CELEX: 51998PC0096
Language: fi
Date: 1998-02-23
Title: Ehdotus neuvoston päätökseksi yhdistyneiden Kansakuntien ilmastonmuutosta koskevan puitesopimuksen pöytäkirjan allekirjoittamisesta Euroopan yhteisön puolesta

EUROOPAN YHTEISÖJEN KOMISSIO
                                                Bryssel, 23.02.1998
                                                KOM(1998)961opull.
                                    Ehdotus
                       NEUVOSTON PÄÄTÖKSEKSI
Yhdistyneiden Kansakuntien ilmastonmuutosta koskevan puitesopimuksen pöytäkirjan
                 allekirjoittamisesta Euroopan yhteisön puolesta
                              (komission esittämä)
 ---pagebreak---  ---pagebreak---                                        Perustelut
   Neuvosto valtuutti 4. helmikuuta 1991 komission osallistumaan yhteisön puolesta
   ilmastonmuutosta koskevasta puitesopimuksesta ja kaikista siihen liittyvistä
   pöytäkirjoista käytäviin neuvotteluihin1.
   Yhteisö ja kaikki sen jäsenvaltiot allekirjoittivat Yhdistyneiden Kansakuntien
   ilmastonmuutosta koskevan puitesopimuksen kesäkuussa 1992 ja yhteisö ratifioi sen
    15. joulukuuta 19932 tehdyn päatöksen nojalla.
   Sopimuspuolten ensimmäinen konferenssi järjestettiin Berliinissä 28. maaliskuuta -
   7. huhtikuuta 1995. Konferenssissa päätettiin aloittaa prosessi, jolla sopimuspuolten
   välinen konferenssi valtuutetaan sopimaan aiheellisista toimista vuoden 2000
   jälkeiselle jaksolle, mm. vahvistamaan puitesopimuksen liitteessä I mainittujen
   sopimuspuolten sitoumuksia hyväksymällä pöytäkirja tai muu oikeudellinen
   asiakirja. Kokouksessa perustettiin avoin erityistyöryhmä laatimaan kertomus
   konferenssin toiselle kokoukselle prosessin edistymisestä.
   Tämä niin sanottua Berliinin mandaattia käsittelevä erityistyöryhmä kokoontui
   kahdeksan kertaa..
   Neuvotteluja yhteisön toimivaltaan kuuluvista asioista käytiin neuvoston 4.
   helmikuuta 19913 antamien neuvotteluohjeiden ja neuvoston tämän jälkeen
   tekemien ilmastonmuutosta koskevien päätelmien mukaisesti. Viimeisimmät
   päätelmät annettiin 3. maaliskuuta, 19. kesäkuuta ja 16. lokakuuta 1997
   järjestetyissä ympäristöneuvoston kokouksissa.
   Pöytäkirja hyväksyttiin viimein Kiotossa 1. - 10. joulukuuta 1997 järjestetyssä
   sopimuspuolten konferenssissa
   Vaikka lopullisesti hyväksytty pöytäkirja ei täysin vastaa Euroopan unionin
   neuvottelutavoitteita, neuvottelujen tulos on myönteinen maailmanlaajuisen
   ympäristön kannalta ja yhdenmukainen yhteisön lainsäädännön kanssa, ja se sopii
   yhteen myös edellä mainittujen neuvoston päätelmien kanssa. Yhteisön olisi
   toimittava johtavan asemansa mukaisesti myös pöytäkirjan allekirjoittamisen
    suhteen. Näin ollen on yhteisön edun mukaista, että se voi allekirjoittaa pöytäkirjan
   niin pian kuin mahdollista sen jälkeen, kun se avataan allekirjoituksille New
    Yorkissa 16. maaliskuuta 1998. Pöytäkirjaa pidetään avoinna allekirjoituksille 15.
   päivään maaliskuuta 1999. Seuraavassa vaiheessa pöytäkirja edellyttää
    sopimuspuolten ratifiointia tai hyväksymistä. Komissio tulee esittämään ehdotuksen
   neuvoston päätökseksi asiassa.
    Ottaen huomioon muiden tärkeimpien kumppanien julkiset kannanotot, on jo selvää,
   että maapallonlaajuinen toimeenpano riippuu siitä, että kuluvana vuotena edistytään
1
  DOC 4446/91 ENV 34 ENER 4
2
  EYVLL33, 7.2.1994, s. 11.
3
  DOC 4446/91 ENV 34 ENER 4
 ---pagebreak--- lisää, erityisesti sellaisissa asioissa kuin yhteinen toimeenpano, päästökaupan
edellytykset ja kehitysmaiden rooli. Komissio tulee tekemään asiaa koskevat
tarpeelliset ehdotukset.
Tämän vuoksi komissio pyytää, että neuvosto päättää allekirjoittaa
ilmastonmuutosta koskevan puitesopimuksen pöytäkirjan ja valtuuttaa neuvoston
puheenjohtajan nimeämään henkilöt, joilla on valtuudet allekirjoittaa se yhteisön
puolesta.
 ---pagebreak---                                       Ehdotus:
                                 Neuvoston päätös
Yhdistyneiden Kansakuntien ilmastonmuutosta koskeyan puitesopimuksen
         pöytäkirjan allekirjoittamisesta Euroopan yhteisön puolesta
EUROOPAN UNIONIN NEUVOSTO, joka
ottaa huomioon Euroopan yhteisön perustamissopimuksen,
ottaa huomioon komission ehdotuksen,
sekä katsoo, että
yhteisö      on   Yhdistyneiden        Kansakuntien     ilmastonmuutosta    koskevan
puitesopimuksen sopimuspuoli,
komissio on osallistunut yhteisön puolesta neuvoston sille 4 päivänä helmikuuta
1991 antamien neuvotteluohjeiden ja neuvoston tämän jälkeen tekemien
ilmastonmuutosta koskevien päätelmien mukaisesti mainitun puitesopimuksen
sopimuspuolten ensimmäisen konferenssin 7 päivänä huhtikuuta 1995 perustamaan
Berliinin mandaattia käsittelevään avoimeen erityistyöryhmään, jonka tarkoituksena
on ollut sopia aiheellisista toimista vuoden 2000 jälkeiselle jaksolle,
pöytäkirja on hyväksytty Yhdistyneiden Kansakuntien ilmastonmuutosta koskevan
puitesopimuksen sopimuspuolten konferenssissa Kiotossa 1. - 10. joulukuuta 1997,
pöytäkirjan tarkoituksena on kasvihuonekaasupäästöjen vähentäminen ja siten se
edistää yhteisön ympäristöpolitiikan tavoitteiden saavuttamista, ja
on siksi asianmukaista, että yhteisö allekirjoittaa pöytäkirjan,
ON PÄÄTTÄNYT SEURAAVAA:
                                      Ainoa artikla
Neuvoston puheenjohtaja valtuutetaan täten nimeämään henkilöt, joilla on valtuudet
allekirjoittaa yhteisön puolesta Japanin Kiotossa 10 päivänä joulukuuta 1997
hyväksytty ilmastonmuutosta koskevan puitesopimuksen pöytäkirja.
Tehty Brysselissä                                         Neuvoston puolesta
                                                          puheenjohtaja
                                           3
 ---pagebreak---              UNITED
             NATIONS
            FrameworkConvention                                        Distr
                 on Climate Change                                      LIMITED
                                                                        FCCC/CP/1997/L.7/Add.l
                                                                        10Decemberl997
Subject to technical revision
                                                                        Original: ENGLISH
   CONFERENCE OF THE PARHES
   Thirdsession                                                                           «*• -
   Kyoto, 1-10 December 1997                                       •   .f
   Agendaitem5
                              s.   KYOTO PROTOCOL TO THE
        UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
           The Parties to this Protocol,
          Being Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,
   heremafter referred to as "me Convention",
          Inpursuit of the ultimate objective of the Convention as stated in its Article 2,
          Recalling the provisions of the Convention,
          Being guided by Article 3 of the Convention,
          Pursuanttothe Berlin Mandate adopted by decision 1/CP.l of the
   Conference of the Parties to the Convention at its first session,
           Have agreed as follows:
                                                 Article 1
           For the purposes of this Protocol, the definitions contained in Article 1 of the Convention
   shallapply. Inaddition:
   1.      "Conference of the Parties" means the Conference of the Parties to the Convention.
                                            H
 ---pagebreak--- FCCC/CP/1997/L.7/Add. 1
English
Page2
2.      "Convention" means the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,
adopted in New York on 9 May 1992.
3.      "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change" means the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change established in 1988 jointly by the World Meteorological Organization and the
United Nations Environment Programme.
4.      "Montreal Protocol" means the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
Layer, adopted in Montreal on 16 September 1987 and as subsequently adjusted and amended.
5.      "Parties present and voting" means Parties present and caStjng an afflrmative or negative
vote.
6.      "Party" means, unless the context otherwise indicates, a Party to this Protocol.
7.      "Party included in Annex r means a Party included in Annex I to the Convention, as
may be amended, or a Party which has made a notification under Article 4, paragraph 2(g), of the
Convention.
                                              Article 2
1.      Each Party included in Annex I in achieving its quantified emission limitation and
reduction commitments under Article 3, in order to promote sustainable development, shall:
        (a)     Implement and/or further elaborate policies and measures in accordance with its
national circumstances, such as:
                (i)     Enhancement of energy efficiency in relevant sectors of the national
                        economy;
                (ii)    Protection and enhancement of sinks and reservoirs of greenhouse gases
                        not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, taking into account its
                        commitments under relevant international environmental agreements;
                        promotion of sustainable forest management practices, afforestation and -
                         reforestation;
                (iii)   Promotion of sustainable forms of agriculture in light of climate change
                        considerations;
                (iv)    Promotion, research, development and increased use of new and
                        renewable forms of energy, of carbon dioxide sequestration technologies
                        and of advanced and innovative environmentally sound technologies;
                                                   .r
 ---pagebreak---                                                                FCCC/CP/1997/L.7/Add.l
                                                               English
                                                               Page 3
                 (v)    Progressive reduction or phasing out of market imperfections, fiscal
                        incentives, tax and duty exemptions and subsidies in all greenhouse gas
                        emitting sectors that run counter to the objective of the Convention and
                        apply market instruments;
                 (vi)   Encouragement of appropriate reforms in relevant sectors aimed at
                        promoting policies and measures which limit or reduce emissions of
                        greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol;
                 (vii)  Measures to limit and/or reduce emissions of greenhouse gases not
                        corftrölled by the Montreal Protocol in the transport sector;
                 (viii) Limitation and/or reduction of methane through recovery and use in waste
                        management, as well as in the production, transport and distribution of
                        energy;
        (b)      Cooperate with other such Parties to enhance the individual and combined
effectiveness of their policies and measures adopted under this Article, pursuant to Article 4,
paragraph 2(e)(i), of the Convention. To this end, these Parties shall take steps to share their
experience and exchange information on such policies and measures, including developing ways
of improving their comparability, transparency and effectiveness. The Conference of the Parties
serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, at its first session or as soon as
practicable thereafter, consider ways to facilitate such cooperation, taking into account all
relevant information.
2.      The Parties included in Annex I shall pursue limitation or reduction of emissions of
greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol from aviation and marine bunker fuels,
working through the International Civil Aviation Organization and the International Maritime
Organization, respectively.
3.      The Parties included in Annex I shall strive to implement policies and measures under
this Article in such a way as to minimize adverse effects, including the adverse effects of climate
change, effects on international trade, and social, environmental and economic impacts on other
Parties, especially developing country Parties and in particular those identified in Article 4,
paragraphs 8 and 9 of the Convention, taking into account Article 3 of the Convention. The
Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol may take further
action, as appropriate, to promote the implementation of the provisions of this paragraph.
4.       The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, if it
decides that it would be beneficial to coordinate any of the policies and measures in
paragraph l(a) above, taking into account different national circumstances and potential effects,
shall consider ways and means to elaborate the coordination of such policies and measures.
                                                    c
 ---pagebreak--- FCCC/CP/1997/L.7/Add.l
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Page4
                                                 Article 3
1.        The Parties included in Annex I shall, individually or jointly, ensure that their aggregate
anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent emissions öf the greenhouse gases listed in Annex A do
hot exceed their assigned amounts, calculated pursuant to their quantified emission limitation and
reduction commitments inscribed in Annex B and m accordance with the provisions of this
Article, with a view to reducing their overall emissions of such gases by at least 5 per cent below
1990 levels in the commitment period 2008 to 2012.
2.        Each Party included in Annex I shall, by 2005, have made demonstrable progress in
achieving its commitments under this Protocol.                     "^=" J
3.        The net changes in greenhouse gas emissions from sources and remoyals by sinks
resultingfromdirect human-induced land use changepindjjrestry activitie&ymite<fio~
afforestation, reforestation, and deforestation since 1990, measured as yerinable changes in
stocks in each commitmenfperiod shall be used to meet the commitments in this Article of each
Party included in Annex I. The greenhouse gas emissionsfromsources and removals by sinks
associated with those activities shall be reported in a transparent and verifiable manner and
reviewed in accordance with Articles 7 and 8.
4.        Prior to thefirstsession of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the
Parties to this Protocol, each Party included in Annex I shall provide for consideration by the
Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice data to establish its level of carbon
stocks in 1990 and to enable an estimate to be made of its changes in carbon stocks in subsequent
years. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall,
at its first session or as soon as practicable thereafter, decide upon modalities, rules and
guidelines as to how and which additional human-induced activities related to changes in
greenhouse gas emissions and removals in the agricultural soil and land use change and forestry
categories, shall be added to, or subtractedfrom,the assigned amount for Parties included in
Annex I, taking into account uncertainties, transparency in reporting, verifiability, the
methodological work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the advice provided by
the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice in accordance with Article 5 and
the decisions of the Conference of the Parties. Such a decision shall apply in the second and
subsequent commitment periods. A Party may choose to apply such a decision on these
additional human-induced activities for itsfirstcommitment period, provided that these activities
have taken place since 1990.
5.        The Parties included in Annex I undergoing the process of transition to a market
economy whose base year or period was established pursuant to decision 9/CP.2 of the
Conference of the Parties at its second session, shall use that base year or period for the
implementation of their commitments under this Article. Any other Party included in
Annex I undergoing the process of transition to a market economy which has not yet submitted
itsfirstnational communication under Article 12 of the Convention may also notify the
                                                       ^
 ---pagebreak---                                                                  FCCC/CP/1997/L.7/Add.l
                                                                 English
                                                                 Page 5
Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol that it intends to
use a historical base year or period other than 1990 for the implementation of its commitments
under this Article. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this,
Protocol shall decide on the acceptance of such notification.
6.       Taking into account Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Convention, in the implementation of
their commitments under this Protocol other than those in this Article, a certain degree of
flexibility shall be allowed by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties
to this Protocol to the Parties included in Annex I undergoing the process of transition to a
market economy.
7.       In thefirstquantified emission limitation and reduction commitment period, from
2008 to 2012, the assigned amount for each Party included in Annex I shall be equal to the
percentage inscribed for it in Annex B of its aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent
emissions of the greenhouse gases listed in Annex A in 1990, or the base year or period
determined in accordance with paragraph 5 above, multiplied by five. Those Parties included in
Annex I for whom land use change and forestry constituted a net source of greenhouse gas
emissions in 1990 shall include in their 1990 emissions base year or period the aggregate
anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent emissions minus removals in 1990fromland use
change for the purposes of calculating their assigned amount.
8.       Any Party included in Annex I may use 1995 as its base year for hydrofluorocarbons,
perfluorocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride, for the purposes of the calculation referred to in
paragraph 7 above.
9.       Commitments for subsequent periods for Parties included in Annex I shall be established
in amendments to Annex B to this Protocol, which shall be adopted in accordance with the
provisions of Article 20, paragraph 7. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of
the Parties to this Protocol shall initiate the consideration of such commitments at least seven
years before the end of thefirstcommitment period mentioned in paragraph 7 above.
 10.     Any emission reduction units, or any part of an assigned amount, which a Party acquires
from another Party in accordance with the provisions of Article 6 and of Article 16 bis shall be
added to the assigned amount for that Party.
 11.     Any emission reduction units, or any part of an assigned amount, which a Party transfers
to another Party in accordance with the provisions of Article 6 and of Article 16 bis shall be
subtracted from the assigned amount for that Party.
 12.      Any certified emission reductions which a Party acquiresfromanother Party in
accordance with the provisions of Article 12 shall be added to the assigned amount for that Party.
 ---pagebreak--- FCCC/CP/1997/L.7/Add.l
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Page 6
 13.     If the emissions of a Party included in Annex I during a commitment period are less than
its assigned amount under this Article, this difference shall, on request of that Party, be added to
the assigned amount for that Party for subsequent commitment periods.
14.      Each Party included in Annex I shall strive to implement the commitments mentioned in
paragraph 1 above in such a way as to minimize adverse social, environmental and economic
impacts on developing country Parties, particularly those identified in Article 4, paragraphs 8 and
9, of the Convention. In line with relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties on the
implementation of those paragraphs, the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the
Parties to this Protocol shall, at itsfirstsession, consider what actions are necessary to rninimize
the adverse effects of climate change and/or the impacts of cesponse measures on Parties referred
to in those paragraphs. Among the issues to be considered shall be the establishment of funding,
insurance and transfer of technology.
                                                 Article 4
1.       Any Parties included in Annex I that have agreed to jointly fulfil their commitments
under Article 3 shall be deemed to have met those commitments provided that their total
combined aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent emissions of the greenhouse gases
listed in Annex A do not exceed their assigned amounts calculated pursuant to their quantified
emission limitation and reduction commitments inscribed in Annex B and in accordance with the
provisions of Article 3. The respective emission level allocated to each of the Parties to the
agreement shall be set out in that agreement
2.       The Parties to any such agreement shall notify the secretariat of the terms of the
agreement on the date of deposit of their instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or
accession. The secretariat shall in turn inform the Parties and signatories to the Convention of the
terms of the agreement.
3.       The agreement shall remain in operation for the duration of the commitment period
specified in Article 3, paragraph 7.
4.       If Parties acting jointly do so in theframeworkof, and together with, a regional
economic integration organization, any alteration in the composition of the organization after
adoption of this Protocol shall not affect existing commitments under this Protocol. Any
alteration in the composition of the organization shall only apply for the purposes of those
commitments under Article 3 that are adopted subsequent to that revision.
 5.      In the event of failure by the Parties to such an agreement to achieve their total
 combined level of emission reductions, each Party to such an agreement shall be responsible for
 its own level of emissions set out in the agreement.
 ---pagebreak---                                                               FCCC/CP/1997/L.7/Add.l
                                                              English
                                                              Page 7
6.       If Parties acting jointly do so in theframeworkof, and together with, a regional
economic integration organization which is itself a Party to this Protocol, each member State of
that regional economic integration organization individually, and together with the regional
economic integration organization acting in accordance with Article 23, shall, in the event of
failure to achieve the total combined level of emission reductions, be responsible for its level of
emissions as notified in accordance with this Article.
                                                 Article 5
1.       Each Party included in Annex I shall have in place, no later than one year prior to the
start-of thefirstcommitment period, a national system for the estimation of anthropogenic
emissions by sources and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the
Montreal Protocol. Guidelines for such national systems, which shall incorporate the
methodoloigies specified in paragraph 2 below, shall be decided upon by the Conference of the
Parties serving as the meeting ofthe Parties to this Protocol at itsfirstsession.
2.       Methodologies for estimating anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks
of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol shall be those accepted by the
Intergoverhmental Panel on Climate Change and agreed upon by the Conference ofthe Parties at
its third session. Where such methodologies are not used, appropriate adjustments shall be
applied according to methodologies agreed upon by the Conference ofthe Parties serving as the
meeting ofthe Parties to this Protocol at itsfirstsession. Based on the work of, interalia, the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and advice provided by the Subsidiary Body for
Scientific and Technological Advice, the Conference ofthe Parties serving as the meeting ofthe
Parties to this Protocol shall regularly review and, as appropriate, revise such methodologies and
adjustments, taking fully into account any relevant decisions by the Conference ofthe Parties.
Any revision to methodologies or adjustments shall be used only for the purposes of ascertaining
compliance with commitments under Article 3 in respect of any commitment period adopted
subsequent to that revision.
3.       The global warming potentials used to calculate the carbon dioxide equivalence of
anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases not controlled by
the Montreal Protocol listed in Annex A shall be those accepted by the Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change and agreed upon by the Conference ofthe Parties at its third session. Based
on the work of, inter alia, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and advice provided
by the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice, the Conference ofthe Parties
 serving as the meeting ofthe Parties to this Protocol shall regularly review and, as appropriate,
 revise the global warming potential of each such greenhouse gas, taking fully into account any
 relevant decisions by the Conference ofthe Parties. Any revision to a global warming potential
 shall apply only to those commitments under Article 3 in respect of any commitment period
 adopted subsequent to that revision.
                                                    /|o
 ---pagebreak---  FCCC/CP/1997/L.7/Add.l
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 Page 8
                                                 Article 6
 1.       For the purpose of meeting its commitments under Article 3, any Party included in
Annex I may transfer to, or acquirefrom,any other such Party emission reduction units resulting
from projects aimed at reducing anthropogenic emissions by sources or enhancing anthropogenic
removals by sinks of greenhouse gases in any sector of the economy, provided that:
          (a)      Any such project has the approval of the Parties involved;
          (b)     Any such project provides a reduction in emissions by sources, or an enhancement
of removals by sinks, that is additional to any that would othenvise occur;
          (c)     It does not acquire any emission reduction units if it is not in compliance with its
obligations under Articles 5 and 7; and
          (d)     The acquisition of emission reduction units shall be supplemental to domestic
actions for the purposes of meeting commitments under Article 3.
2.        The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol may,
at its first session or as soon as practicable thereafter, further elaborate guidelines for the
implementation of this Article, including for verification and reporting.
3.        A Party included in Annex I may authorize legal entities to participate, under its
responsibility, in actions leading to the generation, transfer or acquisition under this Article of
emission reduction units.
4.        If a question of implementation by a Party included in Annex I of the requirements
referred to in this paragraph is identified in accordance with the relevant provisions of
Article 8, transfers and acquisitions of emission reduction units may continue to be made after
the question has been identified, provided that any such units may not be used by a Party to meet
its commitments under Article 3 until any issue of compliance is resolved.
                                                 Article 7
 1.       Each Party included in Annex I shall incorporate in its annual inventory of anthropogenic
emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal
Protocol, submitted in accordance with the relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties,
the necessary supplementary information for the purposes of ensuring compliance with Article 3,
to be determined in accordance with paragraph 4 below.
2.        Each Party included in Annex I shall incorporate in its national communication,
submitted under Article 12 of the Convention, the supplementary information necessary to
                                                 X)1
 ---pagebreak---                                                               FCCC/CP/1997/L.7/Add. 1
                                                              English
                                                              Page9
demonstrate compliance with its commitments under this Protocol, to be determined in
accordance with paragraph 4 below.
3.       Each Party included in Annex I shall submit the information required under
paragraph 1 above annually, beginning with thefirstinventory due under the Convention for the
first year of the commitment period after this Protocol has entered into force for it. Each such
Party shall submit the information required under paragraph 2 above as part of the first national
communication due under the Convention after this Protocol has entered into force for it and
after the adoption of guidelines as provided for in paragraph 4 below. Thefrequencyof
subsequent submission of information required under this Article shall be determined by the
Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, taking into
account any timetable for the submission of national communications decided upon by the
Conference of the Parties.
4.      The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall
adopt at itsfirstsession, and review periodically thereafter, guidelines for the preparation of the
information required under this Article, taking into account guidelines for the preparation of
national communications by Parties included in Annex I adopted by the Conference of the Parties.
The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall also,
prior to thefirstcommitment period, decide upon modalities for the accounting of assigned
amounts.
                                              Article 8
1.      The information submitted under Article 7 by each Party included in Annex I shall be
reviewed by expert review teams pursuant to the relevant decisions of the Conference of the
Parties and in accordance with guidelines adopted for this purpose by the Conference of the
Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol under paragraph 4 below. The
information submitted under Article 7, paragraph 1, by each Party included in Annex I shall be
reviewed as part of the annual compilation and accounting of emissions inventories and assigned
amounts. Additionally, the information submitted under Article 7, paragraph 2, by each Party
included in Annex I shall be reviewed as part of the review of communications.
2.       Expert review teams shall be coordinated by the secretariat and shall be composed of
experts selectedfromthose nominated by Parties to the Convention and, as appropriate, by
intergovemmental organizations, in accordance with guidance provided for this purpose by the
Conference of the Parties.
3.       The review process shall provide a thorough and comprehensive technical assessment
of all aspects of the implementation by a Party of this Protocol. The expert review teams shall
prepare a report to the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this
Protocol, assessing the implementation of the commitments of the Party and identifying any
potential problems in, and factors influencing, the fulfilment of commitments. Such reports shall
                                            nz
 ---pagebreak---  FCCC/CP/1997/L.7/Add.l
 English
 Page 10
 be circulated by the secretariat to all Parties to the Convention. The secretariat shall list those
questions of implementation indicated in such reports for further consideration by the
Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol.
4.       The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall
adopt at itsfirstsession, and review periodically thereafter, guidelines for the review of
implementation by expert review teams taking into account the relevant decisions of the
Conference of the Parties.
5.       The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall,
with the assistance of the Subsidiary Body for Implementation and,; as appropriate, the
Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice, consider:
         (a)     The införmation submitted by the Parties under Article 7 and the reports of the
expert reviews thereon conducted under this Article; and
                             »
         (b)     Those questions of implementation listed by the secretariat under
paragraph 3 above, as well as any questions raised by Parties.
6.       Pursuant to its consideration of the införmation referred to in paragraph 5 above, the
Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall take
decisions on any matter required for the implementation of this Protocol.
                                                 Article 9
1.       The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall
periodically review this Protocol in the light of the best available scientific införmation and
assessments on climate change and its impacts, as well as relevant technical, social and economic
införmation. Such reviews shall be coordinated with pertinent reviews under the Convention, in
particular those required by Article 4, paragraph 2(d), and Article 7, paragraph 2(a), of the
Convention. Based on these reviews, the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the
Parties to this Protocol shall take appropriate action.
2.       Thefirstreview shall take place at the second session of the Conference of the Parties
serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol. Further reviews shall take place at regular
intervals and in atimelymanner.
                                                 Article 10
         All Parties, taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilities and
their specific national and regional development priorities, objectives and circumstances, without
introducing any new commitments for Parties not included in Annex I, but rearfirming existing
commitments in Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention, and continuing to advance the
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                                                               Pagell
implementation of these commitments.in order to achieve sustainable development, taking into
account Article 4, paragraphs 3, 5 and 7, of the Convention, shall:
         (a)     Formulate, where relevant and to the extent possible, cost-effective national,
and where appropriate regional programmes to improve the quality of local emission factors,
activity data and/or models which reflect the socio-economic conditions of each Party for the
preparation and periodic updating of national inventories of anthropogenic emissions by sources
and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, using
comparable methodologies to be agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties, and consistent
with the guidelines for national communications adopted by the Conference of the Parties;
         (b)     Formulate, implement, publish and regularly updatenational and, where
appropriate, regional programmes containing measures to mitigate climate change and measures
to facilitate adequate adaptation to climate change:
                 (i)    Such programmes would, inter alia, concem the energy, transport and
                        industry sectors as well as agriculture, forestry and waste management.
                        Furthermore, adaptation technologies and methods for improving spatial
                        planning would improve adaptation to climate change; and
                 (ii)   Parties included in Annex I shall submit information on action under this
                        Protocol, including national programmes, according to the guidelines laid
                        down in Article 8; and other Parties shall seek to include in their national
                        communications, as appropriate, information ori programmes which
                        contain measures that the Party believes contribute to addressing climate
                        change and its adverse impacts, including the abatement of increase in
                        greenhouse gas emissions, and enhancement of and removals by sinks,
                        capacity building and adaptation measures.
         (c)     Cooperate in the promotion of effective modalities for the development,
application and diffusion of, and take all practicable steps to promote, facilitate andfinance,as
appropriate, the transfer of, or access to, environmentally sound technologies, know-how,
practices and processes pertinent to climate change, in particular to developing countries,
including the formulation of policies and programmes for the effective transfer of
environmentally sound technologies that are publicly owned or in the public domain and the
creation of an enabling environment for the private sector, to promote and enhance access to, and
transfer of, environmentally sound technologies;
          (d)    Cooperate in scientific and technical research and promote the maintenance and
the development of systematic observation systems and development of data archives to reduce
uncertainties related to the climate system, the adverse impacts of climate change and the
economic and social consequences of various response strategies, and promote the development
and strengthening of endogenous capacities and capabilities to participate in international and
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Page 12
intergovernmental efforts, programmes and networks on research and systematic observation,
taking into account Article 5 of the Convention;
         (e)     Cooperate in and promote at the international level, and, where appropriate,
using existing bodies, the development and implementation of education and training
programmes, including the strengthening of national capacity building, in particular human and
institutional capacities and the exchange or secondment of personnel to train experts in this field,
in particularfordeveloping countries, and facilitate at the national level public awareness and
public access to information on climate change. Suitable modalities should be developed to
implement these activities through the relevant bodies of the Convention taking into account
Article 6 of the Convention;
         (f)     Include in their national communications information on programmes and
activities undertaken pursuant to this Article in accordance with relevant decisions of the
Conference of the Parties; and
         (g)     Give full consideration, in implementing the commitments in this Article, to
Article 4, paragraph 8, of the Convention.
                                                Article 11
1.       In the implementation of Article 10, Parties shall take into account the provisions of
Article 4, paragraphs 4,5, 7, 8 and 9 of the Convention.
2.       In the context of the implementation of Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention, in
accordance with the provisions of Article 4, paragraph 3, and Article 11 of the Convention, and
through the operating entity or entities of thefinancialmechanism of the Convention, the
developed country Parties and other developed Parties included in Annex II to the Convention
shall:
         (a)     Provide new and additionalfinancialresources to meet the agreed full costs
incurred by developing country Parties in advancing the implementation of existing
commitments under Article 4, paragraph l(a), of the Convention that are covered in
Article 10, subparagraph (a); and
         (b)     Also provide suchfinancialresources, including for the transfer of technology,
needed by the developing country Parties to meet the agreed full incremental costs of advancing
the implementation of existing commitments in Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention that are
covered by Article 10 and that are agreed between a developing country Party and the
international entity or entities referred to in Article 11 of the Convention, in accordance with that
Article.
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                                                               Page 13
The implementation of these existing commitments shall take into account the need for adequacy
and predictability in the flow offunds and the importance of appropriate burden sharing among
developed country Parties. The guidance to thefinancialmechanism of the Convention in
relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties, including those agreed before the adoption of
this Protocol, shall apply mutatis mutandis to the provisions of this paragraph.
3.       The developed country Parties and other developed Parties in Annex II to the
Convention may also provide, and developing country Parties avail themselves of, financial
resources for the implementation bf Article 10, through bilateral, regional and other multilateral
channels.
                                             Article 12
1.       A clean development mechanism is hereby defined.
2.       The purpose of the elean development mechanism shall be to assist Parties not included
in Annex I in achieving sustainable development and in contributing to the ultimate objective of
the Convention, and to assist Parties included in Annex I in achieving compliance with their
quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments under Article 3.
3.       Under the clean development mechanism:
         (a)    Parties not included in Annex I will benefitfromproject activities resulting in
certified emission reductions; and
         (b)    Parties included in Annex I may use the certified emission reductions accruing
from such project activities to contribute to compliance with part of their quantified emission
limitation and reduction commitments under Article 3, as determined by the Conference of the
Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol.
4.       The clean development mechanism shall be subject to the authority and guidance of the
Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol and be supervised
by an executive board of the clean development mechanism.
5.       Emission reductions resultingfromeach project activity shall be certified by operational
entities to be designated by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to
this Protocol, on the basis of:
         (a)     Voluntary participation approved by each Party involved;
         (b)     Real, measurable, and long-term benefits related to the mitigation of climate
change; and
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Page 14
         (c)     Reductions- in emissions that are additional to any that would occur in the absence
of the certified project activity.
6.       The clean development mechanism shall assist in arranging funding of certified project
activities as necessary.
7.       The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall,
at itsfirstsession, elaborate modalities and procedures with the objective of ensuring
transparency, efficiency and accountability through independent auditing and verification of
project activities.
8.       The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall
ensure that a share of the proceedsfromcertified project activities is used to cover administrative
expenses as well as to assist developing country Parties that are particularly vulnerable to the
adverse effects of climate change to meet the costs of adaptation.
                             •                                                    . .
9.       Participation under the clean development mechanism, including in activities mentioned
in paragraph 3(a) above and acquisition of certified emission reductions, may involve private
and/or public entities, and is to be subject to whatever guidance may be provided by the
executive board of the clean development mechanism.
 10.     Certified emission reductions obtained during the periodfromthe year 2000 up to the
beginning of thefirstcommitment period can be used to assist in achieving compliance in the
 first commitment period.
                                               Article 13
 1.      The Conference of the Parties, the supreme body of the Convention, shall serve as the
 meeting of the Parties to this Protocol.
 2.      Parties to the Convention that are not Parties to this Protocol may participate as
 observers in the proceedings of any session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the
 meeting of the Parties to this Protocol. When the Conference of the Parties serves as the meeting
 of the Parties to this Protocol, decisions under this Protocol shall be taken only by those that are
 Parties to it.
 3.       When the Conference of the Parties serves as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol,
 any member of the Bureau of the Conference of the Parties representing a Party to the
  Convention but, at that time, not a Party to this Protocol, shall be substituted by an additional
 member to be elected by andfromamongst the Parties to this Protocol.
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                                                               Page 15
4.       The Conference ofthe Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall
keep under regular review the implementation of this Protocol and shall make, within its
mandate, the decisions necessary to promote its effective implementation. It shall perform the
functions assigned to it by this Protocol and shall:
        (a)      Assess, on the basis of all information made ävailable to it in accordance with
the provisions of this Protocol, the implementation of this Protocol by the Parties, the overall
effects ofthe measures taken pursuant to this Protocol, in particular environmental, economic
and social effects as well as their cumulative impacts and the extent to which progress towards
the objective ofthe Convention is being achieved;
        (b)      Periodically examine the obligations ofthe Parties under this Protocol, giving due
consideration to any reviews required by Article 4, paragraph 2{d), and Article 7, paragraph 2, of
the Convention, in the light ofthe objective ofthe Convention, the experience gained in its
implementation and the evolution of scientific and technological knowledge, and in this respect
consider and adopt regular-ceports on the implementation of this Protocol;
        (c)      Promote and facilitate the exchange of information on measures adopted by the
Parties to address climate change and its effects, taking into account the differing circumstances,
responsibilities and capabilities ofthe Parties and their respective commitments under this
Protocol;
        (d)      Facilitate, at the request of two or more Parties, the coordination of measures
adopted by them to address climate change and its effects, taking into account the differing
circumstances, responsibilities and capabilities ofthe Parties and their respective commitments
under this Protocol;
        (e)      Promote and guide, in accordance with the objective ofthe Convention and the
provisions of this Protocol, and taking fully into account the relevant decisions by the
Conference of the Parties, the development and periodic refinement of comparable
methodologies for the effective implementation of this Protocol, to be agreed on by the
Conference ofthe Parties serving as the meeting ofthe Parties to this Protocol;
        (f)      Make recommendations on any matters necessary for the implementation of this
Protocol;
        (g)      Seek to mobilize additionalfinancialresources in accordance with
Article 11, paragraph 2;
         (h)     Establish such subsidiary bodies as are deemed necessary for the implementation
of this Protocol;
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         (i)     Seek and utilize, where appropriate, the services and cooperation of, and
information provided by, competent international organizations and intergovernmental and
non-governmental bodies; and
        (j)      Exercise such other functions as may be required for the implementation of this
Protocol, and consider any assignment resultingfroma decision by the Conference of the Parties.
5.      The rules of procedure of the Conference of the Parties andfinancialprocedures of the
Convention shall be applied mutatis mutandis under this Protocol, except as may be othenvise
decided by consensus by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to
this Protocol.
6.      Thefirstsession of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to
this Protocol shall be convened by the secretariat in conjunction with thefirstsession of the
Conference of the Parties thät is scheduled after the date of the entry into force of this Protocol.
Subsequent ordinary sessions of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the
Parties to this Protocol shall be held every year and in conjunction with ordinary sessions of the
Conference of the Parties unless othenvise decided by the Conference of the Parties serving as
the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol.
7.      Extraordinary sessions of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the
Parties to this Protocol shall be held at such other times as may be deemed necessary by the
Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, or at the written
request of any Party, provided that, within six months of the request being communicated to the
Parties by the secretariat, it is supported by at least one third of the Parties.
8.      The United Nations, its specialized agencies and the International Atomic Energy
Agency, as well as any State member thereof or observers thereto not party to the Convention,
may be represented at sessions of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the
Parties to this Protocol as observers. Any body or agency, whether national or international,
governmental or non-governmental, which is qualified in matters covered by this Protocol and
which has införmed the secretariat of its wish to be represented at a session of the Conference of
the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol as an observer, may be so
admitted unless at least one third of the Parties present object The admission and participation
of observers shall be subject to the rules of procedure, as referred to in paragraph 5 above.
                                               Article 14
 1.      The secretariat established by Article 8 of the Convention shall serve as the secretariat of
this Protocol.
2,       Article 8, paragraph 2, of the Convention on the functions of the secretariat, and
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                                                               Page 17
Article 8, paragraph 3, of the Convention on arrangements made for the functioning of the
secretariat, shall apply mutatis mutandis to this Protocol. The secretariat shall, in addition,
exercise the functions assigned to it under this Protocol.
                                               Article 15
 1.     The Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and the Subsidiary Body
for Implementation established by Articles 9 and 10 of the Convention shall serve as,
respectively, the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and the Subsidiary
Body for Implementation of this Protocol. The provisions relating to the functioning of these
two bodies under the Convention shall apply mutatis mutandis to this Protocol. Sessions of the
meetings of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and the Subsidiary
Body for Implementation of this Protocol shall be held in conjunction with the meetings of,
respectively, the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and the Subsidiary
Body for Implementation of the Convention.
2.      Parties to the Convention that are not Parties to this Protocol may participate as observers
in the proceedings of any session of the subsidiary bodies. When the subsidiary bodies serve as
the subsidiary bodies of this Protocol, decisions under this Protocol shall be taken only by the
Parties to this Protocol.
3.      When the subsidiary bodies established by Articles 9 and 10 of the Convention exercise
their functions with regard to matters concerning this Protocol, any member of the Bureaux of
those subsidiary bodies representing a Party to the Convention but, at that time, not a party to
this Protocol, shall be substituted by an additional member to be elected by andfromamongst the
Parties to this Protocol.
                                               Article 16
        The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall,
as soon as practicable, consider the application to this Protocol of, and modify as appropriate, the
multilateral consultative process referred to in Article 13 of the Convention, in the light of any
relevant decisions that may be taken by the Conference of the Parties. Any multilateral
consultative process that may be applied to this Protocol shall operate without pfejudice to the
procedures and mechanisms established in accordance with Article 17.
                                              Article 16 bis
        The Conference of the Parties shall deflne the relevant principles, modalities, rules and
guidelines, in particular for verification, reporting and accountability for emissions trading. The
Parties included in Annex B may participate in emissions trading for the purposes of fulfilling
their commitments under Article 3 of this Protocol. Any such trading shall be supplemental to
domestic actions for the purpose of meeting quantified emission limitation and reduction
commitments under that Article.
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Page 18
                                               Article 17
         The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall,
at itsfirstsession, approve appropriate and effective procedures and mechanisms to determine
and to address cases of non-compliance with the provisions of this Protocol, including through
the development of an indicative list of consequences, taking into account the cause, type, degree
andfrequencyof non-compliance. Any procedures and mechanisms under this Article entailing
binding consequences shall be adopted by means of an amendment to this Protocol.
                                              Article 18
         The provisions of Article 14 of the Convention on settlemerit of disputes shall apply
mutatis mutandis to this Protocol.
                                              Article 19
1.       Any Party may propose amendments to this Protocol.
2.       Amendments to this Protocol shall be adopted at an ordinary session of the Conference of
the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol. The text of any proposed
amendment to this Protocol shall be communicated to the Parties by the secretariat at least six
months before the meeting at which it is proposed for adoption. The secretariat shall also
communicate the text of any proposed amendments to the Parties and signatories to the
Convention and, for information, to the Depositary.
3.       The Parties shall make every effort to reach ägreement on any proposed amendment to
this Protocol by consensus. If all efforts at consensus have been exhausted, and no ägreement
reached, the amendment shall as a last resort be adopted by a three-fourths majority vote of the
Parties present and voting at the meeting. The adopted amendment shall be communicated by
the secretariat to the Depositary, who shall circulate it to all Parties for their acceptance.
4.       Instruments of acceptance in respect of an amendment shall be deposited with the
Depositary. An amendment adopted in accordance with paragraph 3 above shall enter into force
for those Parties having accepted it on the ninetieth day after the date of receipt by the
Depositary of an instrument of acceptance by at least three fourths of the Parties to this Protocol.
5.       The amendment shall enter into force for any other Party on the ninetieth day after the
date on which that Party deposits with the Depositary its instrument of acceptance of the said
amendment.
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                                                               Page 19
                                                Article 20
 1.      Annexes to this Protocol shall form an integral part thereof and, unless othenvise
expressly provided, a reference to this Protocol constitutes at the same time a reference to any
annexes thereto. Any annexes adopted after the entry into force of this Protocol shall be
restricted to iists, forms and any other material of a descriptive nature that is of a scientific,
technical, procedural or administrative character.
2.       Any Party may make proposals for an annex to this Protocol and may propose
amendments to annexes to this Protocol.
3.       Annexes to this Protocol and amendments to annexes to this Protocol shall be adopted at
an ordinary session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this
Protocol. The text of any proposed annex or amendment to an annex shall be communicated to
the Parties by the secretariat at least six months before the meeting at which it is proposed for
adoption. The secretariat shall also communicate the text of any proposed annex or amendment
to an annex to the Parties and signatories to the Convention and, for information, to the
Depositary.
4.       The Parties shall make every effort to reach agreement on any proposed annex or
amendment to an annex by consensus. If all efforts at consensus have been exhausted, and no
agreement reached, the annex or amendment to an annex shall as a last resort be adopted by a
three-fourths majority vote of the Parties present and voting at the meeting. The adopted annex
or amendment to an annex shall be communicated by the secretariat to the Depositary, who shall
circulate it to all Parties for their acceptance.
5.       An annex, other than Annex A or B, that has been adopted or amended in accordance
with paragraphs 3 and 4 above shall enter into force for all Parties to this Protocol six months
after the date of the communication by the Depositary to such Parties of the adoption or
amendment of the annex, except for those Parties that have notified the Depositary in writing
within that period of their non-acceptance of the annex or amendment to the annex. The annex
or amendment to an annex shall enter into force for Parties which withdraw their notification of
non-acceptance on the ninetieth day after the date on which withdrawal of such notification has
been received by the Depositary.
6.       If the adoption of an annex or an amendment to an annex involves an amendment to this
Protocol, that annex or amendment to an annex shall not enter into force until such time as the
amendment to this Protocol enters into force.
7.       Amendments to Annexes A and B to this Protocol shall be adopted and enter into force in
accordance with the procedure set öut in Article 19, provided that any amendments to Annex B
shall be adopted only with the written consent of the Party concerned.
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Page20
                                                Article21
1.      Each Party shall have one vote, except as provided for in paragraph 2 below.
2.      Regional economic integration organizations, in matters within their competence, shall
exercise theirrightto vote with a number of votes equal to the number of their member States
which are Parties to this Protocol. Such an organization shall not exercise itsrightto vote if any
of its member States exercises itsright,and vice versa.
                                                Article22
        The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall be the Depositary of this Protocol.
                                                Article23
1.      This Protocol shall-be open for signature and subject toratification,acceptance or
approval by States and regional economic integration organizations which are Parties to the
Convention. It shall be open for signature at United Nations Headquarters in New York from
16 March 1998 to 15 March 1999. This Protocol shall be open for accessionfromthe day after
the date on which it is closed for signature. Instruments ofratification,acceptance, approval or
accession shall be deposited with the Depositary.
2.      Any regional economic integration organization which becomes a Party to this Protocol
without any of its member States being a Party shall be bound by all the obligations under this
Protocol. In the case of such organizations, one or more of whose member States is a Party to
this Protocol, the organization and its member States shall decide on their respective
responsibilities for the performance of their obligations under this Protocol. In such cases, the
organization and the member States shall not be entitled to exerciserightsunder this Protocol
concurrently.
3.      In their instruments ofratification,acceptance, approval or accession, regional economic
integration organizations shall declare the extent of their competence with respect to the matters
governed by this Protocol. These organizations shall also inform the Depositary, who shall in
turn inform the Parties, of any substantial modification in the extent of their competence.
                                                Article 24
 1.      This Protocol shall enter into force on the ninetieth day after the date on which not less
than 55 Parties to the Convention, incorporating Parties included in Annex I which accounted in
total for at least 55 per cent of the total carbon dioxide emissions for 1990 of the Parties included
in Annex I, have deposited their instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.
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                                                                Page21
2.       For the purposes of this Article, "the total carbon dioxide emissions for 1990 of the
Parties included in Annex I" means the amount communicated on or before the date of adoption
of this Protocol by the Parties included in Annex I in theirfirstnational communications
submitted in accordance with Article 12 of the Convention.
3.       For each State or regional economic integration organization thatratifies,accepts or
 approves this Protocol or accedes thereto after the conditions set out in paragraph 1 above for
the entry into force have been fulfilled, this Protocol shall enter into force on the ninetieth day
following the date of deposit of its instrument ofratification,acceptance, approval or accession.
4.      For the purposes of this Article, any instrument deposited by a regional- economic
integration organization shall not be counted as additional to those deposited by States members
of the organization.
                                               Article 25
        No reservations may be made to this Protocol.
                                               Article 26
1.      At any time after three yearsfromthe date on which this Protocol has entered into force
for a Party, that Party may withdrawfromthis Protocol by giving written notification to the
Depositary.
2.      Any such withdrawal shall take effect upon expiry of one yearfromthe date of receipt by
the Depositary of the notification of withdrawal, or on such later date as may be specified in the
notification ofwithdrawal.
3.       Any Party that withdrawsfromthe Convention shall be considered as also having
withdrawnfromthis Protocol.
                                               Article 27
         The original of this Protocol, of which the Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and
Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the
United Nations.
         Done at Kyoto this tenth day of December one thousand nine hundred and
ninety-seven.
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Page 22
                                            Annex A
Greenhouse gases
Carbon dioxide (COj)
Methane (CH4)
Nitrous oxide (N 2 0)
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
Sectors/source categories
Energy
        Fuel combustion
               Energy industries
                Manufacturing industries and construction
                Transport
                Other sectors
                Other
        Fugitive emissionsfromfuels
                Solid fuels
                Oil and natural gas
                Other
Industrial processes
        Mineral products
        Chemical industry
        Metal production
        Other production
        Production of halocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride
        Consumption of halocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride
        Other
Solvent and other product use.
                                                     2r
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                                              English
                                              Page23
Agriculture
       Enteric fermentation
       Manure management
       Rice cultivation
       Agricultural soils
       Prescribed burning of savannas .
       Field burning of agricultural residues
       Other
Waste
       Solid waste disposal on land
       Wastewater handling
       Waste incineration
       Other
                                           ZQ
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Page 24               —                                         ••- -
                                                    Annex B
Party                                                Quantified emission limitation or
                                                     reduction commitment
                                                     (percentage of base year or period)
Australia                                                               108
Austria                                                                   92
Belgium                                                                   92
Bulgaria*                                                                 92
Canada                                                                    94
Croatia*                                                                . 95
Czech Republic*                                                           92 ^
Denmark                                                                   92
Estonia*                                                                  92
European Community                                                        92
Finland                                                                   92
France                        "                                           92
Germany                                                                   92
Greece                                                                    92
Hungary*                                                                  94
Iceland                                                                 110
Ireland                                                                   92
Italy                                                                     92
Japan                                                                     94
Latvia*                                                                   92
Liechtenstein                                                             92
Lithuania*                                                                92
Luxembourg                                                                92
Monaco                                                                    92
Netherlands                                                               92
New Zealand                                                             100
Norway                                                                  101
Poland*                                                                   94
Portugal                                                                  92
Romania*                                                                  92
Russian Federation*                                                     100
Slovakia*                                                                 92
Slovenia*                                                                 92
Spain                                                                     92
Sweden                                                                    92
Switzerland                                                               92
Ukraine*                                                                 100
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland                       92
United States of America                                                  93
* Countries that are undergoing the process of transition to a market economy.
                                          lt
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