CELEX: 62001CC0422
Language: en
Date: 2003-04-03 00:00:00
Title: Opinion of Mr Advocate General Léger delivered on 3 April 2003. # Försäkringsaktiebolaget Skandia (publ) and Ola Ramstedt v Riksskatteverket. # Reference for a preliminary ruling: Regeringsrätten - Sweden. # Occupational endowment pension insurance - Policy taken out with a company in another Member State - Difference in tax treatment - Compatibility with Article 49 EC. # Case C-422/01.

OPINION OF ADVOCATE GENERALLÉGER delivered on 3 April 2003 (1)
         Case C-422/01 Försäkringsaktiebolaget Skandia (publ) and Ola RamstedtvRiksskatteverket(Reference for a preliminary ruling from the Regeringsrätten, Sweden)
            ((Article 49 EC – Occupational pension insurance – Differences in tax treatment between insurance policies taken out with insurance companies established in the home Member
               State and those taken out with insurance companies established in another Member State))
            
            
      
         
      1.  This reference to the Court for a preliminary ruling by the Regeringsrätten (Supreme Administrative Court), Sweden concerns
      the tax regime applying to an occupational pension insurance policy taken out for the benefit of a Swedish employee with insurance
      companies established in a Member State which is not Sweden.
       The applicable national law
      
      2.  Swedish law on the rules relating to the tax treatment of insurance contracts 
      
         			(2)
         		 distinguishes between pension insurance and endowment insurance and applies a different taxation regime to them.
      
      3.  It specifies certain conditions which an insurance policy requires to meet in order to be treated as a pension insurance policy. 
      
         			(3)
         		 The policy requires  
       inter alia  to be taken out with an insurance company established in Sweden.
      
      4.  If these conditions are not met, an insurance policy is treated as an endowment insurance policy. This applies to any policy
      which is taken out with a foreign insurance company, even if it meets all the other conditions applying to a pension insurance
      policy. Such a policy is treated under Swedish law as an endowment insurance policy and is subject to the rules on direct
      taxes relating to it.
      
      5.  There are special provisions under Swedish law which apply to occupational pension insurance, which is pension insurance linked
      to employment. Occupational pensions may be guaranteed either by an employer taking out a pension insurance policy and paying
      the premiums under it, or by transfer to a retirement foundation, or by the constitution of a special reserve which is included
      in the employer's balance sheet. 
      
         			(4)
         		
      6.  The main proceedings concern an occupational retirement policy guaranteed by the employer taking out a pension insurance policy.
      The employer, as policyholder, is contractually obliged to pay all the premiums, and the insured is the employee. 
      
         			(5)
         		 Sums payable under an occupational pension insurance policy are paid directly by the insurance company established in Sweden
      to the insured, namely the retired employee, as an occupational pension. Where a policy is taken out with an insurance company
      established in another Member State, payments are usually made by the insurance company to the employer, who in turn pays
      the retired employee.
      
      7.  Under the tax regime applying to occupational pensions guaranteed by insurance taken out with a Swedish insurance company,
      premiums paid by the employer under the policy are immediately deductible in calculating his taxable income. Retirement benefits
      paid out subsequently are subject to tax in their entirety in the hands of the insured beneficiary, namely the retired employee,
      as earned income.
      
      8.  However, the tax regime applying to occupational pensions guaranteed by an insurance policy taken out with an insurance company
      established in another Member State is different from that described above. Firstly, an insurance policy taken out with such
      an insurance company in order to guarantee an occupational pension is termed endowment insurance. 
      
         			(6)
         		 As far as the tax treatment is concerned, premiums paid by an employer are not deductible in calculating his taxable income.
      Payments due under the contract are made by the foreign insurance company to the Swedish employer, who pays them on to the
      retired employee. 
      
         			(7)
         		 Deduction in the hands of the employer is permitted only once the occupational pension is paid to the employee. That deduction
      is limited to the amount actually paid to the retired employee and the right to deduct arises only on the occasion of each
      payment. The right to deduct costs incurred by an employer in ensuring the provision of retirement benefits thus arises at
      a later date than where the same insurance is taken out with an insurance company established in Sweden. 
      
         			(8)
         		 The pension which is subsequently paid is taxable in whole in the hands of the insured beneficiary, namely the employee,
      as earned income.
      
      9.  The tax regime applying to occupational pension insurance thus differs according to whether the insurance company is established
      in Sweden or in another Member State.
      
      10.  It should lastly be noted that the Kingdom of Sweden has concluded double taxation agreements with all Member States apart
      from the Portuguese Republic. These agreements, which have been entered into in the form of the Organisation of Economic Cooperation
      and Development (OECD) Model Convention, include a clause which provides that retirement pensions are taxable only in the
      State in which a person is resident, even if premiums have been paid in another State. 
      
         			(9)
         		 Facts and procedure in the main proceedings
      
      11.  Ola Ramstedt is a Swedish citizen, resident in Sweden and employed by the Swedish company Skandia. The latter undertook to
      Mr Ramstedt to take out occupational pension insurance for his benefit. That insurance was to be taken out with the Danish
      undertaking Skandia Link Livforsikring A/S, with the German undertaking Skandia Lebensversicherung AG or with the English
      undertaking Skandia Life Assurance Ltd.
      
      12.  Mr Ramstedt and Skandia applied for an advance ruling from the Skatterättsnämnden (Council for Advance Tax Rulings), in order
      to establish the tax implications of taking out occupational pension insurance with foreign insurance companies. Specifically,
      the application related to the tax implications for Skandia (the right to deduct) and for Mr Ramstedt (whether receipts were
      taxable in his hands).
      
      13.  In its ruling of 1 February 2000, the Skatterättsnämnden found that Skandia was not entitled to deduct premiums paid, but
      that there was a right to deduct in respect of the pension benefits when they were paid out just as in the case of a direct
      pension. It also found that Mr Ramstedt should be taxed on sums paid to him under the contract. The ruling stated that there
      was a difference in treatment between insurance companies established in Sweden and those established in another Member State,
      but that this did not entail any discrimination by reason of the judgment in the  
       Bachmann   case. 
      
         			(10)
         		
      14.  Mr Ramstedt and Skandia appealed against this advance ruling to the Regeringsrätten.
      
      15.  In its order for reference, the Regeringsrätten states that the implication of the contested decision was that Skandia's right
      to deduct premium payments arises at a later date than when the premiums are paid, in that the deduction does not relate to
      premiums paid, but to sums actually paid out as pension benefits.
      
      16.  The national court confirms that this difference in the applicable taxation regime entails less favourable consequences in
      certain cases for Skandia as employer when insurance is taken out with an insurance company established in a Member State
      other than Sweden. It gives two examples.
      
      17.  If payments are made under the insurance policy and the right to deduct cannot be used until long after the premiums have
      been paid in, and the insurance benefits payable are not significantly higher than the amount of the premiums paid, an occupational
      pension insurance policy taken out with a company abroad may entail less favourable consequences in terms of income tax than
      an equivalent policy taken out with an insurance company established in Sweden. In a case in which payments are made under
      the insurance policy and the right to deduct can be invoked after only a short period of time, and the insurance benefits
      are significantly higher than the amount of premiums paid, the result can be the opposite. 
      
         			(11)
         		
      18.  The national court notes however that as far as Mr Ramstedt is concerned, whether his employer choose an insurance company
      established in Sweden or one established in a Member State other than Sweden is not a matter which has any tax consequences.
      In each case, the employee is taxed on benefits received as earned income.
      
      19.  In its order for reference, the national court notes that it is possible for the application of the tax regime for endowment
      insurance to have less favourable consequences than under the regime which applies to occupational pension insurance. This
      finding led it to consider the requirement under the IL, that an insurance company be established in Sweden in order to benefit
      from the tax regime applicable to pension insurance policies, in the context of the fundamental freedoms guaranteed by the
      EC Treaty.
       The question referred for a preliminary ruling
      
      20.  The Regeringsrätten therefore decided to refer the following question to the Court for a preliminary ruling:Are the provisions of Community law on freedom of movement for persons, services and capital, in particular Article 49 EC,
      in conjunction with Article 12 EC, to be interpreted as meaning that they preclude application of national tax rules under
      which an insurance policy issued by an insurance company in the UK, Germany or Denmark which meets the conditions laid down
      in Sweden for occupational pension insurance ─ apart from the condition that the policy must be issued by an insurance company
      operating in Sweden ─ is treated as an endowment insurance policy with income tax effects which, depending on the circumstances
      in the individual case, may be less favourable than the tax effects of an occupational pension policy?
       Analysis
      
      21.  The question referred by the national court asks the Court whether the provisions of the Treaty on freedom of movement for
      persons and capital and the freedom to provide services, as well as those on non-discrimination, have the result that national
      legislation is unlawful if, as in the present case, it imposes a less favourable taxation regime where occupational pension
      insurance is taken out with an insurance company established in a Member State other than Sweden than where the same type
      of insurance is taken out with an insurance company established in Sweden.
      
      22.  I consider, as does the Commission of the European Communities, that the scope of the question referred for a preliminary
      ruling may be confined to one of the interpretation of Article 49 EC. 
      
         			(12)
         		
      23.  It is settled case-law that, as they are taken out in order that pension benefits may be paid under them at a later date,
      pension insurance policies are subject to the rules on the freedom to provide services within the meaning of Article 49 EC
      et seq. 
      
         			(13)
         		 The Court has also consistently held that Article 12 EC applies only to situations governed by Community law in regard to
      which the Treaty lays down no specific prohibition of discrimination. 
      
         			(14)
         		 In the present case, Article 49 EC expressly refers to the principle of non-discrimination in the context of the freedom
      to provide services.
      
      24.  I shall therefore consider whether Article 49 EC should be interpreted as meaning that it precludes national legislation which,
      as in the present case, lays down tax rules that may be less favourable in the case of an occupational pension insurance policy
      taken out with an insurance company established in another Member State than of one taken out with an insurance company established
      in the Member State concerned.
       Restriction on the freedom to provide services
      
      25.  The Court has consistently held that  
      although, as Community law stands at present, direct taxation does not as such fall within the purview of the Community, the
      powers retained by the Member States must nevertheless by exercised consistently with Community law. 
      
         			(15)
         		 It follows that in exercising their retained powers, Member States must not contravene the fundamental freedoms guaranteed
      by the Treaty, such as the freedom to provide services. 
      
         			(16)
         		
      26.  According to the Court,  
      [i]n the perspective of a single market and in order to permit the attainment of the objectives thereof, Article 59 of the
      Treaty precludes the application of any national legislation which has the effect of making the provision of services between
      Member States more difficult than the provision of services purely within one Member State. 
      
         			(17)
         		
      27.  It should next be pointed out that it is settled case-law that discrimination can only arise through the application of different
      rules to comparable situations or the application of the same rule to different situations. 
      
         			(18)
         		 The legislation in issue in the main proceedings provides for the application of different tax rules to the same situation,
      namely the taking out of occupational pension insurance, depending on whether it is taken out with an insurance company which
      is, or is not, established in Sweden.
      
      28.  The Commission makes a distinction as regards the implications of the tax legislation for Skandia and Mr Ramstedt. According
      to the Commission, Mr Ramstedt is liable to tax on payments made to him in the same way, whether the insurance is taken out
      with an insurance company established in Sweden or in another Member State. On the other hand, as far as Skandia is concerned,
      premiums paid are not deductible at the time when they are paid. Deduction is permitted only when the corresponding payments
      are made to Mr Ramstedt as a pension and not for premiums paid. Whereas if Skandia took out occupational pension insurance
      for Mr Ramstedt with an insurance company established in Sweden, it could deduct the premiums at the time when they were paid.
      
      
      29.  I share the Commission's view that legislation of the kind in question in the main proceedings contains a number of elements
      liable to dissuade or prevent an employer from taking out occupational pension insurance with an insurance company that is
      not established in Sweden. 
      
         			(19)
         		
      30.  My analysis extends only to Article 49, seen in the context of the taxation regime applying to the employer, Skandia, under
      Swedish legislation.
      
      31.  The taxation regime applying to an employer who takes out occupational pension insurance with an insurance company established
      in a Member State other than Sweden is less favourable than that which applies when the insurance company is established in
      Sweden. An employer who seeks to avoid the less favourable regime is forced to take out the same insurance with an insurance
      company established in Sweden. The necessary conclusion is therefore that the effect of the Swedish legislation is to impose
      a requirement of establishment in its territory on the provision of pension insurance.
      
      32.  Such a requirement represents an indirect form of discrimination, contrary to the freedom to provide services. That is recognised
      directly or indirectly by all the interveners in this case. It follows that the fundamental issue here is whether that discrimination
      is capable of being justified. 
       Grounds of justification proposed
      
      33.  The Swedish Government and the Riksskatteverket (Swedish National Tax Board) justify the requirement of establishment in Sweden
      under the legislation in question on four grounds. The grounds proposed in support of their position that the legislation
      is not contrary to Community law are: the cohesion of the tax system, the effectiveness of fiscal controls, the protection
      of the integrity of the tax base and competitive neutrality. 
      
         			(20)
         		
      34.  In my opinion, none of these grounds is justified.
       The cohesion of the tax system
      
      35.  The Swedish and Danish Governments and the Riksskatteverket rely on the argument of the cohesion of the tax system to justify
      the national legislation in question. They claim that the solution put forward by the Court in the  
       Bachmann   case, cited above, may be applied to the present case, even if the factual situation is not wholly identical.
      
      36.  In the  
       Bachmann   case, the Court required to address Belgian tax legislation under which insurance premiums could not be deducted from taxable
      income when they were paid abroad. The Court held that this regime was compatible with Community law because there was a direct
      link between the deductibility of contributions and the taxation of pensions. Under the Belgian system, the loss of revenue
      due to the deduction of insurance contributions was compensated for by the taxation of pensions, annuities and capital sums
      payable by the insurance companies. Conversely, these sums were exempt where contributions were not deductible.
      
      37.  In the national system in issue in the  
       Bachmann   case, the fiscal disadvantage was compensated for by a subsequent fiscal advantage.
      
      38.  Unlike the Swedish and Danish Governments, I am of the opinion that this solution cannot be applied to the present case. As
      Skandia, 
      
         			(21)
         		 the Commission and the EFTA Surveillance Authority rightly point out, the circumstances in this case differ from those which
      gave rise to the  
       Bachmann   judgment. In the present matter, the Swedish taxation system provides no fiscal advantage to compensate for the fiscal disadvantage
      suffered by the employer, Skandia, by reason of the application of the Swedish taxation rules relating to endowment insurance,
      under which insurance premiums paid are not deductible.
      
      39.  The national legislation provides that once Skandia has taken out the insurance policy in question with an insurance company
      established in a Member State other than Sweden, it must wait until pensions are paid before having a right to deduct. The
      Swedish legislation provides no fiscal advantage to counterbalance that disadvantage suffered by Skandia. 
      
      40.  In the absence of a fiscal advantage to counterbalance the fiscal disadvantage suffered by Skandia, it is not in my opinion
      possible to use an argument based on the cohesion of the tax system to justify the Swedish legislation under Community law.
      
       The effectiveness of fiscal controls
      
      41.  According to the Swedish and Danish Governments, the requirement of establishment in Sweden is justified by the need to have
      in place an effective system of fiscal controls. The Swedish tax authorities must be able to obtain the information necessary
      for controls of this kind. The Community instruments which provide for such controls and in particular Council Directive 77/799/EEC
      of 19 December 1977 concerning mutual assistance by the competent authorities of the Member States in the field of direct
      taxation, 
      
         			(22)
         		 are inadequate. It would likewise not be possible to ensure effective fiscal controls relying only on voluntary cooperation. 
      
         			(23)
         		
      42.  I would point out that the Court has consistently held that an argument based on the effectiveness of fiscal controls cannot
      be used to justify discrimination against the freedom to provide services where Directive 77/799 may be invoked by a Member
      State in order to obtain from the competent authorities of another Member State all the information necessary to ascertain
      the correct amount of income tax payable. 
      
         			(24)
         		
      43.  I would also note that the double taxation agreements provide for mutual aid and assistance regarding the exchange of information
      between the tax authorities of the States which are parties to them. Nothing prevents the Swedish tax authorities from demanding
      such evidence as they deem necessary from, in this case, Skandia, Mr Ramstedt or the insurance company itself in order to
      establish whether or not the requested deduction should be allowed. 
      
         			(25)
         		
      44.  I am therefore of the view that it is possible to guarantee the effectiveness of fiscal controls by means that are less restrictive
      than the Swedish legislation at issue in this case. This ground of justification is not well founded.
       The need to protect the tax base
      
      45.  According to the Swedish and Danish Governments, the Swedish legislation is designed to avoid the risk that the taxable subject-matter
      may disappear. These Governments point out that a situation could arise in which the Kingdom of Sweden would allow the deduction
      of premiums paid under the insurance policy, after which the employee could leave Sweden for another Member State, thereby
      avoiding tax on his insurance payments  
       qua   income. These Governments say that the need to preserve the tax base was recognised by the Court in the  
       Safir   case, cited above, as an overriding reason relating to the public interest.
      
      46.  In my opinion, it is no possible to read and interpret the  
       Safir   judgment in this way.
      
      47.  The  
       Danner   judgment, cited above, states that:  
      the Court has held, in paragraph 34 of  
       Safir,  that the need to fill the fiscal vacuum arising from the non-taxation of savings in the form of capital life assurance policies
      taken out with companies established in a Member State other than the one where the saver is resident was not such as to justify
      the national measure at issue, which restricted the freedom to provide services. 
      
         			(26)
         		The Court has held that the need to take a reduction of tax revenue into account is not one of the grounds listed in Article 46
      EC and cannot be regarded as a matter of overriding general interest which may be relied on in order to justify unequal treatment. 
      
         			(27)
         		
      48.  This ground therefore appears unjustified.
       Competitive neutrality
      
      49.  The final ground put forward by the Swedish Government is in my view unclear and difficult to understand. It claims that the
      national legislation requiring an establishment in Sweden is necessary in order to guarantee competitive neutrality. 
      
         			(28)
         		 The Swedish Government explains that an employer may deduct the costs of retirement pensions paid for by him before actual
      payment of the pension due to an employee in three ways: by creating a reserve in the balance sheet taking the form of an
      insurance credit, by the transfer of funds to a retirement foundation or by taking out a pension insurance policy. The Swedish
      legislation is needed in order to guarantee competitive neutrality, particularly where retirement is provided for by the creation
      of a reserve in the balance sheet taking the form of an insurance credit or by the transfer of funds to a retirement foundation.
      
      50.  I have difficulty in following the reasoning of the Swedish Government in so far as it seeks to justify its legislation on
      the basis of competitive neutrality. Nevertheless, and in any event, I am of the view, firstly, that this discussion is irrelevant
      because, as set out above, the main proceedings involve occupational pension insurance underwritten by the taking out by the
      employer of a pension insurance policy. The two other methods of guaranteeing the insurance in question referred to by the
      Swedish Government are therefore not in issue.
      
      51.  Secondly, in my opinion, and as the Commission and the EFTA Surveillance Authority have pointed out, it is precisely in respecting
      the Treaty rules on the fundamental freedoms, such as Article 49 EC, that respect for the rules on competition may be guaranteed.
      This ground cannot be justified in any circumstances.
        Conclusion
      
      52.  I am therefore of the opinion that the Court should rule as follows:Article 49 EC is to be interpreted as meaning that it precludes application of national legislation such as that in issue
      in the present case which lays down tax rules which are less favourable where an occupational pension insurance policy is
      taken out with an insurance company established in another Member State than when it is taken out with an insurance company
      established in the Member State in question.
      
       1 –
         
           Original language: French.
      
      2 –
         
         The kommunalskattelagen (Municipal Tax Law (1928:370)), replaced from the 2002 tax year onwards by the inkommstskattelagen
            (Income Tax Law (1999:1229), hereinafter the  
            IL).
         
      
      3 –
         
         Chapter 28 of the IL.
      
      4 –
         
         See the written observations of the Swedish Government (paragraph 9) and of Försäkringsaktiebolaget Skandia (hereinafter 
            
            Skandia, paragraph 12 et seq.).
         
      
      5 –
         
         Chapter 58, Articles 2 to 7 of the IL. Occupational pension insurance comes under what Community law terms Pillar 2. Pillar
            1 comprises the regime applicable generally to retirement pensions. Pillar 2 is additional to the general scheme under Pillar
            1, and relates to occupational pensions. Lastly, Pillar 3, which is additional to the other two Pillars, relates to private
            pension plans (or personal pension plans). On these points, see the Green Paper from the Commission of 10 June 1997 on Supplementary
            Pensions in the Single Market (COM (1997) 283 final) and, more recently, Communication from the Commission to the Council,
            the European Parliament and the Economic and Social Committee of 19 April 2001 on the elimination of tax obstacles to the
            cross-border provision of occupational pensions (COM (2001) 214 final). 
         
      
      6 –
         
         For the sake of clarity, I shall refer only to occupational pension insurance and shall indicate whether it has been taken
            out with an insurance company established in Sweden or in another Member State. I shall therefore not use the term  
            endowment, but instead  
            occupational pension insurance taken out with an insurance company established in a Member State other than Sweden. 
         
      
      7 –
         
         A Swedish employer may also instruct the insurance company to pay these sums directly and on his behalf to the insured employee
            (see Skandia's written observations at paragraph 28).
         
      
      8 –
         
         As Skandia points out in its written observations (paragraph 28), a period of up to 40 years may elapse in the case of young
            employees before the employer is entitled to deduct costs incurred in ensuring the provision of retirement benefits. 
         
      
      9 –
         
         Article 18 of the Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development Model Convention, in Vogel, K.,  
             Double Taxation Conventions,   Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers, Deventer-Boston, 1991, p. 855. 
         
      
      10 –
         
         Case C-204/90 [1992] ECR I-249.
      
      11 –
         
         See order for reference (p. 11).
      
      12 –
         
         Case 35/85  
             Procureur de la République   v  
             Tissier   [1986] ECR 1207, paragraph 9.
         
      
      13 –
         
         See, in particular, Cases C-381/93  
             Commission   v  
             France   [1994] ECR I-5145, paragraph 16, and C-118/96  
             Safir   [1998] ECR I-1897, paragraph 22.
         
      
      14 –
         
         See  
             inter alia  Cases 305/87  
             Commission   v  
             Greece   [1989] ECR 1461, paragraph 13, and C-379/92  
             Peralta   [1994] ECR I-3453, paragraph 18.
         
      
      15 –
         
         See Cases C-279/93  
             Schumacker   [1995] ECR I-225, paragraph 21, C-80/94  
             Wielockx   [1995] ECR I-2493, paragraph 16, C-107/94  
             Asscher   1996] ECR I-3089, paragraph 36, C-391/97  
             Gschwind  [1999] ECR 5451, paragraph 20, and C-55/00  
             Gottardo   [2002] ECR I-413, paragraph 22
             . 
         
      
      16 –
         
         See  
             Bachmann , cited above, paragraph 31, and Case C-300/90  
             Commission   v  
             Belgian State   [1992] ECR I-305, paragraph 32. 
         
      
      17 –
         
         See Case C-136/00  
             Danner   [2002] ECR I-8147, paragraph 29. See also  
             Commission   v  
             France,   cited above, paragraph 17 and  
             Safir,   cited above, paragraph 23.
         
      
      18 –
         
         See  
             Schumacker , cited above, paragraph 30.
         
      
      19 –
         
         See the  
             Safir   case, cited above, paragraph 30. 
         
      
      20 –
         
         See the written observations of the Swedish Government (pp. 8 to 12).
      
      21 –
         
         The choice which existed in the  
             Bachmann   case, cited above, (deductibility and liability to tax in the case of insurance taken out with a Belgian insurance company,
            or non-deductibility coupled with no liability to tax in the case of insurance taken out with an insurance company established
            outside Belgium) is not open to a Swedish employer who is required to take out life insurance to guarantee an occupational
            pension (see Skandia's written observations, paragraph 91).
         
      
      22 –
         
         OJ 1977 L 336, p. 15.
      
      23 –
         
         See the written observations of the Swedish (paragraph 48 et seq.) and Danish (paragraph 39 et seq.) Governments.
      
      24 –
         
         See  
             Bachmann   (paragraph 18),  
             Commission  v  
             Belgium   (paragraph 11),  
             Wielockx   (paragraphs 24 and 25) and  
             Danner   (paragraphs 49 et seq.), all cited above. See also Case C-55/98  
             Vestergaard   [1999] ECR I-7641, paragraph 26.
         
      
      25 –
         
         Under Swedish law a Swedish employer is required to make a return to the tax authorities of sums paid under an insurance contract.
      
      26 –
         
         Paragraph 55.
      
      27 –
         
         See Case C-307/97  
             Saint-Gobain ZN   [1999] ECR I-6161, paragraph 51. 
         
      
      28 –
         
         See its written observations (paragraph 36 et seq. and also paragraphs 57 and 58).