CELEX: 62006TJ0171
Language: en
Date: 2009-03-17
Title: Judgment of the Court of First Instance (Third Chamber) of 17 March 2009. # Laytoncrest Ltd v Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs) (OHIM). # Community trade mark - Opposition proceedings - Application for the Community word mark TRENTON - Earlier Community word mark LENTON - Right to be heard - Article 73 of Regulation (EC) No 40/94 and Rule 54 of Regulation (EC) No 2868/95 - No withdrawal of the trade mark application - Article 44(1) of Regulation No 40/94 - Obligation to rule on the basis of the available evidence - Rule 20(3) and Rule 50(1) of Regulation No 2868/95. # Case T-171/06.

Case T-171/06
      Laytoncrest Ltd
      v
      Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs) (OHIM)
      (Community trade mark – Opposition proceedings – Application for the Community word mark TRENTON – Earlier Community word mark LENTON – Right to be heard – Article 73 of Regulation (EC) No 40/94 and Rule 54 of Regulation (EC) No 2868/95 – No withdrawal of the trade mark application – Article 44(1) of Regulation No 40/94 – Obligation to rule on the basis of the available evidence – Rule 20(3) and Rule 50(1) of Regulation No 2868/95)
      Summary of the Judgment
      1.      Community trade mark – Decisions of the Office – Observance of  the rights of the defence
      (Council Regulation No 40/94, Art. 73; Commission Regulation No 2868/95, Art. 1, Rule 54)
      2.      Community trade mark – Registration procedure – Withdrawal, restriction and amendment of the trade mark application –Power vested solely in the applicant
      (Council Regulation No 40/94, Art. 44(1))
      3.      Community trade mark – Observations of third parties and opposition – Examination of the opposition –No action on the part of the applicant in the course of the opposition and appeal proceedings before OHIM
      (Commission Regulation No 2868/95, Art. 1, Rules 20(3) and 50(1))
      1.      In accordance with Article 73 of Regulation No 40/94 on the Community trade mark, decisions of the Office for Harmonisation
         in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs) must state the reasons on which they are based and may be based only on reasons
         or evidence on which the parties concerned have had an opportunity to present their comments. Pursuant to Rule 54 of Regulation
         No 2868/95 implementing Regulation No 40/94, if OHIM finds that the loss of any rights results from those regulations without
         any decision having been taken, it must communicate that to the person concerned and draw his attention to the possibility
         for him, within two months after notification of that communication, to apply for a decision on the matter by OHIM.
      
      Even on the assumption that the Board of Appeal is entitled to find that procedural inactivity during the opposition and appeal
         proceedings before OHIM is evidence capable of demonstrating that the applicant for a Community trade mark has lost all interest
         in registration of that mark and has therefore implicitly withdrawn its application, a decision by a Board of Appeal finding
         that the applicant has implicitly withdrawn its application on the basis of that inactivity infringes, in any event, Article
         73 of Regulation No 40/94 and Rule 54 of Regulation No 2868/95 and must for that reason be annulled, if that Board of Appeal
         did not at any time inform the applicant of its intention to take such a decision.
      
      (see paras 33-35)
      2.      Pursuant to Article 44(1) of Regulation No 40/94 on the Community trade mark ‘[t]he applicant may at any time withdraw his
         Community trade mark application or restrict the list of goods or services contained therein’. 
      
      That provision is to be interpreted as meaning that the power to restrict the list of goods or services is vested solely in
         the applicant for a Community trade mark, who may at any time apply to the Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market
         (Trade Marks and Designs) for that purpose. In that context, the withdrawal, in whole or part, of an application for a Community
         trade mark or the restriction of the list of goods or services contained therein must be made expressly and unconditionally.
      
      That provision concerns only the applicant for a Community trade mark and not the Board of Appeal of OHIM. It cannot therefore
         rely on that provision to infer – by substituting itself for the applicant – from the applicant’s procedural inactivity that
         there has been an implicit withdrawal of its trade mark application.
      
      Consequently, that provision cannot be relied upon to infer the implicit withdrawal of the Community trade mark application
         by reason solely of the fact that the applicant for that mark took no action in the course of the opposition and appeal proceedings
         before OHIM.
      
      (see paras 41-42, 44, 46)
      3.      According to Rule 20(3) of Regulation No 2868/95 implementing Regulation No 40/94 on the Community trade mark, which deals
         with the assessment of the opposition, ‘[i]f the applicant submits no observations, [OHIM] shall base its ruling on the opposition
         on the evidence before it’. In addition, Rule 50(1) of Regulation No 2868/95 states that, ‘[u]nless otherwise provided, the
         provisions relating to proceedings before the department which has made the decision against which the appeal is brought shall
         be applicable to appeal proceedings mutatis mutandis’.
      
      In the absence of any provision to the contrary, the Board of Appeal is thus bound to apply Rule 20(3) of Regulation No 2868/95
         and, therefore, the applicant’s procedural inactivity at the stage of the opposition and appeal proceedings cannot be treated
         by the Board of Appeal as constituting a situation in which the applicant had implicitly withdrawn its Community trade mark
         application.
      
      (see paras 54-55)
JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE (Third Chamber)
      17 March 2009 (*)
      
      (Community trade mark – Opposition proceedings – Application for the Community word mark TRENTON – Earlier Community word mark LENTON – Right to be heard – Article 73 of Regulation (EC) No 40/94 and Rule 54 of Regulation (EC) No 2868/95 – No withdrawal of the trade mark application – Article 44(1) of Regulation No 40/94 – Obligation to rule on the basis of the available evidence – Rule 20(3) and Rule 50(1) of Regulation No 2868/95)
      In Case T‑171/06,
      Laytoncrest Ltd, established in London (United Kingdom), represented by N. Dontas and P. Georgopoulou, lawyers,
      
      applicant,
      v
      Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs) (OHIM), represented by D. Botis, acting as Agent,
      
      defendant,
      the other party to the proceedings before the Board of Appeal of OHIM, intervener before the Court of First Instance, being
      Erico International Corp., established in Solon, Ohio (United States), represented by M. Samer, O. Gillert and F. Schiwek, lawyers,
      
      ACTION brought against the decision of the Second Board of Appeal of OHIM of 26 April 2006 (Case R 406/2004-2) relating to
         opposition proceedings between Erico International Corp. and Laytoncrest Ltd,
      
      THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES (Third Chamber),
      composed of J. Azizi, President, E. Cremona and S. Frimodt Nielsen (Rapporteur), Judges,
      Registrar: J. Plingers, Administrator,
      having regard to the application lodged at the Registry of the Court of First Instance on 22 June 2006,
      having regard to the response of OHIM lodged at the Registry of the Court on 15 December 2006,
      having regard to the response of the intervener lodged at the Registry of the Court on 29 January 2007,
      having regard to the changes in the composition of the Chambers of the Court,
      having regard to the reassignment of the case to the Third Chamber on the ground that the Judge-Rapporteur initially designated
         was no longer able to act,
      
      further to the hearing on 28 November 2008,
      gives the following
      Judgment
       Background to the dispute
      1        On 3 July 2001 the applicant, Laytoncrest Ltd, filed an application for a  Community trade mark with the Office for Harmonisation
         in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs) (OHIM) pursuant to Council Regulation (EC) No 40/94 of 20 December 1993 on
         the Community trade mark (OJ 1994 L 11, p. 1), as amended. 
      
      2        The trade mark applied for is the word sign TRENTON. The goods in respect of which registration was sought are in Classes
         7, 9 and 11 of the Nice Agreement of 15 June 1957 concerning the International Classification of Goods and Services for the
         Purposes of Registration of Marks, as revised and amended, and correspond, for Class 7, to the following description: ‘Machines
         and machine tools; motors and engines (except for land vehicles); machine coupling and transmission components (except for
         land vehicles); agricultural implements other than those operated manually; incubators for eggs’. The application for the
         Community trade mark was published in the Community Trade Marks Bulletin No 48/2002 on 17 June 2002.
      
      3        On 16 September 2002 the intervener, Erico International Corp., filed a notice of opposition against registration of the trade
         mark applied for. The grounds relied on in support of that opposition were, inter alia, those referred to in Article 8(1)(b)
         of Regulation No 40/94. 
      
      4        The opposition was based on the Community word mark LENTON, registered on 20 December 2001 under number 1 946 045 in respect
         of goods in Classes 6 and 7, corresponding, for Class 7, to the following description: ‘Threading machines, chasers, and gauges
         therefor, hydraulic wedge drivers, swaging machines, and wire tying machines’. The opposition was directed against the goods
         in Class 7 referred to in the trade mark application which correspond to the following description: ‘Machines and machine
         tools; machine coupling and transmission components (except for land vehicles)’. 
      
      5        The applicant did not file any observations at that stage of the procedure. By fax of 1 July 2003, OHIM informed the applicant,
         pursuant to Rule 20(3) of Commission Regulation (EC) No 2868/95 of 13 December 1995 implementing Regulation No 40/94 (OJ 1995
         L 303, p. 1) that, on account of its failure to file observations within the prescribed period, OHIM would give a ruling on
         the opposition on the basis of the evidence before it. 
      
      6        By decision of 25 March 2004, the Opposition Division rejected the opposition. It found that the differences between the marks
         at issue did not allow for the conclusion that there was a likelihood of confusion despite the identity and partial similarity
         of the goods. 
      
      7        On 25 May 2004, the intervener lodged an appeal with OHIM, pursuant to Articles 57 to 62 of Regulation No 40/94, against the
         decision of the Opposition Division, claiming an infringement of Article 8(1)(b) of Regulation No 40/94. The intervener also
         claimed that the applicant did not exist, given its complete procedural inactivity. 
      
      8        The Board of Appeal sent the intervener’s claims to the applicant and requested it to submit observations, both on the appeal
         in general and on the more specific issue of the applicant’s existence. The applicant did not make any contact within the
         prescribed period. At the expiry of that period, the registry of the Boards of Appeal contacted the applicant’s representative
         to confirm that the applicant did not have any observations to submit, a fact which was confirmed to him over the telephone.
      
      9        By decision of 26 April 2006 (‘the contested decision’), the Board of Appeal held that, on account of its complete procedural
         inactivity during the opposition and appeal stages, the applicant had implicitly withdrawn its Community trade mark application
         under Article 44(1) of Regulation No 40/94, which allows an applicant, at any time, to withdraw its application or to restrict
         the list of goods or services contained therein. The Board of Appeal also stated that, even though withdrawal would normally
         be made expressly, it is possible in certain cases that withdrawal of a trade mark application by an applicant may be implied
         inasmuch as that withdrawal may be inferred clearly from the circumstances, as such a possibility is not excluded by Regulation
         No 40/94. 
      
      10      Accordingly, the Board of Appeal decided to close the proceedings before it owing to the absence of a cause of action and,
         to declare the decision of the Opposition Division null and void. Since the applicant had withdrawn its Community trade mark
         application, the Board of Appeal also ordered it to pay the costs incurred in the proceedings, pursuant to Article 81(3) of
         Regulation No 40/94.  
      
       Forms of order sought
      11      The applicant claims that the Court should:  
      
      –        annul the contested decision;
      –        refer the matter back to the Boards of Appeal of OHIM for a decision on the merits; 
      –        order OHIM and the intervener to pay the costs.
      12      OHIM contends that the Court should: 
      
      –        annul the contested decision;
      –        order each of the parties to bear its own costs.
      13      The intervener contends that the Court should:  
      
      –        dismiss the action;
      –        order the applicant to pay the costs. 
       Law 
       Admissibility 
       Arguments of the parties
      14      The intervener claims that the action is inadmissible as it is not ‘the proper legal route to dispute the [contested decision]’.
         Instead of bringing the present action, the intervener argues, the applicant should have acted in accordance with Rule 54
         of Regulation No 2868/95. That analysis was challenged by the applicant and OHIM at the hearing. 
      
       Findings of the Court 
      15      Article 62(1) of Regulation No 40/94 states: 
      
      ‘Following the examination as to the allowability of the appeal, the Board of Appeal shall decide on the appeal. The Board
         of Appeal may either exercise any power within the competence of the department which was responsible for the decision appealed
         or remit the case to that department for further prosecution.’
      
      16      Furthermore, Article 63(1) of Regulation No 40/94 states that ‘[a]ctions may be brought before the Court of Justice against
         decisions of the Boards of Appeal on appeals’.
      
      17      In addition, Article 63(4) of Regulation No 40/94 provides that ‘[t]he action shall be open to any party to proceedings before
         the Board of Appeal adversely affected by its decision’.
      
      18      In the present case, having opposed the Community trade mark application lodged by the applicant, the intervener decided to
         bring an appeal against the decision of the Opposition Division, which had rejected that opposition. 
      
      19      Ruling on that appeal, the Board of Appeal declared the opposition and appeal proceedings closed, ruled that the decision
         of the Opposition Decision was null and void, and ordered the applicant to pay the fees and costs incurred by the intervener
         (see paragraph 10 above). Furthermore, in paragraphs 16 to 23 of the contested decision, the Board of Appeal set out the reasons
         why it took the view that, on account of its complete procedural inactivity, the applicant had implicitly withdrawn its Community
         trade mark application. 
      
      20      Therefore, in finding that there had been an implicit withdrawal of the Community trade mark application, the contested decision
         takes from the applicant the benefit of its procedural status as an applicant for a Community trade mark, and deprives it
         of the possibility of obtaining a definitive response to its claims, which it challenges in the context of the present action.
         In addition, the effects of that decision are not limited to only those goods against which the opposition was brought (goods
         in Class 7; see paragraph 4 above), but also extend to goods which were not relevant to that opposition (goods in Classes
         9 and 11; see paragraph 1 above). 
      
      21      It follows from the foregoing that the Board of Appeal ruled, in the contested decision, on the appeal brought by the intervener
         against the decision of the Opposition Division for the purposes of Article 63(1) of Regulation No 40/94, and that that decision
         has binding legal effect in respect of the applicant, making that decision open to appeal before the Community Courts for
         the purposes of Article 63(4) of Regulation No 40/94, since it rules on the Community trade mark application filed by the
         applicant by finding that the application was implicitly withdrawn by reason of the applicant’s procedural inactivity. 
      
      22      The intervener’s observations on the admissibility of the action must therefore be rejected. 
      
       Substance 
       Preliminary observations
      –       Arguments of the parties
      23      The applicant indicates that its financial means are limited, which explains why it did not submit observations to the Opposition
         Division and the Board of Appeal. In support of its action, it states that it has never withdrawn its trade mark application
         and raises – in essence – the following pleas and arguments: first, infringement of Article 73 of Regulation No 40/94 and
         Rule 54 of Regulation No 2868/95; second, infringement of Article 44(1) of Regulation No 40/94 and misinterpretation of the
         judgment of the Court of Justice in Joined Cases C‑414/99 to C‑416/99 Zino Davidoff and Levi Strauss [2001] ECR I‑8691; third, infringement of Rule 20(3) and Rule 50(1) of Regulation No 2868/95; and, fourth, infringement of
         Article 63(2) and Article 74(1) of Regulation No 40/94.
      
      24      OHIM joins in the applicant’s line of argument, subject to a number of observations on the scope of the infringement of Article
         74 of Regulation No 40/94. 
      
      25      The intervener contends that there is no evidence that the applicant’s financial situation prevented it from participating
         in the procedure before the Opposition Division and the Board of Appeal. In the absence of evidence in that regard, the Board
         of Appeal was entitled to adopt the contested decision by reason of the applicant’s procedural inactivity. 
      
      –       Findings of the Court
      26      As OHIM stated at the hearing, it should be noted that the present case concerns a particularly important issue in relation
         to its practice, since it allows for examination of the lawfulness of a Board of Appeal decision in which the lack of procedural
         activity, by the applicant for a Community trade mark, during the opposition and appeal proceedings has been treated as an
         implicit withdrawal of the application and as ending the appeal proceedings owing to the absence of a cause of action. 
      
      27      On that issue, OHIM pleads for the annulment of the contested decision on the ground that the majority of the arguments put
         forward by the applicant are well founded. In proceedings concerning a Community trade mark, brought against a decision of
         a Board of Appeal, nothing, in essence, precludes OHIM from endorsing the applicant’s heads of claim, while putting forward
         all the arguments that it considers appropriate, in performance of its task relating to the administration of Community trade
         mark law and the functional independence which the Boards of Appeal are granted in the exercise of their duties (Case T-107/02
         GE Betz v OHIM – Atofina Chemicals (BIOMATE) [2004] ECR II-1845, paragraphs 32 to 36).
      
      28      In addition, it is irrelevant whether the applicant can rely on its financial situation to justify the fact that it did not
         submit observations to the Opposition Division and to the Board of Appeal, since that explanation has been put forward for
         the first time before the Court without it having been possible to examine it previously and, in any event, the applicant
         does not dispute its procedural inactivity during the opposition and appeal proceedings before OHIM. 
      
      29      It is in that context that the various pleas submitted by the applicant must be examined. 
      
       The first plea: infringement of Article 73 of Regulation No 40/94 and Rule 54 of Regulation No 2868/95
      –       Arguments of the parties
      30      The applicant claims that the contested decision infringes Article 73 of Regulation No 40/94 and Rule 54 of Regulation No
         2868/95. Before taking the contested decision, the Board of Appeal should have given the applicant the opportunity to state
         its view, which could have allowed it to indicate that it had no intention of withdrawing its Community trade mark application.
      
      31      OHIM points out that, even on the assumption that the withdrawal of that application could be justified, the Board of Appeal
         should, in accordance with the aforementioned provisions, at least have requested the applicant to clarify its intentions
         by setting it a time‑limit and by informing it expressly of the consequences of any failure on its part to respond within
         the period prescribed. 
      
      32      The intervener contends that it is difficult to understand why the contested decision does not respect the rights of the defence
         and the right to be heard, given that the applicant had been procedurally inactive before the Opposition Division and the
         Board of Appeal. 
      
      –       Findings of the Court
      33      In accordance with Article 73 of Regulation No 40/94, decisions of OHIM must state the reasons on which they are based and
         may be based only on reasons or evidence on which the parties concerned have had an opportunity to present their comments.
         Pursuant to Rule 54 of Regulation No 2868/95, if OHIM finds that the loss of any rights results from that regulation or from
         Regulation No 40/94 without any decision having been taken, it must communicate that to the person concerned and draw his
         attention to the possibility for him, within two months after notification of that communication, to apply for a decision
         on the matter by OHIM.
      
      34      In the present case, it is clear from the outline of the facts and the contacts which the Board of Appeal was able to have
         with the applicant (see paragraph 8 above), that the Board of Appeal did not at any time inform the applicant of its intention
         to find that the applicant had implicitly withdrawn its trade mark application by reason of its procedural inactivity.
      
      35      As a result, even on the assumption that the Board of Appeal was entitled to find that the procedural inactivity during the
         opposition and appeal proceedings before OHIM was evidence capable of demonstrating that the applicant for a Community trade
         mark had lost all interest in registration of that mark and had therefore implicitly withdrawn its application, it must be
         held that, in any event, the contested decision was taken in breach of Article 73 of Regulation No 40/94 and Rule 54 of Regulation
         No 2868/95 and must for that reason be annulled. 
      
      36      Inasmuch as such an annulment leaves open the question whether the Board of Appeal may consider, as was decided in the present
         case, procedural inactivity during opposition and appeal proceedings to constitute a ground for implicit withdrawal of a Community
         trade mark application, the Court takes the view that it is appropriate to consider also the second and third pleas dealing
         with that issue. 
      
       The second plea: infringement of Article 44(1) of Regulation No 40/94 and the reference to the judgment in Zino Davidoff and Levi Strauss 
      –       Arguments of the parties
      37      The applicant claims that Article 44(1) of Regulation No 40/94 requires an express and unconditional withdrawal of the Community
         trade mark application (Case T‑396/02 Storck v OHIM (Shape of a sweet) [2004] ECR II‑3821, paragraph 19). That provision does not allow an implicit withdrawal of such an application to be inferred
         from procedural inactivity at the stage of the opposition or appeal proceedings before OHIM. In addition, the contested decision
         is based on a misinterpretation of the judgment in Zino Davidoff and Levi Strauss, cited in paragraph 23 above, which has a context that is entirely different and unrelated to that in the present case. 
      
      38      OHIM asserts that, in accordance with the letter and the spirit of Article 44(1) of Regulation No 40/94, the withdrawal of
         a Community trade mark application must be in writing, express and unconditional.
      
      39      The intervener contends that the implicit withdrawal of a trade mark application is not excluded by Article 44(1) of Regulation
         No 40/94. It argues that the facts ruled on in the judgments in Shape of a sweet, cited in paragraph 37 above (paragraphs 5, 19 and 20), and in Case T‑219/00 Ellos v OHIM (ELLOS) [2002] ECR II‑753, paragraphs 60 to 62, to which the judgment in Shape of a sweet refers, are different in so far as, in those cases, there was a written, and therefore express, declaration of withdrawal
         of the application, whereas in the present case the declaration of withdrawal is implicit and arises from procedural inactivity.
         
      
      –       Findings of the Court
      40      In the contested decision, the Board of Appeal bases its finding that the applicant had implicitly withdrawn its Community
         trade mark application on the following reasoning:
      
      –        first, it follows from Article 44(1) of Regulation No 40/94 that an applicant for a Community trade mark may at any time terminate
         the proceedings by withdrawing its application (paragraphs 17 and 19);
      
      –        second, even if the withdrawal of a Community trade mark application should, in principle, be expressly indicated, ‘it is
         conceivable that a withdrawal may be implied, as the law does not exclude it, provided that it may be inferred from the facts
         and circumstances, which in the Office’s view unequivocally demonstrate that the applicant has withdrawn its application’
         (paragraph 20); in the present case, the applicant did not take part in any stage of the opposition or appeal proceedings,
         which ‘… unequivocally demonstrates that the applicant has lost all interest in registering its Community trade mark application,
         which implies its withdrawal and, therefore, the consequent termination of the proceedings’ (paragraphs 16, 22 and 23);
      
      –        third, the foregoing reasoning relies on the application, by analogy, of the requirements for a renunciation of the rights
         accruing from the exclusive right which a trade mark confers on its proprietor, which are defined in  Zino Davidoff andLevi Strauss (cited in paragraph 23 above, paragraph 46), to the withdrawal of a Community trade mark application (paragraph 21). 
      
      41      The first stage in that reasoning is correct, since, pursuant to Article 44(1) of Regulation No 40/94 ‘[t]he applicant may
         at any time withdraw his Community trade mark application or restrict the list of goods or services contained therein’. 
      
      42      In relation to the second stage of the Board of Appeal’s reasoning, it must be borne in mind that Article 44(1) of Regulation
         No 40/94 is to be interpreted as meaning that the power to restrict the list of goods or services is vested solely in the
         applicant for a Community trade mark, who may at any time apply to OHIM for that purpose. In that context, the withdrawal,
         in whole or part, of an application for a Community trade mark or the restriction of the list of goods or services contained
         therein must be made expressly and unconditionally (ELLOS, cited in paragraph 39 above, paragraph 61, and Shape of a sweet, cited in paragraph 37 above, paragraph 19). 
      
      43      Admittedly, as the intervener points out, the judgments in ELLOS, cited in paragraph 39 above, and Shape of a sweet, cited in paragraph 37 above, concern cases in which the applicant had proposed, in the alternative, to restrict the list
         of goods covered by the application if the Board of Appeal were minded, principally, to reject the application for a Community
         trade mark in respect of all the goods covered. Those cases focus more on the conditional nature of the proposed restriction
         than on the need to make the withdrawal of that application in an express manner. Nevertheless, that specific factual context
         is not sufficient to justify the conclusion that the Board of Appeal may, as a consequence, infer an implicit withdrawal of
         the Community trade mark application from the applicant’s procedural inactivity during opposition proceedings. 
      
      44      Article 44(1) of Regulation No 40/94 concerns only the applicant for a Community trade mark and not the Board of Appeal. The
         Board of Appeal cannot therefore rely on that provision to infer – by substituting itself for the applicant – from the applicant’s
         procedural inactivity that there has been an implicit withdrawal of its trade mark application. Moreover, while the case-law
         cited above envisages situations in which the list of goods is restricted, the reasoning set out in the Court’s judgments
         also refers expressly to the scenario of a straightforward withdrawal of the Community trade mark application (see paragraph
         42 above and the case-law cited). The same logic necessarily applies in both situations, given that it is up to the applicant
         to indicate ‘expressly and unconditionally’ the content which he intends to give to his trade mark application. It is, then,
         for the Opposition Division and the Board of Appeal to rule on the content of that application in the light of the arguments
         submitted in the opposition proceedings. That reasoning does not prevent OHIM from registering the trade mark sought for only
         a portion of the goods or services indicated, but that restriction will then occur following the assessment of the likelihood
         of confusion, which was advanced in the present case. 
      
      45      It should also be pointed out that the implicit withdrawal of the trade mark applied for, established by the Board of Appeal
         in the contested decision, applies to all of the goods covered by the Community trade mark application, even though the opposition
         was directed against only some of those goods (see paragraph 4 above). In any event, it cannot therefore be ‘unequivocally’
         demonstrated that the applicant had lost all interest in registration of the trade mark applied for in its entirety by reason
         solely of the fact that it did not defend its position in the course of the opposition and appeal proceedings before OHIM
         relating to only some of the goods covered. 
      
      46      Consequently, Article 44(1) of Regulation No 40/94 cannot be relied upon to infer the implicit withdrawal of the Community
         trade mark application by reason solely of the fact that the applicant for that mark took no action in the course of the opposition
         and appeal proceedings before OHIM. 
      
      47      As regards the third stage of the Board of Appeal’s reasoning, the application, by analogy, of the requirements for a renunciation
         of rights accruing from the exclusive right which a trade mark confers on its proprietor, which were defined by the Court
         of Justice in Zino Davidoff and Levi Strauss, cited in paragraph 23 above, is not necessary in the present case in view of the content of Article 44(1) of Regulation
         No 40/94 and the interpretation which has been given to that provision by the case-law. In the present case, it is irrelevant
         whether the Community trade mark proprietor’s consent to the placing of the goods on the market in the European Economic Area
         (EEA) must be express. Furthermore, the Court of Justice held at paragraph 46 in Zino Davidoff and Levi Strauss, cited in paragraph 23 above, that, even though ‘[s]uch intention will normally be gathered from an express statement of
         consent[, i]t is conceivable that consent may, in some cases, be inferred from facts and circumstances prior to, simultaneous
         with or subsequent to the placing of the goods on the market outside the EEA which, in the view of the national court, unequivocally
         demonstrate that the proprietor has renounced his rights.’ Lastly, such an application by analogy fails to take account of
         paragraph 55 of that judgment, which states that ‘implied consent to the marketing within the EEA of goods put on the market
         outside that area cannot be inferred from the mere silence of the trade mark proprietor’. 
      
      48      It follows from the foregoing that the contested decision infringes Article 44(1) of Regulation No 40/94 and must for that
         reason be annulled. 
      
      49      In so far as such an annulment is limited to assessing the legal basis relied upon by the Board of Appeal in the contested
         decision, the Court considers it appropriate also to examine the third plea, which concerns rules which the Board of Appeal
         did not contemplate applying. 
      
       The third plea: infringement of Rule 20(3) and Rule 50(1) of Regulation No 2868/95
      –       Arguments of the parties
      50      The applicant alleges that the contested decision infringes Rule 20(3) and Rule 50(1) of Regulation No 2868/95, according
         to which the Board of Appeal is to rule on the substance even if the applicant does not submit any observations. The fact
         that the applicant did not submit observations cannot therefore be interpreted as amounting to an implicit withdrawal of its
         trade mark application. 
      
      51      OHIM remarks that it is normal that the applicable rules provide that the applicant’s non-appearance in opposition proceedings
         cannot automatically lead to acceptance of the opposition, inasmuch as OHIM already has sufficient evidence to rule on that
         opposition. Rule 20(3) thus requires OHIM to rule on the substance of the dispute ‘on the basis of the evidence before it’,
         and therefore to act as if the applicant for the Community trade mark were present. In that regard, OHIM points out that that
         rule was amended by Commission Regulation (EC) No 1041/2005 of 29 June 2005 amending Regulation No 2868/95 (OJ 2005 L 172,
         p. 4). Previously, it stated that OHIM ‘may give a ruling’ on the opposition, whereas now it ‘shall base its ruling [on the
         evidence before it]’. That amendment, made necessary following a number of decisions by Boards of Appeal finding that an applicant’s
         silence was equivalent to acceptance of the opposition, sought to clarify the fact that the applicant’s absence could not
         result in a loss of its procedural rights.
      
      52      The intervener contends that the aforementioned provisions do not exclude the possibility that the fact of not making submissions,
         during both the opposition and appeal proceedings, may be treated as constituting a withdrawal of the Community trade mark
         application. 
      
      –       Findings of the Court
      53      The contested decision makes no reference to the principle pursuant to which both the Opposition Division and the Board of
         Appeal rule on the substance even if the applicant for a Community trade mark has submitted no observations during the opposition
         proceedings. 
      
      54      According to Rule 20(3) of Regulation No 2868/95, which deals with the assessment of the opposition, ‘[i]f the applicant submits
         no observations, [OHIM] shall base its ruling on the opposition on the evidence before it’. In addition, Rule 50(1) of Regulation
         No 2868/95 states that, ‘[u]nless otherwise provided, the provisions relating to proceedings before the department which has
         made the decision against which the appeal is brought shall be applicable to appeal proceedings mutatis mutandis’. 
      
      55      In the absence of any provision to the contrary, the Board of Appeal was thus bound to apply Rule 20(3) of Regulation No 2868/95
         and, therefore, the applicant’s procedural inactivity at the stage of the opposition and appeal proceedings could not be treated
         by the Board of Appeal as constituting a situation in which the applicant had implicitly withdrawn its Community trade mark
         application.
      
      56      Consequently, the contested decision infringes Rule 20(3) and Rule 50(1) of Regulation No 2868/95 and must for that reason
         be annulled. 
      
       Conclusion
      57      It follows from the foregoing that the first, second and third pleas are well founded and, therefore, the contested decision
         must be annulled on the basis of each of those pleas, without it being necessary to consider the fourth plea, the first branch
         of which, alleging an infringement of Article 63(2) of Regulation No 40/94, is put forward in the alternative by the applicant,
         and the second branch of which, alleging infringement of Article 74(1) of Regulation No 40/94, assumes the existence of a
         request submitted by one of the parties. 
      
       Costs
      58      Under Article 87(2) of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of First Instance, the unsuccessful party is to be ordered to pay
         the costs if they have been applied for in the successful party’s pleadings. Where there are several unsuccessful parties,
         the Court of First Instance is to decide how the costs are to be shared.
      
      59      As OHIM has been unsuccessful, inasmuch as the contested decision is annulled, and the applicant has sought an order for costs
         against it, OHIM must be ordered to bear its own costs and to pay those incurred by the applicant. 
      
      60      The intervener is ordered to bear its own costs. 
      
      On those grounds,
      THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE (Third Chamber)
      hereby:
      1.      Annuls the decision of the Second Board of Appeal of the Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and
            Designs) (OHIM) of 26 April 2006 (R 406/2004-2);
      2.      Orders OHIM to bear its own costs and to pay those incurred by Laytoncrest Ltd;
      3.      Orders Erico International Corp. to bear its own costs.
      
               Azizi 
            
            
               Cremona 
            
            
               Frimodt Nielsen
            
         Delivered in open court in Luxembourg on 17 March 2009.
      [Signatures]
      Table of contents
      
      Background to the dispute
      Forms of order sought
      Law
      Admissibility
      Arguments of the parties
      Findings of the Court
      Substance
      Preliminary observations
      – Arguments of the parties
      – Findings of the Court
      The first plea: infringement of Article 73 of Regulation No 40/94 and Rule 54 of Regulation No 2868/95
      – Arguments of the parties
      – Findings of the Court
      The second plea: infringement of Article 44(1) of Regulation No 40/94 and the reference to the judgment in Zino Davidoff and
         Levi Strauss
      
      – Arguments of the parties
      – Findings of the Court
      The third plea: infringement of Rule 20(3) and Rule 50(1) of Regulation No 2868/95
      – Arguments of the parties
      – Findings of the Court
      Conclusion
      Costs
      * Language of the case: Greek.