CELEX: 32021M10153
Language: en
Date: 2021-07-28 00:00:00
Title: Commission Decision of 28/07/2021 declaring a concentration to be compatible with the common market (Case No COMP/M.10153 - ORANGE / TELEKOM ROMANIA COMMUNICATIONS) according to Council Regulation (EC) No 139/2004 (Only the English text is authentic)

EUROPEAN COMMISSION
                                                                  Brussels, 28.7.2021
                                                                  C(2021) 5793 final
                                                                                    PUBLIC VERSION
                                                                    In the published version of this decision,
                                                                    some information has been omitted
                                                                    pursuant to Article 17(2) of Council
                                                                    Regulation (EC) No 139/2004 concerning
                                                                    non-disclosure of business secrets and
                                                                    other     confidential information. The
                                                                    omissions are shown thus […]. Where
                                                                    possible the information omitted has been
                                                                    replaced by ranges of figures or a general
                                                                    description.
                                                                  ORANGE S.A.
                                                                  111, Quai du Président Roosevelt
                                                                  92130, Issy-les-Moulineaux,
                                                                  France
Subject:             Case M.10153 – ORANGE/TELEKOM ROMANIA
                     COMMUNICATIONS
                     Commission decision pursuant to Article 6(1)(b) in conjunction with
                     Article 6(2) of Council Regulation No 139/20041 and Article 57 of the
                     Agreement on the European Economic Area 2
Dear Sir or Madam,
(1)       On 8 June 2021, the European Commission received notification of a proposed
          concentration pursuant to Article 4 of the Merger Regulation by which Orange S.A.
          (“Orange”, France) acquires within the meaning of Article 3(1)(b) of the Merger
          Regulation sole control of the whole of Telekom Romania Communications S.A.
          (“TKR”, Romania), currently controlled by Deutsche Telekom AG (“DT”,
1         OJ L 24, 29.1.2004, p. 1 (the ‘M erger Regulation’). With effect from 1 December 2009, the Treaty on the
          Functioning of the European Union (‘TFEU’) has introduced certain changes, such as the replacement of
          ‘Community’ by ‘Union’ and ‘common market’ by ‘internal market’. The terminology of the TFEU will be used
          throughout this decision.
2         OJ L 1, 3.1.1994, p. 3 (the ‘EEA Agreement’).
Commission européenne, DG COMP MERGER REGISTRY, 1049 Bruxelles, BELGIQUE
Europese Commissie, DG COMP MERGER REGISTRY, 1049 Brussel, BELGIË
Tel: +32 229-91111. Fax: +32 229-64301. E-mail: COMP-MERGER-REGISTRY@ec.europa.eu.
 ---pagebreak---     Germany) (the “Transaction”)3 . Orange and TKR are designated hereinafter as the
    “Parties” and Orange is referred to as the “Notifying Party”.
1.  THE PARTIES
(2) Orange is a global telecommunications operator, providing a wide range of
    electronic communications services mainly in the area of fixed-line, internet and
    mobile telephony in 27 countries worldwide. In Romania, through its subsidiary
    Orange Romania, it offers mobile telecommunications services relying on its own
    mobile network. Orange Romania also offers, to a very limited extent, fixed
    telephony, fixed internet and TV services relying almost exclusively on third-party
    infrastructures. Orange is listed on the NYSE Euronext Paris industry and on the
    New York Stock Exchange. No shareholder has sole or joint control over Orange
    within the meaning of the Merger Regulation.
(3) TKR is a provider of fixed telecommunications services, TV services and multiple-
    play bundles to residential and non-residential customers, wholesale services to other
    telecommunications operators and, to a very limited degree, mobile
    telecommunications services as a Mobile Virtual Network Operator relying on an
    agreement with Telekom Romania Mobile Communications S.A. (“TRMC”), all in
    Romania. TKR is currently under the sole control of DT, through DT’s subsidiary
    Hellenic Telecommunications Organizations S.A. (“OTE”), which indirectly
    (through its 100% subsidiary OTE International Investments Ltd) owns 54.01% of
    TKR shares and voting rights. The remaining shares (45.99%) belong to the
    Romanian State, but do not confer joint control over TKR within the meaning of the
    Merger Regulation.
(4) TKR holds a 30% non-controlling minority shareholding in TRMC, the third largest
    mobile network operator in Romania. TRMC is solely controlled by DT via OTE,
    which holds 70% of the shares.
2.  THE OPERATION
(5) Pursuant to the Share Sale and Purchase Agreement (“the Agreement”) signed on
    6 November 2020, Orange Romania will acquire 100% of the shares of OTE
    International Ltd, and thus indirect control over TKR. The Romanian State will
    retain its non-controlling minority shareholding in TKR. TKR’s Shareholders’
    Agreement will not be affected by the Transaction. Therefore, as a result of the
    Transaction, Orange will solely control TKR within the meaning of Article 3(1)(b)
    of the Merger Regulation.
(6) Additionally, as a consequence of the acquisition of TKR, Orange will indirectly
    acquire 30% of the share capital of its direct competitor TRMC, together with the
    relating voting and other corporate governance rights.
3   Publication in the Official Journal of the European Union No C 231, 16.06.2021, p. 5-6.
                                                           2
 ---pagebreak--- 3.   UNION DIMENSION
(7)  The undertakings concerned have a combined aggregate world-wide turnover of
     more than EUR 5 000 million (Orange: EUR 42 270 million; TKR: EUR […])4 .
     Each of them has a Union-wide turnover in excess of EUR 250 million (Orange:
     EUR […]; TKR: EUR […]), but each does not achieve more than two-thirds of its
     aggregate Union-wide turnover within one and the same Member State. The notified
     operation therefore has a Union dimension pursuant to Article 1(2) of the Merger
     Regulation.
4.   RELEVANT MARKETS
(8)  In Romania, the Parties’ main activities are complementary. Orange primarily
     provides retail mobile telecommunications services. It offers retail fixed telephony
     and retail fixed internet services, mainly through a wholesale access agreement […],
     as well as business connectivity services through “ad hoc” broadband access
     agreements with TKR, each addressing the specific needs of its business customers.
     Orange also offers retail TV services through its own satellite service and via cable
     based on its wholesale agreement with TKR.
(9)  TKR on the other hand is mainly active in the retail supply of fixed telephony and
     fixed internet access services. It offers mobile telecommunications services based on
     a wholesale mobile virtual network operator (“MVNO”) agreement with TRMC.
     TKR also offers retail audio-visual (“AV”) services through cable, satellite and
     IPTV, as well as business connectivity services. TKR also provides third parties with
     commercial (non-regulated) wholesale access to its fibre network and cable TV
     network.
(10) The Parties’ activities mainly overlap in the areas of: (i) fixed-mobile convergent
     (“FMC”) bundles; (ii) business connectivity services; (iii) retail supply of AV
     services; and (iv) wholesale supply and acquisition of TV channels (acquisition
     side). Besides, there are minor horizontal overlaps between the Parties’ activities in:
     (i) retail fixed telephony services; (ii) retail fixed internet access services; (iii) retail
     mobile telecommunications services; and (iv) wholesale leased lines.
(11) In addition, Orange and/or TKR are present upstream in: (i) wholesale broadband
     access (TKR); (ii) wholesale services for fixed backhaul (TKR); (iii) wholesale fixed
     call termination services (Orange and TKR); (iv) wholesale termination and hosting
     of calls to non-geographic numbers (TKR); (v) wholesale provision of domestic call
     transit services on fixed networks (TKR); (vi) global telecommunications services
     (Orange); (vii) wholesale internet connectivity services (Orange); (viii) wholesale
     mobile call services (Orange and TKR); and (ix) wholesale international roaming
     services (Orange). Those services are vertically linked to (i) retail mobile
     telecommunications services, (ii) retail fixed telephony services, and (iii) retail
     business connectivity services. Further details on the vertical relationships between
     the Parties are in Table 2 under section 5.2.2.
4    Turnover calculated in accordance with Article 5(1) of the M erger Regulation and the Commission Consolidated
     Jurisdictional Notice (OJ C95, 16.4.2008, p. 1).
                                                           3
 ---pagebreak--- 4.1.    Retail supply of mobile telecommunications services
4.1.1. Product market definition
4.1.1.1. Commission precedents
(12)    In previous decisions, the Commission has identified an overall retail market for
        mobile telecommunications services constituting a separate market, distinct from
        retail fixed telecommunication services. The Commission considered that the retail
        mobile market does not need to be further segmented based on the type of service
        (voice calls, SMS, MMS, mobile Internet data services), or the type of network
        technology (2G, 3G, 4G).5 The Commission considered a number of possible
        segmentations of the overall retail market for mobile telecommunication services
        (pre-paid vs post-paid services;6 private customers vs. business customers;7 high-
        value vs low-value customers;8 sim-card only (“SIMO”) and handset subscriptions;9
        different distribution channels10 ) but considered that they do not constitute separate
        product markets but rather segments of the same market .
(13)    The Commission considered that Over-the-top (“OTT”) services, whether provided
        over Wi-Fi or via mobile telecommunications data networks, were not part of the
        market for mobile telecommunications services, as OTT rely on mobile
        telecommunications (data) services and/or fixed broadband services to function.11
5       Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets, recital 66;
        Commission decision of 30 M ay 2018 in case M .7000 – Liberty Global/Ziggo, paragraph 207; Commission
        decision of 1 September 2016 in case M .7758, Hutchison 3G Italy/Wind/JV, recitals 135 to 140; Commission
        decision of 3 August 2016 in case M .7978 – Vodafone/Liberty Global/Dutch JV, paragraph 74; Commission
        decision of 11 M ay 2016 in case M .7612 – Hutchison 3G UK/Telefónica UK, recitals 259 to 265 and 287;
        Commission decision of 02 July 2014 in case M .7018 – Telefónica Deutschland/E-Plus, recitals 31 to55;
        Commission decision of 28 M ay 2014 in case M .6992 – Hutchison 3G UK/Telefónica Ireland, recital 141;
        Commission decision of 12 December 2012 in case M .6497 – Hutchison 3G Austria/Orange Austria, recitals 43
        to 58.
6       Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets, recitals 64 to
        67; Commission decision of 27 November 2018 in case M .8792 – T-Mobile NL/Tele2 NL, recital 202;
        Commission decision of 30 M ay 2018 in case M .7000 – Liberty Global/Ziggo, paragraphs 200 to 207;
        Commission decision of 1 September 2016 in case M .7758 – Hutchison 3G Italy/Wind/JV, recitals 146 to 149;
        Commission decision of 3 August 2016 in case M .7978 – Vodafone/Liberty Global/Dutch JV, paragraphs 72 to
        74; Commission decision of 11 M ay 2016 in case M .7612 – Hutchison 3G UK/Telefónica UK, recitals 266 to 270
        and 287; Commission decision of 2 July 2014 in case M .7018 – Telefónica Deutschland/E-Plus, recitals 37 to 39
        and 65 to 71; Commission decision of 28 M ay 2014 I case M .6992 – Hutchison 3G UK/Telefónica Ireland,
        recitals 141 to 143; Commission decision of 12 December 2012 in case M .6497 – Hutchison 3G Austria/Orange
        Austria, recitals 38 to 41 and 58.
7       Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets, recitals 64 to
        67; Commission decision of 30 M ay 2018 in case M .7000 – Liberty Global/Ziggo, paragraphs 200 to 207;
        Commission decision of 3 August 2016 in case M .7978 – Vodafone/Liberty Global/Dutch JV, paragraphs 72 to
        74; Commission decision of 11 M ay 2016 in case M .7612 – Hutchison 3G UK/Telefónica UK, recitals 276 to
        279; Commission decision of 2 July 2014 in case M .7018 – Telefónica Deutschland/E-Plus, recitals 30 to 36;
        Commission decision of 28 M ay 2014 in case M .6992 – Hutchison 3G UK/Telefónica Ireland, recitals 141, 149
        and 150; Commission decision of 12 December 2012 in case M .6497 – Hutchison 3G Austria/Orange Austria,
        recitals 32 to 35.
8       Commission decision of 2 July 2014 in case M .7018 – Telefónica Deutschland/E-Plus, recitals 40 to 44.
9       Commission decision of 11 M ay 2016 in case M .7612 – Hutchison 3G UK/Telefónica UK, recitals 271 to 275.
10      In Commission decision of 11 M ay 2016 in case M .7612 – Hutchison 3G UK/Telefónica UK, recitals 280 to 286,
        the Commission took into account also the segmentation between direct distribution and independent specialist
        retailers in view of the important role played in the retail market by independent specialist retailers and since
        direct distribution and independent specialist retailers account for the largest part of the market.
11      Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets, recital 65 to 66;
        Commission decision of 27 November 2018 in case M .8792 – T-Mobile NL/Tele2 NL, recitals 168 to 169;;
        Commission decision of 1 September 2016 in case M .7758 – Hutchison 3G Italy/WIND/JV, recitals 138 to 145
                                                                  4
 ---pagebreak---         Finally, the Commission excluded Machine-to-Machine (“M2M”) services from the
        overall retail mobile market, due to the particular characteristics of the demand for
        and supply of these services.12
4.1.1.2. The Notifying Party’s view
(14)    With respect to the retail market for the supply of mobile telecommunications
        services, the Notifying Party considers that the relevant product market to be taken
        into account is the market for the retail supply of mobile telecommunications
        services.
(15)    With respect to M2M services, the Notifying Party considers that the definition of
        the relevant product market should be left open given the rapid technological and
        usage changes that this market is still experiencing.
(16)    With respect to OTT services, the Notifying Party disagrees with the Commission’s
        past practice of excluding such services from the retail market for the supply of
        mobile telecommunications services.
(17)    In that respect, the Notifying Party argues that OTT messaging and voice services
        are used interchangeably with traditional mobile voice and SMS services, and
        constitute a competitive threat to traditional services offered by mobile network
        operators (“MNOs”), including voice telephony and SMS. This is the case, in
        particular, as they are often very cheap or free for consumers, may entail strong
        networks effects and profit from increasing availability of data access (mobile high
        speed data and private/public Wi-Fi) and better interoperability while changing
        between infrastructures (handover and mesh technology).
(18)    In that respect, the Notifying Party considers that the market for the retail supply of
        mobile telecommunications services should include OTT services but however
        submits that the exact product market can be left open in the present case as the
        assessment of the Transaction would remain the same.
4.1.1.3. The results of the market investigation and the Commission’s assessment
(19)    A majority of respondents to the market investigation indicated that the market for
        the retail supply of mobile telecommunications services would be distinct from the
        market for the retail supply of fixed telecommunications services; and that no further
        segmentation of such market would be warranted.13
(20)    With respect to M2M services, as suggested by the results of the market
        investigation, the Commission considers that such services would fall into a market
        distinct from the market for the retail supply of mobile telecommunications services.
        Relevant factors include the fact that M2M services and retail mobile services are
        characterized by different usage patterns and pricing models. Respondents to the
        market investigation thus suggested that M2M services are currently mainly used by
        and 162, Commission decision of 11 M ay 2016 in case M .7612 – Hutchison 3G UK/Telefónica UK, recitals 262
        to 265 and 286s.
12      Commission decision of 15 July 2019 in case M .9370 – Telenor/DNA, paragraphs 39 to 42; Commission decision
        of 27 November 2018 in case M .8792 – T-Mobile NL/Tele2 NL, recitals 223 and 224.
13      Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, question 3.
                                                               5
 ---pagebreak---        business customers and not on a large scale. M2M services also usually include data
       but not voice services and appear to be especially dedicated for the Internet-of-
       Things (“IoT”) domain.14
(21)   With respect to OTT services, the results of the market investigation were mixed.
       Some competitors suggested that OTT services today would be used interchangeably
       with traditional mobile telecommunications services while providing additional
       functionalities. While OTT services would rely on mobile data, mobile devices could
       also access data services provided via Wi-Fi. In that context, developments such as
       automatic, SIM-based authentication, multipath TCP protocol and the
       implementation of seamless handover between Wi-Fi and LTE would suggest
       enhanced substitutability and would enable the use of OTT services at home, at work
       as well as on the go.
(22)   In light of the above, the Commission considers that, for the purpose of this
       Decision, the relevant product market is the market for the retail supply of mobile
       telecommunication services, excluding M2M services. The question whether such
       product market should include OTT services can be left open as the Transaction does
       not raise serious doubts as to its compatibility with the internal market or the
       functioning of the EEA Agreement under any considered product market definition.
4.1.2. Geographic market definition
(23)   In previous decisions, the Commission found that the market for the retail supply of
       mobile telecommunications services is national in scope.15
(24)   The Notifying Party considers that the relevant geographic market for the retail
       provision of mobile telecommunications services corresponds to the territory of
       Romania.
(25)   A majority of the respondents to the market investigation indicated that - in line with
       Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets16 - it would be appropriate to consider that
       the geographic scope of the market for the retail supply of mobile
       telecommunications services in the present case is the territory of Romania.17
(26)   In light of the above, the Commission considers that, for the purpose of this
       Decision, the relevant geographic market for the retail supply of mobile
       telecommunication services is the territory of Romania.
14     Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, questions 4 and 4.1
15     Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets, recital 70;
       Commission decision of 2 October 2008 in case M .5148 – Deutsche Telekom/OTE, paragraphs 18 to 20.
16     Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets.
17     Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, question 6.
                                                              6
 ---pagebreak--- 4.2.    Retail supply of fixed telephony services
4.2.1. Product market definition
4.2.1.1. Commission precedents
(27)    In previous decisions, the Commission considered whether to distinguish between
        residential and non-residential customers in the market for the retail supply of fixed
        telephony services.18 While the Commission left the precise scope of the market for
        the retail supply of fixed telephony services open in several decisions,19 it found in
        recent decisions that such market does not contain further segmentations20 and that
        the overall product market for fixed telephony services includes VoIP services.21
4.2.1.2. The Notifying Party’s view
(28)    The Notifying Party considers that the exact product market definition can be left
        open in this case. Additionally, the Notifying Party notes that fixed telephony
        services are becoming increasingly obsolete, compared with alternative voice
        services, and have become of little relevance for Romanian customers.
4.2.1.3. The results of the market investigation and the Commission’s assessment
(29)    A majority of respondents to the market investigation indicated that an overall
        market for the retail supply of fixed telephony services both through fixed telephony
        lines and through VoIP is appropriate.22
(30)    With respect to a distinction between local/national and international calls, the
        results of the market investigation were mixed. While certain submissions from
        competitors suggested that such distinction would be appropriate due to the often
        significantly higher international termination rates vis-à-vis national interconnection
        rates, other respondents indicated that there would be no significant distinctions
        between such calls.23
(31)    With respect to a segmentation between residential and non-residential customers,
        the results of the market investigation were also inconclusive. While certain
        competitors suggested that, unlike services to residential customers, services to non-
        residential customers would usually include private branch exchange (“PBX”) or
18      Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets, recitals 35 to
        40; Commission decision of 8 October 2018 in case M .8842 – Tele2/Com Hem Holding, paragraphs 14 to 17.
19      Commission decision of 8 October 2018 in case M .8842 – Tele2/Com Hem Holding, paragraph 17; Commission
        decision of 29 January 2010 in case M .5730 – Telefónica/Hansenet Telekommunikation, paragraph 17;
        Commission decision of 26 June 2009 in case M .5532 – Carphone Warehouse/Tiscali UK, paragraphs 35 to 39;
        Commission decision of 27 November 2007 in case M .4947 – Vodafone/Tele2 Italy/Tele2 Spain, paragraph 12
20      Commission decision of 26 October 2020 in case M .9963 – Iliad/Play Communications, paragraphs 19 to 23;
        Commission decision of 4 February 2016 in case M .7637 – Liberty Global/Base Belgium, recitals 68 and 69.
21      Commission decision of 29 September 2019 in case M .6990 – Vodafone/Kabel Deutschland, paragraph 131;
        Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets, recitals 35 to
        40; In Commission decision of 8 October 2018 in case M .8842 – Tele2/Com Hem Holding, paragraph 17, the
        Commission left open the exact scope of the product market with respect to VoIP services.
22      Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, questions 7 and 7.1
23      Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, questions 8 and 8.1
                                                              7
 ---pagebreak---        Virtual PBX connectivity; others indicated that there are no significant differences
       between the services provided to either residential or non-residential customers.24
(32)   In light of the above, the Commission considers that, for the purpose of this
       Decision, the relevant product market is the market for the retail supply of fixed
       telephony services including VoIP services, and that the market does not need to be
       segmented further. In any event, the Transaction does not raise serious doubts as to
       its compatibility with the internal market or the functioning of the EEA Agreement
       under any possible product market definition.
4.2.2. Geographic market definition
(33)   In Iliad/Play Communications,25 the Commission found the market for the retail
       supply of fixed telephony services to be national in scope, in particular due to the
       importance of national regulation in the telecommunications sector and the national
       basis upon which upstream wholesale services are provided. The Commission has
       also found such market to be national in scope several other decisions, 26 including
       one decision concerning Romania in 2019.27 At other occasions, the Commission left
       open the exact geographic market,28 including for Romania in 2008.29
(34)   The Notifying Party considers that the relevant geographic market for the retail
       supply of fixed telephony services corresponds to the territory of Romania.
(35)   A majority of respondents to the market investigation indicated that – in line with
       Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets30 – it is appropriate to consider that the
       geographic scope of the market for the retail supply of fixed telephony services in
       the present case is the territory of Romania.31
(36)   In light of the above, the Commission considers that, for the purpose of this
       Decision, the relevant geographic market for the retail supply of fixed telephony
       services is the territory of Romania.
4.3.   Retail supply of fixed internet access services
4.3.1. Product market definition
(37)   Internet access services consist of the provision of a telecommunications link
       enabling customers to access the internet. Internet access may be provided as dial-up
       ("narrowband") access, as higher bandwidth ("broadband") access via xDSL, a cable
       modem or mobile broadband technology, or in the form of dedicated access
24     Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, questions 9 and 9.1.
25     Commission decision of 26 October 2020 in case M . 9963 – Iliad/Play Communications, paragraph 26.
26     Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets, recital 46;
       Commission decision of 30 M ay 2018 in case M .7000 – Liberty Global/Ziggo, paragraph 150; Commission
       decision of 3 August 2016 in case M .7978 – Vodafone/Liberty Global/Dutch JV, paragraph 29; Commission
       decision of 19 M ay 2015 in case M .7421 – Orange/Jazztel, recital 37; Commission decision of 3 July 2012 in
       case M .6584 – Vodafone/Cable & Wireless, paragraph 13..
27     Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets, recital 46.
28     Commission decision of 3 July 2012 in case M .6584 – Vodafone/Cable & Wireless, paragraph 13.
29     Commission decision of 2 October 2008 in case M .5148 – Deutsche Telekom/OTE, paragraph 16.
30     Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets.
31     Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, question 10.
                                                             8
 ---pagebreak---         involving leased lines linking one point to the internet and guaranteeing higher levels
        of performance and security.32
4.3.1.1. Commission precedents
(38)    In recent cases (including specifically for Romania33 ), the Commission has
        considered that the relevant product market is the overall retail market for the
        provision of fixed internet access services, including all product types (narrowband,
        broadband, dedicated access), distribution modes (DSL, cable, fibre, fixed-wireless-
        access (“FWA”)) and speeds/bandwidths, to residential and small business
        customers, excluding the supply of fixed internet services provided through mobile
        network infrastructure (i.e. “fLTE”).34
(39)    As for large business customers, the Commission indicated that they belong to a
        separate market for the retail supply of business connectivity services. 35
(40)    As regards fLTE services in particular, in its past practice (including recent
        precedents), the Commission did not identify these services as being part of a
        standalone market. It rather considered that mobile routers/fLTE services should be
        included in the overall market for retail mobile telecommunications services. 36
4.3.1.2. The Notifying Party’s view
(41)    The Notifying Party considers that the relevant product market to be taken into
        account is the market for the retail supply of fixed internet access services excluding
        mobile internet access services.
4.3.1.3. The results of the market investigation and the Commission’s assessment
(42)    In line with the Notifying Party’s submission and the results of the market
        investigation37 , the Commission considers that it would be appropriate to consider an
        overall retail market for the supply of fixed internet access services, including all
        product types, distribution modes and speeds/bandwidths, to residential and small
        business customers, but excluding the supply of fixed internet services provided
        through mobile network infrastructure.
32      Commission decision of 29 January 2010 in case M .5730 – Telefónica/Hansenet Telekommunikation, paragraph
        7.
33      Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets, recitals 55 and
        56..
34      Commission decision of 6 M arch 2020 in case M .9674 – Vodafone Italia/TIM/Inwit JV, paragraph 110;
        Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets, recitals 53 50
        to 56; Commission decision of 9 July 2018 in case M .8808 – T-Mobile Austria/UPC Austria, paragraphs 39, 41;
        Commission decision of 30 M ay 2018 in case M .7000 – Liberty Global/Ziggo, paragraphs 165 seq.
35      In Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets, recitals 50 to
        56, the Commission notably came to such conclusion for Romania; Commission decision of 30 M ay 2018 in case
        M .7000 – Liberty Global/Ziggo, paragraphs 165 seq.; In Commission decision of 9 July 2018 in case M .8808 –
        T-Mobile Austria/UPC Austria, paragraphs 39, 41, the Commission left the exact product market open definition
        in that regard; Commission decision of 26 June 2009 in case M .5532 – Carphone Warehouse/Tiscali UK,
        paragraphs 21 to 27.
36      Commission decision of 2 July 2014 in case M .7018 – Telefonica Deutschland/E-Plus, recitals 51-55.
37      Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, question 11.
                                                              9
 ---pagebreak--- (43)   With regard to fixed internet access services provided through mobile network
       infrastructure, the respondents to the market investigation confirmed that fixed
       broadband Internet access services are not substitutable with mobile broadband
       access services, because “capacities available on fixed broadband, pricing models
       and customer usage patterns are different than in the case of mobile broadband”.38
(44)   With respect to a possible distinction by customer type, the respondents to the
       market investigation confirmed that fixed internet access services provided to
       residential and small business customers on the one hand, and large business and
       government customers on the other hand belong to separate markets. In particular,
       the majority of competitors indicate that large business and government customers
       need a dedicated infrastructure and customised solutions vis-à-vis the more
       standardized and homogeneous requirements of residential and small business
       customers.39 The Commission further notes that, also from a supply side perspective,
       there is no perfect substitution between the services provided to the two categories.
       In fact, while, according to a majority of market participants, switching from the
       supply to residential and small business customers to large business and government
       customers would be possible within a short timeframe and at minimal costs,40 a
       majority of market participants indicated that the reverse (i.e. switching from the
       supply to large business and government customers to residential and small business
       customers) could involve significant investments into network infrastructure and
       technology to offer the necessary coverage.41
(45)   The Commission, therefore, concludes that services provided to residential and small
       business customers, on the one hand, and to large business and government
       customers belong to separate product markets.
(46)   In light of the above, the Commission considers that, for the purpose of this
       Decision, the relevant product market is the market for the retail supply of fixed
       internet access services, including all product types, distribution modes, and
       speeds/bandwidth, to residential and small business customers, excluding fixed
       internet access services provided through mobile network infrastructure.
4.3.2. Geographic market definition
(47)   In previous decisions, the Commission has found the market for the retail supply of
       fixed internet access services to be national in scope, 42 including for Romania.43
(48)   The Notifying Party considers that the relevant geographic market for the retail
       supply of fixed internet access services corresponds to the territory of Romania.
38     Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, questions 11-12.1.
39     Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, questions 13 and 13.1.
40     Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, question 14 and 14.1.
41     Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, question 15 and 15.1.
42     Commission decision of 3 August 2016 in case M .7978 – Vodafone/Liberty Global/Dutch JV, paragraph 40;
       Commission decision of 29 September 2019 in case M .6990 – Vodafone/Kabel Deutschland, paragraph 197;
       Commission decision of 26 June 2009 in case M .5532 – Carphone Warehouse/Tiscali UK, paragraph 47;
       Commission decision of 29 January 2010 in case M .5370 – Telefónica/Hansenet Telekommunikation, paragraph
       28.
43     Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets, recital 61;
       Commission decision of 14 April 2014 in case M .7109 – Deutsche Telekom/GTS, paragraph 57 in conjunction
       with 350.
                                                             10
 ---pagebreak--- (49)    A majority of respondents to the market investigation indicated that the geographic
        scope of the market for the retail supply of fixed internet access services in the
        present case would be the territory of Romania.44
(50)    In light of the above, the Commission considers that, for the purpose of this
        Decision, the relevant geographic market for the retail supply of fixed internet access
        services is the territory of Romania.
4.4.    Retail supply of audio-visual services
4.4.1. Product market definition
4.4.1.1. Commission precedents
(51)    In previous cases, the Commission has identified a relevant product market for the
        retail supply of audio-visual (“AV”) services, which includes suppliers of linear and
        non-linear AV services and AV content to end customers. The Commission
        considered a number of possible segmentations (i) between Free-to-Air (“FTA) and
        Pay AV services; (ii) within Pay AV services, between linear and non-linear services
        (Pay-Per-View (“PPV”), Video-on-Demand (“VOD”)); (iii) between distribution
        technologies (cable, satellite, terrestrial television and Internet Protocol Television
        (“IPTV”)); and (iv) premium and basic pay AV services, but ultimately left the exact
        product market definition open.45
4.4.1.2. The Notifying Party’s view
(52)    The Notifying Party considers that the relevant product market is the market for the
        retail supply of TV services. Furthermore, the Notifying Party notes that the possible
        segmentation between FTA TV and Pay TV can be left open as i) neither of the
        Parties is active in FTA TV in Romania and ii) due to a strong prevalence of Pay TV
        subscriptions while FTA TV is practically inexistent in Romania.
(53)    The Notifying Party also considers that the market for Pay TV services should not be
        segmented based on the distribution technologies because (i) satellite is not relevant
        anymore in Romania; (ii) IPTV is marginal; and (iii) technology conversion46 is
        widely used and does not affect the substitutability of different distribution
        technologies.
44      Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, question 16.
45      Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets, recitals 76 to
        83; Commission decision of 30 M ay 2018 in case M .7000 – Liberty Global/Ziggo, paragraphs 70 to 79;
        Commission decision of 6 February 2018 in case M .8665 – Discovery/Scripps, paragraphs 31 to 33; Commission
        decision of 7 April 2017 in case M .8354 – Fox/Sky, paragraphs 97 to 102; Commission decision of 3 August
        2016 in case M .7978 – Vodafone/Liberty Global/Dutch JV, paragraphs 55 to 62; Commission decision of 24
        February 2015 in case M .7194 – Liberty Global/Corelio/W&W/De Vijver Media, recitals 117 to 127; In
        Commission decision of 25 June 2008 in case M .5121 – News Corp/Premiere, paragraphs 21 to 22, the
        Commission only distinguished between FTA TV on the one hand and Pay TV on the other; Commission
        decision as of 18 July 2007 in case M .4504 – SFR/Télé 2 France, recitals 37 to 44.
46      In the Parties’ Reply of 15 M arch 2021 to RFI 1, question 25: the Notifying Party specified that conversion from
        fibre to cable TV relates to the conversion of the fibre signal in customers’ homes to facilitate the connection to
        customers’ devices. Such conversion is done via CPE boxes which output e.g. cable, Wi-Fi or Ethernet
        connections and are connected to customers’ TVs and other devices.
                                                               11
 ---pagebreak--- 4.4.1.3. The results of the market investigation and the Commission’s assessment
(54)    A majority of respondents to the market investigation indicated that Pay AV services
        and FTA services would not fall into separate product markets. In particular, Pay AV
        channels and FTA channels appear to be included in the same monthly subscription.
        In a recent decision of the Romanian Competition Council (“RCC”), the RCC
        defined a single, albeit differentiated, market for the provision of audio-visual
        services (i.e. FTA AV, basic Pay AV, premium Pay AV) to end users was defined.47
        Therefore, the Commission considers that the retail market for the provision of AV
        services in Romania does not need to be further segmented between FTA and Pay
        AV services, or between basic Pay AV and premium Pay AV services.
(55)    With respect to the possible distinction between linear and non-linear services, a
        majority of respondents to the market investigation indicated that such services
        would fall into separate relevant product markets. In particular, one respondent noted
        that such services would usually be sold separately.48 Therefore, the Commission
        considers that there is an indication that linear and non-linear AV services might
        belong to separate markets in Romania.
(56)    With respect to distribution technologies, from a demand-side perspective, the
        results of the market investigation indicated that there is substitutability for end-
        customers between all technical forms of AV distribution.49 The Commission also
        notes that this is also in line with the precedents of the RCC, which defined a market
        for retail TV services including both cable and satellite services (which are the main
        distribution technologies in Romania). 50 The Commission therefore considers that
        the retail market for the provision of AV services includes all types of distribution
        technology.
(57)    In light of the above, the Commission considers that, for the purpose of this
        Decision, the relevant service market is the market for the retail supply of AV
        services encompassing all distribution technologies. The question whether the
        market should be segmented (i) between FTA and Pay AV services; (ii) basic and
        premium Pay AV services; and (iii) linear and non-linear services can be left open as
        the Transaction does not raise serious doubts as to its compatibility with the internal
        market under any plausible product market definition.
4.4.2. Geographic market definition
(58)    In previous decisions, the Commission concluded that the market for the retail
        supply of audio-visual services is national in scope or at most corresponds to
        linguistically homogenous areas.51 In a case specifically involving Romania, the
47      Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, questions 17 and 17.1
48      Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, questions 18 and 18.1
49      Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, questions 19 and 19.1.
50      Decision 38/2020 of the RCC, paragraph 106.
51      Commission decision of 30 M ay 2018 in case M .7000 – Liberty Global/Ziggo, paragraph 89; Commission
        decision of 24 February 2015 in case M .7194 – Liberty Global/Corelio/W&W/De Vijver Media, recital 139; In
        Commission decision of 15 April 2013 in case M .6880 – Liberty Global/Virgin Media, paragraphs 51 to 54, the
        Commission found a respective geographic market to be national in scope or, at most, to comprise the United
        Kingdom and Ireland; Commission decision of 21 December 2011 in case M .6369 – HBO/Ziggo/HBO
        Nederland, paragraph 42; Commission decision of 21 December 2010 in case M .5932 – NewsCorp/BSkyB,
        paragraph 110; In Commission decision of 25 January 2010 in case M .5734 – Liberty Global
        Europe/Unitymedia, paragraph 40, the Commission found the market for the retail supply of Pay TV services to
                                                              12
 ---pagebreak---        Commission concluded that such market is national in scope.52 The Commission has
       further considered the coverage of a service provider’s (cable) network as the
       geographical scope but ultimately left the exact geographic market definition open in
                      53
       such cases.
(59)   The Notifying Party considers that the relevant geographic market for the retail
       supply of audio visual services corresponds to the territory of Romania.
(60)   A majority of respondents to the market investigation indicated that the geographic
       scope of the market for the retail supply of audio-visual services in the present case
       is the territory of Romania.54
(61)   In light of the above, the Commission considers that, for the purpose of this
       Decision, the relevant geographic market for the retail supply of audio-visual
       services is the territory of Romania.
4.5.   Retail supply of multiple play services
4.5.1. Product market definition
(62)   The term "multiple play" relates to product offerings comprising two or more of the
       following services provided to retail consumers on the basis of a single or multiple
       contracts by the same provider: mobile telecommunications services, fixed telephony
       services, fixed internet access and audio-visual services. Multiple play offers
       comprising two, three or four of these services are referred to as dual play ("2P"),
                                                                                   55
       triple play ("3P") and quadruple play ("4P") respectively.
(63)   Three of the four services, namely fixed telephony services, fixed internet access and
       AV services, are fixed services as they are provided over a fixed network such as
       cable, copper or fibre infrastructure. Multiple play offers comprising any
       combination of two or more of these fixed services without a mobile component are
       referred to as "fixed multiple play" products. Multiple play offers comprising one or
       more of these fixed services in combination with a mobile component are referred to
       as "fixed-mobile multiple play" or "fixed-mobile convergence" ("FMC") products.
       FMC products may involve a single mobile subscription or more than one mobile
       subscription combined with the fixed services. 56
       be national in scope; In Commission decision of 25 June 2008 in case M .5121 – News Corp/Premiere, paragraph
       27, the Commission found the respective markets for the retail supply of Pay TV to be national in scope; In
       Commission decision of 26 February 2007 in case M .4521 – LGI/Telenet, paragraph 25, the Commission
       considered the respective market for the retail supply of audio-visual services to be either limited to the coverage
       of each cable operator and national in case other platforms are included but ultimately left the exact geographic
       market definition open.
52     Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets, recital 88.
53     Commission decision of 26 February 2007 in case M .4521 – LGI/Telenet, paragraph 25; Commission decision of
       15 June 2004 in case M .3355 – Apollo/JPMorgan/Primacom, paragraph 10.
54     Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, question 22.
55     Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets, recital 146.
56     Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets, recital 147.
                                                             13
 ---pagebreak--- 4.5.1.1. Commission precedents
(64)    In previous decisions, the Commission considered but ultimately left open if there
        exist one or more multiple play markets which are distinct from each of the
        underlying individual telecommunications services. 57 It also noted that, due to
        different services, delivered over different infrastructures (fixed for 2P and 3P or
        fixed and mobile for 4P), that are included in the different multiple play bundles,
        instead of one possible market for multiple play, there could be several candidate
        multiple play markets: a market for fixed bundles (dual play and triple play) and
        another separate market for FMC bundles. The possibility for several mobile
        subscriptions to be included in a quadruple play bundle further complicates the
        picture.58
4.5.1.2. The Notifying Party’s view
(65)    The Notifying Party considers that there is no separate retail market for multiple-
        play services in Romania notably because these services are mostly sold as “soft-
        bundles” where only a discount is offered to consumers when they subscribe to
        multiple eligible services and therefore where customers are entirely free to
        discontinue part of the bundle but might lose the discount.
4.5.1.3. The results of the market investigation and the Commission’s assessment
(66)    Overall, the results of the market investigation were mixed with respect to the
        existence of a distinct product market for the retail supply of multiple-play
        services.59
(67)    With respect to demand side substitutability, respondents underlined the existence of
        one-stop-shop advantages due to the bundling of services. 60 Regarding contractual
        conditions, a majority of market participants indicated that multiple-play services in
        Romania are more often sold as a combination of standalone fixed and mobile offers
        from the same provider with various types of benefits attached (“soft bundles”),
        rather than as multiple play offers containing pre-defined fixed and mobile benefits
        (“hard bundles”).61 Accordingly, barriers to switching from a multiple-play services
        package to standalone services appear, on balance, not to be significant, but rather
        limited to losing certain discounts or the advantage of interacting with one provider
        instead of multiple ones. 62
(68)    With respect to supply side substitutability, the majority of respondents to the market
        investigation indicated that there would or could be cost savings associated with
        supplying multiple-play services relative to standalone services, e.g. due to
        infrastructure advantages, as well as cost savings linked to marketing, service, billing
57      Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets, recitals 152 to
        161; Commission decision of 3 August 2016 in case M .7978 – Vodafone/Liberty Global/Dutch JV, paragraph
        108; Commission decision of 4 February 2016 in case M .7637 – Liberty Global/BASE Belgium, recitals 74 to 98;
        Commission decision of 19 M ay 2015 in case M .7421 – Orange/Jazztel, recitals 72 to 86; Commission decision
        of 24 February 2015 in case M .7194 – Liberty Global/Corelio/W&W/De Vijver Media, recitals 130 to 132.
58      Commission decision of 3 August 2016 in case M .7978 – Vodafone/Liberty Global/Dutch JV, paragraph 107.
59      Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, questions 23 to 26.
60      Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, questions 23 and 23.1.
61      Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, question 24.2.
62      Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, questions 24 and 24.1.
                                                              14
 ---pagebreak---        and payment collection activities. Furthermore, respondents to the market
       investigation indicated the ability to make more competitive offers in the first place
       as advantages, which would or could reduce churn rates of multiple-play services
       packages.63
(69)   Based on the results of the market investigation, the Commission considers that, due
       to the fact that different combinations of fixed and mobile telecommunications
       services are mainly sold as soft bundles in Romania, allowing customers to choose
       different suppliers for certain parts of the bundle, it appears that suppliers of
       standalone services are still exerting significant competitive pressure on suppliers of
       bundles. Moreover, given that there are no standard offers containing pre-defined
       fixed and mobile benefits, it is difficult to identify which bundles would belong to a
       separate market or segment.
(70)   Therefore, the Commission will assess the effects of the Transaction as regards any
       possible multiple play bundles, as well as each of the standalone markets.
(71)   In light of the above, the Commission considers that the question whether there a
       separate product market(s) for the retail supply of multiple-play-services exists and
       whether there are separate markets for fixed bundles and FMC bundles can be left
       open as the Transaction does not raise serious doubts as to its compatibility with the
       internal market under any possible product market definition.
4.5.2. Geographic market definition
(72)   In previous decisions, the Commission considered that the geographic scope of any
       possible retail market for multiple-play services would be (either regional or) at most
       national in scope.64 With respect to Romania, the Commission concluded
       specifically that this market is national in scope.65
(73)   The Notifying Party considers that the relevant geographic segment for the retail
       supply of multiple-play services corresponds to the territory of Romania.
(74)   A majority of the respondents to the market investigation indicated that the
       geographic scope of the market for the retail supply of multiple-play services in the
       present case is the territory of Romania.66
(75)   In light of the above, the Commission considers that, for the purpose of this
       Decision, the relevant geographic market for the retail supply of multiple play
       services is the territory of Romania.
63     Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, questions 25 and 25.1.
64     In Commission decision of 30 M ay 2018 in case M .7000 – Liberty Global/Ziggo, paragraph 232, Commission
       decision of 3 August 2016 in case M .7978 – Vodafone/Liberty Global/Dutch JV, paragraphs 109 to 112 and
       Commission decision of 19 M ay 2015 in Case M .7421 – Orange/Jazztel, recitals 89 to 90, the respective market
       investigation suggested such possible markets would be national in scope; In Commission decision of 24
       February 2015 in case M .7194 – Liberty Global/Corelio/W&W/De Vijver Media, recital 132, the Commission
       found the geographic market to be the footprint of the operator in question; In Commission decision of 20
       September 2013 in Case M .6990 - Vodafone/Kabel Deutschland, paragraphs 263 to 265, the Commission
       considered such possible markets for bundles would be national in scope; In Commission decision of 16 June
       2011 in Case M .5900 - LGI/KBW, paragraphs 183-186, the Commission considered such p ossible markets to be
       at most national in scope.
65     Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets, recital 165.
66     Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, question 26.
                                                             15
 ---pagebreak--- 4.6.    Retail supply of business connectivity services
4.6.1. Product market definition
4.6.1.1. Commission precedents
(76)    The retail market for the supply of business connectivity services includes fixed
        telecommunications services purchased by large businesses, enterprises and public
        sector customers in order to provide data connectivity between multiple sites.
(77)    In previous decisions, the Commission considered potential subdivisions into (i)
        broadband access for large business customers67 ; (ii) leased lines68 ; and (iii) virtual
        private networks (“VPN”) services69 , but ultimately left the question open. 70 The
        Commission also distinguished between two separate markets for connectivity
        services. Firstly, connectivity services offered to residential and small business
        customers, which are part of the retail market for fixed internet access services; and
        secondly, connectivity services to large business customers, which are part of the
        retail market for business connectivity services. This is because of the peculiar
        requirements and purchase processes of larger business customers. 71
4.6.1.2. The Notifying Party’s view
(78)    The Notifying Party considers that the relevant                 product market is the market for the
        supply of retail business connectivity services.                The Notifying Party emphasises that
        business connectivity clients often purchase                    custom-made solutions that include
        several elements, and that leased lines tend to                 be replaced by VPN and broadband
        access services.
4.6.1.3. The results of the market investigation and the Commission’s assessment
(79)    The results of the market investigation confirm that there is no need to distinguish
        between residential and small business customers, and that these customers should
        not be included in the market for business connectivity services along with
67      Retail broadband access to business customers with significant needs which require higher performance in terms
        of security, bandwidth and functionality .
68      Leased lines are part-circuits that allow communication providers to connect their own networks to end user sites
        for the supply of business connectivity.
69      An encryption technology enabling to secure shared access as if it were a dedicated one.
70      Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets, paragraphs 169
        to 171; Commission decision of 9 July 2018 in case M .8808 – T-Mobile Austria/UPC Austria, paragraphs 66 to
        68; Commission decision of 3 August 2016 in case M .7978 – Vodafone/Liberty Global/Dutch JV, paragraphs 124
        to 127; Commission decision of 3 July 2012 in case M .6584 – Vodafone/Cable & Wireless, paragraph 9;
        Commission decision of 29 January 2010 in case M .5370 – Telefónica/Hansenet Telekommunikation, paragraphs
        11 to 12.
71      Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets, paragraphs 169
        to 171. Commission decision of 3 August 2016 in case M .7988 – Vodafone/Liberty Global/Dutch JV, paragraph
        126, the market investigation confirmed that the requirements and purchase processes of larger business
        customers for business connectivity are different than those of residential and small business customers;
        Commission decision of 29 June 2009 in case M .5532 – Carphone Warehouse/Tiscali UK, paragraph 27;
        Commission decision of 28 November 2006 in case M .4417 – Telecom Italia/AOL German Access Business,
        paragraphs 19 to 24;
                                                              16
 ---pagebreak---        connectivity services to larger business customers, notably due to different customer
       requirements.72
(80)   With respect to a potential segmentation into broadband access; leased lines; and
       VPN services, a majority of respondents to the market investigation confirmed that
       such segmentation would be appropriate. While a number of respondents noted that
       such services should be treated individually due to different technical
       characteristics73 , others nevertheless indicated that business customers could and
       would easily switch between such services and that it is common for business
       customers to purchase a mix of (some of those) services. 74
(81)   In light of the above, the Commission considers that, for the purpose of this
       Decision, the relevant product market is the market for the retail supply of business
       connectivity services to large businesses and public sector customers, excluding the
       supply of such services to residential and small business customers. The question
       whether such product market should be further segmented into (i) broadband access
       for large business customers, (ii) leased lines, and (iii) VPN services can be left
       open, as the Transaction does not raise competition concerns under any possible
       product market definition.
4.6.2. Geographic market definition
(82)   In previous decisions, the Commission found the market for the retail supply of
       business connectivity services to be national in scope,75 including for Romania.76
(83)   The Notifying Party agrees with the Commission and considers that the relevant
       geographic market for the retail supply of business connectivity services corresponds
       to the territory of Romania.
(84)   A majority of respondents to the market investigation indicated that the geographic
       scope of the market for the retail supply of business connectivity services in the
       present case is the territory of Romania.77
(85)   In light of the above, the Commission considers that, for the purpose of this
       Decision, the relevant geographic market for the retail supply of business
       connectivity services is the territory of Romania.
72     Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, questions 27 and 27.1, Questionnaire Q2 to business customers,
       questions 3 and 3.1.
73     Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, question 28.1, Questionnaire Q2 to business customers, question 4.1.
74     Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, questions 28 and 28.1.
75     Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets, recital 176;
       Commission decision of 14 April 2014 in case M .7109 – Deutsche Telekom/GTS, paragraph 33; Commission
       decision of 3 July 2012 in case M .6584 – Vodafone/Cable & Wireless, paragraph 10; Commission decision of 29
       January 2010 in case M .5730 – Telefónica/Hansenet Telekommunikation, paragraph 28..
76     Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets, recital 176;
       Commission decision of 14 April 2014 in case M .7109 – Deutsche Telekom/GTS, paragraph 33..
77     Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, question 29, Questionnaire Q2 to business customers, question 5.
                                                             17
 ---pagebreak--- 4.7.    Wholesale supply of leased lines
4.7.1. Product market definition
(86)    Wholesale leased lines are part-circuits that allow telecommunications providers to
        connect their own networks to end user sites for the supply of business connectivity
        services. In addition, wholesale leased lines are an input for the provision of fixed
        and mobile telecommunications services.78
(87)    In particular, backhaul services are the connections between the antennae in a mast
        and the switches in the core network and are used to ensure the proper functioning of
        a mobile network. Backhaul networks can be comprised of wireless backhaul (i.e.
        microwaves) or fixed backhaul. MNOs have typically operated their own microwave
        backhaul while fixed backhaul has been provided by fixed network operators. Fixed
        backhaul services are provided on either (i) fibre optic cables or (ii) copper cables.
        However, wireless backhaul can be used in areas where fixed backhaul is not
                    79
        available.
4.7.1.1. Commission precedents
(88)    In previous decisions, the Commission considered possible segmentations of the
        market for the wholesale supply of leased lines according to (i) network layer (trunk
        vs. terminating (i.e., backhaul) segments of leased lines); (ii) speed (terminating
        leased lines with bandwidth below 2 Mbps vs. above 2 Mbps); (iii) passive or active
        nature of the line (the distinction corresponding to dark fibre on the one hand and
        managed leased lines and Ethernet services with guaranteed bandwidth on the other);
        (iv) leased lines with traditional interfaces vs. Ethernet services with guaranteed
        bandwidth; and (v) transmission means (wireless, fiber, copper lines), but ultimately
        left open the exact product market definition.80 The Commission has further
        considered a potential segment for fixed backhaul services. 81
4.7.1.2. The Notifying Party’s view
(89)    The Notifying Party considers that the exact product market definition for the
        wholesale supply of leased lines can be left open. With respect to wholesale fixed
        backhaul services, the Notifying Party argues that such service do not fall into a
        separate product market.
4.7.1.3. The results of the market investigation and the Commission’s assessment
(90)    With respect to a segmentation by transmission means (i.e. wireless, fibre and copper
        lines), the results of the market investigation were mixed. Several respondents
        submitted that while there are certain differences between technologies for layer 1,
78      Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets, recital 196.
79      Commission decision of 6 M arch 2020 in case M .9674 – Vodafone Italia/TIM/Inwit JV, paragraph 123.
80      Commission decision of 9 July 2018 in case M .8808 – T-Mobile Austria/UPC Austria, paragraphs 85 to 90;
        Commission decision of 4 February 2016 in case M .7637, Liberty Global/BASE Belgium, recitals 144 to 146;
        Commission decision of 20 April 2014 in case M .7499 – Altice/PT Portugal, paragraphs 69 to 74; Commission
        decision of 14 April 2014 in case M .7109 – Deutsche Telekom/GTS, paragraphs 64 to 70; Commission decision
        of 3 July 2012 in case M .6584 – Vodafone/Cable & Wireless, paragraphs 28 to 30.
81      Commission decision of 31 August 2018 in case M .9041 – Hutchison/Wind Tre, paragraphs 46 to 49;
        Commission decision of 1 September 2016 in case M .7758 – Hutchison 3G Italy/Wind/JV, recitals. 208 to 209.
                                                            18
 ---pagebreak---      specifically in relation to bandwidth/speed, all technologies ultimately serve the
     same purpose of providing wholesale leased lines as a means to connect different
     parts of the network of a telecommunications operator. For layer 2, there is basically
     no differentiation between technologies as services are provided packet-based, i.e. a
     certain bandwidth/speed is agreed. 82
(91) With respect to a segmentation by network layer (trunk segments and terminating
     segments), a majority of market participants that responded to the market
     investigation indicated that such segmentation would not be relevant. In particular,
     one respondent noted that, once leased lines are installed, there is no differentiation
     between the capacity used for trunk segments and that allocated to terminating
     segments.83
(92) With respect to a segmentation based on bandwidth/speed, above and below 2Mbps,
     a majority of market participants that responded to the market investigation indicated
     that such segmentation would not be meaningful. In particular, respondents noted
     that a speed of 2 Mbps would be too slow for today’s requirements.84
(93) With respect to a segmentation between active and passive infrastructure, a majority
     of market participants that responded to the market investigation indicated that such
     segmentation would not be meaningful.85
(94) Based on the above, the Commission considers that the product market wholesale
     leased lines in Romania does not need to be segmented based on transmission
     means, bandwidth/speed or between active and passive infrastructure.
(95) With respect to a separate segment for fixed backhaul services (i.e., within a larger
     overall market of wholesale leased lines), the results of the market investigation were
     mixed. While certain respondents noted that fixed backhaul services and leased lines
     would represent different services, others indicated that fixed backhaul would be
     only one way to use wholesale leased lines among others with similar requirements
     for speed and bandwidth.86 The Commission therefore considers that the market
     investigation provided no clear indication that fixed backhaul services should belong
     to a product market separate from the product market for wholesale leased lines.
(96) In light of the above, the Commission considers that, for the purpose of this
     Decision, the exact product market definition of the wholesale market for the supply
     of leased lines and the question whether it includes wholesale fixed backhaul
     services can be left open as the Transaction does not raise serious doubts as to its
     compatibility with the internal market under any possible product market definition.
82   Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, questions 30 and 30.1.
83   Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, questions 31 and 31.1.
84   Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, questions 32 and 32.1.
85   Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, questions 33 and 33.1.
86   Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, questions 34 and 34.1.
                                                           19
 ---pagebreak--- 4.7.2. Geographic market definition
(97)    In previous decisions, the Commission found that the relevant geographic market for
        the wholesale supply of leased lines (and possible sub-segments) is national in
        scope,87 including for Romania.88
(98)    The Notifying Party considers that the relevant geographic market for the wholesale
        supply of leased lines corresponds to the territory of Romania.
(99)    A majority of respondents to the market investigation indicated that – in line with the
        Commission’s findings in the case Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets89 – the
        market for the wholesale supply of leased lines in the present case is the territory of
        Romania.90
(100) In light of the above, the Commission considers that, for the purpose of this
        Decision, the relevant geographic market for the wholesale supply of leased lines is
        the territory of Romania.
4.8.    Wholesale supply and acquisition of TV channels
4.8.1. Product market definition
(101) In the wholesale market for TV channels, TV broadcasters supply linear channels
        that retail TV providers either purchase or carry in order to provide audio-visual
        services to end-users. In particular, TV broadcasters package the TV content that
        they have acquired or produced in-house in order to create linear TV channels.
        Subsequently, retailers of TV services incorporate those TV channels in their TV
        offerings to final viewers.91
4.8.1.1. Commission precedents
(102) In previous decisions, the Commission identified a market for the wholesale supply
        and acquisition of TV channels.92 Within that market, the Commission has identified
        separate product markets for: (i) FTA TV channels; and (ii) Pay TV channels93 and
        more recently left the exact product market definition open.94
87      Commission    decision of 4 February 2016 in case M .7637 – Liberty Global/BASE Belgium, recital 150;
        Commission   decision of 3 July 2012 in case M .6584 – Vodafone/Cable & Wireless, paragraph 31.
88      Commission   decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets, recital 203;
        Commission   decision of 14 April 2014 in case M .7109 – Deutsche Telecom/GTS, paragraph 74.
89      Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets.
90      Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, question 35.
91      Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets, recital 267.
92      Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets, recitals 269 to
        276; Commission decision of 30 M ay 2018 in case M .7000 – Liberty Global/Ziggo, paragraphs 99 to 115;
        Commission decision of 7 April 2017 in case M .8354 – Fox/Sky, paragraphs 76 to 85; Commission decision of
        20 September 2013 in case M .6990 – Vodafone/Kabel Deutschland, paragraphs 30 to 41.
93      Commission decision of 24 February 2015 in case M .7194 - Liberty Global/Corelio/W&W/De Vijver Media,
        recital 101; Commission decision of 20 September 2013 in case M .6990 – Vodafone/Kabel Deutschland,
        paragraph 41.
94      Commission decision of 6 October 2020 – PPF Group/Central European Media Enterprises, paragraph 39;
        Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets, recital 273; In
        Commission decision of 30 M ay 2018 in case M .7000 – Liberty Global/Ziggo, paragraph 111, the Commission
        left open the question as to whether FTA and Pay TV belong to separate markets, because of peculiarities of the
        Dutch TV market; In Commission decision of 7 April 2017 in case M .8354 – Fox/Sky, paragraph 85, the
                                                              20
 ---pagebreak--- (103) In addition, the Commission found that within the Pay TV channels market, there are
        different segments95 or, more recently, product markets96 for (i) premium Pay TV
        channels and (ii) basic Pay TV channels. In certain cases, the Commission has
        considered FTA channels to be part of the market for basic Pay TV channels.97
(104) Further, the Commission also examined a number of other potential segmentations,
        including: (i) by genre or thematic content (such as films, sports, news, youth, and
        others);98 (ii) between linear and non-linear;99 and (iii) between the different means
        of infrastructure used to deliver channels to the viewer (cable, satellite, terrestrial or
        IPTV)100 but ultimately left the exact market definition open.
4.8.1.2. The Notifying Party’s view
(105) The Notifying Party considers that the relevant product market to be taken into
        account is the market for wholesale supply and acquisition of TV channels
        irrespective of the different types of infrastructures, notably because satellite is not
        relevant anymore in Romania, IPTV is marginal, and technology conversion (e.g. the
        conversion of fibre into cable or IPTV signal to facilitate the connection to
        customers’ devices) is widely used as it is required in all homes where TV services
        are based on fibre, cable or xDSL infrastructures. The Notifying Party explains that
        this conversion does not affect the substitutability of different distribution
        technologies as it does not materially differ across input infrastructure (e.g. between
        fibre, cable or xDSL). For instance, Digi converts fibre to cable TV and TKR
        converts fibre to cable TV or to IPTV (depending on the customer requirements). 101
        Commission left open the question whether the market for the wholesale supply of TV channels should be further
        segmented among FTA, basic Pay TV and premium Pay TV. In Commission decision of 18 August 2014 in case
        M .7194 – Liberty Global/Corelio/W&W/De Vijver Media, recital 91, the Commission considered that wholesale
        supply of premium Pay TV constitutes a product market that is separate from the wholesale supply of bas ic P ay
        TV/FTA channels.
95      Commission decision of 18 August 2014 in case M .7194 – Liberty Global/Corelio/W&W/De Vijver Media,
        recital 89.
96      Commission decision of 12 November 2019 in case M .9064 - Telia Company/Bonnier Broadcasting Holding,
        recital 157; Commission decision of 30 M ay 2018 in case M .7000 – Liberty Global/Ziggo, paragraph 113.
97      Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets, recital 273;
        Commission decision of 30 M ay 2018 in case M .7000 – Liberty Global/Ziggo, paragraph 111; Commission
        decision of 7 April 2017 in case M .8354 – Fox/Sky, paragraph 80, 81 and 85; Commission decision of 18 August
        2014 in case M .7194 – Liberty Global/Corelio/W&W/De Vijver Media, recitals 90 and 91.
98      Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets, recital 273;
        Commission decision of 30 M ay 2018 in case M .7000 – Liberty Global/Ziggo, paragraph 112; Commission
        decision of 7 April 2017 in case M .8354 – Fox/Sky, paragraphs 82 to 85; Commission decision of 24 February
        2015 in case M .7194 – Liberty Global/Corelio/W&W/De Vijver Media, recital 92; Commission decision of 21
        December 2010 in case M .5932 – News Corp/BskyB, paragraph 81; Commission decision of 26 August 2008 in
        case M .5121 – News Corp/Premiere, paragraph 35; Commission decision of 18 July 2007 in case M .4504 –
        SFR/Télé 2 France, recitals 41 and 42; Commission decision of 2 April 2003 in case M .2876 –
        Newscorp/Telepiù, recitals 74 to 76.
99      Commission decision of 18 August 2014 in case M .7194 – Liberty Global/Corelio/W&W/De Vijver Media,
        recital 94.
100     In Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets, recital 273,
        the Commission left such question open for Romania and discussed it further for Germany in section VIII.2.11;
        In Commission decision of 30 M ay 2018 in case M .7000, Liberty Global/Ziggo, paragraph 114, the Commission
        considered that at least cable, IPTV over DSL, fiber and possibly satellite (DTH) are part of the same product
        market; In Commission decision of 7 April 2017 in case M .8354 – Fox/Sky, paragraphs 84 and 85 Commission
        decision of 24 February 2015 in case M .7194 – Liberty Global/Corelio/W&W/De Vijver Media, recital 98 and
        Commission decision of 18 July 2007 in case M .4504 – SFR/Télé 2 France, recital 44, the Commission left a
        segmentation by infrastructure open.
101     Form CO, paragraph 327.
                                                              21
 ---pagebreak--- 4.8.1.3. The results of the market investigation and the Commission’s assessment
(106) Based on the replies to the market investigation,102 the Commission considers that
        the segmentation of the value chain for audio visual content in Romania into i) the
        (upstream) market for the licensing of audio visual content; ii) the (intermediate)
        market for the wholesale supply of TV channels; and iii) the (downstream) market
        for the retail supply of TV services is accurate.
(107) With regard to the distinction between FTA TV channels and Pay TV channels, the
        majority of distributors and of suppliers of TV channels indicated that the distinction
        is relevant in Romania.103 In particular, a number of responses by suppliers of TV
        channels pointed to financial differences between FTA TV and Pay TV channels
        (i.e., in terms of investments needed, pricing models for end consumers). 104
(108) However, a number of responses by TV channel suppliers indicated that the
        development of new platforms and technologies might justify disregarding a
        distinction between FTA TV channels and Pay TV channels.105 Furthermore, a
        supplier of TV channels indicated that there is no significant difference, from a
        demand-side perspective, between FTA TV channels and Pay TV channels in
        Romania. This is because FTA and Pay TV channels are packaged the same way and
        offer similar programming suited for similar target audiences. 106
(109) With respect to a further segmentation between basic Pay TV channels and premium
        Pay TV channels, the results of the market investigation are inconclusive. While a
        majority of respondents supported such further segmentation, several well
        substantiated responses submitted that the distinction is not relevant in Romania.107
(110) On the one hand, a number of market participants indicated that basic and premium
        Pay TV channels had different wholesale prices and that certain premium Pay TV
        channels would be made available to end consumers for an additional fee. One
        response in particular suggested different target audiences and different levels of
        local content between basic and premium TV channels.
(111) On the other hand, a supplier of TV channels indicated that more generalist channels
        attract the highest audience shares and that high quality local content attracts
        audience shares at least on par with major US films. In addition, local “basic”
        channels have a significantly high content-refresh rate. Moreover, according to this
        submission, the hypothetical distinction between basic and premium would not be
        clear-cut, that both types of channels compete for the same audience and that
        “premium” content is also available via non-linear services. Finally, from a
        wholesale perspective, the total fees paid by retail TV distributors for “premium”
        channels would be comparable or even lower than the total fee for basic packages.108
102     Replies to Questionnaire Q3 to suppliers of TV channels, question 3.
103     Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, question 36, Questionnaire Q3 to suppliers of TV channels, question
        4.
104     Replies to Questionnaire Q3 to suppliers of TV channels, question 4.1.
105     Replies to Questionnaire Q3 to suppliers of TV channels, question 4.1.
106     Reply to Questionnaire Q3 to suppliers of TV channels, question 4.1.
107     Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, question 36.1, Questionnaire Q3 to suppliers of TV channels,
        question 4.2.
108     Reply to Questionnaire Q3 to suppliers of TV channels, question 4.2.1.
                                                              22
 ---pagebreak--- (112) Based on the above, the Commission considers that the wholesale market for the
      acquisition and supply of TV channels in Romania should be segmented between
      FTA channels and Pay TV channels, as well as between premium Pay TV and basic
      Pay TV channels.
(113) With respect to a distinction of separate markets based on genre or thematic content,
      the results of the market investigation were mixed. On the one hand, the market
      investigation indicated that certain types of content might be distinctive due to their
      particularly high cost and that the Romanian regulator would require operators to
      group TV channels by type of content offered. On the other hand, while there are
      many specialised channels, “generalist” channels which cross-cut the discussed
      distinction also exist. In addition, there might be partial, temporary competition, e.g.,
      between a news channel and an entertainment channel, if the news channel offers a
      sports competition. Finally, the switching behaviour of viewers who are unhappy
      with the program they watch, would indicate high demand side substitutability for
      several switching scenarios.109 The Commission therefore considers that the
      distinction of separate markets based on genre or thematic content remains relevant.
(114) Generally, with respect to a distinction of separate markets based on the
      infrastructure/platform used for the delivery to the viewer (cable, satellite, digital
      video broadcasting, IPTV), the results of the market investigation were
      inconclusive.110
(115) On the one hand, the market investigation indicated differences in terms of image
      quality and number of channels as well as the fact that the must-carry status of a
      channel does not apply to delivery via satellite infrastructure. Moreover, satellite is
      the prevalent infrastructure in rural areas, representing 27% of total Romanian
      households, while cable is prevalent in urban areas. Even in areas where both
      satellite and analogue cable infrastructure are available, the signal quality and
      number of channels via satellite infrastructure would be better than via cable
      networks. The following switching barriers were indicated i) technical barriers due
      to satellite signal reception, ii) administrative barriers due to the need for permission
      by owners’ associations and/or local authorities, iii) aesthetic barriers due to the
      visibility of satellite reception equipment, and iv) legal barriers due to cancellation
      fees payable by customers who would cancel their subscription before the minimum
      term of usually two years. Also, it was submitted that satellite TV offers are usually
      sold on a standalone basis, rather than part of a multiple-play bundles (unlike other
      infrastructures).111
(116) On the other hand, a number of respondents to the market investigation indicated
      that major distributors provide TV signal through at least two types of
      infrastructures/platforms and that the variation in terms of quality is insignificant.
      Moreover, it was also suggested that customers, especially in urban areas, have
      multiple types of infrastructures/platforms to choose from. In that context, even
      though customer choice could be limited in areas where only one type of technology
      would be available, the breadth of types of infrastructures/platforms available to
109   Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, questions 37 and 37.1, Questionnaire Q3 to suppliers of TV
      channels, questions 5 and 5.1.
110   Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, questions 38 and 38.1, Questionnaire Q3 to suppliers of TV
      channels, questions 6 and 6.1.
111   Replies to Questionnaire Q3 to suppliers of TV channels, questions 6.1 and 7.
                                                           23
 ---pagebreak---        customers increases steadily at national level. Further, in terms of pricing, different
       types of infrastructures/platforms do not differ to a degree that would suggest the
       existence of separate markets.112
(117) Based on the above, the Commission considers that the wholesale market for the
       supply of TV channels should not be further segmented by type of infrastructure
       used for the delivery of the signal to the end-customer. This is because several types
       of infrastructure are available to almost all end-customers and the barriers to
       switching mentioned under paragraph (116) do not appear to be significant.
(118) With regard to the distinction between the wholesale supply and acquisition of TV
       channels for linear and non-linear distribution, the market investigation did not
       provide any elements indicating that the Commission should depart from its
       precedents.
(119) In light of the above, the Commission considers that, for the purpose of this
       Decision, the relevant product market for the wholesale supply and acquisition of TV
       channels encompasses all infrastructures/distribution technologies. The question
       whether the product market should be further segmented i) between FTA TV
       channels and Pay TV channels; ii) between basic Pay TV channels and premium Pay
       TV channels; iii) by genre/thematic content; and (iv) between linear and non-linear
       can be left open as the Transaction does not raise serious doubts as to its
       compatibility with the internal market under any possible product market definition.
4.8.2. Geographic market definition
(120) In previous decisions, the Commission considered that the wholesale supply and
       acquisition of TV channels is either national in scope or comprises a broader (or
       narrower) linguistically homogeneous area,113 including for Romania.114
(121) The Notifying Party considers that the relevant geographic market for the wholesale
       supply and acquisition of TV channels corresponds to the territory of Romania.
(122) A majority of responses by suppliers of TV channels indicated that they would
       license (most of) their TV channels on a national basis. In particular, a number of
       respondents noted that content produced in-house could be distributed worldwide,
       while acquired content could only be distributed on a geographic/territorial basis, in
       compliance with the rights granted by the licensors. At the same time, another
       respondent noted that certain distributors with operations in several countries prefer
       EEA-wide or regional licenses.115
112    Replies to Questionnaire Q3 to suppliers of TV channels, question 6.1
113    Commission decision of 21 December 2010 in case M .5932 – News Corp/BSkyB, paragraphs 72 to 75;
       Commission decision of 2 April 2003 in case M .2876 – Newscorp/Telepiù, recitals 62 and 63..
114    In Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets, recital 328,
       the Commission found that with regard to Germany and Romania, most respondents to the market investigation
       pointed to a national dimension of the contract for the acquisition of sports rights, while for film and other
       content the market would include a linguistic region (in particular German speaking countries).
115    Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, questions 39 and 39.1, Questionnaire Q3 to suppliers of TV
       channels, questions 8 and 8.1.
                                                              24
 ---pagebreak--- (123) In light of the above, the Commission considers that, for the purpose of this
       Decision, the relevant geographic market for the wholesale supply and acquisition of
       TV channels is the territory of Romania.
4.9.   Wholesale supply of broadband access
4.9.1. Product market definition
(124) Wholesale broadband access includes different types of access to fixed connections
       that allow internet service providers to provide services to end consumers. It
       comprises physical access at a fixed location, such as LLU; non-physical or virtual
       network access, such as bitstream access, at a fixed location; and resale of a fixed
       provider’s internet access services.
(125) In previous decisions, the Commission defined a separate market for wholesale
       broadband access. The Commission considered to further segment such market by i)
       type of access (LLU, bitstream, resale of the incumbent’s offering); and ii)
       infrastructure (standalone access to DSL, standalone access to cable, access to cable
       for TV and internet together) but ultimately left the exact product market open.116
(126) The Notifying Party considers that the relevant product market to be taken into
       account is the market for wholesale broadband access.
(127) The results of the market investigation did not provide reasons to depart from the
       Commission’s previous approach.
(128) In light of the above, the Commission considers that, for the purpose of this
       Decision, the relevant product market is the market for the wholesale supply of
       broadband access. The question whether such market should be segmented by i) type
       of access or ii) infrastructure can be left open as the Transaction does not raise
       serious doubts as to its compatibility with the internal market under any possible
       product market definition.
4.9.2. Geographic market definition
(129) In previous decisions, the Commission found indications that the market for the
       wholesale supply of broadband access is national in scope, but ultimately left open
       the exact geographic market definition. 117
(130) The Notifying Party considers that this definition can be left open given that the
       Transaction will not give rise to any competition concern.
(131) The results of the market investigation did not provide reasons to depart from the
       Commission’s decisional practice.
116    Commission decision of 29 September 2019 in case M .6990 – Vodafone/Kabel Deutschland, paragraph 161;
       Commission decision of 9 July 2018 in case M .8808 – T-Mobile Austria/UPC Austria, paragraphs 74 to
       76;Commission decision of 26 June 2009 in case M .5532 – Carphone Warehouse/Tiscali UK, paragraphs 28 to
       34.
117    Commission decision of 9 July 2018 in case M .8808 – T-Mobile Austria/UPC Austria, paragraphs 77 to 79;
       Commission decision of 29 June 2009 in case M .5532 – Carphone Warehouse/Tiscali UK, paragraphs 48 to 53.
                                                          25
 ---pagebreak--- (132) In light of the above, the Commission considers that, for the purpose of this
        Decision, the exact geographic scope of the market for the wholesale supply of
        broadband access can be left open as the Transaction does not raise serious doubts as
        to its compatibility with the internal market under any possible product market
        definition.
4.10. Wholesale supply of call termination services on fixed networks
4.10.1. Product market definition
(133) Call termination is the service provided by a network operator on the supply side to
        other network operators on the demand side, whereby a call originating in a demand
        side operator’s network is delivered to a user in the supply side operator’s network.
        This service is required by every originating operator, as it is necessary for its
        customers to be able to communicate with the customers located on other networks.
        Call termination is therefore a wholesale service that is resold or used as an input for
                                                                                                  118
        the provision of downstream retail telephony and mobile services.
4.10.1.1. Commission precedents
(134) In the past, the Commission has concluded that each individual network (both in
        mobile and in fixed networks) constitutes a separate market for termination, as there
        is no substitute for call termination in each individual network as the intended
        recipient can only be reached by the operator transmitting the outbound call through
        the operator of the network to which the recipient is connected. 119 Each individual
        network constitutes a separate product market.
(135) Further, in previous decisions, the Commission considered wholesale call
        termination services on fixed network to be a distinct market from the market for the
        wholesale supply of international voice carrier services. 120
4.10.1.2. The Notifying Party’s view
(136) The Notifying Party considers that termination in each individual fixed network
        constitutes a separate product market.
4.10.1.3. The results of the market investigation and the Commission’s assessment
(137) The results of the market investigation did not provide reasons to depart from the
        Commission’s decisional practice.
118     Commission decision of 26 October 2020 in case M .9963 – Iliad/Play Communications, paragraphs 35 to 36.
119     Commission decision of 26 October 2020 in case M .9963 – Iliad/Play Communications, paragraphs 42 to 44;
        Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets, recitals 190 to
        193; Commission decision of 3 August 2016 in case M .7978 – Vodafone/Liberty Global/Dutch JV, paragraphs
        206 to 208; Commission decision of 3 July 2012 in case M .6584 – Vodafone/Cable & Wireless, paragraphs 47 to
        48; Commission decision of 3 July 2012 in case M .5650 – T-Mobile/Orange UK, paragraphs 36 and 37.
120     Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets, recitals 217 to
        219, Commission decision of 4 February 2016 in case M .7637 – Liberty Global/Base Belgium, recitals 131 to
        133; Commission decision of 3 July 2012 in case M .6584 – Vodafone/Cable & Wireless, paragraph 26. In
        Commission decision of 14 April 2014 in case M .7109 – Deutsche Telekom/GTS, paragraphs 75 to77, the
        Commission considered that, in the specific circumstances of the case, the exact definition of the relevant market
        for the provision of wholesale domestic call transit services of fixed networks could be left open, as the
        transaction did not give rise to competition concerns on the basis of any alternative plausible market definitions.
                                                               26
 ---pagebreak--- (138) In light of the above, the Commission considers that, for the purpose of this
        Decision, the relevant product market is the market for wholesale supply of call
        termination services on fixed networks that is a distinct market from the market for
        the wholesale supply of call termination services on mobile networks.
4.10.2. Geographic market definition
(139) In previous decisions, the Commission considered the geographic market for the
        wholesale supply call termination services in fixed networks to be national in
        scope,121 including for Romania.122
(140) The Notifying Party considers that the relevant geographic market for the wholesale
        supply of call termination services on fixed network corresponds to the territory of
        Romania.
(141) The results of the market investigation did not provide reasons to depart from the
        Commission’s previous approach.
(142) In light of the above, the Commission considers that, for the purpose of this
        Decision, the relevant geographic market for the supply of wholesale call
        termination services on fixed networks is the territory of Romania.
4.11. Wholesale supply of termination and hosting of calls to non-geographic
        numbers
4.11.1. Product market definition
(143) Voice calls are not only made to geographic numbers but also to non-geographic
        numbers. A non-geographic number is a number associated with a country, but not
        to any single geographic location within that country. Non-geographic number
        services are less frequently used than standard services and are typically used for
        free and paid information services, for example, for helpdesks, subscription services,
        TV voting lines etc.
(144) When a caller initiates a call to a non-geographic number, the call is automatically
        transferred from the originating operator to the terminating operator hosting the
        service provider that operates the service related to the non-geographic number,
        irrespective of the location.
(145) Unlike ordinary call termination services, call origination and call termination
        regulation does not apply to these numbers. Therefore, different revenue sharing
121     Commission decision of 26 October 2020 in case M .9963 – Iliad/Play Communications, paragraphs 45 to 47;
        Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets, recital 195;
        Commission decision of 3 August 2016 in case M .7978 – Vodafone/Liberty Global/Dutch JV, paragraph 210;
        Commission decision of 20 September 2013 in case M .6990 – Vodafone/Kabel Deutschland, paragraph 121;
        Commission decision of 4 February 2016 in case M .7637 – Liberty Global/Base Belgium, recitals 128;
        Commission decision of 3 July 2012 in case M .6584 – Vodafone/Cable & Wireless, paragraph 48; Commission
        decision of 3 July 2012 in case M .5650 – T-Mobile/Orange UK, paragraph 38.
122     Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets, recital 195.
                                                             27
 ---pagebreak---         agreements exist between the originating operator, the terminating operator, and the
        service provider.123
4.11.1.1. Commission precedents
(146) In previous decisions, the Commission considered that there is a product market for
        the wholesale supply of termination and hosting of calls to non-geographic numbers
        without it being necessary to consider further possible segmentations. 124
4.11.1.2. The Notifying Party’s view
(147) The Notifying Party considers that the relevant product market to be taken into
        account is the market for the wholesale supply of termination and hosting of calls to
        non-geographic numbers.
4.11.1.3. The results of the market investigation and the Commission’s assessment
(148) The results of the market investigation did not provide reasons to depart from the
        Commission’s decisional practice.
(149) In light of the above, the Commission considers that, for the purpose of this
        Decision, the relevant product market is the market for the wholesale supply of
        termination and hosting of calls to non-geographic numbers that is distinct from
        other wholesale termination services.
4.11.2. Geographic market definition
(150) In previous decisions, the Commission considered that the geographic scope of the
        wholesale market for the supply of termination and hosting of calls to non-
        geographic numbers is national.125
(151) The Notifying Party considers that the relevant geographic market for the wholesale
        supply of termination and hosting of calls to non-geographic numbers corresponds to
        the territory of Romania.
(152) The results of the market investigation did not provide reasons to depart from the
        Commission’s decisional practice.
(153) In light of the above, the Commission considers that, for the purpose of this
        Decision, the relevant geographic market for the wholesale supply of termination
        and hosting of calls to non-geographic numbers is the territory of Romania.
123     Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets, recitals 204 to
        206.
124     Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets, recitals 209 to
        211; Commission decision of 4 February 2016 in case M .7637 – Liberty Global/BASE Belgium, recitals 137 to
        139; Commission decision in case M .6584 – Vodafone/Cable & Wireless, paragraphs 14 to 18; In Commission
        decision of 3 July 2012 in case M .6584 – Vodafone/Cable & Wireless, paragraphs 58 to 60, the Commission
        considered that market shares could be defined differently depending on whether one considered one overall
        market across networks, or distinguishing each terminating network as a separate market.
125     Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets, recital 213;
        Commission decision of 4 February 2016 in case M .7637 – Liberty Global/BASE Belgium, recital 142;
        Commission decision of 3 July 2012 in case M .6584- Vodafone/Cable & Wireless, paragraph 18.
                                                              28
 ---pagebreak--- 4.12.    Wholesale supply of domestic call transit services on fixed networks
(154) Domestic call transit on a fixed network is a wholesale service provided by a third
        party where there is no direct connection between originating communication
        providers and terminating communication providers.
(155) In previous decisions, the Commission found that the market for the wholesale
        supply domestic transit services in fixed networks to be a separate product market,
        notably from the market for global telecommunications services.126
(156) The Notifying Party considers that the relevant product market to be taken into
        account is the market for the wholesale supply of domestic call transit services on
        fixed networks. The Notifying Party notes that the market for the call transit services
        on fixed networks is shrinking and likely to disappear in the future.
(157) The results of the market investigation did not provide reasons to depart from the
        Commission’s decisional practice.
(158) In light of the above, the Commission considers that, for the purpose of this
        Decision, the relevant product market is the market for the wholesale supply of
        domestic call transit services on fixed networks.
4.12.1. Geographic market definition
(159) The Commission found that the market for the wholesale supply of domestic transit
        services in fixed networks is national in scope.127
(160) The Notifying Party considers that the relevant geographic market for the wholesale
        supply of domestic call transit services on fixed networks corresponds to the territory
        of Romania.
(161) The results of the market investigation did not provide reasons to depart from the
        Commission’s decisional practice.
(162) In light of the above, the Commission considers that, for the purpose of this
        Decision, the relevant geographic market for the wholesale supply of domestic call
        transit services on fixed networks is the territory of Romania.
126     Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets, recitals 217 to
        219; Commission decision of 4 February 2016 in case M .7637 – Liberty Global/Base Belgium, recitals 130 to
        133; Commission decision of 3 July 2012 in case M .6584 – Vodafone/Cable & Wireless, paragraphs 26 to 27. In
        Commission decision of 14 April 2014 in case M .7109 – Deutsche Telekom/GTS, paragraphs 75 to 77, the
        Commission considered that, in the specific circumstances of the case, the exact definition of the relevant market
        for the provision of wholesale domestic call transit services of fixed networks could be left open, as the
        transaction did not give rise to competition concerns on the basis of any alternative plausible market definitions.
127     Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets, recital 221;
        Commission decision of 4 February 2016 in case M .7637 – Liberty Global/Base Belgium, recitals 134 and 135;
        Commission decision of 14 April 2014 in case M .7109 – Deutsche Telekom/GTS, paragraph 77; Commission
        decision of 3 July 2012 in case M .6584 – Vodafone/Cable & Wireless, paragraph 27.
                                                               29
 ---pagebreak--- 4.13. Supply of global telecommunications services
4.13.1. Product market definition
(163) Global telecommunications services (GTS) are telecommunications services linking
        a number of different customer locations, generally in at least two different
        continents and across a larger number of different countries. They are generally
        purchased by multinational companies with presence in many countries and a
        number of continents. The services provided are enhanced services to provide
        customers with package solutions including virtual private networks (“VPN”) for
                                                                                128
        both voice and data services and advances functionalities.
(164) Global telecommunications services are supplied at retail level and wholesale level.
        In the latter case, they can also be referred to as “international carrier services”.
        Wholesale global telecommunications services comprise (i) the lease of transmission
        capacity and (ii) the provision of related services to third party telecommunications
        traffic carriers and service providers and are an input for retail global
                                             129
        telecommunications services.
(165) While leaving the exact product market definition open, the Commission considered
        a possible distinction between the retail supply global telecommunications services
        and the wholesale supply of global telecommunications services130 as well as
        between the lease of transmission capacity and the provision of related services to
        third-party carriers.131
(166) The Notifying Party considers that the relevant market to be taken into account is the
        overall market for the supply of global telecommunications services comprising both
        retail and wholesale services as well as that the exact definition may be left open in
        the present case.
(167) The results of the market investigation did not provide reasons to depart from the
        Commission’s decisional practice.
(168) In light of the above, the Commission considers that, for the purpose of this
        Decision, the relevant product market is the market for the supply of global
        telecommunications services. The question whether to segment such market between
        i) retail and wholesale services; and ii) the lease of transmission capacity and the
        provision of related services to third parties can be left open as the Transaction does
        not raise serious doubts as to its compatibility with the internal market under any
        possible product market definition.
128     Commission decision of 9 July 2018 in case M .8808 – T-Mobile Austria/UPC Austria, paragraph 176.
129     Commission decision of 9 July 2018 in case M .8808 – T-Mobile Austria/UPC Austria, paragraph 177.
130     Commission decision of 9 July 2018 in case M .8808 – T-Mobile Austria/UPC Austria, paragraphs 179 and 180;
        Commission  decision of 14 April 2014 in case M .7109 – Deutsche Telekom/GTS, paragraphs 13 and 14;
        Commission decision of 3 July 2012 in case M .6584 – Vodafone/ Cable & Wireless, paragraph 334.
131     Commission decision of 9 July 2018 in case M .8808 – T-Mobile Austria/UPC Austria, paragraph 179 to 180;
        Commission  decision of 14 April 2014 in case M .7109 – Deutsche Telekom/GTS, paragraphs 13 and 14;
        Commission decision of 3 July 2012 in case M .6584 – Vodafone/Cable & Wireless, paragraph 33.
                                                            30
 ---pagebreak--- 4.13.2. Geographic market definition
(169) In previous decisions, the Commission considered that the geographic market for the
        supply of global telecommunications services, both at retail and wholesale levels, is
        likely worldwide while leaving its exact geographic scope open.132
(170) The Notifying Party considers that the market for                              the supply of global
        telecommunication services is worldwide in scope.
(171) The results of the market investigation did not provide reasons to depart from the
        Commission’s decisional practice.
(172) In light of the above, the Commission considers that, for the purpose of this
        Decision, the exact geographic scope of the market for the supply of global
        telecommunications services can be left open as the Transaction does not raise
        serious doubts as to its compatibility with the internal market under any possible
        product market definition.
4.14. Wholesale supply of internet connectivity services
(173) Internet connectivity services allow corporate customers to be present on the internet
        by providing access to the entire routing table of the global internet or to a subset of
        the same, in which case the customer will need to cover the totality of its needs by
        means of a multi-homing strategy. Connectivity to the internet can be achieved (i) by
        the purchasing of transit services, (ii) by means of peering with selected networks, or
        (iii) by means of a combination of the two. Entities which do not connect directly to
        the internet may also call upon hosting providers, who aggregate hosting needs and
        procure in turn internet connectivity for their customers.133 Whilst global coverage is
        a primary requirement, more specific performance criteria also enter into a
        customer's internet connectivity strategy such as latency, reliability, speed and
        minimization of traffic-related costs.
(174) Transit is a service whereby a customer pays for access to all or a large part of the
        internet, with performance characteristics which may vary according to the
        destination of the traffic. Peering, on the other hand, whether settlement-free or paid,
        provides access to individual networks but no further onward connectivity. Providers
        of transit services will in turn use a combination of peering relationships and paid
        commercial relationships with other transit providers in order to provide global
        internet coverage. A transit provider which does not purchase transit services from
        other providers because it is able to reach the entire internet merely by means of
        peering relationships is referred to as a "Tier 1" transit provider.
(175) Operators of retail internet access networks, sometimes referred to as "eyeball
        networks", procure internet connectivity in the same way as any other corporate
        customer, and may themselves also provide wholesale internet connectivity services.
        Certain internet access providers ("IAPs") offer transit services, whereas many offer
        direct connectivity to their own network and subscribers. To the extent that the IAP
132     Commission decision of 9 July 2018 in case M .8808 – T-Mobile Austria/UPC Austria, paragraphs 182 and 183;
        Commission  decision of 14 April 2014 in case M .7109 – Deutsche Telekom/GTS, paragraphs 15 to 18;
        Commission decision of 3 July 2012 in case M .6584 – Vodafone/Cable & Wireless, paragraph 34.
133     Commission decision of 3 August 2016 in case M .7978 – Vodafone/Liberty Global/Dutch JV, paragraph 260;
        Commission decision of 14 April 2014 in case M .7109 - Deutsche Telecom/GTS, paragraph 19.
                                                            31
 ---pagebreak---         purchases transit services, these may also be used to reach its users. The end users of
        a given IAP can also be reached by means of relationships with those networks
        which peer with the IAP in question.134
4.14.1. Product market definition
(176) In previous decisions, the Commission considered the existence of an overall market
        for the wholesale supply of internet connectivity services, including both transit and
        peering services and potentially further segmented between transit and peering
        services but ultimately left the exact product market definition open.135 Further, the
        Commission considered, but ultimately left open a possible segmentation of the
        product market for wholesale internet connectivity services between Tier-1 transit
        providers and Tier-2 transit providers.136
(177) The Notifying Party considers that the relevant product market to be taken into
        account is the market for the wholesale supply of internet connectivity services.
(178) The results of the market investigation did not provide reasons to depart from the
        Commission’s decisional practice.
(179) In light of the above, the Commission considers that, for the purpose of this
        Decision, the relevant product market is the market for the wholesale supply of
        internet connectivity services. The question whether such market a) includes both
        transit and peering services; b) should be further segmented between transit and
        peering services; and c) can be further segmented between Tier-1 transit providers
        and Tier-2 transit providers can be left open as the Transaction does not raise serious
        doubts as to its compatibility with the internal market under any possible product
        market definition.
4.14.2. Geographic market definition
(180) The Commission previously found the market for the wholesale supply of internet
        connectivity services to be either global or regional in scope.137
(181) The Notifying Party considers the relevant market to be at least regional if not global
        in scope but submits that the market definition may be left open given the absence of
        overlap.
(182) The results of the market investigation did not provide reasons to depart from the
        Commission’s decisional practice.
134     Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets, recitals 232 to
        234.
135     Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/ Certain Liberty Global Assets, recitals 237 to
        238; Commission decision of 14 April 2014 in case M .7109 – Deutsche Telekom / GTS, paragraphs 21 and 22;
        Commission decision of 7 October 2005 in case M .3752 – MCI/Verizon, paragraphs 17 to 24.
136     Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets, recitals 237 to
        239; Commission decision of 20 September 2013 in case M .6990 – Vodafone/Kabel Deutschland, paragraphs180
        and 181; Commission decision of 7 October 2005 in case M .3752 – Verizon/MCI, paragraphs 14 to 24.
        Tier-1 transit providers are capable of delivering complete internet connectivity entirely or in the great majority
        through their own network or under mutual traffic transit agreements with other Tier-1 providers. Tier-2
        providers supplement the reach of their own network by purchasing transit rights from Tier-1 transit providers.
137     Commission decision dated 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets, recitals 242
        and 243; Commission decision of 14 April 2014 in case M .7109 – Deutsche Telekom/GTS, paragraphs 24 and 25.
                                                              32
 ---pagebreak--- (183) In light of the above, the Commission considers that, for the purpose of this
        Decision, the exact geographic scope of the market for the wholesale supply of
        internet connectivity services can be left open as the Transaction does not raise
        serious doubts as to its compatibility with the internal market under any possible
        product market definition.
4.15. Wholesale supply of access and call termination services on mobile networks
(184) Call termination is the service provided by a network operator on the supply side to
        other network operators on the demand side, whereby a call originating in a demand
        side operator’s network is delivered to a user in the supply side operator’s network.
        This service is required by every originating operator, as it is necessary for its
        customers to be able to communicate with the customers of other networks. Call
        termination is therefore a wholesale service that is resold or used as an input for the
        provision of downstream retail telephony and mobile telecommunications
                   138
        services.
4.15.1. Product market definition
(185) In previous decisions, the Commission has identified relevant markets for the
        wholesale supply of access and call termination services on mobile and fixed
        networks. Further, the Commission found that there is no substitute for call
        termination on each individual network, as the operator transmitting the call can
        reach the intended recipient only through the operator of the network to which the
        recipient is connected and thus concluded that each individual network, either fixed
                                                               139
        or mobile, constitutes a separate market.
(186) The Notifying Party considers that the relevant product market to be taken into
        account is the market for wholesale supply of access and call termination services on
        mobile networks.
(187) The results of the market investigation did not provide reasons to depart from the
        Commission’s decisional practice.
(188) In light of the above, the Commission considers that, for the purpose of this
        Decision, the relevant product market is the market for the wholesale supply of
        access and call termination services on mobile networks.
138     Commission decision of 26 October 2020 in case M .9963 – Iliad/Play Communications, paragraph 35.
        Accordingly, the 2003 Commission’s Recommendation on the relevant product and service markets within the
        electronic communications sector susceptible to ex ante regulation in accordance with the Framework Directive
        (Directive 2002/21/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on a common regulatory framework for
        electronic communications networks and services) has distinguished call termination on individual networks,
        mobile or fixed as separate markets. A distinction between termination on these networks is further justified by
        the characteristics of the terminals themselves such as the different functionalities and the mobility guaranteed by
        the mobile service.
139     Commission decision of 26 October 2020 in case M .9963 – Iliad/Play Communications, paragraphs 36 to 38;
        Commission decision of 15 July 2019 in case M .9370 – Telenor/DNA, paragraphs 68 to 70; Commission decision
        of 27 November 2018 in case M .8792 – T-Mobile NL/Tele2 NL, recitals 255 to 259; Commission decision of 27
        July 2018 in case M .8883 – PPF/Telenor Target Companies, paragraph 24 to 26; Commission decision of 12
        December 2012 in case M .6497 – Hutchison 3G Austria/Orange Austria, recitals 68 to 70.
                                                                33
 ---pagebreak--- 4.15.2. Geographic market definition
(189) In previous decisions, the Commission considered the geographic market for the
        wholesale supply of access and call termination services on mobile networks to be
        national in scope,140 including for Romania.141
(190) The Notifying Party agrees with the Commission and considers that the relevant
        geographic market for the wholesale supply of access and call termination services
        on mobile networks corresponds to the territory of Romania.
(191) The results of the market investigation did not provide reasons to depart from the
        Commission’s decisional practice.
(192) In light of the above, the Commission considers that, for the purpose of this
        Decision, the relevant geographic market for the wholesale supply of access and call
        termination services on mobile networks is the territory of Romania.
4.16.    Wholesale supply of access and call origination services on mobile networks
4.16.1. Product market definition
(193) MNOs provide wholesale access and call origination services which enable operators
        without their own network, namely MVNOs and Service Providers, to have access to
        one or more of the MNOs’ networks in order to provide mobile telecommunications
        services to end customers. “Full” or “thick” MVNOs maintain their own core
        infrastructure and use MNOs only for access to a radio network. By contrast, “light”
        or “thin” MVNOs do not have their own infrastructure and rely entirely on the
                                            142
        infrastructure of an MNO.
(194) In previous decisions, the Commission considered network access and call
        origination to be part of the same product market as both services are considered as
        key elements required for non-MNOs to be able to provide retail mobile
        telecommunications services and are generally supplied together.143
(195) The Notifying Party considers that the relevant product market to be taken into
        account is the market for the wholesale supply of access and call origination services
        on mobile networks.
(196) The results of the market investigation did not provide reasons to depart from the
        Commission’s decisional practice.
140     Commission decision of 26 October 2020 in case M .9963 – Iliad/Play Communications, paragraph 39;
        Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets, recital 259;
        Commission decision of 3 July 2012 in case M .6584 – Vodafone/Cable & Wireless, paragraph 48; Commission
        decision of 3 July 2012 in case M .5650 – T-Mobile/Orange UK, paragraph 38.
141     Decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets, recital 259.
142     Decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets, recital 244.
143     Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets, recital 248;
        Commission decision of 3 August 2016 in case M .7978 – Vodafone/Liberty Global/Dutch JV, paragraphs 185 to
        187; Commission decision of 11 M ay 2016 in case M .7612 – Hutchison 3G UK/Telefónica UK, recitals 296 to
        300; Commission decision of 2 July 2014 in case M .7018 – Telefónica Deutschland/E-Plus, recitals 77 to 79;
        Commission decision of 28 M ay 2014 in case M .6992 – Hutchison 3G UK/Telefónica Ireland, recital 156;
        Commission decision of 12 December 2012 in case M .6497 – Hutchison 3G Austria/Orange Austria, recitals 61
        to 63; Commission decision of 1 M arch 2010 in case M .5650 – T Mobile/Orange UK, paragraphs 27 to 30;
        Commission decision of 27 November 2007 in case M .4947 – Vodafone/Tele2 Italy/Tele2 Spain, paragraph 15.
                                                             34
 ---pagebreak--- (197) In light of the above, the Commission considers that, for the purpose of this
        Decision, the relevant product market is the market for the wholesale supply of
        access and call origination services on mobile networks.
4.16.2. Geographic market definition
(198) In previous decisions, the Commission held that the geographic scope of the market
        for the wholesale supply of access and call origination services on mobile networks
        national due to regulatory barriers,144 including for Romania.145
(199) The Notifying Party considers that the relevant geographic market for the wholesale
        supply of access and call origination services on mobile networks corresponds to the
        territory of Romania.
(200) The results of the market investigation did not provide reasons to depart from the
        Commission’s decisional practice.
(201) In light of the above, the Commission considers that, for the purpose of this
        Decision, the relevant geographic market for the wholesale supply of access and call
        origination services on mobile networks is the territory of Romania.
4.17. Wholesale supply of international roaming services
(1)     In previous decisions, the Commission found that international roaming services
        constitute a distinct product market.146
(2)     The Notifying Party considers that the relevant product market to be taken into
        account is the market for wholesale supply of international roaming services.
4.17.1.1. The results of the market investigation and the Commission’s assessment
(202) The results of the market investigation did not provide reasons to depart from the
        Commission’s decisional practice.
(203) In light of the above, the Commission considers that, for the purpose of this
        Decision, the relevant product market is the market for the wholesale supply of
        international roaming services.
4.17.2. Geographic market definition
(204) In previous decisions, the Commission held that the relevant geographic market for
        the wholesale supply of international roaming is national in scope due to regulatory
        barriers,147 including for Romania.148
144     Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets, recitals 249 to
        251; Commission decision of 3 August 2016 in case M .7978 – Vodafone/Liberty Global/Dutch JV, paragraphs
        188 to 190; Commission decision of 11 M ay 2016 in case M .7612 – Hutchison 3G UK/Telefónica UK, recitals
        302 to 305; Commission decision of 12 December 2012 in case M .6497 – Hutchison 3G Austria/Orange Austria,
        recitals 74 to 77.
145     Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets, recital 251.
146     Commission decision of 26 October 2020 in case M .9963 – Iliad/Play Communications, paragraphs 29 to 31;
        Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets, recital 264;
        Commission decision of 2 July 2014 in case M .7018 – Telefónica Deutschland/E-Plus, recital 97; Commission
        decision of 12 December 2012 in case M .6497 – Hutchison 3G Austria/Orange Austria, recitals 64 to 67.
                                                            35
 ---pagebreak--- (205) The Notifying Party considers that the relevant geographic market for the wholesale
      supply of international roaming services corresponds to the territory of Romania.
(206) The results of the market investigation did not provide reasons to depart from the
      Commission’s decisional practice.
(207) In light of the above, the Commission considers that, for the purpose of this
      Decision, the relevant geographic market for the wholesale supply of international
      roaming services is the territory of Romania.
5.    COMPETITIVE ASSESSMENT
5.1.  Analytical Framework
(208) Under Article 2(2) and (3) of the Merger Regulation, the Commission must assess
      whether a proposed concentration would significantly impede effective competition
      in the internal market or in a substantial part of it, in particular through the creation
      or strengthening of a dominant position.
(209) In this respect, a merger may entail horizontal and/or non-horizontal (namely,
      vertical or conglomerate) effects. Horizontal effects are those deriving from a
      concentration where the undertakings concerned are actual or potential competitors
      of each other in one or more of the relevant markets concerned. Vertical effects are
      those deriving from a concentration where the undertakings concerned are active on
      different or multiple levels of the supply chain. Conglomerate effects are those
      deriving from a concentration where the undertakings concerned are in a relationship
      which is neither horizontal nor vertical. A concentration may involve all three types
      of effects. In such a case, the Commission will appraise horizontal and non-
      horizontal effects in accordance with the guidance set out in the relevant notices, that
      is to say the Horizontal Merger Guidelines149 and the Non-Horizontal Merger
      Guidelines.150
(210) In assessing the competitive effects of a merger, the Commission compares the
      competitive conditions that would result from the notified merger with the
      conditions that would have prevailed without the merger. In most cases the
      competitive conditions existing at the time of the merger constitute the relevant
      comparison for evaluating the effects of a merger. However, in some circumstances,
147   Commission decision of 26 October 2020 in case M .9963 – Iliad/Play Communications, paragraphs 32 to 34;
      Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets, recital 266;
      Commission decision of 4 February 2016 in case M .7637 – Liberty Global/Base Belgium, recitals 120 to 122;
      Commission decision of 2 July 2014 in case M .7018 – Telefónica Deutschland/E-Plus, recitals 99 to 100;
      Commission decision of 20 September 2013 in case M .6990 – Vodafone/Kabel Deutschland, paragraphs 251 to
      252; Commission decision of 12 December 2012 in case M .6497 – Hutchison 3G Austria/Orange Austria,
      recitals 78 and 79; Commission decision of 1 M arch 2010 in case M .5650 – T Mobile/Orange UK, paragraph 35.
148   Commission decision of 18 July 2019 in case M .8864 – Vodafone/Certain Liberty Global Assets, recital 266;
      Commission decision of 2 August 2008 in case M .5148 – Deutsche Telekom/OTE, paragraphs 18 to 20.
149   Guidelines on the assessment of horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of
      concentrations between undertakings ("Horizontal M erger Guidelines"), OJ C31, 5.2.2004, p. 5.
150   Guidelines on the assessment of non-horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of
      concentrations between undertakings ("Non-Horizontal M erger Guidelines"), OJ C 265, 18.10.2008.
                                                           36
 ---pagebreak---          the Commission may take into account future changes to the market that can
         reasonably be predicted.151
5.2.     Identification of affected markets
5.2.1. Horizontally affected markets
(211) Based on the market shares submitted by the Notifying Party, the Transaction gives
         rise to the following horizontally affected markets.
         Table 1: Horizontally affected markets in Romania (2020)
                                                      Value                                         Volume
                                      Orange        TKR          Combined           Orange          TKR          Combined
Retail supply of mobile
telecommunications                   [40-50]%      [0-5]%        [40-50]%          [30-40]%        [0-5]%         [40-50]%
         152
services
Retail supply of fixed
                      153              [0-5]%     [50-60]%       [50-60]%            [0-5]%       [30-40]%        [30-40]%
telephony services
Retail supply of fixed
                                       [0-5]%     [10-20]%       [20-30]%            [0-5]%       [10-20]%        [10-20]%
internet access services
Retail supply of audio visual                                                                     [10-20]%
         154                          [5-10]%     [10-20]%       [20-30]%           [5-10]%                       [20-30]%
services
Retail supply of FMC                                                                              [10-20]%
                                          -           -               -            [10-20]%                       [30-40]%
services
Retail supply of business
                                     [10-20]%     [20-30]%       [30-40]%               -              -              -
connectivity services
Wholesale supply of leased                                                                        [20-30]%        [20-30]%
                                          -           -               -              [0-5]%
lines
Wholesale supply and
acquisition of TV channels            [5-10]%     [10-20]%       [20-30]%           [5-10]%       [10-20]%        [20-30]%
                    155
(acquisition side)
5.2.2. Non-horizontally affected markets
(212) In addition, the Transaction gives rise to the following vertically affected markets.
         Table 2: Vertically affected markets in Romania (2020; 2019 where indicated)
               Upstream markets                                               Downstream markets
Wholesale supply of broadband access                     Retail supply of fixed telephony services
services                                                 Value: Orange: [0-5]%; TKR: [50-60]%; Combined: [50-
Volume: Orange: [0-5]%; TKR: [0-5]%;                     60]%
Combined: [0-5]%                                         Volume: Orange: [0-5]%; TKR: [30-40]%; Combined:
                                                         [30-40]%
151      Horizontal M erger Guidelines, paragraph 9; Non-Horizontal M erger Guidelines, paragraph 20.
152      M arket shares in value exclude M 2M and OTT services; market shares in volume exclude M 2M services.
153      Orange is mainly active as FVNO, based on an agreement with TKR (mainly for residential customers); it also
         does not offer fixed telephony services on a standalone basis.
154      M arket shares exclude OTT services.
155      Parties’ estimates based on market shares in the market for the retail supply of audio visual services in 2020.
                                                                37
 ---pagebreak---                Upstream markets                                  Downstream markets
                                              Retail supply of business connectivity services
                                              Value: Orange: [10-20]%; TKR: [20-30]%; Combined:
                                              [30-40]%
Wholesale supply of leased lines              Retail supply of mobile telecommunications services
Volume: Orange: [0-5]%; TKR: [20-30]%;        Value: Orange: [40-50]%; TKR: [0-5]%; Combined: [40-
Combined: [20-30]%                            50]%
                                              Volume: Orange: [30-40]%; TKR: [0-5]%; Combined:
                                              [40-50]%
                                              Retail supply of business connectivity services
                                              Value: Orange: [10-20]%; TKR: [20-30]%; Combined:
                                              [30-40]%
Wholesale supply of call termination services Retail supply of fixed telephony services
on fixed networks                             Value: Orange: [0-5]%; TKR: [50-60]%; Combined: [50-
Value: Orange: [90-100]%; TKR: [90-100]%      60]%
Volume: Orange: [90-100]%; TKR: [90-100]%     Volume: Orange: [0-5]%; TKR: [30-40]%; Combined:
                                              [30-40]%
                                              Retail supply of mobile telecommunications services
                                              Value: Orange: [40-50]%; TKR: [0-5]%; Combined: [40-
                                              50]%
                                              Volume: Orange: [30-40]%; TKR: [0-5]9%; Combined:
                                              [40-50]%
Wholesale supply of termination and hosting   Retail supply of fixed telephony services
of calls to non-geographic numbers            Value: Orange: [0-5]%; TKR: 55.0%; Combined: 59.8%
Orange […]; TKR […].                          Volume: Orange: [0-5]%; TKR: [30-40]%; Combined:
                                              [30-40]%
                                              Retail supply of mobile telecommunications services
                                              Value: Orange: [40-50]%; TKR: [0-5]%; Combined: [40-
                                              50]%
                                              Volume: Orange: [30-40]%; TKR: [0-5]%; Combined:
                                              [40-50]%
Wholesale supply of domestic call transit     Retail supply of fixed telephony services
services on fixed networks (2019)             Value: Orange: [0-5]%; TKR: [50-60]%; Combined: [50-
Volume: Orange: [0-5]%; TKR: [50-60]%;        60]%
Combined: [50-60]%                            Volume: Orange: [0-5]%; TKR: [30-40]%; Combined:
                                              [30-40]%
Supply of global telecommunications services  Retail supply of fixed telephony services
Value: Orange: [0-5]0%; TKR: [0-5]%;          Value: Orange: [0-5]%; TKR: [50-60]%; Combined: [50-
Combined: [0-5]%                              60]%
                                              Volume: Orange: [0-5]%; TKR: [30-40]%; Combined:
                                              [30-40]%
                                              Retail supply of mobile telecommunications services
                                              Value: Orange: [40-50]%; TKR: [0-5]%; Combined: [40-
                                              50]%
                                              Volume: Orange: [30-40]%; TKR: [0-5]%; Combined:
                                              [40-50]%
                                              Retail supply of business  connectivity services
                                              Value: Orange: [10-20]%;   TKR: [20-30]%; Combined:
                                              [30-40]%
Wholesale supply of internet connectivity     Retail supply of business  connectivity services
services                                      Value: Orange: [10-20]%;   TKR: [20-30]%; Combined:
Value: Orange: [0-5]%; TKR: [0-5]%;           [30-40]%
Combined: [0-5]%
Wholesale access for call termination on      Retail supply of mobile telecommunications services
mobile networks                               Value: Orange: [40-50]%; TKR: [0-5]%; Combined: [40-
Value: Orange: [90-100]%; TKR: [90-100]%      50]%
                                                     38
 ---pagebreak---                Upstream markets                                           Downstream markets
Volume: Orange: [90-100]%; TKR: [90-100]%             Volume: Orange: [30-40]%; TKR: [0-5]%; Combined:
                                                      [40-50]%
                                                      Retail supply of fixed telephony services
                                                      Value: Orange: [0-5]%; TKR: [50-60]%; Combined: [50-
                                                      60]%
                                                      Volume: Orange: [0-5]%; TKR: [30-40]%; Combined:
                                                      [30-40]%
Wholesale access and call origination on              Retail supply of mobile telecommunications services
mobile networks 156                                   Value: Orange: [40-50]%; TKR: [0-5]%; Combined: [40-
Orange […]; TKR […].                                  50]%
                                                      Volume: Orange: [30-40]%; TKR: [0-5]%; Combined:
                                                      [40-50]%
Wholesale supply of international roaming             Retail supply of mobile telecommunications services
services                                              Value: Orange: [40-50]%; TKR: [0-5]%; Combined: [40-
Orange […]; TKR […].                                  50]%
                                                      Volume: Orange: [30-40]%; TKR: [0-5]%; Combined:
                                                      [40-50]%
(213) The Commission notes that both Parties already offer all telecommunications and
         AV services that are typically offered in bundles to end-customers and both Parties
         already offer fixed-mobile convergent bundles:
         (a)      Orange relies on part of TKR’s network as well as on its own nascent
                  network to offer all three components of the fixed part of a fixed-mobile
                  bundle (TV, fixed internet and fixed telephony) and on its own mobile
                  network to provide the mobile part.
         (b)      TKR relies on its own fixed network to offer all three components of the
                  fixed part of a fixed-mobile bundle (TV, fixed internet and fixed telephony)
                  and on TRMC’s mobile network to provide the mobile part.
(214) The Commission therefore considers that there is no new conglomerate relationship
         created by the Transaction.
5.2.3. Conclusion
(215) Each of these potential effects is discussed in turn in the following sections. After
         setting out the market shares in the relevant markets and possible sub-segments
         (section 5.3), the Commission will first assess the potential horizontal non-
         coordinated effects stemming from the Transaction (section 5.4). Then the
         Commission will assess the potential horizontal coordinated effects of the
         Transaction (section 5.5). Finally, the Commission will assess the potential vertical
         effects stemming from the Transaction (section 5.6).
5.3.     Market shares
(216) According to the Horizontal Merger Guidelines and the Non-Horizontal Merger
         Guidelines,157 in the assessment of the effects of a merger, market shares constitute a
156      Post-Transaction however, Orange is to replace TRM C and host TKR on its network.
157      Horizontal M erger Guidelines, paragraph 14; Non-Horizontal M erger Guidelines, paragraph 24.
                                                             39
 ---pagebreak---        useful first indication of the structure of the markets at stake and of the competitive
       importance of the relevant market players.
5.3.1. Retail supply of mobile telecommunications services
(217) Table 3 sets out the Parties’ and their main competitors’ market shares on the market
       for the retail supply of mobile telecommunications services in Romania by value and
       volume for the years 2017 to 2020.
       Table 3: Market shares on the market for the retail supply of mobile
       telecommunications services in Romania (2017-2020)
                                         2017                2018                  2019                 2020
                                               Market shares in value (EUR)
               Orange                 [30-40]%            [40-50]%              [40-50]%             [40-50]%
               TKR158                   [0-5]%              [0-5]%                [0-5]%               [0-5]%
             Combined                [30-40]%             [40-50]%              [40-50]%             [40-50]%
                Digi                   [5-10]%             [5-10]%              [10-20]%             [10-20]%
             Vodafone                 [30-40]%            [30-40]%              [30-40]%             [30-40]%
               TRMC                   [10-20]%            [10-20]%              [10-20]%             [10-20]%
            Total market               100.0%              100.0%                100.0%               100.0%
                                            Market shares in volume (# of SIMs)
               Orange               [30-40]%              [30-40]%              [30-40]%             [30-40]%
               TKR159                   [0-5]%              [0-5]%                [0-5]%               [0-5]%
             Combined                [40-50]%             [40-50]%              [40-50]%             [40-50]%
                Digi                  [10-20]%            [10-20]%              [10-20]%             [10-20]%
             Vodafone                 [30-40]%            [30-40]%              [30-40]%             [20-30]%
               TRMC                   [10-20]%            [10-20]%              [10-20]%             [10-20]%
            Total market             100.0%                100.0%                100.0%               100.0%
       Source: Parties’ best estimates based on ANCOM statistical report 2019, competitors’ quarterly
       results and Parties’ best estimates for 2020 market shares
(218) Orange is the leading retail supplier of mobile telecommunications services in
       Romania while TKR only offers this type of services as part of FMC bundles.
       Orange’s market shares in value have increased from [30-40]% in 2017 to [40-50]%
       in 2020 but decreased in volume from [30-40]% in 2017 to [30-40]% in 2020.
       TKR’s market shares (calculated based on the mobile part of their FMC offers) in
       value have increased from [0-5]% (volume: [0-5]%) in 2017 to [0-5]% (volume: [0-
       5]%) in 2020. Combined, the Parties’ market shares in value have increased from
       [30-40]% (volume: [40-50]%) in 2017 to [40-50]% (volume: [40-50]%) in 2020.
       Meanwhile, Digi has increased its market share in value from [5-10]% (volume: [10-
       20]%) in 2017 to [10-20]% (volume: [10-20]%) in 2020. Vodafone and TRMC, for
       their part, have decreased their market shares in value from [30-40]% and [10-20]%
       (volume: [30-40]% and [10-20]%) in 2017 to [30-40]% and [10-20]% (volume: [20-
       30]% and [10-20]%) in 2020, respectively. The overall market size has decreased in
       value (from EUR […] to EUR […]) and in volume (from […] SIMs to […] SIMs)
       between 2017 and 2020.
158    TKR is not commercially active in this market on a standalone basis, but only through FM C offers . The market
       shares therefore include the mobile part of TKR’s FM C offers.
159    TKR is not commercially active in this market on a standalone basis, but only through FM C offers. The market
       shares therefore include the mobile part of TKR’s FM C offers.
                                                             40
 ---pagebreak--- 5.3.2. Retail supply of fixed telephony services
(219) Table 4 sets out the Parties’ and their main competitors’ market shares on the market
       for the retail supply of fixed telephony services in Romania by value and volume for
       the years 2017 to 2020.
       Table 4: Market shares on the market for the retail supply of fixed telephony
       services in Romania (2017-2020)
                                      2017               2018                2019               2020
                                            Market shares in value (EUR)
               Orange               [0-5]%              [0-5]%             [0-5]%             [0-5]%
                TKR                [60-70]%           [50-60]%            [50-60]%           [50-60]%
             Combined              [60-70]%           [60-70]%            [50-60]%           [50-60]%
                Digi               [10-20]%            [10-20]%           [10-20]%           [20-30]%
             Vodafone              [10-20]%            [10-20]%           [20-30]%           [10-20]%
               Others                [0-5]%             [0-5]%              [0-5]%             [0-5]%
           Total market             100.0%              100.0%             100.0%             100.0%
                                         Market shares in volume (# of lines)
              Orange                [0-5]%              [0-5]%             [0-5]%             [0-5]%
                TKR                [40-50]%           [40-50]%            [30-40]%           [30-40]%
             Combined              [40-50]%           [40-50]%            [40-50]%           [30-40]%
                Digi               [30-40]%            [30-40]%           [30-40]%           [30-40]%
             Vodafone              [10-20]%            [20-30]%           [20-30]%           [20-30]%
               Others                [0-5]%             [0-5]%              [0-5]%             [0-5]%
           Total market             100.0%              100.0%             100.0%             100.0%
       Source: Parties’ best estimates based on ANCOM statistical report 2019, competitors’ quarterly
       results and Parties’ best estimates for 2020 shares
(220) Orange is the fourth largest retail supplier of fixed telephony services in Romania
       while TKR is the leading supplier. Orange’s market shares in value have increased
       from [0-5]% (volume: [0-5]%) in 2017 to [0-5]% (volume: [0-5]%) in 2020. TKR’s
       market share in value have decreased from [60-70]% (volume: [40-50]%) in 2017 to
       [50-60]% (volume: [30-40]%) in 2020. Combined, the Parties’ market shares in
       value have decreased from [60-70]% (volume: [40-50]%) in 2017 to [50-60]%
       (volume: [30-40]%) in 2020. Meanwhile, Digi has increased its market shares in
       value from [10-20]% (volume: [30-40]%) in 2017 to [20-30]% (volume: [30-40]%)
       in 2020. Vodafone has decreased its market shares in value from [10-20]% in 2017
       to [10-20]%, but has increased its market shares in volume from [10-20]% in 2017 to
       [20-30]% in 2020. The overall market size has decreased in value (from EUR […] to
       EUR […]) and in volume (from […] lines to […] lines) between 2017 and 2020.
(221) Table 5 sets out the Parties’ and their main competitors’ market shares on the market
       for the retail supply of fixed telephony services in Romania on the segment for
       local/national calls by volume for the years 2017 to 2020.
                                                         41
 ---pagebreak---       Table 5: Market shares on the market for the retail supply of fixed telephony
      services on the segment for local/national calls in Romania (2017-2020)
                                   2017              2018               2019         2020
                               Market shares in volume (millions of minutes)
             Orange              [5-10]%           [5-10]%            [5-10]%      [5-10]%
              TKR               [40-50]%          [40-50]%           [40-50]%     [30-40]%
           Combined            [50-60]%          [50-60]%           [50-60]%      [40-50]%
             Others             [40-50]%          [40-50]%           [40-50]%     [50-60]%
              Total               100.0%            100.0%             100.0%       100.0%
(222) Orange is a small retail supplier of fixed telephony services on the segment for
      local/national calls, while TKR is among the largest retail suppliers. Orange’s market
      shares in volume have increased from [5-10]% in 2017 to [5-10]% in 2020. TKR’s
      market shares in volume has decreased from [40-50]% in 2017 to [30-40]% in 2020.
      Combined, the Parties’ market shares in volume have decreased from [50-60]% in
      2017 to [40-50]% in 2020. Meanwhile, the Parties’ competitors’ have increased their
      market shares in volume from [40-50]% in 2017 to [50-60]% in 2020. The overall
      market size has decreased in volume (from […] to […] minutes) between 2017 and
      2020.
(223) Table 6 sets out the Parties’ and their main competitors’ market shares on the market
      for the retail supply of fixed telephony services in Romania on the segment for
      international calls by volume for the years 2017 to 2020.
      Table 6: Market shares on the market for the retail supply of fixed telephony
      services on the segment for international calls in Romania (2017-2020)
                                   2017              2018               2019         2020
                               Market shares in volume (millions of minutes)
             Orange            [10-20]%           [10-20]%           [5-10]%       [5-10]%
              TKR              [30-40]%           [30-40]%          [20-30]%      [30-40]%
           Combined            [50-60]%          [40-50]%           [30-40]%      [30-40]%
             Others            [40-50]%           [50-60]%          [60-70]%      [60-70]%
              Total              100.0%            100.0%             100.0%       100.0%
(224) Orange is a small retail supplier of fixed telephony services on the segment for
      international calls, while TKR is among the largest retail suppliers. Orange’s market
      shares in volume have decreased from [10-20]% in 2017 to [5-10]% in 2020. TKR’s
      market shares in volume have decreased from [30-40]% in 2017 to [30-40]% in
      2020. Combined, the Parties’ market shares in volume have decreased from [50-
      60]% in 2017 to [30-40]% in 2020. Meanwhile, the Parties’ competitors have
      increased their market shares in volume from [40-50]% in 2017 to [60-70]% in 2020.
      The overall market size has decreased in volume (from […] minutes to […] minutes)
      between 2017 and 2020.
(225) Orange has a marginal presence on the market for the retail supply of fixed
      telephony services on the segment for residential customers, while TKR is the
      largest retail supplier in value and one of the largest in value. Orange’s market shares
      in value […] from 2017 to 2020 but its market shares in volume have increased from
      [0-5]% in 2017 to [0-5]% in 2020. TKR’s market shares in value have decreased
      from [70-80]% (volume: [40-50]%) in 2017 to [50-60]% (volume: [30-40]%) in
      2020. Combined, the Parties’ market shares in value have decreased from [70-80]%
                                                     42
 ---pagebreak---        (volume: [40-50]%) in 2017 to [50-60]% (volume: [30-40]%) in 2020. Meanwhile,
       the Parties’ competitors have increased their market shares in value from [30-40]%
       (volume: [50-60]%) in 2017 to [40-50]% (volume: [60-70]%) in 2020. The overall
       market size has decreased in value (from EUR […] to EUR […]) and volume (from
       approximately […] to […] lines) between 2017 and 2020.
(226) Table 7 sets out the Parties’ and their main competitors’ market shares on the market
       for the retail supply of fixed telephony services in Romania on the segment for non-
       residential customers by value and volume for the years 2017 to 2020.
       Table 7: Market shares on the market for the retail supply of fixed telephony
       services on the segment for non-residential customers in Romania (2017-2020)
                                  2017                2018              2019      2020
                                           Shares in value (EUR)
              Orange            [5-10]%             [5-10]%           [10-20]%  [5-10]%
               TKR             [40-50]%            [40-50]%           [30-40]% [30-40]%
             Combined          [50-60]%           [50-60]%            [40-50]% [40-50]%
              Others           [40-50]%            [40-50]%           [50-60]% [50-60]%
               Total             100.0%              100.0%            100.0%    100.0%
                                        Shares in volume (# of lines)
              Orange            [5-10]%            [10-20]%           [10-20]% [10-20]%
               TKR             [30-40]%            [30-40]%           [30-40]% [30-40]%
             Combined          [40-50]%           [40-50]%            [40-50]% [40-50]%
              Others           [50-60]%            [50-60]%           [50-60]% [50-60]%
               Total             100.0%              100.0%            100.0%    100.0%
(227) Orange is a small retail supplier of fixed telephony services on the segment for non-
       residential customers, while TKR is among the largest retail suppliers. Orange’s
       market shares in value have decreased from [5-10]% in 2017 to [5-10]% in 2020 but
       its market shares in volume have increased from [5-10]% in 2017 to [10-20]% in
       2020. TKR’s market shares in value have decreased from [40-50]% (volume: [30-
       40]%) in 2017 to [30-40]% (volume: [30-40]%) in 2020. Combined, the Parties’
       market shares in value have decreased from [50-60]% in 2017 to [40-50]% in 2020
       but have increased in volume from [40-50]% in 2017 to [40-50]% in 2020.
       Meanwhile, the Parties’ competitors have increased their market shares in value
       from [40-50]% in 2017 to [50-60]% in 2020 but decreased their market shares in
       volume from [50-60]% in 2017 to [50-60]% in 2020. The overall market size has
       decreased in value (from EUR […] to EUR […]) and volume (from […] to […]
       lines) between 2017 and 2020.
5.3.3. Retail supply of fixed internet access services
(228) Table 8 sets out the Parties’ and their main competitors’ market shares on the market
       for the retail supply of fixed internet access services in Romania by value and
       volume for the years 2017 to 2020.
                                                      43
 ---pagebreak---        Table 8: Market shares on the market for the retail supply of fixed internet
       access services in Romania (2017-2020)
                                     2017                2018               2019          2020
                                            Market shares in value (EUR)
              Orange                [0-5]%              [0-5]%             [0-5]%        [0-5]%
                TKR                [20-30]%           [20-30]%           [20-30]%      [10-20]%
             Combined             [20-30]%            [20-30]%           [20-30]%      [20-30]%
                Digi               [40-50]%           [40-50]%           [40-50]%      [50-60]%
             Vodafone              [10-20]%           [10-20]%           [10-20]%      [10-20]%
               Others              [10-20]%           [10-20]%            [5-10]%       [5-10]%
           Total market             100.0%             100.0%              100.0%        100.0%
                                     Market shares in volume (# of connections)
              Orange                [0-5]%              [0-5]%             [0-5]%        [0-5]%
                TKR                [20-30]%           [20-30]%           [10-20]%      [10-20]%
                                  [20-30]%            [20-30]%           [20-30]%      [10-20]%
             Combined
                Digi               [40-50]%           [50-60]%           [50-60]%      [60-70]%
             Vodafone              [10-20]%           [10-20]%           [10-20]%      [10-20]%
               Others              [10-20]%           [10-20]%            [5-10]%       [5-10]%
           Total market             100.0%             100.0%              100.0%        100.0%
       Source: Parties’ best estimates based on ANCOM statistical report 2019, competitors’ quarterly
       results and Parties’ best estimates for 2020 market shares
(229) Orange is a small retail supplier of fixed internet access services in Romania while
       TKR is the second largest retail supplier. Orange’s market shares in value have
       increased from [0-5]% (volume: [0-5]%) in 2017 to [0-5]% (volume: [0-5]%) in
       2020. TKR’s market shares in value have decreased from [20-30]% (volume: [20-
       30]%) in 2017 to [10-20]% (volume: [10-20]%) in 2020. Combined, the Parties’
       market shares in value have decreased from [20-30]% (volume: [20-30]%) in 2017
       to [20-30]% (volume: [10-20]%) in 2020. Meanwhile, Digi has increased its market
       share in value from [40-50]% (volume: [40-50]%) to [50-60]% (volume: [60-70]%)
       in 2020. Vodafone has decreased its market shares in value from [10-20]% (volume:
       [10-20]%) in 2017 to [10-20]% (volume: [10-20]%) in 2020. The overall market size
       has increased both in value (from EUR […] to EUR […]) and in volume (from […]
       connections to […] connections) between 2017 and 2020.
5.3.4. Retail supply of audio visual services
(230) Table 9 sets out the Parties’ and their main competitors’ market on the market for the
       retail supply of audio visual services in Romania by value and volume for the years
       2017 to 2020.
                                                         44
 ---pagebreak---       Table 9: Market shares on the market for the retail supply of audio visual
      services in Romania (2017-2020)
                                     2017                2018              2019          2020
                                           Market shares in value (EUR)
              Orange                [0-5]%              [0-5]%            [5-10]%       [5-10]%
              TKR                 [20-30]%            [20-30]%           [20-30]%      [10-20]%
           Combined              [20-30]%            [20-30]%           [20-30]%      [20-30]%
               Digi               [40-50]%            [40-50]%           [50-60]%      [50-60]%
           Vodafone               [10-20]%            [10-20]%           [10-20]%      [10-20]%
             Others                [5-10]%             [5-10]%            [5-10]%       [5-10]%
          Total market             100.0%              100.0%             100.0%        100.0%
                                     Market shares in volume (# of subscribers)
              Orange               [5-10]%             [5-10]%            [5-10]%       [5-10]%
              TKR                 [10-20]%            [10-20]%           [10-20]%      [10-20]%
           Combined              [20-30]%            [20-30]%           [20-30]%      [20-30]%
               Digi               [40-50]%            [50-60]%           [50-60]%      [60-70]%
           Vodafone               [10-20]%            [10-20]%           [10-20]%      [10-20]%
             Others                [5-10]%             [5-10]%            [5-10]%       [5-10]%
          Total market             100.0%              100.0%             100.0%        100.0%
      Source: Parties’ best estimates based on ANCOM statistical report 2019, competitors’ quarterly
      results and Parties’ best estimates for 2020 market shares
(231) Orange is the fourth largest retail supplier of fixed audio visual services in Romania
      while TKR is the second largest supplier. Orange’s market shares in value have
      increased from [0-5]% (volume: [5-10]%) in 2017 to [5-10]% (volume: [5-10]%) in
      2020. TKR’s market shares in value have decreased from [20-30]% (volume: [10-
      20]%) in 2017 to [10-20]% (volume: [10-20]%) in 2020. Combined, the Parties’
      market shares in value have decreased from [20-30]% (volume: [20-30]%) in 2017
      to [20-30]% (volume: [20-30]%) in 2020. Meanwhile, Digi has increased its market
      shares in value from [40-50]% (volume: [40-50]%) in 2017 to [50-60]% (volume:
      [60-70]%) in 2020. Vodafone has decreased its market shares from [10-20]%
      (volume: [10-20]%) in 2017 to [10-20]% (volume: [10-20]%) in 2020. The overall
      market size has increased in value (from EUR […] to EUR […]) and slightly in
      volume (from […] to […] subscribers) between 2017 and 2020.
(232) Orange and TKR are small retail suppliers of fixed audio visual services on the
      segment for cable TV in Romania. Orange’s market shares in value have increased
      from [0-5]% (volume: [0-5]%) in 2017 to [0-5]% (volume: [0-5]%) in 2020. TKR’s
      market shares in value have increased from [5-10]% in 2017 to [5-10]% in 2020 but
      have decreased in volume from [5-10]% in 2017 to [5-10]% in 2020. Combined, the
      Parties’ market shares in value have increased from [5-10]% (volume: [5-10]%) in
      2017 to [5-10]% (volume: [5-10]%) in 2020. Meanwhile, Digi has increased its
      market shares in value from [60-70]% (volume: [60-70]%) in 2017 to [70-80]%
      (volume: [70-80]%) in 2020. Vodafone has decreased its market shares from [20-
      30]% (volume: [10-20]%) in 2017 to [10-20]% (volume: [10-20]%) in 2020. The
      overall market size has increased in value (from EUR […] to EUR […]) and volume
      (from […] subscribers to […] subscribers) between 2017 and 2020.
                                                         45
 ---pagebreak--- (233) Table 10 sets out the Parties’ and their main competitors’ market on the market for
      the retail supply of audio visual services on the segment for satellite TV in Romania
      by value and volume for the years 2017 to 2020.
      Table 10: Market shares on the market for the retail supply of audio visual
      services on the segment for satellite TV in Romania (2017-2020)
                                    2017                 2018              2019          2020
                                            Market shares in value(EUR)
             Orange              [10-20]%             [10-20]%          [10-20]%      [10-20]%
              TKR                [50-60]%             [40-50]%          [40-50]%      [40-50]%
           Combined              [60-70]%            [60-70]%           [60-70]%      [60-70]%
               Digi              [20-30]%             [20-30]%          [20-30]%      [20-30]%
           Vodafone              [10-20]%             [10-20]%           [5-10]%        [0-5]%
        Canal+ (Focusat)              -                    -             [5-10]%      [10-20]%
             Freesat                  -                    -              [0-5]%        [0-5]%
             Others                [0-5]%               [0-5]%            [0-5]%        [0-5]%
          Total market             100.0%               100.0%            100.0%        100.0%
                                    Market shares in volume (# of subscribers)
             Orange              [10-20]%             [10-20]%          [20-30]%      [20-30]%
              TKR                [40-50]%             [30-40]%          [30-40]%      [30-40]%
           Combined              [50-60]%            [50-60]%           [50-60]%      [50-60]%
               Digi              [20-30]%             [20-30]%          [20-30]%      [20-30]%
           Vodafone              [10-20]%             [10-20]%            [0-5]%        [0-5]%
        Canal+ (Focusat)              -                    -            [10-20]%      [10-20]%
             Freesat                  -                    -              [0-5]%        [0-5]%
             Others                [0-5]%              [5-10]%            [0-5]%        [0-5]%
          Total market             100.0%               100.0%            100.0%        100.0%
      Source: Parties’ best estimates based on ANCOM statistical report 2019, competitors’ quarterly
      results and Parties’ best estimates for 2020 shares
(234) Orange is the third largest retail supplier of fixed audio visual services on the
      segment for satellite TV in Romania while TKR is the largest retail supplier.
      Orange’s market shares in value have increased from [10-20]% (volume: [10-20]%)
      in 2017 to [10-20]% (volume: [20-30]%) in 2020. TKR’s market shares in value
      have decreased from [50-60]% (volume: [40-50]%) in 2017 to [40-50]% (volume:
      [30-40]%) in 2020. Combined, the Parties’ market shares in value have increased
      from [60-70]% (volume: [50-60]%) in 2017 to [60-70]% (volume: [50-60]%) in
      2020. Meanwhile, Digi has decreased its market shares in value from [20-30]% in
      2017 to [20-30]% in 2020 but has increased its market shares in volume from [20-
      30]% in 2017 to [20-30]% in 2020. Vodafone held market shares in value of [10-
      20]% (volume: [10-20]%) in 2017 but is absent from the segment in 2020. The
      overall market size has decreased in value (from EUR […] to EUR […]) and volume
      (from […] subscribers to […] subscribers) between 2017 and 2020.
(235) With respect to IPTV, Orange is absent from the market for the retail supply of fixed
      audio visual services on the segment for IP TV in Romania, while TKR is the largest
      supplier. TKR’s market shares in value have increased from [90-100]% (volume:
      [90-100]%) in 2017 to [90-100]% (volume: [90-100]%) in 2020. Combined, the
      Parties’ market shares in value have increased from [90-100]% (volume: [90-100]%)
      in 2017 to [90-100]% (volume: [90-100]%) in 2020. Meanwhile, the Parties’
      competitors have decreased their market shares in value from [5-10]% (volume: [5-
      10]%) in 2017 to [0-5]% (volume: [0-5]%) in 2020. The overall market size has
      increased in value (from EUR […] to EUR […]) and volume (from […] to […])
      between 2017 and 2020.
                                                         46
 ---pagebreak--- (236) Orange and TKR each are small retail suppliers in the market for the retail supply of
      fixed audio visual services on the segment for OTT services. Orange’s market shares
      in value have decreased from [5-10]% in 2017 to [0-5]% in 2020 but have increased
      in volume from [0-5]% in 2017 to [0-5]% in 2020. TKR’s market shares in value
      have decreased from [0-5]% (volume: [10-20]%) in 2017 to [0-5]% (volume: [10-
      20]%) in 2020. Combined, the Parties’ market shares in value have decreased from
      [10-20]% (volume: [10-20]%) in 2017 to [5-10]% (volume: [10-20]%) in 2020.
      Meanwhile, the Parties’ competitors have increased their market shares in value
      from [80-90]% (volume: [80-90]%) in 2017 to [90-100]% (volume: [80-90]%) in
      2020. The overall market size has increased in value (from EUR […] to EUR […])
      and volume from […] subscribers to […] subscribers) between 2017 and 2020.
(237) The Parties confirm that, for the years 2017 to 2020, their market shares on the
      segment for the retail supply of Pay TV services do not differ significantly from their
      market shares on the overall market for TV services.160
(238) The Parties confirm that, for the years 2017 to 2020, their market shares on the
      hypothetical segments for the retail supply of i) basic Pay TV services; and ii)
      premium Pay TV services do not differ significantly from their market shares on the
      overall market for TV services.161
(239) Table 11 sets out the sets out the Parties’ and their main competitors’ market shares
      on the market for the retail supply of audio visual services on the segment for linear
      services in Romania by value for the years 2017 to 2020.
      Table 11: Market shares on the market for the retail supply of audio visual
      services on the segment for linear services in Romania (2017-2020)
                                       2017                    2018           2019     2020
                                               Market shares in value (EUR)
              Orange                  [0-5]%                 [0-5]%          [5-10]%  [5-10]%
                TKR                  [20-30]%              [20-30]%         [20-30]% [10-20]%
            Combined                [20-30]%               [20-30]%         [20-30]% [20-30]%
              Others                 [70-80]%              [70-80]%         [70-80]% [70-80]%
               Total                  100.0%                100.0%           100.0%   100.0%
(240) Orange is a small retail supplier of audio visual services of audio visual services on
      the segment for linear services, while TKR is one of the larger suppliers. Orange’s
      market shares in value have increased from [0-5]% in 2017 to [5-10]% in 2020.
      TKR’s market shares in value have decreased from [20-30]% in 2017 to [10-20]% in
      2020. Combined, the Parties’ market shares in value have decreased from [20-30]%
      in 2017 to [20-30]% in 2020. Meanwhile, the Parties’ competitors have increased
      their market shares in value from [70-80]% in 2017 to [70-80]% in 2020. The overall
      market size has increased in value (from EUR […] to EUR […]) between 2017 and
      2020.
(241) Orange and TKR both have had a marginal presence in the market for the retail
      supply of audio visual services on the segment for non-linear services from 2017 to
      2020. Orange’s market shares in value have decreased from [5-10]% in 2017 to [0-
160   Parties’ reply to RFI 10 of 7 July 2021, question 1(a)i.
161   Parties’ reply to RFI 10 of 7 July 2021, questions 1(a)i and 1(a)ii.
                                                               47
 ---pagebreak---        5]% in 2020. TKR’s market shares in value have decreased from [0-5]% in 2017 to
       [0-5]% in 2020. Combined, the Parties’ market shares in value have decreased from
       [10-20]% in 2017 to [5-10]% in 2020. The Parties’ competitors have increased their
       market shares in value from [80-90]% in 2017 to [90-100]% in 2020. The overall
       market size has increased in value (from EUR […] to EUR […]) between 2017 and
       2020.
5.3.5. Retail supply of multiple play services
(242) Table 12 sets out the Parties’ and their main competitors’ market shares on the
       market for the retail supply of multiple play services on the FMC segment excluding
       fLTE technology in Romania by volume for the years 2019 to 2020.
       Table 12: Market shares on the market for the retail supply of multiple play
       services on the FMC segment162 in Romania (2019-2020)
                                                   2019                                        2020
                                        Market shares in volume (# of households)
               Orange                            [10-20]%                                    [10-20]%
                TKR                              [10-20]%                                    [10-20]%
             Combined                            [30-40]%                                    [30-40]%
                 Digi                            [50-60]%                                    [50-60]%
             Vodafone                            [10-20]%                                    [10-20]%
           Total segment                          100.0%                                      100.0%
       Source: TKR customer information 2019, Orange customer information 2019, survey conducted by
       Orange in S2 2019 and Parties’ best estimates for 2020
(243) Orange is the third largest retail supplier of multiple play services on the FMC
       segment excluding fLTE technology in Romania while TKR is the second largest
       supplier. Orange’s market shares in volume have increased from [10-20]% in 2019
       to [10-20]% in 2020. TKR’s market shares in volume have decreased from [10-20]%
       in 2019 to [10-20]% in 2020. Combined, the Parties’ market shares in volume have
       decreased from [30-40]% in 2019 to [30-40]% in 2020. Meanwhile, Digi has
       increased its market shares in volume from [50-60]% in 2017 to [50-60]% in 2020.
       Vodafone has decreased its market shares in volume from [10-20]% in 2017 to [10-
       20]% in 2020. The overall market size has not changed significantly in volume
       (approximately […] households) between 2019 and 2020.
5.3.6. Retail supply of business connectivity services
(244) Table 13 sets out the Parties’ and their main competitors’ market shares on the
       market for the retail supply of business connectivity services in Romania by value
       for the years 2017 to 2020.
162    In line with Commission precedents regarding the product market for fixed internet access services, which
       exclude fixed internet access services provided through mobile networks (i.e., fLTE) from the market, the Parties
       estimated the market shares for FM C bundles excluding fLTE from the fixed internet access services included in
       the FM C offer.
                                                             48
 ---pagebreak---       Table 13: Market shares on the market for the retail supply of business
      connectivity services in Romania (2017-2020)
                                    2017               2018                2019         2020
                                          Market shares in value (EUR)
             Orange              [10-20]%           [10-20]%           [10-20]%      [10-20]%
              TKR                [20-30]%           [20-30]%           [20-30]%      [20-30]%
            Combined             [30-40]%          [30-40]%            [30-40]%      [30-40]%
              Digi               [30-40]%           [30-40]%           [30-40]%      [30-40]%
            Vodafone             [10-20]%           [10-20]%           [10-20]%      [10-20]%
              GTS                     -                  -              [5-10]%        [0-5]%
           Combridge                  -                  -               [0-5]%        [0-5]%
             Others               [5-10]%            [5-10]%             [0-5]%        [0-5]%
          Total market             100.0%             100.0%             100.0%       100.0%
      Source: Parties’ best estimates based on IDC analysis and internal information
(245) Orange is the fourth largest retail supplier of business connectivity services while
      TKR is the second largest supplier. Orange’s market shares in value have increased
      from [10-20]% in 2017 to [10-20]% in 2020. TKR’s market shares in value have
      increased from [20-30]% in 2017 to [20-30]% in 2020. Combined, the Parties’
      market shares in value have increased from [30-40]% in 2017 to [30-40]% in 2020.
      Meanwhile, Digi has decreased its market shares in volume from [30-40]% in 2017
      to [30-40]% in 2020. Vodafone has increased its market shares in volume from [10-
      20]% in 2017 to [10-20]% in 2020. The Parties’ other competitors (incl. GTS and
      Combridge) have increased their market shares in value from [5-10]% in 2017 to [5-
      10]% in 2020. The overall market size has increased in value (from EUR […] to
      EUR […]) between 2017 and 2020.
(246) Table 14 sets out the Parties’ and their main competitors’ market shares on the
      market for the retail supply of business connectivity services on the segment for
      broadband access for large customers in Romania in value for the years 2017 to
      2020.
      Table 14: Market shares on the market for the retail supply of business
      connectivity services on the segment for broadband access for large customers
      in Romania (2017-2020)
                                   2017                2018                 2019           2020
                                          Market shares in value (EUR)
             Orange               [0-5]%              [0-5]%               [0-5]%        [5-10]%
              TKR                [30-40]%           [30-40]%             [30-40]%       [30-40]%
           Combined             [30-40]%            [30-40]%            [40-50]%       [40-50]%
              Digi               [40-50]%           [40-50]%             [40-50]%       [40-50]%
              GTS                    -                   -                [5-10]%        [5-10]%
           Combridge                 -                   -                 [0-5]%         [0-5]%
             Others              [10-20]%           [10-20]%              [5-10]%        [5-10]%
          Total market            100.0%              100.0%              100.0%         100.0%
      Source: Parties’ best estimates
(247) Orange is the third largest retail supplier of business connectivity services on the
      segment for broadband access for large customers in Romania, while TKR is the
      second largest supplier. Orange’s market shares in value have increased from [0-5]%
      in 2017 to [5-10]% in 2020. TKR’s market shares in value have increased from [30-
      40]% in 2017 to [30-40]% in 2020. Combined, the Parties’ market shares in value
      have increased from [30-40]% in 2017 to [40-50]% in 2020. Meanwhile, Digi has
      decreased its market shares in value from [40-50]% in 2017 to [40-50]% in 2020.
                                                       49
 ---pagebreak---       The Parties’ other competitors (incl. GTS and Combridge) have decreased their
      market shares in value from [10-20]% in 2017 to [10-20]% in 2020. The overall
      market size has increased in value (from EUR […] to EUR […]) between 2017 and
      2020.
(248) Table 15 sets out the Parties’ and their main competitors’ market shares on the
      market for the retail supply of business connectivity services on the segment for
      leased lines in Romania by value for the years 2017 to 2020.
      Table 15: Market shares on the market for the retail supply of business
      connectivity services on the segment for leased lines in Romania (2017-2020)
                                    2017               2018                  2019        2020
                                           Market shares in value (EUR)
            Orange                [10-20]%           [5-10]%             [10-20]%      [5-10]%
              TKR                 [60-70]%          [50-60]%             [50-60]%     [50-60]%
           Combined              [70-80]%           [60-70]%            [60-70]%      [60-70]%
              GTS                     -                  -               [20-30]%     [20-30]%
           Combridge                  -                  -                 [0-5]%       [0-5]%
             Others               [20-30]%          [30-40]%              [5-10]%      [5-10]%
          Total market             100.0%            100.0%               100.0%       100.0%
      Source: Parties’ best estimates based on IDC analysis and internal information.
(249) Orange is the third largest retail supplier of business connectivity services on the
      segment for leased lines while TKR is the largest supplier. Orange’s market shares in
      value have decreased from [10-20]% in 2017 to [5-10]% in 2020. TKR’s market
      shares in value have decreased from [60-70]% in 2017 to [50-60]% in 2020.
      Combined, the Parties’ market shares in value have decreased from [70-80]% in
      2017 to [60-70]% in 2020. Meanwhile, the Parties’ competitors (incl. GTS and
      Combridge) have increased their market shares in value from [20-30]% in 2017 to
      [30-40]% in 2020. The overall market size has decreased in value (from EUR […] to
      EUR […]) between 2017 and 2020.
(250) Table 16 sets out the Parties’ and their main competitors’ market shares on the
      market for the retail supply of business connectivity services on the segment for
      VPN services in Romania by value for the years 2017 to 2020.
      Table 16: Market shares on the market for the retail supply of business
      connectivity services on the segment for VPN services Romania (2017-2020)
                                    2017               2018                  2019         2020
                                           Market shares in value (EUR)
            Orange                [10-20]%           [10-20]%            [10-20]%      [10-20]%
             TKR                  [10-20]%           [10-20]%            [10-20]%      [10-20]%
           Combined              [20-30]%           [30-40]%             [30-40]%      [20-30]%
              Digi                [20-30]%           [20-30]%            [20-30]%      [20-30]%
           Vodafone               [30-40]%           [30-40]%            [30-40]%      [30-40]%
              GTS                     -                   -                 [0-5]%       [0-5]%
           Combridge                  -                   -                 [0-5]%       [0-5]%
            Others                [10-20]%           [10-20]%              [5-10]%      [5-10]%
          Total market             100.0%             100.0%                100.0%       100.0%
      Source: Parties’ best estimates based on IDC analysis and internal information.
(251) Orange is the third largest retail supplier for the supply of business connectivity
      services on the segment for VPN services in Romania, while TKR is the fourth
      largest supplier. Orange’s market shares in value have increased from [10-20]% in
      2017 to [10-20]% in 2020. TKR’s market shares in value have decreased from [10-
                                                       50
 ---pagebreak---        20]% in 2017 to [10-20]% in 2020. Combined, the Parties’ market shares in value
       were at [20-30]% in 2017 and 2020 but were higher in the meantime (2018: [30-
       40]%; 2019: [30-40]%). Meanwhile, Digi has decreased its market shares in value
       from [20-30]% in 2017 to [20-30]% in 2020. Vodafone has decreased its market
       shares in value from [30-40]% in 2017 to [30-40]% in 2020. The Parties’ other
       competitors (incl. GTS and Combridge) have increased their market shares in value
       from [10-20]% in 2017 to [10-20]% in 2020. The overall market size has decreased
       slightly in value (from EUR […] to EUR […]) between 2017 and 2020.
5.3.7. Wholesale supply of leased lines
(252) Table 17 sets out the Parties’ and their main competitors’ market shares on the
       market for the wholesale supply of leased lines in Romania by volume for the years
       2017 to 2020.
       Table 17: Market shares on the market for the wholesale supply of leased lines
       in Romania (2017-2020)
                                    2017               2018                 2019               2020
                                        Market shares in volume (# of lines)
              Orange               [0-5]%             [0-5]%               [0-5]%             [0-5]%
               TKR                [20-30]%           [20-30]%            [20-30]%            [20-30]%
            Combined             [20-30]%           [20-30]%             [20-30]%           [20-30]%
              Others              [70-80]%           [70-80]%            [70-80]%            [70-80]%
           Total market            100.0%             100.0%              100.0%              100.0%
       Source: Parties’ best estimates based on ANCOM statistical report 2019 and Parties' best estimates
       for 2020 market shares
(253)   Orange’s market shares in volume have decreased from [0-5]% in 2017 to [0-5]% in
       2020. TKR’s market shares in volume have decreased from [20-30]% in 2017 to [20-
       30]% in 2020. Combined, the Parties’ market shares in volume have decreased from
       [20-30]% in 2017 to [20-30]% in 2020. The overall market size has increased in
       volume (from […] to […] lines) between 2017 and 2020.
(254) Orange is a small wholesale supplier of leased lines on the segment for trunk
       services in Romania while TKR’s presence is marginal. Orange’s market shares in
       volume have increased from [0-5]% in 2017 to [0-5]% in 2020. TKR’s market shares
       in volume were at [0-5]% in 2017, 2019 and 2020 but were slightly higher in 2018.
       Combined, the Parties’ market shares in volume have increased from [0-5]% in 2017
       to [0-5]% in 2020. The overall market size has increased in volume (from […] to
       […] lines) between 2017 and 2020.
(255) Table 18 sets out the Parties’ and their main competitors’ market shares on the
       market for the wholesale supply of leased lines on the segment for termination
       services in Romania by volume for the years 2017 to 2020.
                                                       51
 ---pagebreak---       Table 18: Market shares on the market for the wholesale supply of leased lines
      on the segment for termination services in Romania (2017-2020)
                                     2017               2018               2019               2020
                                   Market shares in volume (# of subscribers)
            Orange                [0-5]%             [0-5]%              [0-5]%              [0-5]%
             TKR                 [30-40]%           [30-40]%            [20-30]%            [20-30]%
           Combined             [30-40]%           [30-40]%            [30-40]%            [30-40]%
            Others               [60-70]%           [60-70]%            [60-70]%            [60-70]%
          Total market            100.0%             100.0%              100.0%              100.0%
      Source: Parties’ best estimates based on ANCOM statistical report 2019 and Parties' best estimates
      for 2020 shares
(256) Orange is a small wholesale supplier of leased lines on the segment for termination
      services in Romania, while TKR is among the larger wholesale suppliers. Orange’s
      market shares in volume have decreased from [0-5]% in 2017 to [0-5]% in 2020.
      TKR’s market shares in volume have decreased from [30-40]% in 2017 to [20-30]%
      in 2020. Combined, the Parties’ market shares in volume have decreased from [30-
      40]% in 2017 to [30-40]% in 2020. The overall market size has increased in volume
      (from […] to […] subscribers) between 2017 and 2020.
(257) Table 19 sets out the Parties’ and their main competitors’ market shares on the
      market for the wholesale supply of leased lines on the segment for leased lines with
      bandwidth above 2MBit/s in Romania by volume for the years 2017 to 2020.
      Table 19: Market shares on the market for the wholesale supply of leased lines
      on the segment for leased lines with bandwidth above 2 MBit/s in Romania
      (2017-2020)
                                    2017              2018                2019                2020
                                   Market shares in volume (# of subscribers)
            Orange                [0-5]%             [0-5]%              [0-5]%              [0-5]%
             TKR                 [20-30]%           [20-30]%            [20-30]%            [20-30]%
           Combined             [30-40]%           [20-30]%            [20-30]%            [20-30]%
            Others               [60-70]%           [70-80]%            [70-80]%            [70-80]%
          Total market            100.0%             100.0%              100.0%              100.0%
      Source: Parties’ best estimates based on ANCOM statistical report 2019 and Parties' best estimates
      for 2020 shares
(258) Orange is a small wholesale supplier of leased lines on the segment for leased lines
      with bandwidth above 2 Mbit/s in Romania, while TKR is among the larger
      wholesale suppliers. Orange’s market shares in volume have decreased from [0-5]%
      in 2017 to [0-5]% in 2020. TKR’s market shares in volume have decreased from
      [20-30]% in 2017 to [20-30]% in 2020. Combined, the Parties’ market shares in
      volume have decreased from [30-40]% in 2017 to [20-30]% in 2020. The overall
      market size has increased in volume (from […] to […] subscribers) between 2017
      and 2020.
(259) Orange is a small wholesale supplier of leased lines on the segment for leased lines
      with bandwidth below 2 Mbit/s in Romania, while TKR is among the larger
      suppliers. Orange’s market shares in volume have increased from [0-5]% in 2017 to
      [0-5]% in 2020. TKR’s market shares in volume have increased from [5-10]% in
      2017 to [10-20]% in 2020. Combined, the Parties’ market shares in volume have
      increased from [10-20]% in 2017 to [10-20]% in 2020. The overall market size has
      decreased in volume (from […] to […] subscribers) between 2017 and 2020.
                                                      52
 ---pagebreak--- (260) Table 20 sets out the Parties’ and their main competitors’ market shares on the
      market for the wholesale supply of leased lines on the segment for active
      infrastructure in Romania by volume for the years 2017 to 2020.
      Table 20: Market shares on the market for the wholesale supply of leased lines
      on the segment for active infrastructure in Romania (2017-2020)
                                       2017                  2018            2019             2020
                                       Market shares in volume (# of subscribers)
             Orange                   [0-5]%                [0-5]%          [0-5]%           [0-5]%
               TKR                  [30-40]%               [30-40]%        [30-40]%         [20-30]%
            Combined                [30-40]%              [30-40]%        [30-40]%         [30-40]%
              Others                [60-70]%               [60-70]%        [60-70]%         [60-70]%
          Total market               100.0%                 100.0%          100.0%           100.0%
      Source: Parties’ best estimates based on ANCOM statistical report 2019 and Parties' best estimates
      for 2020 shares
(261) Orange is a small wholesale supplier of leased lines on the segment for active
      infrastructure, while TKR is among the largest wholesale suppliers. Orange’s market
      shares in volume have decreased from [0-5]% in 2017 to [0-5]% in 2020. TKR’s
      market shares in volume have decreased from [30-40]% in 2017 to [20-30]% in
      2020. Combined, the Parties’ market shares in volume have decreased from [30-
      40]% in 2017 to [30-40]% in 2020. The overall market size has slightly decreased in
      volume (from […] to […] subscribers) between 2017 and 2020.
(262) With respect to the segments i) leased lines with traditional interfaces; and ii)
      Ethernet services with guaranteed bandwidth, the Parties submit to be unable to
      provide respective market share estimates. However, they confirm they have no
      reason to believe that their market shares in such segments would differ significantly
      from their market shares on the market for the wholesale supply of leased lines. 163
(263) With respect to the segments i) wireless; ii) fibre; and iii) copper lines, the Parties
      submit to be unable to provide respective market share estimates. However, Orange
      does not supply copper-based wholesale leased lines while TKR does not supply
      wireless wholesale leased lines. Both Parties supply fibre wholesale leased lines,
      which the Parties consider the main segment in the overall market. The Parties
      confirm they have no reason to believe that their market shares in such segments
      would differ significantly from their market shares on the overall market for the
      wholesale supply of leased lines.164
(264) Orange and TKR are both absent from the market for the wholesale supply of leased
      lines on the segment for passive infrastructure in Romania. Consequently, their
      respective market shares from 2017 to 2020 were null. The overall market size has
      increased in volume between 2017 and 2020.
163   Parties’ reply to RFI 11 of 22 July 2021, question 1(d)i.
164   Parties’ reply to RFI 11 of 22 July 2021, question 1(d)ii.
                                                             53
 ---pagebreak--- 5.3.8. Wholesale supply and acquisition of TV channels
Supply side
(265) TKR indicates that it has only marginal activities in the wholesale supply of TV
       channels – the provision of branded TV to Orange via the […] agreement165 and very
       limited supply of TV channels to smaller internet service providers (“ISPs”) where
       TKR is competing with the big channel providers such as ProTV, Clever Media
       (Look TV), etc. Its share on this market is thus marginal and in any event
       significantly below 30%.166
(266) TKR indicates that its share is below 30% in any plausible segmentations, including
       in particular in the segment for the wholesale supply of sports TV channels. 167
(267) With respect to the segments i) linear TV channels; and ii) non-linear TV channels,
       the Parties submit to be unable to provide respective market share estimates. On the
       supply side, they further submit that Orange is not active on such market while TKR
       only supplies linear TV channels with a market share well below 20%. 168
Acquisition side
(268) Table 21 sets out the Parties’ and their main competitors’ market shares on the
       market for the wholesale supply and acquisition of TV channels (acquisition side) in
       Romania by value and volume for the year 2020.
       Table 21: Market shares on the market for the wholesale supply and acquisition
       of TV channels (acquisition side) in Romania (2020)
                                                                                                         Total
                                                          Orange       TKR      Combined        Others
                                                                                                        market
         Overall acquisition of Pay           Value       [5-10]%   [10-20]% [20-30]%          [70-80]%  100%
                  TV channels                Volume       [5-10]%   [10-20]% [20-30]%          [70-80]%  100%
                                              Value        [0-5]%    [5-10]%     [5-10]%      [90-100]%  100%
                      Cable
                                             Volume        [0-5]%    [5-10]%     [5-10]%      [90-100]%  100%
                                              Value      [10-20]%   [40-50]% [60-70]%          [30-40]%  100%
                  Satellite/DTH
                                             Volume [20-30]%        [30-40]% [50-60]%          [40-50]%  100%
                                              Value [0-5]% […]     [90-100]% [90-100]%          [0-5]%   100%
                      IPTV
                                             Volume [0-5]% […]     [90-100]% [90-100]%          [0-5]%   100%
                                              Value        [0-5]%     [0-5]%     [5-10]%      [90-100]%  100%
                       OTT
                                             Volume        [0-5]%   [10-20]% [10-20]%          [80-90]%  100%
       Source: Parties’ estimates based on market shares on the market for the retail supply of audio visual
       services in 2020, Commission’s calculations with respect to competitors’ market shares and total
       market based on data provided by the Parties.
(269) In the market for the wholesale supply and acquisition of Pay TV channels
       (acquisition side), Orange’s market shares in value were at [5-10]% (volume: [5-
       10]%) in 2020. TKR’s market shares in value were at [10-20]% (volume: [10-20]%)
       in 2020. Combined, the Parties’ market shares in value were at [20-30]% (volume:
       [20-30]%) in 2020. The Parties submit that they are not able to estimate the total
       market size due to a lack of public information.
165    The […] Agreement is a hosting agreement enabling Orange to access part of TKR’s fixed network.
166    Parties’ reply to RFI 10 of 7 July 2021, question 1(b)i.
167    Parties’ reply to RFI 10 of 7 July 2021, question 1(b)ii.
168     Parties’ reply to RFI 11 of 22 July 2021, question 1(e)i.
                                                                54
 ---pagebreak--- (270) In the market for the wholesale supply and acquisition of Pay TV channels
      (acquisition side) on the cable segment, Orange’s market shares in value were at [0-
      5]% (volume: [0-5]%) in 2020. TKR’s market shares in value were at [5-10]%
      (volume: [5-10]%) in 2020. Combined, the Parties’ market shares in value were at
      [5-10]% (volume: [5-10]%) in 2020.
(271) In the market for the wholesale supply and acquisition of Pay TV channels
      (acquisition side) on the satellite/DTH segment Orange’s market shares in value
      were at [10-20]% (volume: [20-30]%) in 2020. TKR’s market shares in value were
      at [40-50]% (volume: [30-40]%) in 2020. Combined, the Parties’ market shares in
      value were at [60-70]% (volume: [50-60]%) in 2020.
(272) In the market for the wholesale supply and acquisition of Pay TV channels
      (acquisition side) on the IP TV segment, Orange’s market shares in value and
      volume were […] in 2020. TKR’s market shares in value were at [90-100]%
      (volume: [90-100]%) in 2020. Combined, the Parties’ market shares in value were at
      [90-100]% (volume: [90-100]%) in 2020.
(273) In the market for the wholesale supply and acquisition of TV channels (acquisition
      side) on the OTT segment, Orange’s market shares in value were at [0-5]% (volume:
      [0-5]%) in 2020. TKR’s market shares in value were at [0-5]% (volume: [10-20]%)
      in 2020. Combined, the Parties’ market shares in value were at [5-10]% (volume:
      [10-20]%) in 2020.
(274) With respect to a segmentation between i) FTA TV channels; ii) and Pay TV
      channels, the Parties submit that they are not active in the wholesale supply of FTA
      TV channels as well as that FTA TV is practically inexistent on the retail level in
      Romania.169
(275) With respect to a segmentation between i) basic Pay TV; and ii) premium Pay TV,
      the Parties submit to be unable to provide such market share estimates but that they
      have no reason to believe that such market shares would differ significantly from
      their market shares on the overall market for wholesale and acquisition of TV
      channels.170
(276) With respect to a segmentation by genre, the Parties submit to be unable to provide
      such market share estimates but that they have no reason to believe that such market
      shares would differ significantly from their market shares on the overall market for
      wholesale and acquisition of TV channels. 171
(277) With respect to the segments i) linear TV channels; and ii) non-linear TV channels,
      the Parties submit to be unable to provide respective market share estimates. The
      Parties confirm they have no reason to believe that their market shares on such
      segments would differ significantly from their market shares on the overall market
      for wholesale supply and acquisition of TV channels. 172
169   Form CO, paragraph 326.
170   Parties’ reply to RFI 13 of 23 July 2021, question 1.
171   Parties’ reply to RFI 13 of 23 July 2021, question 1.
172   Parties’ reply to RFI 11 of 22 July 2021, question 1(e)i.
                                                             55
 ---pagebreak--- 5.3.9. Wholesale supply of call termination services on fixed networks
(278) Both Orange and TKR are active on the market for wholesale supply of call
        termination services on fixed networks and each have a 100% market share as each
        individual fixed network constitutes a separate product market.
5.3.10. Wholesale supply of termination and hosting of calls to non-geographic numbers
(279) Orange does not derive any revenues from the termination and hosting of calls to
        non-geographic numbers in Romania. TKR derived from this market revenues
        amounting to EUR […] in 2017, EUR […] in 2018 and EUR […] euros in 2019.
5.3.11. Wholesale supply of domestic call transit services on fixed networks
(280) Orange is absent from the market for the wholesale supply of domestic call transit
        services on fixed networks, while TKR is the largest supplier. Orange’s market
        shares in volume were […] in 2019. TKR’s market shares in volume were at [50-
        60]% in 2019. Combined, the Parties’ market shares in volume were at [50-60]% in
        2019. Meanwhile, the Parties’ competitors held a market shares in volume of [40-
        50]% in 2019.
5.3.12. Supply of global telecommunications services
(281) Orange has a marginal presence on the market for the wholesale supply of global
        telecommunications services, while TKR has on presence on such market.
(282) With respect to the segments for i) retail supply of such services; and ii) wholesale
        supply of such services, the Parties submit to be unable to provide respective market
        share estimates. However, they confirm that their cumulated market shares in any of
        such segments would fall below 20%.173
(283) With respect to the segments for i) lease of transmission capacity; and ii) provision
        of related services to third parties, they Parties submit to be unable to provide
        respective market share estimates. However, they confirm that their cumulated
        market shares in any of such segments would fall below 20%.174
5.3.13. Wholesale supply of internet connectivity services
(284) From 2019 to 2020, Orange’s presence in the market for the wholesale supply of
        internet connectivity services has been marginal while TKR has had no presence in
        such market.
(285) With respect to the segments i) transit services; ii) peering services; iii) Tier-1 transit
        services; and iv) Tier-2 transit services, the Parties submit to be unable to provide
        respective market share estimates. However, they confirm that their cumulated
        market shares in any of such segments would fall below 20%. 175
173     Parties reply to RFI 11 of 22 July 2021, questions 1(h)i.
174     Parties reply to RFI 11 of 22 July 2021, question 1(h)ii.
175     Parties’ reply to RFI 11 of 22 July 2021, questions 1(g)i and 1(g)ii.
                                                               56
 ---pagebreak--- 5.3.14. Wholesale supply of access and call termination services on mobile networks
(286) Both Orange and TKR are active on the market for wholesale supply of access and
        call termination services on mobile networks and each holds a market share of 100%
        as each individual fixed network constitutes a separate product market.
5.3.15. Wholesale supply of access and call origination services on mobile networks
(287) None of the Parties are active on the market for the wholesale supply of access and
        call origination services on mobile networks. TKR does not operate a mobile
        network and Orange is not currently active on this market as it does not host any
        other operator on its mobile network. Post-Transaction, however, Orange is to
        replace TRMC and host TKR on its mobile network.176
5.3.16. Wholesale supply of international roaming services
(288) TKR is not active on the market for the wholesale supply of international roaming
        services as it does not operate a mobile network. Orange provides international
        roaming services in all countries where it is active as an MNO.
5.4.    Horizontal assessment
5.4.1. Introduction
(289) Under Article 2(2) and (3) of the Merger Regulation, the Commission must assess
        whether a proposed concentration would significantly impede effective competition
        in the internal market or in a substantial part of it, in particular through the creation
        or strengthening of a dominant position. In this respect, a merger may entail
        horizontal and/or vertical effects.177
(290) Horizontal effects are those deriving from a concentration where the undertakings
        concerned are actual or potential competitors of each other in one or more of the
        relevant markets concerned. The Commission appraises such effects in accordance
        with the guidance set out in the relevant notice, that is to say the Horizontal Merger
        Guidelines.178
(291) The Horizontal Merger Guidelines describe horizontal non-coordinated effects as
        follows: "A merger may significantly impede effective competition in a market by
        removing important competitive constraints on one or more sellers who
        consequently have increased market power. The most direct effect of the merger will
        be the loss of competition between the merging firms. For example, if prior to the
        merger one of the merging firms had raised its price, it would have lost some sales
        to the other merging firm. The merger removes this particular constraint. Non-
        merging firms in the same market can also benefit from the reduction of competitive
176     As for the possible consequences, for the wholesale market for the supply of access and call origination services
        on mobile network (on which TRM C is active), of the transfer of the minority shareholding in TRM C from TKR
        to Orange, the Commission has assessed the possible impact of such minority shareholding on such wholesale
        market (see paragraph (320), below) and considers that such divestiture by Orange ensures that TRM C remains
        active on the market as M VNO host.
177     Vertical effects are those deriving from a concentration where the undertakings concerned are active on different
        or multiple levels of the supply chain. A concentration may involve both types of effects.
178     Guidelines on the assessment of horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of
        concentrations between undertakings ("Horizontal M erger Guidelines"), OJ C 31,05.02.2004.
                                                               57
 ---pagebreak---       pressure that results from the merger, since the merging firms’ price increase may
      switch some demand to the rival firms, which, in turn, may find it profitable to
      increase their prices. The reduction in these competitive constraints could lead to
      significant price increases in the relevant market".179
(292) Generally, a merger giving rise to such non-coordinated effects would significantly
      impede effective competition by creating or strengthening of the dominant position
      of a single firm, one which, typically, would have an appreciably larger market share
      than the next competitor post-merger.
(293) However, under the substantive test set out in Article 2(2) and (3) of the Merger
      Regulation, mergers that do not lead to the creation or the strengthening the
      dominant position of a single firm may create competition concerns in oligopolistic
      markets. Indeed, the Merger Regulation recognises that in oligopolistic markets, it is
      all the more necessary to maintain effective competition. 180 This is in view of the
      more significant consequences that mergers may have on such markets. For this
      reason, the Merger Regulation provides that: "under certain circumstances,
      concentrations involving the elimination of important competitive constraints that
      the merging parties had exerted upon each other, as well as a reduction of
      competitive pressure on the remaining competitors, may, even in the absence of a
      likelihood of coordination between the members of the oligopoly, result in a
      significant impediment to effective competition."181
(294) Paragraph 24 of the Horizontal Merger Guidelines, which sets out the economic
      rationale underlying non-coordinated anti-competitive effects in horizontal mergers,
      states that a merger may significantly impede effective competition in a market by
      removing important competitive constraints on one or more firms. This paragraph
      furthermore clarifies that the most direct effect of the merger will be the loss of
      competition between the merging firms. In order to assess whether a notified merger
      will result in a significant impediment of effective competition on the basis of non-
      coordinated effects, the Commission therefore needs to analyse primarily the extent
      of the competitive constraint imposed pre-merger by each of the merging parties on
      each other. The following sentence of paragraph 24 of the Horizontal Merger
      Guidelines clarifies that the removal of the rivalry between the parties may have
      consequences also on the other players, who may find it profitable to increase their
      prices. The ultimate effect would thus typically be price increases by the merging
      parties but also by competitors in the relevant market.
(295) The Commission carries out an overall assessment of the likely effects of the
      Transaction arising from the elimination of important competitive constraints, taking
      into consideration the overall body of evidence in its file. The conclusion that a
      transaction leads to a significant impediment of effective competition is reached
      taking into account the degree to which all the relevant factors, including the ones
179   Horizontal M erger Guidelines, paragraph 24.
180   M erger Regulation, recital 25.
181   M erger Regulation, recital 25. Similar wording is also found in paragraph 25 of the Horizontal M erger
      Guidelines. See also Commission decision of 2 July 2014 in case M .7018 – Telefónica Deutschland/E-Plus,
      recital 113; Commission decision of 28 M ay 2014 in case M .6992 – Hutchison 3G UK/Telefónica Ireland, recital
      179; Commission decision of 12 December 2012 in case M .6497 – Hutchison 3G Austria/Orange Austria, recital
      88.
                                                          58
 ---pagebreak---         listed in paragraphs 27 - 38 of the Horizontal Merger Guidelines, are present in the
        case under consideration.
(296) The Horizontal Merger Guidelines list a number of factors which may influence
        whether or not significant horizontal non-coordinated effects are likely to result from
        a merger. However, not all of these factors need to be present to make significant
        non-coordinated effects likely and it is not an exhaustive list.182
(297) Among the factors listed in the Horizontal Merger Guidelines are included: the large
        market shares of the merging firms; the fact that the merging firms are close
        competitors; the limited possibilities for customers to switch suppliers; the fact that
        the merged entity would be able to hinder expansion by competitors; and the fact
        that the merger would eliminate an important competitive force.183
(298) As regards the elimination of an important competitive force, according to the
        Horizontal Merger Guidelines, some firms have more of an influence on the
        competitive process than their market share would suggest. A merger involving such
        a firm may change the competitive dynamics in a significant anticompetitive way, in
        particular in a market that is already concentrated.184 In this respect, paragraph 37 of
        the Horizontal Merger Guidelines refers to the example of a firm that is a recent
        entrant on the market, and is expected to exert significant competitive pressure in the
        future. There may, however, also be other situations where a merger may lead to
        significant non-coordinated effects by removing an important competitive force.
(299) Finally, the Horizontal Merger Guidelines describe a number of factors, which could
        counteract the harmful non-coordinated effects of the merger on competition, that is,
        the likelihood of buyer power, entry, efficiencies and the fact that one of the merging
        parties is a failing firm ("failing firm defence").
5.4.2. Horizontal non-coordinated effects in the retail supply of mobile telecommunications
        services
5.4.2.1. The Notifying Party’s view
(300) The Notifying Party submits that the proposed Transaction would not give rise to
        any competitive concerns in relation to the retail market for the supply of mobile
        telecommunications services in Romania for the following reasons.
(301) First, the mobile telecommunications market is already mature and the Notifying
        Party expects it to be saturated within the next few years (2 to 3 years), because the
        penetration for mobile services has stagnated/decreased in the last years (from 124%
        in 2018 to 121% in 2020). Furthermore, because it is mature, the market experiences
        a fierce competition on price, which results in the lowest Average Revenue Per User
        (“ARPU”) of continental Europe.
(302) Second, Orange and TKR are not close competitors. TKR is only active as an
        MVNO on the basis of a contract it has with TRMC, and only provides mobile
        telecommunications services as part of FMC offers. Orange however, is mainly a
182     Horizontal M erger Guidelines, paragraph 26.
183     Horizontal M erger Guidelines, paragraphs 27 et seq.
184     Horizontal M erger Guidelines, paragraph 37.
                                                             59
 ---pagebreak---         mobile operator offering standalone mobile services, and genuine mobile operators
        such as Digi or Vodafone exert very significant competitive constraints on Orange.
        Vodafone’s market positioning is similar to that of Orange (i.e. premium/high
        quality offerings), and Digi which is acting as a maverick player, tends to price more
        aggressively.
(303) After the proposed Transaction, instead of relying on TRMC’s network, TKR will
        rely on Orange’s network and the increment brought about by the Transaction will
        be minimal ([…]). Therefore, the proposed Transaction will have no impact on the
        competition structure of the market and Orange will continue to face intense
        competition.
5.4.2.2. The Commission’s assessment
(304) The Commission assessment and investigation have focused on whether the addition
        of TKR to Orange may cause anticompetitive effects.
         Competitive conditions in Romania
(305) In relation to the effects on competition of the combination of TKR and Orange, the
        Commission first observes that Transaction results in a relatively small market share
        increment, representing less than [0-5]% ([0-5]% by value and [0-5]% by volume in
        2020) of the market for the retail supply of mobile telecommunications services in
        Romania.
(306) Second, the Transaction will not affect the number of MNOs active on the market,
        which will remain at four (Orange/TKR, Vodafone, Digi and TRMC). The market
        shares of merged entity’s three competitors will range from [10-20]% to [30-40]%;
        Vodafone ([30-40]% market share by value, [20-30]% by volume) and Digi ([10-
        20]% market share by value, [10-20]% by volume) and TRMC ([10-20]% standalone
        market share by value, [10-20]% by volume).
(307) Third, based on the results of the market investigation, the Parties do not appear to
        be each other’s closest competitors. In fact, the majority of respondents to the market
        investigation identifies Vodafone and Digi as the closest competitors of both Orange
        and TKR.185 Those statements are supported by the rankings that respondents have
        attributed to the MNOs active in Romania, where the majority of respondents do not
        rank the Parties next to each other on the main qualitative parameters (i.e. price,
        quality of service, mobile data allowance, discounts and promotions and availability
        of bundled offers).186 In addition, the majority of respondents identified Digi as the
        most aggressive player on the retail mobile market, in terms of pricing and
        commercial strategy.187
(308) All respondents agree on the fact that Romanian mobile users are price-sensitive.188
        This element explains the fact, highlighted by the Parties in their submissions, that
        Romania has the lowest ARPU in continental Europe. The market investigation
        further reveals that users of mobile services do switch (a respondent indicated that
185     Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, questions 40.1 and 40.2.
186     Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, question 41.
187     Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, question 42.
188     Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, question 44.
                                                              60
 ---pagebreak---       they often do so) for reasons linked to price and to the quality of the service.189 In
      this respect, the majority of respondents agree that there are no major barriers to
      switching operator.190
(309) In general, the market investigation indicated that the Romanian market for retail
      telecommunications services is characterised by aggressive competition, where “all
      operators are regularly offering rebates resulting in the other operators often also
      offering rebates in turn”,191 where “all operators are fighting on the offers battle, all
      the time”192 and where “each of the operators has sustained and creative commercial
      campaigns [and] there is solid competition on the market”.193
       Impact of the Transaction on TRMC
(310) The Transaction will have a direct impact on TRMC, for several reasons. First, the
      Transaction entails the transfer to Orange of a number of convergent customers of
      TKR (approximately […] users) previously hosted on TRMC’s mobile network
      though an MVNO agreement between TRMC and TKR. Second, that agreement will
      be novated to Orange following the Transaction, resulting in a loss of wholesale
      revenues for TRMC. Third, the Transaction creates a structural link between Orange
      and TRMC, as a consequence of the 30% shareholding that TKR currently holds in
      TRMC.
(311) Notwithstanding the fact that four MNOs will remain active on the market post-
      Transaction, the Commission has sought to assess whether the Transaction may
      nonetheless lead to a reduction of competition as a consequence of a potential
      weakening of TRMC and/or of the structural link the Transaction will create
      between Orange and TRMC.
(312) First, through the Transaction, the MVNO agreement currently in place between
      TRMC and TKR will be novated to Orange. This accounted for approximately
      […]% of TRMC’s 2020 revenues, and approximately […]% of the users hosted on
      its mobile network, which were hosted on its network on behalf of TKR, i.e.,
      predominantly convergent customers that also subscribed to fixed services with
      TKR.
(313) With respect to the possibility that the Transaction may weaken TRMC as a
      competitive force in the retail mobile market in Romania, the majority of
      respondents to the market investigation expressed negative expectations as to
      TRMC’s business perspectives as a standalone operator after the Transaction. One
      respondent observed that TRMC “will lose an important part from its subscribed
      customers”194 while another one stated that “TRMC as a mobile-only service
      provider would become insignificant on the market”.195
189   Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, questions 46, 46.1 and 47.
190   Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, question 48.
191   Reply to Q1 to competitors, question 51.1.
192   Reply to Q1 to competitors, question 51.1.
193   Reply to Q1 to competitors, question 51.1.
194   Reply to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, question 83.1.
195   Reply to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, question 83.1.
                                                            61
 ---pagebreak--- (314) However, the Commission first observes that TRMC will not lose any of its own
      direct mobile customers as a result of the Transaction. It will rather lose wholesale
      revenues previously received from TKR under the MVNO agreement. As a result,
      the transfer of the MVNO relationship with TKR to Orange will free up space on
      TRMC’s network, which the Notifying Party argues will increase TRMC’s incentive
      to compete for additional customers, […].196
(315) In addition, in order to safeguard its viability as a standalone operator, Deutsche
      Telekom, the ultimate parent company of TRMC, has provided detailed evidence
      […]. Deutsche Telekom’s claims are all the more realistic that […].197
(316) As a result, the Commission considers that, in view of the evidence presented by the
      Parties, TRMC will not lose an important part of its own customer base, and it will
      have the capacity to operate and be competitive as a standalone, mobile-only MNO
      post-Transaction. This conclusion is further supported by the fact that a majority of
      the respondents to the market investigation confirmed that mobile operators do not
      necessarily need to offer bundled packages to be competitive.198
(317) Second, the Transaction establishes a structural link between Orange and TRMC, as
      a consequence of the 30% minority shareholding TKR currently holds in TRMC.
      TRMC has a market share of [10-20]% by value and [10-20]% by volume in 2020 in
      the retail mobile market in Romania. Had this been a controlling stake, the
      Transaction would have led to a significant combined share on the retail mobile
      market in Romania ([50-60]% by value and [50-60]% by volume, with an increment
      above [10-20]%). However, this minority stake will not give Orange a veto right
      over TRMC’s strategic business decisions, and will therefore not enable Orange to
      exercise decisive influence over TRMC.
(318) Nevertheless, by virtue of its minority stake in TRMC, Orange will obtain board
      representation rights, information rights as well as certain veto rights. The
      Commission considers that the exercise of such rights gives rise to competition
      concerns in the Romanian retail mobile market.
(319) Firstly, Orange and TRMC are two out of four MNOs in Romania, respectively
      ranked first and third in value. Through information rights associated with the
      minority stake in TRMC, Orange would therefore gain access to the strategic
      knowledge of one of its three main competitors. For example, […].199 Information
      on TRMC’s future commercial strategies could thus be used by Orange not only to
      obtain an advantage for its own business but also to make it more difficult for
      Deutsche Telekom to ensure the viability of and potentially grow TRMC as a
      standalone MNO, thereby ultimately harming mobile consumers in Romania.200
      Accordingly, the Commission cannot exclude that such information rights may
      significantly impede competition in the retail mobile market in Romania.
196   Form CO, paragraph 1300.
197   Form CO, footnote 457. The Notifying Party explains that a completely new IT infrastructure is currently being
      built for TRM C to allow its stand-alone operation. […].
198   Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, question 53.
199   Form CO, paragraph 188 and […].
200   In the Form CO, paragraph 1302, it is stated that […].
                                                             62
 ---pagebreak--- (320) Secondly, Orange will obtain certain veto rights over matters which, while not
      conferring decisive influence over TRMC, may nonetheless lead to competition
      concerns. These include […]201 202 . The Commission observes that, for example,
      Orange’s veto rights could prevent TRMC from […]. These veto rights may thus
      give Orange the ability to hamper or prevent the reorganization and restructuring of
      TRMC […], or its ultimate sale […], thereby potentially threatening the future
      viability of TRMC as a competitor of Orange.
(321) Thirdly, the financial gains derived from a minority shareholding in a competitor
      may in themselves raise competition concerns. 203 Indeed, Deutsche Telekom could
      be deterred from investing in the reorganisation of TRMC, as any investment
      injected in TRMC would, through this shareholding, also indirectly benefit Orange
      as the leading competitor in the Romanian mobile market.
(322) Throughout the investigation, market participants consistently expressed concerns in
      relation to the creation of a structural link between Orange and TRMC. Firstly, the
      majority of respondents considered that Orange would be able to obtain
      competitively sensitive commercial information on TRMC. Secondly, the majority
      of respondents raised concerns that Orange would have the ability to use its
      shareholding to block important investments by TRMC,204 to hamper or restrain
      TRMC from expanding into new products areas205 or block the acquisition of TRMC
      by a strategic or private equity buyer, should its restructuring need or lead to such
      acquisition.206 This is the case, even though in their replies, they assumed that
      Orange’s would only have board representation proportionate to its shareholding
      level in TRMC (i.e., less than a majority of the board) and that Orange would only
      have typical minority protection veto rights but not veto rights over strategic matters.
(323) In the light of the above considerations and of the results of the market investigation,
      the Commission considers that the structural link between Orange and TRMC would
      give Orange access to commercially sensitive information about TRMC, it may
      enable Orange to block or delay the restructuring of TRMC as a standalone, mobile-
      only business and hamper its viability as a MNO operator, and it may also alter
      Orange’s incentive to compete with TRMC.
(324) Based on the above, the Commission therefore has serious doubts as to the
      compatibility of the Transaction as originally proposed with the internal market as
      regards the market for retail mobile telecommunication services.
201   […].
202   […].
203   Commission Notice on remedies acceptable under Council Regulation (EEC) No 139/2004 and under
      Commission Regulation (EC) No 802/2004 (OJ C 267, 22.10.2008, p. 1-27) (“Remedies Notice”), paragraph 59.
204   Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, question 84.1.
205   Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, question 84.2.
206   Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, question 84.3.
                                                            63
 ---pagebreak--- 5.4.3. Horizontal non-coordinated effects in the retail supply of fixed telephony services
5.4.3.1. The Notifying Party’s view
(325) The Notifying Party submits that the proposed Transaction would not give rise to
        any competitive concerns in relation to the retail market for the supply of fixed
        telephony services in Romania for the following reasons.
(326) First, the Notifying Party submits that Orange and TKR are not close competitors
        because Orange’s own fibre network covers only a very small proportion of the
        Romanian households (approximately [0-5]%), and Orange is mainly active as a
        fixed virtual network operator (“FVNO”), largely on the basis of a contract with
        TKR. TKR however, is the former incumbent owner of the copper network, fixed
        telephony is one of its traditional activities, and the Transaction will therefore only
        have a marginal effect on TKR’s existing position in the fixed telephony market.
(327) Second, the Notifying Party argues that fixed telephony services are becoming
        increasingly obsolete in Romania compared with other communications services,
        due to lack of need or interest. With support from recent reports of the Romanian
        National Authority for Management and Regulation in Communications
        (“ANCOM”),207 the Notifying Party notes that telecommunications operators have
        diminished their investments in the fixed telephony market. Fixed telephony services
        accounted for only 9% of the total telecommunications revenues in 2019, and are
        now typically offered as a mere “add-on” to other services. In fact, TKR’s position
        of number one in the market does not reflect any real market power. […].
5.4.3.2. The Commission’s assessment
(328) The Transaction leads to a horizontally affected market in the overall market for the
        retail supply of fixed telephony services, where the Parties’ combined market share
        is approximately [60-70]% in value, and below [40-50]% in volume. However, the
        increment brought about by Orange appears marginal (below [5-10]% in value and
        approximately [0-5]% in volume) due to Orange’s limited presence in this market.
(329) The respondents to the market investigation did not raise any concerns with respect
        to the impact of the Transaction on the market for the retail supply of fixed
        telephony services.208 On the contrary, they confirmed the Notifying Party’s view
        that the fixed telephony market is declining in Romania. One respondent noted
        that“[r]etail fixed telephony is decreasing every year so we don't expect some gains
        for Orange in this segment”.209
(330) Furthermore, the Commission notes that the Romanian national regulatory authority,
        ANCOM, has found that “the fixed telephony market keeps following a downward
        trend, in terms of both number of access lines, and number of subscribers”210 , and
        that the number of fixed access lines has been in decline in the past years, along with
        the fixed telephony penetration rate per households, and the voice traffic on fixed
207     ANCOM , Electronic communication service users’ attitudes – residential clients, survey report 2019, p. 9-11..
208     Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to Competitors, question 86.2.
209     Replies to Q1 to Competitors, question 86.2.1.
210     ANCOM , Annual report 2019, p. 7.
                                                             64
 ---pagebreak---         telephony.211 In addition, the ANCOM also recognizes that Digi is a strong
        competitor in the market.212
(331) Last, based on the market shares in Table 4, the Commission observes that TKR’s
        market share has consistently been decreasing in the past years, and lost almost […]
        percentage points, both in value and in volume, between 2017 and 2020.
(332) In this context, the Commission concludes that the Transaction does not raise serious
        doubts as to its compatibility with the internal market, with respect to the retail
        market for the supply of fixed telephony services.
5.4.4. Horizontal non-coordinated effects in the retail fixed internet access services
5.4.4.1. The Notifying Party’s view
(333) The Notifying Party submits that the proposed Transaction would not give rise to
        any competitive concerns in relation to the retail market for the supply of fixed
        internet access services in Romania for the following reasons.
(334) First, similarly to the retail fixed market for the supply of fixed telephony, Orange
        and TKR are not close competitors. Orange provides fixed internet access mostly on
        the basis of a wholesale access agreement with TKR, and has only very limited
        market shares (less than [0-5]%). However, as the former incumbent owner of the
        copper network, TKR’s core activity is fixed services.
(335) Second, competition in the market is intense, and other players are imposing
        significant competitive constraints on TKR. Digi holds the widest network in
        Romania, covering 93% of Romanian households in 2020, and is largely leading the
        market with over [50-60]% of the market shares both in value and volume. Vodafone
        has recently been reinforced with the second largest VHBB network in Romania, and
        is committed to intense investments to further expand its coverage.
(336) Third, […].
(337) Therefore, the Notifying Party argues that proposed Transaction will not eliminate
        an important competitive force, but on the contrary, will create a fully integrated
        fixed player able to compete more efficiently through increased investments in a new
        generation network, and increase competition in the market.
5.4.4.2. The Commission’s assessment
(338) The Transaction leads to a horizontally affected market in the retail market for the
        supply of fixed internet access services, where the Parties’ combined market share is
        approximately [20-30]% both in value and in volume. However, the increment
        brought about by Orange is marginal (below [0-5]% both in value and in volume)
        due to the limited presence of Orange in this market. 213
211     ANCOM ,         Statistical   data   report,     first    half of 2020    (available    in Romanian at:
        https://statistica.ancom ro/sscpds/public/files/217_ro).
212     ANCOM , Use of telecommunication services – Quantitative reports, February 2019, p. 8..
213     See Table 8 above,
                                                                 65
 ---pagebreak--- (339) The respondents to the market investigation did not raise any concerns with respect
        to the impact of the Transaction on the market for the retail supply of fixed internet
        access services.214 On the contrary, a significant portion of the respondents think that
        the Transaction will have positive pro-competitive effects on the market such as
        decreases in prices, and/or increases in quality of services provided. 215
(340) In addition, the Commission notes that the Romanian national regulatory authority,
        ANCOM, has found evidence that Digi exercises competitive constraint with respect
        to price in the market, because the main reason for choosing fixed internet from Digi
        is the price.216 The Commission also observes that Digi is leading the market with
        more than [50-60]% market share in value and more than [60-70]% in volume.
        Furthermore, Digi’s market share has been increasing in the past years, gaining more
        than […] percentage point in volume from 2017 to 2020, while TKR’s market shares
        has consistently been decreasing during the same period. 217
(341) In light of the above, the Commission concludes that the Transaction does not raise
        serious doubts as to its compatibility with the internal market, with respect to the
        retail market for the supply of fixed internet access services.
5.4.5. Horizontal non-coordinated effects in the retail supply of audio-visual services
5.4.5.1. The Notifying Party’s view
(342) The Notifying Party submits that the proposed Transaction would not give rise to
        any competitive concerns in relation to the retail market for the supply of audio-
        visual services in Romania for the following reasons.
(343) First, since Orange is only a small player in the market, the increment brought about
        by the Transaction is limited (around [5-10]%), and the proposed Transaction will
        not modify the structure of competition. Indeed, the market is characterised by the
        important competitive constraint exerted by Digi. Digi offers good network quality
        and content, and is the network operator that competes most aggressively on price. It
        holds the leading position with market shares above [50-60]% both in volume and in
        value. Following the Transaction, the new entity will hold the second position
        instead of TKR, and Vodafone will remain the third market player.
(344) Second, the Notifying Party submits that Orange standalone competitive role in the
        audio-visual market is limited. Indeed, Orange is highly dependent on TKR’s
        network for cable TV, which prevents it from having end-to-end control over
        customers’ experience and limits its abilities to adapt and innovate. Furthermore,
        even if Orange is more effective in the provision of satellite TV, it is an unpopular
        and decreasing technology generally used in areas where no cable option is
        available.
(345) Third, […].
214     Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, question 86.3.
215     Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, question 86.3.
216     ANCOM , Use of telecommunication services – Quantitative reports, February 2019, p. 8.
217     See Table 8 above.
                                                              66
 ---pagebreak--- (346) For all the above reasons, the Notifying Party argues that the proposed Transaction
        will not eliminate an important competitive force. On the contrary, it will grant
        Orange the scale and the capacity to develop and invest as an independent player in
        the audio-visual sector, for the benefit of Romanian customers.
5.4.5.2. The Commission’s assessment
(347) The Transaction leads to a horizontally affected market, given that the Parties’
        combined market shares on the overall market for the retail supply of AV services
        (excluding OTT services) were [20-30]% by value and [20-30]% by volume in 2020.
        The Parties confirmed that their market shares do not differ significantly on the
        potential segment for the retail supply of Pay AV services, or the potential sub-
        segments for the retail supply of basic and of premium Pay AV services.
(348) First, the Commission notes that, according to paragraph 18 of the Horizontal
        Merger Guidelines, in cases where the market share of the undertakings concerned
        does not exceed 25%, the concentration may be presumed to be compatible with the
        internal market.
(349) Second, the Commission considers that the Parties were not close competitors pre-
        Transaction. While TKR is the incumbent fixed telephony operator, Orange is a
        recent entrant in the fixed markets and has mainly focussed on mobile services.
        Orange can only offer cable TV in areas covered by its own fibre network (covering
        only […] or [0-5]% of households) and through wholesale access to TKR’s fibre
        network (covering […] or [30-40]% of households). Moreover, Orange is also […]
        for the provision of fixed services to the subscribers themselves, as […]. For most of
        the AV services it supplies (over [70-80]%), Orange relies on satellite TV. On the
        other hand, TKR relies on its fixed network to provide cable TV (using its own fibre
        network) and IPTV and on satellite TV in areas where it cannot offer the first two).
        This was confirmed by the majority of respondents to the market investigation, who
        named Digi (RCS&RDS) and Vodafone as closest competitors both for Orange 218
        and for TKR219 .
(350) Third, the Commission considers that customers would continue to have sufficient
        possibilities to switch suppliers of retail audio-visual services. In particular, they
        could turn to Digi with a market share of [50-60]% by value and [60-70]% by
        volume in 2019, and Vodafone with [10-20]% by value and [10-20]% by volume in
        2019, as well as a number of smaller operators.
(351) Finally, the Commission considers that the Transaction will not eliminate an
        important competitive force. On the one hand, Orange is a relatively small player in
        the market for the retail supply of AV services, which has only managed to acquire a
        limited market share since its entry in 2013. It relies on wholesale access to TKR’s
        fixed network for approximately [20-30]% of the households it serves, while for the
        rest it has to rely on satellite TV, which is a declining technology in Romania. 220
        Moreover, Orange’s ability to compete aggressively with other operators is limited
218     Replies to Questionnaire Q3 to Suppliers of TV channels, question 10.1.
219     Replies to Questionnaire Q3 to Suppliers of TV channels, question 10.2.
220     Based on ANCOM annual reports for 2011 and 2019, while the percentage of households subscribing to cable
        TV has increased from 61% to 72% between 2011 and 2019, the percentage of households subscribing to satellite
        TV has decreased from 38% to 27% in the same time period.
                                                            67
 ---pagebreak---         both in terms of price and in terms of channel offering, due to its relatively small size
        and higher costs due to lack of own fixed network. 221
(352) On the other hand, TKR’s current competitive position also appears to be limited as
        a standalone player, as DT, its current majority shareholder, […].222 At the same
        time, other fixed players like Digi continue to roll-out fibre, which allows them to
        offer both cable TV and fixed internet services using the same lines and makes them
        more attractive to end customers. This is reflected both by the decreasing market
        share of TKR in the past four years (from [20-30]% to [10-20]% in value and from
        [10-20]% to [10-20]% in volume), and by TKR’s internal estimates, that show that
        close to […] of all customers switching from TKR’s AV services to those of a
        competitor switched to Digi, who has the largest fibre network in Romania.
(353) Based on the above, the Commission considers that the Transaction does not give
        rise to serious doubts as to its compatibility with the internal market as a result of
        horizontal non-coordinated effects on the market for the retail supply of AV services
        in Romania, or any possible narrower affected markets.
5.4.6. Horizontal non-coordinated effects in the hypothetical market for the retail supply of
        FMC services
5.4.6.1. The Notifying Party’s view
(354) The Notifying Party submits that the proposed Transaction would not give rise to
        any competitive concerns in relation to the hypothetical market for the retail supply
        of FMC services in Romania for the following reasons.
(355) First, the Transaction will not affect the number of national players relying on their
        own infrastructure, nor change the ranking of the players. Digi, which has been
        consistently gaining market shares in the past years, will remain the market leader,
        with a market share above [50-60]% in volume, and continue to exert an important
        competitive constraint, notably due to its extensive fiber network coverage and its
        aggressive commercial strategy. The new entity will take the place of TKR, by
        becoming the second largest operator.
(356) Second, the Notifying Party argues that Orange is not an important competitive force
        in the market, because it is only an access-seeker with respect to FMC offers, as the
        fixed part of its FMC services is largely dependent on the wholesale agreement it has
        with TKR. Orange is therefore in a disadvantaged position compared to actors that
        are independent in terms of infrastructures, and is not in a position to decide its own
        network strategy for most of its coverage. If anything, the Transaction will grant
        Orange with the scale and capacity to increase competition in the market for the
        benefit of the Romanian customers.
221     Form CO, paragraphs 979-991. Based on the information provided by the Notifying Party, Orange’s offering on
        cable TV (both via its own and via wholesale access to TKR’s fibre network) does neither have the lowest prices,
        nor the highest number of channels when comp ared to Digi, Vodafone and TKR. The same is true for the satellite
        TV offers, with the exception of Orange’s high pack, which has twice the price of Digi’s high pack (10 EUR
        instead of 5 EUR), but in turn carries the highest number of channels (182 vs. TKR’s 151 and Digi’s 142).
222     Form CO, paragraph 992.
                                                               68
 ---pagebreak--- 5.4.6.2. The Commission’s assessment
(357) The Transaction leads to a horizontally affected market, given that the Parties’
        combined market share on the hypothetical FMC market, including fixed-mobile
        joint purchasing would be [30-40]% in volume, resulting from the combination of
        Orange’s market share of [10-20]% in volume and TKR’s market share of [10-20]%
        in volume. The merged entity would become a stronger second player on the market,
        after Digi with a market share of [50-60]% and before Vodafone with a market share
        of [10-20]%.
(358) First, the Commission notes that, pre-Transaction, both Parties rely on wholesale
        agreements in order to be able to offer FMC services. On the one hand, TKR offers
        FMC services based on its own fixed network and on an MVNO agreement with
        TRMC. Orange on the other hand offers FMC services based on its own mobile
        network, its limited fixed network and wholesale access to TKR’s fixed network via
        the […] agreement. It therefore relies to a large extent ([60-70]% of its FMC
        subscribers) on satellite TV for the provision of retail AV services. Therefore, the
        market shares submitted above might actually overestimate Orange’s strength as a
        supplier of FMC services. When excluding satellite TV, Orange would only have a
        market share of [5-10]% in volume, while TKR, Digi and Vodafone would have a
        market share of [10-20]%, [60-70]% and [10-20]% in volume, respectively.223
        However, the Commission will make its assessment taking into account the market
        shares including satellite TV.
(359) Second, the Commission considers that the Transaction will not eliminate an
        important competitive force. The Commission notes that FMC services appear to be
        most successfully developed by fixed operators, which cross-sell mobile services to
        their fixed customer base. For end-customers, it is easier to switch from a mobile
        operator to another than to change their provider of fixed services. Moreover, one
        fixed household can have several mobile subscriptions. Against this background,
        Orange’s ability to compete on the hypothetical market for FMC bundles is
        somewhat restrained by the fact that it relies on wholesale access to TKR’s fixed
        network and that TKR retained control of the end-to-end customer experience
        (services sale, installation, after-sales services).224 Moreover, Orange was not an
        important player in terms of fixed infrastructure investments, in comparison with
        Digi and Vodafone, as it started to roll-out its fibre network only in 2019 and has
        been able to reach only […] households in two years.
(360) Third, the Commission notes that the Parties do not appear to have been particularly
        close competitors pre-Transaction. Market participants most often named Digi and
        Vodafone as Orange’s closest competitors, and Digi as TKR’s closest competitor. 225
        Moreover, the respondents to the market investigation do not consider that Orange
        pushed TKR to lower its prices or offer better commercial conditions for FMC
        services.226
(361) Finally, the Commission considers that the Transaction would allow the merged
        entity to compete more effectively with Digi and Vodafone, which both rely on their
223     Form CO, paragraph 1036.
224     Form CO, paragraphs 1045 and 1047.
225     Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to Competitors, questions 57.1 and 57.2.
226     Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to Competitors, questions 58 and 58.1.
                                                             69
 ---pagebreak---         own networks both for mobile and for fixed services. The Transaction would allow
        the merged entity to have lower wholesale access costs and lower content costs.
        Accordingly, the majority of respondents to the market investigation expects the
        merged entity to price more aggressively227 and to have a materially different ability
        and incentive to invest in FMC bundled offers (including investments in content)
        compared to the two standalone Orange and TKR entities 228 post-Transaction.
(362) Based on the above, the Commission considers that the Transaction does not give
        rise to serious doubts as to its compatibility with the internal market as a result of
        horizontal non-coordinated effects on the hypothetical market for the retail supply of
        FMC services229 .
5.4.7. Horizontal non-coordinated effects in the retail business connectivity services
5.4.7.1. The Notifying Party’s view
(363) The Notifying Party submits that the proposed Transaction would not give rise to
        any competitive concerns in relation to the market for the supply of retail business
        connectivity services in Romania for the following reasons.
(364) First, customers of business connectivity services are typically large entities with
        significant buyer power, which often use sophisticated procurement techniques, and
        generally request for customized services. According to the Notifying Party, it is
        easy to switch operator and large customers diversify their supplies from several
        operators to ensure continuity in case of technical problems and to keep significant
        pressure on their providers.
(365) Second, the Notifying argues that a number of important competitors will continue
        to restrain the combined entity after the Transaction. Digi is a key player because it
        has the widest network in Romania, offer the cheapest prices at a good quality, and
        successfully addresses a large portion of the demand, in particular less sophisticated
        business connectivity customers. Likewise, Vodafone holds the second largest
        VHBB network in Romania, and still will retain a relatively high market share ([10-
        20]%).
(366) Third, according to the Notifying Party, the proposed Transaction will not eliminate
        an important competitive force in the market, because Orange is largely dependent
        on third party fixed networks. Indeed, mobile-based services often do not allow to
        compete for business connectivity services provided to sophisticated customers,
        because of difficulties to guarantee a quality of service.
5.4.7.2. The Commission’s assessment
(367) The Transaction entails the combination of the Parties’ activities in retail business
        connectivity services, leading to a combined market share of approximately [30-
        40]% in the overall market for such services, with an increment of approximately
227     Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to Competitors, questions 59 and 59.1.
228     Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to Competitors, questions 61 and 61.1.
229     The Commission notes that while Orange offers both fixed multiple-play and FM C services as soft bundles, TKR
        only offers FM C services as soft bundles. The Parties activities therefore only overlap with regard to FM C
        services.
                                                             70
 ---pagebreak---       [10-20]% by Orange. The situation is the same in relation to the possible sub-
      segments of broadband access for large customers (combined market share of [40-
      50]%, with an increment of approximately [5-10]%), VPN services (combined
      market share of approximately 30%, with an increment of approximately [10-20]%)
      and leased lines (combined market share of [60-70]%, with an increment of
      approximately [5-10]%).
(368) In this respect, the Commission considers that the above market shares, taken alone,
      do not fully reflect the status of competition in the market for retail business
      connectivity services in Romania.
(369) First, the Commission observes that the Transaction does not remove an important
      competitive force or even a close competitor of TKR. In fact, as indicated by the
      Notifying Party, today, Orange is largely dependent on third party networks (TKR
      and others) to provide business connectivity services.230 As a competitor responding
      to the market investigation explains, “Orange is foremost a mobile network operator
      and a relatively new entrant in business connectivity. Orange can only offer business
      connectivity services based on its mobile network (usually not sufficient for business
      connectivity purposes), its own fiber network (very limited coverage) or wholesale
      access to the fixed network of other operators”.231
(370) In terms of closeness of competition, Orange’s closest competitor “was Vodafone”
      (before the latter’s acquisition of the fixed network of Liberty Global), while “now it
      [Orange] may be closer to smaller players such as GTS than to the players with a
      fixed network of national coverage”.232 More in general – and this seems to apply
      regardless of the distinction between broadband access, VPN services and leased
      lines – the Parties are not seen as close competitors, because competition appears to
      take place, at different levels, between providers with a fixed network and national
      coverage, on the one hand, and smaller providers without such network, on the other
      hand.233
(371) In addition, and consistently with the observations on closeness of competition, the
      majority of competitors responding to the market investigation did not find that TKR
      had any impact on Orange’s prices or commercial terms. 234 This is because “a
      customer usually asks a number of providers for quotes for its business connectivity
      services need. The sophisticated customers compare quality and prices offered. TKR
      could not have a major impact on the prices or commercial terms offered by Orange
      as there are many other providers against which both companies compete, including
      market leader DIGI, Vodafone/Liberty and other, smaller players”.235
(372) Based on the above observations, as to the impact of the Transaction on competition,
      both the majority of competitors and a customer responding to the market
230   Form CO, paragraph 27.
231   Reply by a competitor to Q1 to competitors, question 62.1.
232   Reply by a competitor to Q1 to competitors, question 62.1.
233   Reply by a competitor to Q1 to competitors, question 62.2: “TKR can offer business connectivity services based
      on its own fixed network with national coverage. Thus, its closest competitors are other operators with national
      coverage such as Digi and Vodafone/Liberty”. See also replies to Q2 to business customers, questions 6.1 and
      6.2.
234   Replies to Q1 to competitors, questions 63 and 63.1.
235   Replies to Q1 to competitors, question 63.1.
                                                           71
 ---pagebreak---       investigation consider that it is pro-competitive (both in the market for business
      connectivity services and in its segments).236 In this respect, the Commission
      considers that, by combining its activities with TKR’s, notably as regards fixed
      network, the Transaction will allow Orange to become a fully established B2B
      operator, providing business connectivity services based on its own fixed network.
      According to a competitor “in light of the extended reach, it can be assumed that
      Orange/TKR combined will compete more effectively with the current market leader
      Digi and other competitors for business connectivity customers. All players
      including Orange/TKR will try to win new customers”.237 One of the customers
      responding to the market investigation indicates that the Transaction will have a pro-
      competitive effect, because “Orange is a serious partner, with professional
      employees and this will be seen in the improvements they will bring”.238
(373) With specific respect to business connectivity services provided through leased lines,
      where the Parties’ combined market shares will be at [60-70]%, the Commission
      observes that such market share seems to be the legacy of TKR’s incumbent
      position, based on a technology that is becoming obsolete, rather than the sign of a
      stable (or growing) market position.
(374) In fact, TKR’s market shares in value have decreased from [60-70]% in 2017 to [50-
      60]% in 2020. Combined, the Parties’ market shares in value have decreased from
      [70-80]% in 2017 to [60-70]% in 2020 (Orange’s market shares in value have
      decreased from [10-20]% in 2017 to [5-10]% in 2020). Meanwhile, the Parties’
      competitors (including GTS and Combridge) have increased their market shares in
      value from [20-30]% in 2017 to [30-40]% in 2020. At the same time, the overall size
      of the segment for retail business connectivity services through leased lines has
      decreased in value between 2017 and 2020 (it is now worth EUR […]),239 while in
      the same period the overall market for retail business connectivity has grown in size
      (due to newer technologies, such as broadband and VPN, worth EUR […] EUR […],
      respectively).240
(375) The increasing irrelevance of leased lines as technology is reflected in replies to the
      market investigation: “Retail business connectivity customers can and do easily
      switch between these types of services. In fact, the majority of customers […]
      purchase a mix of all three services or at least broadband access and VPN services.
      These customers also often purchase custom-made solutions including at least two of
      these services. In addition, leased lines tend to be replaced by VPN and broadband
      access services”.241 The Commission considers that the loss of TKR’s market share
      can also be attributed to normal technical obsolescence, because, as a respondent
      indicated “a significant part of TKR’s network is based on copper while Digi and
      Vodafone/Liberty have cable/fiber networks”.242 For all these reasons, the
      Commission considers that the Parties’ market share is not an indication of market
236   Replies to Q1 to business customers, questions 64 and 64.1.
237   Reply by a competitor to Q1 to competitors, question 64.1.
238   Reply by a competitor to Q2 to competitors, question 27.1
239   Form CO, Table 7.2.
240   Form CO, Tables 7.1 and 7.3.
241   Replies to Q1 to competitors, question 28.1. Replies to Q2 to business customers, question 16.
242   Replies to Q1 to competitors, question 62.2.
                                                             72
 ---pagebreak---         power, but rather the legacy of TKR’s past as an incumbent and, as such, does not
        raise competition concerns.
(376) The Commission also considers that the demand side of the market consists of large
        and sophisticated buyers that would be able to react and turn to alternatives
        suppliers, should the merged entity increase its prices after the Transaction. The
        replies to the market investigation, in fact, indicate that business customers switch
        operators, for reasons relating price and quality levels of the services, 243 and also
        multi-source such services from various providers (which, in turn are active in all
        three network technologies).244 Providers alternative to the merged entity include
        Digi, Vodafone and smaller players such as Euroweb and DT, through its
        subsidiaries GTS ([5-10]% market share) and Combridge ([0-5]% market share).
        Digi is a key player with an approximate [30-40]% market share in value while the
        new entity will have a [30-40]% market share in value. Vodafone is also a strong
        player (approximately [10-20]% market share in value), particularly, according to
        the Notifying Party, as regards high-end customers with complex needs who are
        sensitive to the fact that Vodafone is part of a global telecommunications group. 245
(377) Based on the above considerations, the Commission concludes that the proposed
        Transaction does not raise serious doubts concerning its compatibility with the
        internal market in relation to the retail market for business connectivity services and
        segments thereof.
5.4.8. Horizontal non-coordinated effects in wholesale leased lines
5.4.8.1. The Notifying Party’s view
(378) The Notifying Party submits that the proposed Transaction would not give rise to
        any competitive concerns in relation to the market for wholesale leased lines in
        Romania for the following reasons.
(379) First, the Notifying Party submits that Orange is a trivial player as its leased lines
        activity is marginal. Its fixed network is nascent and its mobile network is not an
        efficient alternative. Indeed, mobile networks may only be used in limited situations
        as mobile technology does not allow for high symmetrical guaranteed bandwidth,
        low latency or high guaranteed availability.
(380) Second, the wholesale market for terminating segments of leased lines is not
        regulated because the competition through infrastructures is high. There are 12
        operators with a significant network coverage. Therefore, the Parties will not be able
        to increase their prices in the wholesale market for leased lines as their customers are
        sophisticated telecommunications operators who could easily transfer their demand
        to Digi, Vodafone or alternative providers’ networks.
(381) Third, the Notifying Party further argues that it is common market practice for leased
        lines customers to procure leased lines services in the same area from two different
        suppliers because leased lines performance is improved with redundancy from a
        second operator (notably to ensure that there no interruption of the service).
243     Replies to Q1 to competitors, questions 65 and 65.1.
244     Replies to Q1 to competitors, questions 67 and 67.1. Replies to Q2 to business customers, question 12.
245     Form CO, paragraph 121.
                                                              73
 ---pagebreak---         Customers are therefore able to leverage competition between the different leased
        lines providers.
5.4.8.2. The Commission’s assessment
(382) The Transaction leads to a horizontally affected market in this market, where the
        parties’ combined market share is between approximately [20-30]% and
        approximately [30-40]%, depending on the segmentation taken into consideration
        (i.e. by network layer, by speed or by active or passive nature of the infrastructure).
        However, regardless of the segmentation, the increment brought about by Orange
        appears marginal (between [0-5]% and [0-5]%) due to Orange’s limited presence in
        this market.
(383) The results of the market investigation confirm that there are several alternatives in
        the wholesale market for leased lines used by mobile telecommunications providers
        to complete their networks. Replies by competitors (that is, the customers in the
        wholesale market in question),246 in fact, indicate among the available alternatives
        Digi, Vodafone, Euroweb, Prime Telecomm, Direct One, GTS and “many others
        including tower companies such as Vantage Towers”.247 In addition, none of the
        parties’ competitors responding to the market investigation has mentioned that the
        price level for leased lines is not competitive, with two indicating explicitly that the
        price is competitive.248 In addition, throughout the investigation, all market
        participants but one raised no concerns in relation to the wholesale market for leased
        lines.249 To the contrary, in particular, one respondent explained that “[t]he
        transaction will not have a major impact on the market for wholesale leased lines.
        The overlap between the parties is very limited as Orange Romania has only
        marginal activities in wholesale leased lines given that its fixed network is very
        limited. Against this background, Orange Romania can by no means be qualified as
        an important competitive force. Orange Romania and TKR are also not particularly
        close competitors. The market for wholesale leased lines is competitive and
        Orange/TKR will continue to face intense competition by Digi, Vodafone/Liberty and
        other players such as Euroweb, Prime Telecom, S.N. Radiocomunicatii, Direct One,
        GTS and Combridge (…). All players have the incentive to compete fiercely for new
        customers / business”.250
(384) In addition, the Commission observes that customer are usually large
        telecommunications companies and have therefore significant bargaining power and
        will thus continue to constrain Orange/TKR.251
(385) Lastly, the Commission notes that, specifically for the terminating segments of
        leased lines, the Romanian national regulatory authority, ANCOM, has found that
        the market is competitive and thus not regulated this service.252
246     Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, question 72.2.1.
247     Reply to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, question 72.2.1.
248     Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, question 72.2.
249     Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, question 86.8.
250     Reply to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, question 86.8.1.
251     Reply to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, question 86.8.1.
252     Reply to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, question 86.8.1.
                                                              74
 ---pagebreak--- (386) For the reasons mentioned above, the Commission concludes that the Transaction
        does not raise serious doubts as to its compatibility with the internal market, with
        respect to the wholesale market for leased lines (and segments thereof) in Romania.
5.4.9. Horizontal non-coordinated effects in the wholesale supply and acquisition of TV
        channels (acquisition side)
5.4.9.1. The Notifying Party’s view
(387) The Notifying Party submits that the proposed Transaction would not give rise to
        any competitive concerns in relation to the market for the wholesale supply and
        acquisition of TV channels in Romania for the following reasons.
(388) First, using the retail level as a proxy, the Notifying Party submits that their
        combined share of demand on the overall market for the wholesale supply and
        acquisition of TV channels is below [20-30]% in volume and in value ([20-30]% by
        volume and [20-30]% in volume). The increment brought about by Orange in terms
        of number of subscribers is very limited.
(389) Second, the Notifying Party argues that post-Transaction, the new entity will face
        strong competition from several other providers. Notably, the market leader Digi
        acquires all kinds of TV channels, and would remain a key buyer on the market
        given the magnitude of its customer base which encompasses more than half of
        Romanian TV customers. Vodafone has a good customer base to [10-20]% of the
        retail market in volume as well, and there is also a large number of local providers of
        TV services in Romania.
(390) Third, the Notifying Party further submits that suppliers of TV channels have
        countervailing market power because they are large key corporations. Additionally,
        TV providers must have a wide variety TV channels to offer compelling packages
        and are required by law to include certain public channels in their TV packages.
5.4.9.2. The Commission’s assessment
(391) The Transaction will lead to a horizontally affected market, given that the Parties’
        combined market shares on the acquisition side of the overall market for the
        wholesale supply and acquisition of TV channels were [20-30]% by value and [20-
        30]% by volume in 2020. The Parties confirmed that their market shares do not
        differ significantly on the potential segment for the acquisition of Pay TV channels,
        or the potential sub-segments for the acquisition of basic and of premium Pay TV
        channels.
(392) First, the Commission notes that, according to paragraph 18 of the Horizontal
        Merger Guidelines, in cases where the market share of the undertakings concerned
        does not exceed 25%, the concentration may be presumed to be compatible with the
        internal market.
(393) Second, the Commission considers that the Parties are not close competitors as
        buyers of TV channel distribution rights. The majority of respondents to the market
                                                   75
 ---pagebreak---       investigation submitted that Digi and Vodafone were the closest competitors of both
      Orange and TKR.253
(394) Third, Orange had only a limited importance as an acquirer of TV channels, since, in
      addition to having a more limited number of subscribers than Digi, TKR and
      Vodafone, it only acquired TV channels outside the […] agreement, so only for
      distribution via satellite and its own fibre network.
(395) One TV broadcaster submitted that the merged entity would have a stronger
      bargaining position than its limited combined market share on the acquisition side
      would suggest. This is in particular because the merged entity would create a
      dominant position in the potential segment for distribution via satellite, with a
      combined market share of [50-60]% by number of TV subscribers to satellite
      services. Moreover, the Transaction would eliminate an important competitive force
      in a market that is already highly concentrated. Third, the merged entity will benefit
      of additional stability of the subscriber base, which will strengthen its negotiation
      power versus broadcasters, because customers would be locked in long-term triple-
      play contracts.254
(396) The Commission notes that, based on the market shares provided by the Notifying
      Party, the Transaction would lead to a combined market share of [60-70]% in value
      and [50-60]% in volume on the potential segment of acquisition of TV channels for
      the distribution via satellite, with an increment of [10-20]% and [20-30]%,
      respectively. Moreover, the merged entity would have a market share of [90-100]%
      in value and [90-100]% in volume on the potential segment of acquisition of TV
      channels for the distribution via IPTV, based on TKR’s market shares pre-
      Transaction (since Orange is not active in this potential segment). 255
(397) However, the Commission considers that these high market shares do not translate in
      a strong bargaining position, for the following reasons.
(398) First, distributors of satellite TV services compete with distributors relying on other
      technologies for the acquisition of TV channels. Moreover, cable is the distribution
      technology serving the largest share of TV subscribers in Romania. The majority of
      households subscribes to cable TV (72%), while satellite (27%) and IPTV (less than
      1%) play a secondary role. Moreover, while the percentage of households
      subscribing to cable TV has increased from 61% to 72% between 2011 and 2019, the
      percentage of households subscribing to satellite TV has decreased from 38% to
      27% in the same time period.256 This is due to the fact that all main fixed operators
      in Romania have engaged into fibre roll-out, leading to an increasing number of
      households having access to cable networks. This is further reflected by the fact that
      all respondents to the market investigation identified cable as the most important
      distribution technology for them as a supplier of TV channels.257
253   Replies to Questionnaire Q3 to Suppliers of TV channels, questions 10.1 and 10.2.
254   Reply to Questionnaire Q4 – Commitments market test, question 9.
255   The Notifying Party’s reply to RFI 10, question 1(b)ii.
256   The Notifying Party’s reply to RFI 10, question 2(a)i, based on data from ANCOM annual reports of 2011 and
      2016-2019.
257   Replies to Questionnaire Q3 to Suppliers of TV channels, question 13.
                                                              76
 ---pagebreak--- (399) Second, the Commission notes that only a small percentage of Romanian households
      only relies on satellite TV services and cannot chose an alternative distribution
      technology. The Romanian market has a large fixed network coverage and in
      particular fibre network coverage. Based on the Notifying Party’s estimates, Digi
      covers [90-100]% of Romanian households with fibre, Vodafone covers [40-50]%
      with DOCSIS, TKR covers [40-50]% with fibre and [40-50]% with DSL and Orange
      covers [0-5]% with fibre. Therefore, a maximum of [5-10]% of households could
      only rely on satellite TV.258 Moreover, even for these households, alternative
      suppliers of satellite TV, such as Focus Sat and M7/Canal+, will remain active on
      the market post-Transaction.
(400) Third, the Commission notes that the acquisition of distribution rights for TV
      channels appears to be negotiated together for all technologies. Moreover, for
      suppliers of TV channels, the main parameter in the negotiations is price, while
      infrastructure does not appear to be particularly relevant. All respondents to the
      market investigation confirmed that, when negotiating distribution rights, the
      technology used by a distributor is not relevant, but rather the number of
      subscribers.259 Moreover, no channel supplier that responded to the market
      investigation indicated having separate revenues streams or different prices
      according to the distribution infrastructure.260 Accordingly, only two respondents to
      the market investigation suggested that the merged entity would be able to leverage
      its position in satellite when negotiating TV rights, allowing it to extract lower prices
      or better terms than its competitors. The majority of respondents submitted that even
      if the merged entity would be able to negotiate better volume based pricing due to its
      increased size, the leverage position would not be significant. 261
(401) Fourth, the Commission notes that even if the merged entity were be able to
      negotiate better prices for the acquisition of TV channels, this would not lead to
      higher prices for end customers. The majority of respondents confirmed that a
      sufficient number of alternative acquirers of TV channels would remain262 and that
      the merged entity would face sufficient competition downstream, although it was not
      clear whether the Transaction would lead to lower prices for end customers. 263
(402) Finally, regarding the claim that the merged entity would have a stronger negotiating
      position because it would be able to lock in customers in long-term triple-play
      contracts, the Commission notes that both Parties already offer FMC services today,
      and will likely continue to do so post-Transaction. Moreover, as noted above in
      paragraph (243), this is also true for the other major acquirers of TV channels, such
      as Digi and Vodafone. Therefore, the fact that the Parties might be able to lock in
      customers with FMC offers does not appear to have an effect going beyond the
      increased size of the merged entity.
(403) Based on the above, the Commission considers that the Transaction does not give
      rise to serious doubts as to its compatibility with the internal market as a result of
258   The Notifying Party’s reply to RFI 10, question 2(a)i.
259   Replies to Questionnaire Q3 to Suppliers of TV channels, question 11.
260   Replies to Questionnaire Q3 to Suppliers of TV channels, question 12.
261   Replies to Questionnaire Q3 to Suppliers of TV channels, questions 14 and 14.1.
262   Replies to Questionnaire Q3 to Suppliers of TV channels, questions 16 and 16.1.
263   Replies to Questionnaire Q3 to Suppliers of TV channels, questions 15 and 15.1.
                                                             77
 ---pagebreak---         horizontal non-coordinated effects on the acquisition side of market for the
        wholesale supply and acquisition of TV channels, or any possible narrower affected
        markets.
5.5.    Horizontal coordinated effects
5.5.1. Introduction
(404) To assess coordinated effects, the case law264 and the Horizontal Merger
        Guidelines,265 require proof that the merger will make coordination more likely,
        more effective and more sustainable. The Commission's assessment therefore
        focuses on the changes in terms of these factors that the Transaction will bring about.
        The Commission's assessment will focus on the following factors: (i) the ability to
        reach terms of coordination; (ii) whether such coordination would be sustainable,
        based on an assessment of: (a) the ability to monitor deviations from the terms of
        coordination; (b) the existence of a credible deterrent mechanism if deviation is
        detected; and (c) the reactions of outsiders such as current and future competitors not
        participating in the coordination, as well as customers, should not be able to
        jeopardise the results expected from the coordination.
5.5.2. Horizontal coordinated effects in the retail supply of mobile telecommunications
        services
5.5.2.1. The Notifying Party’s view
(405) The Notifying Party submits that there is no plausible risk of horizontal coordination
        in the retail market for the supply of mobile telecommunications services.
(406) The Notifying Party notes that the market is characterized by an important
        asymmetry in the suppliers’ market shares. After the Transaction, the new entity’s
        market share will be higher than the share held by the second largest operator in the
        market (Vodafone), by more than […] percentage points, and higher than the market
        share of the third (TRMC) and fourth (Digi) operators, by more than […] percentage
        points in value, and […] percentage points in volume. According to the Party, the
        asymmetric market structure contributes to making it more difficult for the operators
        to reaching terms of coordination, and due to the very limited overlap brought about
        (less than [5-10]%), the Transaction will have no impact on the current asymmetry.
(407) In addition, the Notifying Party argues that any hypothetical coordination would not
        be sustainable, because of the high complexity of the market in terms of tariffs and
        offerings. There are several providers active in the market, that will remain so after
        the Transaction (Vodafone, TRMC, Digi, Lycamobile and the new entity), as well as
        a large diversity of offerings (e.g. technology, price, content, and functionalities),
        which participates in making the monitoring of competitors’ prices information
        difficult. For instance, operators do not generally charge a single price for the whole
        duration of the contract, but often offer different pricing structures depending on the
        customers’ situation.
264     Case C-413/06 P, Bertelsmann AG and Sony Corporation of America v Independent Music Publishers and
        Labels Association (Impala) [2008] ECRI-4951; Case T-342/99, Airtours v Commission [2002] ECR II-2585.
265     Horizontal M erger Guidelines, paragraphs 39-57.
                                                           78
 ---pagebreak--- 5.5.2.2. The Commission’s assessment
(408) During the Commission’s investigation, none of the market participants has raised
        any concern with respect to the horizontal coordinated effects of the Transaction on
        the market for the retail supply of mobile telecommunications services. However, the
        Commission considers that if a number of factors appear to make coordination
        unsustainable, coordination cannot be fully excluded in the present case.
(409) First, the market shares of the parties and of the competitors remaining on the market
        are (and will remain) asymmetric, which makes it difficult for them to align their
        interests and reach a common strategy. In fact, the Parties’ combined market share is
        above [40-50]% both in value and in volume, while the competitors’ market shares
        are substantially different (Vodafone: [30-40]% both in volume and in value;
        TRMC: [10-20]% in volume, [10-20]% in value; Digi: [10-20]% in volume, [10-
        20]% in value).266
(410) Second, although a certain degree of transparency in the market cannot be excluded,
        for instance due to the possibility to access rivals’ retail offers on their website, the
        Commission notes that the presence of regular commercial and loyalty offers limit
        this transparency.267 There is also no evidence to suggest that the Transaction will
        alter the existing degree of transparency.
(411) Third, the Commission observes that the Romanian retail market for the supply of
        mobile telecommunications services is characterised by a relatively high competition
        which led to prices and an average revenue per user (“ARPU”) that are among the
        lowest in Europe.268 Additionally, the Commission notes that, by already adopting an
        aggressive and disruptive behaviour with respect to prices, Digi acts as an
        independent player and a maverick competitor, which further weakens the
        sustainability of any hypothetic coordination in the market.
(412) However, as already mentioned in the assessment of the horizontal non-coordinated
        effects in the retail supply of mobile telecommunications services, the Commission
        further observes that the Transaction establishes a structural link between Orange
        and TRMC, as a consequence of the 30% minority shareholding TKR currently
        holds in TRMC. The Commission notes that structural links may help in aligning
        incentives among the coordinated firms.269
(413) The Commission concludes that the Transaction may be conducive to coordination
        in the retail market for the supply of mobile telecommunications services in
        Romania, notably due to the creation of a structural link between Orange and one of
        its main competitors. However, the Commission also concludes that, if this factor
        alone may facilitate coordination, there is not sufficient evidence to find that the
        proposed transaction would give rise to serious doubts as a result of coordinated
        effects. In addition, the Commission notes insofar as the proposed Commitments
        offered by the Parties (discussed in detail in sections 6 and 7 below) will ensure that
        the transaction will not create a structural link between Orange and TRMC, they will
        effectively address any potential risk of coordinated effects resulting from the
266     See Table 3 above.
267     Form CO, paragraphs 924 to 928.
268     Form CO, paragraph 628.
269     Horizontal M erger Guidelines, paragraph 48.
                                                     79
 ---pagebreak---         proposed Transaction in the retail             market   for   the  supply   of   mobile
        telecommunications services in Romania.
5.5.3. Horizontal coordinated effects in the retail supply of fixed telephony services
5.5.3.1. The Notifying Party’s view
(414) The Notifying Party submits that there is no plausible risk of horizontal coordination
        in the retail market for the supply of fixed telephony services.
(415) The Notifying Party notes that the market is characterized by an important
        asymmetry in the market operators’ market shares. After the Transaction, the new
        entity’s market shares will be higher than the number two in the market (Digi), and
        the number three (Vodafone), by more than […] percentage points in value.
        According to the Party, the market structure participates in making it more difficult
        for the operators to reaching terms of coordination, and due to the very limited
        overlap brought about (less than [5-10]%), the Transaction will have no impact on
        the current asymmetry.
(416) In addition, the Notifying Party argues that most of the providers active on the
        market have a number of different offerings in relation to fixed telephony and that
        such a diversity of offerings meaning that suppliers would not be able to monitor
        deviations. Monitoring is further complicated, the Notifying Party argues, by the fact
        that there is no full transparency as regards the loyalty offers or the retention offers
        that operators make to their existing customers in an effort to prevent the customer to
        switch to an alternative operator. The Notifying Party also argues that it would be
        difficult to set up an effective deterrent mechanism, due to the characteristics of the
        market (e.g. low margins and ARPU, presence of aggressive competitors).
(417) Finally, the Notifying Party highlights the fact that the demand for fixed telephony
        services has been steadily decreasing in the last year, to the point that fixed
        telephony services are now offered as “add-on” to other services. Therefore,
        according to the Notifying Party, the current situation of the market is not
        sufficiently stable to make coordination likely.
5.5.3.2. The Commission’s assessment
(418) During the Commission’s investigation, no market participant raised any concern
        with respect to the horizontal coordinated effects of the Transaction on the market
        for the retail supply of fixed telephony services. Furthermore, the Commission
        considers that a number of factors make coordination unsustainable, and therefore
        unlikely.
(419) First, the market shares of the parties and of the competitors remaining on the market
        are (and will remain) asymmetric, which makes it difficult for them to align their
        interests and reach a common strategy. In fact, the Parties’ combined market share is
        approximately [60-70]% in value and approximately [30-40]% in volume, while the
        competitors’ market shares are substantially different (Digi: [30-40]% in volume,
                                                    80
 ---pagebreak---         [20-30]% in value; Vodafone: [20-30]% in volume, [10-20]% in value; other
        operators [0-5]%).270
(420) Second, as already observed above in the Commission’s assessment of the horizontal
        non-coordinated effects in the retail market for the supply of fixed telephony
        services, the Commission notes that the Romanian national regulatory authority,
        ANCOM, has found that “the fixed telephony market keeps following a downward
        trend, in terms of both number of access lines, and number of subscribers”271 , and
        that the number of fixed access lines has been in decline in the past years.272 In
        addition, the ANCOM also recognizes that Digi is a strong actor in the market,273
        and the Commission observes that TKR’s market share has consistently been
        decreasing in the past years.274
(421) In addition to the fact that, by adopting an aggressive and disruptive behaviour with
        respect to prices, Digi acts as an independent player and a maverick firm, the overall
        market features would weaken the sustainability of any hypothetic coordination in
        the market.
(422) The Commission concludes that the Transaction does not raise serious doubts as to
        its compatibility with the internal market in relation to horizontal coordinated effects
        in the retail market for the supply of fixed telephony services in Romania.
5.5.4. Horizontal coordinated effects in the retail fixed internet access services
5.5.4.1. The Notifying Party’s view
(423) The Notifying Party submits that there is no plausible risk of horizontal coordination
        in the retail market for the supply of fixed internet services.
(424) The Notifying Party notes that the market is characterised by Digi’s leading position,
        and an important asymmetry in the market operators’ market shares. Digi’s market
        shares are currently higher than the number two in the market (TKR), and the
        number three (Vodafone), by more than […] percentage points. According to the
        Party, the market structure participates in making it more difficult for the operators
        to reaching terms of coordination, and due to the very limited overlap brought about
        (less than [0-5]%), the Transaction will have no impact on the current asymmetry.
(425) In addition, the Notifying Party notes that any hypothetical coordination would not
        be sustainable, because the market for fixed internet access lacks transparency,
        notably with regards to loyalty offers and promotions. In addition to the important
        number and variety of offers, it participates to making the monitoring of deviations
        very difficult. The Notifying further argues that the characteristics of the market (e.g.
        very low prices, presence of aggressive competitors) prevent the implementation of a
        sufficiently severe deterrent mechanism.
270     See Table 4 above .
271     ANCOM , Annual report 2019, p 7.
272     ANCOM ,          Statistical  data   report,     first    half of 2020    (available in Romanian at:
        https://statistica.ancom ro/sscpds/public/files/217_ro).
273     ANCOM , Use of telecommunication services – Quantitative reports, February 2019, p8.
274     See Table 4 above.
                                                                 81
 ---pagebreak--- 5.5.4.2. The Commission’s assessment
(426) During the Commission’s investigation, no market participant raised any concern
        with respect to the horizontal coordinated effects of the Transaction on the market
        for the retail supply of fixed internet access services. Furthermore, the Commission
        considers that a number of factors make coordination unsustainable and, therefore,
        unlikely in the present case.
(427) First, the market shares of the parties and of the competitors remaining on the market
        are (and will remain) asymmetric, which makes it difficult for them to align their
        interests and reach a common strategy. Indeed, after the Transaction, Digi will
        remain the leading player with more than [50-60]% market shares both in value and
        in volume, while the other operators’ market shares will remain far behind (new
        entity: [10-20]% in volume, [20-30]% in value; Vodafone: [10-20]% in volume, [10-
        20]% in value; other operators [5-10]%).275
(428) Second, although a certain degree of transparency in the market cannot be excluded,
        for instance due to the possibility to access rivals’ retail offers on their website, the
        Commission notes that the presence of regular commercial and loyalty offers limit
        this transparency.276 There is also no evidence to suggest that the Transaction will
        alter the existing degree of transparency.
(429) Third, the Commission observes that the Romanian retail market for the supply of
        internet access services is characterised by a relatively high competition which led to
        prices and an average spend per user (“ASPU”) that are among the lowest in
        Europe.277 Additionally, the Commission notes that, by already adopting an
        aggressive and disruptive behaviour with respect to prices, Digi acts as an
        independent player and a maverick firm, which further weakens the sustainability of
        any hypothetic coordination in the market.
(430) The Commission concludes that the Transaction does not raise serious doubts as to
        its compatibility with the internal market in relation to horizontal coordinated effects
        in the retail market for the supply of fixed internet access services in Romania.
5.5.5. Horizontal coordinated effects in the retail supply of audio-visual services
5.5.5.1. The Notifying Party’s view
(431) The Notifying Party submits that there is no plausible risk of horizontal coordination
        in the retail market for the supply of audio-visual services.
(432) The Notifying Party notes that the market is characterised by Digi’s leading position,
        and an important asymmetry in the market operators’ market shares. Digi’s market
        shares are currently higher than the number two in the market (TKR), and the
        number three (Vodafone), by more than […] percentage points. According to the
        Party, the market structure participates in making it more difficult for the operators
275     See Table 8 above.
276     Form CO, paragraphs 839 to 842.
277     Commission decision of 18 November 2020 - Cases RO/2020/2275 and RO/2020/2276 – markets for wholesale
        local and central access provided at a fixed location in Romania - Commission Comments pursuant to Article
        7(3) of Directive 2021/21/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on a common regulatory
        framework for electronic communications networks and services, p.8.
                                                             82
 ---pagebreak---         to reaching terms of coordination, and due to the limited overlap brought about ([5-
        10]% in value and [5-10]% in volume), the Transaction will have no impact on the
        current asymmetry.
(433) In addition, the Notifying Party argues that any hypothetical coordination would not
        be sustainable, because of the high complexity of the market in terms of tariffs and
        offerings. There is a large number of providers active in the market, that will remain
        so after the Transaction, as well as a large diversity of offerings (e.g. technology,
        price, content, and functionalities), which participates in making the monitoring of
        competitors’ prices information difficult. The Notifying Party stresses that the
        Parties had difficulties themselves in collecting the data for the purpose of the
        notification.
5.5.5.2. The Commission’s assessment
(434) During the Commission’s investigation, none of the market participants has raised
        any concern with respect to the horizontal coordinated effects of the Transaction on
        the market for the retail supply of audio-visual services. Furthermore, the
        Commission considers that a number of factors make coordination unsustainable.
(435) First, the market shares of the Parties and of the competitors remaining on the
        market are (and will remain) asymmetric, which makes it difficult for them to align
        their interests and reach a common strategy. Indeed, after the Transaction, Digi will
        remain the leading player with more than [50-60]% market shares both in value and
        in volume, while the other operators’ market shares will remain far behind (new
        entity: [20-30]% in volume, [20-30]% in value; Vodafone: [10-20]% in volume, [10-
        20]% in value; Canal+: [0-5]%; other operators [0-5]%).278
(436) Second, although a certain degree of transparency in the market cannot be excluded,
        for instance due to the possibility to access rivals’ retail offers on their website, the
        Commission notes that the important variety of offers which exist on the market
        limit this transparency.279 There is also no evidence to suggest that the Transaction
        will alter the existing degree of transparency.
(437) Third, The Commission observes that, by already adopting an aggressive and
        disruptive behaviour with respect to prices, Digi acts as an independent player and a
        maverick firm, which further weakens the sustainability of any hypothetic
        coordination in the market.280
(438) The Commission concludes that the Transaction does not raise serious doubts as to
        its compatibility with the internal market in relation to horizontal coordinated effects
        in the retail market for the supply of audio-visual services in Romania.
278     See Table 9 above.
279     Form CO, paragraphs 1493 to 1499; Annex 3, 4 and 30 to the Form CO.
280     Form CO, paragraphs 1513; Annex 30 to the Form CO.
                                                           83
 ---pagebreak--- 5.5.6. Horizontal coordinated effects in the retail supply of FMC services
5.5.6.1. The Notifying Party’s view
(439) The Notifying Party submits that there is no plausible risk of horizontal coordination
        in the retail market for the supply of FMC services.
(440) The Notifying Party notes that the market is characterised by Digi’s leading position,
        and an important asymmetry in the market operators’ market shares. After the
        Transaction, the gap between Digi and the new entity will be more than […]
        percentage points, and this gap will be even more important between Digi and
        Vodafone (over […] percentages points). In the same manner, the Notifying Party
        notes that the gap between the new entity and Vodafone will also be significant
        (approximately […] percentage points). According to the Party, the market structure
        participates in making it more difficult for the operators to reaching terms of
        coordination.
(441) In addition, the Notifying Party argues that the demand and supply for FMC services
        in Romania are not stable. Indeed, the demand has been increasing significantly and
        the penetration rate, which was of 18% in 2015 and 26% in 2019, is expected to
        reach 40% in 2024. Operators are also heavily investing in new technologies to
        improve their offer and gain market shares. Furthermore, the Notifying Party notes
        that FMC services are usually sold as soft bundle and that there is no standard offer,
        leading to a complexity in terms of tariffs and offerings, which increases the
        difficulty for the operators to reaching terms of coordination.
5.5.6.2. The Commission’s assessment
(442) During the Commission’s investigation, none of the market participants has raised
        any concern with respect to the horizontal coordinated effects of the Transaction on
        the market for the retail supply of FMC services. Furthermore, the Commission
        considers that a number of factors make coordination unsustainable and, therefore,
        unlikely in the present case.
(443) First, after the Transaction, the market shares of the parties and of the competitors
        remaining on the market will be asymmetric, which makes it difficult for them to
        align their interests and reach a common strategy. Indeed, after the Transaction, Digi
        will remain the leading player with [50-60]% market shares in volume, higher than
        the other operators’ market shares by at least […] percentage points (new entity: [30-
        40]% in volume; Vodafone: [10-20]% in volume). 281
(444) Second, although a certain degree of transparency in the market cannot be excluded,
        for instance due to the possibility to access rivals’ retail offers on their website, the
        Commission notes that the presence of regular commercial and loyalty offers,
        combined with the lack of transparency in the standalone markets involved limit this
        transparency.282 There is also no evidence to suggest that the Transaction will alter
        the existing degree of transparency.
281     See Table 12 above.
282     Form CO, paragraph 1054.
                                                   84
 ---pagebreak--- (445) Third, The Commission observes that, by already adopting an aggressive and
        disruptive behaviour with respect to prices, Digi acts as an independent player and a
        maverick firm, which further weakens the sustainability of any hypothetic
        coordination in the market.283
(446) The Commission concludes that the Transaction does not raise serious doubts as to
        its compatibility with the internal market in relation to horizontal coordinated effects
        in the retail market for the supply of FMC services in Romania.
5.5.7. Horizontal coordinated effects in the retail business connectivity
5.5.7.1. The Notifying Party’s view
(447) The Notifying Party submits that there is no plausible risk of horizontal coordination
        in the retail market for the supply of business connectivity services.
(448) The Notifying Party notes that the market is highly competitive, notably due to the
        customers’ significant market power, which often achieve to get low prices for new
        and renewed contracts. The Notifying Party also notes that the market is
        characterised by an important asymmetry in the market operators’ market shares, and
        the market structure participates in making it more difficult for the operators to
        reaching terms of coordination. Due to the limited overlap brought about ([5-10]% in
        value and [5-10]% in volume), the Transaction will have no impact on the current
        asymmetry. The Notifying Party further argues that any hypothetical coordination
        would not be sustainable, because of the high complexity of the market in terms of
        tariffs and offerings, which are customised to the customers’ requirements.
(449) In addition, the Notifying Party submits that the sustainability of any hypothetical
        coordination will not be increased by the Transaction, notably because the market is
        not at all transparent, and the monitoring of deviations would therefore be very
        difficult.
5.5.7.2. The Commission’s assessment
(450) During the Commission’s investigation, none of the market participants has raised
        any concern with respect to the horizontal coordinated effects of the Transaction on
        the market for the retail supply of business connectivity services. Furthermore, the
        Commission considers that a number of factors make coordination unsustainable
        and, therefore, unlikely in the present case.
(451) First, the market shares of the parties and of the competitors remaining on the market
        (except for Digi) are (and will remain) asymmetric, which makes it difficult for them
        to align their interests and reach a common strategy (new entity: [30-40]% in value;
        Digi: [30-40]% in value; Vodafone: [10-20]% in value; GTS: [5-10]% in value;
        other operators [0-5]% in value).284 After the Transaction, although Digi and the new
        entity will have comparable market shares, their offer will remain relatively
        differentiated. For instance, the Commission notes that Digi is particularly strong in
        addressing the demand from less sophisticated business connectivity customers,
        which do not need highly customised solutions, while TKR appears stronger in
283     Form CO, paragraphs 1026, 1027 and 1053; Annex 31 to the Form CO.
284     See Table 13 above.
                                                         85
 ---pagebreak---         addressing the demand from larger customers (using leased lines). 285 In addition,
        Vodafone which owns the second largest VHBB network in Romania, is also strong
        in addressing the demand from high-end customers with complex needs, and will
        have strong incentives to act as an independent player in order to acquire more
        market shares.286
(452) Second, the Commission notes that market shares in the market for business
        connectivity only capture a certain moment in the market. Indeed, the market
        positions of the operators are constantly challenged due to the highly complex nature
        of the products, the fact that business customers often multi-source services from
        more than one supplier at the same time, and that the market is largely a bidding
        market.287 The complexity of the market, and the important variety of the existing
        offers, strongly limit the market’s transparency. There is also no evidence to suggest
        that the Transaction will alter the existing degree of transparency.
(453) Third, the Commission observes that, by already adopting an aggressive and
        disruptive behaviour with respect to prices, Digi acts as an independent player and a
        maverick firm, which further weakens the sustainability of any hypothetic
        coordination in the market.
(454) The Commission concludes that the Transaction does not raise serious doubts as to
        its compatibility with the internal market in relation to horizontal coordinated effects
        in the retail market for the supply of business connectivity services in Romania.
5.5.8. Horizontal coordinated effects in the wholesale supply of leased lines
5.5.8.1. The Notifying Party’s view
(455) The Notifying Party submits that there is no plausible risk of horizontal coordination
        in the wholesale market for leased lines.
(456) The Notifying Party notes that the market is competitive with a large number of
        players, and characterised by a great complexity in terms of tariffs and offerings,
        notably because leased lines services are tailor-made to the customer’s specific
        needs. According to the Notifying Party, these characteristics participate in making it
        more difficult for the operators to reaching terms of coordination.
(457) In addition, the Notifying Party submits that the Transaction will not increase the
        sustainability of any hypothetic coordination, notably because the wholesale market
        for leased lines is opaque. Indeed, According to the Notifying Party, negotiations
        between providers and customers are realized through in-house dedicated teams,
        which prevent the monitoring of deviations.
5.5.8.2. The Commission’s assessment
(458) During the Commission’s investigation, none of the market participants has raised
        any concern with respect to the horizontal coordinated effects of the Transaction on
        the market for the wholesale supply of leased lines. Furthermore, the Commission
285     Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, question 62.
286     Form CO, paragraph 1111.
287     Replies to Questionnaire Q1 to competitors, question 67; Form CO, paragraph 1518.
                                                              86
 ---pagebreak---         considers that a number of factors make coordination unsustainable and, therefore,
        unlikely in the present case.
(459) First, the Commission observes that Orange’s increment in the market for the
        wholesale supply of leased lines is marginal (approximately [0-5]% in volume)
        because the coverage of its own network is very limited,288 and there is no evidence
        to suggest that the Transaction will significantly affect the competitive environment
        and structure of the market.
(460) Second, the Commission notes that the absence of public information with respect to
        the operators’ networks and prices limits the degree of transparency of the market.289
        The Notifying Party also explains that it was not able to provide the competitors’
        market shares for that reason, and there is no evidence to suggest that the
        Transaction will alter the existing market structure and degree of transparency.
(461) Third, the Commission notes that the Romanian national regulatory authority,
        ANCOM, confirmed that the market for the wholesale terminating segments of
        leased lines in Romania is dynamic in terms of number of operators, distribution of
        market shares and growing tendency. The ANCOM also acknowledged that
        significant investments in fibre networks have been made by the providers to
        increase their coverage, and that there are 12 operators which rolled out networks
        with national coverage.290 The presence of a large number of active operators further
        weakens the ability of the providers to align their behaviour, as well as the
        sustainability of any hypothetic coordination in the market.
(462) The Commission concludes that the Transaction does not raise serious doubts as to
        its compatibility with the internal market in relation to horizontal coordinated effects
        in the wholesale market for the supply of leased lines in Romania.
5.5.9. Horizontal coordinated effects in the wholesale supply and acquisition of TV
        channels (acquisition side)
5.5.9.1. The Notifying Party’s view
(463) The Notifying Party submits that there is no plausible risk of horizontal coordination
        in the wholesale market for the supply and acquisition of TV channels, on the
        acquisition side.
(464) The Notifying Party notes that the market is characterised by an important
        asymmetry in the market operators’ market shares, which participates in making it
        more difficult for the operators to reaching terms of coordination. Indeed, the
        Notifying Party used the retail level as a proxy to submit that, after the Transaction,
        the new entity will be the second player with an important gap of more than […]
        percentage points with the number one player Digi, and a significant gap of
        approximately […] percentage points in value and […] percentage points in volume
        with the third player Vodafone.
288     Form CO, paragraph 1135 to 1138.
289     Form CO, paragraph 1138.
290     Commission decision concerning Case RO/2018/2093, 19 July 2018: Wholesale high-quality access provided at
        a fixed location in Romania, p. 4.
                                                        87
 ---pagebreak--- (465) In addition, the Notifying Party argues that the Transaction will not increase the
        sustainability of any hypothetic coordination, notably due to the important lack of
        transparency in the market and Digi’s leading position. Indeed, the Notifying Party
        submits that there are no public information available in the market which prevent
        the monitoring of deviations, and further notes that Digi benefits from a large
        customer base, allowing it to get lower prices for the wholesale acquisition of
        channels.
5.5.9.2. The Commission’s assessment
(466) During the Commission’s investigation, none of the market participants has raised
        any concern with respect to the horizontal coordinated effects of the Transaction on
        the market for the wholesale supply and acquisition of TV channels. Furthermore,
        the Commission considers that a number of factors make coordination unsustainable
        and, therefore, unlikely in the present case.
(467) First, the Commission observes that the market shares of the parties and of the
        competitors remaining on the market are (and will remain) asymmetric, which makes
        it difficult for them to align their interests and reach a common strategy. Indeed,
        after the Transaction, Digi will remain the leading player with more than [50-60]%
        market shares both in value and in volume, while the other operators’ market shares
        will remain far behind (new entity: [20-30]% in volume, [20-30]% in value;
        Vodafone: [10-20]% in volume, [10-20]% in value). 291
(468) Second, the Commission notes that the level of transparency with respect to prices in
        the market is limited, due to the absence of public information. Distribution
        agreements are often confidentially negotiated, on a bilateral basis between the
        supplier and the provider of TV channels. If operators active in the retail supply of
        TV channels can observe the catalogue of TV channels offered by their competitors,
        information on the prices and contractual terms at which these TV channels have
        been acquired are hardly accessible.292 There is also no evidence to suggest that the
        Transaction will alter the existing degree of transparency.
(469) Third, the Commission further notes that competition in the retail side of the market
        compels TV providers to acquire a wide variety of channels, in order to offer a good
        variety of packages and content. Additionally, the Romanian law requires certain TV
        channels to be included in TV packages.293 Therefore, the suppliers of TV channels
        hold a certain degree of power with respect to the bilateral negotiations, which
        makes it more difficult for acquirers of TV channels to reaching terms of
        coordination, and weakens the sustainability of any hypothetic coordination in the
        market.
(470) The Commission concludes that the Transaction does not raise serious doubts as to
        its compatibility with the internal market in relation to horizontal coordinated effects
        in the wholesale market for the supply and acquisition of TV channels, on the
        acquisition side, in Romania.
291     See Table 21 above.
292     Non-Horizontal M erger Guidelines, paragraph 50, and Form CO, paragraph 576.
293     Form CO, paragraph 1145
                                                            88
 ---pagebreak--- 5.6.    Vertical Assessment
5.6.1. Introduction
(471) In this Section, the Commission will assess whether the proposed Transaction would
        give rise to foreclosure in any of the markets that are vertically affected. A merger is
        said to result in foreclosure where actual or potential rivals' access to supplies or
        markets is hampered or eliminated as a result of the merger, thereby reducing these
        companies' ability and/or incentive to compete.294
(472) Two forms of foreclosure can be distinguished. The first is where the merger is
        likely to raise the costs of downstream rivals by restricting their access to an
        important input (input foreclosure). The second is where the merger is likely to result
        in foreclosure of upstream rivals by restricting their access to a sufficiently large
        customer base (customer foreclosure).
(473) Customer foreclosure may occur when a supplier integrates with an important
        customer in the downstream market. Because of this downstream presence, the
        merged entity may foreclose access to a sufficient customer base to its actual or
        potential rivals in the upstream market (the input market) and reduce their ability or
        incentive to compete.295
(474) In assessing the likelihood of an anticompetitive customer foreclosure scenario, the
        Commission examines the three following cumulative elements: first, whether the
        merged entity would have the ability to foreclose access to downstream markets by
        reducing its purchases from its upstream rivals; second, whether it would have the
        incentive to reduce its purchases upstream; and third, whether a foreclosure strategy
        would have a significant detrimental effect on consumers in the downstream market
        intertwined.296
5.6.2. Wholesale broadband access
(475) The upstream wholesale broadband access market (where only TKR is active, with a
        marginal presence of approximately [0-5]% in volume) is vertically affected due to
        its connection with the downstream markets for retail fixed telephony services
        (where the Parties’ combined market share is approximately [60-70]% in value and
        approximately [30-40]% in volume) and retail business connectivity services (where
        the Parties’ combined market share is approximately [30-40]% in value).
5.6.2.1. The Notifying Party’s view
(476) The Notifying Party observes, in the first place, that the Transaction does not lead to
        the risk of input foreclosure, due to the merged entity’s limited presence in the
        upstream market.
(477) As to the risk of customer foreclosure, the Notifying Party argues that vertical
        relationships between the Parties already exist before the Transaction, through
294     Non-Horizontal M erger Guidelines, paragraph 29.
295     Non-Horizontal M erger Guidelines, paragraph 58.
296     Non-Horizontal M erger Guidelines, paragraph 59.
                                                         89
 ---pagebreak---             The […] Agreement under which TKR provides wholesale broadband access
             services to Orange, allowing the latter to provide retail fixed services (i.e. fixed
             telephony, internet, TV) and multiple-play services to residential customers;
            Wholesale broadband access agreements entered into on a case-by-case basis,
             depending on the customers’ end-location, allowing Orange to provide business
             connectivity services to non-residential customers.
(478) The Notifying Party also submits that on the business connectivity market, there are
        approx. 490 ISPs (including Digi, Vodafone, TKR and Orange) seeking wholesale
        broadband access from fixed networks owners on a case-by-case basis, depending on
        the customers’ end-location, to provide business connectivity services to non-
        residential customers. 297
5.6.2.2. The Commission’s assessment
(479) With respect to the argument raised by the Notifying Party, in relation to the risk of
        input foreclosure, the Commission observes that the presence of the merged entity
        on the upstream market for wholesale broadband access is marginal and therefore the
        merged entity would not have the ability to foreclose such input.
(480) With respect to the risk of customer foreclosure by the merged entity, the
        Commission firstly observes that the market share, in excess of 30%, existing in the
        two mentioned downstream retail markets (fixed telephony and business
        connectivity services) is largely due to TKR. Moreover, the supply relationship
        between TKR and Orange pre-dates the Transaction, due to the […] agreement,
        which allows Orange to offer fixed telephony services, and to a number of ad hoc
        agreements that allow Orange to provide business connectivity services. Therefore,
        the vertical integration of an important customer already exists before the
        Transaction.
(481) Based on the above considerations, the Commission observes that the Transaction is
        not going deprive any supplier from a significant portion of demand or any
        significant customer.
(482) Secondly, the Commission considers that, post-transaction, there will be a
        sufficiently large portion of demand to be addressed by competing providers of
        wholesale broadband access, as indicated by the number of ISPs (490) mentioned by
        the Notifying Party. The Commission also observes that, given the market share of
        the merged entity on the affected downstream markets, a relevant portion of demand
        will remain contestable after the Transaction (depending on downstream customers’
        recourse to their own infrastructure, a maximum demand between [40-50] and [60-
        70]% in retail fixed telephony services and approximately [60-70]% in retail
        business connectivity services).
(483) Based on the above, the Commission considers that the merged entity would lack the
        ability to engage into a customer foreclosure strategy.
(484) The Commission therefore concludes that the Transaction does not raise serious
        doubts as to its compatibility with the internal market, in relation to the vertical
297     Form CO, paragraph 1162.
                                                   90
 ---pagebreak---         relationships between the upstream market for wholesale broadband access and the
        downstream markets for retail fixed telephony services and retail business
        connectivity services respectively.
5.6.3. Wholesale leased lines
(485) The Transaction leads to vertically affected markets due to the vertical links of the
        upstream wholesale market for leased lines (where the Parties have a combined
        market share of [20-30]% with an increment by Orange of [0-5]%) to the
        downstream markets for (i) retail business connectivity services (where the Parties
        have a combined market share of approximately [30-40]% in value), (ii) retail
        mobile telecommunications services (where the Parties have a combined market
        share of approximately [40-50]% in value), and (iii) wholesale fixed backhaul
        services298 respectively.
5.6.3.1. The Notifying Party’s view
(486) The Notifying Party argues that no competition concerns arise in relation to such
        vertical links, as the merged entity would lack both the ability and incentive to
        engage in customer foreclosure, due to the fact that the merged entity needs to source
        leased lines from third parties and, secondly, the contracts in place with such parties
        do not allow for termination in the short to medium term.299 In particular, the
        Notifying Party submits that in [20-30]% of the areas where Orange provides
        business connectivity services, TKR’s fibre is not present. Thus, in these areas,
        Orange will have no choice but to contract with third-party providers of leased lines.
(487) In addition, as long as impact on competition is concerned, according to the
        Notifying Party, a possible customer foreclosing strategy would also not have any
        significant impact on competition, as the majority of leased lines providers are
        vertically integrated with operations downstream, destine the bulk of their capacity
        to such downstream operations and offer to other customers only the residual
        capacity.300
5.6.3.2. The Commission’s assessment
(488) The Commission observes that the Transaction does not entail a likely risk that the
        merged entity would engage in an input foreclosure strategy, due to the Parties’
        limited combined market share on the upstream market, since the merged entity will
        represent less than [20-30]% of the wholesale market for leased lines, with a very
        modest increment (below [0-5]%) added by Orange.
(489) In the paragraphs below, the Commission assesses the risk that the Transaction
        would lead to the adoption of a possible customer foreclosure strategy by the merged
        entity. As shown below, for each of the three downstream markets where wholesale
298     The Notifying Party has not been able to estimate TKR’s and its rivals’ market shares as regards the wholesale
        provision of fixed backhaul services as, it argues, the market is particularly intransparent, ANCOM does not
        publish any data regarding fixed backhaul services and there are no alternative credible data sources available.
        The Notifying Party argues that TKR mostly provides wholesale access as such, i.e. not limited to a specific use
        case. Therefore, TKR does not even know whether access seekers use such wholesale access to TKR’s network
        for fixed backhauling or services that the access seeker in turn provides to its customers.
299     Parties’ reply to RFI 10 of 7 July 2021, p.10.
300     Parties’ reply to RFI 10 of 7 July 2021, p.10.
                                                                91
 ---pagebreak---         leased lines are used, at least one of the three cumulative elements (ability, incentive
        or effects) is missing.
Ability
(490) The Commission observes that, at the moment, in order to provide mobile services at
        the retail level, apart from TKR, Orange relies on […] leased lines. As regards
        business connectivity services, apart from TKR, Orange relies on one-shot
        agreements with […], as well as […] for specific customers’ contracts.301
(491) As regards these one-shot contracts at the wholesale level for the retail provision of
        business connectivity services, the Commission considers that Orange will have no
        ability to engage into a customer foreclosure strategy, because the possibility for
        Orange to modify or terminate an existing contract is limited, due to important
        deterrent penalties in case of interruption or modification during the implementation
        of a contract.302 The only possibility left to Orange to terminate a contract is in case
        of strong degradation of the connectivity and connection to the network. 303
(492) These limitations, the Commission notes, apply also to […].304
(493) The Commission therefore considers that, with respect to all three downstream
        markets affected (i.e. retail mobile telecommunications services, business
        connectivity services and backhaul services), the merged entity would lack the
        ability to engage into a customer foreclosure strategy.
Incentive
(494) With respect to incentive, the Commission considers that Orange will have no
        incentive to engage into a customer foreclosure strategy, because in [20-30]% of
        areas where Orange provides business connectivity services305 TKR has no fibre
        network and the new entity will be forced to choose a third party network. Indeed,
        copper and xDSL equivalent do not ensure the same quality of service as fibre and
        are therefore almost never used by Orange to provide business connectivity services
        at the retail level.306
(495) The Commission considers that, should the merged entity decide to source leased
        lines exclusively from its upstream leased lines division, it should accept to replace
        fibre from third parties with its own copper and xDSL infrastructure, thus lowering
        the quality of its network and of the services it provides to business connectivity
        customers. A degradation in the quality of the business connectivity services offered
        by Orange would, in turn, trigger switching from its business customers. In fact, the
        results of the market investigation indicate that quality of service is the main reason
        for customer switching.307
301     Parties’ reply to RFI 10 of 7 July 2021, p.10.
302     Parties’ reply to RFI 10 of 7 July 2021, p.11.
303     Form CO, paragraph 1826.
304     Parties’ reply to RFI 10 of 7 July 2021, p.11.
305     Parties’ reply to RFI 10 of 7 July 2021, p.11.
306     Parties’ reply to RFI 10 of 7 July 2021, p.11.
307     Replies to Questionnaire Q2 to business customers, question 10.
                                                             92
 ---pagebreak--- (496) The Commission therefore considers that, with respect to the downstream market for
       business connectivity services, the merged entity lacks the incentive to engage into a
       customer foreclosure strategy.
Impact on competition
(497) With respect to the impact of a possible customer foreclosure strategy by the merged
       entity, the Commission considers that such impact would not be significant. In fact,
       as already noted, the providers of leased lines mainly use their capacity internally for
       their downstream divisions and destine only residual capacity to the market. 308
(498) Second, the merged entity will have a market share of approximately [40-50]% in
       the market for retail mobile telecommunications services and approximately [30-
       40]% in the market for business connectivity services. Therefore, after the
       Transaction there will be a contestable market, for suppliers of leased lines,
       representing approximately [50-60]% of the retail market for mobile
       telecommunications services and of [60-70]% of the market for business
       connectivity services.
(499) Third, the Commission observes that a possible customer foreclosure strategy by the
       merged entity will not take away significant demand from competing providers of
       leased lines. In fact, already today, Orange is hosted on TKR’s leased lines for the
       purpose of its retail activities on the mobile and business connectivity markets. As to
       TKR, it is not an important customer of wholesale leased lines services as it mainly
       relies on its own network for the purpose of its downstream business connectivity
       activities. As regards its activities on the mobile market, TKR is an MVNO hosted
       on TRMC’s network and therefore does not need to procure any leased lines at the
       wholesale level.309
(500) For the reasons above, a possible customer foreclosure strategy implemented by the
       merged entity would not have a significant impact on competition, at least in relation
       the downstream markets for retail mobile telecommunications services and business
       connectivity services.
(501) The Commission therefore concludes that the Transaction does not rise serious
       doubts as to its compatibility with the internal market, in relation to the vertical
       relationships between the upstream market for wholesale leased lines and the
       downstream markets for retail mobile telecommunications services, retail business
       connectivity services and the wholesale market for fixed backhaul services
       respectively.
5.6.4. Wholesale provision of call termination services on fixed networks
(502) The vertical relationship between the Parties consists of Orange’s and TKR’s
       wholesale provision of call termination services on fixed networks and their
       downstream supply of (i) fixed telephony services and of (ii) mobile
       telecommunications services. The markets are vertically affected within the meaning
       of the Merger Regulation, as the Parties’ combined market share is above 30% both
       on the upstream market for wholesale provision of call termination services on fixed
308    Parties’ reply to RFI 10 of 7 July 2021, p.11.
309    Parties’ reply to RFI 10 of 7 July 2021, p.11.
                                                      93
 ---pagebreak---        networks (100% on each individual fixed network) and on the downstream markets
       for legacy fixed telephony services ([50-60]% in value and [30-40]% in volume) and
       mobile telecommunications services ([40-50]% in value and [40-50]% in volume).
(503) The Commission observes that the wholesale provision of call termination services
       on fixed networks is regulated in Romania by ANCOM. ANCOM has imposed
       several remedies on each network operator, such as obligations for access to specific
       network facilities, transparency, non-discrimination and price control.
(504) The Commission considers that, in the present case, ex ante regulation excludes any
       vertical foreclosure scenario arising from the Transaction as the Parties will not have
       any ability to foreclose. Furthermore, the Parties’ incentives to foreclose will not
       change as the competitive conditions prevailing before the Transaction are similar to
       the competitive conditions that would result from the proposed Transaction on the
       upstream market (the Parties will continue to have a 100% market share on each
       individual fixed network). In any event, the Parties will have no incentive to
       foreclose access to fixed call termination services as they will continue to require
       fixed termination services from rival fixed operators to ensure that their customers
       can receive calls from other networks. Any attempt to foreclose could therefore lead
       to retaliation measures.
(505) The Commission therefore concludes that the Transaction does not lead to serious
       doubts as to its compatibility with the internal market in relation to the vertically
       affected markets in question.
5.6.5. Wholesale termination and hosting of calls to non-geographic numbers
(506) The vertical relationships between the Parties consist of TKR’s wholesale provision
       of termination and hosting of calls to non-geographical numbers (the upstream
       market, where the Parties’ activities do not overlap, as Orange is not active, and
       TKR has obtained small and decreasing revenues)310 and the downstream markets
       for the supply of (i) legacy fixed telephony services and of (ii) mobile services by
       both Orange and TKR. They are vertically affected because the Parties’ downstream
       combined market share is above [30-40]% on the downstream markets for legacy
       fixed telephony services ([50-60]% in value and [30-40]% in volume) and mobile
       telecommunications services ([40-50]% in value and [40-50]% in volume).
(507) However, as to input foreclosure, the Commission observes that the Parties will not
       have any ability to foreclose competitors active in the retail markets of legacy fixed
       telephony and mobile services as TKR has small and decreasing revenues from this
       activity (nor does the Transaction improve its market position, as Orange is not
       active in the upstream market) and other alternative providers of termination and
       hosting services exist, especially Digi and Vodafone.311
(508) As to a possible customer foreclosure, the Commission considers that the Parties will
       not have any incentive to foreclose, as the competitive conditions prevailing before
       the Transaction will remain largely unaffected by the proposed Transaction. Indeed,
310    Form CO, paragraph 548. Orange does not derive any revenues from the termination and hosting of calls to non-
       geographic numbers in Romania. On its side, TKR derived from this market revenues of EUR […] in 2017, EUR
       […] in 2018 and EUR […] in 2019.
311    Form CO, paragraph 1267.
                                                         94
 ---pagebreak---        (i) the market share increment resulting from the Transaction on the downstream
       market of legacy fixed telephony services is limited (Orange representing [0-5]% of
       the market in value and [0-5]% in volume in 2020) and (ii) TKR’s market share
       increment on the downstream market of mobile services ([0-5]% in value and [0-5]%
       in volume in 2020) will remain minimal.
(509) The Commission therefore concludes that the Transaction does not lead to serious
       doubts as to its compatibility with the internal market in relation to the vertically
       affected markets in question.
5.6.6. Wholesale provision of domestic call transit services on fixed networks
(510) The vertical relationship between the Parties consists of TKR’s upstream wholesale
       provision of domestic call transit services on fixed networks and the downstream
       supply of legacy fixed telephony services by both Orange and TKR. The markets are
       vertically affected as TKR’s upstream market share amounts to [50-60]% in volume
       and the Parties’ downstream combined market share is [50-60]% in value and [30-
       40]% in volume in 2020.
(511) However, the Commission considers that the Parties will not have any ability to
       foreclose competitors active in the retail market of legacy fixed telephony services as
       many alternatives exist. This has been confirmed by ANCOM in 2019, in a decision
       in which the regulator withdrew TKR’s regulatory obligations considering the
       existence of viable alternatives to national transit services provided by TKR. 312 In
       addition, ANCOM held that there is efficient competition on the market as the
       market structure is heterogeneous, the operators’ demand for such service is
       decreasing and there are a high number of direct interconnection agreements
       concluded between public networks operators in Romania (276 at the end of
       2017).313
(512) With respect to the risk of customer foreclosure, the Commission notes that the
       majority of the Parties’ market share in the downstream market is represented by
       TKR itself (which is the only party active in the upstream market) and Orange only
       brings a marginal increment in the retail market for fixed telephony services ([0-5]%
       in value and [0-5]% in volume). In addition, given the Parties’ combined market
       share, a residual demand corresponding to a portion between [40-50]% and [60-
       70]% of the market remains contestable.
(513) The Commission therefore concludes that the Transaction does not lead to serious
       doubts as to its compatibility with the internal market in relation to the vertically
       affected markets in question.
5.6.7. Global telecommunications services
(514) The vertical relationship between the Parties consists, upstream, of Orange’s
       provision of global telecommunications services (with a [0-5]% market share in
       value) and of their downstream supply of legacy fixed telephony services, mobiles
312    According to ANCOM , at the end of 2017, there were 8 operators providing national switched transit services in
       Romania, namely TKR, GTS Telecom S.R.L., Digital Cable Systems S.A. (acquired by Digi), Net -Connect
       Communications S.R.L., M edia Sat S.R.L., Prime Telecom S.R.L. and Nooh M edia S.R.L.
313    ANCOM , Annual report 2019, p. 9-10.
                                                           95
 ---pagebreak---        telecommunications services and business connectivity services. The markets are
       vertically affected within the meaning of the Merger Regulation, as the Parties
       combined market share is above 30% in these downstream markets, namely the retail
       supply of legacy fixed telephony ([50-60]% in value and [30-40]% in volume),
       mobile telecommunications ([40-50]% in value and [40-50]% in volume) and
       business connectivity services ([30-40]% in value in 2020).
(515) The Commission, however, observes that Orange’s market share in the market for
       global telecommunications services is marginal ([0-5]%). Many other competitors
       would thus remain able to provide global telecommunications services in the event
       of an input foreclosure. The adoption of such a strategy would therefore result in the
       loss of revenue as operators active on the downstream markets would easily switch
       to other alternative providers.
(516) As to a possible customer foreclosure strategy, the Commission observes that, with
       respect to both retail fixed telephony services and retail mobile telecommunications
       services, the increment brought about by the Transaction is marginal (below [0-5]%
       both in value and volume). In addition, the Commission notes, with respect to all
       three downstream markets, that a residual demand corresponding to a portion
       between [40-50]% and [60-70]% of the market remains contestable, given the
       Parties’ combined market shares.
(517) The Commission therefore concludes that the Transaction does not lead to serious
       doubts as to its compatibility with the internal market in relation to the vertically
       affected markets in question.
5.6.8. Wholesale internet connectivity services
(518) The vertical relationship between the Parties consists of Orange’s wholesale
       provision of internet connectivity services (with a market share of [0-5]% in value)
       and the Parties’ downstream supply of business connectivity services. The markets
       are vertically affected within the meaning of the Merger Regulation, as the Parties’
       combined market share is above 30% in the business connectivity services market
       ([30-40]% in value).
(519) However, with respect to the risk that the merged entity engages in a strategy of
       customer foreclosure, the Commission observes that the Parties’ combined market
       share is less than [40-50]% in value, thus leaving a contestable demand representing
       more than [60-70]% of the downstream market for business connectivity services.
(520) The Commission therefore concludes that the Transaction does not lead to serious
       doubts as to its compatibility with the internal market in relation to the vertically
       affected markets in question.
5.6.9. Wholesale call termination services on mobile networks
(521) The vertical relationship between the Parties consists of Orange’s and TKR’s
       wholesale provision of call termination services on mobile networks and their
       downstream supply of (i) legacy fixed telephony services and (ii) of mobile services.
       The markets are vertically affected within the meaning of the Merger Regulation, as
       the Parties’ combined market share is above 30% both on the upstream market for
       wholesale provision of call termination services on mobile networks (100% on each
       individual fixed network) and on the downstream markets for legacy fixed telephony
                                                 96
 ---pagebreak---         services ([50-60]% in value and [30-40]% in volume) and                                               mobile
        telecommunications services ([40-50]% in value and [40-50]% in volume).
(522) With respect to a possible input foreclosure, the Commission considers that Orange
        will not have the ability to engage in input foreclosure on the market for the
        wholesale provision of call termination services on mobile networks. The
        Commission notes that the wholesale provision of call termination services on
        mobile networks was regulated in Romania by ANCOM decisions. 314 ANCOM has
        thus imposed several remedies on each network operator, such as obligations for
        access to specific network facilities, transparency, non-discrimination and price
        control. Furthermore, as established by Article 75 of the European Electronic
        Communications Code, the Commission adopted a delegated act setting the
        Eurorates (a single Union-wide mobile and a single Union-wide fixed termination
        rate).315 The Delegated Regulation entered into force on 23 April 2021 and the
        termination rates therein started to apply on 1 July 2021. That means that, as of 1
        July, the termination rates currently imposed by the Romanian regulator are no
        longer valid and are replaced by the rates set out by the Delegated Regulation. In
        addition, the Commission considers that the Parties’ incentives to foreclose will not
        change as the competitive conditions prevailing before the Transaction are similar to
        the competitive conditions that would result from the proposed Transaction on the
        upstream market (the Parties will continue to have a 100% market share on each
        individual fixed network).
(523) With respect to the risk of customer foreclosure on the Commission considers that,
        after the Transaction, a sufficient portion of demand will remain contestable
        (corresponding to approximately [40-50]% to [60-70]% in the retail market for fixed
        telephony services and to approximately [60-70]% in the retail market for mobile
        telecommunication services). In any event, the Commission considers that the
        Parties will have no incentive to foreclose access to mobile call termination services
        as they will continue to require mobile termination services from rival MNOs to
        ensure that their customers can receive calls from other networks. Any attempt to
        foreclose could therefore lead to retaliation measures.
(524) The Commission therefore concludes that the Transaction does not lead to serious
        doubts as to its compatibility with the internal market in relation to the vertically
        affected markets in question.
5.6.10. Wholesale international roaming services
(525) The vertical relationship between the Parties consists of Orange’s upstream
        wholesale provision of international roaming services and the downstream supply of
        mobile telecommunications services by both Orange and TKR. The markets are
        vertically affected within the meaning of the Merger Regulation, as the Parties’
        combined market share is above 30% on the downstream market for the retail
314     Commission decision of 10 November 2017 regarding the cases RO/2017/2017 and RO/2017/2018; Romanian
        Government Emergency Ordinance no. 111/2011 approved, with amendments, by Law no. 140/2012 (as
        subsequently amended and supplemented).
315     Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2021/654 of 18 December 2020 supplementing Directive (EU)
        2018/1972 of the European Parliament and of the Council by setting a single maximum Union-wide mobile voice
        termination rate and a single maximum Union-wide fixed voice termination rate (the „Delegated Regulation“)
                                                            97
 ---pagebreak---         provision of mobile telecommunications services ([40-50]% in value and [40-50]%
        in volume).
(526) The Commission observes that the Transaction creates a vertical relationship
        between Orange’s activities in the wholesale market for international roaming
        services in all countries where it is active as an MNO and TKR’s activity as a retailer
        of mobile telecommunications services. Nonetheless, in this respect, the increment
        brought by TKR in the latter market is virtually non-existing, as TKR does not
        provide retail mobile services standalone but only in bundles with fixed services, or
        at most negligible if FMC subscribers are accounted for ([0-5]% in value and [0-5]%
        in volume).
(527) Moreover, the Commission notes that the wholesale market for international
        roaming services is regulated by the European Regulation on roaming on public
        mobile communications networks within the Union.316 In particular, the European
        Regulation requires MNOs to grant all reasonable requests for access which may be
        necessary to allow the access seeker to provide a roaming service (and relevant
        ancillary services) of reasonable quality and specification, charged at a fair and
        reasonable price. Thus, the Commission considers that Orange will not have the
        ability to foreclose competing providers of mobile telecommunications services in
        Romania as the wholesale market for international roaming services is subject to ex
        ante regulation.
(528) The Commission therefore concludes that the Transaction does not lead to serious
        doubts as to its compatibility with the internal market in relation to the vertically
        affected markets in question
5.6.11. Wholesale call origination services on mobile networks
(529) For completeness, the Commission notes that post-Transaction, a vertical
        relationship between the Parties will exist through the MVNO agreement under
        which Orange is to replace TRMC and host TKR to enable it provide mobile
        communications services to customers in Romania. The Commission observes,
        however, that Orange is currently not active on this market (as it does not host any
        other operator on its network) and neither is TKR.
6.      PROPOSED REMEDIES
(530) In order to render the concentration compatible with the internal market, the
        undertakings concerned have modified the notified concentration by entering into the
        following commitments, which are annexed to this decision and form an integral part
        thereof.
(531) Orange commits to procuring TKR to divest the 30% minority shareholding in
        TRMC to OTE (the “Commitments”). Orange commits not to implement the
        Transaction before TKR has entered into a final binding sale and purchase
        agreement with OTE, subject to the latter being approved by the Commission as
        acquirer, for the sale of the 30% minority shareholding in TRMC and the
316     Regulation (EU) No 531/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 June 2012 on roaming on
        public mobile communications networks within the Union (OJ L 172, 30.6.2012, p. 10–35), article 3.
                                                           98
 ---pagebreak---       Commission has approved the terms of sale in accordance with the Commitments
      and Closing of the Divestment Asset has occurred.
(532) Additionally, Orange commits, for a period of 5 years after the transfer of the legal
      title to the TRMC Minority Stake to the Purchaser, not to acquire, whether directly
      or indirectly, any stake in or direct influence over TRMC, unless the Commission
      finds that the structure of the market has changed to such an extent that the absence
      of influence of Orange over TRMC is no longer necessary to rend the Transaction
      compatible with the internal market.
(533) Orange has identified OTE as a purchaser of the 30% minority shareholding in
      TRMC. Orange submits that OTE is a suitable purchaser (as defined in paragraph 48
      of the Commission’s Remedies Notice317 ) for the following reasons:
      (a)      OTE is independent of and unconnected to Orange and its affiliated
               undertakings.
               OTE is the largest technology company in Greece. It is one of the top three
               listed companies with respect to capitalization, in the Athens Stock
               Exchange. Deutsche Telekom holds sole control on OTE and 47.9% of its
               share capital. The Greek State holds (directly and indirectly) 5.7% of OTE’s
               share capital. OTE Group employs approximately 11 500 people in Greece
               and approximately 16 000 people in total.
               OTE does not have any share or any direct or indirect ownership in Orange or
               any of its affiliated undertakings and vice versa. In addition, no director of
               Orange or any of its affiliated undertakings is on the board of OTE (or its
               controlling shareholders) and vice versa.
      (b)      OTE has the financial resources, proven expertise and incentive to operate
               the 30% minority shareholding in TRMC.
               OTE currently holds 70% of the share capital of and sole control over
               TRMC. Therefore, it currently has and will continue to have, after the
               implementation of the Commitments, the financial resources, proven
               expertise, and incentive to operate TRMC.
               In 2020, OTE announced a turnover of EUR 3.3 billion. OTE’s credit rating
               by S&P is BBB and current cash reserves (as reported at end of Q1 2021)
               reached EUR 608 million.
               Furthermore, OTE belongs to the Deutsche Telekom Group, one of the
               largest telecommunications groups in the world, encompassing 242 million
               mobile customers, 27 million fixed-network lines and 22 million broadband
               lines. DT is present in more than 50 countries, with over 226 300 employees
               throughout the world and an overall revenue of EUR 101 billion in 2020. In
               particular, the acquisition by OTE of TRMC’s minority stake is supported by
               DT.
317   Commission Notice on remedies acceptable under Council Regulation (EEC) No 139/2004 and under
      Commission Regulation (EC) No 802/2004, OJ C 267, 22.10.2008, p. 1-27 (“Commission Notice on Remedies”).
                                                       99
 ---pagebreak---       (c)     The sale of the 30% minority shareholding in TRMC to OTE will not create
              any further competitive concerns.
              OTE already has sole control over TRMC (through a 70% shareholding in
              TRMC). Therefore, TRMC’s structure of control will not change as a result
              of the implementation of the Commitments. The only change will be that,
              pursuant to the Commitments, OTE will hold 100% of TRMC’s shares,
              instead of 70%. Therefore, the sale of the 30% minority shareholding in
              TRMC to OTE will not create any horizontal, vertical and conglomerate
              competition concerns. As there is no change of control over TRMC, the sale
              of the 30% minority shareholding in TRMC to OTE will not delay the
              closing of the Transaction since no prior authorization is required from any
              competition authority.
(534) In addition, the Parties have submitted a draft of the Shares Sale Purchase
      Agreement (“SPA”) between TKR and OTE on 9 July.
(535) Orange submits that the Commitments resolve the competition concerns identified
      by the Commission on the market for retail mobile telecommunications services in
      Romania by completely removing the structural link between Orange and TRMC
      that would otherwise exist as a result of the Transaction.
(536) In addition, the Notifying Party has entered into related commitments regarding the
      submission of written reports in English on the developments in the negotiations
      with the Purchaser, including the appointment of a monitoring trustee.
7.    ASSESSMENT OF THE PROPOSED REMEDIES
(537) The Commission analysed the suitability of the proposed commitments to remedy
      serious doubts in this case against the standard set out in the Commission Notice on
      Remedies.
7.1.  Framework for the Commission's assessment of the Commitments
(538) Where a notified concentration raises serious doubts as to its compatibility with the
      internal market, the parties may modify the notified concentration so as to remove
      the grounds for the serious doubts identified by the Commission, with a view to
      having it declared compatible with the internal market pursuant to Article 6(1)(b) in
      conjunction with Article 6(2) of the Merger Regulation.
(539) As set out in the Commission Notice on Remedies, commitments must eliminate the
      Commission’s serious doubts entirely, they must be comprehensive and effective
      from all points of view, and they must be capable of being implemented effectively
      within a short period of time, as the conditions of competition on the market will not
      be maintained until the commitments have been fulfilled. 318
(540) In assessing whether or not commitments will restore effective competition, the
      Commission considers their type, scale and scope, by reference to the structure and
      the particular characteristics of the market in which the Commission has identified
318   Commission Notice on Remedies, paragraph 9.
                                                  100
 ---pagebreak---       serious doubts as to the compatibility of the notified concentration with the internal
      market.319
(541) Divestiture commitments are the best way to eliminate serious doubts resulting from
      horizontal overlaps in the merging parties’ activities. 320 Divestiture commitments
      may also be used for removing links between the parties and competitors in cases
      where these links contribute to the competition concerns raised by the merger. The
      divestiture of a minority shareholding in a competitor may be necessary in order to
      sever a structural link with a competitor.321
(542) Furthermore, the intended effect of the divestiture will only be achieved if and once
      the business is transferred to a suitable purchaser with proven relevant expertise and
      ability to maintain and develop the business to be divested as a viable and active
      competitive undertaking.
7.2.  Results of the market test
(543) To assess the suitability of the Commitments to remove serious doubts in this case,
      the Commission launched a market test on 7 July 2021.
(544) The market test confirmed that the Commitments are sufficient to preserve
      competition in retail mobile telecommunications services after the Transaction322 and
      that OTE is a suitable purchaser of the TRMC’s minority stake323 .
7.3.  Suitability of the proposed commitments to remedy serious doubts in the
      market for the retail supply of mobile telecommunications services
(545) The commitment to procure TKR to divest all shares that TKR holds in TRMC prior
      to completion of the Transaction will resolve the serious doubts identified in section
      5.4.2.2 above in relation to the Transaction as originally proposed. 324
319   Commission Notice on Remedies, paragraph 12.
320   Commission Notice on Remedies, paragraphs 17 and 59.
321   Commission Notice on Remedies, paragraph 58.
322   Replies to Questionnaire Q4 – Commitments market test, questions 8 and 8.1. The Commission notes that certain
      competitors asked the Commission to impose additional remedies on the Notifying Party and on TRM C
      regarding the allocation of radio frequencies sp ectrum. However, when reviewing a concentration, the
      Commission only assesses the changes brought about by the proposed Transaction. In the present case, the
      Transaction does not have any impact on the allocation of radio frequencies spectrum, as TKR does not hold any
      radio frequencies spectrum license. M oreover, the Commission notes that TRM C is not a party to the
      Transaction. Therefore, the Commission has not identified any competition concerns brought about by the
      Transaction with regard to the allocation of radio frequencies spectrum.
323   Replies to Questionnaire Q4 – Commitments market test, questions 7 to 7.3.1.
324   For completeness, the Commission notes that, in the Form CO, the Parties initially proposed to put in place
      firewall and “ring fencing” arrangements, which would have involved relinquishing Orange’s voting and
      information rights and its share of TKR’s economic risks and benefits. In the Form CO, the Parties submitted that
      such measures would “last for as long as Orange Romania has a shareholding interest in TRM C”. However,
      according to paragraph 13 of the Commission’s Remedies Notice, commitments which are structural in nature,
      such as a commitment to sell a business unit or in this case a minority shareholding are, as a rule, preferable from
      the point of view of the M erger Regulation's objective, inasmuch as such commitments prevent, durably, the
      competition concerns which would be raised by the merger as notified, and do not, moreover, require medium or
      long-term monitoring measures. The Remedies Notice also states in paragraphs 58-59 that the “divestiture of a
      minority shareholding in a joint venture may be necessary in order to sever a structural link with a major
      competitor, or, similarly, the divestiture of a minority shareholding in a competitor”, noting that “the divestiture
      of such stakes is the preferable solution” with the Commission only being able to “exceptionally accept” non-
                                                             101
 ---pagebreak--- (546) First, the Commitments will remove the structural link between TKR and TRMC
      entirely, before Orange acquires control of TKR. They will therefore ensure that
      Orange cannot use its position as a minority shareholder to obtain any strategic
      knowledge about TRMC’s business policy or future plans. Second, they ensure that
      Orange will not have veto rights that could allow it to threaten the future viability of
      TRMC as a competitor, for example by hampering or prevent the reorganization or
      restructuring of TRMC, or its sale to a strategic or private equity buyer. Third, the
      Commitments ensure that Orange has no financial incentive to compete less
      aggressively, or to coordinate its behaviour on the market, with TRMC following the
      Transaction. They are moreover clear cut and will not require ongoing monitoring.
(547) For the avoidance of any doubt, it should be noted that this decision does not
      constitute the approval of OTE as a buyer or of the draft SPA between TKR and
      OTE. The Commission will assess these aspects subsequently, in a separate decision.
(548) The Commission notes that the Commitments include the standard criteria for a
      suitable purchaser (contained in section D of the Commitments), in particular that
      the purchaser must be independent from Orange, have proven expertise and the
      incentive to operate the 30% minority shareholding in TRMC and that the sale of the
      30% minority shareholding in TRMC to OTE will not create any prima facie
      competitive concerns. Moreover, the Commission notes on a preliminary basis that
      OTE, through the remedy, would increase its participation in TRMC from 70% to
      100% and that the remedy would not lead to a change in the nature of control, as
      OTE already has sole control of TRMC.
7.4.  Conclusion
(549) For the reasons outlined above, the Commission considers that the Commitments
      entered into by Orange are sufficient in scope and suitable to eliminate the serious
      doubts as to the compatibility of the transaction with the internal market.
7.5.  Conditions and obligations
(550) Under the first sentence of the second subparagraph of Article 6(2) of the Merger
      Regulation, the Commission may attach to its decision conditions and obligations
      intended to ensure that the undertakings concerned comply with the commitments
      they have entered into vis-à-vis the Commission with a view to rendering the
      concentration compatible with internal market.
(551) The fulfilment of the measures that give rise to the structural change of the market is
      a condition, whereas the implementing steps which are necessary to achieve this
      result are generally obligations on the parties. Where a condition is not fulfilled, the
      Commission’s decision declaring the concentration compatible with the internal
      market is no longer applicable. Where the undertakings concerned commit a breach
      of an obligation, the Commission may revoke the clearance decision in accordance
      with Article 6(3) of the Merger Regulation. The undertakings concerned may also be
      structural commitments such as the waiving of rights linked to such minority stakes. Therefore, the
      Commitments formally presented by Orange allow to fully eliminate in a clear and structural way the
      competition concern identified, leading to the divestiture of the minority shareholding in TRM C, and appear
      therefore preferable to the behavioural measures initially envisaged in the Form CO.
                                                             102
 ---pagebreak---       subject to fines and periodic penalty payments under Articles 14(2) and 15(1) of the
      Merger Regulation.
(552) As explained, the Commission is to make sure in particular that in the purchaser
      approval process the independence criteria of the buyer are rigorously assessed. The
      Commission is also to check, in close cooperation with the monitoring trustee, that
      no potential suitable buyer is excluded from the outset of the purchaser selection
      process.
(553) In accordance with the basis distinction between conditions and obligations, the
      commitments in section B of the Annex constitute conditions attached to this
      Decision, as only through full compliance therewith can the structural changes in the
      relevant market be achieved. The other commitments set out in the Annex constitute
      obligations, as they concern the implementing steps which are necessary to achieve
      the modifications sought in a manner compatible with the internal market.
(554) Accordingly, the Decision not to raise objections is made conditional on full
      compliance by the Notifying Party with Section B of the Commitments and with the
      remaining sections of the Commitments which constitute obligations on the Parties.
(555) The full text of the Commitments is attached as Annex I to this Decision and forms
      an integral part of it.
8.    CONCLUSION
(556) For the above reasons, the Commission has decided not to oppose the notified
      operation as modified by the commitments and to declare it compatible with the
      internal market and with the functioning of the EEA Agreement, subject to full
      compliance with the conditions in section B of the commitments annexed to the
      present decision and with the obligations contained in the other sections of the said
      commitments. This decision is adopted in application of Article 6(1)(b) in
      conjunction with Article 6(2) of the Merger Regulation and Article 57 of the EEA
      Agreement.
                                                    For the Commission
                                                    (Signed)
                                                    Margrethe VESTAGER
                                                    Executive Vice-President
                                               103
 ---pagebreak--- Case No. COMP 10153
                     Case M.10153 – Orange/Telekom Romania Communications
                       COMMITMENTS TO THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION
Pursuant to Article 6(2) of Council Regulation (EC) No 139/2004 (the “Merger Regulation”), Orange
S.A. (“Orange” or the “Notifying Party”), hereby enters into the following Commitments (the
“Commitments”) vis-à-vis the European Commission (the “Commission”) with a view to rendering
compatible with the internal market and the functioning of the EEA Agreement the acquisition by
Orange Romania from Deutsche Telekom AG’s (“DT”) solely controlled subsidiary Hellenic
Telecommunications Organizations S.A. (“OTE”) of the entire share capital of OTE International
Investments Ltd1 , a wholly-owned subsidiary of OTE, which controls approximately 54% of the shares
in and sole control over Telekom Romania Communications S.A. (“TKR”) (the “Transaction”).
This text shall be interpreted in light of the Commission’s decision pursuant to Article 6(1)(b) of the
Merger Regulation to declare the Transaction compatible with the internal market and the functioning
of the EEA Agreement (the “Decision”), in the general framework of European Union law, in
particular in light of the Merger Regulation, and by reference to the Commission Notice on remedies
acceptable under Council Regulation (EC) No 139/2004 and under Commission Regulation (EC) No
802/2004 (the “Remedies Notice”).
The Commitments shall take effect upon the date of adoption of the Decision.
Section A.         Definitions
1. For the purpose of the Commitments, the following terms shall have the following meaning:
    Affiliated Undertakings: undertakings controlled by the Notifying Party, whereby the notion of
    control shall be interpreted pursuant to Article 3 of the Merger Regulation and in light of the
    Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No 139/2004 on
    the control of concentrations between undertakings (the "Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice").
    Closing: the transfer of the legal title to the TRMC Minority Stake to the Purchaser.
    Confidential Information: any business secrets, know-how, commercial information, or any
    other information of a proprietary nature that is not in the public domain.
    Conflict of Interest: any conflict of interest that impairs the Monitoring Trustee’s objectivity and
    independence in discharging its duties under the Commitments.
    DT: Deutsche Telekom AG.
    Divestment Asset: all shares that TKR holds in TRMC at the Effective Date, which amount to
    30% of the TRMC share capital and voting rights (i.e. the TRMC Minority Stake).
    Effective Date: the date of adoption of the Decision.
    Divestiture Period: the period of […] from the Effective Date.
1   OTE International Investments Ltd does not conduct any activities or operations other than its holding of TKR shares.
                                                               1
 ---pagebreak--- Case No. COMP 10153
   Monitoring Trustee : One or more natural or legal person(s), independent from the Notifying
   Party, who is approved by the Commission and appointed by the Notifying Party, and who has the
   duty to monitor the Notifying Party’s compliance with the conditions and obligations attached to
   the Decision.
   Orange or the Notifying Party: Orange S.A.
   OTE: Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A., a subsidiary of DT, which holds 70% of
   the shares in and sole control over TRMC.
   Purchaser: the entity approved by the Commission as acquirer of the Divestment Asset in
   accordance with the criteria set out in Section D.
   Purchaser Criteria: the criteria laid down in paragraph 9 of these Commitments that the
   Purchaser must fulfil in order to be approved by the Commission.
   Share Purchase Agreement: binding agreement between the Purchaser and TKR regarding the
   transfer of the Divestment Asset to the Purchaser.
   TKR: Telekom Romania Communications S.A.
   Transaction: Acquisition by Orange Romania S.A. of approximately 54% of the shares in and
   sole control over TKR.
   TRMC: Telekom Romania Mobile Communications S.A.
   TRMC Minority Stake: all equity securities held by TKR in TRMC, being 159,374,750 shares of
   RON 4.84 each, amounting to approximately 30 per cent. of the fully diluted share capital of
   TRMC as defined in Section B.
Section B.       The commitment to divest and the Divestment Asset
      Commitment to divest
2. Telekom Romania Mobile Communications S.A. (“TRMC”) is a Romanian mobile network
   operator that is currently solely controlled by DT, through its subsidiary OTE which holds 70% of
   the shares in TRMC. TKR holds the remaining 30% shares in TRMC (the “TRMC Minority
   Stake”). Therefore, as a result of the Transaction, Orange would indirectly acquire a 30% interest
             2
   in TRMC .
3. In order to maintain effective competition, the Notifying Party commits to procure TKR to divest
   the Divestment Asset at the latest by the end of the Divestiture Period to the Purchaser and on
   terms of sale approved by the Commission in accordance with the procedure described in
   paragraphs 10 and 11 of these Commitments. To carry out the divestiture, the Notifying Party
   commits to procure TKR to enter into a final binding sale and purchase agreement for the sale of
   the Divestment Asset within the Divestiture Period with the Purchaser. If TKR has not entered
2
       The Romanian Government currently holds – and will continue to after the Transaction – an approximatively 46%
       non-controlling minority stake in TKR. Therefore, the Romanian Government , through TKR, holds an indirect
       13.8% interest in TRM C.
                                                           2
 ---pagebreak--- Case No. COMP 10153
   into such an agreement at the end of the Divestiture Period, subject to paragraphs 29 and 30, both
   the Commitments and the Decision will no longer be applicable.
4. The Transaction shall not be implemented before TKR has entered into a final binding sale and
   purchase agreement for the sale of the Divestment Asset, the Commission approves the terms of
   sale in accordance with paragraph 10, and the Closing has taken place.
5. The Notifying Party shall be deemed to have complied with this commitment if by the end of the
   Divestiture Period, TKR has entered into a final binding sale and purchase agreement with the
   Purchaser, the Commission approves the terms of sale as being consistent with the Commitments
   in accordance with the procedure described in paragraphs 10 and 11, and the Closing takes place.
6. In order to maintain the structural effect of the Commitments, for a period of 10 years after
   Closing, the Notifying Party shall not acquire, whether directly or indirectly, the possibility of
   exercising influence (as defined in paragraph 43 of the Remedies Notice, footnote 3) over the
   whole or part of the Divestment Asset, unless, following the submission of a reasoned request
   from the Notifying Party showing good cause and accompanied by a report from the Monitoring
   Trustee (as provided in paragraph 30 of these Commitments), the Commission finds that the
   structure of the market has changed to such an extent that the absence of influence of the
   Notifying Party over TRMC is no longer necessary to render the Transaction compatible with the
   internal market.
       Structure and definition of the Divestment Asset
7. The Divestment Asset consists of the the TRMC Minority Stake.
Section C.        Related commitments
8. The Notifying Party shall submit written reports in English on the developments in the
   negotiations with the Purchaser to the Commission and the Monitoring Trustee no later than 10
   days after the end of every month following the Effective Date (or otherwise at the Commission’s
   request).
Section D.        The Purchaser
9. In order to be approved by the Commission, the Purchaser must fulfil the following criteria:
      (a) The Purchaser shall be independent of and unconnected to the Notifying Party and its
      Affiliated Undertakings (this being assessed having regard to the situation following the
      divestiture).
      (b) The Purchaser shall have the financial resources, proven expertise and incentive to operate
      the Divestment Asset.
      (c) The acquisition of the Divestment Asset by the Purchaser must neither be likely to create, in
      light of the information available to the Commission, prima facie competition concerns nor give
      rise to a risk that the implementation of the Commitments will be delayed. In particular, the
      Purchaser must reasonably be expected to obtain all necessary approvals from the relevant
      regulatory authorities for the acquisition of the Divestment Asset
                                                        3
 ---pagebreak--- Case No. COMP 10153
      (together, the “Purchaser Criteria”).
10. The final binding sale and purchase agreement (as well as ancillary agreements) relating to the
    sale of the Divestment Asset shall be conditional upon the Commission’s approval of the terms of
    sale. Upon TKR reaching an agreement with the Purchaser, the Notifying Party shall, within one
    week of reaching such an agreement, submit a copy of the final agreement(s) to the Commission
    and the Monitoring Trustee. The Notifying Party must be able to demonstrate to the Commission
    that the Divestment Asset is being sold in a manner consistent with the Decision and the
    Commitments. For the approval, the Commission shall verify that the Divestment Asset is being
    sold in a manner consistent with the Commitments.
Section E.        Monitoring Trustee
       I.         Appointment procedure
11. The Notifying Party shall appoint a Monitoring Trustee to carry out the functions specified in
    these Commitments for a Monitoring Trustee.
12. The Monitoring Trustee shall:
      (i) at the time of appointment, be independent of the Notifying Party and its Affiliated
      Undertakings;
      (ii) possess the necessary qualifications to carry out its mandate, for example have sufficient
      relevant experience as an investment banker or consultant or auditor; and
      (iii) neither have nor become exposed to a Conflict of Interest.
13. The Monitoring Trustee shall be remunerated by the Notifying Party in a way that does not impede
    the independent and effective fulfilment of its mandate.
                  Proposal by the Notifying Party
14. No later than two weeks after the Effective Date, the Notifying Party shall submit the name or
    names of one or more natural or legal persons whom they propose to appoint as the Monitoring
    Trustee to the Commission for approval. The proposal shall contain sufficient information for the
    Commission to verify that the person or persons proposed as Monitoring Trustee fulfil the
    requirements set out in paragraph 12 and shall include:
      (a)        the full terms of the proposed mandate, which shall include all provisions necessary to
                 enable the Monitoring Trustee to fulfil its duties under these Commitments;
      (b)        the outline of a work plan which describes how the Monitoring Trustee intends to
                 carry out its assigned tasks.
                  Approval or rejection by the Commission
15. The Commission shall have the discretion to approve or reject the proposed Monitoring Trustee
    and to approve the proposed mandate subject to any modifications it deems necessary for the
    Monitoring Trustee to fulfil its obligations. If only one name is approved, the Notifying Party shall
    appoint or cause to be appointed the person or persons concerned as Monitoring Trustee, in
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    accordance with the mandate approved by the Commission. If more than one name is approved,
    the Notifying Party shall be free to choose the Monitoring Trustee to be appointed from among the
    names approved. The Monitoring Trustee shall be appointed within one week of the Commission’s
    approval, in accordance with the mandate approved by the Commission.
                    New proposal by the Notifying Party
16. If all the proposed Monitoring Trustees are rejected, the Notifying Party shall submit the names of
    at least two more natural or legal persons within one week of being informed of the rejection, in
    accordance with paragraph 15 of these Commitments.
                    Monitoring Trustee nominated by the Commission
17. If all further proposed Monitoring Trustees are rejected by the Commission, the Commission shall
    nominate a Monitoring Trustee, whom the Notifying Party shall appoint, or cause to be appointed,
    in accordance with a trustee mandate approved by the Commission.
        II.         Functions of the Monitoring Trustee
18. The Monitoring Trustee shall assume its specified duties and obligations in order to ensure
    compliance with the Commitments. The Commission may, on its own initiative or at the request of
    the Monitoring Trustee or the Notifying Party, give any orders or instructions to the Monitoring
    Trustee in order to ensure compliance with the conditions and obligations attached to the Decision.
        Duties and obligations of the Monitoring Trustee
19. The Monitoring Trustee shall:
    (i)       propose in its first report to the Commission a detailed work plan describing how it
              intends to monitor compliance with the obligations and conditions attached to the
              Decision.
    (ii)      review and assess the progress of the divestiture process;
    (iii)     act as a contact point for any requests by third parties, in particular the Purchaser, in
              relation to the Commitments;
    (iv)      provide to the Commission, sending the Notifying Party a non-confidential copy at the
              same time, a written report within 15 days after the end of every month that shall cover the
              progress of the divestiture process;
    (v)       promptly report in writing to the Commission, sending the Notifying Party a non-
              confidential copy at the same time, if it concludes on reasonable grounds that the
              Notifying Party is failing to comply with these Commitments;
    (vi)      within one week after receipt of the final binding sale and purchase agreement between
              TKR and the Purchaser referred to in paragraph 10 of these Commitments, submit to the
              Commission, sending the Notifying Party a non-confidential copy at the same time, a
              reasoned opinion as to whether the Divestment Asset is sold in a manner consistent with
              the conditions and obligations attached to the Decision;
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    (vii)    assume the other functions assigned to the Monitoring Trustee under the conditions and
             obligations attached to the Decision.
       III.       Duties and obligations of the Notifying Party
20. The Notifying Party shall provide and procure TKR to provide the Monitoring Trustee with all
    such co-operation, assistance and information as the Monitoring Trustee may reasonably require to
    perform its tasks. The Monitoring Trustee shall have full and complete access to any of TKR’s
    information necessary for fulfilling its duties under the Commitments and the Notifying Party
    shall provide and procure TKR to provide the Monitoring Trustee upon request with copies of any
    document. The Notifying Party shall make available to the Monitoring Trustee one or more offices
    on their premises and shall be available for meetings in order to provide the Monitoring Trustee
    with all information necessary for the performance of its tasks.
21. The Notifying Party shall indemnify the Monitoring Trustee and its employees and agents (each
    an “Indemnified Party”) and hold each Indemnified Party harmless against, and hereby agrees
    that an Indemnified Party shall have no liability to the Notifying Party for any liabilities arising
    out of the performance of the Monitoring Trustee’s duties under the Commitments, except to the
    extent that such liabilities result from the wilful default, recklessness, gross negligence or bad faith
    of the Monitoring Trustee, its employees, agents or advisors.
22. At the expense of the Notifying Party, the Monitoring Trustee may appoint advisors (in particular
    for corporate finance or legal advice), subject to the Notifying Party’s approval (this approval not
    to be unreasonably withheld or delayed) if the Monitoring Trustee considers the appointment of
    such advisors necessary or appropriate for the performance of its duties and obligations under the
    Mandate, provided that any fees and other expenses incurred by the Monitoring Trustee are
    reasonable. Should the Notifying Party refuse to approve the advisors proposed by the Monitoring
    Trustee the Commission may approve the appointment of such advisors instead, after having heard
    the Notifying Party. Only the Monitoring Trustee shall be entitled to issue instructions to the
    advisors. Paragraph 21 of these Commitments shall apply mutatis mutandis.
23. The Notifying Party agrees that the Commission may share Confidential Information proprietary
    to the Notifying Party or TKR with the Monitoring Trustee. The Monitoring Trustee shall not
    disclose such information and the principles contained in Article 17 (1) and (2) of the Merger
    Regulation apply mutatis mutandis.
24. The Notifying Party agrees that the contact details of the Monitoring Trustee are published on the
    website of the Commission’s Directorate-General for Competition and they shall inform interested
    third parties of the identity and the tasks of the Monitoring Trustee.
25. For a period of 5 years from the Effective Date, the Commission may request all information from
    the Notifying Party that is reasonably necessary to monitor the effective implementation of these
    Commitments.
       IV.        Replacement, discharge and reappointment of the Monitoring Trustee
26. If the Monitoring Trustee ceases to perform its functions under the Commitments or for any other
    good cause, including the exposure of the Monitoring Trustee to a Conflict of Interest:
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    (a) the Commission may, after hearing the Monitoring Trustee and the Notifying Party, require
    the Notifying Party to replace the Monitoring Trustee; or
    (b) the Notifying Party may, with the prior approval of the Commission, replace the Monitoring
    Trustee.
27. If the Monitoring Trustee is removed according to paragraph 26 of these Commitments, the
    Monitoring Trustee may be required to continue in its function until a new Monitoring Trustee is
    in place to whom the Monitoring Trustee has effected a full hand over of all relevant information.
    The new Monitoring Trustee shall be appointed in accordance with the procedure referred to in
    paragraphs 11-17 of these Commitments.
28. Unless removed according to paragraph 26 of these Commitments, the Monitoring Trustee shall
    cease to act as Monitoring Trustee only after the Commission has discharged it from its duties
    after all the Commitments with which the Monitoring Trustee has been entrusted have been
    implemented. However, the Commission may at any time require the reappointment of the
    Monitoring Trustee if it subsequently appears that the relevant remedies might not have been fully
    and properly implemented.
Section F.       The review clause
29. The Commission may extend the time periods foreseen in the Commitments in response to a
    request from the Notifying Party or, in appropriate cases, on its own initiative. Where the
    Notifying Party requests an extension of a time period, it shall submit a reasoned request to the
    Commission no later than one month before the expiry of that period, showing good cause. This
    request shall be accompanied by a report from the Monitoring Trustee, who shall, at the same time
    send a non-confidential copy of the report to the Notifying Party. Only in exceptional
    circumstances shall the Notifying Party be entitled to request an extension within the last month of
    any period.
30. The Commission may further, in response to a reasoned request from the Notifying Party showing
    good cause waive, modify or substitute, in exceptional circumstances, one or more of the
    undertakings in these Commitments. This request shall be accompanied by a report from the
    Monitoring Trustee, who shall, at the same time send a non-confidential copy of the report to the
    Notifying Party. The request shall not have the effect of suspending the application of the
    undertaking and, in particular, of suspending the expiry of any time period in which the
    undertaking has to be complied with.
Section G.       Entry into force
31. The Commitments shall take effect upon the date of adoption of the Decision.
    Duly authorised for and on behalf of Orange S.A.
___________________
[Signed]
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