CELEX: 62008CJ0310
Language: en
Date: 2010-02-23
Title: Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 23 February 2010. # London Borough of Harrow v Nimco Hassan Ibrahim and Secretary of State for the Home Department. # Reference for a preliminary ruling: Court of Appeal (England & Wales) (Civil Division) - United Kingdom. # Freedom of movement for persons - Right of residence of a national of a non-member country who is the spouse of a national of a Member State, and of their children who are themselves nationals of a Member State - National of a Member State ceasing to work and leaving the host Member State - Enrolment of the children at a school - No means of subsistence - Regulation (EEC) No 1612/68 - Article 12 - Directive 2004/38. # Case C-310/08.

Case C-310/08
      London Borough of Harrow
      v
      Nimco Hassan Ibrahim
      and
      Secretary of State for the Home Department
      (Reference for a preliminary ruling from the Court of Appeal (England and Wales) (Civil Division))
      (Freedom of movement for persons – Right of residence of a national of a non-member country who is the spouse of a national of a Member State, and of their
         children who are themselves nationals of a Member State – National of a Member State ceasing to work and leaving the host Member State – Enrolment of the children at a school – No means of subsistence – Regulation (EEC) No 1612/68 – Article 12 – Directive 2004/38/EC)
      
      Summary of the Judgment
      1.        Freedom of movement for persons – Workers – Right of a worker’s children to access to education provided by the host Member
            State – Right of residence in order to attend general educational courses
      (Council Regulation No 1612/68, Art. 12)
      2.        Freedom of movement for persons – Workers – Right of residence of family members – Children of a national of a Member State
            working or having worked in the host Member State – Parent who is the primary carer of those children
      (Council Regulation No 1612/68, Arts 10 and 12; European Parliament and Council Directive 2004/38)
      1.        The children of a citizen of the European Union who have installed themselves in a Member State during the exercise by their
         parent of rights of residence as a migrant worker in that Member State are entitled to reside there in order to attend general
         educational courses there, pursuant to Article 12 of Regulation No 1612/68 on freedom of movement for workers within the Community.
         The fact that the parents of the children concerned have meanwhile divorced, the fact that only one parent is a citizen of
         the Union, and the fact that that parent has ceased to be a migrant worker in the host Member State are irrelevant in this
         regard.
      
      (see para. 29)
      2.        The children of a national of a Member State who works or has worked in the host Member State and the parent who is their
         primary carer can claim a right of residence in the latter State on the sole basis of Article 12 of Regulation No 1612/68
         on freedom of movement for workers within the Community, as amended by Regulation No 2434/92, without such a right being conditional
         on their having sufficient resources and comprehensive sickness insurance cover in that State.
      
      The right conferred by Article 12 of Regulation No 1612/68 on the child of a migrant worker to pursue, under the best possible
         conditions, his or her education in the host Member State necessarily implies that that child has the right to be accompanied
         by the person who is his or her primary carer and, accordingly, that that person is able to reside with the child in that
         Member State during his or her studies. That article must therefore be applied independently of the provisions of European
         Union law which govern the conditions of exercise of the right to reside in another Member State. That independence of Article
         12 from Article 10 of that regulation cannot but subsist in relation to the provisions of Directive 2004/38 on the right of
         citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States amending
         Regulation No 1612/68 and repealing Directives 64/221, 68/360, 72/194, 73/148, 75/34, 75/35, 90/364, 90/365 and 93/96. A contrary
         conclusion would be liable to compromise the aim of integrating the migrant worker’s family into the host Member State, as
         stated in the fifth recital in the preamble to Regulation No 1612/68. For such integration to come about, the children of
         a worker who is a national of a Member State must have the possibility of undertaking and, where appropriate, successfully
         completing their education in the host Member State.
      
      A condition that the persons concerned must have sufficient resources and comprehensive sickness insurance cover in the host
         Member State does not appear in Article 12 of Regulation No 1612/68, which cannot be interpreted restrictively and must not,
         under any circumstances, be rendered ineffective. Directive 2004/38 likewise does not make the right of residence in the host
         Member State of children who are in education and the parent who is their primary carer depend, in certain circumstances,
         on their having sufficient resources and comprehensive sickness insurance cover.
      
      (see paras 31, 42-43, 52, 56, 59, operative part)
JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (Grand Chamber)
      23 February 2010 (*)
      
      (Freedom of movement for persons – Right of residence of a national of a non-member country who is the spouse of a national of a Member State, and of their
         children who are themselves nationals of a Member State – National of a Member State ceasing to work and leaving the host Member State – Enrolment of the children at a school – No means of subsistence – Regulation (EEC) No 1612/68 – Article 12 – Directive 2004/38)
      
      In Case C‑310/08,
      REFERENCE for a preliminary ruling under Article 234 EC from the Court of Appeal of England and Wales, Civil Division (United
         Kingdom), made by decision of 21 April 2008, received at the Court on 11 July 2008, in the proceedings
      
      London Borough of Harrow
      v
      Nimco Hassan Ibrahim,
      Secretary of State for the Home Department,
      THE COURT (Grand Chamber),
      composed of V. Skouris, President, J.N. Cunha Rodrigues (Rapporteur), K. Lenaerts, J.‑C. Bonichot and P. Lindh, Presidents
         of Chambers, C.W.A. Timmermans, A. Rosas, K. Schiemann, P. Kūris, E. Juhász, L. Bay Larsen, T. von Danwitz and A. Arabadjiev,
         Judges,
      
      Advocate General: J. Mazák,
      Registrar: H. von Holstein, Deputy Registrar,
      having regard to the written procedure and further to the hearing on 2 September 2009,
      after considering the observations submitted on behalf of:
      –        London Borough of Harrow, by K. Rutledge, Barrister,
      –        Ms Ibrahim, by N. Rogers, Barrister, instructed by S. Morshead, Solicitor,
      –        the United Kingdom Government, by V. Jackson, acting as Agent, and C. Lewis QC,
      –        the Danish Government, by R. Holdgaard, acting as Agent,
      –        Ireland, by D. O’Hagan and B. O’Moore, acting as Agents, and D. Conlan Smyth, Barrister,
      –        the Italian Government, by I. Bruni, acting as Agent, and W. Ferrante, avvocato dello Stato,
      –        the Commission of the European Communities, by D. Maidani and M. Wilderspin, acting as Agents,
      –        the EFTA Surveillance Authority, by N. Fenger, F. Simonetti and I. Hauger, acting as Agents,
      after hearing the Opinion of the Advocate General at the sitting on 20 October 2009,
      gives the following
      Judgment
      1        This reference for a preliminary ruling concerns the interpretation of Article 12 of Regulation (EEC) No 1612/68 of the Council
         of 15 October 1968 on freedom of movement for workers within the Community (OJ, English Special Edition 1968(II), p. 475),
         as amended by Council Regulation (EEC) No 2434/92 of 27 July 1992 (OJ 1992 L 245, p. 1) (‘Regulation No 1612/68’), and of
         Directive 2004/38/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the right of citizens of the Union
         and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States amending Regulation No 1612/68
         and repealing Directives 64/221/EEC, 68/360/EEC, 72/194/EEC, 73/148/EEC, 75/34/EEC, 75/35/EEC, 90/364/EEC, 90/365/EEC and
         93/96/EEC (OJ 2004 L 158, p. 77, and corrigenda OJ 2004 L 229, p. 35, OJ 2005 L 197, p. 34, and OJ 2007 L 204, p. 28).
      
      2        The reference was made in the course of proceedings between the London Borough of Harrow, on the one hand, and Ms Ibrahim
         and the Secretary of State for the Home Department, on the other, concerning the rejection of Ms Ibrahim’s application for
         housing assistance.
      
       Legal context
       European Union legislation
      3        The fifth recital in the preamble to Regulation No 1612/68 reads as follows:
      
      ‘Whereas the right of freedom of movement, in order that it may be exercised, by objective standards, in freedom and dignity,
         requires that equality of treatment shall be ensured in fact and in law in respect of all matters relating to the actual pursuit
         of activities as employed persons and to eligibility for housing, and also that obstacles to the mobility of workers shall
         be eliminated, in particular as regards the worker’s right to be joined by his family and the conditions for the integration
         of that family into the host country’.
      
      4        Article 10 of Regulation No 1612/68 provided:
      
      ‘1.      The following shall, irrespective of their nationality, have the right to install themselves with a worker who is a national
         of one Member State and who is employed in the territory of another Member State:
      
      (a)      his spouse and their descendants who are under the age of 21 years or are dependants;
      (b)      dependent relatives in the ascending line of the worker and his spouse.
      2.      Member States shall facilitate the admission of any member of the family not coming within the provisions of paragraph 1 if
         dependent on the worker referred to above or living under his roof in the country whence he comes.
      
      3.      For the purposes of paragraphs 1 and 2, the worker must have available for his family housing considered as normal for national
         workers in the region where he is employed; this provision, however, must not give rise to discrimination between national
         workers and workers from the other Member States.’
      
      5        Article 11 of Regulation No 1612/68 provided:
      
      ‘Where a national of a Member State is pursuing an activity as an employed or self-employed person in the territory of another
         Member State, his spouse and those of the children who are under the age of 21 years or dependent on him shall have the right
         to take up any activity as an employed person throughout the territory of that same State, even if they are not nationals
         of any Member State.’
      
      6        Articles 10 and 11 of Regulation No 1612/68 were repealed with effect from 30 April 2006 by Article 38(1) of Directive 2004/38.
      
      7        The first paragraph of Article 12 of Regulation No 1612/68 provides:
      
      ‘The children of a national of a Member State who is or has been employed in the territory of another Member State shall be
         admitted to that State’s general educational, apprenticeship and vocational training courses under the same conditions as
         the nationals of that State, if such children are residing in its territory.’
      
      8        Recitals 3 and 16 in the preamble to Directive 2004/38 read as follows:
      
      ‘(3)      Union citizenship should be the fundamental status of nationals of the Member States when they exercise their right of free
         movement and residence. It is therefore necessary to codify and review the existing Community instruments dealing separately
         with workers, self-employed persons, as well as students and other inactive persons in order to simplify and strengthen the
         right of free movement and residence of all Union citizens.
      
      …
      (16)      As long as the beneficiaries of the right of residence do not become an unreasonable burden on the social assistance system
         of the host Member State they should not be expelled. Therefore, an expulsion measure should not be the automatic consequence
         of recourse to the social assistance system. The host Member State should examine whether it is a case of temporary difficulties
         and take into account the duration of residence, the personal circumstances and the amount of aid granted in order to consider
         whether the beneficiary has become an unreasonable burden on its social assistance system and to proceed to his expulsion.
         In no case should an expulsion measure be adopted against workers, self-employed persons or job-seekers as defined by the
         Court of Justice save on grounds of public policy or public security.’
      
      9        Under Article 7(1) and (2) of Directive 2004/38:
      
      ‘1.      All Union citizens shall have the right of residence on the territory of another Member State for a period of longer than
         three months if they:
      
      (a)      are workers or self-employed persons in the host Member State; or
      (b)      have sufficient resources for themselves and their family members not to become a burden on the social assistance system of
         the host Member State during their period of residence and have comprehensive sickness insurance cover in the host Member
         State; or
      
      (c)      –       are enrolled at a private or public establishment, accredited or financed by the host Member State on the basis of its legislation
         or administrative practice, for the principal purpose of following a course of study, including vocational training; and
      
      –        have comprehensive sickness insurance cover in the host Member State and assure the relevant national authority, by means
         of a declaration or by such equivalent means as they may choose, that they have sufficient resources for themselves and their
         family members not to become a burden on the social assistance system of the host Member State during their period of residence;
         or
      
      (d)      are family members accompanying or joining a Union citizen who satisfies the conditions referred to in points (a), (b) or
         (c).
      
      2.      The right of residence provided for in paragraph 1 shall extend to family members who are not nationals of a Member State,
         accompanying or joining the Union citizen in the host Member State, provided that such Union citizen satisfies the conditions
         referred to in paragraph 1(a), (b) or (c).’
      
      10      Article 12 of Directive 2004/38, ‘Retention of the right of residence by family members in the event of death or departure
         of the Union citizen’, states in paragraph 3:
      
      ‘The Union citizen’s departure from the host Member State or his/her death shall not entail loss of the right of residence
         of his/her children or of the parent who has actual custody of the children, irrespective of nationality, if the children
         reside in the host Member State and are enrolled at an educational establishment, for the purpose of studying there, until
         the completion of their studies.’
      
      11      Article 24 of that directive, ‘Equal treatment’, provides in paragraph 1:
      
      ‘Subject to such specific provisions as are expressly provided for in the [EC] Treaty and secondary law, all Union citizens
         residing on the basis of this Directive in the territory of the host Member State shall enjoy equal treatment with the nationals
         of that Member State within the scope of the Treaty. The benefit of this right shall be extended to family members who are
         not nationals of a Member State and who have the right of residence or permanent residence.’
      
       National legislation
      12      Under regulation 6 of the Immigration (European Economic Area) Regulations 2006, a ‘qualified person’ for the purposes of
         those regulations is a national of a State of the European Economic Area who is in the United Kingdom as a job‑seeker, worker,
         self-employed person, self-sufficient person or student.
      
      13      In accordance with regulation 19(3)(a) of those regulations, a person may be removed from the United Kingdom if he is not,
         or has ceased to be, a qualified person for the purposes of the regulations.
      
      14      It follows from the Housing Act 1996 and the Allocation of Housing and Homelessness (Eligibility) Regulations 2006 that a
         person is not eligible for housing assistance unless he has a right of residence in the United Kingdom conferred by European
         Union law.
      
       The main proceedings and the questions referred for a preliminary ruling
      15      Ms Ibrahim is a Somali national married to a Danish citizen, Mr Yusuf.
      
      16      Mr Yusuf arrived in the United Kingdom in the autumn of 2002 and worked there from October 2002 to May 2003. From June 2003
         to March 2004 he claimed incapacity benefit. After being declared fit to work at the end of that period, he left the United
         Kingdom, before returning there in December 2006.
      
      17      It is common ground that, between ceasing work and leaving the United Kingdom, Mr Yusuf ceased to be a ‘qualified person’
         within the meaning of regulation 6 of the Immigration (European Economic Area) Regulations 2006. On his return to the United
         Kingdom, he did not recover the status of a ‘qualified person’ with a right of residence under European Union law.
      
      18      Ms Ibrahim arrived in the United Kingdom with the permission of the immigration authorities in February 2003 in order to join
         her husband.
      
      19      The couple have four children, of Danish nationality, aged from one to nine. The three oldest arrived in the United Kingdom
         with their mother and the fourth child was born in the United Kingdom. The two eldest have attended State schools since arriving
         in the United Kingdom.
      
      20      After her husband left the United Kingdom in 2004, Ms Ibrahim separated from him. She was never self-sufficient. She does
         not work and depends entirely on social assistance to cover her living expenses and housing costs. She does not have comprehensive
         sickness insurance cover and relies on the National Health Service.
      
      21      In January 2007 Ms Ibrahim applied for housing assistance for herself and her children. By decision of 1 February 2007, the
         housing assessment officer of the London Borough of Harrow rejected the application. She considered that neither Ms Ibrahim
         nor her husband was resident in the United Kingdom under European Union law. On 29 March 2007 her decision was confirmed by
         the housing review officer.
      
      22      Ms Ibrahim appealed against those decisions to the Clerkenwell and Shoreditch County Court, which by judgment of 18 October
         2007 allowed the appeal on the ground that, as the mother of the children and their primary carer, Ms Ibrahim has a right
         of residence in the United Kingdom under Article 12 of Regulation No 1612/68, since they attend school and her husband is
         a citizen of the Union who worked in that Member State.
      
      23      The London Borough of Harrow appealed against that judgment to the referring court.
      
      24      In those circumstances, the Court of Appeal of England and Wales, Civil Division, decided to stay the proceedings and refer
         the following questions to the Court for a preliminary ruling:
      
      ‘In circumstances where
      –        a non-EU national spouse and her EU national children accompanied an EU national who came to the United Kingdom,
      –        the EU national was in the United Kingdom as a worker,
      –        the EU national then ceased to be a worker and subsequently left the United Kingdom,
      –        the EU national, the non-EU national spouse and children are not self‑sufficient and are dependent upon social assistance
         in the United Kingdom,
      
      –        the children commenced primary education in the United Kingdom shortly after their arrival there while the EU national was
         a worker:
      
      1.      do the spouse and children only enjoy a right of residence in the United Kingdom if they satisfy the conditions set out in
         Directive 2004/38 … 
      
      or
      2.      (a)   do they enjoy a right to reside derived from Article 12 of Regulation … No 1612/68 … as interpreted by the Court of Justice,
         without being required to satisfy the conditions set out in Directive 2004/38 … and
      
      (b)      if so, must they have access to sufficient resources so as not to become a burden on the social assistance system of the host
         Member State during their proposed period of residence and have comprehensive sickness insurance cover in the host Member
         State?
      
      3.      If the answer to Question 1 is yes, is the position different in circumstances such as the present case where the children
         commenced primary education and the EU-national worker ceased working prior to the date by which Directive 2004/38 … was to
         be implemented by the Member States?’
      
       Consideration of the questions referred
       Questions 1 and 2
      25      By its first two questions, which should be taken together, the referring court essentially asks whether, in circumstances
         such as those of the main proceedings, the children and the parent who is their primary carer can rely on a right of residence
         in the host Member State on the sole basis of Article 12 of Regulation No 1612/68 without being required to satisfy the conditions
         defined in Directive 2004/38, or whether they can enjoy a right of residence only if they satisfy those conditions. If the
         right of residence derives from Article 12 of Regulation No 1612/68 alone, the referring court further asks whether the children
         and the parent who is their primary carer must have sufficient resources and comprehensive sickness insurance cover in the
         host Member State.
      
      26      Under Article 12 of Regulation No 1612/68, the children of a national of a Member State who is or has been employed in the
         territory of another Member State are to be admitted to the latter State’s general educational, apprenticeship and vocational
         training courses under the same conditions as the nationals of that State, if those children are residing in its territory.
      
      27      Article 10 of Regulation No 1612/68 established the right of the spouse and descendants of a worker who was a national of
         one Member State and was employed in the territory of another Member State to install themselves with him in the latter State.
      
      28      It follows from Article 7(1)(b) and (d) and (2) of Directive 2004/38 that, whatever their nationality, the members of the
         family of a citizen of the Union who is residing in another Member State without being a worker or self-employed person there
         have the right to accompany or join that citizen, provided that he has sufficient resources for himself and the family members
         and has comprehensive sickness insurance cover in the host Member State.
      
      29      The Court has previously held that the children of a citizen of the Union who have installed themselves in a Member State
         during the exercise by their parent of rights of residence as a migrant worker in that Member State are entitled to reside
         there in order to attend general educational courses there, pursuant to Article 12 of Regulation No 1612/68. The fact that
         the parents of the children concerned have meanwhile divorced, the fact that only one parent is a citizen of the Union, and
         the fact that that parent has ceased to be a migrant worker in the host Member State are irrelevant in this regard (see, to
         that effect, Case C‑413/99 Baumbast and R [2002] ECR I‑7091, paragraph 63).
      
      30      The Court has also held that, where the children enjoy, under Article 12 of Regulation No 1612/68, the right to continue their
         education in the host Member State although the parents who are their carers are at risk of losing their rights of residence,
         a refusal to allow those parents to remain in the host Member State during the period of their children’s education might
         deprive those children of a right which has been granted to them by the legislature of the European Union (see, to that effect,
         Baumbast and R, paragraph 71).
      
      31      After further observing, in paragraph 72 of Baumbast and R, that Regulation No 1612/68 must be interpreted in the light of the requirement of respect for family life laid down in Article
         8 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, signed at Rome on 4 November 1950,
         the Court concluded, in paragraph 73 of that judgment, that the right conferred by Article 12 of that regulation on the child
         of a migrant worker to pursue, under the best possible conditions, his education in the host Member State necessarily implies
         that that child has the right to be accompanied by the person who is his primary carer and, accordingly, that that person
         is able to reside with him in that Member State during his studies.
      
      32      The referring court seeks to know whether the judgment in Baumbast and R is based on the application of Articles 10 and 12 of Regulation No 1612/68 together or on Article 12 alone. More precisely,
         the court asks whether the right of residence of the children of a national of a Member State who works or has worked in the
         host Member State, and that of the parent who is the primary carer of those children, derive implicitly from Article 12.
      
      33      First, the right of the children of migrant workers to equal treatment in access to education, under Article 12 of Regulation
         No 1612/68, applies only to children who ‘are residing’ in the Member State in which one of their parents is or has been employed.
      
      34      Access to education thus depends on the child first being installed in the host Member State.
      
      35      Article 12 of Regulation No 1612/68, as interpreted by the Court in Baumbast and R, means that the child can, in connection with his right of access to education, have an independent right of residence. In
         particular, the exercise of the right of access to education was not conditional on the child retaining, throughout the period
         of his education, a specific right of residence under Article 10(1)(a) of that regulation, when that provision was still in
         force.
      
      36      In paragraphs 21 to 24 of its judgment in Case C‑7/94 Gaal [1995] ECR I‑1031, the Court explicitly rejected the German Government’s argument that there was a close relationship between
         Articles 10 and 11 of Regulation No 1612/68 on the one hand and Article 12 of that regulation on the other, so that Article
         12 granted the right to equal treatment in access to education in the host Member State only to children who satisfied the
         conditions set out in Articles 10 and 11. In paragraph 23 of Gaal, the Court expressly stated that Article 12 of Regulation No 1612/68 contains no reference to Articles 10 and 11 of the regulation.
      
      37      It would be contrary to the context of Article 12 of Regulation No 1612/68 and the aims pursued by that article to make the
         exercise of the right of access to education depend on the existence of a separate right of residence of the child, assessed
         by reference to other provisions of that regulation (see, to that effect, Gaal, paragraph 25).
      
      38      It follows that, once the right of access to education derived by the child from Article 12 of that regulation has been acquired
         because of his being installed in the host Member State, the right of residence is retained by the child and can no longer
         be called into question because the conditions which were set out in Article 10 of that regulation are not satisfied.
      
      39      Second, as is apparent from the very wording of Article 12 of Regulation No 1612/68, the right to equal treatment in respect
         of access to education is not limited to children of migrant workers. It applies also to children of former migrant workers.
      
      40      The right derived by children from Article 12 of Regulation No 1612/68 is also not dependent on the right of residence of
         their parents in the host Member State. It is settled case-law that Article 12 requires only that the child has lived with
         his parents or either one of them in a Member State while at least one of them resided there as a worker (Case 197/86 Brown [1988] ECR 3205, paragraph 30, and Gaal, paragraph 27).
      
      41      To accept that children of former migrant workers can continue their education in the host Member State although their parents
         no longer reside there is equivalent to allowing them a right of residence which is independent of that conferred on their
         parents, such a right being based on Article 12.
      
      42      Article 12 of Regulation No 1612/68 must therefore be applied independently of the provisions of European Union law which
         govern the conditions of exercise of the right to reside in another Member State. That independence of Article 12 from Article
         10 of that regulation formed the basis of the judgments of the Court referred to in paragraphs 29 to 31 above, and cannot
         but subsist in relation to the provisions of Directive 2004/38.
      
      43      A contrary conclusion would be liable to compromise the aim of integrating the migrant worker’s family into the host Member
         State, as stated in the fifth recital in the preamble to Regulation No 1612/68. According to settled case-law, for such integration
         to come about, the children of a worker who is a national of a Member State must have the possibility of undertaking and,
         where appropriate, successfully completing their education in the host Member State (see, to that effect, Joined Cases 389/87
         and 390/87 Echternach and Moritz [1989] ECR 723, paragraph 21, and Baumbast and R, paragraph 69).
      
      44      The London Borough of Harrow, the United Kingdom and Danish Governments and Ireland submit that Directive 2004/38, since its
         entry into force, constitutes the sole basis for the conditions governing the exercise of the right of residence in the Member
         States of citizens of the Union and members of their families, and consequently that no right of residence may now be derived
         from Article 12 of Regulation No 1612/68.
      
      45      On this point, there is nothing to suggest that, when adopting Directive 2004/38, the European Union legislature intended
         to alter the scope of Article 12 of that regulation, as interpreted by the Court, so as to limit its normative content from
         then on to a mere right of access to education.
      
      46      Similarly, it should be noted that, in contrast to what was done in the case of Articles 10 and 11 of Regulation No 1612/68,
         Directive 2004/38 did not repeal Article 12 of that regulation. Such a choice necessarily reveals the intention of the European
         Union legislature not to introduce restrictions of the scope of that article, as interpreted by the Court.
      
      47      The interpretation in the preceding paragraph is confirmed by the fact that the travaux préparatoires to Directive 2004/38 show that it was designed to be consistent with the judgment in Baumbast and R (COM(2003) 199 final, p. 7).
      
      48      If Article 12 of Regulation No 1612/68 had been limited to conferring the right to equal treatment with regard to access to
         education without providing for any right of residence for the children of migrant workers, it would have become superfluous
         with the entry into force of Directive 2004/38. Article 24(1) of that directive provides that all Union citizens residing
         in the territory of the host Member State are to enjoy equal treatment with the nationals of that State within the scope of
         the Treaty, it not being in doubt that access to education falls within the scope of European Union law (see, inter alia,
         Case 293/83 Gravier [1985] ECR 593, paragraph 19).
      
      49      Moreover, according to recital 3 in the preamble to Directive 2004/38, the aim of that directive is inter alia to simplify
         and strengthen the right of free movement and residence of all Union citizens (see, to that effect, Case C‑127/08 Metock and Others [2008] ECR I‑6241, paragraph 59). The application of Article 12 of Regulation No 1612/68 and Article 7(1)(b) and (d) and
         (2) of Directive 2004/38 to the children of migrant workers would have the effect that the right of residence of those children
         in the host Member State in order to commence or continue their education would be subject to stricter conditions than those
         which applied to them before the entry into force of Directive 2004/38.
      
      50      It follows that the children of a national of a Member State who works or has worked in the host Member State and the parent
         who is their primary carer can claim a right of residence in the latter State on the sole basis of Article 12 of Regulation
         No 1612/68, without being required to satisfy the conditions laid down in Directive 2004/38.
      
      51      It remains to be determined whether the exercise of that right of residence is conditional on the persons concerned having
         sufficient resources and comprehensive sickness insurance cover in the host Member State.
      
      52      It must be stated at the outset that there is no such condition in Article 12 of Regulation No 1612/68 and that, as the Court
         has already held, that article cannot be interpreted restrictively and must not, under any circumstances, be rendered ineffective
         (Baumbast and R, paragraph 74).
      
      53      Nor does a requirement as to the self-sufficiency of the members of the family of a worker who is a national of a Member State
         and their protection in the host Member State in the case of illness follow from the case-law of the Court.
      
      54      The Court, in a case where it had to rule on whether children who were resident in the Member State in which their father,
         a national of another Member State, had been employed before returning to his State of origin were entitled under Article 12
         of Regulation No 1612/68 to State assistance intended to cover the costs of their education, the maintenance of them and their
         dependants and sickness insurance, held, without ruling on the economic situation of the students in question, that the status
         of children of a worker who is a national of a Member State within the meaning of Regulation No 1612/68 implies, in particular,
         that it is recognised in European Union law that such children must be eligible for study assistance from the State in order
         to make it possible for them to achieve integration in the society of the host Member State, that requirement applying afortiori where the persons covered by the provisions of that regulation are students who arrived in that State even before the age
         at which they had to attend school (Echternach and Moritz, paragraph 35).
      
      55      In the Baumbast and R case Mr Baumbast, the father of the children whose right of residence in the host Member State under Article 12 of Regulation
         No 1612/68 was at issue, had resources which allowed him and his family not to be dependent on social assistance. None the
         less, the answers to the questions referred for a preliminary ruling concerning the right of residence of the children and
         their mother who cared for them were based not on their self-sufficiency but on the fact that the aim of Regulation No 1612/68,
         namely freedom of movement for workers, requires the best possible conditions for the integration of the worker’s family in
         the host Member State and that a refusal to allow the parents caring for the children to remain in the host Member State during
         the period of their children’s education might deprive the children of a right granted to them by the European Union legislature
         (Baumbast and R, paragraphs 50 and 71).
      
      56      Directive 2004/38 likewise does not make the right of residence in the host Member State of children who are in education
         and the parent who is their primary carer depend, in certain circumstances, on their having sufficient resources and comprehensive
         sickness insurance cover.
      
      57      The interpretation that the right of residence in the host Member State of children who are in education there and the parent
         who is their primary carer is not subject to the condition that they have sufficient resources and comprehensive sickness
         insurance cover is supported by Article 12(3) of Directive 2004/38, which provides that the departure or death of the citizen
         of the Union does not entail the loss of the right of residence of the children or the parent who has actual custody of them,
         irrespective of their nationality, if the children reside in the host Member State and are enrolled at an educational establishment
         for the purpose of studying there, until the completion of their studies.
      
      58      While that provision is not applicable in the main proceedings, it illustrates the particular importance which Directive 2004/38
         attaches to the situation of children who are in education in the host Member State and the parents who care for them.
      
      59      In the light of the above considerations, the answer to the first two questions is that, in circumstances such as those of
         the main proceedings, the children of a national of a Member State who works or has worked in the host Member State and the
         parent who is their primary carer can claim a right of residence in the latter State on the sole basis of Article 12 of Regulation
         No 1612/68, without such a right being conditional on their having sufficient resources and comprehensive sickness insurance
         cover in that State.
      
       Question 3
      60      In view of the answer to Questions 1 and 2, there is no need to answer Question 3.
      
       Costs
      61      Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action pending before the national court,
         the decision on costs is a matter for that court. Costs incurred in submitting observations to the Court, other than the costs
         of those parties, are not recoverable.
      
      
      On those grounds, the Court (Grand Chamber) hereby rules:
      In circumstances such as those of the main proceedings, the children of a national of a Member State who works or has worked
            in the host Member State and the parent who is their primary carer can claim a right of residence in the latter State on the
            sole basis of Article 12 of Regulation (EEC) No 1612/68 of the Council of 15 October 1968 on freedom of movement for workers
            within the Community, as amended by Council Regulation (EEC) No 2434/92 of 27 July 1992, without such a right being conditional
            on their having sufficient resources and comprehensive sickness insurance cover in that State.
      [Signatures]
      * Language of the case: English.