CELEX: 32020R0039
Language: en
Date: 2020-01-16 00:00:00
Title: Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/39 of 16 January 2020 imposing a definitive anti-dumping duty on imports of peroxosulphates (persulphates) originating in the People’s Republic of China following an expiry review pursuant to Article 11(2) of Regulation (EU) 2016/1036 of the European Parliament and of the Council

17.1.2020   
               
               
                  EN
               
               
                  Official Journal of the European Union
               
               
                  L 13/18
               
            
         COMMISSION IMPLEMENTING REGULATION (EU) 2020/39
         of 16 January 2020
         imposing a definitive anti-dumping duty on imports of peroxosulphates (persulphates) originating in the People’s Republic of China following an expiry review pursuant to Article 11(2) of Regulation (EU) 2016/1036 of the European Parliament and of the Council
         THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION,
         Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union,
         Having regard to Regulation (EU) 2016/1036 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2016 on protection against dumped imports from countries not members of the European Union (1) (‘the basic Regulation’), and in particular Article 11(2) thereof,
         Whereas:
         1.   PROCEDURE
         
         1.1.   Measures in force
         
         
                     (1)
                  
                  
                     In October 2007, the Council imposed a definitive anti-dumping duty on imports of peroxosulphates originating in the People’s Republic of China (‘the PRC’ or ‘China’) by Council Regulation (EC) No 1184/2007 (2) (‘the original measures’). Two companies were granted market economy treatment (MET), one of which received individual dumping duties of 24,5 %. The other company was found not to be dumping and excluded from measures. All other companies are subject to a duty rate of 71,8 %. In December 2013, the Council, following an expiry review, extended the anti-dumping measures by Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No 1343/2013 (3) (‘the measures in force’).
                  
               1.2.   Initiation of an expiry review
         
         
                     (2)
                  
                  
                     Following the publication of a notice of impending expiry of the measure in force (4), RheinPerChemie GmbH and United Initiators GmbH (‘the applicants’), representing 100 % of the total Union production of peroxosulphates, requested the initiation of an expiry review. They argued that the expiry of the measures would likely result in continuation or recurrence of dumping and injury to the Union industry.
                  
               
                     (3)
                  
                  
                     On 17 December 2018 the Commission announced, by a notice published in the Official Journal of the European Union (5) (‘the Notice of Initiation’), the initiation of an expiry review of the measures in force pursuant to Article 11(2) of the basic Regulation.
                  
               
                     (4)
                  
                  
                     On 26 September 2019 the Commission initiated, on its own initiative, an investigation concerning the possible circumvention of the anti-dumping measures in force by the company ABC Chemicals (Shanghai) Co. Ltd, a company which was found not to be dumping in the original investigation, and made imports of the product under review by that company subject to registration (6). The outcome of this expiry review investigation in no way prejudices the outcome of the anti-circumvention investigation.
                  
               1.3.   Investigation
         
         1.3.1.   Review investigation period and period considered
         
         
                     (5)
                  
                  
                     The investigation of a continuation or recurrence of dumping covered the period from 1 October 2017 to 30 September 2018 (‘the review investigation period’). The examination of trends relevant for the assessment of the likelihood of a continuation or recurrence of injury covered the period from 1 January 2015 to the end of the review investigation period (‘the period considered’).
                  
               1.3.2.   Interested parties
         
         
                     (6)
                  
                  
                     In the Notice of Initiation, the Commission invited all interested parties to participate in the investigation. In particular, it contacted the applicants, the known exporting producers in the PRC, the known unrelated importers in the Union and the authorities of the PRC.
                  
               
                     (7)
                  
                  
                     All interested parties were invited to make their views known, submit information and provide supporting evidence within the time limits set out in the Notice of Initiation. Interested parties were also granted the opportunity to request a hearing with the Commission investigation services and/or the Hearing Officer in trade proceedings.
                  
               1.3.3.   Sampling
         
         
                     (8)
                  
                  
                     In the Notice of Initiation, the Commission stated that it might sample exporting producers in the PRC and unrelated importers in accordance with Article 17 of the basic Regulation. Only one exporting producer — United Initiators (Hefei) Co. Ltd and its parent company United Initiators (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, came forward and provided the required information. Therefore, it was not necessary to select a sample of exporting producers.
                  
               
                     (9)
                  
                  
                     Several importers made themselves known at initiation of the investigation but none of them were importing significant amounts of the product under review during the review investigation period. Therefore, the Commission did not sample the importers.
                  
               1.3.4.   Questionnaires and verification visits
         
         
                     (10)
                  
                  
                     The Commission made available the questionnaires for all exporters and sent the questionnaires to the Union producers and users. The Commission also sent a questionnaire to the government of the PRC (‘GOC’). Replies were received from two Union producers and one exporting producer in the PRC.
                  
               
                     (11)
                  
                  
                     The Commission verified all the information it deemed necessary for a determination of the likelihood of continuation or recurrence of dumping and injury and of the Union interest. Verification visits were carried out at the premises of the following interested parties:
                     
                                 (a)
                              
                              
                                 Chinese exporting producer:
                                 
                                             —
                                          
                                          
                                             United Initiators (Hefei) Co., Ltd. and its related sales company United Initiators (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.
                                          
                                       
                           
                                 (b)
                              
                              
                                 Union producers:
                                 
                                             —
                                          
                                          
                                             RheinPerChemie GmbH & Co. KG, Germany,
                                          
                                       
                                             —
                                          
                                          
                                             United Initiators GmbH & Co. KG, Germany.
                                          
                                       
                           
               1.3.5.   Procedure for the determination of the normal value under Article 2(6a) of the basic Regulation
         
         
                     (12)
                  
                  
                     In view of the sufficient evidence available in the request for review pointing to the existence of significant distortions within the meaning of point (b) of Article 2(6a) of the basic Regulation, the Commission considered it appropriate to initiate the review having regard to Article 2(6a) of the basic Regulation.
                  
               
                     (13)
                  
                  
                     Consequently, in order to collect the necessary data for the possible application of Article 2(6a) of the basic Regulation, the Commission invited in the Notice of Initiation all known producers in the PRC to provide the information requested in Annex III to the Notice regarding the inputs used for producing the product under review. The only producer that sent a sampling reply also submitted the information requested in Annex III.
                  
               
                     (14)
                  
                  
                     Moreover, in order to obtain information the Commission deemed necessary for its investigation with regard to the alleged significant distortions within the meaning of point (b) of Article 2(6a) of the basic Regulation, it also sent a questionnaire to the GOC. In that questionnaire, the GOC was invited to provide its views on the evidence contained in the applicants’ request, on any other evidence on the file concerning the existence of significant distortions, including the evidence set out in the ‘Commission Staff Working Document on Significant Distortions in the Economy of the People’s Republic of China for the Purposes of Trade Defence Investigations’ (‘the Report’) (7), as well as on the appropriateness of the application of Article 2(6a) of the basic Regulation in the case at hand. The Commission did not receive any reply from the GOC.
                  
               
                     (15)
                  
                  
                     The Commission also invited all interested parties to make their views known, submit information and provide supporting evidence regarding the appropriateness of the application of Article 2(6a) of the basic Regulation within a deadline provided for in the Notice of Initiation.
                  
               
                     (16)
                  
                  
                     In the Notice of Initiation the Commission also specified that, in view of the evidence available, it might need to select an appropriate representative country pursuant to Article 2(6a)(a) of the basic Regulation for the purpose of determining the normal value based on undistorted prices or benchmarks.
                  
               
                     (17)
                  
                  
                     On 15 January 2019, the Commission informed all interested parties by way of a first note to the file (8) (‘the Note of 15 January’) of the relevant sources that the Commission might use for the determination of the normal value, in accordance with Article 2(6a)(e) second paragraph of the basic Regulation. Based on the replies to Annex III to the Notice of Initiation, the Commission provided a list of all factors of production such as materials, energy and labour used in the production of peroxosulphates. In addition, based on the criteria guiding the choice of undistorted prices or benchmarks, the Commission identified Turkey as the most appropriate representative country at that stage.
                  
               
                     (18)
                  
                  
                     The Commission gave the opportunity to all interested parties to comment. The Commission received comments from the applicants.
                  
               
                     (19)
                  
                  
                     The Commission addressed those comments in a second note (9) on the sources for the determination of the normal value, dated 6 May 2019 (‘the Note of 6 May’). In the Note of 6 May, the Commission further specified the list of factors of production and reiterated the conclusion that Turkey was the most appropriate representative country under Article 2(6a)(a), first indent of the basic Regulation. The Commission invited interested parties to comment. No comments were received.
                  
               2.   PRODUCT UNDER REVIEW AND LIKE PRODUCT
         
         2.1.   Product under review
         
         
                     (20)
                  
                  
                     The product under review is peroxosulphates (persulphates), including potassium peroxymonosulphate sulphate, originating in the PRC, currently falling under CN codes 2833 40 00 and ex 2842 90 80 (TARIC code 2842908020) (‘the product under review’).
                  
               
                     (21)
                  
                  
                     Peroxosulphates are used as an initiator or as an oxidising agent in a number of processes. Some examples include their use as polymerisation initiator in the production of polymers, as an etching agent in the production of printed circuit boards, or as a bleaching agent in hair cosmetics.
                  
               2.2.   Like product
         
         
                     (22)
                  
                  
                     As established in the original investigation, peroxosulphates sold by the Union industry in the Union and peroxosulphates produced and sold on the domestic market of the PRC and peroxosulphates imported into the Union from the PRC share the same basic physical and chemical characteristics and the same end uses. They are therefore considered to be like products within the meaning of Article 1(4) of the basic Regulation.
                  
               3.   LIKELIHOOD OF CONTINUATION OR RECURRENCE OF DUMPING
         
         
                     (23)
                  
                  
                     In accordance with Article 11(2) of the basic Regulation, the Commission examined whether the expiry of the measures in force would be likely to lead to a continuation or recurrence of dumping from the PRC.
                  
               3.1.   Continuation of dumping of imports during the review investigation period
         
         3.1.1.   Normal value
         
         
                     (24)
                  
                  
                     According to Article 2(1) of the basic Regulation, ‘the normal value shall normally be based on the prices paid or payable, in the ordinary course of trade, by independent customers in the exporting countr
                        y’.
                     
                  
               
                     (25)
                  
                  
                     However, according to Article 2(6a)(a) of the basic Regulation, ‘in case it is determined […] that it is not appropriate to use domestic prices and costs in the exporting country due to the existence in that country of significant distortions within the meaning of point (b), the normal value shall be constructed exclusively on the basis of costs of production and sale reflecting undistorted prices or benchmark
                        s’, and ‘shall include an undistorted and reasonable amount of administrative, selling and general costs and for profit
                        s
                        ’ (‘administrative, selling and general costs’ is referred hereinafter as ‘SG&A’). As further explained below, the Commission concluded in the present investigation that, based on the evidence available, and in view of the lack of cooperation of the GOC and absence of any claims from the exporting producers, the application of Article 2(6a) of the basic Regulation was appropriate.
                  
               3.1.2.   Existence of significant distortions
         
         3.1.2.1.   Introduction
         
                     (26)
                  
                  
                     Article 2(6a)(b) of the basic Regulation states the following. Significant distortions are those distortions which occur when reported prices or costs, including the costs of raw materials and energy, are not the result of free market forces as they are affected by substantial government intervention. In assessing the existence of significant distortions regard shall be had, inter alia, to the potential impact of one or more of the following elements:
                     
                                 —
                              
                              
                                 
                                    the market in question being served to a significant extent by enterprises which operate under the ownership, control or policy supervision or guidance of the authorities of the exporting country;
                                 
                              
                           
                                 —
                              
                              
                                 
                                    state presence in firms allowing the state to interfere with respect to prices or costs;
                                 
                              
                           
                                 —
                              
                              
                                 
                                    public policies or measures discriminating in favour of domestic suppliers or otherwise influencing free market forces;
                                 
                              
                           
                                 —
                              
                              
                                 
                                    the lack, discriminatory application or inadequate enforcement of bankruptcy, corporate or property laws;
                                 
                              
                           
                                 —
                              
                              
                                 
                                    wage costs being distorted;
                                 
                              
                           
                                 —
                              
                              
                                 
                                    access to finance granted by institutions which implement public policy objectives or otherwise not acting independently of the state.
                              
                           
               
                     (27)
                  
                  
                     It follows that in assessing the existence of significant distortions pursuant to Article 2(6a)(b) of the basic Regulation, regard shall be had to the potential impact of one or more of these elements on prices and costs in the exporting country of the product under review. However, as that list is non-cumulative, not all the elements need to be given regard to for a finding of significant distortions. Moreover, the same factual circumstances may be used to demonstrate the existence of one or more of the elements of the list. Any conclusion on significant distortions within the meaning of Article 2(6a)(a) must be made on the basis of all the evidence at hand. The overall assessment of the existence of distortions may also take into account the general context and situation in the exporting country.
                  
               
                     (28)
                  
                  
                     Article 2(6a)(c) of the basic Regulation provides that ‘[w]here the Commission has well-founded indications of the possible existence of significant distortions as referred to in point (b) in a certain country or a certain sector in that country, and where appropriate for the effective application of this Regulation, the Commission shall produce, make public and regularly update a report describing the market circumstances referred to in point (b) in that country or secto
                        r’.
                     
                  
               
                     (29)
                  
                  
                     Pursuant to this provision, the Commission has issued the Report (see recital 14), which points to the existence of substantial government intervention at many levels of the economy in the PRC, including specific distortions in many key factors of production (such as land, energy, capital, raw materials and labour) as well as in specific sectors, including the peroxosulphates sector. The Report was placed on the investigation file at the initiation stage.
                  
               
                     (30)
                  
                  
                     The application for an Expiry Review (‘the Application’) provided additional evidence on significant distortions in the peroxosulphates sector within the meaning of Article 2(6a)(b), complementing the Report. The applicants provided evidence that the production and sale of the product under review is affected (at least potentially) by the distortions mentioned in the Report, in particular high levels of state interference in the peroxosulphates sector.
                  
               3.1.2.2.   Significant distortions affecting the domestic prices and costs in the PRC: general economic context
         
                     (31)
                  
                  
                     The Chinese economic system is based on the concept of a ‘socialist market economy’. That concept is enshrined in the Chinese Constitution and determines the economic governance of the PRC. The core principle is the ‘socialist public ownership of the means of production, namely, ownership by the whole people and collective ownership by the working people’. The State-owned economy is the ‘leading force of the national economy’ and the State has the mandate ‘to ensure its consolidation and growth’ (10). Consequently, the overall setup of the Chinese economy not only allows for substantial government interventions into the economy, but such interventions are expressly mandated. The notion of supremacy of public ownership over the private one permeates the entire legal system and is emphasised as a general principle in all central pieces of legislation. The Chinese property law is a prime example: it refers to the primary stage of socialism and entrusts the State with upholding the basic economic system under which the public ownership plays a dominant role. Other forms of ownership are tolerated, with the law permitting them to develop side by side with the State ownership (11).
                  
               
                     (32)
                  
                  
                     In addition, under Chinese law, the socialist market economy is developed under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party (‘CCP’). The structures of the Chinese State and of the CCP are intertwined at every level (legal, institutional, personal), forming a superstructure in which the roles of CCP and the State are indistinguishable. Following an amendment to the Chinese Constitution in March 2018, the leading role of the CCP was given an even greater prominence by being reaffirmed in the text of Article 1 of the Constitution. Following the existing first sentence of the provision: ‘[t]he socialist system is the basic system of the People’s Republic of China’ a new second sentence was inserted which reads: ‘[t]he defining feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the leadership of the Communist Party of China’ (12). This illustrates the control of the CCP over the economic system of the PRC. This control is inherent to the Chinese system and goes beyond the situation customary in other countries where the governments exercise broad macroeconomic control within the boundaries of which free market forces are at play.
                  
               
                     (33)
                  
                  
                     First, on the level of overall administrative control, the direction of the Chinese economy is governed by a complex system of industrial planning which affects all economic activities within the country. The totality of these plans cover a comprehensive and complex matrix of sectors and crosscutting policies and is present on all levels of government. Plans at provincial level are detailed while national plans set broader targets. Plans also specify the means to support the relevant industries/sectors as well as the timeframes in which the objectives need to be achieved. Some plans contain explicit output targets. Under the plans, individual industrial sectors and/or projects are singled out as (positive or negative) priorities in line with the government priorities and specific development goals are attributed to them (industrial upgrade, international expansion, etc.). The economic operators, private and State-owned alike, must effectively adjust their business activities according to the realities imposed by the planning system. Not only because of the binding nature of the plans but also because the relevant Chinese authorities at all level of government adhere to the system of plans and use their vested powers accordingly, economic operators are induced to comply with the priorities set out in the plans (13).
                  
               
                     (34)
                  
                  
                     Second, on the level of allocation of financial resources, the financial system of China is dominated by the State- owned commercial banks. Those banks, when setting up and implementing their lending policy need to align themselves with the government’s industrial policy objectives rather than primarily assessing the economic merits of a given project (see also section 3.3.2.9 below) (14). The same applies to the other components of the Chinese financial system, such as the stock markets, bond markets, private equity markets etc. Even though of lesser significance than the banking sector, these parts of the financial sector are institutionally and operationally set up in a manner not geared towards maximising the efficient functioning of the financial markets but towards ensuring control and allowing intervention by the State and the CCP (15).
                  
               
                     (35)
                  
                  
                     Third, on the level of regulatory environment, the interventions by the State into the economy take a number of forms. For instance, the public procurement rules are regularly used in pursuit of policy goals other than economic efficiency, thereby undermining market based principles in the area. The applicable legislation specifically provides that public procurement shall be conducted in order to facilitate the achievement of goals designed by State policies. However, the nature of these goals remains undefined, thereby leaving broad margin of appreciation to the decision-making bodies (16). Similarly, in the area of investment, the GOC maintains significant control and influence over destination and magnitude of both State and private investment. Investment screening as well as various incentives, restrictions, and prohibitions related to investment are used by authorities as an important tool for supporting industrial policy goals, such as maintaining State control over key sectors or bolstering domestic industry (17).
                  
               
                     (36)
                  
                  
                     In sum, the Chinese economic model is based on certain basic axioms which provide for and encourage manifold government interventions. Such substantial government interventions are at odds with free play of market forces, resulting in distorting the effective allocation of resources in line with market principles (18).
                  
               3.1.2.3.   Significant distortions according to Article 2(6a)(b), first indent of the basic Regulation: the market in question being served to a significant extent by enterprises which operate under the ownership, control or policy supervision or guidance of the authorities of the exporting country
         
                     (37)
                  
                  
                     In the PRC, enterprises operating under the ownership, control and policy supervision or guidance by the State represent an essential part of the economy.
                  
               
                     (38)
                  
                  
                     The only one Chinese manufacturer of peroxosulphates that cooperated with the Commission in this investigation is privately owned. The Commission does not have precise information concerning the ownership structure of other companies active in the peroxosulphates sector in the PRC.
                  
               
                     (39)
                  
                  
                     With regard to control, policy supervision or guidance by the State, the government and the CCP maintain structures that ensure their continued influence over enterprises. The State (and in many respects also the CCP) not only actively formulates and oversees the implementation of general economic policies by individual enterprises, but it also claims its rights to participate in their operational decision making. The elements that point to the existence of government control over enterprises in the peroxosulphates sector are further developed in section 3.1.2.4 below. With the high level of government control and intervention in the chemical sector as described below, even privately owned peroxosulphates producers are prevented from operating under market conditions.
                  
               3.1.2.4.   Significant distortions according to Article 2(6a)(b), second indent of the basic Regulation: State presence in firms allowing the state to interfere with respect to prices or costs
         
                     (40)
                  
                  
                     The GOC is in position to interfere with prices and costs through State presence in firms. As provided for in the Chinese legislation, CCP cells in enterprises, state-owned and private alike, represent another channel through which the State can interfere with business decisions. According to China’s company law, a CCP organisation is to be established in every company (with at least three CCP members as specified in the CCP Constitution) (19) and the company is to provide the necessary conditions for the activities of the party organisation. The CCP is also reported to exercise pressure on private companies to put ‘patriotism’ first and to follow party discipline (20). In 2017, it was reported that party cells existed in 70 % of some 1,86 million privately owned companies, with growing pressure for the CCP organisations to have final say over the business decisions within their respective companies (21). These rules are of general application throughout the Chinese economy. The Commission found that these rules also apply to the producers of peroxosulphates and the suppliers of their inputs.
                  
               
                     (41)
                  
                  
                     Specifically, in the original investigation concerning peroxosulphates it was established for one company that the majority of the Directors on the Board, including the Chairman, who owned a significant share in the company, remained the same as before privatisation and had been appointed by the State. They were also found to be members of the CCP. Moreover, the company was unable to prove payment for the shares during the privatisation process (22).
                  
               
                     (42)
                  
                  
                     In another company, which was founded as a State owned enterprise and privatised in 2000, the original investigation showed that three members of the staff that held management post prior to the privatisation conducted the privatisation and retained control over the main decision-making bodies of the company. Those three persons were found to be members of the CCP (23). As to a third company investigated in the original investigation, it was found that the capital used to start the company was obtained from collectively-owned enterprises managed by the current Chairman of the company (24).
                  
               
                     (43)
                  
                  
                     The State’s presence and intervention in the financial markets (see also section 3.3.2.8 below) as well as in the provision of raw materials and inputs further have a distorting effect on the market (25).
                  
               
                     (44)
                  
                  
                     Based on all of the above, and in the absence of information opposing the above considerations, the Commission concluded that the State presence in firms in the peroxosulphates sector, as well as in in the financial sector and other input sectors, combined with the framework described in section 3.3.2.3 and in the subsequent sections, allows the GOC to interfere with respect to prices and costs.
                  
               3.1.2.5.   Significant distortions according to Article 2(6a)(b), third indent of the basic Regulation: public policies or measures discriminating in favour of domestic suppliers or otherwise influencing free market forces
         
                     (45)
                  
                  
                     The direction of the Chinese economy is to a significant degree determined by an elaborate system of planning, which sets out priorities and prescribes the goals the central and local governments must focus on. Relevant plans exist on all levels of government and cover virtually all economic sectors, the objectives set by the planning instruments are of binding nature and the authorities at each administrative level monitor the implementation of the plans by the corresponding lower level of government. Overall, the system of planning in the PRC results in resources being driven to sectors designated as strategic or otherwise politically important by the government, rather than being allocated in line with market forces (26).
                  
               
                     (46)
                  
                  
                     The most comprehensive and detailed policy document concerning the Chinese chemical sector is the 13th FYP for the Petrochemical and Chemical Industry (2016-2020) (‘the Plan’). For instance, regarding ammonia, the key raw material for peroxosulphates the Plan calls for focus on fostering the building of the second phase of the Cangzhou Zhengyuan 600 000 tonne ammonia facility (27). The Plan provides that, in principle, no new synthetic ammonia facility using smokeless lump coal and natural gas as raw material shall be built. Instead reliance should be on the development of an industry competitive advantage to create new links in the industry chain, such as the carbon-chemical industry (28). The Plan also promotes sets of technology and equipment ensuring a yearly production exceeding one million tonnes of synthetic ammonia and synthetic methanol (29).
                  
               
                     (47)
                  
                  
                     Regarding another key raw material — sulphuric acid — the Hebei province Petrochemical 13th Five Year Plan (‘FYP’) provides an example of how the policy objective and targets are passed from the national level onto the next level of administration. Following a review of the achievements under the 12th FYP, the plan identifies the main problems for the upcoming five-year period, such as the need to improve the product structure (30).
                  
               
                     (48)
                  
                  
                     Regarding another raw material — potassium hydroxide — potassium salts are mentioned in the 13th FYP for mineral resources. The Plan identifies a number of problems in the mining sector: government interventions in resource allocation are still relatively numerous, market principles applicable to mining rights are not comprehensive, the modern mining market system is not yet complete (31). Potassium salt is one of the minerals identified as ‘strategic’. One of the explicit objectives of the Plan is to consolidate potassium salt bases in Qinghai Chaerhan and Xinjiang Lopnur, to maintain the rate of domestic self-sufficiency at 55 % to 60 % and to control potassium salt mining intensity and new increases of production capacities (32).
                  
               
                     (49)
                  
                  
                     Moreover, other various State interventions affect the supply chain throughout China for the main raw materials and for energy. There is high level of State interference in the electricity sector, over-capacity, differential and/or preferential pricing for electricity aiming at reducing the electricity bills for the peroxosulphates sector in China (33). Regarding ammonium sulphate there are subsidy schemes, in particular tax programmes, provision of land, loan programmes, grants as well as other programmes (34). Regrading sodium hydroxide (caustic soda): there is provision of electricity at cheaper rates (35).
                  
               
                     (50)
                  
                  
                     It is therefore established that the GOC has a number of public policies in place influencing free market forces concerning the production of raw materials used in the peroxosulphates sector. Such measures impede market forces from operating normally.
                  
               3.1.2.6.   Significant distortions according to Article 2(6a)(b), fourth indent of the basic Regulation: the lack, discriminatory application or inadequate enforcement of bankruptcy, corporate or property laws
         
                     (51)
                  
                  
                     According to the information on file, the Chinese bankruptcy system appears inadequate to deliver on its own main objectives such as to fairly settle claims and debts and to safeguard the lawful rights and interests of creditors and debtors. This appears to be rooted in the fact that while the Chinese bankruptcy law formally rests on similar principles as corresponding laws in other countries, the Chinese system is characterised by systematic under-enforcement. The number of bankruptcies remains notoriously low in relation to the size of the country’s economy, not least because the insolvency proceedings suffer from a number of shortcomings, which effectively function as a disincentive for bankruptcy filings. Moreover, the role of the State in the insolvency proceedings remains strong and active, often having direct influence on the outcome of the proceedings (36).
                  
               
                     (52)
                  
                  
                     In addition, the shortcomings of the system of property rights are particularly obvious in relation to ownership of land and land-use rights in the PRC (37). All land is owned by the Chinese State (collectively owned rural land and State-owned urban land). Its allocation remains solely dependent on the State. There are legal provisions that aim at allocating land-use rights in a transparent manner and at market prices, for instance by introducing bidding procedures. However, these provisions are regularly not respected, with certain buyers obtaining their land for free or below market rates (38). Moreover, authorities often pursue specific political goals including the implementation of the economic plans when allocating land (39).
                  
               
                     (53)
                  
                  
                     Therefore, the Chinese bankruptcy and property laws do not appear to properly work, resulting in distortions when maintaining insolvent firms afloat and in relation to the land provision and acquisition in the PRC. These laws also apply with respect to the peroxosulphates sector and its suppliers of raw materials. With respect to two peroxosulphates producers the Commission found that distortions were carried over from the non-market economy, in particular with regard to cost of the land-use rights acquired (40). Recent investigations into other sectors also confirmed provision of land-use rights for less than adequate remuneration (41).
                  
               
                     (54)
                  
                  
                     In light of the above, and absent cooperation in this case, the Commission concluded that there was discriminatory application or inadequate enforcement of bankruptcy and property laws in the peroxosulphates sector.
                  
               3.1.2.7.   Significant distortions according to Article 2(6a)(b), fifth indent of the basic Regulation: wage costs being distorted
         
                     (55)
                  
                  
                     A system of market-based wages cannot fully develop in the PRC as workers and employers are impeded in their rights to collective organisation. The PRC has not ratified a number of essential conventions of the International Labour Organisation (‘ILO’), in particular those on freedom of association and on collective bargaining (42). Under national law, only one trade union organisation is active. However, this organisation lacks independence from the State authorities and its engagement in collective bargaining and protection of workers’ rights remains rudimentary (43). Moreover, the mobility of the Chinese workforce is restricted by the household registration system, which limits access to the full range of social security and other benefits to local residents of a given administrative area. This typically results in workers who are not in possession of the local residence registration finding themselves in a vulnerable employment position and receiving lower income than the holders of the residence registration (44). Those findings lead to the distortion of wages costs in the PRC.
                  
               
                     (56)
                  
                  
                     Nothing in the file of this investigation has revealed that the peroxosulphates sector is not subject to the Chinese labour law system. In fact, this sector appears to be equally affected by the distortions of wage costs both directly (when making the product under review) as well as indirectly (when having access to capital or inputs from companies subject to the same labour system in the PRC).
                  
               
                     (57)
                  
                  
                     On the basis of the above, the Commission concluded that wage costs were distorted in the peroxosulphates sector, including with respect to the product under review.
                  
               3.1.2.8.   Significant distortions according to Article 2(6a)(b), sixth indent of the basic Regulation: access to finance granted by institutions which implement public policy objectives or otherwise not acting independently of the State
         
                     (58)
                  
                  
                     Access to capital for corporate actors in the PRC is subject to various distortions.
                  
               
                     (59)
                  
                  
                     First, the Chinese financial system is characterised by strong position of State-owned banks (45), which, when granting access to finance, take into consideration criteria other than economic viability of a project. Similarly to non-financial SOEs, the banks remain connected to the State not only through ownership but also via personal relations (the top executives of the large State-owned financial institutions are ultimately appointed by the CCP) (46) and, again just like non-financial SOEs, the banks regularly implement public policies designed by the government. In doing so, the banks comply with an explicit legal obligation to conduct their business in accordance with the needs of the national economic and social development and under the guidance of the industrial policies of the State (47). This is compounded by additional existing rules, which direct finances into sectors designated by the government as encouraged or otherwise important (48).
                  
               
                     (60)
                  
                  
                     While it is acknowledged that there might be various legal instruments referring to the need to respect normal banking behaviour and prudential rules such as the need to examine the creditworthiness of the borrower, the relevant evidence shows that these provisions play only a secondary role in the application of the various legal instruments (49). Findings made in previous trade defence investigations also reached the same conclusion (50).
                  
               
                     (61)
                  
                  
                     Furthermore, bond and credit ratings are often distorted for a variety of reasons including the fact that the risk assessment is influenced by the firm’s strategic importance to the GOC and the strength of any implicit guarantee by the government. Estimates strongly suggest that Chinese credit ratings systematically correspond to lower international ratings (51).
                  
               
                     (62)
                  
                  
                     This results in a bias for lending to SOEs, large well-connected private firms and firms in key industrial sectors, which implies that the availability and cost of capital is not equal for all players on the market.
                  
               
                     (63)
                  
                  
                     Second, borrowing costs have been kept artificially low to stimulate investment growth. This has led to the excessive use of capital investment with ever lower returns on investment. This is illustrated by the recent growth in corporate leverage in the State sector despite a sharp fall in profitability, which suggests that the mechanisms at work in the banking system do not follow normal commercial responses.
                  
               
                     (64)
                  
                  
                     Third, although nominal interest rate liberalisation was achieved in October 2015, price signals are still not the result of free market forces, but are influenced by government induced distortions. Indeed, the share of lending at or below the benchmark rate still represents 45 % of all lending and recourse to targeted credit appears to have been stepped up, since this share has increased markedly since 2015 in spite of worsening economic conditions (52). Artificially low interest rates result in under-pricing, and consequently, the excessive utilisation of capital.
                  
               
                     (65)
                  
                  
                     Overall credit growth in the PRC indicates a worsening efficiency of capital allocation without any signs of credit tightening that would be expected in an undistorted market environment. As a result, non-performing loans have increased rapidly in recent years. Faced with a situation of increasing debt-at-risk, the GOC has opted to avoid defaults. Consequently, bad debt issues have been handled by rolling over debt, thus creating so called ‘zombie’ companies, or by transferring the ownership of the debt (e.g. via mergers or debt-to-equity swaps), without necessarily removing the overall debt problem or addressing its root causes (53).
                  
               
                     (66)
                  
                  
                     In essence, despite the recent steps that have been taken to liberalise the market, the corporate credit system in the PRC is affected by significant systemic issues and distortions resulting from the continuing pervasive role of the state in the capital markets.
                  
               
                     (67)
                  
                  
                     Nothing in the file of this investigation has revealed that peroxosulphates producers and/or the suppliers of raw materials and other inputs do not benefit from this financial system.
                  
               
                     (68)
                  
                  
                     In light of the above, the Commission concluded that the producers of peroxosulphates had access to finance granted by institutions which implement public policy objectives or otherwise not acting independently from the state.
                  
               3.1.2.9.   Systemic nature of the distortions described
         
                     (69)
                  
                  
                     The Commission noted that the distortions described in the Report are not limited to any particular industry sector. On the contrary, the evidence available shows that the facts and features of the Chinese system as described above in Sections 3.1.2.1-3.1.2.8 as well as in Parts A and B of the Report apply throughout the country and across the sectors of the economy.
                  
               
                     (70)
                  
                  
                     In order to produce peroxosulphates key raw materials are needed. When the producers purchase/contract these inputs the prices they pay (and which are recorded as their costs) are clearly exposed to the same systemic distortions mentioned before. For instance, suppliers of inputs employ labour that is subject to the distortions. They may borrow money that is subject to the distortions on the financial sector/capital allocation. In addition, they are subject to the planning system which applies across all levels of government and sectors.
                  
               
                     (71)
                  
                  
                     As a consequence, not only the domestic sales prices of peroxosulphates cannot be used but all the input costs (including raw materials, energy, land, financing, labour, etc.) are also tainted because their price formation is affected by substantial government intervention, as described above. Indeed, the government interventions described in relation to the allocation of capital, land, labour, energy and raw materials are present throughout the PRC. This means, for instance, that an input that in itself was produced in the PRC by combining a range of factors of production is exposed to significant distortions.
                  
               3.1.2.10.   Conclusion
         
                     (72)
                  
                  
                     The analysis laid out in sections 3.1.2.2 to 3.1.2.9, which includes an examination of all the available evidence relating to the PRC’s intervention in its economy in general as well as in the peroxosulphates sector (including the product under review) showed that prices or costs, including the costs of raw materials, energy and labour, are not the result of free market forces because they are affected by substantial government intervention within the meaning of Article 2(6a)(b) of the basic Regulation. On that basis, and in the absence of any cooperation from the GOC and the limited information on these issues provided by the exporting producers in the PRC, the Commission concluded that it is not appropriate to use domestic prices and costs to establish normal value in this case.
                  
               
                     (73)
                  
                  
                     Consequently, the Commission proceeded to construct the normal value exclusively on the basis of costs of production and sale reflecting undistorted prices or benchmarks, that is, in this case, on the basis of corresponding costs of production and sale in an appropriate representative country, in accordance with Article 2(6a)(a) of the basic Regulation, as discussed in the following section. The Commission recalled that no claim was presented that some domestic costs would be undistorted under the third indent of Article 2(6a)(a) of the basic Regulation.
                  
               3.1.3.   Representative country
         
         
                     (74)
                  
                  
                     The Commission based its choice of the representative country on the following criteria:
                     
                                 (a)
                              
                              
                                 A level of economic development similar to the PRC. For this purpose, the Commission assessed countries with a gross national income per capita similar to the PRC on the basis of the database of the World Bank (54);
                              
                           
                                 (b)
                              
                              
                                 Production of the product under review in that country;
                              
                           
                                 (c)
                              
                              
                                 Availability of relevant public data in that country;
                              
                           
                                 (d)
                              
                              
                                 Where there is more than one possible representative country, preference shall be given, where appropriate, to the country with an adequate level of social and environmental protection.
                              
                           
               
                     (75)
                  
                  
                     Based on the data available to the Commission, the product under review is produced in a limited number of countries and by a limited number of producers. The main production was located in the People’s Republic of China, India, the EU, Turkey, Japan and the USA.
                  
               
                     (76)
                  
                  
                     Out of the countries where production is taking place, only Turkey has a level of economic development similar to the People’s Republic of China as per the World Bank index.
                     Therefore, on the basis of the above-mentioned criteria, Turkey has been identified as the only possible representative country.
                  
               
                     (77)
                  
                  
                     The only party that commented — the applicants — supported this choice. In the absence of any comments contrary to the use of Turkey as the representative country, the Commission confirmed its findings in relation to the representative country and construct the normal value on the basis of data from Turkey.
                  
               3.1.4.   Calculation methodology
         
         
                     (78)
                  
                  
                     In order to establish the constructed normal value, the Commission applied the following methodology. First, it established the undistorted manufacturing costs. It then multiplied the usage factors as observed at the level of the cooperating exporting producer’s production process for materials, labour and electricity by the undistorted costs per unit observed in the representative country, Turkey.
                  
               
                     (79)
                  
                  
                     Second, the Commission added to the manufacturing costs identified above the SG&A and profit of the Turkish company Ak-Kim Kimya Sanayi Ve Ticaret Anonim Sirketi’s (‘Ak-kim’). Ak-kim was the only company manufacturing peroxosulphates in the representative country for which publicly available data was available in accordance with Article 2(6a)(a) of the basic Regulation. Therefore, in the absence of any comments by interested parties, Ak-kim was considered an appropriate company to determine an undistorted and reasonable amount of SG&A and profit for the calculation of normal value.
                  
               
                     (80)
                  
                  
                     On the basis of the above, for the cooperating exporting producer, the Commission constructed the normal value per product type on an ex-works basis in accordance with Article 2(6a)(a) of the basic Regulation.
                  
               3.1.4.1.   Data used for the construction of normal value
         
                     (81)
                  
                  
                     In the Notes of 15 January and 6 May, the Commission stated that, in order to construct the normal value in accordance with Article 2(6a)(a) of the basic Regulation, it intended to use the following sources:
                     
                                 (a)
                              
                              
                                 the Global Trade Atlas (‘GTA’) (55) for raw materials;
                              
                           
                                 (b)
                              
                              
                                 the Turkish Statistical Institute (‘Turkstat’) (56) for labour and electricity;
                              
                           
                                 (c)
                              
                              
                                 Orbis (57) for the financial data of a Turkish company (Ak-Kim Kimya Sanayi Ve Ticaret Anonim Sirketi) with regard to SG&A and profit.
                              
                           
               
                     (82)
                  
                  
                     The following table summarises the factors of production used in the calculations with their corresponding HS codes and unit values from the GTA or the Turkish databases, including import duties and transport cost.
                     
                        Table 1
                     
                     
                        Factors of Production
                     
                     
                                 Factor of Production
                              
                              
                                 HS Code (58)
                                 
                              
                              
                                 Price in RMB/unit
                              
                           
                                 Raw Materials
                              
                           
                                 Sulfuric Acid; Oleum
                              
                              
                                 2807 00 
                              
                              
                                 371,86/ton
                              
                           
                                 Anhydrous Ammonia
                              
                              
                                 2814 10 
                              
                              
                                 2 099,05/ton
                              
                           
                                 Ammonium Sulphate
                              
                              
                                 3102 21 
                              
                              
                                 1 079,46/ton
                              
                           
                                 Sodium Hydroxide (Caustic Soda)
                              
                              
                                 2815 12 
                              
                              
                                 2 601,91/ton
                              
                           
                                 Potassium Hydroxide
                              
                              
                                 2815 20 
                              
                              
                                 4 063,65/ton
                              
                           
                                 Labour
                              
                           
                                 Labour costs in manufacturing sector
                              
                              
                                 N/A
                              
                              
                                 43,96/hour
                              
                           
                                 Energy
                              
                           
                                 Electricity
                              
                              
                                 N/A
                              
                              
                                 0,485/kWh
                              
                           
               3.1.4.2.   Raw Materials
         
                     (83)
                  
                  
                     In order to establish the undistorted price of raw materials as delivered at the gate of a representative country producer, the Commission used as a basis the weighted average import price to the representative country as reported in the GTA to which import duties and transport costs were added. Imports from the PRC were excluded given the existing significant distortions in this country, as established in section 3.1.2 above. After excluding PRC, the imports from other third countries remained representative ranging from 48 % to 100 % of total volumes imported into Turkey.
                  
               
                     (84)
                  
                  
                     With regard to import duties the Commission noted that Turkey imported relevant raw materials from more than 70 countries with a varying level of import duty rates and significant differences in volumes. Therefore, and given that in an expiry review it is not necessary to calculate an exact margin of dumping, but rather to establish the likelihood of continuation or recurrence of dumping, the Commission calculated import duties for each raw material on the basis of representative volumes of imports from a limited number of countries, which for most raw materials accounted for almost the totality of all imports and never less than 90 % of total imports.
                  
               
                     (85)
                  
                  
                     The Commission expressed the transport cost incurred by the cooperating exporting producer for the supply of raw materials as a percentage of the actual cost of such raw materials and then applied the same percentage to the undistorted cost of the same raw materials in order to obtain the undistorted transport cost. The Commission considered that, in the context of this investigation, the ratio between the exporting producer’s raw material and the reported transport costs could be reasonably used as an indication to estimate the undistorted costs of raw materials when delivered to the company’s factory.
                  
               3.1.4.3.   Labour
         
                     (86)
                  
                  
                     The Turkish Statistical Institute publishes detailed information on wages in different economic sectors in Turkey. The Commission used the wages reported in the manufacturing sector for 2016, for the economic activity C.20 (Manufacturing of chemicals and chemical products) (59) according to NACE Rev.2 classification (60). The 2016 average monthly value was duly adjusted for inflation using the domestic producer price index (61) as published by the Turkish Statistical Institute.
                  
               3.1.4.4.   Electricity
         
                     (87)
                  
                  
                     The price of electricity for industrial users in Turkey is published by the Turkish Statistical Institute in its regular press releases. The Commission used the data on the industrial electricity prices in the corresponding consumption band in Kuruş/kWh (62) as published on 26 March 2019 (covering the review investigation period) (63).
                  
               3.1.4.5.   Steam and other direct costs
         
                     (88)
                  
                  
                     Steam is not traded across borders and does not have an HS-code. Therefore, in order to establish the undistorted value of steam, the Commission first calculated the percentage that steam represents in the total of the remaining factors of production and then applied this percentage to the undistorted total cost of the same factors of production.
                  
               
                     (89)
                  
                  
                     The Commission followed the same methodology for other direct costs accounting together for around 2 % of the total value of the factors of production reported by the exporting producer.
                  
               3.1.4.6.   Manufacturing overhead costs
         
                     (90)
                  
                  
                     In order to establish an undistorted value of manufacturing overheads, the Commission used the proportion that manufacturing overheads represent of the cost of manufacturing in the cost structure of the cooperating exporting producer. More precisely, it first expressed the actual manufacturing overheads cost of the cooperating exporting producer as a percentage of the total actual cost of manufacturing. It then applied the same percentage on the undistorted value of the cost of manufacturing to obtain the undistorted value of the manufacturing overheads. The Commission considered this approach to be reasonable in this case since no publicly available data concerning manufacturing overhead costs borne by the Turkish producer selected for SG&A and profits (see at recital (91)) was available and the amount so calculated reflects the actual factors of production used by each exporting producer but is then multiplied by the undistorted cost of production using the appropriate representative country.
                  
               3.1.4.7.   SG&A and profits
         
                     (91)
                  
                  
                     According to Article 2(6a)(a), fourth paragraph of the basic Regulation, ‘the constructed normal value shall include an undistorted and reasonable amount for administrative, selling and general costs and for profits’.
                  
               
                     (92)
                  
                  
                     In order to establish an undistorted value for SG&A and for profit, the Commission used the financial data from the only Turkish company producing the product under review — Ak-Kim Kimya Sanayi Ve Ticaret Anonim Sirketi — as reported in Orbis database (64). Based on available company information, the majority of the business activity concerned the product under review and based on the information from the financial statements, no extraordinary events occurred during this period necessitating an adjustment to the reported data.
                  
               
                     (93)
                  
                  
                     As a result, the following items were added to the undistorted cost of manufacturing:
                     
                                 (a)
                              
                              
                                 SG&A of 19,34 % expressed on the cost of goods sold applied to the sum of costs of manufacturing;
                              
                           
                                 (b)
                              
                              
                                 A profit of 27,81 % expressed on the cost of goods sold applied to the costs of manufacturing.
                              
                           
               3.2.   Export price and dumping margin
         
         
                     (94)
                  
                  
                     During the review investigation period, the cooperating exporting producer sold only insignificant volumes in the Union. For this reason, prices were found to be unrepresentative. Thus, the Commission did not consider those sales a reliable basis for establishing an export price for the purpose of a dumping calculation.
                  
               3.3.   Likelihood of recurrence of dumping
         
         
                     (95)
                  
                  
                     According to the data reported by Comext, virtually all imports to the Union from the PRC during the review investigation period were from the exporter who was found not to be dumping in the original investigation (65) and is not subject to the current review.
                  
               
                     (96)
                  
                  
                     Thus, in line with the methodology used in the previous expiry review, the Commission made the comparison between the cooperating exporting producer’s export price to third countries (66) and the normal value for analysing the likelihood of recurrence of dumping should the measures be allowed to lapse.
                  
               3.3.1.   Comparison between the normal value and export price to the rest of the world
         
         
                     (97)
                  
                  
                     For the purpose of ensuring a fair comparison between the normal value and the export prices to the rest of the world, the Commission made due allowance in the form of adjustments for differences affecting prices and price comparability in accordance with Article 2(10) of the basic Regulation. It adjusted FOB export sales prices for inland freight, handling and loading costs, packaging, bank charges and credit costs, whereas the CIF sales prices, in addition, adjusted for ocean insurance and freight.
                  
               
                     (98)
                  
                  
                     Since the exporting producer paid full VAT on its export sales the Commission adjusted the constructed normal value with full VAT.
                  
               
                     (99)
                  
                  
                     The Commission thus established that the cooperating producer sold to all third countries at prices that are more than 20 % below the normal value.
                  
               3.3.2.   Production capacity and spare capacity in the PRC
         
         
                     (100)
                  
                  
                     There are 15 producers of the product under review in the PRC. In the review request, on the basis of an internal intelligence (67), the applicants estimated that China has a significant over-capacity of at least 75 000 tonnes per annum (68). Production capacity of such magnitude means that China alone could cover the total Union consumption that was estimated at between 35 000 to 45 000 tonnes during the review investigation period.
                  
               
                     (101)
                  
                  
                     Based on the above, the Commission concluded that China was among the largest producers of peroxosulphates in the world and had significant spare capacity, which could be easily exported to the Union if measures were repealed.
                  
               
                     (102)
                  
                  
                     In addition, the Union market, because of its relatively large size and steadily-increasing consumption, as set out in section 5.2, remains attractive for Chinese exporting producers.
                  
               3.4.   Conclusion on the likelihood of recurrence of dumping
         
         
                     (103)
                  
                  
                     In view of the above, the Commission concluded that there is a likelihood that dumping would recur if the current measures were allowed to lapse. In particular the level of the normal values established in China, the level of export prices of the cooperating producer to third country markets, the attractiveness of the Union market and the availability of significant production capacity in the PRC point to a strong likelihood of recurrence of dumping in case the current measures are repealed.
                  
               4.   LIKELIHOOD OF CONTINUATION OR RECURRENCE OF INJURY
         
         4.1.   Union production and Union industry
         
         
                     (104)
                  
                  
                     Peroxosulphates are manufactured by two producers in the Union. They constitute 100 % of total Union production during the RIP. Both producers supported the review request and cooperated with the investigation.
                  
               
                     (105)
                  
                  
                     These two companies thus constitute the Union industry within the meaning of Article 4(1) of the basic Regulation and will hereafter be referred to as the ‘Union industry’.
                  
               4.2.   Preliminary remark
         
         
                     (106)
                  
                  
                     In order to protect confidentiality under Article 19 of the basic Regulation the data relating to the two Union producers is presented in indexed form or in ranges.
                  
               
                     (107)
                  
                  
                     Information on imports have been analysed at CN code level for the three main types of the like product, ammonium persulphate, sodium persulphate, potassium persulphate, on TARIC code level for the fourth type, potassium peroxymonosulphate. The analysis of imports was supplemented by data collected under Article 14(6) of the basic Regulation.
                  
               4.3.   Consumption in the Union
         
         
                     (108)
                  
                  
                     Union consumption was established on the basis of the sales volume of the Union industry on the Union market, and import data from Eurostat, at CN code and TARIC code level. These sales volumes were cross-checked and updated when necessary as regards verified information from the Union producers.
                  
               
                     (109)
                  
                  
                     During the period considered the Union consumption developed as follows:
                     
                        Table 2
                     
                     
                        Consumption
                     
                     
                                  
                              
                              
                                 2015
                              
                              
                                 2016
                              
                              
                                 2017
                              
                              
                                 RIP
                              
                           
                                 Consumption (tonnes)
                              
                              
                                 37 000-43 000
                              
                              
                                 37 000-43 000
                              
                              
                                 37 000-43 000
                              
                              
                                 37 000-43 000
                              
                           
                                 
                                    Index (2009 = 100)
                                 
                              
                              
                                 100
                              
                              
                                 100
                              
                              
                                 106
                              
                              
                                 108
                              
                           
                                 
                                    Sources: Questionnaire replies, Eurostat, Article 14(6) database.
                              
                           
               
                     (110)
                  
                  
                     Union consumption increased by 8 % over the period considered.
                  
               4.4.   Imports into the Union from the PRC
         
         4.4.1.   Volume and market share
         
         
                     (111)
                  
                  
                     As mentioned in recital (95) above, almost all imports from the PRC originate from the one company which was found not to be dumping in the original investigation. Given that the imports covered by measures are insignificant (less than 1 % market share), the Commission found that prices were unrepresentative. As a consequence, the Commission concluded that prices evolution of the dumped imports cannot be analysed. For the same reason, it was not possible to calculate their price undercutting.
                  
               4.5.   Imports from other third countries
         
         
                     (112)
                  
                  
                     The volume of imports, prices and market share from other countries, as well as for non-dumped imports from China, during the period considered is shown in the table below. Due to confidentiality as explained in recital (106) above the market share figures and the non-dumped import volumes from China are disclosed in an indexed form.
                     
                        Table 3
                     
                     
                        Imports from other third countries and non-dumped imports from China
                     
                     
                                  
                              
                              
                                 2015
                              
                              
                                 2016
                              
                              
                                 2017
                              
                              
                                 RIP
                              
                           
                                 
                                    China
                                 
                              
                           
                                 Volume of imports (in tonnes)
                              
                              
                                 3 000-3 500
                              
                              
                                 2 500-3 000
                              
                              
                                 3 500-4 000
                              
                              
                                 4 000-4 500
                              
                           
                                 Volume of non-dumped imports
                                 
                                    Index (2015 = 100)
                                 
                              
                              
                                 100
                              
                              
                                 84
                              
                              
                                 114
                              
                              
                                 135
                              
                           
                                 Price EUR/tonne
                              
                              
                                 1 100-1 300
                              
                              
                                 1 100-1 200
                              
                              
                                 1 000-1 100
                              
                              
                                 1 000-1 100
                              
                           
                                 Market share
                                 
                                    Index (2015 = 100)
                                 
                              
                              
                                 100
                              
                              
                                 84
                              
                              
                                 108
                              
                              
                                 125
                              
                           
                                 
                                    Turkey
                                 
                              
                           
                                 Volume of imports (tonnes)
                              
                              
                                 2 328 
                              
                              
                                 2 522 
                              
                              
                                 2 008 
                              
                              
                                 2 303 
                              
                           
                                 
                                    Index (2015 = 100)
                                 
                              
                              
                                 100
                              
                              
                                 108
                              
                              
                                 86
                              
                              
                                 99
                              
                           
                                 Price EUR/tonne
                              
                              
                                 1 177 
                              
                              
                                 1 216 
                              
                              
                                 1 240 
                              
                              
                                 1 344 
                              
                           
                                 
                                    Index (2015 = 100)
                                 
                              
                              
                                 100
                              
                              
                                 103
                              
                              
                                 105
                              
                              
                                 114
                              
                           
                                 Market share
                                 
                                    Index
                                 
                              
                              
                                 100
                              
                              
                                 108
                              
                              
                                 82
                              
                              
                                 92
                              
                           
                                 
                                    USA
                                 
                              
                           
                                 Volume of imports (tonnes)
                              
                              
                                 4 520 
                              
                              
                                 4 828 
                              
                              
                                 5 019 
                              
                              
                                 5 364 
                              
                           
                                 
                                    Index (2015 = 100)
                                 
                              
                              
                                 100
                              
                              
                                 107
                              
                              
                                 111
                              
                              
                                 119
                              
                           
                                 Price EUR/tonne
                              
                              
                                 1 104 
                              
                              
                                 1 588 
                              
                              
                                 1 204 
                              
                              
                                 1 275 
                              
                           
                                 
                                    Index (2015 = 100)
                                 
                              
                              
                                 100
                              
                              
                                 144
                              
                              
                                 109
                              
                              
                                 116
                              
                           
                                 Market share
                                 
                                    Index
                                 
                              
                              
                                 100
                              
                              
                                 107
                              
                              
                                 105
                              
                              
                                 110
                              
                           
                                 
                                    India
                                 
                              
                           
                                 Volume of imports (tonnes)
                              
                              
                                 934
                              
                              
                                 956
                              
                              
                                 1 299 
                              
                              
                                 1 668 
                              
                           
                                 
                                    Index (2015 = 100)
                                 
                              
                              
                                 100
                              
                              
                                 102
                              
                              
                                 139
                              
                              
                                 179
                              
                           
                                 Price EUR/tonne
                              
                              
                                 1 537 
                              
                              
                                 1 514 
                              
                              
                                 1 487 
                              
                              
                                 1 545 
                              
                           
                                 
                                    Index (2015 = 100)
                                 
                              
                              
                                 100
                              
                              
                                 99
                              
                              
                                 97
                              
                              
                                 101
                              
                           
                                 Market share
                                 
                                    Index
                                 
                              
                              
                                 100
                              
                              
                                 102
                              
                              
                                 132
                              
                              
                                 165
                              
                           
                                 
                                    Other third countries
                                 
                              
                           
                                 Volume of imports (tonnes)
                              
                              
                                 819
                              
                              
                                 1 042 
                              
                              
                                 1 223 
                              
                              
                                 1 088 
                              
                           
                                 
                                    Index (2009 = 100)
                                 
                              
                              
                                 100
                              
                              
                                 127
                              
                              
                                 149
                              
                              
                                 133
                              
                           
                                 Price EUR/tonne
                              
                              
                                 1 148 
                              
                              
                                 1 397 
                              
                              
                                 1 305 
                              
                              
                                 1 411 
                              
                           
                                 
                                    Index (2009 = 100)
                                 
                              
                              
                                 100
                              
                              
                                 122
                              
                              
                                 114
                              
                              
                                 123
                              
                           
                                 Market share
                                 
                                    Index
                                 
                              
                              
                                 100
                              
                              
                                 127
                              
                              
                                 141
                              
                              
                                 123
                              
                           
                                 
                                    Total third countries
                                 
                              
                           
                                 Volume of imports (tonnes)
                              
                              
                                 9 000-12 000
                              
                              
                                 10 000-13 000
                              
                              
                                 11 000-14 000
                              
                              
                                 12 000-15 000
                              
                           
                                 
                                    Index (2009 = 100)
                                 
                              
                              
                                 100
                              
                              
                                 102
                              
                              
                                 112
                              
                              
                                 125
                              
                           
                                 Price EUR/tonne
                              
                              
                                 1 000-1 200
                              
                              
                                 1 200-1 400
                              
                              
                                 1 200-1 400
                              
                              
                                 1 200-1 400
                              
                           
                                 
                                    Index (2009 = 100)
                                 
                              
                              
                                 100
                              
                              
                                 117
                              
                              
                                 102
                              
                              
                                 106
                              
                           
                                 Market share
                                 
                                    Index
                                 
                              
                              
                                 100
                              
                              
                                 102
                              
                              
                                 106
                              
                              
                                 116
                              
                           
                                 
                                    Sources: Eurostat, Article 14(6) database.
                              
                           
               
                     (113)
                  
                  
                     Import volumes from other third countries (including the non-dumped imports from China) into the Union market increased by around 25 % during the period considered, and the average price increased by around 6 % over the same period. The market share of other third countries (including the non-dumped imports from China) also increased by around 16 % during the same period. At the same time the Union industry increased its prices on average by 5 % as stated in recital (124) below.
                  
               4.6.   Economic situation of the Union industry
         
         
                     (114)
                  
                  
                     Pursuant to Article 3(5) of the basic Regulation, the examination of the impact of the dumped imports on the Union industry included an evaluation of all economic factors and indices having a bearing on the state of the Union industry during the period considered.
                  
               4.6.1.   Production, production capacity and capacity utilisation
         
         
                     (115)
                  
                  
                     Over the period considered the production, the production capacity and the capacity utilisation of the Union industry developed as follows:
                     
                        Table 4
                     
                     
                                  
                              
                              
                                 2015
                              
                              
                                 2016
                              
                              
                                 2017
                              
                              
                                 RIP
                              
                           
                                 Production volume (tonnes)
                              
                              
                                 30 000-40 000
                              
                              
                                 30 000-40 000
                              
                              
                                 30 000-40 000
                              
                              
                                 30 000-40 000
                              
                           
                                 
                                    Index (2015 = 100)
                                 
                              
                              
                                 100
                              
                              
                                 100
                              
                              
                                 104
                              
                              
                                 101
                              
                           
                                 Production capacity (tonnes)
                              
                              
                                 40 000-45 000
                              
                              
                                 40 000-45 000
                              
                              
                                 40 000-45 000
                              
                              
                                 40 000-45 000
                              
                           
                                 
                                    Index (2015 = 100)
                                 
                              
                              
                                 100
                              
                              
                                 104
                              
                              
                                 103
                              
                              
                                 103
                              
                           
                                 Capacity utilisation (%)
                              
                              
                                 80-90
                              
                              
                                 80-90
                              
                              
                                 80-90
                              
                              
                                 80-90
                              
                           
                                 
                                    Index (2015 = 100)
                                 
                              
                              
                                 100
                              
                              
                                 96
                              
                              
                                 101
                              
                              
                                 99
                              
                           
                                 
                                    Source: Questionnaire replies
                              
                           
               
                     (116)
                  
                  
                     It follows that there was a modest increase in production capacity (by 2-4 %) but production volume and capacity utilisation remained stable.
                  
               4.6.2.   Sales volume and market share in the Union
         
         
                     (117)
                  
                  
                     Over the period considered sales in the Union by the Union industry developed as follows:
                     
                        Table 5
                     
                     
                                  
                              
                              
                                 2015
                              
                              
                                 2016
                              
                              
                                 2017
                              
                              
                                 RIP
                              
                           
                                 Sales volume in the Union (tonnes)
                              
                              
                                 20 000-30 000
                              
                              
                                 20 000-30 000
                              
                              
                                 20 000-30 000
                              
                              
                                 20 000-30 000
                              
                           
                                 
                                    Index (2015 = 100)
                                 
                              
                              
                                 100
                              
                              
                                 99
                              
                              
                                 103
                              
                              
                                 101
                              
                           
                                 Market share
                                 
                                    Index (2015 = 100)
                                 
                              
                              
                                 100
                              
                              
                                 99
                              
                              
                                 98
                              
                              
                                 93
                              
                           
                                 
                                    Sources: Questionnaire replies, Eurostat, Article 14(6) database.
                              
                           
               
                     (118)
                  
                  
                     The sales by the Union industry on the Union market remained stable during the period considered. However, the Union industry gradually lost market share during the same period by 7 % while the Union consumption increased by 8 %.
                  
               4.6.3.   Employment and productivity
         
         
                     (119)
                  
                  
                     Over the period considered the employment level and productivity within the Union industry developed as follows:
                     
                        Table 6
                     
                     
                                  
                              
                              
                                 2015
                              
                              
                                 2016
                              
                              
                                 2017
                              
                              
                                 RIP
                              
                           
                                 
                                    Index of employees (2015 = 100)
                                 
                              
                              
                                 100
                              
                              
                                 103
                              
                              
                                 102
                              
                              
                                 103
                              
                           
                                 
                                    Index of productivity (2015 = 100)
                                 
                              
                              
                                 100
                              
                              
                                 97
                              
                              
                                 102
                              
                              
                                 99
                              
                           
                                 
                                    Source: Questionnaire replies.
                              
                           
               
                     (120)
                  
                  
                     Employment increased throughout the period considered and rose by 3 %. Productivity of the Union producers’ workforce, measured as output (tonnes) per person employed per year, remained stable during the period considered. This is partly due to the efforts of Union industry in the previous years to respond to the pressure derived from dumped imports from the PRC at that time, already increasing productivity to high levels before the period considered.
                  
               4.6.4.   Growth
         
         
                     (121)
                  
                  
                     The growth in consumption in the Union was 8 percentage points during the period considered. However, the Union industry could not benefit from this modest increase in consumption as it continued to lose market share during the period considered.
                  
               4.6.5.   Stocks
         
         
                     (122)
                  
                  
                     Over the period considered stocks levels of the sampled Union producers developed as follows:
                     
                        Table 7
                     
                     
                                  
                              
                              
                                 2015
                              
                              
                                 2016
                              
                              
                                 2017
                              
                              
                                 RIP
                              
                           
                                 Stocks (tonnes)
                              
                              
                                 2 000-3 000
                              
                              
                                 2 000-3 000
                              
                              
                                 2 000-3 000
                              
                              
                                 2 000-3 000
                              
                           
                                 
                                    Index (2015 = 100)
                                 
                              
                              
                                 100
                              
                              
                                 113
                              
                              
                                 101
                              
                              
                                 108
                              
                           
                                 
                                    Source: Questionnaire replies.
                              
                           
               
                     (123)
                  
                  
                     Although the level of closing stocks of the Union industry increased between 2015 and the RIP its level remains relatively low with regard to production level.
                  
               4.6.6.   Average unit sales prices in the Union and cost of production
         
         
                     (124)
                  
                  
                     Over the period considered average unit sales prices to unrelated customers in the Union and average unit cost of production of the sampled Union producers developed as follows:
                     
                        Table 8
                     
                     
                                  
                              
                              
                                 2015
                              
                              
                                 2016
                              
                              
                                 2017
                              
                              
                                 RIP
                              
                           
                                 Average unit sales price in the Union
                                 
                                    Index (2015 = 100)
                                 
                              
                              
                                 100
                              
                              
                                 101
                              
                              
                                 101
                              
                              
                                 105
                              
                           
                                 Unit cost of production
                                 
                                    Index (2015 = 100)
                                 
                              
                              
                                 100
                              
                              
                                 102
                              
                              
                                 99
                              
                              
                                 104
                              
                           
                                 
                                    Source: Questionnaire replies.
                              
                           
               
                     (125)
                  
                  
                     Over the period considered, the cost of the Union industry increased by 3-5 %. At same time its prices increased by 4-6 % so the Union industry was able to cover the cost increase by raising its prices.
                  
               4.6.7.   Profitability, cash flow, investments, return on investment, ability to raise capital and wages
         
         
            Table 9
         
         
                      
                  
                  
                     2015
                  
                  
                     2016
                  
                  
                     2017
                  
                  
                     RIP
                  
               
                     Profitability
                     
                        Index (2015 = 100)
                     
                  
                  
                     100
                  
                  
                     86
                  
                  
                     123
                  
                  
                     110
                  
               
                     Cash flow
                     
                        Index (2015 = 100)
                     
                  
                  
                     100
                  
                  
                     79
                  
                  
                     117
                  
                  
                     103
                  
               
                     Investments
                     
                        Index (2015 = 100)
                     
                  
                  
                     100
                  
                  
                     60
                  
                  
                     91
                  
                  
                     99
                  
               
                     Return on investment
                     
                        Index (2015 = 100)
                     
                  
                  
                     100
                  
                  
                     88
                  
                  
                     128
                  
                  
                     110
                  
               
                     Annual labour costs per employee
                     
                        Index (2015 = 100)
                     
                  
                  
                     100
                  
                  
                     97
                  
                  
                     102
                  
                  
                     103
                  
               
                     
                        Source: Questionnaire replies.
                  
               
                     (126)
                  
                  
                     The Commission established the profitability of the sampled Union producers by expressing the pre-tax net profit of the sales of the like product to unrelated customers in the Union as a percentage of the turnover of those sales. During the period considered the profitability of the Union industry fluctuated between its lowest point at 6-8 % in 2016 and its highest point of 8-10 % in 2017 and below the target profit established in the original investigation (i.e. 12,0 %).
                  
               
                     (127)
                  
                  
                     During the period considered the cash flow of the Union industry increased by 3 %, while the level of investments remained stable.
                  
               
                     (128)
                  
                  
                     Between 2015 and the review investigation period, the return on investment, defined as the profit in percentage of the net book value of investments, increased by 10 %. During the same period the average wage levels increased slightly following the same trend as the unit cost of production.
                  
               4.6.8.   Magnitude of dumping and recovery from past dumping
         
         
                     (129)
                  
                  
                     As explained above there were no dumped imports from the PRC during the period considered, therefore the magnitude of dumping margin could not be assessed.
                  
               
                     (130)
                  
                  
                     During the period considered, the Union industry showed signs of recovery from the effects of past dumping. Union production, capacity utilisation, sales, and investment remained stable, while cash-flow and return on investment developed positively. The Union industry even slightly increased employment during the period considered. Thus, even though the sales volumes did not follow the increase in demand on the Union market as they remained stable over the period considered, the Commission concluded that the Union industry recovered from the past dumping.
                  
               4.7.   Conclusion
         
         
                     (131)
                  
                  
                     The situation of the Union industry improved in the period considered. Most of the injury indicators showed a positive or stable trend. The fact that the Union industry benefited from the measures is illustrated, among others, by the high level of capacity utilisation, and the increase in cash-flow and return on investment. The imports from the PRC present on the Union market originate from the sole Chinese producer found not to be dumping in the original investigation. On the basis of the above, the Commission concluded that the Union industry did not suffer material injury within the meaning of Article 3(5) of the basic Regulation during the review investigation period.
                  
               5.   LIKELIHOOD OF RECURRENCE OF INJURY
         
         
                     (132)
                  
                  
                     In accordance with Article 11(2) of the basic Regulation, the Commission examined next the likelihood of material injury to recur should measures against the PRC be allowed to lapse.
                  
               
                     (133)
                  
                  
                     The following elements were analysed: the production capacity and spare capacities in the PRC, the attractiveness of the Union market, including considerations on the existence of anti-dumping or countervailing measures on peroxosulphate in other third countries, the price behaviour of Chinese exporting producers in other third country markets, and the effect on the Union industry’s situation.
                  
               5.1.   Production capacity and spare capacities in the PRC
         
         
                     (134)
                  
                  
                     The PRC is by far the largest global exporter of the product under review in the world. The EU was the third most important export market of the PRC, based on total value exported during the review investigation period (69).
                  
               
                     (135)
                  
                  
                     As explained in recitals (100) to (101) above, producers in the PRC have significant production capacities and significant estimated spare capacity which largely exceeds the total Union consumption during the review investigation period.
                  
               5.2.   The attractiveness of the Union market
         
         
                     (136)
                  
                  
                     The Union market is worldwide the largest importer of the product under review (70). Furthermore, as shown in Table 1 above, Union consumption of the product concerned increased 8 % between 2015 and the RIP. This shows that Union consumption remains strong and is increasing. The Union market, because of its relatively large size and steadily-increasing consumption, remains attractive for Chinese exporting producers.
                  
               
                     (137)
                  
                  
                     In addition, trade defence measures against the export of the product under review are in place in other third countries such as the USA and India making it more difficult for Chinese exporting producers to export to these markets and further increasing the attractiveness of the Union market where these exports may be redirected.
                  
               5.3.   Price behaviour of Chinese exporting producers
         
         
                     (138)
                  
                  
                     Another element demonstrating the attractiveness of the Union market is the pricing strategy of Chinese exporting producers. In this context an analysis was performed on the basis of a comparison between the sales prices of the Union producers and the ex-works prices charged by the Chinese cooperating producer to third countries, brought to CIF level by adding transport and insurance costs to the Union, and adjusted to for post importation costs and conventional duties. These calculations showed that the Chinese export prices are 26 % below the selling prices of the Union producers when comparing at the same level. The same analysis was performed on the basis of all Chinese export prices as reported to third countries (Union excluded) in the Global Trade Atlas. These calculations showed that the Chinese export prices are 18 % below the selling prices of the Union producers when comparing at the same level. Therefore, it can be reasonably expected that the Chinese imports will enter the Union market at prices lower than the ones charged by the Union industry should the measures be allowed to lapse.
                  
               
                     (139)
                  
                  
                     Given the high spare capacities in the PRC, the attractiveness of the Union market and the pricing behaviour of Chinese exporting producers as summarised above in recitals (134) to (138), it is likely that significant volumes of low-priced peroxosulphates would be available for sale/redirection to the Union already in the short term in case the measures were allowed to lapse.
                  
               
                     (140)
                  
                  
                     As a consequence, the Union industry, which is currently capable of satisfying the Union demand, is likely to lose sales volume as well as market shares on the Union market.
                  
               5.4.   Effect on the Union industry situation
         
         
                     (141)
                  
                  
                     In order to assess the likely impact on the Union industry if measures were allowed to lapse, the Commission analysed what would be likely to happen to the Union industry’s sales prices, sales volume and profitability if low priced Chinese imports would enter the Union market in significant volumes.
                  
               
                     (142)
                  
                  
                     In this respect, it is recalled that when measures lapsed between 2002 and 2007, the Chinese dumped imports surged from 200 tons in 2001 to almost 9 000 tonnes in 2006 which led to prices decrease, loss of market share and significant profitability decrease of the Union industry.
                  
               
                     (143)
                  
                  
                     On the basis of the past experience and the current competitive situation of the Union industry, the Commission examined how injury indicators would likely be impacted if measures were allowed to lapse. The Commission therefore performed a simulation based on the following assumptions:
                     
                                 (a)
                              
                              
                                 The estimated evolution of sales volumes was based on a combination of historical increase in volumes when the measures lapsed for the first time (i.e. when Chinese dumped imports reached 9 000 tonnes in 2006), and the current competitive situation of the Union industry per product type, taking into account competitive advantages of the Union industry on the various product types (such as for e.g. better quality or shorter lead times), and the fact that increased imports would not only take market share from the Union industry but from other third countries as well.
                              
                           
                                 (b)
                              
                              
                                 The expected price evolution of the Union industry is based on the Chinese export prices as reported to the Union during the review investigation period minus a fraction of the differences in price level observed in recital (99) above, taking into account different product types.
                              
                           
                                 (c)
                              
                              
                                 The resulting estimated revenues were then applied to the cost structure of the Union industry during the review investigation period, as verified on spot, to recalculate profitability figures.
                              
                           
               
                     (144)
                  
                  
                     The simulation showed that a lapse of the measures would result in around 13 % decrease of sales volume of the Union industry after 1 year, and 20 % after 2 years, as well as a decrease in Union industry sales price of approximately 15 %. As a result, profitability figures would change from the current levels to a near loss-making situation for the Union industry after 1 year, and a loss-making situation after 2 years.
                  
               5.5.   Conclusion
         
         
                     (145)
                  
                  
                     On the basis of the above, the Commission concluded that the repeal of the measures on the imports from the PRC would likely result in a recurrence of material injury to the Union industry in a short period of time.
                  
               6.   INTEREST OF THE UNION INDUSTRY
         
         
                     (146)
                  
                  
                     It was concluded in recital (144) above that the Union industry would be likely to experience a serious deterioration of its situation in case the anti-dumping measures were allowed to lapse. Therefore, the continuation of measures would benefit the Union industry because the Union producers should be able to maintain its sales volumes, market share, profitability and its overall positive economic situation. By contrast, the discontinuation of the measures could threaten the viability of the Union industry because there are reasons to expect a shift of the Chinese imports to the Union market at dumped prices and in considerable volumes that would cause recurrence of injury.
                  
               7.   INTEREST OF USERS
         
         
                     (147)
                  
                  
                     None of the contacted users provided a questionnaire reply. Nevertheless, one user, Wacker Chemie AG, provided a submission in which it claimed that the measures should be terminated for various reasons, which are addressed below.
                  
               
                     (148)
                  
                  
                     First, the user claimed that the Union industry developed positively notwithstanding significant imports from China and high imports from other sources at comparable prices/often declining prices. Therefore, the Union industry should be able to withstand further competition from Chinese imports. Second, Wacker Chemie stated that the Union producers have been able to raise prices in the EU market regardless of production cost declines. Finally, elimination of the measures would enhance competition on the market and the ability to procure peroxosulphates at competitive prices from all sources.
                  
               
                     (149)
                  
                  
                     As mentioned in section 4.7 above, the Commission concluded that the Union industry did not suffer material injury during the review investigation period, and that the Union industry increased its sales prices over the period considered. However, this increase in sales price was linked to an equivalent increase in the cost of production (see recital (125)). Concerning import prices and volumes from the PRC, the Commission recalled that virtually all imports to the Union from the PRC originated from the exporter that was found not to be dumping in the original investigation, and which is not subject to the current review. In addition, imports from other third countries were made at prices comparable to the Union industry prices, and showed an increasing rather than a declining trend. The investigation also revealed that due to the nature of the product as well as the several sources of supplies available on the market users can easily switch suppliers. Therefore, the Commission rejected the user’s claims.
                  
               
                     (150)
                  
                  
                     In addition, the original investigation revealed that the impact of the product under review on the costs of downstream products is rather marginal and the effect of the anti-dumping duty was negligible (71). The users provided no information which would invalidate the conclusions reached in previous investigations that the impact of the duty on their business would be marginal.
                  
               8.   INTEREST OF IMPORTERS
         
         
                     (151)
                  
                  
                     None of the contacted importers imported the product under review in significant volumes and therefore were not required to provide questionnaire replies. None of the importers which made themselves known to the Commission at the beginning of the review provided comments.
                  
               
                     (152)
                  
                  
                     The investigation confirmed that importers can easily buy from different sources that are currently available on the market, in particular from the Union industry, US exporters and Chinese exporter selling at non-dumped prices. The Commission found in the original investigation that the proportion of peroxosulphates imports represented between 0,03 % and 1,3 % of importers’ total turnover (72). Therefore, in the absence of any evidence that would invalidate this finding and considering that imports of the product under review were insignificant during the review investigation period, the Commission concluded that importers would not be disproportionally affected by measures.
                  
               9.   CONCLUSION
         
         
                     (153)
                  
                  
                     In line with Article 21 of the basic Regulation the Commission weighed the various competing interests and gave special consideration to the need to protect the Union industry against the a likely recurrence of injury. In absence of any evidence that would invalidate the findings of the original investigation, the Commission concluded that importers and users are not concerned in such a significant way that maintaining the measures would be clearly disproportionate. In view of the above, the Commission concluded that there are no compelling reasons of Union interest against the maintenance of the current anti-dumping measures.
                  
               10.   SUBSEQUENT PROCEDURE
         
         
                     (154)
                  
                  
                     On 8 November 2019, the Commission disclosed the essential facts and considerations on the basis of which it intended to maintain the anti-dumping duties (‘final disclosure’) and invited parties to comment. The Commission did not receive any comments by interested parties objecting to the disclosed findings.
                  
               
                     (155)
                  
                  
                     The comments made by interested parties were considered by the Commission and taken into account, where appropriate.
                  
               11.   ANTI-DUMPING MEASURES
         
         
                     (156)
                  
                  
                     It follows from the above that the anti-dumping measures applicable to peroxosulphates originating in China should be maintained.
                  
               
                     (157)
                  
                  
                     To minimise the risks of circumvention due to the high difference in duty rates, special measures are needed to ensure the proper application of the individual anti-dumping duties. The companies with individual anti-dumping duties must present a valid commercial invoice to the customs authorities of the Member States. The invoice must conform to the requirements set out in Article 1(3) of this regulation. Imports not accompanied by that invoice should be subject to the anti-dumping duty applicable to ‘all other companies’.
                  
               
                     (158)
                  
                  
                     While presentation of this invoice is necessary for the customs authorities of the Member States to apply the individual rates of anti-dumping duty to imports, it should not be the only element to be taken into account by the customs authorities. Indeed, even if presented with an invoice meeting all the requirements set out in Article 1(3) of this Regulation, the customs authorities of Member States should carry out their usual checks and may, like in all other cases, require additional documents (shipping documents, etc.) for the purpose of verifying the accuracy of the particulars contained in the declaration and ensure that the subsequent application of the rate of duty is justified, in compliance with customs law.
                  
               
                     (159)
                  
                  
                     Should the exports by one of the companies benefiting from lower individual duty rates increase significantly in volume, in particular after the imposition of the measures concerned, such an increase in volume could be considered as constituting in itself a change in the pattern of trade due to the imposition of measures within the meaning of Article 13(1) of the basic Regulation. In such circumstances, an anti-circumvention investigation may be initiated, provided the conditions for so doing are met. This investigation may, inter alia, examine the need for the removal of individual duty rate(s) and the consequent imposition of a country-wide duty.
                  
               
                     (160)
                  
                  
                     If a company with an individual anti-dumping rate subsequently changes the name of its entity, it may request the continued application of this rate. The request must be addressed to the Commission (73). The request must contain all the relevant information enabling to demonstrate that the change does not affect the right of the company to benefit from the duty rate which applies to it. If the change of name of the company does not affect its right to benefit from the duty rate which applies to it, a notice informing about the change of name will be published in the Official Journal of the European Union.
                  
               
                     (161)
                  
                  
                     In view of Article 109 of Regulation (EU, Euratom) 2018/1046 of the European Parliament and of the Council (74), when an amount is to be reimbursed following a judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union, the interest to be paid should be the rate applied by the European Central Bank to its principal refinancing operations, as published in the C series of the Official Journal of the European Union on the first calendar day of each month.
                  
               
                     (162)
                  
                  
                     The measures provided for in this Regulation are in accordance with the opinion of the Committee established by Article 15(1) of Regulation (EU) 2016/1036,
                  
               HAS ADOPTED THIS REGULATION:
         
            Article 1
            
               1.   A definitive anti-dumping duty is imposed on imports of peroxosulphates (persulphates), including potassium peroxymonosulphate sulphate, currently falling under CN codes 2833 40 00 and ex 2842 90 80 (TARIC code 2842908020) and originating in the People’s Republic of China.
            
            
               2.   The rate of the definitive anti-dumping duty applicable to the net, free-at-Union-frontier price, before duty, of the product described in paragraph 1 and manufactured by the companies listed below, shall be as follows:
               
                           Company
                        
                        
                           Duty (%)
                        
                        
                           TARIC Additional Code
                        
                     
                           ABC Chemicals (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, Shanghai
                        
                        
                           0,0
                        
                        
                           A820
                        
                     
                           United Initiators Shanghai Co., Ltd
                        
                        
                           24,5
                        
                        
                           A821
                        
                     
                           All other companies
                        
                        
                           71,8
                        
                        
                           A999
                        
                     
            
               3.   The application of the individual duty rate specified for the companies mentioned in paragraph 2 shall be conditional upon presentation to the customs authorities of the Member States of a valid commercial invoice, on which shall appear a declaration dated and signed by an official of the entity issuing such invoice, identified by his/her name and function, drafted as follows: ‘I, the undersigned, certify that the (volume) of [product concerned] sold for export to the European Union covered by this invoice was manufactured by [company name and address] [TARIC additional code] in [country concerned]. I declare that the information provided in this invoice is complete and correct.’ If no such invoice is presented, the duty rate applicable to ‘all other companies’ shall apply.
            
            
               4.   Unless otherwise specified, the provisions in force concerning customs duties shall apply.
            
         
         
            Article 2
            This Regulation shall enter into force on the day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union.
         
         
            This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States.
            Done at Brussels, 16 January 2020.
            
               
                  For the Commission
               
               
                  The President
               
               Ursula VON DER LEYEN
            
         
         
            (1)  OJ L 176, 30.6.2016, p. 21, as last amended by Regulation (EU) 2018/825 (OJ L 143, 7.6.2018, p. 1).
         
            (2)  OJ L 265, 11.10.2007, p. 1.
         
            (3)  OJ L 338, 17.12.2013, p. 11.
         
            (4)  OJ C 110, 23.3.2018, p. 29.
         
            (5)  OJ C 454, 17.12.2018, p. 7.
         
            (6)  Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/1584 of 25 September 2019 initiating an investigation concerning possible circumvention of anti-dumping measures imposed by Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No 1343/2013 on imports of peroxosulphates (persulphates) originating in the People’s Republic of China, and making such imports subject to registration (OJ L 246, 26.9.2019, p. 19).
         
            (7)  Brussels, 20.12.2017 SWD(2017) 483 final/2; accessible at:
         http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2017/december/tradoc_156474.pdf
         
            (8)  Note to the file of 15 January, Sherlock number No t19.000129 (available in the open file).
         
            (9)  Note to the file of 6 May, Sherlock number No t19.002077 (available in the open file).
         
            (10)  The Report p. 6-7.
         
            (11)  The Report p. 10.
         
            (12)  See http://en.pkulaw.cn/display.aspx?cgid=311950&lib=law
         
            (13)  The Report, p. 41, 73-74.
         
            (14)  The Report, p. 120-121.
         
            (15)  The Report, p. 122-135.
         
            (16)  The Report, p. 167-168.
         
            (17)  The Report, p. 169-170, 200-201.
         
            (18)  The Report, p. 15-16, p. 50, p. 84, p. 108-109.
         
            (19)  The Report, p. 26.
         
            (20)  The Report, p. 31-32.
         
            (21)  https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-congress-companies-idUSKCN1B40JU
         
            (22)  The Report, p. 431.
         
            (23)  The Report, p. 431.
         
            (24)  The Report, p. 431.
         
            (25)  The Report, p. 111-150.
         
            (26)  The Report, p. 41-42, 83.
         
            (27)  The Report, p. 69.
         
            (28)  The Report, p. 409.
         
            (29)  The Report, p. 411.
         
            (30)  The Report, p. 66.
         
            (31)  The Report, p. 267-268.
         
            (32)  The Report, p. 271.
         
            (33)  The Report, p. 217-234.
         
            (34)  The Report, p. 431.
         
            (35)  The Report, p. 223, 231, 408 and 412.
         
            (36)  The Report, p. 138-149.
         
            (37)  The Report, p. 216.
         
            (38)  The Report, p. 213-215.
         
            (39)  The Report, p. 209-211.
         
            (40)  See recital (58) of the Commission Regulation (EC) No 390/2007 (OJ L 97, 12.4.2007, p. 6).
         
            (41)  See recitals 478-493 of Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/1690 (OJ L 283, 12.11.2018, p. 1).
         
            (42)  The Report, p. 332-337.
         
            (43)  The Report, p. 336.
         
            (44)  The Report, p. 337-341.
         
            (45)  The Report, p. 114-117.
         
            (46)  The Report, p. 119.
         
            (47)  The Report, p. 120.
         
            (48)  The Report, p. 121-122, 126-128, 133-135.
         
            (49)  The Report, p. 121-122, 126-128, 133-135.
         
            (50)  The Report, p. 362-363.
         
            (51)  The Report, p. 127.
         
            (52)  OECD Economic Surveys: China 2017, OECD Publishing, Paris, p. 22. Detailed figures can also be found in the China Quarterly Monetary Policy Report issued by the PBOC. The Report, p. 241.
         
            (53)  The Report, p. 252-255.
         
            (54)  World Bank Open Data — Upper Middle Income, https://data.worldbank.org/income-level/upper-middle-income (accessed on 27 March 2019)
         
            (55)  https://connect.ihs.com/gta/standardreports
         
            (56)  Turkish Statistical Institute, http://www.turkstat.gov.tr
         
            (57)  https://orbis4.bvdinfo.com/version-201866/orbis/Companies
         
            (58)  In the course of the investigation, the Commission noted that two raw materials were broken down in Turkey at a 12-digit level, namely sulphuric acid and potassium hydroxide. Almost all imports into Turkey were reported under one code i.e. under 28 07 00 00 00 19 for sulphuric acid and under 28 15 20 00 00 00 for potassium hydroxide. As stated in the Note of 15 January 2019, the Commission used the six digits (HS) code level.
         
            (59)  http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreIstatistikTablo.do?istab_id=2090, as last accessed on 12 August 2019.
         
            (60)  This is a statistical classification of economic activities used by Eurostat, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/nace-rev2 as last accessed on 12 August 2019.
         
            (61)  http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreIstatistikTablo.do?istab_id=2104 as last accessed on 12 August 2019.
         
            (62)  http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=30608 as last accessed on 12 August 2019. 100 Kuruş = 1 Turkish Lira.
         
            (63)  The data is available by half year periods. The Commission calculated the average price in the review investigation period as 25 % of 2nd half of 2017, 50 % of 1st half of 2018 and 25 % of the 2nd half of 2018.
         
            (64)  https://orbis4.bvdinfo.com/version-201988/orbis/1/Companies/report/Index?format=114678F1-A093-E711-8A1A-2C44FD99A5A0&BookSection=GLOBALSTANDARDFORMAT&seq=0
         
            (65)  As noted in recital (5), the Commission initiated an anti-circumvention investigation on these imports on 26 September 2019. The investigation concerns the company ABC Chemicals (Shanghai) Co. Ltd.
         
            (66)  The exporting producer sold to 25 countries in Asia, the Americas, Africa and European countries, not members of the Union.
         
            (67)  In the open Annex 4.2.2(b) of the Application the applicants set out a list of Chinese production capacities based on company websites.
         
            (68)  The applicants reported the overcapacity in the open version of the request, section 4.1.2, p. 18.
         
            (69)  Based on statistics extracted from GTA.
         
            (70)  Based on statistics extracted from GTA.
         
            (71)  OJ L 97, 12.4.2007, p. 6.
         
            (72)  OJ L 97, 12.4.2007, p. 6.
         
            (73)  European Commission, Directorate-General for Trade, Directorate H, Rue de la Loi 170, 1040 Brussels, Belgium.
         
            (74)  Regulation (EU, Euratom) 2018/1046 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 July 2018 on the financial rules applicable to the general budget of the Union, amending Regulations (EU) No 1296/2013, (EU) No 1301/2013, (EU) No 1303/2013, (EU) No 1304/2013, (EU) No 1309/2013, (EU) No 1316/2013, (EU) No 223/2014, (EU) No 283/2014, and Decision No 541/2014/EU and repealing Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 966/2012 (OJ L 193, 30.7.2018, p. 1).