CELEX: 52020PC0497
Language: en
Date: 2020-09-14
Title: Proposal for a COUNCIL IMPLEMENTING DECISION authorising Sweden to apply a reduced rate of taxation to electricity directly provided to vessels at berth in a port in accordance with Article 19 of Directive 2003/96/EC

EUROPEAN COMMISSION
            Brussels, 14.9.2020
            COM(2020) 497 final
            2020/0254(NLE)
            Proposal for a
            COUNCIL IMPLEMENTING DECISION
            authorising Sweden to apply a reduced rate of taxation to electricity directly provided to vessels at berth in a port in accordance with Article 19 of Directive 2003/96/EC
            
               
         
         
            
               EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM
            
            
               1.CONTEXT OF THE PROPOSAL
            
            
               •Reasons for and objectives of the proposal
            
            
               
                  Taxation of energy products and electricity in the Union is governed by Council Directive 2003/96/EC of 27 October 2003 restructuring the Community framework for the taxation of energy products and electricity
                     1
                   (the ‘Energy Taxation Directive’ or the ‘Directive’).
               
               
                  Pursuant to Article 19(1) of the Directive, in addition to the provisions laid down in particular in its Articles 5, 15 and 17, the Council, acting unanimously on a proposal from the Commission, may authorise any Member State to introduce further exemptions or reductions in the level of taxation for specific policy considerations.
               
               
                  By virtue of Council Implementing Decision 2014/725/EU of 14 October 2014
                     2
                   (preceded by Council Implementing Decision 2011/384/EU of 20 June 2011
                     3
                  ), Sweden has already been authorised to apply a reduced rate of taxation to electricity directly supplied to vessels, other than private pleasure craft
                     4
                  , berthed in ports (‘shore-side electricity’).
               
               
                  The objective of this proposal is to extend that authorisation as requested by Sweden, given that the current derogation expired on 25 June 2020. 
               
               
                  By letter dated 15 August 2019, the Swedish authorities informed the Commission of their intention to prolong the current measure until 31 December 2023. Additional information was provided by letter dated 1 April 2020.
               
               
                  The intention of the Swedish authorities is to continue to apply a reduced rate of SEK 5 (app. EUR 0.484) (
                     5
                  ) per MWh of electricity tax to shore-side electricity. At the time of the submission of the request this tax rate was in accordance with the minimum rate of taxation for electricity for business use as laid down in Directive 2003/96/EC. Article 13 of the Directive lays down a 5% tolerance limit for Member States that have not adopted the euro.
               
               
                  It is recalled that Article 13 of the Energy Taxation Directive obliges Member States to check once a year if the tax rates expressed in national currencies are in line with the minimum rates of the Directive. This exercise is done using the exchange rates published in the Official Journal of the European Union on the first working day of October. Member States may maintain the amounts of taxation in force at the time of the annual adjustment only if the conversion of the amounts of the level of taxation expressed in euro would result in an increase of less than 5% or EUR 5, whichever is the lower amount, in the level of taxation expressed in national currency.
               
               
                  The requested period of validity of the derogation is from 26 June 2020 until 31 December 2023, which is in continuity with the current derogation and within the maximum period allowed by Article 19 of the Energy Taxation Directive.
               
               
                  The aim of reducing the tax is to encourage these vessels, which usually use an oil-propelled auxiliary motor for their electricity supply, to use shore-side electricity instead. The provisions lead to fewer emissions from vessels lying at berth, thereby reducing the deposition of acidifying substances, which is a problem particularly in south-west Sweden. The provisions are also considered to lead to significant local environmental improvements, inter alia in the form of a reduction in noise levels.
               
               
                  The reduction involves lowering the energy tax applicable to shore-side electricity from the otherwise applicable level of SEK 34.7 per MWh to SEK 5 per MWh.
               
               
                  On the other hand, Article 14(1)(c) of the Energy Taxation Directive Member States have to exempt energy products used to produce electricity –and electricity produced- on board ships at berth in ports. They may also do so in the case of electricity produced on board ships for navigation on inland waterways according to Article 15(1)(f) of the Directive. Sweden confirmed the transposition of this latter optional exemption.
               
            
            
               Sweden will apply the reduced rate of electricity taxation to all supplies of shore-side electricity of at least 380 V to vessels used for commercial shipping of at least 400 gross tonnage. The limit is considered appropriate by the Swedish authorities so as to ensure that the absolute majority of vessels used in international traffic and larger vessels used in national traffic will be covered by the proposed reduction. These are the vessels considered to be responsible for the largest part of emissions caused by the running of auxiliary motors on board while berthed in ports. The reduction does not apply when the ship is used for private purposes or when it is laid up or has been taken out of service on a long-term basis.
            
            
               
                  There is however no obligation for vessels to use shore-side electricity.
               
            
            
               The Swedish authorities acknowledge that the measure constitutes state aid. However, it falls within the scope of paragraphs 167-174 of the Commission guidelines on state aid for environmental protection and energy 2014 2020. The measure also meets the material conditions in Commission Regulation (EU) No 651/2014 of 17 June 2014 declaring certain categories of aid compatible with the internal market in application of Articles 107 and 108 of the Treaty (the ‘General Block Exemption Regulation’, ‘GBER’).
            
            
               The Swedish authorities acknowledge that measure favours owners of ships used for commercial shipping. However, they consider it is neutral with respect to competition, since it is available to all ships (except ships for private use) at berth in Swedish ports. As regards the effect on trade between Member States, Sweden assumes that the effect will be negligible as the choice of ports depends on the cargo's destination rather than on the reduced costs of berthing caused by the tax reduction for shore-side electricity.
            
            
               The annual budgetary expenditure is estimated at SEK 6 million.
            
         
         
            
               The measure is granted in the form of a repayment reducing the tax burden on the electricity concerned.
            
            
               The Swedish authorities consider that the tax reduction applied to shore-side electricity does not create a significant competitive benefit for vessel operators using shore-side electricity as opposed to those using on board generation. If only the electricity cost itself and the tax is taken in account, then the cost for shore-side electricity with a lower tax rate is somewhat lower than the price for electricity produced on board. However, the total cost for the use of shore-side electricity is also affected by additional costs in the form of grid charges, investments in the on-board connection and directly or indirectly the costs for investments in the port supply facilities. However, as the investments in the supply facilities in the ports and on board are quite costly, the Swedish authorities consider that a lower tax rate is a prerequisite for ports and ship owners making these investments.
            
            
               The aim of the measure is to reduce the environmental impact of maritime transport. The measure will reduce airborne emissions and noise from vessels lying at berth. The measure will go some way towards facilitating the achievement in the port cities of the limit values for nitrogen dioxide set out in the Air Quality Directive (2008/50/EC). This also has a positive impact on other air quality parameters around the ports.
            
            
               
                  Sweden requested the authorisation to be granted until 31 December 2023, starting from 26 June 2020, without interruption with the current derogation and within the maximum period indicated in Article 19(2) of the Directive.
               
            
            
               •Consistency with existing policy provisions in the policy area
            
            
               
                  Taxation of electricity is governed by Directive 2003/96/EC, in particular Article 10.  Article 14(1)(c) provides for an obligatory tax exemption for energy products for navigation as well as for electricity produced on board a craft. Articles 5, 15 and 17 provide for the possibility for Member States to apply tax differentiations, including exemptions and reductions, to certain uses of electricity. However, as such, these provisions do not provide for reduced taxation of shore-side electricity.
               
               
                  The measure constitutes State aid and falls within the ambit of the EU legislation on this subject matter, in particular Commission Regulation 651/2014/EU
                     6
                  .
               
            
            
               Provisions under the Energy Taxation Directive
            
            
               
                  Assessment of the measure under Article 19 of Directive 2003/96/EC
               
               
                  Article 19(1), first subparagraph, of the Directive reads as follows: 
               
               
                  In addition to the provisions set out in the previous Articles, in particular in Articles 5, 15 and 17, the Council, acting unanimously on a proposal from the Commission, may authorise any Member State to introduce further exemptions or reductions for specific policy considerations.
               
               
                  The Commission has already recommended the use of shore-side electricity as an alternative to the generation of electricity on board the vessels at berth and thereby recognised its environmental advantages
                     7
                  . 
               
               
                  The possibility to introduce a favourable tax treatment to shore-side electricity can be envisaged under Article 19 of the Directive since its purpose is to allow Member States to introduce further exemption or reductions for specific policy considerations. 
               
               
                  Sweden has requested that the measure should apply for approximately 3.5 years, less than the maximum period allowed by Article 19(2), i.e. 6 years. In principle, the period of application of the derogation should be long enough in order not to discourage port operators and electricity suppliers from continuing or starting to make the necessary investments in shore-side electricity facilities. This period will provide the legal certainty also to ship operators, which have to plan their investments in on-board equipment. 
               
            
            
               However, the derogation should not undermine future developments of the existing legal framework and should take into account the upcoming revision of the Energy Taxation Directive and a possible adoption by the Council of a legal act based on a Commission proposal for amendment of the Energy Taxation Directive. This review follows the evaluation of the Energy Taxation Directive
                  8
                and the Council Conclusions on the EU energy taxation framework from 28 November 2019
                  9
               . In its Conclusions, the Council invited the Commission to analyse and evaluate possible options with a view to publishing in due course a proposal for the revision of the Energy Taxation Directive; and called on the Commission to give particular consideration to the scope of the Directive, minimum rates and specific tax reductions and exemptions. 
            
            
            
               Under these circumstances, while it appears appropriate to grant the authorisation for the requested period, the validity of the derogation should be made subject to the entry into application of general provisions in the matter at a point in time earlier than the end of 2023.
            
            
            
               
                  State aid rules
               
               
                  The reduced tax rate of SEK 5 (app. EUR 0.484) (
                     10
                  ) per MWh envisaged by the Swedish authorities was at the time of the submission of the request in accordance with the minimum rate of taxation for electricity for business use as laid down in Directive 2003/96/EC
               
            
         
         
            
               
                  The measure thus seems to fall under Article 44 of Commission Regulation 651/2014/EU, which stipulates the conditions under which aid in the form of reductions in environmental taxes under Directive 2003/96/EC can be exempted from the State aid notification requirements. However it cannot be established at this stage whether all the conditions set in this Regulation are fulfilled and the proposal for a Council implementing decision does not prejudge the Member State’s obligation to ensure compliance with State aid rules, in particular, in case of exempted aid, falling under Commission Regulation 651/2014/EU.
               
            
            
               •Consistency with other Union policies
            
            
               
                  Environment and climate change policy
               
               
                  The requested measure concerns mainly the EU's environment policy. To the extent that it will help to reduce the burning of bunker fuels on board the vessels in ports, the measure will in fact contribute to the objective of improving local air quality, reducing noise and fighting climate change. Directive 2008/50/EC on Ambient Air Quality
                     11
                   requires Member States to ensure that the levels of several air pollutants are kept below the limit values, target values and other air quality standards, established in the Directive. This obligation requires Member States to find solutions to problems such as ship emissions at berth in ports where this is relevant and it is conceivable that in ports where these problems exist the use of shore-side electricity will be encouraged as one element of the overall air quality strategy. The use of shore-side electricity is also encouraged under Directive (EU) 2016/802
                     12
                   regulating the sulphur content in marine fuels.
               
               
                  According to the Swedish authorities, the use of shore-side electricity has led to emission reductions of sulphur dioxide, nitric oxides, particulate matters and carbon oxides. The Swedish Authorities do not presently have any more recent estimates of the emission reductions attributed to the measure. The full potential of the measure has not been reached since costly equipment is needed both on quays and on the ships. The use of shore-side electricity is of importance in the Swedish strive to meet the air quality standards in accordance with the directive 2008/50/EC of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe.
               
               
                  Energy policy
               
               
                  The measure is in line with Directive 2014/94/EU on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure
                     13
                  , which addresses the issue of installing shore-side electricity supply facilities in ports where there is demand for such facilities and the costs are not disproportionate to the benefits, including environmental benefits. It has also been recognised as an objective of common interest for the granting of State aid under Article 107(1) of TFEU
                     14
                  .
               
               
                  It has to be recalled at this point that one important reason for the unfavourable competitive position of shore-side electricity lies in the fact that the alternative, i.e. electricity produced on board the vessels while in maritime ports, currently enjoys a full net tax exemption: not only is the bunker fuel burnt for generating the electricity exempt from taxation, which corresponds to the normal situation under Article 14(1)(a) of Directive 2003/96/EC, but also the electricity produced on board the vessels is itself exempt (cf. Article 14(1)(c) of Directive 2003/96/EC). Although the latter exemption could as such be considered difficult to reconcile with the environmental objectives of the Union, it mirrors considerations of practicability. In fact, taxation of the electricity produced on board would require a declaration by the ship owner – often established in a third country – or operator of the amount of electricity consumed. The declaration would furthermore have to determine the share of the electricity consumed in the territorial waters of the Member State where the tax is due. It would create a huge administrative burden for ship-owners to have to make such declarations for every Member States whose territorial waters are concerned.
               
               
                  Transport policy
               
               
                  The measure is in line with Commission recommendation 2006/339/EC on the promotion of shore-side electricity for use by ships at berth in Union ports
                     15
                   and with the Commission Communication Strategic goals and recommendations for the EU's maritime transport policy
                     16
                  .
               
               
                  Internal market and fair competition
               
               
                  From the point of view of the internal market and fair competition the measure only reduces the existing tax distortion between two competing sources of electricity for boats at berth, i.e. on board generation and shore-side electricity, caused by the tax exemption for bunker fuels.
               
               
                  The Swedish authorities have not observed considerable changes in the ship owners’ choice of ports linked to the availability of shore-side electricity facilities. Presently mainly ferries and route bound traffic make use of the shore-side electricity. The ship owners’ choice of port is not based on whether shore side electricity is supplied or not. According to stake holders cruise liners often choses berths where shore-side electricity is available.
               
               
                  Furthermore, access to shore-side electricity will be available for the ships concerned regardless of their flag without leading to a more advantageous tax treatment of national economic operators over their competitors from other EU Member States.
               
               
                  Concerning competition between ports, it can be expected that any potential impact on trade between Member States, which could result if vessels alter their routes because of the possibility to consume shore-side electricity at a reduced tax rate, will be negligible. In a situation where, as stated above, the use of shore-side electricity is, at least in the short term, unlikely to become more economic than on-board generation in spite of the tax reduction, this tax reduction for shore-side electricity is also unlikely to significantly distort competition between ports by inducing vessels to change their itinerary according to the availability of this option.
               
               
                  The timeframe for which it is proposed to prolong the authorization to apply a reduced tax rate, unless there will be significant changes in the current framework and situation, makes it unlikely that the analysis conducted in the preceding paragraphs will change before the date of expiry of the measure.
               
            
            
               2.LEGAL BASIS, SUBSIDIARITY AND PROPORTIONALITY
            
            
               •Legal basis
            
            
               
                  Article 19 of Council Directive 2003/96/EC.
               
            
            
               •Subsidiarity (for non-exclusive competence) 
            
         
         
            
               
                  The field of indirect taxation covered by Article 113 of TFEU is not in itself within the exclusive competence of the European Union within the meaning of Article 3 of TFEU.
               
               
                  However, pursuant to Article 19 of Directive 2003/96/EC, the Council has been granted an exclusive competence, as a matter of secondary law, to authorise a Member State to introduce further exemptions or reductions within the meaning of that provision. Member States cannot therefore substitute themselves for the Council. As a result, the principle of subsidiarity is not applicable to the present implementing decision. In any event, since this act is not a draft legislative act, it should not be transmitted to national Parliaments pursuant to Protocol No 2 to the Treaties for review of compliance with the subsidiarity principle.
               
            
            
               •Proportionality
            
            
               
                  The proposal respects the principle of proportionality. The tax reduction does not exceed what is necessary to attain the objective in question.
               
            
            
               •Choice of the instrument
            
            
               
                  The instrument proposed is a Council implementing decision. Article 19 of Directive 2003/96/EC makes provision for this type of measure only.
               
            
            
               3.RESULTS OF EX-POST EVALUATIONS, STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS AND IMPACT ASSESSMENTS
            
            
               •Ex-post evaluations/fitness checks of existing legislation
            
            
               
                  The measure does not require the evaluation of existing legislation.
               
            
            
               •Stakeholder consultations
            
            
               
                  This proposal is based on a request made by Sweden and concerns only this Member State.
               
            
            
               •Collection and use of expertise
            
            
               
                  There was no need for external expertise.
               
            
            
               •Impact assessment
            
            
               
                  This proposal concerns an authorisation for an individual Member State upon its own request and does not require an impact assessment.
               
               
                  The information provided by Sweden suggests that the measure will have a limited impact on tax revenues. In more detail, an estimation of the tax expenditures from the measure, according to the Swedish authorities, a loss of SEK 6 million per year is expected for the coming years.
               
               
                  Sweden expects the measure to have a positive impact on the achievement of its environmental goals and in particular the improvement of air quality in accordance with Directive 2008/50/EC on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe. The use of shore-side electricity has led to emission reductions of sulphur dioxide, nitric oxides, particulate matter and carbon oxides. The full potential of the measure has not been reached since costly equipment is needed both on quays and on the ships.
               
            
            
               •Regulatory fitness and simplification
            
            
               
                  The measure does not provide for a simplification. It is the result of the request made by Sweden and concerns only this Member State.
               
            
            
               •Fundamental rights
            
         
         
            
               
                  The measure has no bearing on fundamental rights.
               
            
            
               4.BUDGETARY IMPLICATIONS
            
            
               
                  The measure does not impose any financial or administrative burden on the Union. The proposal therefore has no impact on the budget of the Union.
               
            
            
               5.OTHER ELEMENTS
            
            
               •Implementation plans and monitoring, evaluation and reporting arrangements
            
            
               
                  An implementation plan is not necessary. This proposal concerns an authorisation for a tax reduction for an individual Member State upon its own request. It is provided for a limited period until 31 December 2023. The tax rate that will apply will have to be in accordance with the minimum level of taxation set by the Energy Taxation Directive. The measure can be evaluated in case of a request for a renewal after the validity period has expired.
               
            
            
               •Explanatory documents (for directives)
            
            
               
                  The proposal does not require explanatory documents on the transposition. 
               
            
            
               •Detailed explanation of the specific provisions of the proposal
            
            
               
                  Article 1 stipulates that Sweden will be allowed to apply a reduced rate of electricity taxation to electricity directly supplied to vessels, other than private pleasure craft, berthed in Swedish ports (‘shore-side electricity’). The tax rate must be in line with the minimum level of taxation for electricity for business use set by the Directive. It will not be possible to supply electricity at a reduced rate to private pleasure craft as defined in Article 14(1)(c), second subparagraph of Directive 2003/96/EC.
               
               
                  Article 2 stipulates that the authorisation requested is granted with effect from 26 June 2020, in continuity with the current Council Implementing Decision 2014/725/EU, until 31 December 2023, within the maximum period of 6 years allowed by the Directive, as requested by Sweden.
               
            
            
               2020/0254 (NLE)
            
            
               Proposal for a
            
            
               COUNCIL IMPLEMENTING DECISION
            
            
               authorising Sweden to apply a reduced rate of taxation to electricity directly provided to vessels at berth in a port in accordance with Article 19 of Directive 2003/96/EC
            
            
               THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION,
            
            
               Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, 
            
            
               Having regard to Council Directive 2003/96/EC of 27 October 2003 restructuring the Community framework for the taxation of energy products and electricity
                  17
               , and in particular Article 19 thereof,
            
            
               Having regard to the proposal from the European Commission,
            
            
               Whereas:
            
         
         
            
               (1)By Council Implementing Decision 2014/725/EU
                  18
                Sweden was authorised to apply a reduced rate of taxation to electricity directly provided to vessels at berth in a port (‘shore-side electricity’) in accordance with Article 19 of Directive 2003/96/EC until 25 June 2020.
            
            
               (2)By letter of 15 August 2019, Sweden sought authorisation to continue to apply a reduced rate of electricity tax to shore-side electricity pursuant to Article 19 of Directive 2003/96/EC. The Swedish authorities provided additional information by letter dated 1 April 2020.
            
            
               (3)With the reduced tax rate that it intends to apply, Sweden aims at continuing the promotion of the use of shore-side electricity. The use of such electricity is considered to be an environmentally less harmful way to satisfy the electricity needs of vessels lying at berth in ports than, with the burning of bunker fuels by those vessels.
            
            
               (4)Insofar as the use of shore-side electricity avoids emissions of air pollutants originating from the burning of bunker fuels, it contributes to an improvement to the local air quality in port cities and to noise reduction. The measure is therefore expected to contribute to the environmental, health and climate policy objectives of the Union.
            
            
               (5)Allowing Sweden to apply a reduced rate of taxation to shore-side electricity does not go beyond what is necessary to increase the use of such electricity, since on-board generation of electricity will remain the more competitive alternative in most cases. For the same reason, and because of the current relatively low degree of market penetration of the technology, the measure is unlikely to lead to significant distortions in competition during its lifetime and will thus not negatively affect the proper functioning of the internal market.
            
            
               (6)In accordance with Article 19(2) of Directive 2003/96/EC, each authorisation granted under that provision is to be strictly limited in time. In order to ensure that the authorisation period is sufficiently long so as not to discourage relevant economic operators from making the necessary investments, it is appropriate to grant the authorisation until 31 December 2023. However, the authorisation should cease to apply from the date of application of any general provisions on tax advantages for shore-side electricity adopted by the Council under Article 113 or any other relevant provision of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, should such provisions become applicable prior to 31 December 2023. 
            
            
               (7)In order to provide legal certainty to port and ship operators and to avoid a potential increase in the administrative burden for the distributors and redistributors of electricity, it should be ensured that Sweden may continue to apply a reduced rate of taxation to shore-side electricity. The authorisation requested should therefore be granted with effect from 26 June 2020, in order to follow seamlessly on from the prior arrangements under Council Implementing Decision 2014/725/EU.
            
            
               (8)This Decision is without prejudice to the application of Union rules regarding State aid,
            
            
               HAS ADOPTED THIS DECISION: 
            
            
               Article 1
            
            
               Sweden is authorised to apply a reduced taxation rate to electricity directly supplied to vessels, other than private pleasure craft, berthed in ports (‘shore-side electricity’), provided that the minimum levels of taxation referred to in Article 10 of Directive 2003/96/EC are respected.
            
            
               Article 2
            
            
               This Decision shall apply from 26 June 2020 until 31 December 2023.
            
            
               However, should the Council, acting on the basis of Article 113 or any other relevant provision of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, provide for general rules on tax advantages for shore-side electricity, this Decision shall cease to apply on the day on which those general rules become applicable.
            
            
               Article 3
            
            
               This Decision is addressed to the Kingdom of Sweden.
            
            
               Done at Brussels,
            
            
               
                     For the Council
               
               
                     The President
               
            
         
         
            
                  
                     (1)
                  
                        OJ L 283, 31.10.2003, p. 51–70.
               
               
                  
                     (2)
                  
                        OJ L 301, 21.10.2014, p. 27–28.
               
               
                  
                     (3)
                  
                        OJ L 170, 30.06.2011, pp. 36–37.
               
               
                  
                     (4)
                  
                        The term ‘private pleasure craft’ is defined in Article 14(1)(c), second subparagraph of Directive 2003/96/EC.
               
               
                  
                     (5)
                  
                        All calculations are based on the exchange rate on 1 October 2018, i.e. SEK 10,3300 for EUR 1. Cf. OJ C 353/1 of 2.10.2018
               
               
                  
                     (6)
                  
                        Commission Regulation (EU) No 651/2014 of 17 June 2014 declaring certain categories of aid compatible with the internal market in application of Articles 107 and 108 of the Treaty (OJ L 187, 26.6.2014, p. 1–78)
               
               
                  
                     (7)
                  
                        Commission Recommendation 2006/339/EC of 8 May 2006 on the promotion of shore-side electricity for use by ships at berth in Community ports (OJ L 125, 12.5.2006).
               
               
                  
                     (8)
                  
                        SWD(2019) 329 final.
               
               
                  
                     (9)
                  
                        Council conclusions of 28 November 2019, 14608/19, FISC 458. 
               
               
                  
                     (10)
                  
                        All calculations are based on the exchange rate on 1 October 2018, i.e. SEK 10,3300 for EUR 1. Cf. OJ C 353/1 of 2.10.2018
               
               
                  
                     (11)
                  
                        Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe (OJ L 152, 11.6.2008, p 1).
               
               
                  
                     (12)
                  
                        Directive (EU) 2016/802 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 May 2016 relating to a reduction in the sulphur content of certain liquid fuels (OJ L 132, 21.5.2016, p. 58–78).
               
               
                  
                     (13)
                  
                        Directive 2014/94/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2014 on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure (OJ L 307, 28.10.2014, pp. 1–20)
               
               
                  
                     (14)
                  
                        C(2014) 2231 final of 9 April 2014.
               
               
                  
                     (15)
                  
                        Commission Recommendation 2006/339/EC of 8 May 2006 on the promotion of shore-side electricity for use by ships at berth in Community ports (OJ L 125, 12.5.2006)
               
               
                  
                     (16)
                  
                        Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions – Strategic goals and recommendations for the EU's maritime transport policy until 2018, COM(2009) 8 final of 21 January 2009.
               
               
                  
                     (17)
                  
                        OJ L 283, 31.10.2003, p. 51.
               
               
                  
                     (18)
                  
                        OJ L 301, 21.10.2014, p. 27–28.