CELEX: 51976PC0676
Language: en
Date: 1976-12-20
Title: Proposal for a COUNCIL DIRECTIVE on bird conservation (submitted to the Council by the Commission)

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COM (76) 676
Vol. 1976/0204
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 ---pagebreak--- OMMîSSION GFTHE EUROPEAN GOMMUMTO
                                         COM(76)676 final
                                         Brussels , 20 December 1976
                                  Proposal for a
                                 COUNCIL DIREKTIVE
                               on bird conserves ion
                    ( submitted to the Council by the Commission)
  C0I.I(76 ) 676 final                                  fi"                    '
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                            EXPI/mTORY    iiiaïOEAWr,!
I. Introduction
( 1 ) This Directive is a measure to harmonize national lawr linger the
      European Communities' action programme . on the environment .           It
      also is a response to the wishes expressed repeatedly by the
      European Parliament , in particular in its Resolution of 21 February
      1975f       "the wishes of a broad section of public opinion indicated
      in the numerous petitions and letters addressed to the Commission
      on this subjecx .
( 2 ) From the studies which the Commission has had carried out to
      ascertain the precise nature of the problems and find aiie best
      solutions , and from the work published by the international
      organizations studying these problems , such as the Council of Europe ,
      the International Union for the Conservation of Nature , the
      International Council for Bird Protection ard the International
      Waterfowl Research. Bureau ; it is clear that the situation of some
      400 species of birds observed regularly in the territory of the
      Member States is giving rise to serious problems for several reasons .
( 3 ) The principal finding' of these scientific studies which is also a
      sign that profoundly important changis are       taking place , is the fall
      in the number of species observed and , for      rcany of them , a decline
      in their population .      It must be stressed   in this connection that
      some sixty species are currently in danger       of extinction , whilst not
      even one-third of the species show normal reproduction rates .            This
      is due both to trapping and killing and to environmental conditions
      which no longer enable those species to survive and reprodace .
(4 ) The reduction in the number of species and in their population
      constitutes a serious threat to the preservation of the natural environasn
      environment as t the biological equilibria to which those species
      belong are being dieirrcpjrad or destroyed .     The chain reactions which
      result from such trends are difficult to forecast accurately and it
      is not easy to find satisfactory ways of combating them permanently.
      One consequence which has already been observed is that the
      regulating biological mechanisms are being weakened or are
      disappearing.     This means tnat increased use must be made of
      artificial " chemical " means of controlling certain pests , such as
      insects and rodents , which could have serious side-effects not only
      on wildlife species not deliberately attacked by pest-control methods ,
      but also on human health .
       OJ No C 112 , 20 December 1973
      2Doc . 243/75 (Ass.1?.2 ) of 24.2.1975
 ---pagebreak---                                                           ♦•«•ν ' // .     : ; >· ;
(5 ) There are many reasons for this state of affairs ; they may be
          divided into two groups ..                                   ■
          Firstly , there are those measures which affect the habitat ., ..
          Wildlife cannot be preserved without adequate space tor the
       . survival and reproduction of the species .                       By direct interference ,
          by changing the nature of the biotypes or by reducing the spread
          and total area of zones suitable for wildlife , many rural and
          agricultural development operations , civil engineering works ,, the
          development of ccasts and estuaries , ha,ve a decisive impact on the
          population level of Tbird species ... This is particularly important
          in the case of species dependent on specific habitats such as
          wetlands or woodlands .        The pollution of the habitats i3 also an
          important - factor determining the level of the bird population .
          A second . group of activities may exert en extremely important
          influence on the level cf the bird population : the pressures .of
          hunting.     The destructive effect is magnified out of all .,
          proportion by the use of mass or non-selective slaughtering methods .
II . national legislation on bird protection and hunting
( 1 ) Birds are formally protected by national legislation in force in
          seven Member States , either by nature protection laws or by hunting
    • . laws .      France and Italy, which have no such provisions , are drawing
      • up measures along these lines .            The principle behind the current
       ■ regulations applying to birds may be summarized as follows :                         all bird
          species are protected apart from a number of exceptions covered by
          special provisions *             i j/Vov   o. .                             ijr- • * . iV..'*
          These provisions deal mainly with game birds which ma;/ be hunted and
          which are covered by hunting regulations .                      Exceptions are also made
          in the case of various species that are considered har;nful .                        Where
          this distinction is not made , exemptions may be granted from the. rites
          of protection to avoid detrimental effects to economic activities ,
          in particular agriculture .                               •
( 2 ) The methods for implementing this principle , indoth6 isp&eies to which
   , '■ the regulations do not apply, vary widely from one country to
          another . ,. It is particularly important to remember this fact .
          considering that many of the 400 or so species of birds observed in
          the territory of the Member States are-migrant species which move
        . from one. place'. to :• -another# various, stages of their biological cycle .
          Migrant species also account for a high proportion of all the
          species which may be hunted under hunting legislation.                        Furthermore ,
          hunting practices are governed by requirements \fhich vary from one
          Ilember State to another , and this of course means that the pressures
          of , hunting are different .       It would thus be ppintless "to try, "to
          protect species within restricted areas ;                      On the contrary, the size
          of the territory covered by the Community is better suited to a
          consistent and therefore effective conservation programme .
                                                                                  /■
 ---pagebreak--- 3*- The trade in birds is one import ant aspect of national legislation ,
        particularly trade in dead game birds and in live "birds of certain
        species .    The differing laws of the Member States in this field are
        likely to affect trade between Ilomber States and therefore have, a
        direct effect on the functioning - of the Common Market * This is why
        any harmonization of legislation must be accompanied by Community
        action for the protection , conservation and management of all species
        of wild bird regularly observed in the territory of the Member States ;
        such action would fall within the scope of Article 235 of the Tretaty .
        In accordance with the provisions of Articles 100 and 235 of "the EEC
        Treaty , the European Parliament and the Economic and Social
        Committee must be consulted *,
III Comments on the Directive
(1 ) The overall approach and scope of the Directive are described in
        Article 1 ,    The Directive is designed to be a means of carrying
        out a conservation policy .    The concept of conservation implies
        the rational use and management and the long-term pro taction of
        natural resources .    At the same time it implies that, the natural
     .. balance of the species should be maintained and restored.      The
        Directive applies to brids living in the wild ( as opposed to
     . domestic species ) , and which are regularly observed in the territory
        of the Member States ( as opposed to species introduced by man and
        those which are rare visitors ), Account has , indeed been taken at
        this stage only of the situation of species observed regularly in
        the European territory of the Member States .
( 2 ) The general objective dft'the Directive is defined in Article. 2 .     The
        aim of the measures proposed in the Directive is to maintain the
        numbers of the various species at a level compatible with certain
        requirements - ecological , economic , recreational and scientific .
        The principle behind the measures is to find a satisfactory level ,
        bearing in mind not just one criteria such as protection , but a
        number of different criteria. In pursuit of this objective , the
        Directive contains provisions concerning the principal factors which
        affect the bird population level , adapted, where appropriate , to
        the situation of certain species .    It also provides for
        fluctuations in population levels to be assessed .
( 3 ) The Directive introduces a system of protection 'applicable to all
        species of bird, except for those expressly named for which a
        special system is provided .    The need for such a gereral protection
        system was revealed by the convergent views arrived at by
        ornithologists in their studies , bath those published by the
        Commissions and those made by the international organizations referred
        to earlier .
        The proposed measures relate to three fields : birds * habitats , the
        capture and killing of birds , and trade in birds .   Article 3 aims
        at retaining an adequate diversity and total area of bird habitats ,
        as required by their ethological needs especially at the crucial
        reproduction stage . .
 ---pagebreak---         Article 5 aims at protecting "bird populations from all direct attacks
        on them, by tiian: capture and .killing by any methods 'whatsoever are
        prohibited, as are the collection of eggs and the destruction of nests ..
        Art icle 6 aims at removing commercial pressures ih cases where
        capture and killing are authorized .      Trade is authorized only in
        certain game species listed in Annex III .       This Annex is based on
        throe principles : the special situation of migratory species , the
        possibility of breeding in captivity to offset the pressures of
.    ■ hunting , and the risks of a supplementary pressure on the level of the ,
        population of the species which result from trade .
(4 ) Because of the special situation of certain species , Article d provides
        for additional measures to protect the habitats .        Th5se measures
        relate to rare species of those in danger of extinction , on the one
        baud , and to migratory birds , on the other .      Annex I lists the species
        regarded as rare or in danger of extinction for the purposes of this
        Directive .     The Annex was drawn up in the light of the need for
        special protection measures at Community level to cover the European
        territory cf the Member States .      Each Ilernber State will designate
        and manage , as special protection areas , those areas most suitable for
        the survival and reproduction of those species , taking into account
        the special requirements of migratory birds .        There must be a
        coherent Community network of such areas , 'which is why the Commission
        is to be consulted. Finally , it is stipulated that any pollution ,
        deterioration of the habitat or disturbance of birds vrhich has a
        significant effect in respect of the objectives of these special
        protection measures must bo prevented .       This provision is a logical
        and necessary supplement ensuring that the special measures to protect
      , the habitat make a fully effective contribution.
  ( 5 ) deceptions to the ban 011 the killing and capturing of birds are
         provided for in two cases , (Article ?)
         The first case concerns species considered as game , i.e. which may be
         hunted.    These specieis are listed in Annex II (parts 1 &&& 2 ).
         Scientific opinion agrees thai a reasonable level of harvesting can be
         considered as an acceptable exploitation of wildlife species , ■
         compatible with the maintenance of the population of these species at
         a satisfactory level , provided tuat certain necessary limits are
         established and respected. •    Although hunting may be considered as one
         of the possible recreational uses of the natural environment , it
         should not conflict with the objectives of bird conservation laid down
         in this Directive . In particular , it is important to ensure that the
         practice of hunting, as .it derives from the application of the natural
          laws , complies with the principles of. wise ue.e- and eool<vgieally
         balanced control cf the speoies of bird, concerned.
 ---pagebreak---         The species listed in Annex II impart 1 ) are those for which the
        principle of a harvesting at a reasonable level tiiroughout the
        Community may he accepted in the light of the information obtained, in
        particular by the international organizations referred to above , about
        their population level in the iDuropean territo:oy of the Member States .
        The species listed in Annex II , part 2 may not be regarded as game
        species except in the Member States for which they are mentioned .
        The second category of exceptions concerns species which are likely
        to cause daaage . It should be noted that this concerns npicauiyvrhioA
        dvaaa^sktayetonomieead^iwyties lich as agriculture but also anjr effect
        which may be detrimental to other wildlife species .       The information
        available 011 the population level of these species , and the fact that
        damage occurs fairly regularly, have led to the principle of
        exceptions to article 5 , points ( a ) and (b ), for these species .     This
     • provision is not intended to cover all cases of substantial damage by
        birds but simply the most frequent and widespread cases of damage .
        As far as these two categories of- species are concerned, the Member
        States may, if they v.ish , refrain from allowing any exception to the
        general protection rules in respect of certain species . It is laid
        down that the use of large-scale and/or non-selective capturing end
        slaughtering merhods is prohibited for these two lists of' exceptions .
        A non-exhaustive list draws attention to the worst of these methods .
        This provision is contained in Article 8 .
( 6 ) The exceptions contained in Article 7 refer to basic situations , not
        specific cases .
        Because of the possible importance of some specific situations ,
        Article 9 provides for the possibility of derogations to me::t
        particular problems . To prevent any circumventing of the objectives
        of this Directive, or. inconsistent invoking of 4h»sga32i»agat ions ,
        provision is made for suitable supervision by the Comrassion or ,
        where appropriate , by the Council .
(1 ) Article 10 deals with the research activities to be conducted under
        the Directive .   Enforcement of the Directive, involves the pursuit of
        scientific activities as a necessary basis for the protection,
        management and wise use of bird populations and as a means for
        assessing the effect of the measures taken .       In this respect ,
        coordination of activities and cooperation with the international
        organizdtions are particularly important.':;
        It should be added that the results of these activities will bring
      • knowledge about the situation of birds up to date and thus form a
        reference basis for adapting the privisions of the. Direct ive t • and •
        in particular its Annexes , to technical and scientific progress .
(8 ) Adaptation of this type is necessary for achieving the aims of bird
        conservation .   Arti cles 1 3 , 1 4 and 15 therefore propose the ■
        establishment cf a Committee for adapting the Annexes of the Directive
        to scientific and technical progress ; the composition and cperaiioii^of
        the Committee will be in accordance with the Council Resolution of 14 Jul3'
        July 1975 on the adaptation to technical progress of Directives or
        other Community rules on the protection and improvement of the orvironron+.
 ---pagebreak---           pos^al^f°r^a_Coimcj. 1 Direct! ve on "bird conservatici
TI53 COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES ,
Having regard, to the Treaty establishing the European Economic'
Community, and in part icuisir Articles 100 and 235 thereof}
                            •,f                     .
Having regard to the proposal . from the Commission!
Having regard to the Opinion of the European Parliament }
Having regard to the Opinion of the Economic and Social Committee ;
Whereas the Council Declaration of 22 November 1973 on ths Programme
of Action of the European Communities on the Environment*" calls for .
specific action to protect birds ;
Whereas a large number of species of wild "bird in the territory of
"ths Community are declining in number , very rapidly in some cases ,
and whereas this decline represents a serious threat to the con­
servation of the natural environment , because of the biological
balances threatened thereby ;
Whereas the species of wild bird in the territories of the Member
States are mainly migratory species , and whereas such species con- _
stitute a common heritage and whereas effective bird protection is-'
a' typically trans-frontier environment problem entailing common
responsibilities ;
Whereas there are in this field certain laws , regulations 'and
administrative provisions of the Member States with a direct impact
on the operation of the common market , but whereas the requisite
powers to act are not provided for. in the "Treaty;
Whereas the conservation of the species of wild bird in the Member .
States of the Community is necessary for the attainment , of ; the
common market , of the Community 's objectives regarding the improve­
ment of. living conditions , a harmonious development of economic
activities throughout . the , Community and a continuous and balanced
expansion ;
Whereas . the measures to be talcen must apply to the various factors
which may affect the numbers of birds , namely capture and killing
by man * the trade resulting from such practices and the destruction
and pollution of their habitats , and whereas the stringency of such
measures should be adapted to the , particular situation of' the
various species within the framework of a conservation policy?
1?–
  0 3 J. No . C112 of 20.12.1973 , p,40
 ---pagebreak--- Whereas conservation entails the wise use and management of
natural resources and their long-term protection as an integral part
of the heritage of the peoples cf Europe as well as the maintenance
and re-ectablishment of the natural balances between species as far
as reasonably possible ;
Whereas a reasonable level of culling through hunting represents
acceptable exploitation of wildlife species compatible with
maintenance of the population of these species at a satisfactory
level , provided that certain Units are established and respected }
Whereas the various methods of large-scale and non-selective
capture and/or killing must be banned because of the excessive
pressure which they exert or may exert on the numbers of the species
concerned j
Whereas , because of the importance which nay be attached to certain
specific situations , particularly as regards scientific research ,
it is necessary to make provision, for derogations , subject to
control by the Commission and the Council ;
Whereas the conservation of birds and , in particular , migratory birds
still presents problems which call for scientific research , and
whereas such research will also make it possible to assess the
effectiveness of the measures taken ;
Whereas , it nay be necessary to adapt the Annexes rapidly in the
light of technical and scientific progress ; whereas , as a means
of facilitating the talcing of the measures needed for this purpose ,
provision should be made for a procedure establishing close
cooperation between the Member States and the Commission in a
Committee for Adaptation to Technical and Scientific Progress ;
HAS ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE ;
 ---pagebreak---                            Article 1  .
1.  This Directive relates to the conservation of all species of
    wild bird on the territory of the Member States , including'
    the protection and management thereof#           ■
2.  It shall apply to "birds and their young, eggs , nests and
    habitats .                                               .'
                           Article 2
The Member States shall take the requisite measures to maintain the
population of these species at a level compatible with ecological ,
economic , recreational and scientific requirements.
                           Article 3
The Member States shall take the requisite measures to maintain or
restore a sufficient diversity and area of habitats for all species
of wild bird.
                           Article 4
1.   The species listed in Annex I shall be the subject of more *
     stringent protection measures aimed at the conservation of
     habitats in a sufficient number of areas to ensure the survival
     and reproduction of these species throughout the territory of
     the Member States. To this end , after consulting the Commission,
     the Member States shall designate and classify the most
     appropriate areas as special protected areas.
2.   Each in respect of its own territory the Member States shall ,
   ' after consulting the Commission, take similar measures
     concerning migratory species in order to establish protected
     areas which are adequate in number and in area for the
     reproduction, moulting and wintering of these species and in
     order to provide staging points within their zones of migration.
     The Member- States shall take the requisite measures to preserve
     recognized wetlands of international importance.
3.   The Member States shall take appropriate measures to prevent ,
     in the special protected areas referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2
     of this Article , the pollution and deterioration of habitats
     and the disturbance of birds , should these factors have a -
     significant effect having regard to the objectives of this
     Article .
 ---pagebreak--- Subject as provided in Article 7 , the Herder States shall take the
requisite measures to establish a general system of legal protection
for all species of wild bird , prohibiting in particulars
(a) deliberate killing or capture by any method;
( b ) the deliberate destruction of nests and eggs ;
( c ) egg collect ingo
                                    Article 6
The Member States shall prohibit the sale , the keeping for sale and the
offering for sale of live or dead birds f with the exception of dead
birds of the species listed in Annex III during the periods in which
they may be hunted *
                                    Article 7
1 « The species listed in Annex II , Part l f may be regarded as game
     species throughout the Conrnunity ,
2m The species listed in .Annex II , Part 2 , may be regarded as game
     species in the Member States in respect of which they are indicated
     as such .
3. The species referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 shall be subject to ■
     national rules governing hunting , but without prejudice to the
     provisions of this Directive#
4 » The Member States shall , in consultation with the Commission , ensure
     that the practice of hunting , as carried on in accordance with the
     national measures in force , complies with the principle of wise
     use and ecologically-balanced control of the species of bird concerned
     and that this practice is compatible , as regards the population of
     these species , in particular migratory species , with the obligations
     under Article 2 ,
5 . The species listed in Annex II , Part 3 , may be excluded from the
     provisions of Article 5 ( a) and ( b ). The Member States shall ,
     however , in consultation with the Commission , ensure that the
     application of their provisions governing these species is
     compatible , as regards the population level 0 "" these species , with
     the obligations under Article 2 »
 ---pagebreak---                                   Article 8                              '
 In
 In soso far
          far as the species referred' to in Anne:: II may be killed or
captured , the Member States shall, prohibit the use of the following
meant? :j
- mares , limes , traps , hooks , nets , hoop-nets , poisoned or
    anaesthetic bait , live birds used as decoys ;
- artificial light sources , mirrors , devices for illuminating targets
    or arrangements serving as targets , sighting devices for night
    shooting comprising an electronic image magnifier or image
    converter ;
- semi-automatic or automatic weapons with a magazine capable of.
    holding more than two rounds of ammunition ;
- pistols , revolvers , fire traps ;
- all other means s arrangements or methods used for the large-scale
    and/or non-selective captiire or killing of birds or capable of
    causing the local disappearance of bird species *
Furthermore , the Member States shall prohibit , as regards these species ,
all killing or capturing from aircraft ,, land motor vehicles and motor
boats .
                                  Article 9
For certain specific speoies , the Member States may , in accordance
with the procedure provided for in paragraph 2 , derogate from the
provisions of Articles 5 , 6 and 8 , if 'there is no other satisfactory
solution , for the following reasons :
 ( a ) to prevent: serious damage to crops , forests and water , and , in
     , general , to economic activities ;
.( b ) to protect indigenous flora and fauna;
 ( c ) for the purpose of scientific research, and for teaching and
       rearing.                                                        >
To this end , they shall submit such derogations to the Commission
before implementation thereof , accompanied by a full statement of
reasons . The Commission , by means of a decision , may at any time
request that such a derogation be revoked, suspended or amended
 if it produces or threatens to produce consequences jeopardizing
the objectives of this Directive * The Member State or States to
whom such a decision is addressed may put the matter before the
Council , which acting by a qualified majority shall decide if the
 derogation may be authorized and under what conditions# The
Commission 's decision shall remain valid until the Council has
acted .
 ---pagebreak---                                          - 4 -
                                        Article 10  '
In consultation with the Co&aaission , the Member States shall , as a
necessary basis for the protection , management and wise use of bird
populations , initiate research and appropriate measures in order to
keep themselves informed concerning , inter alia ; variations in bird
population levels , reproductiveness and replacement rates , geographical
distribution during nesting snd migratory paths ; hunt ing and its effect
upon the populations of the main species ; the role of certain species
as indicators of pollution .
                                        Article 11
The Member States shall forward to the Commission every two years
starting from the date of notification of this Directive a report on
the implementation of national provisions taken thereunder# This report
shall also contain a progress report on the work referred to in
Article 1C 9
                                        Article 12
Annexes I , II and III to this Directive shall form an integral part
thereof .
                                        Article 13
Such amendments as are necessary for adapting the Annexes to this
Directive to technics,! and scientific progress shall be adopted in
accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 14®
                                        Article 14
1 . A Committee ( hereinafter called "the Committee ")? consisting of
      representatives of the Member states and chaired by a representative
      of the Commission , is hereby set up for the purpose of adapting this
      Directive to technical and scientific progress .
2 . The Committee shall draw up its rales of procedure .
i            '             '            Article 13
 1 * Where the procedure laid dov-n in this Article is to be followed,
      matters shall be referred to the Committee by its Chairman , either
^ on his town initiative or at the request of the representative of
      a Member State .
 2» The Commission representative shall submit to the Committee a draft
      of the measures to be talc en .   The Committee shall deliver its opinion
  l'. on the draft within a tine limit set by the Chairman having regard to
      the urgency of the matter .     It shall act by a majority of 41 votes ,
      the votes of the Member States being weighted as provided in
      Article 148(2 ) of the Treaty.     The Chairman shall not vote .
                                  \
 ---pagebreak--- 3« (a) Wie Commission shall adopt the jneaBxu^s^eJivlsa<Gre<LHhj3i^e^Ji^3C--aE.e--
              in accordance with the opinion of the Committee .
       (b ) Where the measures envisaged are not in accordance with the
             opinion of the Committee, pr in the absence of an opinion , +he
             Ccnclsslon shall witb.O'lt. ? «- "> rw .sor- Vm-Hr ^ rM~ap<-/<=;,nl "to C-UUrtoaJ. '
           . concerning this p.^uureorio be adopt ed?             The Council shall act
             by a qualified, majority ,
  ! - ( c ) If, within three months of the proposal being submitted ts> it ,
 „       : ■ the Council has not acWd , the proposed measure? shall be adopted
             by the Commission#                     -   - \
                :            '    '               '                    v
                                          Article l6
1 * The Member States Ehall bring into force the laws , regulations and
      administrative provisions' necessary to comply with this Directive
      within two years of its notification.                 They shall forth>iith_inforci-–■
      the Commission thereof#
2 . The Member States sha,ll notify to the Commission the texts of the
      main provisions of national law which they adopt in the field .
      covered by this Directive .
                                          Article 17
This Directive is addressed to the Member States .
 ---pagebreak--- ÂNlîEXE I                       Elançais                Anglais              Allemand          *
       Cvgnus cygnus           Cygne sauvage           Whooper S;;an        Singschwan
       C,/ y . u.5 bori. cidi  Cyjnô de Bec-rick      Bewick's Swan         Zwergschwan
 .3 , U vanta leucopsis        Bernache nonnette      Barnacle Goose       Wei atäwäsg5äa§£aa .
      Branta bemicla           Bemaclie cravant       Brant Goose          Ringe igans             ■*
 5- iloti; a rufina            ÎTette rousse          Rea-crest ed         Kolbenente
                                                      Poohard
      Oxyure leucicephala Erismature a tete           White-headed Duck    Ruderente
                               blanche
 7- Pterocles alchata          Canga cata             Pxn-tailed           Spiessflughuhn *
                                                      Sandgrousc
 8 . Larus genei               Goéland railleur       Slinder-billed       Eiinnschnafciige C
                                                      Gull                 M3we                 C
                                                                                                 . 41
 9 -> Larus audouinii          Goéland
                               Go       d' Audouin
                                  eland d'Audoum      Audoum 's Gull       KbrallenmcVe
                                                                                                   ■4
10 o Ge 1 ochelidon
            oohelidon                  hsnsel
                               Sterne hansel          Gull-billed Tern     Laohs.ees chwalbcaj
      niioiiica
      aiioiiica
iv,   Sterna dougallii         Sterne de Pougall      Roseate Tern         Rosensees chwalb
                                                                                               *
12 . St ema sandvicensis Sterne caugek              - Sandwich Tern        Brands efeà chv; albë
13 . Sterna hirundo            Sterne Pierregarin
                               Stems   Pierregari . Common Tern            Plus s e e s chwalbo î
14 . St ema paradisaea         Sterne arotique         A.rtic Tern    -    Kust ens e es chwalB
                                                                                                    •i
15 . Sterna albifrons          Sterne naine           Lxttle Te m          Z.ve rgs e eschwal t>f
16 . Gii    Imago media
      Cnllinago       média    Becassine doublé    . Great Snipe           Doppelschnepfe
17 . Piiilomachus pugnaz       Chevalier combattant Ruff                   Kamplaufer
18 . Sudromxas x-îori ., 11\\3 Pluvier guignard                 rui.rnai'd Mo me 1 Iregen-
      morinellus                                                           pfeifer
19 . Recurvirost ra            Avocette               Avocat               Sabelsohnabler
      avosetta
20 . ïïimàntopus               Echasse
                               Echasse blanche
                                        blanche       Black-winged Stilt Stelaenlaufer
      hirnant opus
21 .  Phalaropus lobatus       Phalarcpe à bec        Pod-necked           0 di ns hul ■ nchen
                               étroit                 Pnalarope
22 » Buihinus oedicncmus Oedicneme criard             Stone Curlew         Trie !                   '
23 . Gavia inmer               Plongeon imbrin        Great ÏTorthem       Sistaucher               :
                                                      jjiver
24 • ÏJycticorax               Héron bihoreau         Fight ' Héron        ïïachtreiher
      nycticorax
25 . Egretta garzetta          Aigrette garzette      Lit t le Eferet      Seidonreiher
 ---pagebreak---                              . Français             Anglaxs              Allemand
26# Egretta alba            Grande Aigrette       Great Imite Heron   Silberroiher
 27 • Arde'ola ralloides 1 Héron crabier          Squacco Heron       Eallcni'eihar
2o . Árdea purpurea         Héron pourpré         Purple Heron        Purperreiher
29 » Cx coma cxconia        Ciccgne blanche       White   Stork       Weisstorch
30 * Platalea leucorodia Spatule blanche          Spoonbill           Lô'ffler
31 , Plegad! s              Ibis falcinelle       Glossy Ibis         Bramer
      falcinellus                                                     Sichler
32 . Pho eni co pt e rus    Flamant rose          Greater Flamingo    F! amxngo
      ruber
33 * Phalacrocorax carbo Grand Cormoran           Cormorant           cormoran
      smensis
34 . Porpnyrxo porphyrio Poule sultane            Purple Gallinule    Purpurhulm
35 . Otis tarda           . Outarde barbue       Great Bustard        Grosstrappe
36 .  Otis tetrax           Outarde canepetière Little Bustard        Zwergtrappe
37 . Grus grus              Grue cendrée          Crane               Kranxch
38.   Eieraaetus            Aigle de Bonelli     Bonelli' s Eagle     Habichtsadler
      fascxatus
39 . Hieraaetua             Aigle botté          Booted Eagle         Zwergadle'r
      pennatus
40 . Haliaaetus             Pygargue à queue ,    White-tailed Eagle Seeadler
      al'bi cilla           blanche
41 . Feophron               Percnopt ere         Egypt x an Vulture   Schnutsgeier
      percnopt erus         d » Egypte
42 . G/paetus barbatus      Gypaete barbu        Bearderd Vulture     Bartgexer "
43 . Aogypius monachus • Vautour moine           Black Vulture        Mc'nchsgei er
44 o G/ps fuivus            Vaut our:?fsrcve     Griffon Vulture .    Gänsegeier
45 « Pernis apxvorus        Bondrée apivoire     Honey Buzzard        Wespenbussard
46 . Milvus mxgrans         Milan noir           Black Kite           Schwarzer Milan
47 . Circus pygargus        Busard cendré        Montagu 's liarri or Wic3enweihe
48. Circus cyaneus          Busard Saint-Kart in Hen Harrier          Kornweihe
49 . Circus aeroginosus     Busard des roseaux   liarsh Harrier       Rohrwoihe
                                                                              t
50 . Aquila chrysaetos      Aigle royale         Golden Eagle         Stcinadler
51 . Plandion haliaetus     Balbuzard ' ptcheur  Osprey -             Fischadler
52 . Circaetus gallicus     Circaète             Short -toed Eagle    Schlangenadler
                            Jean-le-Blanc
 ---pagebreak---                               Français           Anglais             Allemand
53 » Falco biarmicus        Faucon LaJiier    Lanner Faltron       Fclaeggpfalice
54 » Falco peregrinus       Faucon pélerin    Peregrine            VJanderfalke
55 * Falco eleonorae        Faucon d'Eléonore Elecncra's Fs^Lcon   Eleonoren? alke
56 » Denclrocopus leucotus Fis á dos blanc    ïfliit e- cacked     Weissrückön-
                                              Woodpecker           specht
57 » Uyctea- scandxaca      Chouette harcang  Snowy Owl            Schneeule
So, Bubo bubo               Hib~u grand-due   Eaglo Owl            Uhu
59 » Oceanodroma l:aicorr].Bé'L rei culblanc  Leach 's Petrel      Wellenlaufer
     leucorrhoa
60 , I^ydrobatcs            Pétrel tempete    Stona Petrel         Sturraschwalbe
     pelagicus
61 * Calonec+ris            Puffin condré     Cor;/ 1 s Shearwater Gelbschnaoel-
     dioiaedea                                                     St ursit auciie r
62 » Sitta whitcheadi       Sittelle corsa    Corsican ITuthatch   Korsikamschei
                                                                   Kleiber
 ---pagebreak---  AMJEXE II - PAHTIE 1 ... ..itcSpaasai s .           Anglais             Allemand
 Anssnformes
Anser anser               Oie cendree           Greylag Goose         Graugans
Anser albifrons           Oie rieuse            Whit e-front ed Goose Elassgans
Anser fabalis             Oie des. moissons     Bean Goose            Saatgans
Anser brachyrhynchu3      Oie à bec court       Pink-footed Goose     Kurz s chnabeIgans
Brarrfca canadenais       Bemacne' du Canada ■ Canada Goose           Kanadagans
         /
Anas platyrhynchos .      Canard colvert :-     Mal lard ■.           Stockente
Anas crecca               Sarcelle , d' hiver   Teal                  Kriekente
Anas st repera            Canard chipeau        Gadwall               Schnatt erent e
Anas penelope             Canard siffleur       KLgeon                Pfeifente 1
Anas qnerquedula          Sarcelle d' été       Garganey              Khakent e
Anas acuta '              Canard pilet          Pintail      , .      Spiessente
Anas clypeata             Canard souchet        Shoveler              Lo'ffelente
ATthya ferina            Fuligule milouin       Pochard               Tafelente
Aythya mari la           Fuligule milcuinan     Scaup                 Bergent e
A/thya fuligula          Fuligule morillon      Tufted Dack           Reiherente
Clangula byemalis        Harelde de Miquelon    Long-tailed Dack      Eisente
                   /
Melanitta fusca          Macreuse brune         Velvat Scoter         Samt ent e
Melaniti a nigra         Macreuse noire         Common Scoter         Trauerent e
Bucephala clangula       Garrot è, l' oeil d' or Goldeneye            Schellente
Galliformes
Lagopus lagopus          Lagopede des saules Red Grouse               Moorschneehuhn
Lagopus mutus            Lagopède des Alpes Ptarmigan                 Alpenschne ehulm
Alectoris rufa           Perdrix rouge          Rea-legged '          Rot huhn
                                                Partridge
Alectoris graeoa         Perdrix bartavelle Rock Partridge            Steinhuhn
Perdi:: perdix           Perdix grise           Partridge ,           Rebhuhn
Phasianus colchicus      Faisan ds chasse       Pheasant              Pasan
Lyrurus tetrix cJ* .     Tétras lyre d*         Black Grouse     G*   Birkhahn
Tetrao urogallus 5       Grand Tétras . ô*      Capercaillie     &    Auerhahn
 ---pagebreak---                                                                          t *
Ch aradr1 1 fo rm s s     Français         Anglais      Allemand         •v 0
Pluvialis squafcarola Pluvier argenté    Grey Plover   Kiebit zregen-
                                                       pfeifer
Pluvialis apricarius  Pluvier doré       Golden Plover Go 1 dregenp fcifer
Gallinago gallinago   Bécassine des      Snipe         Bekassine
                      marais
Linnociypt es minimus Bécassine . sourde Jack Snipe    Zwergschnepfe
Scolopax rusticola    Bécasse des bois   Woodcock      Waldcchneple
Gruif ormes
Rilica atra           Foulque macroule   Coot          Blàsshuhn
Columbiformes
Coluiaba palumbus     Pigeon ramier      Woodpigeon    Ringeltaube
 ---pagebreak--- AîBTEKJH II - PARTIS 2      Français         Anglais               Allemand
Somateria mollissima     Eider a duvet      Eider               Eiaerent e
Mergus serrât or         Harle huppé        Rea-breast ed       Mittelsager
                                            Merganser
Mergus merganser         Harle bievre       Goosander           GÊ&isesager
Meleagris gallopavo      Dindon/            Wild Turkey-        Uildtruth,uhn
                         Dinde sauvage
Coturnix coturnix        Caille des "blés   Quail               Uachtol
Gallinula chloropus      Poule d' eau       Moorhen             Teichhuhn :
Streptopelia •".ecaôct oaTourterelle        Collared            Turkentaube
decaocto                 turque             Turtle Dove
                         Tourterelle des                        Turteltaube
Streptopelia turtur      bois
                                            Turtle Dove
    a
Qalumba oenas            Pigeon columbin    Stock Dove          Ho hit aube
Rallus aquaticus         Râle d' eau        Water Rail          Wasserralle
Vanellus vanellus        Vanneau hyppé      Lapwing             Kiecitz
Haenatopus               Muîtrier pie       Oystercatcher       Austern-
Çstralegas                                                      fischer
Numenius arquata         Courlis cendré     Curlew              Grosser Brach-
                                                                vogel
Numenius phaeopus        Courlis corlieu    Whimbrel            Regenbrachvogel
Limosa limosa            Barge à queue noir Black-tailed Godwit Uferschnepfe
LÌàQ03 lapponi ca        Barge rousse       Bar-tailed Godwit   Phuhlschnepfe
Tringa erythropus        Chevalier arlequin Spotted Redshank    Dunkler Wasser­
                                                                läufer
Trxnga tot anus          Chevalier gambette Ret'shank           Rot schenkel
Tringa nebularia         Chevalier aboyeur  Greenshank          Grîfeischenkel
Calidris carnxta         Bêcasseau maubèche Knot                Knutt
 ---pagebreak---                                              ?
           II - PARTIE 2 .
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 ---pagebreak--- MKEXE II - PARTIS 3       Français                 Anglais      Allemand
                      Pigeon biset     <        Rock love      Fais ent aube
polumba livia
Larus fias eus        Goéland brun              Lesser 31acK-  HeringsinoWQ
                                                backed Gull
J^arus argent ai us   Goéland argenté           Herring Gull   Silbermö'va
tarus marinus     ,   Go élànâlaaxinac : a-S.   Great Black-   MantelnöVe
                      r\ ■ "? *»
                      \χ                        backed Gull
Carrulus glandarius   Geai des chenes ■         Jay            Eichelhâher
Pica pica             Pie "bavarde             Magpie          Elst er
Corvus monedula       Choucas des tours         Jackdaw        Dohle
                      Corneille noire           Carrion Crow   Rabenkrahe
Çorvus corcne         Corneille mantelée      ..Hooded Crow    Nebelkrahe
Corvas frugilegus     Corbeau freux             P.ook          Saatkrahe
Sturnus vulgaris    i-jEfecoirnaau sansonnet    St arling      Star
      /
Passer domesticus     Moineau domestique       House Sparrow   Haussperling
Passer italiae        Hó jinaauIltiliBn        Italian Sparrow Italienisbher
                                                               Sperling'
Passer ment anus      Moineau fnquet           Tree Sparrow    Peldsperling
 ---pagebreak--- AILTESS III           Français           Anglais    Ail émana
Anas platjrhynchos  Canard colvert ..   Hallard    Stockent e
Lagopus lagopus     Lagopède des saules Red Grouse Moors chneehuhn
Alectoris rufa      Perdrix rouge       Red-Leggea Rothuhn
                                        Partridge
Perdiz perdix       Psrdix grise        Partridge  Rebhuhn
Phasianu? colchicus Faisan de chasse    Pheasant   Fasan
Columba palumbus    Pigeon ramier       Woodpigeon Ringeltaube