CELEX: 51992PC0572
Language: en
Date: 1993-01-20
Title: Proposal for a COUNCIL DIRECTIVE relating to measures to be taken against air pollution by emissions from motor vehicles and amending Directive 70/220/EEC

No C 56 / 34                                Official Journal of the European Communities                                        26 . 2 . 93
                Proposal for a Council Directive relating to measures to be taken against air pollution by
                                  emissions from motor vehicles and amending Directive 70 / 220 / EEC
                                                              ( 93 / C 56 / 05 )
                                                    COM(92) 572 final — SYN 448
                                          (Submitted by the Commission on 20 January 1993)
 THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES ,                                  which has been established by Council Directive
                                                                            70 / 156 / EEC of 6 February 1970 on the approximation of
 Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European                      the laws of the Member States relating to the
 Economic Community , and in particular Article 100a                        type-approval of motor vehicles and their trailers ( 5 ), as
 thereof,                                                                   last amended by Directive 92 / 53 / EEC ( s );
                                                                            Whereas Directive 70 / 220 / EEC lays down the limit
 Having regard to the proposal from the Commission ,
                                                                            values for carbon monoxide and unburnt hydrocarbon
                                                                            emissions from the engines of such vehicles ; whereas
 In cooperation with the European Parliament,                               these limit values were first reduced by Directive
                                                                            74 / 290 / EEC ( 7 ) and supplemented , in accordance with
                                                                            Directive 77 / 102 / EEC ( 8 ), by limit values for permissible
 Having regard to the opinion of the Economic and Social                    emissions of nitrogen oxides ; whereas the limit values for
 Committee ,
                                                                            these three types of pollution were successively reduced
                                                                            by Directives 78 / 665 / EEC ( 9 ), 83 / 351 / EEC ( 10 ) and
 Whereas it is important to adopt measures with the aim of                  88 / 76 / EEC ( u ), limit values for particulate pollutant
 ensuring the unity of the internal market; whereas the                    emissions from diesel engines were introduced by Directive
 internal market is to comprise an area without internal                    88 / 436 / EEC ( 12 ) and more stringent European standards
 frontiers in which the free movement of goods, persons ,                  for the emissions of gaseous pollutants of cars below 1 ,4 1
 services and capital is ensured;                                          by Directive 89 / 458 / EEC ( 13 ); whereas these standards
                                                                           have been extended to all passenger cars independently of
                                                                           their engine capacity on the basis of an improved
 Whereas the first programme of action of the European                     European test procedure including an extra-urban driving
 Communities on protection of the environment, approved                    cycle and requirements relating to the evaporative
 by the Council on 22 November 1973 (*), called for                        emissions and to the durability of emission-related vehicle
 account to be taken of the latest scientific advances in
                                                                           components as well as more stringent particulate pollutant
 combating atmospheric pollution caused by gases emitted                   standards for cars equipped with diesel engines which
 from motor vehicles and for directives adopted previously                 were introduced by Directive 91 / 441 / EEC ( 14 ); whereas
 to be amended accordingly ; whereas the fifth programme                   passenger cars designed to carry more than six passengers
 of action, approved by the Commission on 30 March                         and having a maximum mass of more than 2 500 kg, light
 1992 ( 2 ), provides for additional efforts to be made for a              commercial vehicles, and off-road vehicles , covered by the
 considerable reduction in the present level of emissions of               scope of Directive 70 / 220 / EEC , which benefited until
 pollutants from motor vehicles ;                                          then from less stringent standards , have been subjected by
                                                                           Directive 93 /. . ./ EEC to standards as severe as those for
 Whereas the objectives of reducing the level of emissions                 passenger cars , taking into account the specific conditions
 of pollutants from motor vehicles and the establishment                   of such vehicles;
 and operation of the internal market for vehicles cannot be
 sufficiently achieved by Member States individually and                   Whereas the work undertaken by the Commission in this
 thus can be better achieved at Community level by the                     field has shown that the best technologies currently
 approximation of the laws of the Member States relating                   available to the Community industry can be further
to measures to be taken against air pollution by                           perfected in order to allow passenger cars to comply with
emissions ;
                                                                             (5)  OJ No L 42 , 23 . 2 . 1970 , p. 1 .
Whereas Council Directive 70 / 220 / EEC ( 3 ), as last                      (6)  OJ No L 225 , 10 . 8 . 1992 , p. 1 .
amended by Directive 93 /. . ./ EEC ( 4 ), is one of the                     (7)  OJ No L 159 , 15 . 6 . 1974 , p. 61
                                                                             (8)  OJ No L 32 , 3 . 2 . 1977 , p . 32 .
separate directives of the EEC type-approval procedure                       H    OJ No L 223 , 14 . 8 . 1978 , p . 48
                                                                           ( 10 ) OJ No L 197 , 20 . 7 . 1983 , p. 1 .
0 ) OJ No C 112 , 20 . 12. 1973 , p. 1 .                                   (")    OJ No L 36 , 9 . 2 . 1988 , p. 1 .
( 2 ) COM(92 ) 23 final of 30 March 1992 .                                 ( 12 ) OJ No L 214 , 6 . 8 . 1988 , p. 1 .
( 3 ) OJ No L 76 , 6 . 4 . 1970 , p. 1 .                                  ( 1J )  OJ No L 226 , 3 . 8 . 1989 , p. 1 .
( 4 ) Council Document 10079 / 92 of 18 November 1992 .                   ( 14 )  OJ No L 242 , 30 . 8 . 1991 , p. 1 .
 ---pagebreak--- 26 . 2 . 93                                 Official Journal of the European Communities                                 No C 56 / 35
considerable      reduced    emission     limits ; whereas    the      70 / 220 / EEC , as amended by this Directive, for the
 proposed standards will apply both to approval of new                 purposes of Articles 4 ( 1 ) and 7 ( 1 ) of Directive
 vehicle types and to the verification of conformity of                70 / 156 / EEC .
production , as the amended method for sampling and
 statistical evaluation permits deletion of the tolerances in          2.      With effect from 1 January 1996 , Member States
 the limit values of the previous stages of Directive                  shall no longer grant:
 70 / 220 / EEC ;
                                                                       — EEC type-approval in accordance with Article 4 ( 1 ) of
Whereas       the   Commission      has    conducted   a   broad            Directive 70 / 156 / EEC , or
 consultation of interested parties , culminating with the
 Symposium 'Auto Emissions 2000' on 21 and 22                          — national type-approval unless the provisions of
 September 1992, which has shown that the present                           Article 8 ( 2) of Directive 70 / 156 / EEC are invoked,
 approach , focused on tailpipe emissions , should be one
element for the stage beyond the implemention of the                   for a type of vehicle on grounds relating to air pollution by
 requirements of this Directive, in the framework of a                 emissions if the requirements of Directive 70 / 220 / EEC ,
 'multifaceted' approach including all the measures enabling           as amended by this Directive, are not fulfilled.
the reduction of air pollution due to road traffic; whereas
 all parameters which have been identified as having a                 3.      With effect from 1 January 1997 , Member States:
 significant impact on such pollution can be indicated at the
 present time only as a list; whereas the Commission will              — shall consider certificates of conformity which
 undertake the necessary analysis of environmental ,                        accompany new vehicles in accordance with the
technological and cost efficiency aspects in order to                       provisions of Directive 70 / 156 / EEC as no longer valid
provide quantified objectives for the Community measures                    for the purposes of Article 7 ( 1 ) of that Directive ,
 for the year 2000 before June 1994 ;                                       and
Whereas Member States should be allowed to encourage,                  — shall refuse the registration, sale and entry into service
 by means of tax incentives, the introduction of vehicles                   of new vehicles which are not accompanied by a
which satisfy the requirement of this Directive; whereas it                 certificate of conformity in accordance with the
seems appropriate in the Directive to follow the                            provisions of Directive 70 / 156 / EEC , unless the
framework for such incentives aimed at avoiding                             provisions of Article 8 ( 2 ) of Directive 70 / 156 / EEC
distortions in the internal market adopted in Council                       are invoked ,
Directive 92 / 97 / EEC (') limiting the noise level of motor
vehicles ;                                                             on grounds relating to air pollution by emissions , if the
                                                                       requirements of Directive 70 / 220 / EEC , as amended by
                                                                       this Directive , are not fulfilled .
Whereas the prior notification requirement of this
Directive is without prejudice to prior notification
requirements under other provisions of Community law ,
notably Article 93 ( 3 ) of the Treaty ;                                                           Article 3
Whereas the Council should, by 31 December 1995 , adopt                Member States may make provision for tax incentives only
the requirements for the stage from the year 2000 , for                in respect of motor vehicles which comply with Directive
which the Commission will present a proposal by 30 June                70 / 220 / EEC ; as amended by this Directive. Such
 1994 ,                                                                incentives must comply with the provisions of the Treaty
                                                                       and , in addition, must meet the following conditions:
                                                                       — they must apply to all new vehicles which are offered
HAS ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE :                                                for sale on the market of a Member State and which
                                                                            meet, in advance, the requirements of Directive
                                                                            70 / 220 / EEC , as amended by this Directive ,
                            Article 1                                  — they shall be terminated with effect from the
                                                                            mandatory application of the emission values laid
Annex I to Directive 70 / 220 / EEC is hereby amended in                    down in Article 2 ( 3 ) for new motor vehicles,
accordance with the Annex to this Directive .
                                                                       — in respect of each type of motor vehicle, they must
                                                                            represent an amount substantially below the additional
                                                                            cost of the technical solutions introduced to ensure
                            Article 2                                       compliance with the established values and of their
                                                                            installation on the vehicle .
1.      With effect from 1 July 1994 , Member States shall
accept compliance with the requirements of Directive                   The Commission must be informed in good time of plans
                                                                       to institute or change tax incentives as referred to in the
(>) OJ No L 371 , 19 . 12 . 1992 , p. 1 .                              first paragraph . The Commission must give its consent
 ---pagebreak--- No C 56 / 36                              Official Journal of the European Communities                                     26 . 2 . 93
before such incentives are put into effect and must, in                       (n) measures to        cover    pollutants    not     yet
particular, take into account the impact of such incentives                         regulated;
on the internal market .
                                                                     3 . complementary technical measures in the framework
                                                                         of specific Directives, including:
                             Article 4
                                                                         — improvements in fuel quality and requirements
The Council, acting under the conditions laid down in the                     relating to alternative fuels {inter alia, biofuels) as
Treaty , shall adopt a directive before 31 December 1995                      far as vehicle emissions are concerned,
on a proposal for a further stage of the Community's
measures against air pollution caused by motor traffic,                  — strengthening of the requirements of the inspection
which the Commission will submit by 30 June 1994 .                            and maintenance programme;
That directive, which concerns the period from the year
2000 onwards, will take into account the need to                     4 . a coherent strategy for other complementary measures
incorporate other elements into such measures than merely                related to air quality objectives including:
strengthened limit values. An assessment of the costs and
advantages of taking such measures will be undertaken                    — the use of fiscal incentives ,
and they will be proportional and reasonable in the light                — traffic management,
of the objectives aimed at . The future strategy will be
based , inter alia, on the following elements:                           — enhancement of urban public transport.
1 . air quality                                                      The reduced limit values being the subject of the said new
                                                                     Directive shall not apply before 1 January 2000 for new
    The need for compliance with the Community air                   type-approvals. The Council shall decide on the conditions
    quality criteria and implementation of common                    for granting tax incentives on the basis of these limit
    Community measures relating to the monitoring and                values .
    measurement of air quality ;
2. further improvements of the requirements of this
    Directive:                                                                                  Article 5
    based on the assessment of:
                                                                     Member States shall bring into force the laws , regulations
    — the potential of the traditional engine and                    and administrative provisions necessary to comply with
        post-combustion technology,                                 this Directive before 1 July 1994 . They shall immediately
                                                                     inform the Commission thereof.
    — possible improvements of the test procedure, e.g.
        cold-start , durability , evaporative emission,
    — the potential of new propulsion technologies, e.g.
                                                                    When Member States adopt these provisions , these shall
                                                                     contain    a    reference to   this  Directive    or  shall    be
        electric traction ;
                                                                     accompanied by such reference at the time of their official
    — measures at the level of type-approval supporting             publication . The procedure for such reference shall be
        strengthened        inspection    and     maintenance        adopted by Member States .
        requirements including, e.g. on-board diagnostic
        systems ,
    — the potential need for:                                                                   Article 6
         (i) specific limits for HC and NOx in addition to
             a cumulative limit value, and                          This Directive is addressed to the Member States .
 ---pagebreak--- 26 . 2 . 93                                    Official Journal of the European Communities                                                 No C 56 / 37
                                                                        ANNEX
            AMENDMENTS TO THE ANNEXES TO DIRECTIVE 70 / 220 / EEC AS AMENDED BY DIRECTIVE
                                                                   93 /. . ./ EEC f 1 )
                                                                       ANNEX I
            1.    Item 3.1 reads as follows :
                  '3.1          The application for type-approval pursuant to Article 3 of Directive 70 / 156 / EEC of a vehicle
                                type with regard to tailpipe emissions, evaporative emissions and durability of antipollution
                                devices is submitted by the vehicle manufacturer.'
            2.    Item 4 reads as follows :
                 '4             GRANTING OF EEC TYPE-APPROVAL
                   4.1          If the relevant requirements are satisfied , EEC type-approval pursuant to Article 4 (3 ) of
                                Directive 70 / 156 / EEC shall be granted .
                   4.2          A model for the EEC type-approval certificate is given in Annex IX.'
            3.   In item 5.3.1.4 :
                 the column titles and the first line of the table relating to vehicles of category M are replaced by the
                  following:
                                                                                                  Limit values
                                                                                               Combined mass of
                                                                     Massa of carbone
                                              Reference mass
                                                                          monoxide
                                                                                                hydrocarbon and       Mass of particulates
                     Category of vehicle                                                       oxides of nitrogen
                                                    RW                        LÍ                        L2                    L3
                                                    ( kg)                  (g/ km )                   (g/ km)               (g/ km )
                                                                     Petrol        Diesel      Petrol        Diesel          Diesel
                           MH                        All              2,2           1,0         0,5         0,7 (')        0,08H
                (') For vehicles fitted with diesel engines of the direct-injection type the value L2 is 0,9 g/ km and the value L3 is 0,10
                      g/ km until 30 September 1999 .
                ( 2 ) Except:
                      — vehicles designed to carry more than six occupants including the driver,
                      — vehicles whose maximum mass exceeds 2 500 kilograms.
            4.   Item 7 reads as follows :
                 '7             CONFORMITY OF PRODUCTION
                   7.1          As a general rule, measures to ensure the conformity of production shall be taken in
                                accordance with the provisions of Article 10 of Directive 70 / 156 / EEC.
                                Conformity of production is checked on the basis of the data contained in the type-approval
                                certificate set out in Annex IX of this Directive .
                                If the authority is not satisfied with the auditing procedure of the manufacturer, then items
                                2.4.2 and 2.4.3 of Annex X of Directive 70 / 156 / EEC , shall apply .
                   7.1.1        If a type I test is to be carried out and a vehicle type-approval has one or several extensions,
                                the tests will be carried out on the vehicle(s) described in the information package which
                                accompanied the first type-approval application .
            (') Present status in Council Document 10079 / 92 of 18 November 1992 (ENT 138 / ENV 287).
 ---pagebreak--- No C 56 / 38                         Official Journal of the European Communities                                        26 . 2 . 93
             7.1.1.1   Conformity of the vehicle for a tyjie I test .
                       After selection by the authority , the manufacturer shall not undertake any adjustment to the
                       vehicles selected .
             7.1.1.1.1 Three vehicles ^re randomly taken in the series and are tested as described in item 5.3.1 of this
                       Annex . The deterioration factors are used in the same way . The limit values are given in item
                       5.3.1 of this Annex .
             7.1.1.1.2 If the authority is satisfied with the production standard deviation given by the manufacturer ,
                       according to Annex X of Directive 70 / 156 / EEC , the tests are carried out according to
                       Appendix 1 of this Annex .
                       If the authority is not satisfied with the production standard deviation given by the
                       manufacturer according to Annex X of Directive 70 / 156 / EEC , the tests are carried out
                       according to Appendix 2 following this Annex .
             7.1.1.1.3 The production of a series is regarded as conforming or non-conforming, on the basis of a test
                       of the vehicles by sampling, once a pass decision is reached for all the pollutants, or a fall
                       decision is reached for one pollutant, according to the test criteria applied in the appropriate
                       Appendix .
                       When a pass decision has been reached for one pollutant, this decision will not be changed by
                       any additional tests made to reach a decision for the other pollutants.
                       If no pass decision is reached for all the pollutions and if no fail decision is reached for one
                       pollutant, a test is carried out on another vehicle (see Figure 1.7).
 ---pagebreak--- 26 . 2 . 93       Official Journal of the European Communities                                 No C 56 / 39
                                                        Test of
                                                     three vehicles
                                               Computation of the test
                                                        statistic
                 According to the appropriate Appendix does the test          YES
                statistic agree with the criteria for failing the series for       Series rejected
                                 at least one pollutant ?
                                                   NO
            NO   According to the appropriate Appendix does the test
               statistic agree with the criteria for passing the series for
                                 at least one pollutant?
                                                   YES
                       A pass decision is reached for one or more
                                        pollutants
                                                                             YES
                   Is a pass decision reached for all the pollutants?             Series accepted
                                                  NO
                              Test of an additional vehicle
                                           Figure 1.7
 ---pagebreak--- No C 56 / 40                                  Official Journal of the European Communities                                           26 . 2 . 93
                   7.1.1.2    Notwithstanding the requirements of item 3.1.1 of Annex III , the tests will be carried out on
                              vehicles which have not travelled any distance.
                   7.1.1.2.1 However, at the request of the manufacturer, the tests will be carried out on vehicles which
                              have been run-in :
                              — a maximum of 3 000 km for vehicles equipped with a positive ignition engine,
                              — a maximum of 15 000 km for vehicles equipped with a compression ignition engine .
                              In these cases, the running-in procedure will be conducted by the manufacturer who shall
                              undertake not to make any adjustments to those vehicles .
                   7.1.1.2.2 If the manufacturer asks to conduct a running-in procedure ('x' km , where x ^ 3 000 km for
                              vehicles equipped with a positive ignition engine and x < 15 000 km for vehicles equipped
                              with a compression ignition engine), then this procedure will be carried out as follows:
                              — the pollutant emissions (type I) will be measured at zero and at 'x' km on the first tested
                                    vehicle ,
                              — the evolution coefficient of the emissions between zero and 'x' km will be calculated for
                                   each of the pollutant:
                                                                            Emissions 'x' km
                                                                           Emissions zero km
                                   It may be less than 1 ,
                              — the following vehicles will not be subjected to the running-in procedure, but their zero km
                                   emissions will be modified by the evolution coefficient.
                                   In this case, the values to be taken will be:
                                   — the values at 'x' km for the first vehicle,
                                   — the values at zero km multiplied by the evolution coefficient for the following
                                       vehicles .
                   7.1.1.2.3 All these tests may be conducted with commercial fuel. However, at the manufacturer's
                              request, the reference fuels described in Annex VIII may be used.
                   7.1.2      If a type III test is to be carried out, it shall be conducted on all vehicles selected for the type I
                              COP test (7.1.1.1 ). The conditions laid down in item 5.3.3.2 shall be complied with .
                   7.1.3      If a type IV is to be carried out, it shall be conducted in accordance with item 7 of
                              Annex VI .'.
                                                                   Appendix 1
             1 . This Appendix describes the procedure to be used to verify the conformity of production requirements for
                 the type I test when the manufacturer's production standard deviation is satisfactory.
             2. With a minimum sample size of 3 , the sampling procedure is set so that the probability of a lot passing a
                 test with 40% of the production defective is 0,95 (producer's risk = 5 % ) while the probability of a lot
                 being accepted with 65% of the production defective is 0,1 (consumer's risk = 10% ).
             3 . For each of the pollutants given in paragraph 5.3.1.4 of Annex I , the following procedure is used
                 ( see Figure 1.7).
                 L = The natural logarithm of the limit value for the pollutant.
                 X; = The natural logarithm of the measurement for the i-th vehicle of the sample.
                 s = An estimate of the production standard deviation ( after taking the natural logarithm of the
                        measurements).
                 n = Is the current sample number.
 ---pagebreak--- 26 . 2 . 93                                  Official Journal of the European Communities                                        No C 56 / 41
            4 . Compute for the sample the test statistic quantifying the sum of the standard deviations from the limit and
                 defined as :                                                            1
                                                                        n
                                                                 — I
                                                                  s
                                                                             (L - Xj)
                                                                      i = 1
            5.   Then :
                 — if the test statistic is greater than the pass decision number for the sample size given in Table 1.1.5 , a
                     pass decision is reached for the pollutant,
                 — if the test statistic is less than the fail decision number for the sample size given in Table 1.1.5 , a fail
                     decision is reached for the pollutant,
                 — otherwise , an additional vehicle is tested according to item 7.1.1.1 of Annex I and the calculation is
                     reapplied to the sample with a sample size one unit greater .
                                                                 TABLE 1.1.5
               Cumulative number of tested vehicles
                                                              Pass decision number                Fail decision number
                       (current sample size)
                                  3                                    3,327                             - 4,724
                                  4                                    3,261                             - 4,790
                                  5                                    3,195                             - 4,856
                                  6                                    3,129                             - 4,922
                                  7                                    3,063                             - 4,988
                                  8                                    2,997                             - 5,054
                                  9                                    2,931                             - 5,120
                                 10                                    2,865                             - 5,185
                                11                                     2,799                             - 5,251
                                12                                     2,733                             - 5,317
                                13                                     2,667                             - 5,383
                                14                                     2,601                             - 5,449
                                15                                     2,535                             - 5,515
                                16                                     2,469                             - 5,581
                                17                                     2,403                             - 5,647
                                18                                     2,337                             - 5,713
                                19                                     2,271                             - 5,779
                                20                                     2,205                             - 5,845
                                21                                     2,139                             - 5,911
                                22                                     2,073                             - 5,977
                                23                                     2,007                             - 6,043
                                24                                     1,941                             - 6,109
                                25                                     1,875                             - 6,175
                                26                                     1,809                             - 6,241
                                27                                     1,743                             - 6,307
                                28                                     1,677                             - 6,373
                                29                                     1,611                             - 6,439
                                30                                     1,545                             - 6,505
                                31                                     1,479                             - 6,571
                                32                                  - 2,112                              - 2,112
 ---pagebreak--- No C 56 / 42                                 Official Journal of the European Communities'                                        26 . 2 . 93
                                                                     Appendix 2
             1 . This Appendix describes the procedure to be used to verify the conformity of production requirements for
                 the type I test when the manufacturer's evidence of production standard deviation is either unsatisfactory
                 or unavailable .
             2 . With a minimum sample size of three, the sampling procedure is set so that the probability of a lot passing
                 a test with 40% of the production defective is 0,95 (producer's risk = 5 % ) while the probability of a lot
                 being accepted with 65% of the production defective is 0,1 (consumer's risk = 10% ).
             3 . The measurements of the pollutants given in paragraph 5.3.1.4 of Annex I are considered to be log
                 normally distributed and should first be transformed by taking their natural logarithms. Let m0 and m
                 denote the minimum and maximum sample sizes respectively (m 0 = 3 and m = 32) and let n denote the
                 current sample number.
             4. If the natural logarithms of the measurements in the series are xl5 x2 , . . ., Xj and L is the natural
                 logarithm of the limit value for the pollutant, then , define:
                                                                        dj = x r L
                                                                              n
                                                               d„ = -jj- E dj and
                                                                            j = l
                                                                              n
                                                             v„> = ± E (d,-a„)>
                                                                            i=i
             5. Table 1.2.5 shows values of the pass (A n) and fail (B n) decision numbers against current sample numbers.
                 The test statistic is the ratio d n / V n and shall be used to determine whether the series has passed or failed
                 as follows :
                 For m 0 < n < m :
                 — pass the series if d n / V n < A n,
                 — fail the series if d n / V n > B n,
                 — take another measurement ifA n < d n /V n <B n.
             6.  Remarks
                 The following recursive formulae are useful for computing successive values of the test statistic
                                                            3n - (I - —)d n -i +
                                                                        1             (d -d )2
                                                        vnv = ( i--)vn  n
                                                                                _P +    n-1
                                                                                           Q";
                                                         (n = 2 , 3 , . . .; d, = d,; V, = 0).
 ---pagebreak--- 26 . 2. 93                               Official Journal of the European Communities                      No C 56 / 43
                                                           TABLE 1.2.5
           Minimum sample size = 3
            Cumulative number of tested vehicles        Pass decision number          Fail decision number
                   (current sample size)                         A„                             ®n
                              3                              - 0,80381                      16,64743
                              4                              - 0,76339                       7,68627
                              5                              - 0,72982                       4,67136
                              6                              - 0,69962                       3,25573
                              7                              - 0,67129                       2,45431
                              8                              - 0,64406                       1,94369
                              9                              - 0,61750                       1,59105
                             10                              - 0,59135                       1,33295
                             11                              - 0,56542                       1,13566
                             12                              - 0,53960                       0,97970
                             13                              - 0,51379                       0,85307
                             14                              - 0,48791                       0,74801
                             15                              - 0,46191                       0,65928
                             16                              - 0,43573                       0,58321
                             17                              - 0,40933                       0,51718
                             18                              - 0,38266                       0,45922
                             19                              - 0,35570                       0,40788
                            20                               - 0,32840                       0,36203
                            21                               - 0,30072                       0,32078
                            22                               - 0,27263                       0,28343
                            23                               - 0,24410                       0,24943
                            24                               - 0,21509                       0,21831
                             25                              - 0,18557                       0,18970
                             26                              - 0,15550                       0,16328
                             27                              - 0,12483                       0,13880
                             28                              - 0,09354                       0,11603
                             29                              - 0,06159                       0,09480
                             30                              - 0,02892                       0,07493
                             31                                0,00449                       0,05629
                             32                                0,03876                       0,03876