CELEX: 51975PC0394
Language: en
Date: 1975-07-22
Title: Proposal for a COUNCIL DIRECTIVE relating to the quality of water for human consumption (submitted to the Council by the Commission)

ARCHIVES HISTORIQUES
DE LA COMMISSION
COLLECTION RELIEE DES
DOCUMENTS "COM"
COM (75) 394
Vol. 1975/0154
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 ---pagebreak--- COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
                                   COM(75)394 final
                                   Brussels , 22 July 1975
                           Proposal for a
                          COUNCIL DIRECTIVE
                  relating to the quality of water
                        for human consumption
            ( submitted to the Council by the Commission )
   COM(75 ) 394 final
 ---pagebreak---                                   - 1 -                  Doc . No . 3861 /2/7U e
I     EXPLANATORY KEMORAJifDUM
      The setting of standards for the quality of water intended for
human consumption is an integral part of the aims , principles and ac­
tivities laid down in the Programme of Action on the Environment adopted
by the Council of Ministers on 22 November 1973 .*
      While the setting of standards for   water intended for human con­
sumption is clearly in keeping with the    programme aimed at reducing
pollution and nuisances , it should also   include an objective evaluation
of the threat to human health presented    by pollution . **
      Such a task is difficult and contains many unknown quantities .
The Environmental Action Programme , taking account of the uncertainties
in the cause-effect relationship in certain parameters , thus states
that , in the case of pollutants for which adequate information is avail­
able at international level , standards should be fixed before 31 J^ecember
197^ ( see Action Programme Part II Title I » Chapter 2B ).
"*)   Official Journal C 112 of 20 December 1973
**) Health , in this context , is considered in the sense of the WHO
      definition , '"health is not merely an absence of illness or in­
      firmity , but also a complete state of physical , mental and social
      well-being'' .
 ---pagebreak---                                   -r 2 -                oc . Ko . ^ jlieL /lh e
      This directive deals with the establishment of these standards ,
i.e. the choice of a series of parameters , the numerical values given to
them and also the measures relating to the monitoring and supervision of
water intended for hum/in consumption .
      The average amount of water used par inhabr-.&nt p^r . diem differs
from one Community country to another ; depending on the type of popu­
lation concerned , it varies from less than 150 litres to more then 500
litres .   Industry alone uses very conniderab;! e quantities each day .
Because of the increase in water requirements , it ia necessary to draw
on all potential sources of water which can "be processed for toucan use j
in particular , surface waters are increasingly U3ed for this purpose ,
and sin-je they often contain non-degradable polluting substances , theae
waters nu3t "be subjected to increasingly elaborate purification pro­
cesses .   The quality of water supplied for human consumption must .
therefore be supervised , and levels of toxicity and noxiousness fixed
with reference to the most up-to-date scientific knowledge in this
field .   A draft directive* en the quality of surface water intended for
the production of drinking water , presented by the Coranisoicn to the
Council , was approved by the Council at its meeting on 7 November 157^ •
      In analysing the legislation in force in the Member States of the
European Communities , one finds a certain number of provisions appli­
cable to drinking water which , although in the same category ;, are neither
comprehensive nor at the same stage of planning and development .        The
 following references summarize the situation in each Member State .
      Official Journal No . C UU of 19 April 1974
 ---pagebreak---                                        - 3 -                   Doc . No . 3351/2 /7U e
Belfmun :
        2h ƒ-pril 1965 •*' Poyal Decree on drinking vater .
        21 May 1973 - Draft decision o? the Commission of Ministers of the
Bene] ux Economic Union regarding the harmonization of legislation on the
supply of vater to industrial pfcanisisnav'-ito fcatitagiff- iMufetid^&riiaffRhioh
dPooiistuffe para cprodusised^jpxotJdissiedky-ipaGlf iged or treated .
Denmark :
        October 1973 - Danish standards for drinking vater - draft "tar
■•tffstingior of water .      Simplified bacteriological examination .
France :
        F?y 1973 - Definition of the quality of drinking vater supplied to
the public - draft in anticipation of the Community decision - revised        x
edition of the texts of the decrees , orders and circular letters of the
years 1961 and 1962 (Ministry of Public Health and Population ).
Ireland :
        There are no mandatory standards for drinking vater .         The WHO
Furopean standards for drinking vater are used as guidelines .             Each
Health Authority is responsible for the standards of the vater supplies
under its control .        Legislation on the fluoridation of water ( Health
Fluoridation of Water Supplies Act I960 ) is applicable to vater supplies .
 Italy :
        Standards dealing with the quality of drinking vater were approved
by the Council for Health on 13 December 1972 .           Provisional national
 legislation is bared on these standards pending the publication of
 European standards .
 ---pagebreak---                                          - I -                  Doc t llo •      / 2 / 7 •* 8
  Luxembourg :
           13 November 1S70 - Grand-ducal Regulation on water intended &?
 dirsiefly ^p ' tlidSfcectlv" for huraart'<x?r.,s urAptlon ,
  Netherlands :
                                                                                            I
           I960 - Decree on drinking water .
           197^ - The "Health Council' defirieddihe criteria td be met ly
  surface waters intended for the production of driukitg water .
  Federal Republic of Germany :
           1961 Lav. relating to measures aimed at preventing coraraunicable
  diseases in man ( Federal law on epidemics ) of 18 J\-Q.y 1951 ( EGBI I , No .
  53 , p. 1012 ).
      . ^ 157.5 : Regulation concerning drinking water and industrial water
  used in the food processing industry { regulation on drinking water ) of
  31 January 1375 . ( BGB1 I , p. -^ 53 ).
                          ■                              v,       '               •
           197^: Law relating to the reorganization ancl coordination of '
  legislation on standards for food products , tobacco products , cosmetics
  and other connumsr goods ( law on the overall rofom cf standards for
  food products ) of 15 August 197^. ( LGB1 Part I No . 95 , p. 19^5 ).
           1959 : Regulation concerning the addition of extrrjiecus substances
" in the treatment of- drinking water ' ( regulation concerning the trsatnent,
  of drinking water ) of 19 December 1959 ( as                      vln;? the regula­
  tion concerning the treatment of drinking water of 27 June i960 ( BGB1
  part I , No . 53 , p. U79 )).
                        ζ                                                      ,
  United Kingdom :
     , . "Water Act 1973 , Chapter 37-' ■ . ■                 • •••         -           *
         - 1969 , Uth .editions • The -Bacteriological Examination of Water Sup­
  plies ( Department of Health and Social Security , Welsh Office ,. Minis try
  of Housing and Local Government ).
           A study of the complete texts of these documents shows that drink­
  ing water standards , although they are similar ., have not the same degree
  of precision or jsiterL §jjfefiifefi r&t J;tm •fasc'the ^Rmbs-rr Slra^es^.'Dfvtlis European
 ---pagebreak---                                       5 -                 Doc . No . 3861 /2/7!+
Community .   Moreover , some provisions are "based simply on the European
standards of the World Health Organization , and others on a more or les3
comprehensive system of national legislation .
      If the parameters selected are classified tinder six headings -
organoleptic factors , physical and chetaical factors , "biological factors ,
undesirable and toxic factors , bacteriological and virological factors ,
and radiological factors , it can be seen that the organoleptic factors
are seldom taken into account , and that , as regards the intrinsic na­
ture of the water , i.e. its physical and chemical properties , consider­
able differences exist between one country and another .
     They are , however , almost unanimous as regards toxic substances >
although , in general , '       the various regulations do not take ac­
count of the results of recent research into the long-term health risks
arising from the persistence of certain substances in water .
    LIoreover; all Member States are concerned to protect the consumer at
all costs against microbial contamination .     All the regulations place
particular emphasis on bacteriological properties ; the virological
aspects contained in the World Health Organization standards of 1971 are
not systematically taken into account .
     In the case of radioactivity , the Member States generally refer to
the measures recommended by the agencies specializing in this field ,
especially to the basic standards drawn up in connection with the Eur­
atom Treaty .
      It should be noted that several States sre taking steps to limit
residual additives persisting after treatment of the water .
     The discrepancies noted in the national legislations of Member
States on the quality of water intended for human consumption are an
obstacle to trade . within th<s Community and thus have a direct bear­
ing on the functioning of the Common Market .     It i3 therefore essen-
 ---pagebreak---                                     - 6 -                  Doc . Ko . 3E 03 /2 /7" e
                                                           : •;             ? 3     :
tial , in the light , of the .ESC Treaty , that the different legislations be
harmonize 3 ,   Such harmonization wi.'.l else iaa^e it possible to complete
the projects planned in the European Community 's Action Programme on
water intended for human consumption .
      While it is certain that the Standards of the World Health Organi­
zation can provide p.n essential foundation for any national legislation ,
it must "be said that these provisions do not meet present-day . Acquire ­
ments , particularly as a new era has "begun in the definition of standards .
      Since the WIIO standards vere fixed , and in spite of recent re­
vision , the significance to health tightly attached to the presence of
metallic ions in drinking water -has increased considers bly and is now
much more important than that envisaged when the standards were drafted .
      The same remark could "be made with reference to other groups of
gubsti-nces , in particular organic and argent-metallic iuicro-pollutacts .
      Furthermore , another very important factor is that the properties
of the wpter , available are often altered, by the- . eonsmasr with a view to
protecting his domestic supply system.        This problem, which was not
envisaged by ths WHO , has been studied i:i detail by the competent de­
partments of the Commission . ■
      Leaving aside the general use ol bacteriological standards , which
provide a better safeguard for the consumer in the immediate future ,
each Member State has selected vhet appeared to be the best parameters
having regard to local conditions .       So long a3 the countries remained
autonomous as regards water supplies because their own resources were
adequate , standardization often only meant finding the solution to a
domestic problem . • Today the situation is ■ changed .         Because of the
increase in demand , associated with -copulation growth rind nsw habits and
 ---pagebreak---                                 - 7 -                   Doc.' No . 33d ,v /' e
requirements , former sources are insufficient ;         surface water must
be used . However .,, such water has many uses r.r.d the rivers and streams
rust henceforth cope simultaneously with widely differing requirement b
including those of navigation , the disposal of industrial and vrban re­
fuse , and that of water supplies .
      Where international rivers are concerned , it evidently . becomes
necessary to compare the measures needed and to coordinate facilities
for appraising the situation . This explains the contiguous efforts
made over the past 20 years to maintain or restore a raw water quality
consistent with the production of drinking water . A standardized
system of monitoring for each basin was therefore devised and a rrturn
to the previous position is extremely unlikely .
      Considerable reserves of ground water are now also being drawn on ,
supplied on a commercial basis and exported to countries of the European
Community and also to non-member countries .     This is particularly
true of table waters .      In recent years 9 these exchanges have raised
questions of a technical , legal and medical nature .
      Another important aspect very much in the limelight is the use of
softening systems to modify the composition of water supplied to the
consumer .   The remarkable grc-'h in these systems , due to the pressure
of changes made in the methods of satisfying normal demand , is taking
place , because of the inadequacy of existing regiilations , in a partial
legal vacuum .   In view of the equipment and products being used , this
question is at present as important , on an international scale , as that
of the treatment of ground water in containers made of material of
varying stability .
 ---pagebreak---                                  - G -                Doc . no . 3351 /2 /7U e
      It xs therefore not merely the quality of the source water which is
at issue , "but that of the finished product on which the consumer is
directly dependent .    This situation requires that existing national
regulations , which often refer to the non-mandatory standards of the
World Health Organization , should he harmonized and supplemented if
necessary "by a directive drawn up "by the European Communities .
      In relation to the international standardisation of the quality of
water supplies , the World Health Organization and the Commission of the
European Communities have powers to define standards the former only in
the form of non-binding recommendations , the latter in the form of
mandatory                                               ^e- cdhdoriicd - with
secondly proble-.s relating to the quality of raw water intended for the
production of drinking water , and with prohibitions or limited toler­
ances referring to the discharge of certain substances resulting from
industrial activities or urban sewage .
      To sum up , the enactment of this directive is in keeping with
general rethinking on the subject of water quality and is intended to
reconcile the conflicting needs of productivity on the one hand and
public health on the other ; these reeds are linked with the necessity
to use surface waters which must serve several purposes simultaneously
( in particular navigation and the drainage of ,           or -otluJx^'Ifo-fcBr )*
 ---pagebreak---                                      9                    Doc . ITo . 3861 /2 /7^ e
II . TECHNICAL ASPECTS
     This draft directive sent to the Council deals with the standards
applicable to the quality of water intended for human consumption . It
also covers drinking water as such and water used in preparing food and
in the food manufacturing industry , with the exception of natural mineral
waters and medicinal waters , recognized as such , and also of aerated
waters .
     Water intended for human consumption must possess a certain number
of properties , shown in the appended tables .
     The parameters selected form a coherent whole on the basis of which
the properties of water intended for human consumption can be logically
defined . Toxic substances and noxious germs are given priority , as
shown in the Commission 's environmental programme , but they must be
integrated vith another group of parameters which , while not having the
seme priority , often condition the behavior and effect of toxic substances
and noxious germs . For that reason , in order to view the problem objectively ,
they must be taken into consideration .    Five types of parameter Lave
therefore been shown in the tables appended to the draft directive .
                                                ι
     The choice of parameters was based on several criteria .       Thay
relate to ; ••   ♦.                      .
 ---pagebreak---                                                         10            Poe . Ho . 3^61 / 2 M e
-- cssoiriiv-l health recfilrotaerltaj ife'' thi s :-cenn?ct f on Kxxinutf Adiaio3iblo Con-
   contEwt-ims < (M/lC)*.iwore?i>izecV foric.ll pollutants " taiS I'tiniiaiia Required Con-
aV^otvkrrvttous (liRC )** vroro Irid downt-for- calcium , nagncniua , M carbonates ,
   chlorides and sulphates#
- the need to consider special local situations ( climate , hydro-
   geology ) j and the concern of the responsible authorities to be able
   to take appropriate action in exceptional circus stancos ( natural catac-
   iropha ^floods ) . To this end it io poaniblc to incorporate
   Exceptional Maximum Admissible Concentrations ( FMAC )*- 4*
- the wish to improve the quality of vater intended for h.iman con­
   sumption .      The Guide Levels ( GL )*tt** chosen represent target quality
   objectives .
       It is necessary to define and agree on terminolgy to be used within
the Community in order to eliminate the ambiguities of tersdiiologies at
■oregent in use both at national aud international levels .
+)                  ti e concentration below which a substance in water
        cannot , in the course of continuous ingestion * cause or directly
        or indirectly result in an identifiable effect harmful to health
        in a statistically representative sample of the population
        involved .
++)      ( MF.C ):  the minimum concentration of a substance ; the presence
        of which is essential for preventing the occurrence of
        identifiable harmful effects in a statistically representative
         sample of the population involved , either directly or indi­
        rectly , as a result of repeated ingestion .
 +++)    ( EMAC ): the exceptional maximum admissible concentration which
        may be authorized locally by the relevant authorities -, either
        temporarily in view of particular meteorological conditions ,
     '  or permanently in view of geographical or geological conditions .
 ++++) ( GL ):     the concentratio) . of a given ", substance in .x.-ator uhith .tt is
        ttdvi sab r© not t o . e::s a 6& i < v. ■ • ■ .
 ---pagebreak---                                         11                   Doc . l?o . 3361 /2 /7U e
     The considerations underlying the choice of the different parameters
are based on present scientific knowledge of the effects produced by
water pollutants or by substances contained in vater on the population
in general or on specific population grotvps ( children , aged persons , the
sick . . . ) .
     This scientific knowledge relates both to the immediate effects and
also to the long-term consequences .       Since there are still considerable
gaps in our knowledge in this area it is necessary to be very cautious
in deciding what levels to select .
     The updating of technical and scientific knowledge will necessitate
a five-yearly revision of these standards . Moreover , a request for a
partial revision may be made , either my a Member State or in answer to a
proposal from the Commission , particularly with reference to Exceptional
Maximum Admissible Concentrations ! these must be of a temporary nature .
     With reference to tiie monitoring of these standards , representative
sampling and a recognised system of analysis should ensure that meaningful
and comparable results are obtained .
      Spot; sr-EpliiiSj^uroaiiy only rsihglorsampleS , oh the- bacis of
uhich -'.multiple -  tests are carried out , should be abandoned in favour of
multiple sampling on which only a f:-w tests , and not all , are bc-se;d .
     The size of the population involved and the capacity of the source
of supply , should also bo . considered .
     Moreover , the consumer , in order to ensure his own acenity and to
protect his domestic distribution system , sometimes modifies his waiter
supply .     Since this modification has an effect on both health and the
safety of installations , it is essential that the sampling after rinsing .
which is normally practised , should be preceded by an initial sampling
of vater which has stagnated in the pipework#
 ---pagebreak---                                           12                   Pos . Eo , 3961 / 2 /7 ** e
       There is , therefore , an order of priority among the parameters
determining the frequency of sampling and analyses .        This order of
priority is taken into account in the system of standard analyses already
in use in certain Community countries .       Three types of analysis , A a B , C
of increasing complexity , are selected : ( see Annex II )
- Analysis A        constant monitoring of distribution networks supplied
    from either
    -    underground , stable water with the' usual protection perimeters
        ( 'analysis Al )
-   surface or mixed water ( analysis A2)' . subdivided according to
   the size fofethe .BuppSy :
     Analysis" 'B   regular systematic monitoring , to supplement the
    monitoring by analysis Al and a2. "      whatever the origin of the
    water .
- Analysis t        occasional tests in exceptional or accidental cir­
    cumstances , complementary to analyses A and B.
       The frequency of these standard analyses is determined by two
er.sential factors :
-   for analyses A?a3ad -B » tbe; capacity of the ins tallation and- the '-Size
    of the population served ,
- for analysis'' Cj . the source 'V^iVt^r^bility and the hazzai-ds •
    threatening it , regardless of the size of the population served
    and the .capacity 'df the installation .
       With reference to the analytical techniques themselves , a number of
sampling methods ha.vc been suggested which take account both of the most
recent technical advances and of conditions found in some laboratories
which are not yet adequately equipped .
 ---pagebreak---                                      13                   Doc . No . 3861 /2/74
     PROPOSAL FOR A COUNCIL DIRECTIVE ON TEE REQUIRED QUALITY
             OF DRINKING WATER IN THE MFMBER STATES
The Council of the European Communities , "
HAVING REGARD to the Treaty establishing the European Communities ,
               and in particular Article 100 thereof ,
HAVING REGARD to the proposal from the Commission ,
HAVING REGARD to the opinion of tha European    Parliament ,
HAVING REGARD to the opinion of the Economic and Social Committee ,
WHEREAS  in view of the increasing use of water intended for human
         consumption , it is necessary to lay down quality standards
         with which such water must comply ,
VHER3WS  national legislation relating to the quality of water intended
         for human consumption differs from one Member State to another a
         these discrepancies being an obstacle to trade within the
         Community and therefore having a direct bearing on the
         functioning of the Common Market ,
WHEREAS  the Programme of Action of the European Communities on the
         Environment ( l ) provides for the setting of standards for
         toxic chemical substances and for germs which endenger health
         and are present in water intended for human consumption , and
         also for the definition of physical , chemical and biological
         parameters corresponding to the different uses of such water
         and in particular to drinking water , •
 1        0J   no C 112 of 20 December 1973
 ---pagebreak---                                       1U                   Doc . No . SSoI / S /T ^
                                                                           5
                                                                            «   !
WHEREAS   Council Directive No           cf
          on the harmon izat icn of the legislation of Member States
          relating to the use- and marketing of natural mineral waters
          lays do-.jn special rules for such waters , and whereas , further-
          mere , it 3 3 necessary to exclude medicinal and aerated waters
          from thj scope of this directive ,
WHE5J1AS  the values fixed for certain parameters must he lower than
          the concentration "below which substances in the water cannot ,
          in the course of continuous ingestion , cause or directly
          or indirectly result in an identifiable effect haimful to
          health in a statistically representative cample of the pop­
          ulation involved ( Maximum Admissible Concentration ) ,
\ffiEREA3 the values fixed for certain obher parameter's must be equal
          to or greater than the mi;n:a.oi concentration in wat. ;r of a
          substance , the presence of which is essential for prevent ir> 5
          the occurrence of identifiable harmful effects in a statis­
          tically representative sample of the population involved ,
          either directly or indirectly , as a result of repeated ,
          ingestion ( Minimum F.equired Concentration ).,
WHEREAS   values lower than the Guide Level values ( the concentration
          in water o*: a given substance which should ideally not be
          exceeded ) must be considered to be entirely satisfactory ,
WHEHRAS   in crier to achieve a certain flexibility in the application
          of this directive , the possibility jaust be left to Member
          States to foresee derogations to the present directive to
          take account of special, specific situations ..
 ---pagebreak---                                        15                  Poe . Ko . 3361 /2 /7U / e "
WEEP.EAS in order fully to attain the objectives relating to quality .
         and particularly to check thetrue concentrations of the
         different parameters , it i J necessary to provide that Manbor
         States take the steps required to ensure regular monitoring
         of the quality of water intended for human consumptions
WHEREAS  the technical specifications defined in the annexes to this
         directive must be rapidly updated to take account of technical
         progress , and whereas , in order to facilitate the application
         of the measures necessary for this purpose , provision mast
         be made for a procedure establishing close cooperation betwen
         tho Member States and the Commission within the Canr.itte ^
         responsible for adaptation of this Directive to technical
         progress ,
HAS ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE
 ---pagebreak---                                                                      Doc . No . 3561 /2 /7 *+ e
       APTICLE 1
             This Directive dc-als with the ctnxidards which water intended for
       human ccns;irtrption must satisfy .
       ARTICLE 2
             For the purpose of this Directive , water intended for human con­
       sumption shall mean water , used for that purpose , either in its original
       state or after treatment to codify its physico-chemical structure'," Regardless
of origin , private wells and drill-holes in patticular . " It shall include :
       -   water supplied to the consumer by a public mains system ,
       -   water stored or delivered in "bottles or other containers ,
       - water used, for washing containers or in the preparation or pre­
           servation of jfoodstuffs , including ice-crean.s and the preparation
           of drinks , aerated or otherwise .
       ARTICLE 3
             This Directive shall not apply :
       a ) to m£nerrl waters recognized as such "by the Health Authorities in
            accordance vith the provisions of the Council Directive on the
            hanrmon isat ion °^ 1: ^le laws of the Member States relating to the
            use a.id marketing of natural mineral vaters , Directive of ... (+)
       b ) to medicinal waters recognized as such by the relevant Health
            Authorities and supplied and used for therapeutic purposes .
       (+) OJ No
 ---pagebreak---                                      17                    roc . Ko . 3861 /2 flk
c)   to aerated waters .
ARTICLE 1»
1)   The Member States shall fix values applicable to water intended
     for human consumption for all the parameters shown in Annex I.
     The values to "be fixed may not "be greater than the values shown
     in the Maximum Admissible Concentration columns .     They shall be
     equal, to or greater than the values shown in the Minimum Required
     Concentration columns ,
2)   With reference to the values given in the Guide Level eoltzmns ,
     the Member States shall fix limits based on those shown in those
     columns j any concentration less than that provided for in the
     Guide Level columns shall be considered to be entirely satisfactory .
3)   j'n interpreting the values shown in columns 3 >^ s 5 of the tables in
     Annex I * account shall be taken of any references in column 6 v
     ,r Comments ."
U)   The Member States shall take the steps required to ensure that
     water intended for human consumption conforms to the above values .
ARTICLE 5
l)   The Member States may make provision for departures from the terms
     of this Directive in order to take account of ;
   • a)    situations arising from the nature and structure of the ground
         , in the geographical area from vhich the source in question
           emanates ,
      b)   situations arising from exceptional climatic conditions . -
        When a Member State intends to make a departure as provided for in
l)a ) above , it shall inform the Commission accordingly within two months
 stating the reasons therefor .
 ---pagebreak---                                         - 18 -               Doc . No . 3861 / 2 /7U e
       Vhen a Member State intends to make a departure as provided for in
1)b ) above , it shall inform the Commission accordingly within eight dn.ys
of the appearance of the exceptional clime-tic corditions and shall state
the reasons and the period involved .
2)     The Member Str-t.es may make provision for Exceptional Maximum Admis­
       sible Cor. eventrations where such a possibility id mentioned in the
       ' Comments' col'itnn of Annex I.
       By Exceptional Maximum Admissible Concentration is meant the maxi­
       mum admissible concentration which may be authorized locally by the
       relevant authorities , either teirpora?. ily in vinw of particular
       meteorological conditions , or permanently in view of geographical
       or ecological conditions .
3)     In no case shall the departures taken by Member States by virtue of
       this Article exempt them from the conditions imposed for the pro­
       tection of public health .
, 'uTTCLE 6
       The Member Ctr.tep shall take all necessary ste^s to ensure regular
monitoring of the quality of water intended for human consume t ion 3 par­
ticularly in order to check the true concentration of the different
parameters measured .
       Were such monitor irg is based on sampling and anal/sis , the fre­
 quency of sampling shall be determined by th^ relevant national authori­
 ties ; :'.t r;hall bo based on thecapacity of the water supply installation ,
 the sire of the population eerved and on special circumstances such as ,
 in particular ,, periods of drought or flooding and the risk of epidemics .
       For such monitoring , the Member States shall as far as possible use
 the standard model analyses given in Annex II and the analytical methods
  shovn in Annex III .
 ---pagebreak---                                      19                    Doc . No . S3ol/2 /7U
ARTXCL? 7
      Any changes which are necessary in order to adapt the Aimexos of
this Directive to tak .? account of scientific and technical progress
shall be adopted in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article
9.  .
ARTICLE 8
a)    A Coicmittee on the Adaptation to Technical Progress of the Direc­
      tives on the quality of water intended for human consumption ,
      hereinafter called "the Committee ", is hereby set up ;   it shall
      consist of representatives of th2 Member States with a represen­
      tative of the Ccnaaission as Chairman .
b)    The Committee shall adopt its own rules of procedure .
ARTICLE 9
1)    Where the procedure laid down in this Article is to be followed ,
      matters shall be referred to the Committee by the Chairman , either
      on his own initiative or at the request of th'i represent at ire cf a
      Member State .
2)    The representative of the Commission shall submit to the Committee
      a draft cf the measures to be adopted .    the Committee shell deli­
      ver its Opinion on the draft within a time iisit set by tb * Chair­
      man having regard to the urgency of the matter .    Opinions shall be
      adopted by a majority of Ul votes , the votes of Member States beirg
      weighted a3 provided in Article 1U8 ( 2 ) of the Treaty .   Tha Chairman
      shall not vote .
3)    a)   The Commission shall adopt the measures envisaged where they
           are in accordance with the Opinion of the Committee .
      b)   Where the measures envisaged are not in accordance with the
           Opinion of the Committer , or if no Opinion is adopted , the
            Commission shall without delay propose to the Council the
           measures to be adopted .   The Council shall act by a qualified
           majority .
 ---pagebreak---                                      20                     Doc . No , 33£l /2m
       c)    If, within three months of the proposal "being submitted to it ,
             the Council has not acted , the proposed measures shall be
             adopted by the Commission .
ARTICLE1 10
       The Member States shall take all necessary steps to ensure that the
application of the measures taken by virtue of this Directive shall in
no case have the effect of allowing any further deterioration , directly
or indirectly , in the present quality of the waters referred to in this
Directive .
          11
       Annexes I , II and III shall form an integral part of this Direc­
tive .
ARTICLE 12
e.)    Member States shs 11 put into force the ] avs , regulations and admin­
       istrative provisions necessary to comply with this Directive ar.i
       its Annexes within two years of its notification and shall forth­
       with inform the Commission thereof .
b)     Member States shall communicate to the Commission the texts of the
       main provisions of national law which they adopt in the field
       covered by this Directive .
                                           »
ARTICLE 13
       This Directive is addressed to the Member States .
 ---pagebreak---                           21              Dost . KO » 3861 /2 /7U e
                 AMI^XES
AIIîJEX   I Tables A to E
ANNEX    II Standard analyses
AITNEX  III Reference methods of analysis
 ---pagebreak---                              22      Doc . No . 3861/2/7 k
         DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
              ANNEX I
Table A Organoleptic factors
Table B Fhysicochemical factors
Table C Biological factors
Table D Undesirable or toxic factors
Table E Microbiological factors
 ---pagebreak---                A ) ORGANOLEPTIC FACTORS
                                                                                 I'             !..
                   .
                                                COMMUNITY VALUES   ■
                     EXPRESSION                   Maximum        'niiniinuni
                                      - Guide
    PARAMETERS        OP THE                      Admissible     Required                     comiESTS
                                        Level
                      RESULTS                     Concentration  Concentration
                                        (Get. )     (M.A.C. )          (h.R.C. )
          rc               ©'             G                                (5)                    (6)
Colour            Pt units mg/l            5            20                          possible recourse to E.M.A.C.
Turbidity         SiOg degrees             5            10                          or in Jackson Units
                                                                                    G.L.    0.1 ■
                      nig/1                                                        M.A.C.   0.3
                                                                     -
                                                                                    replaced in certain circums-
                                                                                    tances by a transparency test ,
                                                                                    with Secchi disc reading in
                                                                                    meters
                                                                                    indicative values
                                                                                    G.L.   :6 '
                                                                                   M.A.C. : 2
Odour              dilution rate           0       2 at 12°C                        relate to palatability tests
                                                   3 at 25°C
Palåtd-bility      dilution rate           0       2 at 12°C                        relate to odour tests
                                                   3 at 25°C
Temperature        degrees G              12           25                           possible recourse to E.Î1.A.C.
( coolness)
 ---pagebreak---                B) PHYSICO-CHEMICAL FACTORS
                                                                                ►
                                               COTfflUNITT VALUES
                     EXPRESSION                  Maximum          minimum       :
                                      Guide
    PARAMETERS         OP THE                    Admissible       Required                      - COMMENTS
                                      Level
                       RESULTS                   Concentration    Concentration
                                      ( G.L. )       (M.A.C. )      (m.R.C. )
           (1)            (2)              Θ                             Í5)                          ©
pH                   pH Units       6,5 - 8,5             9,5             6,00    pH S X. ' = 0 ( saturation index)
Conductivity-         yuS/fcm            400           I25O                       possible recourse to E.M.A.C.
                                                                                  corresponding resistivity va­
                                                                                  lues in ohms/cm 25OO - 800
Total mineral      dry residue
content                mg/l                            I5OO                       possible recourse to E.M.A.C.
Total hardness  hydrometric title         35             V:            10
Calcium            Ca: mg/l              100                           10
Magnesium          Mg: mg/l               30             50             5
Dodiurt            îTa: mg/l            v<20            100                       possible recourse to E.M.A.C.
Potassium          K:    mg/l           <10              12                       possible recourse to E.M.A.C.
Aluminium          Al : mg/l                              0,05                    possible recourse to E.M.A.C.
Alkali level      CO^H" mg/l              30
Sulphates         SC4~~ T^1                5          25O                         possible recourse to E.M.A.C.
 ---pagebreak---                   B) FHY3IC0-CHIMCAL FACTORS ( continued)
                                                                                                                    1
                                                  COÎÎMUNITY VALUES
                        EXPRESSION                  : Mqjgiimum       minimum
                                        Guide
       PARAMETERS          OP THE                     Admissible      Required                  COJttlEHTS
                                        Level
                           RESULTS                    Concentration   Concentration
                                        ( G.L. )          (M.A.C. )      ( m.R.C. )
     •       cr               (2)           ßö               (Κ)              (5)
  Chlorides            Cl       mg/l         5             200                      possible recourse to E.M.A.C.
  Niti-ates            NO ~     mg/l                        50                      Il , 5 /1 for 'bottled or other
                                                                                    wat er used for mixing babies *
                                                                                    bottles
                                                                                    possible recourse to E.M.A.C.
  Nitrites             N02" mg/l                               0,1
  Armonia
                       NH4+ mg/l             0,05              0,5
  Kjüldalil              N+ mg/l            0,05              <*>v5
  Nitrogen         ( excluding Ν in
                       NO and NO )
  Silica
                      Si02      mg/l                                                5 mg/l above the natural
                                                                                    level
  Substances
  extractable in        dry residue         0,1
  chloroforn                mg/l                                    1  '
\
 ---pagebreak---                  c ) BIOLOGICAL FACTORS
                                                                                  ,·
                                                   COMMUNITY VALUES
                      EXPRESSION                     Maximum        minimum
                                          Guido
    PARAMETERS          OP THE                       Admissible     Required                   COMMENTS
                                          Level
                        RESULTS                      Concentration  Concentration
                                          ( G.L. )     (M.A.C. )     (m.R.C. )
          Φ                 ©                  G)          fi)            Í5>                      (6)
Dissolved oxygen     o2 - m&/i                 5
Oxidability          Op mg/l                                                         possible recourse to E.M.A.C ,
                     (fifc04)                  1            5                       measured when heated and in
                                                                                     acid medium
Biochemicc-l
                                      50fj of ini­
Oxypen derand.
(BOD >
                     02 rag/l         tial dissol-
                                      ved oxygen
                                      content
Total carbon
( TCC)                C    làg/l                                                    the reason for any increase
                                                                                     in the usual concentration
                                                                                   must be investigated
 ---pagebreak---                   D) UNDESIRABLE OR TOXIC FACTORS
                                                   COMMUNITY VALUES
                      EXPRESSION                     Maximum        minimum
                                          Guide
       PARAMETERS       OP THE                       Admissible     Required                COMMENTS
                                          Level
                        RESULTS                      Concentration  Concentration
                                          ( a.L. )     (M.A.C. )      ( m.R.C. )
           ω                (2 )        . . ß)                             Θ
Silver                Ag jOgfl                              10
Arsenio
                      As /ug/l                              50
Barium                Ba /ug/l                             100                    Possible recourse to E*M,A.C.
Cadmium
                      Cd /ug/l                               5
Cyanides              CΝ" /ug/l                             50
Total chromium
                      Cr /ug/l                              50
Copper                Cu /ug/l                            ì^oo
                                                                                  Possible recourse to E.LUl.C.
                                                                                  I5OO /ug/l : after 16 hrs con­
 t 1 1
                                                                                  tact at consumer outlet
Fluorine
                        F /ug/l                       700 at I5OO                 M.A.C » varies according to ·
                                                                                  average temperature in geo-
                                                                                  graphical area concerned
Iron
                      Fe /ug/l               100           300                    possible recourse to E.M.A.C.
Mercury               Hg /ag/l                               1                 -
Manganese             lin /ug/l               20            50                    possible recourse to E.Î1.A.C.
 ---pagebreak---                     D ) ÜM)ESIRABLE OR TOXIC FACTORS ( continued 1 )
ί    . .....      .                                  COMMUNITY VALUES
                          EXPRESSION                    Maximum           minimum
                                            Guide
       PARAMETERS          OP THE                       Admissible        Required                   COMMENTS
                                            Level
                           RESULTS                      Concentration      Concentration
                                            ( G.L. )       (M.A.C. )        (m.R.C. )
            ω                                   Q              Γ4)              (5)                      ©
  Nickel
                          Ni yug/l              5             50
  Phosphorus              Ρ /us/l             300          2000
                                                        after isolât ioi t
  Lead                    Fb yug/l                            50
  Eí^drogen
  Sulphide                s~~ yug/i                         nill
  Antimony                Sb   mz/ I                          10
  Seloniun
                          Se fig/l                            10
  Zino
                          Ζη yug/l                           100
                                                           2000
                                                                                           2000 after 16 hrs of contact
                                                                                           at consumer outlet
  Mineral oils         residue /ug/l
                                                                                       •
                                                              10
  Polycyclic
  aromat ic            residue /ug/1                            0,2
                               /
  hydrocarbons
  Phenol index
                       C6H5011       .·                        0,5                       -
 ---pagebreak---                    D ) UHDESIRABLE OR TOXIC FACTORS ( continued 2 )
                                                    COMMUNITY VALUES  -
                         EXPRESSION .                  Maximum       minimum
                                           Guide
       PARAMETERS         OP   THE                     Admissible    Required                COm-IENTS
                                           Level
                          RESULTS                      Concentration Concentration
                                           ( G.L. )        (M.A.C. )     ( m.R.C. )
 .......      φ                               ß>             m               (5)                 (S)
Anionic               lauryl sulphate                       100
detergents                /uS'A
Pescicidee and
                                                                                    By peeticides and associated
related products
                          yj*g/i                                                    products is meant :
                                                                                    - insecticides :
- TOTAL
- SUBSTANCES CON-                                                                     - persistent organòchlorinei
   SIDERED SEPARA-                                     . .    0,1                       compounds
   TELY                                                                               - organophosphorus compounds
                                                                                      - carbamates
                                                                                    - herbicides
                                                                                    - fungicides
Other organo-
chlorine compounds
  ....  . . .
                          /ug/1                               1 '°                           ...       ....
 ---pagebreak---                        E) MICROBIOLOGICAL FACTORS
                                                                                                  r-      "   ■       ■           I
                                                                COMMIJIÏITY VALUES
                                                  Tap w<iter    (1)
                             h0    RESULTS                                         : treated wai-
    PARAMETERS                                                                                                  bommerts
                              1     volume
                                                                      surfacë        ter
                         o  H
                        •ri   &              not dis-    disin-       water          not disin-
                         Cl   Ά h   of the
                         a    ÎS S           infected    fected       disinfected    fected
                         «  m ■¥>   sample    M.A.C.      M.A.C.        K.A.C.         M.A.C.
                                    in   ml
Total coliforms          +             100 ■  .5 (3)          0              0         o ( 1 ).
                                                                                                    ( 1 ) At consumer outlet
Fecal coliforme          +             100     0              0              0         o (1)
                                                                                                    ( 2) At catchment
Fecal streptococci       +             100     0              0              0         o (1)
                                                                                                    ( 3 ) On condition that
       ;        37°      +               1    10              -              -
                                                                                      10 ( 2)             enough samples are
Total                                                                                                     analyzed and results
         at     .   ■ ■
                         +               1   100                             «è»     100 ( 2 )            are 95 Ί0 uniform
count           37°            + (       1                    0              0
                                                                                                    (4 ) Per typo of fcactorio^
                22°            +         1     _             20             20         -
                                                                                                          phage
Clostridium (Sul-                                                                                  (5 ) Qualitative research
phite reducing)                +        20     2              2              2         0 (1)              result
Salmonelle,                    +     5000      0              0              0         0 (1)                                    1
Pathogenic
staphylococci
                               +       100     0              0              0         0 (1)
 ---pagebreak---                  E3 MICPOBTOLOGICAL FACTORS ( continued )
                                           f»»
                                                       coimjít: LTY VALUES
                                           Tap walter   (1)
                              RESULTS
     PARAMETERS
                         å                                                   treated
                        §      volume                            surface     water                 COIMENTS
                    o   rH     of the   not dis-     disin-      water       not disin-
                   •H
                    CO
                         &  h
                         P< u
                    tf   2 ci  sample   infected     fected      disinfected fected
                        m -h   in   ml   M.A.C.      M.A.C.        M.A.C.
     1 t
                                                                               M.A.C.
Pec al
Bacteriophages
                         +=     100           0 (4 )    0              0        0 (1)
                                                                                        ( ï ) At consumer outlet
Enteropathogenic
viruses
                         +     10000          0         0              0        0 (1)   (4 ) Per type of "bacte-
                                                                                              riophage
Protozoa                +         -
                                         nil ( 5 )     nil            nil     nil ( 1 ) ( 5 ) Qualitative research
Animalcules             +                nil (5 )                                             result -ι
 ---pagebreak---                            32
             DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
                  AMEX II
             Standard model analyses
Parameters to be considered ,
Frequency of standard analyses ,
Sampling ,
Comments on the storage of samples 1
 ---pagebreak---                                          STANDARD MODEL ANALYSES
                            1   –  Parameters to "be considered
                                                                            £
                            Current monitoring of the            Systematic        Occasional monitoring
                            distribution networks                periodic          111 special situations
                            supplied                             monitor ! ng      in case of accidents-
                                                                 ' upplementary    suppleraentary to
                            A1            A2                     to A1 and             A and B
                         Ground        Surface or                   A2
                         water         mixed water
DRCAKOLEPTIC FACTORS                   Sas&dlty                  TarDîaity         i'ur&j.dity
                                       Palatability              Odour             Cdour
                                       Température               Palatahiiity      Palatability
                                                                 Température       Température
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL FACTORS PH            PH                        PH                PH
                         Conductivity Conductivity               Conductivity      Conductivity
                         Total hard­   Total hardness            Total mineral     Total mineral content
                               ness                                    content
                         Alkali level Alkali level               Total hardness
                         Sulphates                                                 Total hardness
                                       Sulphates                 Calcium           Calcium
                         Chlorides     Chlorides                 Magnesium
                         Nitrates      Kitrates                                    Magnesium
                                                                 Sodium            Sodium
                         Ammonia       Ammonia                   Potassium         Potassium
                                                                 Aluminum          Aluminum
                                                                 Alkali level      1-lkali level
                                                                 Sulphates         Sulphates
                                                                  Chlorides        Chlorides
                                                                 Nitrates /Ammon . Nitrates /Ammon .
                                                                 Nitrates /Silica  Nitrates /Silica
                                                                 Total Nitrogen    Total Nitrogen
 ---pagebreak---                   1 - Parameters to be considered ( continued )
                                         A                                  Β                                         I
                    Current monitoring of the distribution net-                           Occasional monitoring; in
                            works supplied "by                   Systematic    periodic _ special situations ror
                               A1                      A2        monitoring               in case of accidents
                     Ground water              surface    or     supplementary to
                                                                 Λ1 and A2                supplementary to A and Β
                                               mixed water
BIOLOGICAL         Oxidizability           Oxidizability        Dissolved oxygen          Dissolved oxygen
FACTORS                                                         Oxidizability             Oxidizability
                                                                                          Chemical oxygen
                                                                                          demand ( COD )
                                                                                          Bio-chemical oxygen
                                                                                          demand (BOD )
                                                                                          Total carbon ( TOC )
                                                                                          Substances extractable
                                                                                          in chloroform
UlIDESIRA^LS OR    Iron                    Iron                 Carbon dioxide            All undesirable or
TOXIC FACTORS      lïanganese             ïiaagaiiese           Fluorine                  toxic factors presumed
                                                                Phosphorus                present
                                                                Phenol index
                                                                Anionic detergents +
                                                                obiers presumed preseli;
liICrtUBIOLOGICAL  Total coliforms         Total coliforns      Total coliforms           Total coliforms
FACTORS            Fecal coliforms         Fecal coliforms      Fecal coliforms           Fecal coliforms
                   Fecal streptococci      Fecal streptococci   Fecal streptococci        Fecal streptococci
                   Total count             Total count          Total count               Total count
                                                                Clostridium ( sulphite    Clostridium ( sulphite
                                                                reducing)                 reducing)
                                                                                          Sa3 monella
                                                                                          Pc. allogenic staphylococci
                                                                                          Fecal bacteriophages
                                                                                          Viruses      - Amoeba
                                                                                          Animalcules
 ---pagebreak---                                             2 - Frequency of standard, analyses
                                   STANDARD   MA.LÏSIS                                             ΡΡ.ΕφίΦΤΟΥ
                                                                                       recommended          compulsory
 Δ1
 Current monitoring of distribution networks supplied by ground water                   quarterly         six-monthly
 A2
 Current monitoring of distribution networks supplied by surface or mixed water
 - very limited or only one supply                              .
    ( i ) with protective perimeter *                                                   quarterly         six-monthly
    ( ii ) without protective perimeter *                                               monthly           quarterly
 - large supply                                                                         daily             weekly
 B:
 Systematical periodical monitoring, supplementary to Aí and A2                         six-monthly       annually
 c                                                1                    ;      · -  ■
 Occasional monitoring in exceptional situations or in ca3e of accident *                               As required - to be
 supplementary to A1 , A2 and Β ·                                                                       determined by the
                                                                                                        compétent health
                                                                                                        authorities
*) Tho protective perimeter set up on the basis of a geological report is a defined area around a water supply sour­
    ce : spring water, ground water , surface water, A distinction is drawn between :
    - tjie_inaaediate protective, perimeter , which is fenced off and within which all activity is forbidden, and
    - the cuter protective perimeter within which activity is forbidden or subject to regulation.
    VIn the case of supplies drawn directly from a riverf protection is ensured within an approximate zone inside
   •which the discharge of waste water should be avoided or , at least ma$ only be permitted after extra treatment .
 ---pagebreak---                                         36                  Doc . Ko . 3861 / 2 /TU
                           3 - SAMPLING
     In order to carry out typical analyses it is necessary to take
samples of sufficient quantities of Vfiter with equipment designed for
this purpose .
a)   Bacteriological examination
     Samples of the water should be taken in sterile jars :
     -  in searching for germs , fecal contamination tests ;   a sample
        of 500 cm3 of water
     -  in searching for salmonella , a sample of 1000 CTP.3 of water
     -  in searching for viruses , a sample of 10,000 cm3 of water
b)   Chemical examination
     -  Type A analysis :  a sample of 1000 cm3 of water in clean glass
        or plastic jars
     -  Type B analysis :  a sample of 2000 cm3 of water
     -  Type C analysis : a sample of 3000 cm3 of water in pyrex type
        jars with ground stoppers divided as follows :
        -  1000 cm3 in searching for toxic or undesirable substances
           heavy metc.ls )
        - 2000 cm3 fcr an analysis of organoleptic , physico-chemical
          or biological factors .
 ---pagebreak---                                       37                  Doc . No . 3861/2/74
               U  COMMENTS ON THE STORAGE OF SAMPLES
a ) Generally speaking , samples should preferably be stored by deep
    freezing
b ) In the case cf toxic or undesirable substances , it is sometimes
    necessary , depending on the element being sought , to use preserving
    agents which will be added to the sample either when it is taken or
m the laboratory .
c ) Water samples for microbiological analyses should be taken in
    sterile jars end kept in a cold temperature ( 0°C) during the
    journey to the laboratory . If possible , the analysis should take
    place immediately on arrival at the laboratory or , at the latest ,
    U8 hours after the sample is taken .
 ---pagebreak---                                      38                  Doc . No . 3861 /2L7U e
                      DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
                         ANNEX III
                  Reference methods of analysis
A - l)    Organoleptic factors
A - 2)   Physico-chenical factors
A - 3)   Biological factors
A - U)   Undesirable or toxic factors
B)       Microbiological factors
 Note
      For the parameters indicated by an asterisk , parameters cerumen to
      water destined for human consumption and to surface waters to be
      used for the production of drinking water , the analytical reference
      methods are currently being studied within the framework of the prepar­
      ation of a directive on analytical methods regarding the quality
      of surface waters to be used for the production of drinking water .
 ---pagebreak---                                   39             Doc . No . 3861/2/74
                   Reference methods of analysis
                   A - 1  ORGANOLEPTIC F/ CTCrS
Colour       *
Turbidity    Harmonized standards under study
Odour        *
Palatability Successive dilutions
             Tested at lk° C or 25° C
Temperature  *
 ---pagebreak---                                      UO                Doc . Bo .
                 A ■ 2 ) PEYSICO- CHEMCIAL FACTORS
                    «
PH
Conductivity
Total mineral
      con cent      Pessication at 180    C
Total hardness      EDTA comple-^imetry
Calcimi             #
Magne sium          Atomic absorption
So&ium              Atomic absorption
                    Flame te3t
 Potassium          Atomic absorption
                    Flame test
Aluminium           Atomic absolution after concentration
                    Absorption spectrophotometry using a specific reagent
                                          . ι
Alkali level        Acidimetry on mathyl orar-ge
                    *
Sulphates
Chlorides
Kitrates            «
Nitrites            Absorption spectrophotometry using a specific reagent
Ammonia             «
                    *
Kjeldahl NItrogen
Silica              Absorption spectrophotometry using moly bdosilicic
                    acid with or witlicut reduction
Substtince3
extractable in
chloroform
                                                  ι
 ---pagebreak---                                    kl                  Doc . ITo . 3361/2 /7^ e
J
                   A - 3) BIOLOGICAL FACTORS
  Dissolved oxygen             *
  Oxidizability                KKnO^ toiling for 10 minutes in an acid
                               medium
  Biochemical oxygen           *
  dsmand ( B0D 5 )
                               *
  Total organic
  carbon ( TCC )
 ---pagebreak---                                   h2                      toe . No . 3£ 6.1 /2 /7'; e
                A U)              OR TOXIC FACTORS
Silver            Atomic absorption
Arsenic           *
Bari'tm,          *                                   ...
Cadium            *
Cyanides          *
Total Chromium    «
Coppsr            *
Fluorine          *
Iron              *
                  «
Mercury
                  «
Manganese
Nickel            «
Phosphorus        Absorption spectrophotometry using reduced phosphomolybdic
                  acid
Lead              4»
Hydrogen sulphide Absorption spectrophotometry :   formation of methylene
                  blue
Antimony          Oxidation to Sb^+
                   Rho&amihe B Absorption spectrophotometry
Sélénium          *
Zinc
Mineral oils and
polycyclie
aromatic cartons
Phenol index
Anionic '
detergents         #
Pesticides and
related products
 ---pagebreak---                                       U3                  Doc • No . 3861 /2 /74 e
                  B - MICROBIOLOGICAL FACTORS
Total coliform            *
Fecal coiiform            «
                          «
Fecal streptococci
Total count               *
Sulphide reducing         After heating the spraple to 80   C a sporo count by
                          - seeding in a medium with glucose , sulphite
                             and iron , counting the black-halo colonies
                          - membrane filtration , deposition of the
                             inverted filter on a medium with glucose ,
                             sulphite ana iron covered with agar , count
                             of black colonies
                          - distribution in tubes of differential reinforced
                            clostridial medium , reinccuiation of the
                             black tubes in a medium of litmus-treated
                            milk , count according to KPN
Salmonella                #
Pathogenic                Membrane and culture filtration on a specific
  staphylococci           medium ( e.g. Chapman 's hypersaline medium ).
Fecal bacteriophages      Guilin 's process
Enteropathogenic          Filtration concentration , by flocculation or
  viruses                 centrifugation and identification .
Protozoa                  Concentration by filtration on a membrane ,
                          microscopic examination , test of pathogenicity .
Animalcules               Macroscopic or microscopic examination
(worms - larvae )
COMMENTS :  The incubation period is generally 24 to '18 hours except
            for total cc&nts when it is 1+8 to 72 hours .