CELEX: 62004TJ0271
Language: en
Date: 2007-05-08 00:00:00
Title: Judgment of the Court of First Instance (Second Chamber, extended composition) of 8 May 2007.#Citymo SA v Commission of the European Communities.#Contractual liability - Arbitration clause - Lease contract - Inadmissibility - Non-contractual liability - Pre-contract negotiations - Plea of illegality - Legitimate expectation - Good faith -Abuse of rights - Material damage - Lost opportunity.#Case T-271/04.

Case T-271/04
      Citymo SA
      v
      Commission of the European Communities
      (Contractual liability – Arbitration clause – Lease contract – Inadmissibility – Non‑contractual liability – Pre‑contract negotiations – Plea of illegality – Legitimate expectation – Good faith – Abuse of rights – Material damage – Lost opportunity)
      Judgment of the Court of First Instance (Second Chamber, Extended Composition), 8 May 2007 
      Summary of the Judgment
      1.     Procedure – Referral to the Court of First Instance under an arbitration clause 
      (Arts 238 EC and 240 EC)
      2.     Procedure – Referral to the Court of First Instance under an arbitration clause – Application initiating proceedings
      (Art. 238 EC; Rules of Procedure of the Court of First Instance, Art. 44(5a))
      3.     Procedure – Referral to the Court of First Instance under an arbitration clause
      (Art. 238 EC)
      4.     Non-contractual liability – Conditions – Sufficiently serious breach of Community law
      (Art. 288, second para., EC)
      5.     Non-contractual liability – Conditions –  Infringement of a rule of law conferring rights on individuals 
      (Art. 288, second para., EC)
      6.     Budget of the European Communities – Financial regulation – Provisions applicable to procedures for the award of public contracts
            
      (Council Regulation No 1605/2002, Art. 101, first para.)
      7.     Community law – Principles – Protection of legitimate expectations – European Communities’ public procurement 
      8.     European Communities’ public procurement – Negotiated procedure 
      (Art. 288, second para., EC)
      9.     Non-contractual liability – Conditions 
      (Art. 288, second para., EC)
      10.   Budget of the European Communities – Financial regulation – Provisions applicable to procedures for the award of public contracts
            
      (Council Regulation No 1605/2002, Art. 101, first para.)
      1.     Only the parties to an arbitration clause can be parties to an action brought on the basis of Article 238 EC. In the absence
         of any expression of the parties’ intention to confer jurisdiction on it to adjudicate on a contractual dispute, the Court
         cannot accept the referral of the case, otherwise it would extend its jurisdiction beyond the limits placed by Article 240
         EC, since that article specifically gives national courts or tribunals ordinary jurisdiction over disputes to which the Community
         is a party. As this Community jurisdiction derogates from ordinary law, it must also be given a restrictive interpretation.
      
      If, under an arbitration clause entered into pursuant to Article 238 EC, the Community judicature may be called on to decide
         a dispute on the basis of the national law governing the contract, its jurisdiction to determine a dispute concerning that
         contract falls to be determined solely in the light of Article 238 EC and the terms of the arbitration clause, and this cannot
         be affected by provisions of national law which allegedly exclude its jurisdiction.
      
      (see paras 53, 55)
      2.     Whilst Article 238 EC does not state what form the arbitration clause is to take, it is clear from Article 44(5a) of the Rules
         of Procedure of the Court of First Instance, which requires an application submitted under Article 225(1) EC and Article 238
         EC to be accompanied by a copy of the clause conferring jurisdiction on the Community courts, that the clause must in principle
         be stipulated in writing. Article 44(5a) of the Rules of Procedure has an evidential purpose and the formal requirement which
         it prescribes must be deemed to have been fulfilled where the documents produced by the applicant provide the Community court
         with sufficient information on the agreement between the parties to the action to remove the dispute between them from the
         purview of the national courts and to submit it to the Community courts.
      
      (see para. 56)
      3.     Assuming that the theory of ostensible authority is recognised in Community law, particularly with regard to the representation
         of parties to a contract, applying that theory necessarily presupposes that the third party pleading that authority establishes
         that the circumstances of the case justified his belief that such ostensible authority accorded with reality. It follows that
         an applicant who has brought his action on the basis of an arbitration clause ‘apparently’ entered into by him and the Commission
         must at least show that, having regard to the circumstances of the case, he could legitimately have believed that an official
         of the Office for infrastructure and logistics in Brussels, an entity constituted by Decision 2003/523, was empowered to bind
         the Commission contractually, acting for and on behalf of the Community.
      
      (see para. 60)
      4.     As regards non-contractual liability of the Community, illegal conduct of which the institution stands accused must constitute
         a sufficiently serious breach of a rule of law intended to confer rights on individuals. The decisive criterion for finding
         that a breach of Community law is sufficiently serious is whether the Community institution concerned manifestly and gravely
         disregarded the limits to its discretion. Where an institution has only a considerably reduced, or even no, discretion, the
         mere infringement of Community law may be sufficient to establish the existence of a sufficiently serious breach.
      
      (see para. 105)
      5.     The conduct of the Community public authority, in administrative as in contractual matters, is at all times subject to observance
         of the principle of good faith.  Moreover, individuals cannot seek to misuse Community measures. Where negotiations take place
         for the conclusion of a contract between the Community public authority and a tenderer in the context of a public procurement
         procedure, those rules of law confer rights on the tenderer, breach of which can render the Community non-contractually liable,
         by imposing certain limits on the conduct of a Community contracting authority which decides to abandon the procurement and
         not to contract. Furthermore, the principle of the protection of legitimate expectations is a general principle of Community
         law which confers rights on individuals. In a public procurement procedure, that principle confers rights on any tenderer
         who is in a situation in which it is apparent that, in giving him specific assurances, the Community administration has led
         him to entertain reasonable expectations.
      
      (see paras 107-109)
      6.     It follows from, inter alia, the first paragraph of Article 101 of Regulation No 1605/2002 on the Financial Regulation applicable
         to the general budget of the European Communities that, in the context of a negotiated procedure for the award of a public
         contract, without prior publication of a contract notice, the contracting authority has a very broad discretion to refuse
         to conclude the contract and, therefore, to terminate the pre-contract negotiations which have been started.
      
      (see para. 111)
      7.     The right to rely on the principle of the protection of legitimate expectations extends to any individual in a situation where
         the Community authorities, by giving him precise assurances, have caused him to entertain legitimate expectations. Such assurances,
         in whatever form they are given, are precise, unconditional and consistent information from authorised and reliable sources.
         Whilst it is true, in that regard, that traders must bear the economic risks inherent in their activities, and that, in connection
         with a tendering procedure for the award of a public contract, those economic risks include, inter alia, the costs connected
         with the preparation of the bid, there may be a breach of the principle of the protection of legitimate expectations, capable
         of rendering the Community non‑contractually liable, if, before the contract in question is awarded to the successful tenderer,
         a tenderer is encouraged by the contracting institution to make irreversible investments in advance and thereby to go beyond
         the risks inherent in the business under consideration, consisting in making a bid.
      
      (see paras 138-139)
      8.     In the context of a property procurement negotiated with a single partner, concerning a building which is not available because
         of pre-contract negotiations, the Commission breaches the principle of good faith to a sufficiently serious degree and abuses
         its right not to contract if it delays more than two months in informing its partner of its decision to abandon the procurement
         and therefore break off the pre-contract negotiations, thereby continuing pre‑contract negotiations which it knows are bound
         to fail and thus depriving its partner of the opportunity to seek another tenant for the building concerned from the date
         of the decision.
      
      The Commission also commits a sufficiently serious breach of the principle of the protection of legitimate expectations if
         it breaks off pre‑contract negotiations after encouraging its partner in those negotiations to carry out fitting‑out work
         so as to be able to let the building from the anticipated commencement date of the lease. The partner is thereby encouraged
         by the Commission, in its capacity as contracting authority, to make irreversible investments in advance and, consequently,
         to go beyond the risks inherent in the activities concerned, consisting in submitting a tender in the context of a public
         procurement procedure. Furthermore, the partner acts reasonably and realistically in agreeing to make the necessary investments
         in advance so as to be able to implement the lease in accordance with the Commission’s requirements, having previously received
         specific assurances from the Commission that it would reimburse the partner for the fitting‑out work performed outside the
         contractual cover.
      
      Therefore, in breaking off the pre-contract negotiations, the Commission’s conduct is unlawful and capable of giving rise
         to non-contractual liability on the part of the Community by allowing pre-contract negotiations, which it knew were bound
         to fail, to continue, and by breaking off the pre-contract negotiations after encouraging its partner in those negotiations
         to carry out the fitting-out work necessary for letting the building from the anticipated commencement date of the lease.
      
      (see paras 131-132, 137, 153, 155-156)
      9.     In the context of a negotiated procedure for the award of a Community public contract, unilateral termination of the contractual
         negotiations falls within the scope of the contracting authority’s right not to take up the planned lease pursuant to the
         first paragraph of Article 101 of Regulation No 1605/2002 on the Financial Regulation applicable to the general budget of
         the European Communities. Consequently, the economic operator never acquires a right to conclude the lease. Furthermore, without
         a binding agreement between the parties, the tenderer cannot acquire a right of any kind under the lease or, therefore, a
         right to obtain the anticipated contractual earnings. It follows that the unlawful conduct of the institution, which arises
         entirely from the circumstances of its exercise of the right to abandon the procurement and to terminate the pre-contract
         negotiations unilaterally cannot be regarded as the cause of the damage consisting in the loss of an opportunity to contract
         and to obtain the earnings anticipated from the conclusion of the lease.
      
      (see paras 161-162)
      10.   It is clear from the first paragraph of Article 101 of Regulation No 1605/2002 on the Financial Regulation applicable to the
         general budget of the European Communities that, in principle, the charges and expenses incurred to no purpose by a tenderer
         in connection with his participation in a procurement procedure cannot in principle constitute damage which is capable of
         being remedied by an award of damages. However, that provision cannot, without potentially undermining the principles of legal
         certainty and of protection of legitimate expectations, apply in cases where an infringement of Community law in the conduct
         of the tendering procedure has affected a tenderer’s chances of being awarded the contract or led him to incur unjustified
         charges or expenses.
      
      (see para. 165)
JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE (Second Chamber, Extended Composition)
      8 May 2007(*)
      
      (Contractual liability – Arbitration clause – Lease contract – Inadmissibility – Non-contractual liability – Pre-contract negotiations – Plea of illegality – Legitimate expectation – Good faith –Abuse of rights – Material damage – Lost opportunity)
      In Case T‑271/04,
      Citymo SA, established in Brussels (Belgium), represented by P. Van Ommeslaghe, I. Heenen and P.‑M. Louis, lawyers,
      
      applicant,
      v
      Commission of the European Communities, represented by L. Parpala and E. Manhaeve, acting as Agents, assisted by D. Philippe and M. Gouden, lawyers,
      
      defendant,
      APPLICATION, principally, for contractual damages seeking to have the Commission ordered to pay the applicant damages further
         to cancellation of a lease allegedly entered into by the applicant and the European Community, represented by the Commission
         and, in the alternative, for non-contractual damages to compensate for the damage allegedly sustained by the applicant as
         a result of the Commission’s decision to terminate the pre-contract negotiations undertaken with a view to concluding the
         abovementioned lease,
      
      THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES (Second Chamber, Extended Composition),
      composed of J. Pirrung, President, A.W.H. Meij, N.J.Forwood, I. Pelikánová and S. Papasavvas, Judges,
      Registrar: K. Pocheć, Administrator,
      having regard to the written procedure and further to the hearing on 17 May 2006,
      gives the following
      Judgment
       Facts 
      1       The applicant is a limited company governed by Belgian law, specialising in real estate transactions. It forms part of the
         Fortis group which operates in the insurance and financial services sectors in the Benelux countries.
      
      2       At the end of 2002, the applicant renovated a real estate complex owned by it in Brussels, known as ‘City Center’ and consisting
         of two buildings, B1 and B2.
      
      3       At the beginning of 2003, the European Parliament entered into negotiations with the applicant with a view to leasing the
         entire floor area of building B1 of City Center, namely, 16 954 m2 of office space and 205 parking spaces (‘the Building’).
         Subsequently, however, the Parliament did not proceed with leasing the Building, indicating that the Commission wished to
         continue the negotiations on its own behalf. In the framework of inter-institutional cooperation between the two Community
         institutions, it was agreed that the removal of certain Commission departments to the Building would enable the Parliament
         to occupy the premises left vacant by them.
      
      4       On 13 May 2003, the Commission, through Mr C (‘the negotiator’), an official of the Office for infrastructure and logistics
         in Brussels (‘OIB’), an entity constituted by Commission Decision 2003/523/EC of 6 November 2002 (OJ 2003 L 183, p. 35), contacted
         the applicant and Fortis Real Estate, the real estate department of the Belgian-law company Fortis AG (‘Fortis AG’), a sister
         company of the applicant in the Fortis group, for the purpose of finalising the negotiation of the terms of the lease contract
         for the Building (‘the lease’).
      
      5       In the course of three meetings on 16 May, 3 and 6 June 2003, the negotiator and Fortis AG (‘the parties to the negotiations’)
         discussed the terms of the lease and the internal fitting-out work to be carried out in the Building. The Commission asked
         for the lease to stipulate that the work would be carried out for and on behalf of the applicant and that the cost would be
         subsequently reimbursed by an additional rent. In addition, the Commission required the lease to provide that the work was
         to be completed by 31 October 2003, that is to say, just before the date proposed for the lease to take effect, and for a
         penalty to be payable in the event of delay.
      
      6       In an email of 11 June 2003, Fortis AG informed the negotiator that the orders for carrying out the work could not reasonably
         be placed before confirmation of the Commission’s agreement to the terms of the lease.
      
      7       In an attachment to a letter of 16 June 2003 Fortis AG sent the Commission a draft lease which had previously been sent to
         the Commission by email. Article 4.4 of that draft stated that the internal fitting-out work in the Building required by the
         Commission, apart from the work relating to the cafeteria and safety (‘the fitting-out work’), was to be finished by 31 October
         2003 and that, in default, a penalty for delay would be payable from 1 November 2003, the date when the lease was to take
         effect. However, the letter from Fortis AG added that the deadline for the completion of the fitting-out work and the starting
         point for the penalty for delay provided for in the draft lease were subject to the following condition: ‘a copy of this letter
         simply signed by you and thus confirming your agreement to the terms and conditions of the lease must reach us by 30 June
         2003 at the latest’. Fortis AG also added: ‘on receipt [of the document requested] we shall, as you have requested, place
         the orders for the [fitting-out] work without awaiting formal signature of the lease.’ The letter also stated that, failing
         receipt of the document requested by the specified date, ‘the deadline for completion of the work and the date from which
         penalties for delay begin to run will be deferred taking account of the date of receipt [of the document requested] and builders’
         holidays, without changing the date for the lease to begin’.
      
      8       On 19 June 2003, after certain aspects had been clarified by the parties to the negotiations, Fortis AG sent a second version
         of the draft lease, which made some amendments to Article 4.5, as shown in the version of 16 June 2003.
      
      9       On 23 June 2003, following further discussions between technical departments, Fortis AG sent the negotiator a third version
         of the draft lease, which made amendments to Articles 4.3, 11 and 12, as shown in the previous versions of 16 and 19 June
         2003, together with an annex summarising the parties’ agreement on the budget and specifications of the fitting-out work.
         In the covering email, Fortis AG added that the third draft cancelled and replaced the drafts previously sent, but that the
         terms of its letter of 16 June 2003 remained entirely applicable.
      
      10     By memorandum of 25 June 2003, OIB submitted the draft letter of intent and the draft lease to the Commission departments
         and directorates-general (‘DG’) which were to be consulted in connection with any real estate transaction, namely the legal
         department, the DG Budget and the DG Personnel and Administration (together referred to as ‘the supervisory authorities’),
         for their opinion.
      
      11     By fax of 26 June 2003, the negotiator returned to Fortis AG a copy of its letter of 16 June 2003, bearing his signature beneath
         the following handwritten words:
      
      ‘The terms of the lease are satisfactory for OIB. It has been submitted to the supervisory authorities.’
      12     By email of 30 June 2003, following a meeting with the supervisory authorities, the negotiator submitted a question to Fortis
         AG concerning the recovery of value added tax (VAT) on the fitting-out work. He added that the legal department wished to
         amend Article 7 of the draft lease. Finally, he wrote as follows:
      
      ‘There are some other comments, but not too important. NB: this does not mean that the matter has already been approved.’
      13     By email of 1 July 2003, Fortis AG replied in the negative to the negotiator’s question concerning the possible recovery of
         VAT and the amendment to Article 7 of the draft lease.
      
      14     On the same day, the legal department gave a favourable opinion on the draft lease, subject to the proposed amendments to
         the letter of intent aiming to strengthen its conditional nature, and the proposed amendments to the lease itself, which included
         an amendment to the jurisdiction clause in favour of the courts of Brussels.
      
      15     On 4 July 2003 the applicant placed the first orders necessary for carrying out the fitting-out work with companies A and
         B.
      
      16     On the same day, the DG Budget gave a favourable opinion on the draft lease of the Building, subject to its comments being
         taken into account. These concerned the obligation to follow the budget commitment procedure, the need to strengthen the conditional
         nature of the letter of intent and certain proposed amendments to the lease.
      
      17     At the same time, the Commission prepared a draft communication to the Council and the Parliament in their capacity as supervisory
         authorities, concerning a budget extension. This was made necessary by the considerable additional cost incurred in 2003 as
         a result of leasing the Building. 
      
      18     Also on 4 July 2003, an OIB official, Mr F., sent a fax to Fortis AG confirming acceptance of the costs of a security service
         for the Building site.
      
      19     On 5 July 2003, the DG Budget gave a favourable opinion on the draft communication to the Council and the Parliament requesting
         a budget extension.
      
      20     On 7 July 2003, the DG Personnel and Administration gave a favourable opinion on the draft lease for the Building, provided
         that the consequences of the project for the current and future budgets were examined and taken into account, and also the
         consequences for the general strategy of the location of Commission departments, and subject to a reply to the questions raised
         on 25 June 2003 by the Comité de sécurité, d’hygiène et d’embellissement des lieux de travail de Bruxelles (CSHT) regarding
         certain technical and safety problems relating to the Building and its geographical location.
      
      21     In a telephone conversation of 10 July 2003, the negotiator informed the applicant that there was some delay in approving
         the lease in principle by reason of the discovery of fraud within the Commission and that approval would in all probability
         not be given before mid-September 2003.
      
      22     By email of 14 July 2003, the negotiator confirmed to Fortis AG that approval of the lease had been deferred and that it was
         difficult to foresee when a decision in that respect could be taken. However, he added that, at that stage, the actual principle
         of the lease was not in doubt. He concluded as follows: ‘I leave you to judge what measures to take that may be useful and
         necessary to take account of this deferment.’ At the same time, OIB was undertaking negotiations with other lessors in order
         to find another solution permitting removal as soon as possible.
      
      23     On the same day, Fortis AG took formal note of the suspension of the procedure for approving the lease. It informed the negotiator
         that, as a consequence, it had immediately notified its suppliers of the suspension of all orders placed for the fitting-out
         work and that any cost commitment relating to the fulfilment of those orders had been stopped. Fortis AG also made it clear
         that the fitting-out work and the starting point for penalties for delay would have to be brought forward to a date to be
         determined subsequently, taking account of builders’ holidays, the ending date of the suspension of the procedure for formal
         signature of the lease and the period for the reactivation of orders, without altering the date for the lease to take effect.
         Finally, Fortis AG asked the negotiator to inform it as soon as possible if the actual principle of the letting were called
         into question.
      
      24     On 16 July 2003, the Building Policy Group (BPG, the real estate policy group of OIB) held a meeting at which it was decided,
         taking account of the two-month delay in occupying the Building, to examine seriously and very rapidly the possibility of
         leasing a different building, referred to as ‘M.’, situated in Brussels and, consequently, the possibility of suspending the
         orders already given by the Commission’s own departments with a view to the internal fitting-out of the Building.
      
      25     In a letter received on 23 July 2003, the negotiator informed Fortis AG that the Commission accepted no liability for the
         damage that it might sustain by reason of the delay in approving the lease. In that connection the negotiator added:
      
      ‘The consent given by myself to the terms of the lease in no way signified final approval of the lease, but only an undertaking
         on the part of OIB to ensure that this matter progresses through the Commission’s decision-making channels which, as you know,
         comprise several stages without which a contract cannot be signed by OIB.’
      
      26     By letter of 27 August 2003, Fortis AG informed the negotiator that it would hold the Commission liable for the damage that
         it might sustain because of the Commission’s failure to take up the lease. It also informed the negotiator that some of its
         suppliers had already incurred costs as a result of starting the fitting-out work.
      
      27     By registered letter of 9 September 2003, with request for acknowledgement of receipt, addressed to the director of OIB, Mr
         V., and to the negotiator, Fortis AG informed them of reports that after 14 July 2003 OIB had entered into negotiations concerning
         leasing another building, which were in the final stages of completion. On that occasion, it stated that failure by the Commission
         to proceed with the negotiated letting would be regarded as a unilateral breach of the lease which had been concluded.
      
      28     By registered letter of 16 September 2003, with request for acknowledgment of receipt, the director of OIB replied to the
         two previous letters from Fortis AG, contending that the lease between the parties had never been entered into, so that the
         relationship between them had always remained at the negotiation stage. He also stated that OIB, by virtue of its function,
         was in constant contact with property developers and discussing with them several projects simultaneously. In passing, the
         director of OIB wrote:
      
      ‘I confirm that the City Center project is not one of the Commission’s current priorities for the installation of its own
         departments [but] City Center remains, in the Commission’s eyes, a very interesting option which we shall not fail to … propose
         [to other European organisations, whether existing or in the course of constitution]. In that connection we should be in contact
         with you again very shortly.’
      
      29     By registered letter of 24 September 2003, with request for acknowledgment of receipt, by way of response addressed to the
         director of OIB, Fortis AG took formal note of the Commission’s abandonment of the letting and stated that it intended to
         refer the matter to its legal adviser.
      
      30     By letter of 26 September 2003, company B informed Fortis AG that it wished to invoice it for EUR 297 000 in respect of the
         cost of labour and materials used. By letter of 12 November 2003, company B sent Fortis AG a detailed estimate of the costs
         incurred, totalling EUR 302 870. In a letter of 18 June 2004, confirmed by a letter of 14 January 2005, company B then revised
         the estimate downwards, reducing it to EUR 16 842 as a result of the re-use of a large part of the materials.
      
      31     By registered letter of 14 October 2003, with request for acknowledgment of receipt, addressed to the director of OIB, Fortis
         AG requested the Commission to accept responsibility for compensating company B.
      
      32     By letter of 20 November 2003, company A in turn demanded compensation from Fortis AG for the damage sustained by reason of
         cancelled orders, which it estimated to total EUR 24 795.77.
      
      33     By letter of 24 November 2003, the director of OIB refused to give a favourable reply to Fortis AG’s request concerning compensation
         for company B, taking the view that the Commission had no contractual liability. He stated, inter alia, that ‘any initiative
         taken by Fortis AG in relation to the presumed letting of the building or the order, if any, for work, is purely unilateral
         and is not binding on OIB’ and that ‘the harmful consequences of an erroneous interpretation concerning the extent of OIB’s
         commitments in the framework of the negotiations are exclusively attributable to Fortis AG’.
      
      34     In a letter of 10 December 2003, Fortis AG maintained its position that the Commission had incurred contractual liability
         by refusing to honour the lease.
      
      35     In a letter of 22 December 2003, the director of OIB also maintained his position that OIB had not breached any obligation
         to Fortis AG.
      
      36     By letter of 18 February 2004, addressed to the negotiator, the applicant’s legal adviser claimed that the Commission had
         incurred contractual liability and put the Commission on notice for payment of EUR 1 137 039 to his client by way of compensation
         for the damage allegedly sustained by it.
      
      37     By letter of 19 March 2004, the director of OIB refused to accede to the claim for compensation formulated by the applicant’s
         legal adviser.
      
       Procedure and forms of order sought 
      38     By application received at the Court Registry on 5 July 2004, the applicant brought the present action.
      39     On 16 February 2005, the applicant lodged a request for leave to produce the lease of part of the Building which it had just
         concluded with the French Community of Belgium, together with a memorandum explaining the impact of the conclusion of the
         lease on its estimate of its damage. On 10 March 2005, after hearing the Commission, the President of the Second Chamber of
         the Court granted the applicant’s request. The applicant produced the documents referred to in its request within the prescribed
         period.
      
      40     On 17 January 2006, upon the report of the Judge-Rapporteur, the Court (Second Chamber) decided to open the oral procedure
         and, by way of measures of organisation of procedure, requested the parties to reply in writing to a number of questions and
         requested the applicant to produce certain documents. The parties did so within the prescribed periods.
      
      41     On 7 February 2006, after hearing the parties, the Court remitted the case to the Second Chamber (Extended Composition).
      42     On 27 March 2006, the applicant lodged a further request for leave to produce a lease concluded with Fortis AG for the part
         of the Building not yet let, with a brief memorandum explaining the impact of the conclusion of that lease on the estimate
         of its damage. By decision of the Court of 4 April 2006, after hearing the Commission, the applicant’s request was granted.
         On 26 April 2006, the applicant lodged the documents referred to in its request with the Registry of the Court.
      
      43     At the hearing of 17 May 2006, the parties presented their oral argument and replied to the questions put by the Court. In
         the transcript of the hearing, the Court took formal note of the applicant’s amendments to its claim for compensation, to
         which the Commission raised no objections, and of the applicant’s withdrawal of its alternative claim for compensation, taking
         account of the indexation of rents, which had been presented for the first time on 26 April 2006.
      
      44     The applicant claims principally that the Court should:
      –       find contractual liability on the part of the Commission by reason of its misconduct and order it to pay the applicant finally
         the sum of EUR 8 853 399.44, being the total estimated damage, together with interest at the statutory rate applicable in
         Belgium from the date of the application to the date of actual payment;
      
      –       if necessary, summon the negotiator to appear in order to be heard on the subject of the comments he is said to have made
         at the meeting of 6 June and during the telephone conversation of 10 July 2003.
      
      45     In the alternative, the applicant claims that the Court should:
      –       find non-contractual liability on the part of the Community, represented by the Commission, and order the Commission to pay
         it the sum of EUR 6 731 448.46 by way of compensation for the damage sustained, together with default interest on that sum
         from the date of the forthcoming judgment to the date of actual payment, at the rate of 6%;
      
      –       if necessary, order the measure of inquiry suggested in the principal application.
      46     In any case, the applicant claims that the Court should order the Commission to pay the costs.
      47     The Commission contends that the Court should:
      –       declare the applicant’s action inadmissible in so far as it is based on the Commission’s contractual liability;
      –       declare the applicant’s action unfounded in so far as it is based on the Commission’s non-contractual liability;
      –       order the applicant to pay the costs, including the costs necessary for its defence, totalling EUR 15 000.
       The principal action for contractual liability
      48     In its application, the applicant states that its action for liability has been brought before the Court of First Instance
         principally by virtue of the arbitration clause in Article 17 of the lease entered into by the applicant at the latest on
         26 June 2003 with the Community, represented by the Commission, and thus on the basis of Articles 225(1) EC and 238 EC.
      
      49     The Commission contends that the action for contractual liability brought by the applicant is inadmissible.
       A – Arguments of the parties
      50     The Commission claims that the Court has no jurisdiction to give a ruling on the basis of an arbitration clause in a contract
         which was not validly concluded by the parties.
      
      51     The applicant submits that the Court has jurisdiction to give a ruling on its action for contractual liability by virtue of
         the arbitration clause in the draft lease which it sent to the Commission on 16 June 2003. The draft corresponded to an offer
         to contract made by the applicant, represented by Fortis AG, which was then accepted by the European Community, represented
         by the Commission, on 26 June 2003 at the latest. The Commission’s agreement is shown by the handwritten statement and the
         negotiator’s signature on the covering letter sent with the draft lease to the Commission on 16 June 2003. The applicant therefore
         relies on Article 17 of the draft, entitled ‘Jurisdiction clause and applicable law’, which stipulates that, ‘in the event
         of a dispute, and failing amicable agreement, the Court of Justice of the European Communities shall have jurisdiction’.
      
      52     At the hearing, the Commission disputed the existence of the arbitration clause relied upon by the applicant, on the ground
         that there was no agreement on the clause between the parties to the action before the Court of First Instance on the basis
         of Article 238 EC, namely the European Community, represented by the Commission, and the applicant. In its written pleadings,
         the Commission claimed that the parties to the negotiations were not empowered, without the necessary authorisations or approvals,
         to bind the parties to the present action contractually, so that no contract could have been validly formed between them.
      
       B – Findings of the Court
      53     Under the combined provisions of Articles 225(1) EC and 238 EC, the Court of First Instance has jurisdiction to give judgment
         pursuant to any arbitration clause contained in a contract concluded by or on behalf of the Community, whether that contract
         be governed by public or private law. The case-law states that only the parties to the arbitration clause can be parties to
         the action brought on the basis of Article 238 EC (see, to that effect, Case 23/76 Pellegrini v Commission [1976] ECR 1807, paragraph 31). In the absence of any expression of the parties’ intention to confer jurisdiction on it to
         adjudicate on a contractual dispute, the Court cannot accept the referral of the case (see, to that effect, order in Case
         T‑186/96 Mutual Aid Administration Services v Commission [1997] ECR II‑1633, paragraph 46), otherwise it would extend its jurisdiction beyond the limits placed by Article 240 EC,
         since that article specifically gives national courts or tribunals ordinary jurisdiction over disputes to which the Community
         is a party (Joined Cases 133/85 to 136/85 Rau and Others [1987] ECR 2289, paragraph 10, and order in Mutual Aid Administration Services v Commission, paragraph 47). As this Community jurisdiction derogates from ordinary law, it must also be given a restrictive interpretation
         (Case 426/85 Commission v Zoubek [1986] ECR 4057, paragraph 11).
      
      54     It is therefore necessary to consider whether the arbitration clause alleged by the applicant was validly concluded by the
         Commission or its representatives, acting for and on behalf of the Community, and the applicant or its representatives.
      
      55     On that point, it is clear from the case-law that, if, under an arbitration clause entered into pursuant to Article 238 EC,
         the Court may be called on to decide a dispute on the basis of the national law governing the contract, its jurisdiction to
         determine a dispute concerning that contract falls to be determined solely in the light of Article 238 EC and the terms of
         the arbitration clause, and this cannot be affected by provisions of national law which allegedly exclude its jurisdiction
         (Case C‑209/90 Commission v Feilhauer [1992] ECR I‑2613, paragraph 13).
      
      56     While Article 238 EC does not state what form the arbitration clause is to take, it is clear from Article 44(5a) of the Rules
         of Procedure, which requires an application submitted under Article 225(1) EC and Article 238 EC to be accompanied by a copy
         of the clause conferring jurisdiction on the Community courts, that the clause must in principle be stipulated in writing.
         Article 44(5a) of the Rules of Procedure has an evidential purpose and the formal requirement which it prescribes must be
         deemed to have been fulfilled where the documents produced by the applicant provide the Community court with sufficient information
         on the agreement between the parties to the action to remove the dispute between them from the purview of the national courts
         and to submit it to the Community courts (see, to that effect, Pellegrini v Commission, cited in paragraph 53 above, paragraph 10).
      
      57     In the present case, Article 17 of the draft lease stipulates that, failing amicable agreement between the parties, disputes
         which may arise concerning the lease will submitted to the jurisdiction of the ‘Court of Justice’. According to the case-law,
         those words must be interpreted as designating the institution referred to in Article 238 EC, which comprises the Court of
         First Instance (see, to that effect, Case C‑294/02 Commission v AMI Semiconductor Belgium and Others [2005] ECR I‑2175, paragraphs 43 to 53), which is, in the present case, the competent court under Article 225(1) EC.
      
      58     However, the parties to the present dispute disagree as to whether the stipulation in Article 17 of the draft lease constituted
         consent to the alleged arbitration clause.
      
      59     On that point, it must be observed that the applicant did not did not duly contest the Commission’s statements that the authorising
         officer competent to enter into the lease was, in the present case, the director of OIB, which is corroborated by the provisions
         of Article 16 of Council Decision 2003/523 and of Title V of Part Two of Council Regulation (EC, Euratom) No 1605/2002 of
         25 June 2002 on the Financial Regulation applicable to the general budget of the European Communities (‘the Financial Regulation’)
         (OJ 2002 L 248, p. 1), to which the latter article refers. It must also be observed that, when questioned on this point during
         the hearing, the applicant merely claimed that the arbitration clause was ‘apparently’ entered into as the negotiator always
         appeared to the applicant to have power to bind the Commission contractually and, ultimately, the Community for the purpose
         of the present real estate transaction. In its written pleadings, the Commission denied that the applicant could rely, in
         the present case, on the theory of ostensible authority, as it had not shown in what way the negotiator’s attitude could have
         suggested that he was empowered to bind the Commission contractually.
      
      60     Assuming that the theory of ostensible authority is recognised in Community law, particularly with regard to the representation
         of parties to a contract, applying that theory necessarily presupposes that the third party pleading that authority establishes
         that the circumstances of the case justified his belief that such ostensible authority accorded with reality. It follows that,
         in the present case, the applicant, which brought its action on the basis of an arbitration clause ‘apparently’ entered into
         by it and the Commission, must at least show that, having regard to the circumstances of the case, it could legitimately have
         believed that the negotiator was empowered to bind the Commission contractually, acting for and on behalf of the Community.
      
      61     That is not the case here. The applicant has adduced no evidence at all in support of its allegations that the negotiator
         appeared to it to be the competent authorising officer with the powers necessary to bind the Commission and the Community
         contractually. Thus it has not been shown that the error pleaded by the applicant as to the exact limits of the negotiator’s
         powers was induced by the latter’s conduct.
      
      62     Nor has, the applicant shown that the facts of the case justified its error, without imprudence or negligence on its part,
         as to the exact limits of the negotiator’s powers and the significance of the negotiator’s handwritten statement and signature
         of 26 June 2003 on the letter accompanying the draft lease (see paragraph 11 above). As the documents in the file show, Fortis
         AG, which represented the applicant in the pre-contract negotiations, is an informed operator and a significant player in
         the Brussels real estate market. Before the present negotiations, it had conducted several similar negotiations between 1999
         and 2002 with the Commission departments. The documents produced in that connection by the Commission attest to the fact that
         it is customary in transactions of that kind to negotiate the terms of the future contract and any jurisdiction agreement
         relating to it before starting the internal supervision and decision-making procedure which ends with the contractual commitment
         of the Commission. In view of its experience in the matter, Fortis AG knew that the agreement on the terms of the contract
         and the jurisdiction agreement precede the Commission’s legal commitment, which is entered into only after the institution’s
         internal supervision and decision-making stage. In the present case, the handwritten statement of 26 June 2003, in which the
         negotiator pointed out, in particular, that the terms of the jurisdiction agreement had been submitted to the supervisory
         authorities, were sufficiently clear and definite to enable Fortis AG to understand that the Commission’s internal supervision
         and decision-making stage had been initiated and that, in accordance with its usual practice, the contractual commitment would
         be entered into by the competent authorising officer only upon completion of that procedure.
      
      63     This conclusion cannot be called into question on the ground that the Commission did not in the present negotiations expressly
         inform the other party of the exact rules of its internal supervision and decision-making procedure or that the present negotiations
         were being conducted with a new entity, specifically constituted by the Commission to manage real estate transactions. As
         the ostensible situation claimed by the applicant differed from the customary practice in that sphere (see paragraph 62 above),
         which was known to the applicant, the applicant’s suspicions ought to have been aroused and it ought to have been induced
         to verify, in the present case, the exact extent of the negotiator’s powers. By failing to do so in the circumstances of the
         present case, the applicant acted negligently and it cannot legitimately take advantage of that in the context of the present
         action.
      
      64     In the light of the foregoing, there is no foundation for the applicant’s argument that it legitimately believed that the
         power to negotiate the terms of the lease was the same as the power to bind the Commission contractually and that the agreement
         of 26 June 2003 between the parties to the negotiations could be equated with a contractual commitment on the part of the
         Commission. There is therefore no foundation for the applicant’s claim that, in the present case, the alleged arbitration
         clause ‘apparently’ existed in that connection as from 26 June 2003. 
      
      65     Consequently, without its being necessary to rule on whether Fortis AG had the power to represent the applicant for the purpose
         of stipulating the alleged arbitration clause, the conclusion must be that, as the applicant has failed to demonstrate the
         existence of an arbitration clause validly concluded by the parties to the present action, and as the applicant has failed
         in that respect to comply with the provisions of Article 44(5a) of the Rules of Procedure, its action is inadmissible in so
         far as it has been brought on the basis of the combined provisions of Articles 225(1) EC and 238 EC.
      
       The alternative action for non-contractual liability 
      66     In its application, the applicant indicated that its action for liability had been brought before the Court on an alternative
         basis should the Court find that the lease had not been entered into by the parties, on the basis of Articles 225 EC and 235
         EC, as well as the second paragraph of Article 288 EC.
      
      67     Consequently, it is necessary to give a ruling on the action for non-contractual liability which has been duly instituted
         by the applicant on the basis of the abovementioned articles.
      
       A – Merits
      
       1. Arguments of the parties
      68     The applicant complains that the Commission failed in its duty to act in good faith in connection with the pre-contract negotiations
         and abused its right not to contract by breaking off the pre-contract negotiations at a very advanced stage. First of all,
         the Commission did not inform the applicant, on receiving the offer of 16 June 2003, that it could not accept the offer by
         reason of the imperatives of its internal decision-making procedure but, on the contrary, countersigned the offer in the knowledge
         that, on that basis, the applicant would start the fitting-out work. Second, it allowed negotiations to continue until 14 September
         2003, when it knew from the beginning of July 2003 that they were bound to fail. Finally, the Commission never gave the true
         reason for the termination of the negotiations and recklessly pursued them without taking into account the opposition of officials
         to the location of the Building. The applicant denies that the Financial Regulation confers on the Commission an absolute
         right not to complete the process for the conclusion of a contract without owing compensation. On this point, the applicant
         submits that the provisions of Title V of Part One of the Financial Regulation are unlawful, either because they were adopted
         on an incorrect legal basis, in breach of the principle that the Community can only act within the powers conferred on it
         or because they infringe Article 288 EC by unlawfully exempting the Commission from part of its liability. The applicant submits
         in the alternative that, as against the applicant, the Commission cannot rely on the rule in the first paragraph of Article 101
         of the Financial Regulation because it did not itself comply with the requirements of the second paragraph of that article,
         which requires the interested tenderers to be informed of the reasons for the decision to abandon the procurement.
      
      69     At the reply stage, the applicant also claimed that, by withdrawing its acceptance of the offer, the Commission breached the
         general principles of Community law which prohibit the withdrawal of an administrative act conferring subjective rights on
         individuals.
      
      70     The applicant submits that the Commission also breached the principle of protection of legitimate expectations by breaking
         off the negotiations after leading the applicant, on 26 June 2003, to entertain a reasonable expectation that the agreement
         in principle on the terms of the lease would be followed by signature of the lease. First, the Commission misled the applicant
         as to the extent of its, the Commission’s, obligations by failing to inform it that, because of the imperatives of its internal
         procedure, it would not be legally bound until formal signature of the lease by the authorised officer and that any initiative
         undertaken by the applicant in the meantime would be at its own risk. Second, the Commission encouraged the applicant to place
         the necessary orders for the fitting-out work. For instance, the Commission insisted on several occasions that the work be
         completed quickly so that the installation of officials could be carried out on the date when the lease took effect on 1 November
         2003. In addition, the negotiator countersigned without the slightest reservation the letter of 16 June 2003 which stated
         as follows: ‘on receipt [of the countersigned letter] we shall, as you have requested, place the orders for the work without
         awaiting formal signature of the lease.’ Furthermore, at the meeting of 6 June 2003, referred to in paragraph 5 above, the
         negotiator, first, informed Fortis AG that, although the lease could not be signed before 15 June 2003, it was certain to
         be taken up and, second, he suggested to his interlocutors that they rely on his word to place the orders necessary for the
         fitting-out work. On the basis of that legitimate expectation, which was not subsequently called into question, the applicant
         placed, from 4 July 2003, the orders necessary for the fitting-out work so that it could meet its obligations under the lease
         within the prescribed time-limits. Only later, by implication from 10 July 2003 and expressly on 14 September 2003, did the
         Commission express doubt with regard to the formal signature of the lease.
      
      71     In respect of the damage arising from those illegal acts, the applicant claims, first, compensation for its loss of the opportunity
         to enter into the lease by an award of 75% of the expected contractual earnings, namely a total of EUR 6 608 821.25.
      
      72     The applicant also seeks reimbursement of the costs incurred to no purpose in the negotiations. With regard, first, to the
         costs claimed by its suppliers, companies A and B, in connection with the orders placed, totalling EUR 41 637.77, these were
         incurred on the basis of the legitimate expectation entertained by the applicant that the lease would be signed. Second, in
         respect of the services performed by the limited company Fortis Real Estate Property Management (‘FREPM’), a Fortis group
         company which acted as project manager in the negotiations, for the sum of EUR 19 298.76 excluding VAT, and by staff of Fortis
         AG for a sum estimated at EUR 21 690.68, those costs were incurred for the sole benefit of the Commission, on the basis of
         the legitimate expectation that the lease would be taken up.
      
      73     Finally, the applicant seeks compensation for the loss of the opportunity to let the Building to a third party on equivalent
         terms for the duration of the negotiations, that is to say, from 13 May to 14 September 2003. During that period, it refrained
         from conducting negotiations concerning the Building with third parties and thus conferred on the Commission an exclusive
         right which was justified by the Commission’s manifest readiness to take up the lease. The applicant estimates the damage
         at a total of EUR 40 000 on an equitable basis.
      
      74     The Commission contends, first, that, in breaking off the negotiations with the applicant, there was no misconduct on its
         part for the purposes of the second paragraph of Article 288 EC.
      
      75     Article 101 of the Financial Regulation confers upon it an absolute right not to take up the lease, without owing compensation.
         That right to abandon the procurement, which is exercised without prejudice to the application of the second paragraph of
         Article 288 EC, is effective as against the applicant. In the present case, the Commission considers that it fulfilled the
         requirements of Article 101 of the Financial Regulation even though it refrained from informing the applicant of the reasons
         for its decision to abandon the procurement, because the applicant did not send a prior request in writing to that effect.
      
      76     The Commission denies the applicant’s plea of illegality. The rules applying to the award of Community public contracts and
         to legal commitments of the European Union authorities laid down in the Financial Regulation were legally adopted on the basis
         of Articles 274 EC and 279 EC, so that there are no grounds for refusing to apply them in the present case.
      
      77     The Commission claims that, as it merely exercised its rights, in conformity with the Community procedures for the award of
         public contracts, in abandoning the lease because of very specific considerations relating to technical problems connected
         with the Building and its geographical location, and as, on 26 June 2003, it informed the applicant of the beginning of the
         consultation and decision-making process and, without delay, kept the applicant informed of the suspension of that procedure
         and then of the decision not to take up the lease, it, the Commission, cannot be criticised for seriously and manifestly disregarding
         the limits to its discretion in this particular case. Nor can it, be alleged against the Commission that it failed to inform
         the applicant expressly that final approval of the lease was subject to a consultation and decision-making process because
         the relevant rules are binding on all the persons concerned, are published in the Official Journal and therefore known to
         everyone, including, the applicant who, furthermore, had notice of them in previous negotiations. In those circumstances,
         the Commission cannot be considered to have acted in breach of good faith in the pre-contract negotiations in question.
      
      78     The Commission also considers that it cannot be criticised for having withdrawn its consent to taking up the lease as it never
         gave its consent, contrary to what the applicant alleges.
      
      79     The Commission contends that it did not breach the principle of the protection of legitimate expectations in the circumstances
         of the present case. It never encouraged the applicant to incur expenditure with a view to carrying out the fitting-out work,
         nor did it lead the applicant to entertain a legitimate expectation that the lease would be taken up. In particular, it gave
         no definite assurance concerning the outcome of the consultation and decision-making process. On the contrary, the negotiator
         expressed reservations concerning taking up the lease in his handwritten note of 26 June 2003 and his email of 30 June 2003.
         Furthermore, during the negotiations he informed the applicant that its wish to have the lease approved within a certain period
         could not be met in view of the obligation to adhere to the consultation and decision-making procedure.
      
      80     Second, the Commission denies that the applicant has discharged its burden of proving a direct causal link between the unlawful
         conduct and the alleged damage. With regard to the loss of an opportunity to contract, the damage arising from the non-occupation
         of a building, suffered a number of years after the pre-contract negotiations were broken off, cannot be regarded as a normal
         consequence of the latter. In respect of the costs incurred by suppliers, the applicant by its own conduct, directly caused
         that damage by deciding to place orders at a time when it was aware that the lease had not yet been approved and despite the
         reservations expressed by the negotiator. Finally, with regard to the costs of FREPM and of Fortis AG staff, the applicant
         has not shown in what respect the alleged services were performed on the occasion of the negotiations for the lease.
      
      81     Third, the Commission denies that the applicant has discharged its burden of proving actual and certain damage.
      82     In Community law, compensation cannot be allowed for the loss of the anticipated profit from the performance of a contract
         where there is no contract. Moreover, compensation for the loss of an opportunity is open to dispute in the present case because
         the applicant never lost the opportunity to let the Building to a third party. In any case, the applicant has not shown the
         extent of the alleged damage.
      
      83     With regard to the costs claimed by suppliers, the applicant has not shown that the alleged damage was actually sustained,
         namely that the materials were paid for and that they were ordered to no purpose.
      
      84     The costs incurred by FREPM or Fortis AG in connection with the negotiations do not constitute damage for which compensation
         can be awarded because of the Commission’s right to refrain from concluding public contracts without compensation. In addition,
         the applicant has not shown to the requisite legal standard that it suffered actual personal damage or that the factors used
         to evaluate the alleged damage are relevant.
      
      85     Finally, the applicant can claim nothing for the alleged loss of an opportunity to let the Building to a third party for the
         duration of the negotiations because no compensation is due for the loss of the profit from a contract which was not formed.
         In any case, the applicant has not proved that it actually had an opportunity to let the Building to a third party for the
         duration of the negotiations.
      
       2. Findings of the Court
      86     It is settled case-law that in order for the Community to incur non-contractual liability under the second paragraph of Article 288
         EC a number of conditions must be satisfied: the institutions’ conduct must be unlawful, actual damage must have been suffered
         and there must be a causal link between the conduct and the damage pleaded (Case 26/81 Oleifici Mediterranei v EEC [1982] ECR 3057, paragraph 16; Case T‑175/94 International Procurement Services v Commission [1996] ECR II‑729, paragraph 44; Case T‑336/94 Efisol v Commission [1996] ECR II‑1343, paragraph 30; and Case T‑267/94 Oleifici Italiani v Commission [1997] ECR II‑1239, paragraph 20).
      
      87     If any one of those conditions is not satisfied, the action must be dismissed in its entirety and it is unnecessary to consider
         the other conditions for non-contractual liability (Case T‑170/00 Förde-Reederei v Council and Commission [2002] ECR II‑515, paragraph 37); nor is the Court required to examine the conditions giving rise to the liability of the
         Community in a particular order (Case C‑257/98 P Lucaccioni v Commission [1999] ECR I‑5251, paragraph 13).
      
       a) The alleged unlawful conduct
      
       Preliminary observations
      88     First of all, the context of the present pre-contract negotiations must be described.
      89     Under Article 104 of the Financial Regulation and Article 116(7) of Commission Regulation (EC, Euratom) No 2342/2002 of 23 December
         2002, laying down detailed rules for the implementation of the Financial Regulation (‘the detailed rules’) (OJ 2002 L 357,
         p. 1), the Community institutions and their departments are deemed to be contracting authorities in the case of contracts
         awarded on their own account.
      
      90     Article 88(1) of the Financial Regulation states that public contracts are contracts for pecuniary interest concluded in writing
         by a contracting authority in order to obtain, against payment of a price paid in whole or in part from the budget, the supply
         of movable or immovable assets, the execution of works or the provision of services. The same article provides that those
         contracts include contracts for the purchase or rental of a building.
      
      91     In the present case it is common ground that the lease was to have been concluded by the applicant, a real estate company
         governed by Belgian law, and the European Community and that its subject-matter was the leasing of an existing building, namely
         building B1 of City Center, on behalf of the Commission, which wished to accommodate some of its departments therein.
      
      92     It follows from the foregoing that the Commission acted in the present case as a ‘contracting authority’ within the meaning
         of Article 104 of the Financial Regulation and Article 116(7) of the detailed rules and that the lease must be classified
         as a ‘public contract’ within the meaning of Article 88(1) of the Financial Regulation and, more exactly, as a ‘building contract’
         within the meaning of Article 116(1) of the detailed rules.
      
      93     Without its being unnecessary at this stage to rule on the nature or lawfulness of Title V of Part One of the Financial Regulation
         and the detailed rules (see paragraphs 114 to 117 and 118 to 125 respectively below), it must be observed that the lease was
         subject to those provisions, which govern the procedure for the award of contracts concluded on behalf of a Community institution,
         including public building contracts (see, to that effect, Case T‑148/04 TQ3 Travel Solutions Belgium v Commission [2005] ECR II‑2627, paragraph 1).
      
      94     Article 126(1) of the detailed rules provides that, when they award building contracts, the contracting authorities may use
         the negotiated procedure, without a threshold limit and without prior publication of a contract notice, after prospecting
         the local market. In the context of such a procedure, the contracting authority may choose freely the undertaking or undertakings
         with which they wish to enter into negotiations.
      
      95     In the present case, the documents in the file show that the Commission chose to use the negotiated procedure, without prior
         publication of a contract notice and after prospecting the local market, in order to meet its needs for the accommodation
         of some of its staff.
      
      96     The applicant’s complaints of illegality must be examined in the particular context of that procedure for awarding a contract.
       Withdrawal of a duly-given acceptance, failure to state the reasons for breaking off pre-contract negotiations, and entering
         recklessly into pre-contract negotiations 
      
      97     In relation to the complaint that the Commission disregarded the rule forbidding the withdrawal of a duly-given acceptance,
         it must be observed first of all that the complaint was raised for the first time at the reply stage. However, under Article 48(2)
         of the Rules of Procedure, no new plea in law may be introduced in the course of the proceedings unless it is based on matters
         of law or of fact which come to light in the course of the procedure.
      
      98     In the present case, the complaint in question could have been raised at the stage of the application, which was lodged on
         5 July 2004. The documents in the file show that on 24 September 2003 the applicant, by letter addressed to the Commission,
         took formal notice of the fact that the director of OIB had officially informed the applicant that ‘the City Centre project
         is no longer one of the Commission’s … priorities for the installation of its own departments’. Consequently, that was the
         date on which the applicant became aware of the unlawful act which it alleges, namely the disregard of the rule forbidding
         the withdrawal of an acceptance said to have been duly given.
      
      99     Consequently, the applicant’s complaint, which was raised belatedly in the course of the present proceedings, must be dismissed
         as inadmissible.
      
      100   With regard to the complaint that the Commission breached the principle of good faith and abused its right not to contract
         by not informing the applicant of the true reasons for its decision to abandon the procurement for which the pre-contract
         negotiations had been started and, consequently, for breaking off the negotiations, it must be observed that, in the circumstances
         of the present case, this is, in essence, akin to a complaint that no reasons were given for the decision not to award the
         contract. Under the second paragraph of Article 101 of the Financial Regulation and, more generally, the general obligation
         to state reasons pursuant to Article 253 EC, the Commission was under an obligation, at the same time as informing the applicant
         of the decision not to award the contract for which it was bidding, to inform it also of the reasons for that decision.
      
      101   The Court finds, however, that the applicant has not alleged any damage (see paragraph 157 below) liable to have arisen, through
         a cause-and-effect connection, from the Commission’s failure to state the reasons for its decision to abandon the procurement
         and, therefore, to break off the pre-contract negotiations. Therefore, the conditions requiring that there be damage and a
         causal connection between that damage and the unlawful conduct of the Community institution, which are necessary for non-contractual
         liability on the part of the Community to be incurred (see paragraphs 86 and 87 above) have not been fulfilled in the present
         case. Consequently, the Community cannot have incurred non-contractual liability by reason of that alleged illegality.
      
      102   Consequently, the complaint alleging failure to state the reasons for breaking off the pre-contract negotiations were not
         given has no merit and must be dismissed.
      
      103   Likewise, the complaint that the Commission breached the principle of good faith and abused its right not to contract by entering
         recklessly into pre-contract negotiations which it then had to break off must be dismissed. This complaint is based on the
         argument that the only reason for the termination of the negotiations was the opposition of officials to the location of the
         Building, of which the Commission was aware at the time when it began the negotiations. However, this allegation has not been
         substantiated. On the other hand, it is clear from the rejoinder and the documents in the file that the negotiations were
         broken off by reason of a number of technical problems connected with the geographical location of the Building, which were
         noted by certain supervisory authorities (see paragraph 20 above) when the matter was referred to them in the course of the
         internal supervisory and decision-making procedure.
      
      104   Therefore, the question whether the Commission acted unlawfully in the present case must be examined by taking account of
         the other complaints made by the applicant.
      
       Late notice of the decision to break off the pre-contract negotiations, failure to set out the internal decision-making rules
         and the assurances given concerning taking up the lease and/or the acceptance of responsibility for the associated investments
      
      105   With regard to the condition of illegal conduct, the case-law requires a sufficiently serious breach to be shown of a rule
         of law intended to confer rights on individuals (Case C‑352/98 P Bergaderm and Goupil v Commission [2000] I‑5291, paragraph 42). The decisive criterion for finding that a breach of Community law is sufficiently serious is
         whether the Community institution concerned manifestly and gravely disregarded the limits to its discretion. Where an institution
         has only a considerably reduced, or even no, discretion, the mere infringement of Community law may be sufficient to establish
         the existence of a sufficiently serious breach (Case C‑312/00 P Commission v Camarand Tico [2002] ECR I‑11355, paragraph 54, and Joined Cases T‑198/95, T‑171/96, T‑230/97, T‑174/98 and T‑225/99 Comafrica and Dole Fresh Fruit Europe v Commission [2001] ECR II‑1975, paragraph 134).
      
      106   In view of the criteria identified by the case-law, it is necessary first to determine whether the breaches claimed by the
         applicant relate to rules of law conferring rights on individuals. On this point it must be observed that the plea of abuse
         of a right resulting from the circumstances of the abandonment of the lease and the termination of the pre-contract negotiations
         has, in the applicant’s arguments, no significance independent of the complaint of a breach of the principle of good faith.
         Therefore the plea of a abuse of rights is indistinguishable from the latter complaint.
      
      –       The nature of the rules allegedly breached
      107   In Joined Cases 43/59, 45/59 and 48/59 Von Lachmüller and Others v Commission [1960] ECR 463, p. 474, and Case 44/59 Fiddelaar v Commission [1960] ECR 535, p. 547, the Court held that the conduct of the Community public authority, in administrative as in contractual
         matters, is at all times subject to observance of the principle of good faith. Community case-law has also developed a rule
         that individuals cannot seek to misuse Community measures (see, to that effect, Case 33/74 Van Binsbergen [1974] ECR 1299, paragraph 13; Case 229/83 Leclerc and Others [1985] ECR 1, paragraph 27; Case 39/86 Lair [1988] ECR 3161, paragraph 43; Case C‑8/92 General Milk Products [1993] ECR I‑779, paragraph 21; Case C‑23/93 TV10 [1994] ECR I‑4795, paragraph 21; Case C‑367/96 Kefalas and Others [1998] ECR I‑2843, paragraph 20; Case C‑373/97 Diamantis [2000] ECR I‑1705. paragraph 33; and Case C‑255/02 Halifax and Others [2006] ECR I‑1609, paragraph 69). Where negotiations take place for the conclusion of a contract between the Community public
         authority and a tenderer in the context of a public procurement procedure, those rules of law confer rights on the tenderer
         concerned by imposing certain limits to the conduct of a Community contracting authority which decides to abandon the procurement
         and not to contract.
      
      108   Furthermore, it is clear from the case-law that the principle of the protection of legitimate expectations is a general principle
         of Community law which confers rights on individuals (Joined Cases C‑104/89 and C‑37/90 Mulder and Others v Council and Commission [1992] ECR I‑3061, paragraph 15, and Case T‑43/98 Emesa Sugar v Council [2001] ECR II‑3519, paragraphs 64 and 87). In a public procurement procedure, that principle confers rights on any tenderer
         who is in a situation in which it is apparent that, in giving him specific assurances, the Community administration has led
         him to entertain reasonable expectations (see, to that effect, Case T‑203/96 Embassy Limousines & Services v Parliament [1998] ECR II‑4239, paragraph 74 et seq.).
      
      109   In the light of the foregoing, the Court finds that the applicant alleges in the present case a breach of rules which confer
         rights on individuals.
      
      110   The criteria identified by the case law entail, secondly, an assessment of the Commission’s room for manoeuvre in the present
         case, under inter alia the first paragraph of Article 101 of the Financial Regulation, in refusing to take up the lease and
         consequently breaking off the negotiations which it had begun.
      
      –       The scope, nature, lawfulness and effectiveness of the first paragraph of Article 101 of the Financial Regulation
      
      111   It follows from the first paragraph of Article 101 of the Financial Regulation that, in the context of a negotiated procedure,
         without prior publication of a contract notice, after prospecting the local market, as was lawfully done in the present case,
         the contracting authority has a very broad discretion to refuse to conclude the contract and, therefore, to terminate the
         pre-contract negotiations which have been started (see, to that effect and by analogy, Case C‑27/98 Fracasso and Leitschutz [1999] ECR I‑5697, paragraphs 23 to 25, and Embassy Limousines & Services v Parliament, paragraph 108 above, paragraph 54).
      
      112   It follows that, in order for the condition concerning the existence of unlawful conduct to be fulfilled, the applicant must
         show not only that the Commission breached one of the rules of law relied on by the applicant, having regard to the circumstances
         of the decision not to take up the lease and consequently to terminate the pre-contract negotiations, but also that that breach
         constituted a manifest and serious disregard of the limits imposed on the Commission’s discretion.
      
      113   This finding is not affected by the arguments or pleas put forward by the applicant.
      114   With respect to the applicant’s argument that, like the other provisions of Title V of Part One of the Financial Regulation,
         the first paragraph of Article 101 is not applicable to the grant of the lease in so far as it only lays down internal organisation
         measures of the Community institutions which, by their very nature, cannot give rise to legal effects for third parties, suffice
         it to observe that, on the contrary, Article 101 contains requirements of a regulatory nature which, pursuant to Article 249
         EC, are of general application, binding in their entirety and directly applicable to the objective situation which they govern.
      
      115   It is clear from the final provisions of the Financial Regulation that, like all its provisions, the first paragraph of Article 101
         is binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States. It has been published in the Official Journal as
         an act whose publication is a condition of its applicability.
      
      116   It is also clear from recital 24 in the preamble to the Financial Regulation that the first paragraph of Article 101 governs
         public contracts awarded by the Community institutions on their own account. Therefore, by virtue of its very purpose, Article 101
         must produce legal effects in relation to all third parties who bid for those contracts. It must also be observed that the
         first paragraph of Article 101 sets out the contracting authority’s rights in its relations with tenderers for public contracts.
         As the Commission correctly observes, those provisions would have no meaning or effect if they were of the nature of a mere
         internal operational rule of the institutions. It follows from the wording of the first paragraph of Article 101 that it is
         intended to produce legal effects as against third parties who tender for a public contract awarded by a Community institution
         for its own account and that, to that extent, it is of general application.
      
      117   In the present case, the first paragraph of Article 101 was effective as against the applicant and was applicable to the procedure
         for awarding the contract in question here, as the pre-contract negotiations began subsequent to the date of publication and
         application of the Financial Regulation. It was published in the Official Journal on 16 September 2002 and came into force
         on 1 January 2003, in accordance with Article 187 thereof, while the pre-contract negotiations between the Commission and
         the applicant did not begin until May 2003.
      
      118   Furthermore, the applicant’s pleas of illegality in support of the inapplicability of the first paragraph of Article 101 and
         of the other provisions of Title V of Part One of the Financial Regulation to the present case must be dismissed.
      
      119   It must be observed that, in the context of the scheme of powers of the Community, the choice of the legal basis for a measure
         must rest on objective factors which are amenable to judicial review. Those factors include in particular the aim and content
         of the measure (see Case C‑84/94 United Kingdom v Council [1996] ECR I‑5755, paragraph 25, and case-law cited).
      
      120   Article 279 EC states that ‘the Council, acting unanimously on a proposal from the Commission and after consulting the European
         Parliament and obtaining the opinion of the Court of Auditors, shall make Financial Regulations specifying in particular the
         procedure to be adopted for establishing and implementing the budget and for presenting and auditing accounts’. That Article 
         confers a general power on the Council to lay down the rules governing the entire budgetary sphere covered by the EC Treaty,
         which includes not only the procedure for establishing and implementing the budget and for presenting and auditing accounts,
         but also, as expressed by the use of the phrase ‘in particular’, any other closely connected question.
      
      121   As appears from Article 88(1) of the Financial Regulation, the public contracts governed by the Financial Regulation are contracts
         which are financed, entirely or in part, by the Community budget. In the context of Community public contracts, the conclusion
         of the contract therefore gives rise to an obligation (legal commitment) resulting in an expense which is charged to the budget
         (budget commitment). By virtue of the principle of the unity and accuracy of the budget, the expense relating to a legal commitment
         must therefore be entered in the budget. To that extent, the award of public contracts by the Community institutions for their
         own account and the conclusion of the corresponding contracts are closely bound up with the implementation, in expenditure
         terms, of the budget.
      
      122   Whilst, as a general rule, the legislation on public contracts is not regarded as an integral part of budget law, which is
         considered to be narrower, it must be observed that in Community law observance of the principles arising from the general
         scheme of the financial provisions of the EC Treaty and, in particular, the principles of transparency and sound financial
         management justifies public contracts awarded for the account of the Community institutions themselves, which may be connected
         with the implementation of the budget, being subject to transparent rules ensuring observance of procedures protecting Community
         funds. In addition, although in most cases it is not in the nature of financial law or budget law to create rights or obligations
         for persons outside the public sphere, there is nothing to prevent those rules from having their own legal effects in relation
         to third parties who agree to bid for a Community public contract financed entirely or in part by the Community budget.
      
      123   It is clear from precisely Article 89 of the Financial Regulation that the purpose and object of the provisions of Title V
         of Part One of the same regulation, as supplemented by the corresponding provisions of the detailed rules, are that all public
         contracts financed in whole or in part by the budget are to comply with the principles of transparency, proportionality, equal
         treatment and non-discrimination and that all procurement contracts are to be put out to tender on the broadest possible base,
         except when use is made of the negotiated procedure. Those provisions thus aim to subject public contracts awarded for the
         Community institutions’ own account to transparent rules ensuring observance of the procedures for the protection of Community
         funds.
      
      124   It follows from the foregoing that Article 279 EC was an appropriate legal basis for the adoption of the provisions of Title
         V of Part One of the Financial Regulation. Moreover, it must be found that, in adopting the abovementioned rules, the Council
         acted on the basis and within the limits of its powers under Article 279 EC.
      
      125   With regard to the applicant’s argument that the first paragraph of Article 101 of the Financial Regulation infringes Article 288
         EC by unlawfully exempting the Commission from part of its liability, suffice it to observe that the right to abandon a procurement
         and not to conclude the contract in question is exercised without prejudice to the application of the second paragraph of
         Article 288 EC. It follows that, although the Commission has a broad discretion to break off negotiations, it may nevertheless
         incur the Community’s non-contractual liability where it is clear from the actual circumstances of such termination that the
         Commission acted unlawfully for the purpose of the second paragraph of Article 288 EC. 
      
      126   Finally, with regard to the applicant’s argument that, as against the applicant, the Commission cannot rely on the rule in
         the first paragraph of Article 101 of the Financial Regulation because it did not itself comply with the requirements of the
         second paragraph of that article, which requires the interested tenderers to be informed of the reasons for abandoning the
         procurement, it must be observed that the second paragraph requires the decision to abandon the procurement to contain reasons
         and brought to the attention of the candidates or tenderers. Failure to fulfil the obligation to state reasons is liable to
         invalidate the decision to abandon the procurement and not to conclude the contract. On the other hand, it cannot at this
         stage preclude the application of provisions which, in the present case, are intended to apply to the conclusion of the lease
         by reason of their regulatory nature.
      
      –       Breach of the principle of good faith and rule against abuse of rights
      127   First, it is necessary to examine, by reference to the criteria previously set out (paragraph 112 above), the applicant’s
         complaint that the Commission exceeded the limits imposed in the present case, by the principle of good faith and the rules
         against the abuse of rights, on its right not to contract, by continuing for more than two months negotiations which it knew
         were bound to fail. 
      
      128   It must first be observed that the Commission informed the applicant of its decision to abandon the procurement and therefore
         broke off the pre-contract negotiations on 24 September 2003 (see paragraph 98 above).
      
      129   This finding is not called into question by the Commission’s allegations that the information in question was given to the
         applicant in the course of a meeting held at the beginning of July. Apart from their lack of precision, those allegations
         are supported by no evidence and are contradicted by the correspondence in July 2003 between OIB and Fortis AG. Although the
         correspondence mentions a delay or postponement of approval of the lease, there is never any reference to the abandonment
         in any way of the actual principle of the procurement. Quite the contrary, the correspondence shows that on 14 July 2003 the
         negotiator informed the other party to the negotiations that the principle of taking up the lease had not, up to then, been
         called into question. In addition, in an undated letter received by Fortis AG on 23 July 2003, the negotiator also stated
         that he would keep it informed of the progress of the matter.
      
      130   Next it is necessary to determine the date on which the Commission took the decision to abandon the procurement. The applicant
         submits that the decision was taken in July 2003, but has produced no evidence in support. However, it appears from the Commission’s
         own pleadings that ‘at the beginning of July 2003’ and ‘because of all the difficulties arising in the course of the procedure,
         [it] finally decided to abandon leasing the [Building]’. The same pleadings show that in the course of July ‘OIB tried to
         seek a different solution [to leasing the Building] which would permit a move as soon as possible and [that] in that context
         negotiations were started with other prospective lessors’. It also appears from the documents produced by the Commission in
         the course of the proceedings that at the meeting of 16 July 2003, referred to in paragraph 24 above, BPG decided, taking
         account of the two-month delay in occupying the Building, to examine seriously and very rapidly the possibility of leasing
         building ‘M.’ and, consequently, the possibility of deferring the orders already given with a view to the internal fitting-out
         of the Building. In reply to questions put by the Court, the Commission also confirmed that, after the assessment by BPG,
         ‘OIB finally began the consultation and decision-making procedure for the building M.’ It must therefore be found that on
         16 July 2003 the Commission took the decision to abandon the procurement which it was negotiating with the applicant and to
         start a new negotiated procedure concerning a different building.
      
      131   In view of the period of more than two months between the decision being taken and the applicant being informed of it, it
         is clear that the Commission delayed informing the other party to the negotiations of its decision to abandon the procurement.
         It thus continued the pre-contract negotiations which it knew were bound to fail and deprived the applicant of the opportunity
         to seek another tenant for the Building from 16 July 2003. In the context of a property procurement negotiated with the applicant
         alone, concerning a building which was not available because of pre-contract negotiations, the Commission’s conduct breaches
         the principle of good faith and amounts to an abuse of its right not to contract.
      
      132   Having regard to the rules of law which are found to have been breached, in the present case such breach constitutes a serious
         and manifest disregard of the limits to the Commission’s discretion in exercising its right to abandon the procurement negotiated
         with the applicant and, thereby, to break off the negotiations entered into with the applicant.
      
      133   Second, it is necessary to examine the complaint that the Commission exceeded the limits, imposed by the principle of good
         faith and the rule against abuse of rights, on its power not to contract by failing to inform the applicant, upon receipt
         of the draft lease of 16 June 2003, that it could not accept the draft by reason of the needs of its internal approval procedure,
         but, having on the contrary, countersigned the covering letter in the knowledge that, on that basis, the applicant would place
         the orders for the fitting-out work. In essence, the applicant’s complaint is that the Commission broke off the pre-contract
         negotiations after having misled the applicant, through lack of information, as to the extent of the obligations which it
         had actually undertaken, thereby causing it damage. This argument raises the question whether the principle of good faith
         required the Commission in the present case to provide the applicant with particular information on the obligations which
         it actually undertook in the context of the pre-contract negotiations.
      
      134   First of all, it must be made clear that the Commission could be under an obligation, by virtue of the principle of good faith
         and the rule against abuse of rights, to give the applicant specific information only if the information in question was unavailable
         or, at the very least, quite difficult for the applicant to obtain.
      
      135   Under the first paragraph of Article 101 of the Financial Regulation, the Commission could, up to the date of signature of
         the lease, abandon the procurement and refuse to take up the lease. It follows that the Commission could not be legally bound
         by the lease before that date. Furthermore, as already stated in paragraph 117 above, the provisions of that article were
         applicable and effective as against the applicant, Consequently, it must be found that the applicant knew or ought to have
         known, even without specific information from the Commission, that the Commission could abandon the procurement, without owing
         compensation, up to the date of signature of the lease, so that the legal commitment could formally arise only from signature
         of the lease by the Commission. However, it is common ground that formal signature of the lease never took place in the present
         case.
      
      136   It must therefore be found that the applicant’s claim of a breach of the principle of good faith or of the rule against abuse
         of rights, arising solely from the lack of information from the Commission as to the obligations it actually undertook in
         the context of the pre-contract negotiations, is unfounded in the present case.
      
      137   In the light of the aforegoing considerations, the Court finds that, by informing the applicant belatedly of its’ decision
         to break off the pre-contract negotiations, the Commission breached the principle of good faith to a sufficiently serious
         degree and abused its right not to contract.
      
      –       Breach of the principle of the protection of legitimate expectations
      138   According to settled case-law, the right to rely on the principle of the protection of legitimate expectations extends to
         any individual in a situation where the Community authorities, by giving him precise assurances, have caused him to entertain
         legitimate expectations. Such assurances, in whatever form they are given, are precise, unconditional and consistent information
         from authorised and reliable sources. However, a person may not plead breach of the principle unless he has been given precise
         assurances by the administration (Case T‑273/01 Innova Privat-Akademie v Commission [2003] ECR II‑1093, paragraph 26, and the case-law cited). In addition, the case-law shows that assurances which do not take
         account of the relevant provisions cannot give rise to a legitimate expectation on the part of the person concerned, even
         if it is proved that they were given (see, in civil service disputes, Case 162/84 Vlachou v Court of Auditors [1986] ECR 481, paragraph 6; Case T‑123/89 Chomel v Commission [1990] ECR II‑131, paragraph 30; and Case T‑18/90 Jongen v Commission [1991/ ECR II‑187, paragraph 34).
      
      139   It is also clear from the case-law that traders must bear the economic risks inherent in their activities, taking account
         of the circumstances of each case. In connection with a tendering procedure, those economic risks include, inter alia, the
         costs connected with the preparation of the bid. The expenses thus incurred must therefore be borne by the undertaking which
         has chosen to participate in the procedure, since it in no way follows from the mere fact that an undertaking has the right
         to take part in a tendering procedure that its tender will be accepted (Embassy Limousines & Services, cited in paragraph 108 above, paragraph 75). On the other hand, if, before the contract in question is awarded to the successful
         tenderer, a tenderer is encouraged by the contracting institution to make irreversible investments in advance and thereby
         to go beyond the risks inherent in the business under consideration, consisting in making a bid, non-contractual liability
         may be incurred on the part of the Community (Embassy Limousines & Services v Parliament, cited in paragraph 108 above, paragraph 76).
      
      140   In the present case, the applicant pleads, first, that the Commission did not inform it of its, the Commission’s, alleged
         right, before signature of the lease, to abandon the procurement without owing compensation.
      
      141   However, as noted in paragraphs 117 and 135 above, the applicant ought to have known, even without being specifically informed,
         that the Commission had the right, before signature of the lease, to abandon the procurement, without owing compensation,
         so that the legal commitment could arise only from signature of the lease by the Commission. Therefore the applicant cannot
         plead precise assurances such as to give rise to a reasonable expectation that the lease would be taken up, which would have
         resulted from mere silence on the part of the Commission as to the rules applicable to the conclusion of the lease.
      
      142   Second, the applicant pleads that the negotiator encouraged it to make an immediate start on the work at the meeting of 6 June
         2003, referred to in paragraph 5 above. Suffice it to observe in that regard that, even assuming that the negotiator did make
         the remarks attributed to him, they were not such as to give rise to the legitimate expectation alleged by the applicant.
         The email of 11 June 2003, referred to in paragraph 6 above, shows that, after the meeting in question, Fortis AG still informed
         the negotiator that it could not reasonably place the orders for carrying out the work before the Commission confirmed its
         agreement to the terms of the lease. Furthermore, in its pleadings the applicant itself adds that, when it proposed certain
         conditions in its letter of 16 June 2003, referred to in paragraph 7 above, it merely wished to make a reservation for proof
         of the agreement reached by the parties to the negotiations, as it could not agree to be satisfied with the negotiator’s word
         alone at the meeting of 6 June 2003. In view of its own statements, therefore, the applicant cannot claim that the negotiator’s
         remarks were of such a nature as to give rise to reasonable expectations on its part, based on the fact that the lease would
         be taken up, and encouraged it to place the orders for the fitting-out work.
      
      143   Third, the applicant asserts that the Commission insisted on several occasions that the work be completed quickly so that
         the installation of officials could be carried out on the date when the lease took effect.
      
      144   It is clear from the file of documents, particularly the agreement for inter-institutional cooperation concluded with the
         Parliament, that adherence to the date for taking possession of the premises, 1 November 2003, was an essential condition
         for the Commission’s commitment. It follows that the award of the contract to the applicant and the conclusion and acceptance
         of the lease depended in principle on the applicant’s ability to complete the fitting-out work by 31 October 2003 at the latest.
      
      145   It is also clear from the documents in the file and from the Commission’s own statements that, until mid-July 2003, the Commission
         was negotiating only with the applicant in order to meet the need for accommodation for some of its staff. It follows that,
         up to then, the Commission and, specifically, OIB behaved and acted as if the contract were to be awarded to the applicant
         and performed by it. It also appears from the documents produced by the Commission in the course of the proceedings that,
         until 7 July 2003, the date of the opinion of the DG Personnel and Administration, OIB had no reason to believe that the technical
         problems connected with the geographical location of the Building which were subsequently claimed by the Commission to be
         the cause of the termination of the pre-contract negotiations, were likely to jeopardise the award of the contract to the
         applicant and the conclusion of the lease.
      
      146   It is also clear from the file that, before learning of the simultaneous negotiations conducted by the Commission with other
         real estate firms in the Brussels market, the applicant had no reason to believe that problems other than the completion of
         the work on schedule could jeopardise the conclusion of the lease. Only in the context of the present proceedings, that is
         to say, after the date alleged to be the date when its legitimate expectations originated, 26 June 2003, did the applicant
         learn of the problems which gave rise to the Commission’s decision to abandon the procurement and not to take up the lease.
      
      147   The relevance of the evidence adduced by the applicant in support of its allegations that the Commission encouraged it to
         carry out the fitting-out work without waiting for the formal signature of the lease falls to be assessed in the light of
         those findings.
      
      148   The applicant claims that the negotiator countersigned, without expressing the slightest reservation, the letter of 16 June
         2003 which stated that, upon receipt of the countersigned letter, the applicant would, as requested, place the orders for
         the fitting-out work without awaiting formal signature of the lease (see paragraph 7 above). The Commission disputes the applicant’s
         allegations and contends that the applicant took the initiative in starting the fitting-out work without waiting for the lease
         to be taken up and that therefore the applicant accepted the risk that it would not be reimbursed for the fitting-out work
         in accordance with the conditions of the lease.
      
      149   With regard to the lack of any reaction from OIB to the reference in the letter of 16 June 2003 to the Commission’s request
         for fitting-out work to be started without awaiting formal signature of the lease, it must be observed that not only did the
         negotiator not dispute this, but he even tried to comply with the applicant’s conditions for agreeing to submit to mandatory
         time-limits triggering penalties for delay and for placing orders for fitting-out work without awaiting formal signature of
         the lease. All these circumstances contradict the Commission’s argument that the applicant took the initiative in placing
         the orders without being asked to do so and without waiting for the lease to be signed. Those circumstances testify to the
         existence of OIB’s encouragement of the applicant to place the orders necessary for the fitting-out work without even awaiting
         formal signature of the lease stipulating that such work would be charged to the Commission by the payment of additional rent.
      
      150   As the applicant correctly pointed out, the encouragement to start the fitting-out work is confirmed by the acceptance, on
         4 July 2003 (see paragraph 18 above), by another official of OIB, of an offer from Fortis AG relating to the hourly cost of
         a security service for the site of the Building, the amount of such costs being taken from the item ‘Installation of site’
         of the budget for the fitting-out work. This express agreement testifies to the fact that the OIB officials tried to meet
         all the conditions for the applicant to be able to carry out the fitting-out work without awaiting formal signature of the
         lease.
      
      151   The encouragement given on 26 June 2003 by OIB and, finally, the Commission, to the early execution of the fitting-out work
         was such as to induce the applicant, on that date, to entertain a legitimate expectation that the Commission would reimburse
         it for the investments made even before the formal signature of the lease.
      
      152   These findings cannot be called into question, as the Commission argues, by the handwritten note by Mr S. on the letter of
         16 June 2003, as countersigned on 26 June 2003 by the negotiator, and which raised the question of whether the orders could
         be given. In view of the ambiguous and laconic nature of the words in question, the Commission’s interpretation of them as
         meaning that they express the applicant’s doubts as to the possibility of placing orders without legal risk on the basis of
         the agreement of 26 June 2003, appears too speculative and uncertain to be accepted. As the applicant correctly observed,
         the words could just as well be interpreted as a request for the orders to be given from then on.
      
      153   In view of the circumstances of the case, the conclusion must be that the applicant was encouraged by the Commission, in its
         capacity as contracting authority, to make irreversible investments in advance and, consequently, to go beyond the risks inherent
         in the activities concerned, consisting in submitting a tender in the context of a public procurement procedure. Furthermore,
         it must be found that the applicant acted reasonably and realistically in agreeing to make the necessary investments in advance
         so as to be able to implement the lease in accordance with the Commission’s requirements. The applicant had previously received
         specific assurances from the Commission that it would reimburse the applicant for the fitting-out work which the applicant
         had to carry out outside the contractual cover.
      
      154   This finding is not called into question by the fact that the Commission could have abandoned the procurement and, therefore,
         refused to take up the lease without compensation being payable, up to the date of signature of the lease, in accordance with
         Article 100 and the first paragraph of Article 101 of the Financial Regulation. The existence of such a right does rule out
         the possibility that the Commission, as a result of its conduct, may have given the other party the impression that it would
         not exercise that right in a particular case (see, to that effect, and by analogy, Embassy Limousines & Services v Parliament, cited at paragraph 108 above, paragraphs 54 and 86).
      
      155   Therefore, the Court finds that the Commission infringed in a sufficiently serious manner the principle of the protection
         of legitimate expectations by breaking off the pre-contract negotiations after encouraging the applicant to carry out the
         fitting-out work so as to be able to let the Building from 1 November 2003.
      
      156   In the light of all the aforegoing considerations with regard to the condition of unlawful conduct, found that, in breaking
         off the pre-contract negotiations, the Commission’s conduct was unlawful and capable of giving rise to non-contractual liability
         on the Commission’s part by allowing pre-contract negotiations, which it knew were bound to fail, to continue, and by breaking
         off the pre-contract negotiations after encouraging the applicant to carry out the fitting-out work necessary for letting
         the Building from 1 November 2003. The remainder of the applicant’s submission must be dismissed as unfounded.
      
       b) The alleged damage and the casual link between the unlawful conduct and the damage
      157   The applicant seeks compensation for the loss of the opportunity to enter into the lease, for the costs incurred in connection
         with the pre-contract negotiations and for the loss of the opportunity to let the Building to a third party during those negotiations.
      
      158   It must be remembered that the causal link required by the second paragraph of Article 288 EC entails the existence of a direct
         link of cause and effect between the unlawfulness of the conduct of the Community and the damage alleged, that is to say the
         damage must be a direct consequence of the conduct complained of (Case T‑146/01 DLD Trading v Council [2003] ECR II‑6005, paragraph 72; see also, to that effect, Joined Cases 64/76, 113/76, 167/78, 239/78, 27/79, 28/79 and 45/79
         Dumortier frères and Others v Council [1979] ECR 3091, paragraph 21; Joined Cases C‑46/93 and C‑48/93 Brasserie duPêcheur and Factortame [1996] ECR I‑1029, paragraph 51; and International Procurement Services, cited in paragraph 86 above, paragraph 55).
      
      159   In addition, it must be noted that, according to settled case-law, it is first and foremost for the party seeking to establish
         the Community’s liability to adduce conclusive proof as to the existence or extent of the damage he alleges and to establish
         the causal link between that damage and the conduct complained of on the part of the Community institutions (Case C‑401/96
         P Somaco v Commission [1998] ECR I‑2587, paragraph 71, and Case T‑168/94 Blackspur DIY and Others v Council and Commission [1995] ECR II‑2627, paragraph 40).
      
      160   The applicant’s claims for compensation must be examined in the light of those considerations.
       Claim for compensation for loss of opportunity to contract
      161   In the present case, the unilateral termination of the contractual negotiations falls within the scope of the contracting
         authority’s right not to take up the lease pursuant to the first paragraph of Article 101 of the Financial Regulation. Consequently,
         the applicant never acquired a right to conclude the lease. Furthermore, without a binding agreement between the parties,
         the applicant could not have acquired a right of any kind under the lease nor, therefore, a right to obtain the anticipated
         contractual earnings.
      
      162   It follows that the Commission’s unlawful conduct, which arises entirely from the circumstances of its exercise of the right
         to abandon the procurement and to terminate the pre-contract negotiations unilaterally cannot be regarded as the cause of
         the damage consisting in the loss of an opportunity to contract and to obtain the earnings anticipated from the conclusion
         of the lease. Therefore, the damage sustained by the applicant as a result of that unlawful conduct cannot include the earnings
         which it hoped to derive from letting the Building or even the loss of an opportunity to obtain such earnings (see, to that
         effect, Embassy Limousines & Services v Parliament, cited at paragraph 108 above, paragraph 96).
      
      163   This finding is not called into question by the evidence adduced in the present case by the applicant. First, the documents
         produced by the applicant in support of its claim relate only to French and Belgian law and do not show that the law of those
         countries enshrines the principle of compensation for earnings lost owing to the non-conclusion of a contract. On the contrary,
         the documents show that most legal theorists are opposed to such an approach, which furthermore has not been adopted in case-law.
         Second, the fact that the applicant claims as compensation only part of the lost earnings is not such as to cast doubt on
         the above finding because it would in any case amount to giving effect, albeit partly, to a contract which was never concluded
         and to the conclusion of which the applicant was never entitled.
      
      164   In view of the foregoing, and without its being necessary to give a ruling on the Commission’s other arguments, the claim
         for compensation for loss of the opportunity to obtain the award of the lease and to realise the expected profit from the
         performance of the lease must be dismissed.
      
       Claim for compensation for charges and expenses incurred 
      165   It is clear from the first paragraph of Article 101 of the Financial Regulation that, in principle, the charges and expenses
         incurred to no purpose by a tenderer in connection with his participation in a procurement procedure cannot in principle constitute
         damage which is capable of being remedied by an award of damages (see, by analogy, Case T‑13/96 TEAM v Commission [1998] ECR II‑4073, paragraph 71, and Embassy Limousines & Services v Parliament, paragraph 108 above, paragraph 97). However, that provision cannot, without potentially undermining the principles of legal
         certainty and of protection of legitimate expectations, apply in cases where an infringement of Community law in the conduct
         of the tendering procedure has affected a tenderer’s chances of being awarded the contract (see, by analogy, TEAM v Commission, cited above, paragraph 72) or led him to incur unjustified charges or expenses.
      
      166   With regard to the personnel costs of Fortis AG incurred in connection with the pre-contract negotiations, it is clear that
         the applicant has adduced no evidence to show that they result directly from unlawful conduct on the part of the Commission.
         Thus the applicant has not proved or even alleged that they were incurred during the period in which the Commission allowed
         the pre-contract negotiations to continue when it knew that they were bound to fail. Furthermore, in the absence of evidence
         to that effect adduced by the applicant, the personnel costs incurred by Fortis AG cannot be found to be unjustified in so
         far as they exceeded the risks inherent in the submission of a tender in the context of a procurement procedure.
      
      167   In any case, it must be observed that, in the application, the applicant merely estimated the damage in respect of the personnel
         costs of Fortis AG in connection with the pre-contract negotiations, without producing a shred of evidence in support thereof
         . At the reply stage, the applicant asserted that the estimate was based on the time spent in the pre-contract negotiations
         by Messrs S. and D., two members of the staff of Fortis AG, namely 150 and 100 hours respectively, and an estimate of their
         hourly rate, namely EUR 62 and 124 respectively, without producing any specific detailed evidence in that respect. The relevance
         and the credibility of such an estimate cannot be assessed without sufficiently concrete and detailed evidence from the applicant
         and it cannot suffice to prove the existence and extent of the damage in respect of the personnel costs of Fortis AG for which
         compensation is claimed.
      
      168   In the light of the foregoing, the applicant’s claim for compensation for the personnel costs of Fortis AG must be dismissed
         as unfounded.
      
      169   Regarding the costs claimed by the suppliers, companies B. and A., it must be noted that the applicant claims only that the
         orders in question were placed by reason of the legitimate expectation that the lease would be taken up, which expectation
         was frustrated when the Commission subsequently broke off the pre-contract negotiations. On the other hand, it is common ground
         that this damage has no causal link with the breach of the principle of good faith and abuse of rights which have been found
         (see paragraph 137 above). As noted above in paragraph 153 above, the applicant is justified in asserting that it was on the
         basis of the legitimate expectation that it would be reimbursed by the Commission for the fitting-out work that it placed
         the orders for that work on 4 July 2003. Contrary to the Commission’s argument, there is therefore a direct causal link between
         the damage for which the applicant seeks reparation, resulting from the orders in question, and the unlawfulness consisting
         in the Commission’s breach of the principle of the protection of legitimate expectations. Consequently, that justifies compensation
         for the costs in question.
      
      170   However, the information supplied by the applicant does not establish to the requisite legal standard the existence and extent
         of the damage actually suffered by the applicant as a consequence of the abovementioned illegality. First, the applicant has
         produced in support of its claim only ordinary statements of costs drawn up by its suppliers and addressed to Fortis AG, which
         are not such as to prove the existence of damage actually suffered by the applicant. Second, the applicant has admitted that
         it has not hitherto reimbursed its suppliers in respect of those statements of costs and that it will not do so before judgment
         is given in the present action. The applicant submits that, under its agreements with the suppliers concerned, payment has
         been suspended until the applicant receives compensation from the Commission. However, the applicant has not adduced any evidence
         in support of its allegations and therefore the possibility cannot be ruled out, as the Commission contends, that there is
         some other reason for non-payment, such as a remission of debt or re-use of materials.
      
      171   Consequently, the Court finds that the applicant has not substantiated its claim for compensation for the costs claimed by
         the suppliers, ultimately totalling EUR 41 637.77.
      
      172   Finally, with regard to the claim for compensation for the cost of the services of FREPM, it must be noted that, according
         to the applicant, those costs were incurred by it for the sole benefit of the Commission, having regard to the negotiator’s
         assurance that the lease would be taken up. Once again, therefore, the damage is a direct consequence of the Commission’s
         breach of the principle of the protection of legitimate expectations. It is also necessary to consider whether the damage
         is a direct consequence of the breach of the principle of good faith and the abuse of rights referred to in paragraph 137
         above.
      
      173   As the documents in the file show, this claim for compensation does not relate to costs incurred by FREPM, but to two architects’
         fee notes addressed directly to the applicant. The first fee note, no. 37‑2003, dated 1 September 2003, is issued by the firm
         G. It refers to the file ‘Work lessee City Center-Botanique 1’ for services rendered in May and June 2003. The second fee
         note, no. 242‑2003, also dated 1 September 2003, is issued by the firm P. It refers to the project ‘Fitting-out Commission
         offices’ for services rendered in April, May, June, July and August 2003. The two invoices therefore relate to services which
         began, and which were therefore ordered, on a date prior to the date on which the applicant acquired a legitimate expectation
         that the investments in question would fall within the scope of the Commission’s liability, namely 26 June 2003. In addition,
         those costs were incurred prior to the Commission’s decision to abandon the procurement.
      
      174   In the light of the foregoing, the Court finds that the applicant sustained no damage by incurring expenses exceeding the
         economic risks inherent in the activity of bidding for a public contract, without being encouraged to do so by the Commission.
         The architects’ fees shown in the abovementioned invoices are charges and costs incurred by the applicant when it participated
         in a procedure for the award of a public contract and the applicant must meet them as they cannot constitute damage which
         can be made good by the Community by an award of damages. Furthermore, it must be found that, in such a context, the applicant
         has not demonstrated the existence of a causal link between the Commission’s unlawful conduct and the expenditure incurred
         to no purpose.
      
      175   Consequently, the claim for compensation for the charges and costs incurred by the applicant in connection with the pre-contract
         negotiations must be dismissed as unfounded.
      
       Claim for compensation for the loss of the opportunity to let to a third party
      176   It must be observed, as a preliminary point  that, according to case-law, the loss of an opportunity may constitute damage
         that can be made good (Case T‑47/93 C v Commission [1994] ECR II‑743, paragraph 54, and cases cited).
      
      177   With regard to the applicant’s argument that, during the period of the pre-contract negotiations from 13 May to 14 September
         2003, it lost the opportunity to let the Building to a third party on terms equivalent to those negotiated with the Commission,
         the Court finds that, assuming that the Building remained on the Brussels office property market during the period in question,
         the applicant would have had a real chance of letting it to a third party. The applicant’s chance of letting the Building
         to a third party arises from the fact that, as the Commission admitted, the Brussels office property market is constantly
         improving and shows steady expansion, inter alia to meet growing demand from the European institutions.
      
      178   In the present case, however, the applicant stated in its pleadings that it ‘abandoned [the real] opportunity [to let the
         Building to a third party] during the entire period when … it conducted exclusive negotiations with the Commission’, from
         which it follows that it itself took the decision, at the beginning of the pre-contract negotiations, to withdraw the Building
         from the Brussels office property market. On that point, the applicant has no justification for claiming that its decision
         was determined by the Commission’s eagerness and the assurances given by the Commission that the contract would be signed.
      
      179   Consequently, the loss of the opportunity to let the Building for the duration of the pre-contract negotiations, arising from
         the exclusive right to the Building granted by the applicant to the Commission, and the resulting non-availability of the
         Building, is the result of the applicant’ own decision, which thus accepted the risk of losing the chance of letting the Building
         to another lessee.
      
      180   Nevertheless the Commission, by not notifying the applicant immediately of its decision of 16 July 2003 to abandon the procurement
         and, therefore, not to lease the Building, deprived the applicant of the opportunity to put the Building back on the market
         for rental property two months earlier than it actually did. It follows that the Commission in effect deprived the applicant
         of a chance to let the Building to a third party for a period which can reasonably be estimated as two months.
      
      181   To assess the damage actually sustained by the applicant, account must taken of the difficulties inherent in the rental market
         at the time. In so far as those difficulties were recognised and taken into account by the applicant, an award of EUR 10 000
         for each month concerned, which is the applicant’s own estimate, appears to be reasonable compensation for the damage it actually
         suffered. Consequently, the damage for which compensation is due in relation to the loss of the opportunity to let the Building
         to a third party between mid-July and mid-September 2003 must be set at EUR 20 000.
      
      182   In the light of all the aforegoing considerations, the total damage for which the Community is liable in the present case
         must be set at EUR 20 000.
      
      183   The applicant claims interest of 6% on the sum awarded as compensation from the date of the judgment until the date of actual
         payment.
      
      184   The amount of compensation due must be subject to default interest at a rate which does not exceed the rate claimed in the
         forms of order sought in the applications (Mulder and Others v Council and Commission, paragraph 108 above, paragraph 35).
      
      185   It follows that the amount of compensation in the present case must be increased by default interest from the date of delivery
         of this judgment until the date of actual payment, at the rate fixed by the European Central Bank for main refinancing operations,
         plus 2 points, provided that it does not exceed 6%, in accordance with the form of order sought by the applicant.
      
       B. Application for measure of inquiry
      186   The applicant has applied for the negotiator to be summoned to appear in order to be heard on the subject of the comments
         he is said to have made at the meeting of 6 June and during the telephone conversation of 10 July 2003. The defendant has
         not responded to this application for a measure of inquiry.
      
      187   It has consistently been held that it is for the Court of First Instance to appraise the usefulness of measures of inquiry,
         within the meaning of Article 65 et seq. of the Rules of Procedure, for the purpose of resolving the dispute (Case T‑140/97
         Hautem v BEI [1999] ECR-SC and ECR II-897, I-A-171, paragraph 92, and Case T-138/98 ACAV and Others v Council [2000] ECR II‑341, paragraph 72).
      
      188   In the present case, the Court finds that the measure of inquiry sought by the applicant is not necessary for the purpose
         of resolving the present dispute. Consequently, there are no grounds for ordering it.
      
       Costs
      189   Under the first paragraph of Article 87(3) of the Rules of Procedure, the Court may order that the costs be shared or that
         the parties bear their own costs where each party succeeds on some and fails on other heads of claim, or where the circumstances
         are exceptional.
      
      190   In the present case, the applicant has failed in some of its claims, the main application having been dismissed as inadmissible
         and some of the claims for compensation in the alternative application having also been dismissed as unfounded. In those circumstances,
         it must be decided that each party bear is to its own costs.
      
      On those grounds,
      THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE (Second Chamber, Extended Composition)
      hereby:
      1.      Orders the Commission to pay the applicant the sum of EUR 20 000, together with interest running from the date of delivery
            of the present judgment to the date of actual payment, at an annual rate equal to the rate fixed by the European Central Bank
            for principal refinancing operations, plus 2 points, provided that it does not exceed 6%;
      2.      Dismisses the action as to the remainder;
      3.      Orders each party to bear its own costs.
      
      
               Pirrung
            
            
               Meij
            
            
               Forwood
            
         
               Pelikánová
            
             
            
                     Papasavvas
            
         Delivered in open court in Luxembourg on 2007.
      
      
               Registrar 
            
             
            
                     President
            
         Table of contents
      Facts
      Procedure and forms of order sought
      The principal action for contractual liability
      A – Arguments of the parties
      B – Findings of the Court
      The alternative action for non-contractual liability
      A – Merits
      1. Arguments of the parties
      2. Findings of the Court
      a) The alleged unlawful conduct
      Preliminary observations
      Withdrawal of a duly-given acceptance, failure to state the reasons for breaking off pre-contract negotiations, and entering
         recklessly into pre-contract negotiations
      
      Late notice of the decision to break off the pre-contract negotiations, failure to set out the internal decision-making rules
         and the assurances given concerning taking up the lease and/or the acceptance of responsibility for the associated investments
      
      – The nature of the rules allegedly breached
      – The scope, nature, lawfulness and effectiveness of the first paragraph of Article 101 of the Financial Regulation
      – Breach of the principle of good faith and rule against abuse of rights
      – Breach of the principle of the protection of legitimate expectations
      b) The alleged damage and the casual link between the unlawful conduct and the damage
      Claim for compensation for loss of opportunity to contract
      Claim for compensation for charges and expenses incurred
      Claim for compensation for the loss of the opportunity to let to a third party
      B. Application for measure of inquiry
      Costs
      * Language of the case: French.