CELEX: 62008CC0511
Language: en
Date: 2010-01-28
Title: Opinion of Mr Advocate General Mengozzi delivered on 28 January 2010.#Handelsgesellschaft Heinrich Heine GmbH v Verbraucherzentrale Nordrhein-Westfalen eV.#Reference for a preliminary ruling: Bundesgerichtshof - Germany.#Directive 97/7/EC - Consumer protection - Distance contracts - Right of withdrawal - Consumer charged with the cost of delivering the goods.#Case C-511/08.

OPINION OF ADVOCATE GENERAL
      MENGOZZI
      delivered on 28 January 2010 1(1)
      
      Case C‑511/08
      Verbraucherzentrale Nordrhein-Westfalen eV
      v
      Heinrich Heine GmbH
      (reference for a preliminary ruling from the Bundesgerichtshof (Germany))
      (Directive 97/7/EC – Consumer protection – Distance contracts – Right of withdrawal – Consumer charged with the cost of delivering the goods)I –  Introduction
      1.        This reference for a preliminary ruling has been submitted by the Bundesgerichtshof (Federal Court of Justice) (Germany) by
         decision of 1 October 2008 and seeks an interpretation of Article 6(1), second sentence, and Article 6(2) of Directive 97/7/EC
         of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 May 1997 on the protection of consumers in respect of distance contracts.
         (2)
      
      2.        The reference arises from a dispute between the Verbraucherzentrale Nordrhein-Westfalen eV (‘the applicant in the main proceedings’
         or ‘the applicant’) and Heinrich Heine GmbH, a trading company, (‘the defendant in the main proceedings’ or ‘the defendant’),
         in which the applicant seeks an injunction restraining the defendant from charging consumers the cost of delivering the goods
         in the event of withdrawal from a distance contract. 
      
      II –  Legal context 
      A –    Community law 
      3.        Recital 14 in the preamble to Directive 97/7 reads as follows:
      
      ‘Whereas the consumer is not able actually to see the product or ascertain the nature of the service provided before concluding
         the contract; whereas provision should be made, unless otherwise specified in this Directive, for a right of withdrawal from
         the contract; whereas, if this right is to be more than formal, the costs, if any, borne by the consumer when exercising the
         right of withdrawal must be limited to the direct costs for returning the goods; whereas this right of withdrawal shall be
         without prejudice to the consumer’s rights under national laws, with particular regard to the receipt of damaged products
         and services or of products and services not corresponding to the description given in the offer of such products or services;
         whereas it is for the Member States to determine the other conditions and arrangements following exercise of the right of
         withdrawal’.
      
      4.        Article 6(1) and (2) of that directive, entitled ‘Right of withdrawal’, provides:
      
      ‘1.       For any distance contract the consumer shall have a period of at least seven working days in which to withdraw from the contract
         without penalty and without giving any reason. The only charge that may be made to the consumer because of the exercise of
         his right of withdrawal is the direct cost of returning the goods.
      
      …
      2.      Where the right of withdrawal has been exercised by the consumer pursuant to this Article, the supplier shall be obliged to
         reimburse the sums paid by the consumer free of charge. The only charge that may be made to the consumer because of the exercise
         of his right of withdrawal is the direct cost of returning the goods. Such reimbursement must be carried out as soon as possible
         and in any case within 30 days.’
      
      5.        Article 14 of Directive 97/7, entitled ‘Minimal clause’, states that:
      
      ‘Member States may introduce or maintain, in the area covered by this Directive, more stringent provisions compatible with
         the Treaty, to ensure a higher level of consumer protection. Such provisions shall, where appropriate, include a ban, in the
         general interest, on the marketing of certain goods or services, particularly medicinal products, within their territory by
         means of distance contracts, with due regard for the Treaty.’
      
      B –    National law
      6.        Paragraph 312d of the German Civil Code (Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch; ‘BGB’), entitled ‘Right of withdrawal and return in respect
         of distance contacts’, provides as follows:
      
      ‘1. In respect of a distance contract a consumer has a right of withdrawal under Paragraph 355. In the case of contracts for
         the supply of goods, the consumer may be granted a right of return under Paragraph 356 instead of the right of withdrawal.
         
      
      2. In derogation from the first sentence of Paragraph 355(2), the withdrawal period shall not commence before the duties to
         provide information in accordance with Paragraph 312c(2) have been fulfilled; in the case of the supply of goods not before
         the date on which they are received by the recipient; in the case of recurrent supplies of goods of the same kind not before
         the date on which the first instalment is received by the recipient; and in the case of services not before the date on which
         the contract is concluded.’
      
      7.        Paragraph 346(1) to (3) of the BGB, entitled ‘Effects of termination of the contract’, is worded as follows: 
      
      ‘1. If one party to a contract has reserved the right to terminate the contract or if he has a statutory right of termination,
         then, if termination occurs, any services received shall be returned, and the benefits derived from such services surrendered.
      
      2. The debtor shall pay compensation for value, in lieu of restitution or surrender, where:
      (1) restitution or surrender is excluded by virtue of the nature of what has been obtained;
      (2) he has used up, transferred, encumbered, processed or transformed the object received;
      (3) the object received has deteriorated or has been destroyed, any deterioration resulting from the proper use of the object
         for its intended purposes being disregarded.
      
      If the contract specifies consideration, such consideration shall be taken as a basis for calculation of the compensation
         for value; if compensation is to be provided for the benefit deriving from use of a loan, evidence may be adduced to show
         that the value of such benefit was lower.
      
      3. No obligation to pay compensation for value shall arise:
      (1) if the defect which gives the right to termination became apparent only during the processing or transformation of the
         object;
      
      (2) in so far as the creditor is responsible for the deterioration or destruction, or in so far as the damage would also have
         occurred in his hands;
      
      (3) if, in the case of a statutory right of termination, the deterioration or destruction has occurred in the hands of the
         person entitled, even though he has taken the care that he customarily exercises in relation to his own affairs.
      
      Any remaining enrichment must be surrendered.’
      8.        Paragraph 347(2) of the BGB, entitled ‘Benefits and expenditure after termination’, states:
      
      ‘If the obligor returns the object or gives compensation for the value or if his duty to compensate for value under Paragraph
         346(3) no 1 or 2 is excluded, he must be reimbursed for his necessary outlays. Other expenses are to be reimbursed to the
         extent that the obligee is enriched by them.’
      
      9.        Paragraph 355 of the BGB, entitled ‘Right of withdrawal in respect of consumer contracts’, is worded as follows:
      
      ‘1. If a consumer is granted a statutory right of withdrawal under this provision, he shall no longer be bound by his declaration
         of intention to conclude the contract if he has withdrawn from it in good time. The withdrawal does not have to be reasoned
         and must be declared to the seller in writing or by returning the item within two weeks; the withdrawal period shall be deemed
         to be observed in the case of dispatch in good time.
      
      2. The period shall commence when the consumer has been informed in writing by a clearly formulated notice of his right of
         withdrawal which makes clear to him his rights in accordance with the requirements of the means of communication used and
         which also states the name and address of the person to whom withdrawal is to be declared and refers to the beginning of the
         period and the rules in the second sentence of paragraph 1. If notice is given after the contract has been concluded, the
         period shall be one month, in derogation from the second sentence of paragraph 1. If the contract is to be concluded in writing,
         the period shall not begin to run until the consumer has also been provided with a contract document, his written application
         or a copy of the contract document or of the application. If the time at which the period commences is disputed, the seller
         shall bear the burden of proof.
      
      3. The right of withdrawal shall expire at the latest six months after the conclusion of the contract. In the case of the
         supply of goods the period shall not commence before the date on which they are received by the recipient. In derogation from
         the first sentence, the right of withdrawal shall not expire if the consumer is not given due notice of his right of withdrawal,
         and in the case of distance contracts concerning the provision of financial services it shall also not expire if the seller
         has not duly complied with his duties to provide information in accordance with Paragraph 312c(2)(1).’ 
      
      10.      Paragraph 356 of the BGB, entitled ‘Right of return in consumer contracts’, states:
      
      ‘1. The right of revocation under Paragraph 355 may, to the extent expressly permissible by statute, where the contract is
         entered into on the basis of a sales prospectus, be replaced in the contract by an unlimited right of return. The requirement
         is that
      
      (1) a clearly drafted instruction on the right of return is included in the sales prospectus,
      (2) the consumer was able to obtain detailed knowledge of the sales prospectus in the absence of the entrepreneur, and
      (3) the consumer is granted the right of return in text form.
      …’
      11.      Paragraph 357 of the BGB, entitled ‘Legal consequences of withdrawal and return’, provides:
      
      ‘1. Unless otherwise provided, the provisions on statutory termination shall apply mutatis mutandis to the right of withdrawal
         and return. Paragraph 286(3) shall apply mutatis mutandis to the obligation to reimburse payments under that provision; the
         period laid down therein shall commence with the declaration of withdrawal or return by the consumer. In this connection the
         period shall commence, with regard to an obligation to reimburse on the part of the consumer, when that declaration is made
         and, with regard to an obligation to reimburse on the part of the seller, when that declaration is received.
      
      …
      3. In derogation from point 3 of the first sentence of Paragraph 346(2), the consumer shall pay compensation in respect of
         deterioration in the goods as a result of their proper use if he has been informed in writing of this legal consequence and
         of a means of avoiding it at the latest when the contract is concluded. This shall not apply if the deterioration is due solely
         to testing of the item. Point 3 of the first sentence of Paragraph 346(3) shall not apply if the consumer has been given due
         notice of his right of withdrawal or if he has become aware of it in some other way.
      
      4. The above provisions shall be exhaustive as regards the rights of the parties.’
      12.      Paragraph 448(1) of the BGB, entitled ‘Costs of delivery and comparable costs’, is worded as follows:
      
      ‘The seller bears the costs of delivery of the thing, the buyer the costs of acceptance and of shipping the thing to a place
         other than the place of performance.’
      
      III –  The main proceedings, the question referred and the procedure before the Court 
      13.      The defendant in the main proceedings is a mail-order company. Its general conditions of sale provide that the consumer is
         to pay a flat-rate charge of EUR 4.95 for delivery, which the supplier will not refund in the event of withdrawal from the
         contract.
      
      14.      The applicant in the main proceedings is a consumer association, duly constituted in accordance with German law. It brought
         an action against the defendant in the main proceedings for an injunction to restrain it from charging consumers the cost
         of delivering the goods in the event of withdrawal. 
      
      15.      The first instance court granted that injunction. 
      
      16.      The appeal brought against that judgment by the defendant in the main proceedings was dismissed by the Oberlandesgericht (Higher
         Regional Court) Karlsruhe.
      
      17.      An appeal on a point of law (‘Revision’) was then brought before the Bundesgerichtshof, which finds that the German legislation
         does not formally confer upon the consumer the right to reimbursement of the cost of delivery of the goods ordered in the
         event of withdrawal.
      
      18.      However, if Directive 97/7 were interpreted as precluding the charging of the delivery cost to consumers in the event of withdrawal,
         Paragraphs 312d(1), 357(1), first sentence, and 346(1) of the BGB would have to be construed in a manner consistent with that
         directive as meaning that the supplier must reimburse the consumer for the cost of delivery of the goods. 
      
      19.      Even though certain German academic lawyers support an interpretation of Directive 97/7 favourable to consumers, the referring
         court considers that it is not in a position to determine with the requisite certainty whether the directive must be interpreted
         in that way. 
      
      20.      In that regard the referring court sets out a number of arguments of certain legal writers who take the opposing view. 
      
      21.      First, the phrase ‘because of the exercise of his right of withdrawal’ in the English version of Article 6(1), first subparagraph,
         second sentence, and Article 6(2), second sentence, of Directive 97/7, which provide that ‘the only charge that may be made
         to the consumer because of the exercise of his right of withdrawal is the direct cost of returning the goods’, could suggest
         that those provisions relate only to the costs incurred as a result of exercising the right of withdrawal, excluding delivery
         costs which have already been incurred at the date of withdrawal. The other language versions of Directive 97/7 support that
         interpretation. 
      
      22.      Second, Article 6(2), first sentence, of Directive 97/7 could be interpreted as meaning that, in the event of withdrawal,
         it does not prevent the supplier from raising counterclaims for compensation for the value of goods used by the consumer which,
         because of their nature, cannot be returned. Therefore, it would be consistent with Article 6 to acknowledge that delivery
         is a service provided by the supplier for which the consumer should refund a replacement value equal to the delivery cost
         and that the supplier’s obligation of reimbursement is reduced accordingly. 
      
      23.      Third, it is not certain that the aim of consumer protection expressed in recital 14 in the preamble to Directive 97/7 also
         requires the reimbursement of the delivery cost. When making an ordinary purchase, the consumer has to meet the cost of travelling
         to the shop, not to mention the fact that he has also had to spend time travelling. 
      
      24.      The Bundesgerichtshof therefore decided to stay the proceedings and to refer the following question to the Court for a preliminary
         ruling:
      
      ‘Are the provisions of Article 6(1), [first subparagraph], [second] sentence, and Article 6(2) of Directive 97/7/EC … to be
         interpreted as precluding national legislation which allows the costs of delivering the goods to be charged to the consumer
         even where he has withdrawn from the contract?’
      
      25.      In accordance with Article 23 of the Statute of the Court of Justice, the applicant in the main proceedings, the German, Spanish,
         Austrian and Portuguese Governments and the Commission of the European Communities submitted written observations. Those parties
         were also heard at the hearing which took place on 29 October 2009, with the exception of the Spanish, Austrian and Portuguese
         Governments, which were not represented. 
      
      IV –  Assessment
      26.      In essence, the question from the referring court is whether the provisions of Article 6(1), first subparagraph, second sentence,
         and Article 6(2) of Directive 97/7 are to be interpreted as precluding national legislation which requires the cost of delivering
         the goods to be charged to consumers where they exercise their right of withdrawal in distance contracts. 
      
      27.      First of all, it must be observed that distance contracts are characterised by two elements. The first decisive element is
         that the two contracting parties – the supplier and the consumer – are not physically and simultaneously present together
         when distance contracts are prepared and concluded. The second characteristic element is that those transactions are carried
         out under an organised distance sales or service-provision scheme run by the supplier, who makes exclusive use of distance
         communication techniques. (3)
      
      28.      In that connection it should be noted that, for a contract to fall within the scope of Directive 97/7, those two decisive
         elements must be present when the contract is concluded. (4) However, performance of such a contract inevitably requires that the goods be sent to the consumer, particularly in the case
         of a mail order, as in the present case. This must be taken into account, where relevant, when determining who is to meet
         the delivery costs in the event of withdrawal.
      
      29.      For that purpose, it is necessary to decide whether delivery costs are ‘costs’ within the meaning of Article 6(1), first subparagraph,
         second sentence, and Article 6(2) of Directive 97/7. The question, therefore, is whether ‘costs’ is to be interpreted broadly,
         as maintained by the applicant in the main proceedings, the Spanish, Austrian and Portuguese Governments and the Commission,
         or strictly, as advocated by the German Government. The answer to that question entails not only a literal and systematic
         interpretation of the provisions of that directive, but also some discussion of its purpose.
      
      30.      First of all, it has consistently been held that the need for uniform application of Community law requires that the terms
         of a provision of Community law which makes no express reference to the law of the Member States for the purpose of determining
         its meaning and scope must normally be given an autonomous interpretation throughout the European Union and that interpretation
         must take into account the context of the provision and the purpose of the legislation in question. (5)
      
      31.      In using the word ‘cost’ in Article 6(1) and (2) of Directive 97/7, the Community legislature did not use it with reference
         to the law of the Member States. However, it must be said that the directive contains no express definition either of ‘costs’
         or of ‘delivery costs’. (6)
      
      32.      With regard to the context of the provisions in question, Article 6(1), first subparagraph, first sentence of Directive 97/7,
         confers upon the consumer a broad and unconditional right of withdrawal by providing that he may withdraw ‘without penalty
         and without giving any reason’. Article 6(1), first subparagraph, second sentence, confirms the idea that exercise of the
         right of withdrawal is not in principle to have negative consequences for the consumer by stating that the only charge that
         may be made to the consumer because of the exercise of that right is the direct cost of returning the goods. The words ‘only
         charge’ require strict interpretation and make that exception unique.
      
      33.      Article 6(2), first sentence, of Directive 97/7 lays down, for its part, the obligation on the part of the supplier to reimburse
         ‘the sums paid’ by the consumer ‘free of charge’ if the latter withdraws. Thus, by establishing the principle of ‘full refund’
         of any amount paid by the consumer to the supplier, without the latter being able to keep or charge the consumer any costs
         whatsoever, the abovementioned provision confirms the principle already stated in Article 6(1) that exercise of the right
         of withdrawal is not in principle to entail any penalty or financial charge for the consumer.
      
      34.      Therefore, the term ‘sums paid’ in Article 6(2) includes not only the purchase price of the goods or the charge for the service
         provided, but also amounts paid by the consumer to the supplier in connection with the conclusion or performance of the distance
         contract, including delivery costs.
      
      35.      With regard to the German Government’s observations to the effect that only the price of the goods or the service, provided
         by the consumer as consideration for the primary obligation of the supplier, is covered by the term ‘sums paid’, it must be
         noted that the term is clearly used in the plural in Article 6(2), first sentence, of Directive 97/7. (7) The argument that the plural is used because the price of goods can be paid not only in a single amount but also in several
         instalments is not persuasive because it overlooks the fact that, even if there are several payments, they are of the same
         legal nature and each one falls within the concept of ‘price’.
      
      36.      A systematic interpretation of that directive also corroborates the broad scope of the term ‘sums paid’. It must be observed,
         in that regard, that the directive expressly uses the word ‘price’ in several provisions: among others, in relation to the
         obligation to provide information (Article 4(1)(c)), the exceptions concerning the right of withdrawal (Article 6(3), second
         indent) and in relation to the effects of withdrawal from the distance contract on the credit agreement (Article 6(4), first
         subparagraph, first and second indents). By contrast, in Article 6(2), first sentence, of Directive 97/7 the Community legislature
         does not repeat the word ‘price’, but uses the term ‘sums paid’, which is undeniably broader.
      
      37.      Consequently, there is no justification for the view that ‘sums paid’ means only the price of the goods or the service, which
         would inevitably exclude an obligation to repay the other contractual costs paid by the consumer to the supplier in connection
         with a distance contract.
      
      38.      Article 6(2), second sentence, of Directive 97/7 must be interpreted in the light of that finding and the principle of repayment
         in full and free of charge in the first sentence of that article. The second sentence lays down the only exception to the
         application of that principle in stating that the ‘only charge’ that may be made to the consumer because of the exercise of
         his right of withdrawal is the direct cost of returning the goods.
      
      39.      Furthermore, the use of the terms ‘free of charge’ in the first sentence of Article 6(2) and ‘only charge’ in the second sentence
         thereof also implies a broad interpretation of ‘costs’ and, therefore, supports the argument that the Community legislature
         intended to regulate the legal and financial consequences of withdrawal with regard to all the costs connected with the conclusion
         or performance of a distance contract.
      
      40.      With regard to the term ‘because of’ in Article 6(1), first subparagraph, second sentence, and in Article 6(2), second sentence,
         of Directive 97/7, which state that ‘the only charge that may be made to the consumer because of the exercise of his right
         of withdrawal is the direct cost of returning the goods’, the German Government submits that the term reflects the idea that
         Article 6 regulates only some of the potential costs, in particular the costs which have a causal connection with the exercise
         of the right of withdrawal. Therefore, the Community legislature had no intention of regulating all the contractual costs,
         but only those arising from withdrawal.
      
      41.      On that point, it must be observed that there is considerable divergence between the different language versions of those
         two sentences. Although the German, English and French versions use terms which reflect the idea of a causal link inherent
         in the term ‘because of’, (8) nevertheless, neither the Spanish nor the Italian version does so. They refer merely to a consumer who exercises(9) his right of withdrawal. (10)
      
      42.      In the light of this, it is necessary to follow the settled case-law which states that, in the case of divergence between
         the different language versions of a Community provision, the provision in question must be interpreted by reference to the
         purpose of the rules of which it forms a part. (11)
      
      43.      In that regard, we may start with recital 14 in the preamble to Directive 97/7, which states that ‘the costs, if any, borne
         by the consumer when exercising the right of withdrawal must be limited to the direct costs for returning the goods’. (12) The fact that the words ‘when exercising’ are used in the same language versions of Directive 97/7 where ‘because of’ is
         used in Article 6 thereof is significant. Referring likewise to recital 14, the Court, in Messner, affirmed that the prohibition of imposing on consumers charges other than those resulting directly from the return of the
         goods, laid down in Article 6 of Directive 97/7, serves to ensure that the right of withdrawal ‘is to be more than formal’
         (13) since, without such a prohibition, the consumer could be dissuaded from exercising that right. (14)
      
      44.      However, if the aim of Article 6 and of Directive 97/7 is not to discourage consumers from exercising their right of withdrawal,
         the directive cannot be construed as meaning that it authorises the Member States to permit the consumer to be required pay
         the delivery costs in the event of withdrawal. That would undoubtedly be a negative pecuniary consequence likely to discourage
         the consumer from exercising the right of withdrawal, and not only where goods of low value are purchased and the delivery
         cost could be a significant part of the amount paid by the consumer. 
      
      45.      Furthermore, as the Court observed in Messner, the right of withdrawal is intended to offset the disadvantage for the consumer resulting from a distance contract by granting
         him an appropriate period for reflection during which he can examine and test the goods acquired. (15)
      
      46.      In the case of a ‘conventional’ contract of sale, the consumer (a) can examine the goods purchased, (b) decide immediately
         to conclude or not to conclude the contract, and (c) if he concludes the contract, has various options from which to choose,
         namely, taking the goods away with him, thus avoiding delivery costs, or entrusting that task to a firm of his choice, at
         the best price. In the case of a distance contract, by contrast, (a) the supplier decides on the conditions and arrangements
         for delivery, (b) the contract is concluded subject to withdrawal, and (c) the consumer chooses the method of returning the
         goods. 
      
      47.      In so far as distance contracts are concerned, Directive 97/7 aims to achieve a balance in sharing the costs by making it
         possible for the Member States to charge the consumer the direct cost of returning the goods, that is to say, to require him
         to bear the financial consequences of his choice, because if he chooses a very costly means of return which is disproportionate
         to the value of the goods, it would not be fair to charge the supplier the cost of returning them because he has no power
         to influence the consumer’s decision on the means of delivery.
      
      48.      Charging the delivery costs to the supplier in the event of withdrawal is consistent with the same idea of fairly sharing
         the costs because, if the goods are sent to the consumer, the supplier is free to choose the method of delivery, either by
         dispatching the goods himself or by using a subcontractor or specialised carrier. 
      
      49.      Charging the supplier with the delivery cost in the event of the consumer’s withdrawal can also be explained in economic terms.
         Normally, in the case of a distance contract, the supplier has no need to keep a shop or business premises and therefore saves
         on the costs which that involves. Thus the financial burden which the charging of delivery costs represents for the supplier
         in the event of withdrawal (which, incidentally, does not occur in every contract concluded) is counterbalanced by the savings
         which the supplier makes by avoiding the costs connected with managing a shop.
      
      50.      For all the reasons given above, the balance in the sharing of the risks and burdens in the case of a distance contract where
         the consumer withdraws, which is provided for by Directive 97/7 in favour of the consumer, would be impaired if, in addition
         to the direct cost of return which the Member State may impose on the consumer, he also had to pay the cost of delivering
         the goods. 
      
      51.      Conversely, the German Government’s view cannot be shared that charging the supplier the delivery cost in the event of withdrawal
         would be a complete remodelling of the contractual relationship, giving rise to unacceptable interference in the relationship
         between the parties. 
      
      52.      That position is not convincing because it does not take into account the fact that Directive 97/7 regulates the charging
         of costs only where the consumer exercises the right of withdrawal. The fact that, in the event of withdrawal, the supplier
         has to refund the delivery cost paid by the consumer does not affect in any way the question of who pays that cost where the
         contract is performed and the Member States and businesses remain free to regulate penalty provisions. 
      
      53.      Likewise I am not persuaded by the German Government’s additional argument in support of its proposition, first, that Directive
         97/7, by permitting the Member States to provide for the consumer to be charged the delivery cost, aims to create for the
         consumer a situation corresponding to that of a consumer who goes to a shop to buy goods and has to pay the cost of travel
         to that shop and, second, that it would not be fair for the supplier to have to meet the cost of delivery in the event of
         withdrawal as it would not be acceptable to require the seller to meet the buyer’s travel expenses if the buyer finds that
         the goods displayed in the shop do not meet his expectations and finally decides not to buy. 
      
      54.      The argument that delivery costs are equivalent to travel costs must be dismissed on the basis of both legal and functional
         considerations.
      
      55.      First, whereas the costs of travel to the shop are, from the legal viewpoint, expenses connected with the preparation and
         conclusion of the contract, delivery costs always arise at the stage of performing the contract. 
      
      56.      Second, the consumer’s purpose in travelling is to contact the supplier and the travel costs are borne by the consumer. Consequently,
         at the functional level travel costs correspond more to the costs of access to the distance communication system such as,
         for example, the cost of establishing an internet connection. That access also has the purpose of establishing contact between
         the supplier and the consumer. The cost of doing so is undeniably borne by the latter. 
      
      57.      With regard to the legal consequences of withdrawal and, in particular, the reciprocal refund obligation mentioned by the
         referring court and the German Government, the case-law laid down in Schulte(16) might appear relevant to the present case. In that judgment the Court, with reference to the obligation to return goods in
         their original condition, stated that Council Directive 85/577/EEC of 20 December 1985 to protect the consumer in respect
         of contracts negotiated away from business premises (17) does not preclude national legislation which provides for an obligation on the consumer, in the event of cancellation of
         a secured credit agreement, not only to repay the amounts received under the contract but also to pay the lender interest
         at the market rate.(18)
      
      58.      There are three reasons why that case-law cannot be applied to the present case in relation to the refund of delivery costs
         following withdrawal from a distance contract.
      
      59.      First, the substantive scope of Directive 85/577 differs from that of Directive 97/7, which is relevant in the present case,
         since the two directives relate to two kinds of contract which differ in nature and purpose, one being loan agreements and
         the other distance contracts. 
      
      60.      Secondly, the facts of the case in the main proceedings differ from those in Schulte, where the issue was the repayment of a financial benefit, namely the interest which the consumer had received on a capital
         sum, whereas the issue in the present case is not the repayment of such a benefit received by the consumer but, on the contrary,
         the repayment of sums paid by the consumer to the supplier. 
      
      61.      Third, Article 6 of Directive 97/7 expresses an approach which differs from the idea of the mere obligation of repayment laid
         down in Article 5(2) of Directive 85/577. (19) That provision gives the consumer greater protection because of the disadvantageous situation arising from the characteristics
         of distance contracts since it provides for the consumer’s right, in the event of withdrawal, to the repayment in full and
         without charge of sums paid to the supplier, that is to say, a right going beyond the mere return of the goods in their original
         condition. 
      
      62.      Finally, the German Government contends that, as Directive 97/7 is a minimum harmonisation directive, the Member States retain
         the power of regulation in certain areas, such as the consequences of withdrawal.
      
      63.      On that point, it must be observed that, although Directive 97/7 at present requires minimum harmonisation regarding distance
         contracts, Article 14 thereof nevertheless provides that the Member States may introduce or maintain more stringent provisions
         with the sole object of ensuring a higher level of consumer protection. However, a national rule that leaves the buyer to
         bear the delivery cost if he withdraws, thus depriving him of a full refund of the sums paid to the supplier, cannot be described
         as a provision that aims to ensure a higher level of consumer protection than that provided for by the Directive 97/7. 
      
      64.      Furthermore, the German Government’s next argument appears equally unconvincing, namely that recital 14 in the preamble to
         Directive 97/7, in stating that ‘it is for the Member States to determine the other conditions and arrangements following
         exercise of the right of withdrawal’, leaves it to the discretion of the Member States to regulate the question of meeting
         the cost of delivery. That argument comes up against the fact that Article 6 of Directive 97/7 lays down provisions concerning
         the refund of costs connected with a distance contract and, consequently, a rule concerning the charging of costs, including
         delivery costs, cannot be described as one of the ‘other’ conditions or arrangements following exercise of the right of withdrawal,
         which are not regulated by the directive.
      
      65.      In the light of the above, I am of the opinion that Article 6(1), first subparagraph, second sentence, and Article 6(2) of
         Directive 97/7 must be interpreted as precluding national legislation which, in the context of a distance contract, requires
         the cost of delivering the goods to be charged to the consumer after he exercises his right of withdrawal.
      
      V –  Conclusion
      66.      In the light of all of the above findings, I propose that the Court’s answer to the question referred by the Bundesgerichtshof
         should be that:
      
      Article 6(1), first subparagraph, second sentence, and Article 6(2) of Directive 97/7/EC of the European Parliament and of
         the Council of 20 May 1997 on the protection of consumers in respect of distance contracts are to be interpreted as precluding
         national legislation which, in the context of a distance contract, requires the cost of delivering the goods to be charged
         to the consumer after he exercises his right of withdrawal.
      
      1 –	Original language: French.
      
      2 –	OJ 1997 L 144, p. 19.
      
      3 –	See recital 9 in the preamble to, and Article 2(1) and (4) of, Directive 97/7.
      
      4 –	See, in that regard, Bernardeau, L., ‘La directive communautaire 97/7 en matière de contrats à distance’, Cahiers de droit européen, Nos. 1-2, Brussels, 2000, p. 122 et seq.
      
      5 –	See, inter alia, Case 327/82 Ekro [1984] ECR 107, paragraph 11, and Case C‑287/98 Linster [2000] ECR I-6917, paragraph 43.
      
      6 –	The term ‘delivery costs’ appears only in Article 4(1)(d) of Directive 97/7.That article sets out the consumer’s right
         to information on costs prior to the conclusion of a distance contract. 
      
      7 –	The German (‘geleisteten Zahlungen’), French (‘sommes versées’), Spanish (‘sumas abonadas’) and Italian (‘somme versate’)
         versions of Directive 97/7 also use the term in the plural.
      
      8 –	The French (‘en raison de’), English (‘because of’) and German (‘infolge’) versions use the same term. 
      
      9 –	Italics added.
      
      10 –	In the Spanish version, neither Article 6(1), second sentence, of Directive 97/7 (‘El único gasto que podría imputarse
         al consumidor es el coste directo de la devolución de las mercancías al proveedor), nor Article 6(2), second subparagraph,
         second sentence, the wording of which differs slightly from that of Article 6(1) (‘Únicamente podrá imputarse al consumidor
         que ejerza el derecho de rescisión el coste directo de la devolución de las mercancías) refer to that causal link. They speak
         only of a consumer who exercises his right of withdrawal. The Italian version contains the same sentence in both paragraphs (‘Le uniche spese eventualmente
         a carico del consumatore dovute all’esercizio del suo diritto di recesso sono le spese dirette di spedizione dei beni al mittente’)
         without referring to a causal link. 
      
      11 –	Case 30/77 Bouchereau [1977] ECR 1999, paragraph 14.
      
      12 –	Comparison of the different language versions does not reveal the divergences between them. The German (‘müssen die Kosten,
         die, wenn überhaupt, vom Verbraucher im Fall der Ausübung des Widerrufsrechts getragen werden, auf die unmittelbaren Kosten
         der Rücksendung der Waren begrenzt werden’), English (‘the costs, if any, borne by the consumer when exercising the right
         of withdrawal must be limited to the direct costs for returning the goods’), Spanish (‘los costes en que, en su caso, incurra
         el consumidor cuando lo ejercite deben limitarse a los costes directos de la devolución de la mercancía’) and Italian (‘che
         è necessario limitare ai costi diretti di spedizione dei beni al mittente gli oneri – qualora ve ne siano – derivanti al consumatore
         dall’esercizio del diritto di recesso’) versions of recital 14 do not use the term ‘because of’, but all refer merely to the
         exercise of the right of withdrawal.
      
      13 -	Case C-489/07 Messner [2009] ECR I-0000, paragraph 19.
      
      14 –	Ibid.
      
      15 –	Paragraph 20.
      
      16 –	Case C-350/03 Schulte [2005] ECR I‑9215.
      
      17 –	OJ 1985 L 372, p. 31.
      
      18 –	Schulte, paragraph 93.
      
      19 –	Under Article 5(2) of Directive 85/577 ‘the giving of the notice shall have the effect of releasing the consumer from any
         obligations under the cancelled contract’.