least 10 days
Member States shall take measures in order that :                           after the incineration .
1 . the applications for a permit and the decisions of
     the competent authorities are made available to the
     public in accordance with procedures provided for                                        Article 6
     in Community and national law ;
                                                                   Member States shall take measures in order that the
2.   the results of the monitoring provided for in Article
      12 are made available to the public in a form                equipment used for the intermediate storage and the
     decided upon by the competent authorities and in              pretreatment of hazardous wastes necessary prior to the
     accordance with procedures provided for in Com­               incineration shall be designed and operated so as to
     munity and national law .                                     avoid or minimize emissions of dust, volatile substan­
                                                                   ces and odours (2).
                           Article 5
                                                                                              Article 7
Member States shall ensure that :
1 . the operator of the incineration plant takes all               Member States shall ensure that :
      necessary measures concerning the delivery and
     reception in order to prevent or minimize as far as
      possible the effects to the environment, in parti­            1. incineration plants for hazardous wastes shall be
      cular the pollution of air, soil, surface and ground­            designed, equipped and operated to prevent or at
      water, and the risks to human health . These meas­                least minimize the effects to the environment in
      ures have to cover at least the requirements set out             particular the pollution of air, soil and water, and
      in points 2 and 3 ;                                              the risks to human health . To this end, the most
2. prior to accepting the waste at the incineration                (')  OJNoL326, 13 . 12 . 1984, p. 31 .
      plant, the operator shall receive a description of the       (:)  Information on equipment and operational practice is
      waste covering :                                                  provided by TN II .
 ---pagebreak--- 21 . 5.92                               Official Journal of the European Communities                           No . C 130/ 5
     appropriate technological means (') and require­                 When the furnace is fueled with liquid hazardous
     ments shall be applied to fulfil the prescriptions               waste only or with a mixture of gaseous substances
     laid down in the subsequent points ;                             and powdered solids from a thermal pretreatment
                                                                      of hazardous waste under oxygen deficiency, and
                                                                      when the gaseous part provides for more than 50 %
                                                                      of the entire heat released, the oxygen content after
2.   plants for the incineration of hazardous wastes                  the last injection of combustion air shall amount to
     shall be operated in order to achieve a complete                 at least 3 % ;
     incineration . This may require the use of appro­
     priate techniques of waste pretreatment ;
                                                                   5. requirements different from those laid down in
                                                                      point 4 and specified in the permit for certain
                                                                      hazardous wastes may be authorized by the compe­
3.   all waste incineration plants shall be equipped with             tent authorities if appropriate techniques are used
     auxiliary burners . These burners must be switched               in the incineration furnaces or exhaust gas treat­
     on automatically when the temperature of the com­                ment equipment. This authorization shall be condi­
     bustion gases, after the last injection of combustion            tional upon at least the emission limit values given
     air, falls below the relevant temperature stated in              in point 1 of Article 8 being met and the levels of
     points 4 and 5 . They shall also be used during plant            dioxins and furans emitted being lower or equiva­
     start-up and shut-down operations in order to                    lent to those obtained with the requirements laid
     ensure that the abovementioned minimum temper­                   down in point 4 of this Article .
     ature is maintained at all times during these opera­
     tions and as long as the waste is in the combustion
                                                                      All operating conditions determined under the
     chamber. During start-up and shut-down or when
     the temperature of the combustion gas falls below                provisions of this paragraph and the results of veri­
                                                                      fications made shall be communicated to the Com­
     the temperatures stated in points 4 and 5 , the auxil­
                                                                      mission ;
     iary burners must not be fed with fuels which can
     cause higher emmissions than those resulting from
     the burning of gasoil as defined in Article 1 ( 1 ) of        6. during the operation of the incineration plant the
     Directive 75 /716/ EEC , liquefied gas or natural                following limit values of carbon monoxide (CO)
     gas .                                                            concentrations shall not be exceeded in the com­
                                                                      bustion gases :
                                                                      (a) 50 milligrams/m3 of combustion gas deter­
      It is mandatory to have an automatic system to                       mined as daily average value ;
     prevent hazardous waste feed :
                                                                      (b) 150 milligrams/m3 of combustion gas of at
                                                                           least 95 % of all measurements determined as
     — at start-up, until the required minimum incin­                      10-minute average values taken in any 24-hour
           eration temperature has been reached,                           period ;
     — whenever the required minimum incineration
                                                                   7. the deposit of fly ash shall be minimized before the
           temperature is not maintained,
                                                                      dust arrestment plant, e.g. by appropriate ducting
                                                                      for exhaust gas as well as by frequent cleaning of
     — whenever         the    continuous     measurements            boilers, heating surfaces, economizers and exhaust
           required by Article 12 ( 1 ) (a) show that any             gas ducts ;
           emission   limit  value   is  exceeded    due   to
           disturbances or failures of the purification
           devices ;                                               8. all incineration plants shall be designed, equipped
                                                                      and operated in such a way as to prevent emissions
                                                                      into the air giving rise to significant ground-level
                                                                      air pollution ; in particular, exhaust gases shall be
4.   all incineration plants shall be designed, equipped              discharged in a controlled fashion by means of a
     and operated in such a way that the gas resulting                stack.
     from the combustion of the hazardous waste, is
     raised, after the last injection of combustion air, in           The stack height is calculated in such a way as to
     a controlled and homogeneous fashion and even                    safeguard human health and the environment.
     under the most unfavourable conditions, to a tem­
     perature of at least 850° C , as measured at the
     inner wall of the combustion chamber, for at least
                                                                                           Article 8
     two seconds in the presence of at least 6 % oxygen ;
     if halogenated organic substances are incinerated,
     the temperature has to be raised to at least 1200° C.         Member States shall ensure that :
(')  Currently available technology is indicated briefly in        1. incineration plants have to be designed, equipped
     Annex TN III .                                                   and operated in such a way that at least the follow­
 ---pagebreak--- No . C 130/6                           Official Journal of the European Communities                               21 . 5.92
     ing emission limit values are not exceeded in the                     11 . Nickel and its compounds,
     exhaust gas :                                                              expressed as nickel ( Ni),
                                                                           12 . Vanadium     and    its  com­
     (a) daily average values                                                   pounds, expressed as vana­
         1.   total dust                          5 mg/ m3                      dium (V)
         2,   gaseous and vapourous                                        13 . Tin and its compounds,
              organic substances , expres­                                      expressed as tin (Sn).
              sed as total organic carbon         5 mg/m3
         3.   hydrogen chloride ( HC1)            5 mg/m3            These average values cover also gaseous and the
                                                                     vapour forms of the relevant heavy metal emissions
         4. hydrogen fluoride (HF)                 1 mg/m3           as well as their compounds ;
         5.   sulphur dioxide (S02)             25 mg/m3 ;
                                                                  2. the emission of dioxins and furans shall be mini­
     (b) half-hourly average values                                  mized by the most progressive techniques . To this
                                                                     end every effort must be made to ensure that all
         1.   total dust                         10 mg/m3            average values measured over the sample period of
                                                                     a minimum of six hours and a maximum                of
         2,   gaseous and vapourous
              organic substances, expres­                             16 hours do not exceed a guide value of 0,1 ng/ m 3 .
              sed as total organic carbon        10 mg/ m 3
         3.   hydrogen chloride ( HC1)           10 mg/ m3           This guide value is defined as the sum of the con­
                                                                     centrations of the individual dioxins and furans
         4.   hydrogen fluoride ( HF)             2 mg/ m3           evaluated in accordance with Annex 1 ;
         5.   sulphur dioxide ( S02)             50 mg/ m3 ;
                                                                  3. the results of the measurements made to verify
     (c) all average values over the sample period of a              compliance with the limit and guide values set out
         minimum of half and a maximum offour hours                  in Articles 7 and 8 shall be standardized under the
                                                                     conditions laid down in point 2 of Article 12 ;
         1.   Cadmium       and   its   com­
              pounds , expressed as cad­
              mium (Cd)                         total             4. where hazardous wastes are additionally inciner­
                                                0,05 mg/m3           ated in plants which are not solely destined for the
         2.   Thallium     and    its   com­                         incineration of such wastes, the provisions of point
              pounds , expressed as thal­                            6 of Article 7 and points 1 , 2 and 3 of this Article
              lium (Tl )                                             shall only apply to that part of the volume of
                                                                     exhaust gas resulting from the incineration of the
         3.   Mercury and its compounds,                              wastes .
              expressed as mercury ( Hg)        0,05 mg/ m 3
         4.   Antimony      and    its  com­
                                                                      Appropriate emission limit and guide values for
              pounds , expressed as anti­                            the relevant pollutants emitted in the exhaust gas
              mony ( Sb )
                                                                     of such plants as set out in Annex II shall be laid
                                                                      down .
         5.   Arsenic and its compounds,
              expressed as arsenic (As)
         6.   Lead and its compounds,
              expressed as lead ( Pb)                                                      Article 9
         7.   Chromium       and   its  com­
              pounds , expressed as chrom­                        Member States shall ensure that :
              ium (Cr)
         8.   Cobalt and its compounds,                               any waste water discharged from an incineration
              expressed as cobalt (Co)                                plant must be subject to a licence issued by the
         9.   Copper and its compounds,         total                 competent authority. This licence shall state that it
              expressed as copper (Cu)           0,5 mg/m3 .          is only valid under the condition that the waters are
                                                                     treated, as necessary , in order to minimize the
         10 . Manganese and its com­                                  effects on the environment and to prevent risks to
              pounds, expressed as man­                               human health and that the limit values imposed
              ganese ( Mn )                                           therein are respected ;
 ---pagebreak---  21 . 5.92                                     Official Journal of the European Communities                             No . C 130 / 7
2.    in so far as the waste water contains dangerous                                              Article 11
      substances covered by Council Directive 76/464/
       EEC (') and its daughter Directives (2), any licence                Member States shall ensure that :
      which is issued and the relevant limit values must
      be fixed according to these Directives ;
                                                                           1.  measurement equipment shall be installed and
                                                                               techniques shall be used in order to monitor in
3.    discharge to the aquatic environment of waste                            accordance with Article 12 the parameters, condi­
      waters resulting from the cleaning of exhaust gases                      tions and mass concentrations of the pollutants
      shall be prohibited for new plants ;                                     relevant to the incineration process . They shall be
                                                                               subject to the permit issued by the competent auth­
                                                                               orities . ( For monitoring information , see Annex
4.    incineration plant sites including associated stor­                      TN IV);
      age areas for hazardous wastes shall be designed
      and operated in such a way, as to prevent the                       2.   the permit shall only be issued if the measurement
      release of any polluting substances into soil and                        techniques comply with Annex III . The values of
      groundwater following the provisions of Council                          the 95 % confidence interval at the emission limit
      Directive 80/68/ EEC (3). Moreover, storage capac­                       values in point 6 (a) of Article 7 and Article 8 ,
      ity shall be provided for rainwater run-off from the                     point 1 (b), Nos ( 1 ), (2), (3 ) and ( 5), shall not
      incineration plant site or for contaminated water                        exceed the values given by point 4 of Annex III .
      arising from spillages or fire-fighting operations.
      This storage capacity shall be adequate to ensure
      that such waters can be tested and treated before                        The competent authorities shall give approval of
      discharge where necessary .                                              the appropriate installation and the functioning of
                                                                               the automated monitoring equipment and shall
                                                                               require an annual surveillance test with respect to
                                                                               this equipment ;
                                 Article 10
                                                                          3.   the sampling and measurement procedures used to
                                                                               satisfy the obligations imposed for periodical
Member States shall ensure that :                                              measurements of each air pollutant and the loca­
                                                                               tion of the sampling or measurement points shall
                                                                               be subject to the permit issued by the competent
 1.   wastes resulting from the operation of the incinera­                     authority.
      tion plant shall be recovered or disposed of in
      accordance with Directives 75 /442 / EEC and 91 /                        The requirements for periodical measurements
      689/ EEC . This may require a pretreatment of such                       shall be fixed by the competent authority according
      wastes according to the technical development.                           to Annex III .
      Such wastes should be kept separate from each                                                Article 12
      other and , in order to further facilitate their recov­
      ery or disposal , the appropriate technologies
      should be applied ;                                                  1 . Member States shall ensure that the following
                                                                          measurements shall be carried out in compliance with
                                                                          Annex III at the incineration plant :
2.    transport and intermediate storage of dry residues                  (a) continuous measurements of the substances men­
      e.g. filter and boiler dust and dry residues from the
                                                                               tioned in point 6 of Article 7 and Article 8 , points 1
      treatment of exhaust gases shall take place in                           (a) and (b) ;
      closed containers ;
                                                                          (b) continuous measurements of the following process
                                                                               operation parameters :
3.    the heat recovered from the incineration processes
      should be used as far as possible on-site, by third                      — temperature as mentioned in Article 7, points 4
      parties or for power generation .                                             and 5 ,
                                                                               — concentration of oxygen, pressure, temperature
(')   OJ  No  L 129, 18 . 5 . 1976, p. 23 .                                         and water vapour content of the exhaust gas ;
0     OJ  No  L 81 , 27 . 3 . 1982 , p. 29 .
      OJ  No  L 291 , 24. 10. 1983 , p. 1 .                               (c) periodical, i.e. monthly measurements of the sub­
      OJ  No  L 74, 17.3 . 1984, p . 49 .                                      stances mentioned in Article 8, points 1 (c) and 2 ;
      OJ  No  L 274, 17 . 10 . 1984, p . 11 .
      OJ  No  L 181 , 4. 7 . 1986, p . 16 .
      OJ  No  L 158 , 25 . 6 . 1988 , p . 35 .                            (d) the residence time, the minimum temperature and the
      OJ  No  L 219, 14. 8 . 1990, p . 49 .                                    oxygen content of the exhaust gases as specified in
(3 )  OJ  No  L 20, 26 . 1 . 1980, p . 43 .                                    Article 7, points 4 and 5 shall be subject to appro­
 ---pagebreak--- No . C 130/ 8                          Official Journal of the European Communities                                  21 . 5.92
     priate verification, at least once when the incinera­        appropriate fashion in order to enable the competent
     tion plant is first brought into service and under the       authorities to verify compliance with the permitted
     most unfavourable operating conditions envisagea­            operating conditions and emission limit and guide val­
     ble .                                                        ues laid down in this Directive in accordance with pro­
                                                                  cedures to be decided upon by those authorities .
The continuous measurement of HF may be omitted if
treatment stages for HC1 are used which make'sure that            4. The emission limit values are complied with if 97 %
the emission limit value under Article 8, points 1 (a) (3 )       of the half-hourly average values over the year and all
and 1 (b) (3) is not being exceeded. In this case the             of the daily average values of Article 7, point 6 (a) and
emissions of HF are subject to periodical measure­                Article 8 , point 1 (a) and (b) and all average values over
ments as laid down in point (c) above.                            the sample period of Article 8 , point 1 (c) do not
                                                                  exceed the emission limit values and if the provision of
                                                                  Article 7, point 6 (b) ( 10 minutes average) is met.
The continuous measurement of the water vapour con­
tent shall not be necessary provided that the exhaust             The half-hourly average values and the 10-minute aver­
gas is dried before the emissions are analysed .                  ages shall be determined within the effective operating
                                                                  time (including the start-up and shut-off periods when
                                                                  hazardous waste is being incinerated) from the meas­
Measurements of the pollutants listed in point 1 of               ured values after having subtracted the value of the
Article 8 may not be necessary, provided that the per­            confidence interval given by point 4 of Annex III . The
mit allows the incineration of only those hazardous               daily average values are determined from those vali­
wastes which cannot cause average values of those pol­            dated average values .
lutants higher than 10 % of the emission limit values set
out in point 1 .
                                                                  The average values over the sample period and , in the
                                                                  case of periodical measurements of HF, the average
The competent authorities shall require continuous                values for HF are determined as given by the require­
measurements of the substances mentioned in Article 8 ,           ments imposed under point 3 of Article 1 1 .
points 1 (c) and 2, being carried out in compliance with
Annex III as soon as appropriate measurement tech­
                                                                  5 . For the periodic measurements, the competent
niques are available within the Community .                       authorities shall lay down appropriate measurement
                                                                  programmes to ensure that the results are representative
                                                                  for the level of emissions of the substances concerned
2.   The results of the measurements made to verify
compliance with the limit and guide values set out in             resulting from the incineration of the categories and/or
Articles 7 and 8 shall be standardized under the follow­          the generic types of wastes permitted to the plant .
ing conditions :
                                                                  The results obtained must be suitable for verifying that
— temperature 273 K, pressure 101,3 kPa, 11 % oxy­                the limit values have been observed .
      gen, dry gas,
— temperature 273 K, pressure 101,3 kPa, 3 % oxygen,                                         Article 13
      dry gas, in case of incineration of waste oil only as
      defined in Directive 75 /439 / EEC .
                                                                  Member States shall take measures in order to ensure
                                                                  that :
When the hazardous wastes are burnt m a pure oxygen
atmosphere, the results of the measurements can be
                                                                   1.  Should the valid measurements taken show that the
standardized at an oxygen content laid down by the
                                                                       limit values laid down in this Directive have been
competent authority reflecting the special circum­
stances of the individual case. In a case covered by                   exceeded, the competent authorities shall be
point 4 of Article 3 , the results of the measurements                 informed as soon as possible . The plant concerned
shall be standardized at a total oxygen content as cal­                shall not continue to operate while failing to com­
culated in Annex II .                                                  ply with emission standards .
                                                                       In the case of point 4 of Article 3 , additional feed­
 When the emissions of pollutants are reduced by                       ing of hazardous wastes shall be stopped when the
 exhaust gas treatment, the standardization with respect               limit values are exceeded due to disturbances or
 to the oxygen contents foreseen above shall be done                   failures of the purification devices .
 only if the measured oxygen content over the same
 period exceeds the relevant standard oxygen content.
                                                                  2.   The competent authorities shall lay down the maxi­
                                                                       mum permissible period of any technically una­
 3.   Member States shall ensure that all measurement                  voidable stoppages or disturbances, or failures of
results shall be recorded, processed and presented in an               the purification devices, during which the concen­
 ---pagebreak--- 21.5.92                                Official Journal of the European Communities                              No . C 130/9
     trations in the discharges into the air of the regu­         For each new incineration plant or substantial modifi­
     lated substances may exceed the limit values laid            cation, which is newly authorized :
     down . Under no circumstances shall the plant con­
     tinue to incinerate hazardous waste for a time               — the date of authorization,
     period of more than two hours uninterrupted ;
     moreover, the cumulative duration of operation in            — the most important measures and/or techniques
     such conditions over one year shall be less than 24               incorporated for the minimization of emissions,
     hours .
                                                                  — the imposed operating conditions,
     In case of a breakdown, the operator shall reduce            — the maximum emission limits imposed.
     or close down operations as soon as practicable
     until normal operations can be restored. In plants           The information shall also include for each new or sub­
     falling within Article 3 , point 4, additional feeding       stantially modified incineration plant :
     of hazardous wastes shall be stopped .
                                                                  — the date at which it was put into operation,
     The total dust content of the discharges shall under         — the result of the continuously measured emissions,
     no circumstances exceed 150 mg/ m3 expressed as                   in accordance with Article 12, for an unbroken
     half-hourly average ; moreover, the emission limit                period of 12 months within the first two years after
     value laid down in Article 8, points 1 (a) (2) and                the notified date of the first operation,
      1 (b) (2) must not be exceeded . All other condi­
     tions , in particular the combustion conditions men­         — the results of the periodically measured emissions,
     tioned in this Directive, shall be complied with .                in accordance with Article 12, carried out in the
                                                                       first two years after the notified date of the first
                                                                       operation .
                           Article 14
                                                                  3 . The Commission, assisted by the committee as des­
                                                                  cribed in Article 17, shall annually submit to the Mem­
1 . The provisions of this Directive shall apply to               ber States a summary report, based on the information
existing incineration plants within three years after the         described in paragraph 2, in order to inform on the pro­
date specified by Article 19(1 ).                                 gress in emission control techniques already imple­
                                                                  mented and any further major technical developments
                                                                  in this field .
2. However, the plant operator may notify the compe­
tent authority within six months after the date specified         Member States shall ensure that the summary reports
by Article 19(1 ) that the existing plant will not be oper­       are disseminated to their competent authorities .
ated for more than 20 000 hours within a period of five
years at maximum starting with the operators' notifica­
tion before being definitely shut down . In this case the
provisions of paragraph 1 do not apply .                                                   Article 16
                                                                  The modifications required to adapt the Directive to
                           Article 15                             technical progress will be adopted in accordance with
                                                                  the procedure laid down in Article 17 .
1 . Member States shall require their competent author­
ities to review the permit for each incineration plant for                                 Article 1 7
hazardous wastes at least every five years and to ensure
that the plants are updated, where necessary, consistent
with the progress in emission control techniques.                 The Commission shall be assisted by a committee com­
                                                                  posed of the representatives of the Member States and
                                                                  chaired by the representative of the Commission .
For new plants, the date for the first review shall be
within five years of the first operation of the plant at
the latest. For existing plants the date of the first review      The representative of the Commission shall submit to
shall be within five years of the date specified in Article       the committee a draft of the measures to be taken . The
14(1 ).                                                           committee shall deliver its opinion on the draft within
                                                                  a time limit which the chairman may lay down accord­
                                                                  ing to the urgency of the matter. The opinion shall be
2 . Member States shall provide annually the follow­              delivered by the majority laid down in Article 148 (2) of
ing information to the Commission .                               the Treaty in the case of decisions which the Council is
 ---pagebreak--- No . C 130/ 10                        Official Journal of the European Communities                                21.5 . 92
required to adopt on a proposal from the Commission.             down in Article 5 of Directive 91 /692/ EEC (')• The
The votes of the representatives of the Member States            first report covers the period 1995 to 1997 .
within the committee shall be weighted in the manner
set out in that Article . The chairman shall not vote .
                                                                                               Article 19
The Commission shall adopt the measures envisaged if
they are in accordance with the opinion of the com­              1 . Member States shall bring into force the laws, regu­
mittee .                                                         lations and administrative provisions necessary to com­
                                                                 ply with this Directive not later that 30 June 1994. They
                                                                 shall forthwith inform the Commission thereof.
If the measures envisaged are not in accordance with
the opinion of the committee , or if no opinion is
delivered, the Commission shall, without delay, submit           When Member States adopt these provisions, these
                                                                 shall contain a reference to this Directive or shall be
to the Council a proposal relating to the measures to be
taken . The Council shall act by a qualified majority.           accompanied by such reference at the time of their offi­
                                                                 cial publication . The procedure for such reference shall
                                                                 be adopted by Member States .
If, on the expiry of a period of three months, the Coun­
cil has not acted , the proposed measures shall be               2.    Member States shall communicate to the Commis­
adopted by the Commission .
                                                                 sion the texts of the provisions of national law which
                                                                 they adopt in the field covered by this Directive.
                           Article 18
                                                                                               Article 20
 1 . The reports on the implementation of this Directive
shall be established according to the procedure laid             This Directive is addressed to the Member States .
                                                                 (')   OJ No L 377 , 31 . 12 . 1991 , p. 48 .
 ---pagebreak--- 21 . 5 . 92                           Official Journal of the European Communities                                No . C 130/ 11
                                                           ANNEX I
                               EQUIVALENCE FACTORS FOR DIOXINS AND DIBENZOFURANS
            For the determination of the summed value as stated in Article 8 point 2 the mass concentrations of the
            following dioxins and dibenzofurans have to be multiplied with the following equivalence factors before
            summing up (using the concept of toxic equivalents).
                                                                                                 Toxic equivalence
                                                                                                      factor
            2, 3 , 7, 8                   -Tetrachlordibenzodioxin (TCDD)                              1
            1,2,3 , 7,8                    - Pentachlordibenzodioxin ( PeCDD)                          0,5
            1,2,3,4,7,8                    -Hexachlordibenzodioxin (HxCDD)                             0,1
            1,2,3,7,8,9                    - Hexachlordibenzodioxin (HxCdd)                            0,1
            1,2,3,6, 7,8                   - Hexachlordibenzodioxin (HxCDD)                            0,1
            1,2,3,4, 6,7,8                - Heptachlordibenzodioxin (HpCDD)                            0,01
                                          -Octachlordibenzodioxin (OCDD)                              0,001
            2,3,7,8                        -Tetrachlordibenzofuran (TCDF)                              0,1
            2,3,4,7,8                     - Pentachlordibenzofuran ( PeCDF)                           0,5
            1,2,3,7,8                     - Pentachlordibenzofuran (PeCDF)                            0,05
            1,2,3,4,7,8                   - Hexachlordibenzofuran (HxCDF)                             0,1
            1,2,3,7 , 8,9                 - Hexachlordibenzofuran (HxC DF)                            0,1
            2, 3 , 4, 6, 7 , 8            - Hexachlordibenzofuran ( HxCDF)                            0,1
            1,2,3,4,6, 7,8                - Heptachlordibenzofuran ( HpCDF)                           0,01
            1,2,3,4,7,8,9                 - Heptachlordibenzofuran ( HpCDF)                           0,01
                                          -Octachlordibenzofuran (OCDF)                               0,001
 ---pagebreak--- No . C 130/ 12                           Official Journal of the European Communities                                      21.5.92
                                                                ANNEX 11
               DETERMINATION OF EMISSION LIMIT AND GUIDE VALUES FOR THE ADDITIONAL
                                            INCINERATION OF HAZARDOUS WASTE
             The limit or guide value for each relevant pollutant and carbon monoxide in the exhaust gas resulting
             from the additional incineration of hazardous waste must be calculated as follows :
                                               ^waste x Cwaste + Vfuel x Cfuel
                                                                                         = C
                                                         ^waste + Vfuel
             VWaste = exhaust gas volume resulting from the incineration of hazardous waste only determined
                           from the waste with the lowest calorific value specified in the permit and standardized at
                           the conditions given by Article 12, point 2 .
             Cwaste = emission limit values set for plants destined to incinerate hazardous wastes only (at least
                           the emission limit values and guide value for the pollutants and carbon monoxide as laid
                           down in Article 8 , points 1 and 2 , and Article 7 , point 6).
             Vfuel     = exhaust gas volume resulting from the combustion of the authorized fuels normally used in
                           the plant (hazardous wastes excluded) determined on the basis of oxygen contents at which
                           the emissions must be standardized as laid down in Community or national regulations . In
                           the absence of regulations for this kind of plants, the real oxygen content in the exhaust gas
                           without being thinned by addition of air unnecessary for the combustion process must be
                           used . The standardization at the other conditions is given by Article 12 , point 2 .
             Cfuel     = rea^ mass concentrations of the relvant pollutants and carbon monoxide in the flue gas of
                           plants which comply with the national laws, regulations and administrative provisions for
                           such plants while burning the normally authorized fuels (hazardous wastes excluded).
             C         = total emission limit value or guide value for CO and the relevant pollutants replacing the
                           emission limit values and the guide value as laid down in Article 7 , point 6 and in Article 8,
                           points 1 and 2 . The total oxygen content to replace the oxygen content for the standardiza­
                           tion in Articles 7 and 8 is calculated on the basis of the content above respecting the vol­
                           ume ratio .
                           Pollutants and CO not resulting directly from the incineration of hazardous wastes or from
                           the combustion of fuels ( e.g. from materials necessary for the production or from products)
                           as well as CO resulting from such incineration directly if:
                           — the higher CO concentrations in the combustion gas are required by the production
                                process, and
                           — Cwaste (as defined above) for total organic carbon, dioxins and furans is met
                           should not be taken into account .
             In any case, given the authorized hazardous wastes which can be additionally incinerated, the total
             emission limit value (C) must be calculated under conditions which would minimize the emissions into
             the environment. Such conditions may be materialized for each relevant pollutant in the case of addi­
             tional incineration of hazardous wastes in plants not solely destined for the incineration of the wastes :
             ^waste        Cfuel •'     pollution of the surroundings will be less as a result of the additional incinera­
                                    tion of hazardous wastes
             Cwaste = Cfuel ' indifferent
             Cwaste > Cfuei : the surroundings would suffer from the additional incineration of hazardous wastes
 ---pagebreak--- 21 . 5.92                            Official Journal of the European Communities                               No . C 130/ 13
                                                           ANNEX III
                                             MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES
          1. Measurements for the determination of concentrations of air pollutants in gas-carrying ducts have
             to be carried out representatively .
          2. Sampling and analysis of all pollutants including dioxins and furans as well as reference measure­
             ment methods to calibrate automated measurement systems shall be carried out as given by CEN
             standards . While awaiting the elaboration of the CEN standards, national standards shall apply.
          3. The procedure to monitor dioxins and furans can only be authorized if the detection limit for the
             sampling and analysis of the individual dioxins and furans is sufficiently low to allow the determi­
             nation of a meaningful result in terms of toxicity equivalents.
          4. The values of the 95 % confidence intervals determined at the emission limit values shall not exceed
             the following percentages of the emission limit values :
             Carbon monoxide (Article 7 , point 6a):                10 %
             Sulphur dioxide (Article 8 , point lb ( 5 )):          10 %
             Total dust (Article 8 , point lb ( 1 )):               20 %
             Total organic carbon ( Article 8 , point lb (2)):      30 %
             Hydrogen chloride (Article 8, point lb (3 )):          30 %.
 ---pagebreak--- No . C 130/ 14                            Official Journal of the European Communities                                     2 . 5 . 92
                                                              ANNEX TN I
                                                             for information
             Waste Delivery and Reception
             Before the waste material can be allowed into the plant, it has to pass the entrance and control area.
             Here it has to undergo the following control and supervising activities : besides weighing and adminis­
             trative control also a laboratory control .
             The laboratory control consists of inspecting the waste material to get a visual impression, the sampling
             of the material, characterization of the material by general qualitative or semi-quantitative screening
             tests . Due to the lack of time , a comprehensive analysis is often not possible . The following parameters
             need to be tested :
             — nonflammability,
             —      chlorine and sulphur content,
             —      pH-value,
             — content of heavy metals (e.g. by test strips , atomic absorption spectrometry or atomic emission spec­
                    trometry with inductively coupled plasma).
             An alternative control system consists of a comprehensive analysis of the waste material before actual
             delivery at the plant. When the waste is delivered, it is only checked for conformity with the original
             sample and on specific relevant parameters. In general, it depends on the nature and the chemical and
             physical characteristics of the waste, e.g. if it is liquid or solid as to which parameters have to be tested
             and by which analytical methods. Therefore it is impossible to define a list of tests that can be applied to
             each type of waste .
              Normally further checks are carried out on the sample later on, e.g. calorific value, water content,
             concentration of PCB or other toxic and/or thermoresistant contaminants .
             At the end of the laboratory tests, the identity of the waste is known and the material can be directed to
             the proper discharge station within the plant .
 ---pagebreak--- 21 . 5.92                            Official Journal of the European Communities                                     No . C 130/ 15
                                                         ANNEX TN II
                                                         for information
          Before finally discharging the waste either into a bunker or into one of the tanks, it has to be confirmed
          that no reactions between bunker or tank contents and the newly delivered material may occur. Such
          reactions, e.g. polymerization, may lead to uncontrolled temperature increases, ultimately causing a fire
          or even an explosion . Therefore, the behaviour of the waste has to be checked before unloading by some
          kind of small scale test .
          The discharge areas are an integral part of the storage facilities. This plant section is normally designed
          in such a manner that emissions caused by the handling of hazardous waste materials, especially con­
          tamination of soils and groundwater by spills and leakages and diffuse emissions into the air are
          avoided . Therefore, where necessary, the areas where the waste is handled need to be isolated by mate­
          rials that are among other things resistant to chlorinated hydrocarbons ; all stations where volatile sub­
          stances are unloaded, discharged or taken in have to be equipped with suction units.
          Apart from the abovementioned general criteria for the technical equipment, the following types of stor­
          ages facilities for combustible, toxic waste can be distinguished :
          — storage of solid waste (bunker),
          — storage of slurry material (tanks or specially equipped bunker compartments),
          — storage of liquid waste oil, solvents, toxic waste water (tanks),
          — storage of waste drums and other containers (drum storage area).
          Where solid waste is stored other than in closed containers, it may be kept under less than atmospheric
          pressure by exhausting air out of the bunker or the sluice area. The exhaust gas may be used either as
          combustion air to the incinerator or, if the incinerator is out of order, it must be treated under the provi­
          sions of the authorization or discharged by the stack .
          By discharging liquid or wet material into a tank, a gas volume (volume saturated with volatile organic
          matter) equivalent to the discharged waste is displaced. This gas stream has to be handled in such a
          manner that it causes neither odour nor pollution. State of the art is to discharge the displaced gas vol­
          ume within a closed system , e.g. tubes with the necessary safety equipment either into the combustion
          chamber or in the case of plant shut down to an activated carbon filter or nitrogen cooled condensing
          plant.
          Due to the highly variable characteristics of wastes as far as their level of contamination with pollutants
          is concerned, water content, calorific value etc., great attention is necessary to equalize and homogenize
          the waste fractions before feeding them to the kiln . To this end, the solid waste may be mixed and the
          different liquid materials should be mixed to a fuel that finally differs little in its physical and chemical
          characteristics .
 ---pagebreak--- No . C 130/ 16                         Official Journal of the European Communities                                       21 . 5.92
                                                           ANNEX TN III
                                                            for information
             1.    Combustion
                  General considerations
                  There is no single 'best' technology for achieving combustion. Whilst certain basic requirements
                  will always apply, selection of the most suitable type of combustion chamber and of the operat­
                  ing conditions required in any particular case will depend upon the chemical and physical nature
                  of the waste .
             1.1   Combustion conditions
                  Effective combustion will always depend upon at least four key parameters :
                  —    temperature,
                  —    residence time,
                  — oxygen availability,
                  —    turbulence .
             2.   Combustion gas treatment
             2. 1  Gas conditioning — some aspects
                  Care should be taken when gas cooling is used that recombination of dioxins and furans which
                  may occur under some circumstances after the combustion process is not enhanced.
                  Reformation of PCDDs and PCDFs is now often considered as occurring mainly in the range of
                  temperature between 400 and 200° C.
                  When heat recovery is used, gas can still be quenched to achieve a temperature lower than 200° C
                  very rapidly .
                  In addition, quenching has an important removal efficiency for HC1 and outlet gas, when it is
                  water saturated, and in proper conditioning for wet scrubbing.
             2.2   Dust separation
                  Proven separation processes such as those using electrostatic precipitators, filter separators and
                  wet collectors of various types are available for separating dust from flue gases in special waste
                  incinerators . Inertial separators, e.g. cyclones, are incapable of meeting current requirements, at
                  least when installed as final collectors in a series .
                  The requirements with regard to the dust content of the scrubbed gas obtained by means of dust
                  collectors fitted downstream of special waste incineration plants will depend largely on where the
                  collectors are placed within the flue gas treatment units. In the case of primary separators, the
                  requirements will mainly depend on what demands are placed on the downstream flue gas treat­
                  ment installations . On the other hand , in the case of final separators, existing laws must be com­
                  plied with .
                  In addition to the widely used dry electrostatic filters, wet filters of both the horizontal plate type
                  and the vertical tube type are particularly recommended for humid flue gases as, in addition to
                  the dust, aerosols and droplets can effectively be separated out at a low pressure loss.
                  Wet electrostatic filters are suitable for the removal of residual dust and the separation of aero­
                  sols downstream of the noxious gas treatment stage.
 ---pagebreak--- 21 . 5.92                          Official Journal of the European Communities                                     No . C 130/ 17
              The main type of filter collector is the bag filter which can be subdivided into the reverse air flow
              bag filter and the pulse jet bag filter, depending on the filter cleaning method used.
              In reverse air flow filters the dust is deposited on the inside of the bag which is made of light
              textiles or felts. The flow of contaminated gas keeps the bags inflated.
              In a wet collector dust particles are deposited on droplets of liquid which is finely dispersed in
              the contaminated gas . A special feature of wet collectors is that the degree of separation depends
              very largely on particle size. Large particles are much more efficiently eliminated than fine ones.
          2.3 Acid gas removal and demister
              Depending on the waste burned, the contaminated flue gases arising in special waste incineration
              plants may contain noxious gases such as HC1, HF and SOx in the following concentrations
              (actual conditions):
              HC1 :                                      1 000- 1 5 000 mg/m3
              HF :                                          10-     500 mg/m3
              SOx (in the form of S02 :                    100- 1 000 mg/m3 .
              the flue gases may also contain considerable amounts of vaporized mercury. The following pro­
              cesses are available for eliminating these noxious substances adequately :
              —     wet scrubbing,
              — spray absorption .
              Wet gas-cleaning
              As the residues are re-used separately, there is an increasing tendency not to separate the dust
              and gaseous pollutants simultaneously, although this possibility does exist. The dust tends to be
              removed, e.g. by means of a dry electrofilter, before the pollutant treatment stage.
              For pure separation of gaseous pollutants, the scrubbers can then be operated with a much lower
              energy input .
              In view of the different physico-chemical properties of HC1 and HF on the one hand and S02 on
              the other, it has proved advantageous to wash the waste gas in two stages. The first stage in the
              washing process is to separate out HC1, HF and heavy metal vapours (e.g. mercury) with a very
              low pH value (0-3 ). In the second stage, S02 is separated out using dilute caustic soda (pH = 6-8).
              Spray absorption methods
              With these methods the absorbent is injected as a solution (e.g. NaOH) or as a suspension (e.g.
              lime milk) into a reactor where it reacts with the acidic HC1, HF and S02 gases. As a result of
              heat exchange with the waste gas, the absorbent droplets are dried as they pass through the reac­
              tor, with the result that the acidic pollutant components are transported in a dry particulate state.
              Apart from jets, rotating disk sprays are the preferred spraying devices used. A filtering separator
              is generally installed after the reactor in order to collect the particulate reaction products leaving
              the reactor .
          3.  Available technologies
              For the time being, especially the following measures are known for an incineration as complete
              as possible and minimization of emissions of air pollutants :
              —     adequate pre-treatment (e.g. mechanical, thermal),
 ---pagebreak--- No . C 130 / 18                 Official Journal of the European Communities                                 21 . 5.92
                incineration including after-burning with additional use of oxygen to lower the emissions of
                carbonmonoxide and organic substances and to improve the burnout especially in connec­
                tion with the input of drums,
                quench or spray absorber,
                dry electrostatic precipitator or baghouse filter for dust removal,
                wet scrubber,
                flue-gas cooling,
                wet electrostatic precipitator,
                activated carbon filter/ activated carbon in drifting stream processes,
                SCR-reactor .
 ---pagebreak--- 21 . 5.92                            Official Journal of the European Communities                               No . C 130/ 19
                                                       ANNEX TN IV
                                                       for information
                                                    Monitoring of emissions
          1.   Introduction
               To ensure proper plant operation, it is essential that key combustion and gas cleaning parameters
               are monitored and recorded .
               Emissions from hazardous waste incineration plants can be monitored and analysed contin­
               uously by the plant 's own instruments, supplemented by regular check measurements . Other
               emissions like solid residuals require supplementary laboratory tests .
          2.   Plant instruments
          2. 1 Parameters
               The plant instruments are used for ongoing plant control and the automatic control of the inci­
               neration process, including flue gas cleaning. The following are typical control parameters :
               —    flue gas temperatures :
                    —     in the kiln room,
                    — in the secondary combustion chamber,
                    —     in the boiler, and
                    —     before /after the filter.
               —    the concentration of :
                    —     oxygen (0 :),
                    —     carbon monoxide (CO),
                    —     hydrogen chloride ( HC1 ),
                    — suspended matter/ dust in the flue gas .
               Other instrumentation is used for monitoring the plant's combustion efficiency and emissions.
               The following are typical monitoring parameters :
               —    nitric oxides ( NOx),
               —    sulphur dioxide ( S02),
               —    suspended particles / dust,
               — total organic carbon (TOC).
          2.2  Monitoring ofemissions
               In the literature there are many accounts of monitors for emission measurements, but the lists are
               incomplete because of the rapid developments in the area.
               The bibliography refers to the German Umweltbundesamt : Bericht 1 / 1986 (Umweltbundesamt
               1986). The basic principles are in situ and extractive measurements .
          3.   Check measurement
               Check measurements can be subdivided into three types :
               — random sample measurements,
               —    calibration measurements,
               —    performance measurements .
 ---pagebreak--- No . C 130 / 20                         Official Journal of the European Communities                                   21 . 5.92
              3.1 Periodic sample measurements
                  To check the plant's particulate matter emissions and emissions of heavy metals and acid gases
                  in particular, it is recommended to regularly measure emissions of the following :
                  —    particulate matter,
                  —    mercury and cadmium ,
                  —    arsenic, nickel and lead ,
                  — chromium , copper and vanadium ,
                  — hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride and hydrogen bromide,
                  — sulphur dioxide and sulphur trioxide,
                  — total organic carbon ,
                  — polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated triphenyls,
                  — halogens and hydrogen sulphide,
                  —    dioxins and dibenzofurans ,
                  — phosphorus compounds ,
                  —    odourous substances .
                  Sampling of dust particles and metals contained therein should be carried out isokinetically as
                  described in ISO / DIS 9096 .
                  Isokinetic sampling means that the velocity of suction in the sampling equipment's nozzle is
                  equal to the flue gas velocity in the duct or stack from which the partial gas stream is sucked out.
              3.2  Calibration measurements
                  Validation of plant performance including calibration of the plant's instruments can be carried
                  out in conjunction with the random sample measurements. There has proved to be a need for this
                  since emission monitors are complicated systems which become unreliable after lengthy periods
                  without expert inspection .
              3.3  Plant performance measurements
                  After entry into service of a new furnace line and/ or new flue gas cleaning equipment, there is a
                  need for performance testing, so that plant-specific characteristics are demonstrated. The test pro­
                  gramme is a matter for agreement both in terms of content and frequency. Among the typical
                  parameters are :
                  —    Emission of TOC ,
                  —    Hydrogen chloride ( HC1),
                  —     Hydrogen fluoride ( HF),
                  —    Oxides of sulphur ( SO :, S03),
                  —    Emission of PCDDs and PCDFs ,
                  —    Oxides of nitrogen ( NOx),
                  —    Mercury ( Hg).