CELEX: 62002CJ0167
Language: en
Date: 2004-03-30 00:00:00
Title: Judgment of the Court (Full Court) of 30 March 2004. # Willi Rothley and Others v European Parliament. # Appeal - Measure of the Parliament concerning the terms and conditions for internal investigations in relation to the prevention of fraud - Action for annulment - Admissibility - Independence and immunity of Members of the Parliament - Confidentiality connected with the work of Parliamentary committees of inquiry - European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) - Investigative powers. # Case C-167/02 P.

Case C-167/02 P
      Willi Rothley and Others
      v
      European Parliament
      (Appeal – Measure of the Parliament concerning the terms and conditions for internal investigations in relation to the prevention of
         fraud – Action for annulment – Admissibility – Independence and immunity of Members of the Parliament – Confidentiality connected with the work of Parliamentary committees of inquiry – European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) – Investigative powers)
      
      Summary of the Judgment
      1.        Actions for annulment – Natural or legal persons – Measures of direct and individual concern to them – Interpretation contra
            legem of the requirement of being individually concerned – Not permissible
      (Art. 230, fourth para., EC)
      2.        Actions for annulment – Natural or legal persons – Measures of direct and individual concern to them – Measure of the Parliament
            affecting its current and future Members without distinction – Inadmissible
      (Art. 230, fourth para., EC; Rules of Procedure of the European Parliament)
      3.        European Communities – Judicial review of the legality of acts of the institutions – Acts of general application – Need for
            natural or legal persons to have recourse to a plea of illegality or a reference for a preliminary ruling on validity
      (Art. 230, fourth para., EC, Art. 234 EC and Art. 241 EC)
      4.        Community law – Principles – Right to effective judicial protection – Inadmissibility of an action brought by certain members
            of the European Parliament against a measure of the institution amending its Rules of Procedure in relation to internal investigations
            by the European Anti‑Fraud Office (OLAF) – Infringement of the principle concerned – None
      1.        A natural or legal person is entitled to bring an action for annulment of a measure which is not a decision addressed to it
         only if the person is not only directly concerned by the measure but also individually concerned by it, with the result that
         the fourth paragraph of Article 230 EC cannot be interpreted so as to have the effect of setting aside that condition, which
         is expressly laid down in the Treaty, without going beyond the jurisdiction conferred by the Treaty on the Community Courts.
      
      (see para. 25)
      2.        A measure of the Parliament which applies without distinction to the Members of the Parliament in office at the time of its
         entry into force and to any other person subsequently coming to perform the same duties is not of individual concern, within
         the meaning of Article 230 EC, to certain of those members.
      
      Such a measure applies without temporal limitation to objectively determined situations and has legal effects with respect
         to categories of persons envisaged generally and in the abstract and does not affect certain Members of the Parliament in
         a particular way.
      
      That finding is not undermined by the fact that the Court accepts that actions for annulment of measures of general application
         may be brought by persons whose particular circumstances must be taken into account by the author of the measure, since it
         cannot be held that, in relation to a measure such as that referred to above, certain Members of the Parliament are, even
         when account is taken of the rights and obligations inherent in their position, in a particular situation which differentiates
         them from the other Members of the Parliament who are concerned and thus distinguishes them individually in the same way as
         the addressee.
      
      (see paras 28-30, 33, 37)
      3.        The Treaty, by Articles 230 EC and 241 EC, on the one hand, and Article 234 EC, on the other, has established a complete system
         of legal remedies and procedures designed to ensure judicial review of the legality of acts of the institutions, and has entrusted
         such review to the Community Courts. Under that system, where natural or legal persons cannot, by reason of the conditions
         for admissibility laid down in the fourth paragraph of Article 230 EC, directly challenge Community measures of general application,
         they are able, depending on the case, either indirectly to plead the invalidity of such acts before the Community Courts under
         Article 241 EC or to do so before the national courts and ask them, since they have no jurisdiction themselves to declare
         those measures invalid, to make a reference to the Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling on validity. 
      
      (see para. 46)
      4.        There are no grounds for a finding that certain Members of the European Parliament could not avail themselves of effective
         judicial protection if they were not permitted to bring an action for annulment before the Community Courts of a measure of
         the Parliament concerning amendments to its Rules of Procedure following adoption of the Interinstitutional Agreement between
         the European Parliament, the Council of the European Union and the Commission of the European Communities concerning internal
         investigations by the European Anti‑Fraud Office (OLAF).
      
      First, the provisions of that decision relating to cooperation with OLAF or to supplying it with information are intended
         – whatever their exact scope may be – to impose obligations upon Members of the Parliament, so that it is in the first instance
         for Members, in any given case, either to act upon those obligations or not to comply with them if they are persuaded that
         it is open to them to do so without infringing Community law. If, in a specific case, one of the Members of the Parliament
         adopts that approach, any subsequent measures taken by the Parliament with regard to that Member and to his disadvantage will,
         in principle, be subject to judicial review.
      
      Second, as regards the various measures which OLAF could take when exercising its investigative powers, there is nothing to
         suggest that, where such measures affect certain Members of the Parliament, the latter would have no effective judicial protection
         in respect of those measures, since the rules determining whether the Community Courts have jurisdiction, as regards either
         the commencement of direct actions before those Courts or where the Court is seised by way of a reference for a preliminary
         ruling made by a national court, must be interpreted above all in the light of the principle of effective judicial protection.
      
      (see paras 48-50)

      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
            
            JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (Full Court)30 March 2004(1)
         
         
               (Appeal  –  Measure of the Parliament concerning the terms and conditions for internal investigations in relation to the prevention of
                  fraud  –  Action for annulment  –  Admissibility  –  Independence and immunity of Members of the Parliament  –  Confidentiality connected with the work of Parliamentary committees of inquiry  –  European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF)  –  Investigative powers)
               
               
             In Case C-167/02 P,
            
            
            Willi Rothley, residing in Rockenhausen (Germany), Marco Pannella, residing in Rome (Italy), Marco Cappato, residing in Milan (Italy), Gianfranco Dell'Alba, residing in Rome, Benedetto Della Vedova, residing in Milan, Olivier Dupuis, residing in Rome, Klaus-Heiner Lehne, residing in Düsseldorf (Germany), Johannes Voggenhuber, residing in Vienna (Austria),  Christian von Boetticher, residing in Pinneberg (Germany), Emma Bonino, residing in Rome, Elmar Brok, residing in Bielefeld (Germany),  Renato Brunetta, residing in Rome,  Udo Bullmann, residing in Gießen  (Germany), Michl Ebner, residing in Bolzano (Italy),  Raina A. Mercedes Echerer, residing in Vienna,Markus Ferber, residing in Bobingen (Germany),Francesco Fiori,  residing in Voghera (Italy),  Evelyne Gebhardt, residing in Mulfingen (Germany), Norbert Glante, residing in Werder/Havel (Germany),  Alfred Gomolka, residing in Greifswald (Germany), Friedrich-Wilhelm Graefe zu Baringdorf, residing in Spenge (Germany), Lissy Gröner, residing in Neustadt (Germany), Ruth Hieronymi, residing in Bonn (Germany), Magdalene Hoff, residing in Hagen (Germany), Georg Jarzembowski, residing in Hamburg (Germany),  Karin Jöns, residing in Bremen (Germany), Karin Junker, residing in Düsseldorf,  Othmar Karas, residing in Vienna, Margot Keßler, residing in Kehmstedt (Germany),Heinz Kindermann, residing in Strasburg (Germany),Karsten Knolle, residing in Quedlinburg (Germany),Dieter-Lebrecht Koch, residing in Weimar (Germany), Christoph Konrad, residing in Bochum (Germany),Constanze Krehl, residing in Leipzig (Germany),Wilfried Kuckelkorn, residing in Bergheim (Germany),Helmut Kuhne, residing in Soest (Germany),Bernd Lange, residing in Hanover (Germany),Kurt Lechner, residing in Kaiserslautern (Germany),Jo Leinen, residing in Saarbrucken (Germany),Rolf Linkohr, residing in Stuttgart (Germany),Giorgio Lisi, residing in Rimini (Italy),Erika Mann, residing in Bad Gandersheim (Germany),Thomas Mann, residing in Schwalbach/Taunus (Germany),Mario Mauro, residing in Milan, Hans-Peter Mayer, residing in Vechta (Germany),Winfried Menrad, residing in Schwäbisch Hall (Germany), Peter-Michael Mombaur, residing in Düsseldorf, Rosemarie Müller,  residing in Nieder-Olm (Germany), Hartmut Nassauer, residing in Wolfhagen (Germany), Giuseppe Nistico, residing in Rome, Willi Piecyk, residing in Reinfeld (Germany), Hubert Pirker, residing in Klagenfurt (Austria), Christa Randzio-Plath, residing in Hamburg, Bernhard Rapkay, residing in Dortmund (Germany),Mechtild Rothe, residing in Bad Lippspringe (Germany), Dagmar Roth-Behrendt, residing in Berlin (Germany),Paul Rübig, residing in Wels (Austria),Umberto Scapagnini, residing in Catane (Italy),Jannis Sakellariou, residing in Munich (Germany),Horst Schnellhardt, residing in Langenstein (Germany),  Jürgen Schröder, residing in Dresden (Germany), Martin Schulz, residing in Würselen (Germany),Renate Sommer, residing in Herne (Germany),Ulrich Stockmann, residing in Bad Kösen (Germany),Maurizio Turco, residing in Pulsano (Italy),Guido Viceconte, residing in Bari (Italy),Ralf Walter, residing in Cochem (Germany), Brigitte Wenzel-Perillo, residing in Leipzig,Rainer Wieland, residing in Stuttgart,Stefano Zappala, residing in Latina (Italy), andJürgen Zimmerling, residing in Essen (Germany), represented by H.-J. Rabe, Rechtsanwalt,
            
            
            appellants,
            
             APPEAL against the judgment of the Court of First Instance (Fifth Chamber) of 26 February 2002 in Case T-17/00 Rothley and Others v Parliament [2002] ECR II-579, seeking to have that judgment set aside, 
            
             the other parties to the proceedings being:
            European Parliament, represented by J. Schoo and H. Krück, acting as Agents, with an address for service in Luxembourg, 
            defendant at first instance,Kingdom of the Netherlands, represented by H.G. Sevenster, acting as Agent, French Republic,Council of the European Union,  represented by M. Bauer and I. Díez Parra, acting as Agents,andCommission of the European Communities, represented by H.-P. Hartvig and U. Wölker, acting as Agents, with an address for service in Luxembourg, 
            
            interveners at first instance,
            
            THE COURT (Full Court),
            
             composed of V. Skouris, President, P. Jann (Rapporteur), C. Gulmann, J.N. Cunha Rodrigues and A. Rosas, Presidents of Chambers,
            A. La Pergola, J.-P. Puissochet, R. Schintgen,  F. Macken, N. Colneric and  S. von Bahr, Judges, 
            
             Advocate General: F.G. Jacobs, Registrar: M.-F. Contet, Principal Administrator,
            
            
             after hearing oral argument from the parties at the hearing on 23 September 2003, 
            
            after hearing the Opinion of the Advocate General at the sitting on 20 November 2003,
         gives the following
         
         
         Judgment
         1
            
          By application lodged at the Court Registry on 3 May 2002, Mr Rothley and 70 other Members of the European Parliament (‘the
         appellants’) brought an appeal under Article 49 of the EC Statute of the Court of Justice against the judgment of the Court
         of First Instance of 26 February 2002 in Case T-17/00 Rothley and Others v Parliament [2002] ECR II-579 (‘the contested judgment’), in which the Court of First Instance found inadmissible their action for annulment
         of the Parliament’s decision of 18 November 1999 concerning amendments to its Rules of Procedure (‘the contested measure’)
         following adoption of the Interinstitutional Agreement of 25 May 1999 between the European Parliament, the Council of the
         European Union and the Commission of the European Communities concerning internal investigations by the European Anti‑Fraud
         Office (OLAF) (OJ 1999 L 136, p. 15; ‘the Interinstitutional Agreement’).
         
         
            
               Legal background
            
         
         2
            
          On 28 April 1999 the Commission adopted Decision 1999/352/EC, ECSC, Euratom, establishing the European Anti-fraud Office (OLAF)
         (OJ 1999 L 136, p. 20).
         
         
         
         3
            
          Article 1(3) of Regulation (EC) No 1073/1999 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 May 1999 concerning investigations
         conducted by the European Anti-Fraud Office (OJ 1999 L 136, p. 1) provides:
         ‘Within the institutions, bodies, offices and agencies established by, or on the basis of, the Treaties … , [OLAF] shall conduct
         administrative investigations for the purpose of:
         
         
         
          
         –
            fighting fraud, corruption and any other illegal activity affecting the financial interests of the European Community,
         
         
         
         
          
         –
            investigating to that end serious matters relating to the discharge of professional duties such as to constitute a dereliction
               of the obligations of officials and other servants of the Communities liable to result in disciplinary or, as the case may
               be, criminal proceedings, or an equivalent failure to discharge obligations on the part of members of institutions and bodies,
               heads of offices and agencies or members of the staff of institutions, bodies, offices or agencies not subject to the Staff
               Regulations of Officials and the Conditions of Employment of Other Servants of the European Communities.’
            
         
         
         
         
         
         4
            
          Article 4 of Regulation No 1073/1999 provides:
         ‘1.     In the areas referred to in Article 1, [OLAF] shall carry out administrative investigations within the institutions, bodies,
         offices and agencies … [referred to as] “internal investigations” [in this Regulation].
          These internal investigations shall be carried out subject to the rules of the Treaties, in particular the Protocol on privileges
         and immunities of the European Communities, and with due regard for the Staff Regulations under the conditions and in accordance
         with the procedures provided for in this Regulation and in decisions adopted by each institution, body, office and agency.
         The institutions shall consult each other on the rules to be laid down by such decisions.
          2.       Provided that the provisions referred to in paragraph 1 are complied with:
         
         
         
          
         –
            [OLAF] shall have the right of immediate and unannounced access to any information held by the institutions, bodies, offices
               and agencies, and to their premises. [OLAF] shall be empowered to inspect the accounts of the institutions, bodies, offices
               and agencies. [OLAF] may take a copy of and obtain extracts from any document or the contents of any data medium held by the
               institutions, bodies, offices and agencies and, if necessary, assume custody of such documents or data to ensure that there
               is no danger of their disappearing,
            
         
         
         
         
          
         –
            [OLAF] may request oral information from members of the institutions and bodies, from managers of offices and agencies and
               from the staff of the institutions, bodies, offices and agencies.
            
         
         
         ...
          6.       Without prejudice to the rules laid down by the Treaties, in particular the Protocol on privileges and immunities of the European
         Communities, and to the provisions of the Staff Regulations, the decision to be adopted by each institution, body, office
         or agency as provided for in paragraph 1 shall in particular include rules concerning:
         
         (a)
            a duty on the part of members, officials and other servants of the institutions and bodies, and managers, officials, and servants
               of offices and agencies, to cooperate with and supply information to [OLAF’s] servants;
            
         
         
         (b)
            the procedures to be observed by [OLAF’s] employees when conducting internal investigations and the guarantees of the rights
               of persons concerned by an internal investigation.’
            
         
         
         
         
         5
            
          Article 6(6) of Regulation No 1073/1999 provides:
         ‘… The institutions and bodies shall ensure that their members and staff afford the necessary assistance to enable [OLAF’s]
         agents to fulfil their task; the offices and agencies shall ensure that their managers and staff do likewise.’
         
         
         
         6
            
          Article 9 of Regulation No 1073/1999 is worded as follows:
         ‘1.     On completion of an investigation carried out by [OLAF], the latter shall draw up a report, under the authority of the Director,
         specifying the facts established, the financial loss, if any, and the findings of the investigation, including the recommendations
         of the Director of [OLAF] on the action that should be taken.
         …
          4.       Reports drawn up following an internal investigation and any useful related documents shall be sent to the institution, body,
         office or agency concerned. The institution, body, office or agency shall take such action, in particular disciplinary or
         legal, on the internal investigations, as the results of those investigations warrant, and shall report thereon to the Director
         of [OLAF], within a deadline laid down by him in the findings of his report.’
         
         
         
         7
            
          Article 10(2) and (3) of Regulation No 1073/1999 provides:
         ‘2.     Without prejudice to Articles 8, 9 and 11 of this Regulation, the Director of [OLAF] shall forward to the judicial authorities
         of the Member State concerned the information obtained by [OLAF] during internal investigations into matters liable to result
         in criminal proceedings. Subject to the requirements of the investigation, he shall simultaneously inform the Member State
         concerned.
          3.       Without prejudice to Articles 8 and 9 of this Regulation, [OLAF] may at any time forward to the institution, body, office
         or agency concerned the information obtained in the course of internal investigations.’
         
         
         
         8
            
          By the Interinstitutional Agreement, the Parliament, the Council and the Commission agreed ‘to adopt common rules consisting
         of the implementing measures required to ensure the smooth operation of the investigations carried out by [OLAF] within their
         institution’ and ‘to draw up such rules and make them immediately applicable by adopting an internal decision in accordance
         with the model attached to this Agreement and not to deviate from that model save where their own particular requirements
         make such deviation a technical necessity’.
         
         
         
         9
            
          The contested measure approves the Parliament’s Decision concerning the terms and conditions for internal investigations in
         relation to the prevention of fraud and corruption and any illegal activity detrimental to the Communities’ interests (‘the
         Parliament’s decision concerning the terms and conditions for internal investigations’) and, as a consequence, amends the
         Parliament’s Rules of Procedure. The decision, which appears in Annex XI to the Rules of Procedure, reproduces the model decision
         attached to the Interinstitutional Agreement whilst making certain amendments thereto.
         
         
         
         10
            
          The second paragraph of Article 1 of the Parliament’s decision concerning the terms and conditions for internal investigations
         provides that:
         ‘Without prejudice to the relevant provisions of the Treaties establishing the European Communities, in particular the Protocol
         on privileges and immunities, and of the texts implementing them, Members shall cooperate fully with [OLAF].’
         
         
         
         11
            
          The fourth and fifth paragraphs of Article 2 of that decision provide that:
         ‘Members who acquire knowledge of facts as referred to in the first paragraph [knowledge of evidence which gives rise to a
         presumption of the existence of possible cases of fraud, corruption or any other illegal activity detrimental to the interests
         of the Communities, or of serious situations relating to the discharge of professional duties which may constitute a failure
         to comply with the obligations of officials or servants of the Communities or staff not subject to the Staff Regulations liable
         to result in disciplinary or, in appropriate cases, criminal proceedings] shall inform the President of the Parliament or,
         if they consider it useful, [OLAF] direct.
          This article applies without prejudice to confidentiality requirements laid down in law or the European Parliament’s Rules
         of Procedure.’
         
         
         
         12
            
          Article 3 of the decision states that ‘at the request of the Director of [OLAF], the European Parliament’s security office
         shall assist [OLAF] in the practical conduct of investigations’.
         
         
         
         13
            
          Article 4 of the Parliament’s decision concerning the terms and conditions for internal investigations provides that ‘rules
         governing Members’ parliamentary immunity and the right to refuse to testify shall remain unchanged’.
         
         
         
         14
            
          Article 5 of the decision is worded as follows:
         ‘Where the possible implication of a Member … emerges, the interested party shall be informed rapidly as long as this would
         not be harmful to the investigation. In any event, conclusions referring by name to a Member … may not be drawn once the investigation
         has been completed without the interested party’s having been enabled to express his views on all the facts which concern
         him.
          In cases necessitating the maintenance of absolute secrecy for the purposes of the investigation and requiring the use of
         investigative procedures falling within the remit of a national judicial authority, compliance with the obligation to invite
         the Member … to give his views may be deferred in agreement … with the President …’
         
         The contested judgment
         
         15
            
          By application lodged at the Registry of the Court of First Instance on 21 January 2000, the appellants brought an action
         on the basis of the fourth paragraph of Article 230 EC for annulment of the contested measure.
         
         
         
         16
            
          By the contested judgment, the Court of First Instance declared the action inadmissible on the ground that the appellants
         were not individually concerned by the contested measure for the purposes of Article 230 EC.
         
         
         
         17
            
          First, the Court of First Instance explained the reasons why it considered the contested measure to be a measure of general
         application. In that regard, it pointed out particularly, in paragraph 61 of the contested judgment, that:
         ‘The general purpose of the contested measure is to lay down the conditions upon which the Parliament will cooperate with
         [OLAF] in order to facilitate the smooth operation of investigations within that institution. In keeping with that object,
         it perceives the Members as having rights and duties and it lays down special provisions for them where, in particular, they
         are implicated in an investigation conducted by [OLAF] or where they have acquired knowledge of facts which give rise to a
         presumption of the existence of possible cases of fraud, corruption or any other illegal activity detrimental to the interests
         of the Communities, or of serious situations relating to the discharge of professional duties which may constitute a failure
         to comply with obligations liable to result in disciplinary or, where appropriate, criminal proceedings. The contested measure
         applies without distinction to the Members of the Parliament in office at the time of its entry into force and to any other
         person subsequently coming to perform the same duties. Thus it applies without temporal limitation to objectively determined
         situations and has legal effects with respect to categories of persons envisaged generally and in the abstract.’
         
         
         
         18
            
          Second, at paragraphs 63 to 74 of the contested judgment, the Court of First Instance held as follows:
         
         ‘63
            Nevertheless, it has been held that, in certain circumstances, a provision in a measure of general application may be of individual
               concern to some interested persons (Case C‑358/89 Extramet Industrie v Council [1991] ECR I‑2501, paragraph 13, and Case C‑309/89 Codorniu v Council [1994] ECR I‑1853, paragraph 19). In such a case, a Community measure can be of a legislative nature and, at the same time,
               vis-à-vis some of the individuals concerned, in the nature of a decision (Joined Cases T‑481/93 and T‑484/93 Vereniging van Exporteurs in Levende Varkens and Others v Commission [1995] ECR II-2941, paragraph 50). Such is the case where the measure in question affects natural or legal persons by reason
               of certain attributes which are peculiar to them or by reason of circumstances in which they are differentiated from all other
               persons (Codorniu v Council, paragraph 20).
            
         
         
         64
            In light of that case-law, it must be established whether there are such circumstances in this case which make it possible
               to distinguish the applicants in a way similar to that in which the addressee of a decision could be identified.
            
         
         
         65
            The applicants have argued that because they are Members of the Parliament holding office at the time when the contested measure
               was adopted they belong to a closed circle of persons identifiable by name. The mere fact, however, that the number and even
               the identity of the persons to whom a measure applies can be determined in no way implies that those persons must be regarded
               as individually concerned by that measure, where that measure applies to them as a result of an objective situation of law
               or fact specified by the measure at issue (see, for example, the judgment in Case 6/68 Zuckerfabrik Watenstedt v Council [1968] ECR 409, at p. 415, and the orders in Case C-10/95 P Asocarne v Council [1995] ECR I-4149, paragraph 30, and CNPAAP v Council [Case C-87/95 P [1996] ECR I‑2003], paragraph 34).
            
         
         
         66
            As stated above, the contested measure affects the applicants only because they belong to a category of persons which is defined
               generally and in the abstract. The contested measure does not express the Parliament’s intention to deal with a particular
               case, specifically that of the applicants. Furthermore, the applicants have neither claimed, nor adduced evidence to demonstrate,
               that adoption of the contested measure alters their legal situation or affects them, more particularly than other Members
               of the Parliament.
            
         
         
         67
            Likewise, merely belonging to one of the two categories of persons to whom the contested measure is addressed – all the Parliament’s
               staff, whether subject to the Staff Regulations or not, on the one hand, and its Members, on the other – is not sufficient
               to distinguish the applicants, since those two categories are defined generally and in the abstract. …
            
         
         
               …
                  
               
         
         
         
         71
            In addition, the Court must consider whether, in the circumstances, the case-law is applicable by virtue of which actions
               for annulment of measures of a legislative nature are admissible where a superior rule of law required the body responsible
               for it to take into account the applicants’ particular circumstances (see, to that effect, Case 11/82 Piraiki-Patraiki and Others v Commission [1985] ECR 207, paragraphs 11 to 32; Case C‑152/88 Sofrimport v Commission [1990] ECR I‑2477, paragraphs 11 to 13; Case C‑390/95 P Antillean Rice Mills and Others v Commission [1999] ECR I‑769, paragraphs 25 to 30, and Case T‑135/96 UEAPME v Council [1998] ECR II‑2335, paragraph 90).
            
         
         
         72
            The applicants in the present case have argued in essence that the contested measure compromises both their independence and
               the immunity conferred upon them by the Protocol on privileges and immunities of the European Communities. However, the Protocol
               refers to Members of the Parliament only in a general fashion and contains no provision explicitly governing internal investigations
               in the Parliament. …
            
         
         
         73
            As the President of the Court of First Instance was able to observe in paragraph 107 of the order in Rothley and Others  v Parliament [Case T‑17/00 R [2000] ECR II-2085], the risk cannot be excluded a priori that, in conducting an investigation, [OLAF] might
               perform an act prejudicial to the immunity enjoyed by every Member of the Parliament. However, if that were to occur, any
               Member of the Parliament faced with such an act could, if he considered it damaging to him, avail himself of the judicial
               protection and the legal remedies provided for by the Treaty.
            
         
         
         74
            In any event, the existence of such a risk cannot warrant altering the system of remedies and procedures established by Articles
               230 EC, 234 EC and 235 EC which is designed to give the Community judicature the power to review the legality of acts of the
               institutions. It cannot by any means serve to make an action for annulment brought by a natural or legal person who does not
               satisfy the conditions laid down by the fourth paragraph of Article 230 EC to be declared admissible (orders in Asocarne v Council, paragraph 26, and CNPAAP v Council, paragraph 38).’
            
         
         
         The appeal
         
         19
            
          The appellants ask the Court of Justice to set aside the contested judgment and to grant the form of order sought by them
         at first instance or, failing that, to refer the case back to the Court of First Instance and to order the Parliament to pay
         the costs of both sets of proceedings.
         
         
         
         20
            
          They advance two pleas in law in support of their appeal.  The Court of First Instance, first, misapplied the fourth paragraph
         of Article 230 EC in declaring their action inadmissible on the ground that they were not individually concerned by the contested
         measure and, second, infringed the principle of the right to effective judicial protection.
         
         
         
         21
            
          The Parliament, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Council and the Commission contend that the appeal should be dismissed
         and the appellants ordered to pay the costs.
         
         The first ground of appeal
         
         22
            
          The first ground of appeal relied on by the appellants comprises three parts.
         
         
         
         23
            
          By the first part of this ground of appeal, the appellants submit that the Court of First Instance was wrong to find that
         the admissibility of their appeal was subject to the condition that they were individually concerned by the contested measure.
         
         
         
         24
            
          In their submission, it follows from paragraphs 67 to 69 of the order of the President of the Court of First Instance of 25
         November 1999 in Case T-222/99 R Martinez and de Gaulle v Parliament [1999] ECR II‑3397 that, where there is a decision of the Parliament which, like the contested measure, goes beyond the mere
         internal organisation of the Parliament and directly affects its Members, the latter have standing to bring an action without
         it being necessary to address the question as to whether they are individually concerned by the measure at issue.
         
         
         
         25
            
          In that regard, it is sufficient to observe that, as is apparent from the actual wording of the fourth paragraph of Article
         230 EC and from settled case-law, a natural or legal person is entitled to bring an action for annulment of a measure which
         is not a decision addressed to it only if the person is not only directly concerned by the measure but also individually concerned
         by it (see, inter alia, Piraiki-Patraiki and Others  v Commission,  paragraph 5), with the result that the provision cannot be interpreted so as to have the effect of setting aside that condition,
         which is expressly laid down in the Treaty, without going beyond the jurisdiction conferred by the Treaty on the Community
         Courts (see, in particular, Case C‑50/00 P Unión de Pequeños Agricultores  v Council [2002] ECR I‑6677, paragraph 44).
         
         
         
         26
            
          By the second part of their first ground of appeal, the appellants maintain that the Court of First Instance erred in law
         when it held, in paragraphs 66 and 67 of the contested judgment, that it did not follow from the fact that they belonged to
         a closed and exclusive circle of persons identifiable by name in their capacity as Members of the Parliament holding office
         at the time when the contested measure was adopted that they were individually concerned by that measure for the purposes
         of the fourth paragraph of Article 230 EC.
         
         
         
         27
            
          In that regard, it must nevertheless be observed that, by virtue of settled case-law, the general applicability, and thus
         the legislative nature, of a measure is not called in question by the fact that it is possible to determine more or less exactly
         the number or even the identity of the persons to whom it applies at any given time, as long as it is established that it
         applies to them by virtue of an objective legal or factual situation defined by the measure in question in relation to its
         purpose (see, inter alia, Case 26/86 Deutz and Geldermann  v Council [1987] ECR 941, paragraph 8, and Codorniu v Council, paragraph 18).
         
         
         
         28
            
          For those persons to be regarded as individually concerned by such a measure, their legal situation must be affected by reason
         of certain attributes peculiar to them, or by reason of a factual situation which differentiates them from all other persons
         and thus distinguishes them individually in the same way as the addressee (see, in particular, Deutz and Geldermann v Council, paragraph 9, and Union de Pequeños Agricultores  v Council, paragraph 36).
         
         
         
         29
            
          The Court of First Instance stated, in paragraph 61 of the contested judgment, that the general purpose of the contested measure
         is to lay down the conditions upon which the Parliament will cooperate with OLAF and that, in keeping with that object, it
         perceives the Members of the Parliament as having rights and duties and in that regard applies without distinction to the
         Members of the Parliament in office at the time of its entry into force and to any other person subsequently coming to perform
         the same duties. It rightly concluded from that that the measure applies without temporal limitation to objectively determined
         situations and has legal effects with respect to categories of persons envisaged generally and in the abstract.
         
         
         
         30
            
          It follows from all of the foregoing that, when it held, in paragraph 66 of the contested judgment (which must be read particularly
         in the light of paragraph 61 thereof), that the contested measure affected the applicants only because they belonged to a
         category of persons which was defined generally and in the abstract and did not affect them more particularly than other Members
         of the Parliament, the Court of First Instance did not err in law.
         
         
         
         31
            
          By the third part of their first ground of appeal, the appellants claim that the Court of First Instance erred in law when
         it found, in paragraphs 72 to 74 of the contested judgment, that there were no grounds in this instance for applying the case-law
         cited in paragraph 71 of the judgment, by virtue of which an action may be brought against a general measure where a superior
         rule of law requires the person responsible for the measure to take into account an applicant’s particular circumstances.
         
         
         
         32
            
          The appellants submit that the independence of Members of the Parliament in the exercise of their mandate, their immunity
         and the duty of confidentiality incumbent upon them as members of committees of inquiry are equivalent to rights conferred
         on them by provisions of a constitutional nature. Since those superior rights are infringed in various respects by the contested
         measure, the appellants submit that they should be permitted to challenge the legality of the measure.
         
         
         
         33
            
          In that regard, it must be stated at the outset that the judgments of the Court of Justice mentioned in paragraph 71 of the
         contested judgment, which the appellants claim have been misinterpreted by the Court of First Instance, did not seek to call
         in question the interpretation of the fourth paragraph of Article 230 EC, referred to in paragraph 28 of this judgment.
         
         
         
         34
            
          Thus, in paragraphs 5, 11 and 19 of the judgment in Piraiki-Patraiki and Others v Commission, the Court accepted that the application before it was admissible only after having drawn attention to that interpretation
         and having found, inter alia, that the fact that the applicants had entered into contracts, before the contested decision
         was adopted, which were to be implemented during the months to which the contested decision applied constituted a circumstance
         which distinguished them from any other person concerned by the decision, in so far as the execution of their contracts was
         wholly or partly prevented by the adoption of the decision.
         
         
         
         35
            
          Likewise, having found that Community legislation required the Commission, when adopting the contested measure, to take account
         of the special position of products in transit to the Community, the Court pointed out, in paragraph 11 of the judgment in
         Sofrimport  v Commission, that only certain importers of Chilean apples were in that position, with the result that they constituted a restricted
         group which was sufficiently well defined in relation to any other importer of such apples and could not be extended after
         the suspensory measures in issue took effect.
         
         
         
         36
            
          Finally, in paragraph 28 of the judgment in Antillean Rice Mills and Others v Commission, the Court drew particular attention to the fact that the judicial protection which an individual enjoys under the fourth
         paragraph of Article 173 of the EC Treaty (now the fourth paragraph of Article 230 EC) must be established on the basis of
         the specific situation of that individual compared to all other persons concerned. 
         
         
         
         37
            
          In that regard, it must be held that, particularly in the light of the considerations set out in paragraphs 29 and 30 of this
         judgment, the appellants are not, even when account is taken of the rights and obligations inherent in their position and
         on which they rely, in a special situation such as to distinguish them from the other persons concerned by the contested measure,
         since the measure applies to them and affects them only because they belong to a category of persons defined generally and
         in the abstract, namely the Members, present or future, of the Parliament. Contrary to the appellants’ assertion and as the
         Court of First Instance rightly held in paragraph 67 of the contested judgment, such a finding is not undermined by the fact
         that, in this instance, the contested measure also applies to other categories of persons defined generally and in the abstract,
         such as all the Parliament’s staff, whether subject to the Staff Regulations or not.
         
         
         
         38
            
          It follows that the Court of First Instance did not err in law in finding that in this instance there were no grounds for
         applying the case-law mentioned in paragraph 71 of the contested judgment.
         
         
         
         39
            
          Since its three parts are unfounded, the first ground of appeal must be rejected.
         
         The second ground of appeal The appellants’ arguments
         
         
         40
            
          By their second ground of appeal, the appellants maintain that, in finding their application inadmissible, the Court of First
         Instance infringed the principle of the right to effective judicial protection. In particular, the Court of First Instance
         wrongly concluded, in paragraph 73 of the contested judgment, that if an action of OLAF were to prejudice the individual immunity
         of a Member of the Parliament, the latter could avail himself of the judicial protection and legal remedies provided for by
         the Treaty.
         
         
         
         41
            
          In that regard, they submit, first, that the duties of Members of the Parliament to provide OLAF with information and to cooperate
         with it, as well as the obligation to submit to OLAF’s investigations, which derive from the contested measure, bind them
         directly without any need for an implementing measure amenable to legal challenge.
         
         
         
         42
            
          Second, OLAF’s investigative powers are exercised directly under Article 4(2) of Regulation No 1073/1999, without any requirement
         that measures be adopted which are amenable to judicial review. The forwarding of results of investigations carried out by
         OLAF also occurs directly under the provisions of Articles 9 and 10 of Regulation No 1073/1999, without there being any scope
         for judicial review. Furthermore, since OLAF is fully independent of the Commission, the appellants submit that the latter
         cannot adopt a measure concerning OLAF’s activity which may be challenged in an action for annulment.
         
         
         
         43
            
          Third, any defects in measures adopted by OLAF are likewise not open to subsequent challenge in national proceedings in the
         wake of an investigation by OLAF, since national judicial authorities have no jurisdiction to review such measures, even in
         the course of reviewing decisions taken by the national authorities. Moreover, national authorities are not competent to adopt
         measures relating to OLAF’s activity; nor are they responsible for adopting measures on the basis of Community rules relating
         to that activity.
         
         
         
         44
            
          The appellants submit that the Court of First Instance should have found their action admissible on the ground that that they
         are thus afforded no opportunity of either indirectly pleading the invalidity of the contested measure before the Community
         judicature under Article 241 EC or of doing so before the national courts and asking them to make a reference to the Court
         of Justice for a preliminary ruling on the matter. If it had proceeded in that way, the Court of First Instance would not,
         contrary to the statement in paragraph 74 of the contested judgment, have altered the system of remedies established by the
         Treaty but would simply have interpreted the fourth paragraph of Article 230 EC correctly in light of the principle of effective
         judicial protection (see the judgment in Union de Pequeños Agricultores  v Council, paragraphs 40 and 44).
         
         
         
         45
            
          More specifically, the appellants submit that, in order to take account of the requirements of that principle, the Court of
         First Instance should have interpreted the condition laid down in the fourth paragraph of Article 230 EC more broadly than
         it is at present interpreted, by finding that a person is individually concerned by a general Community measure either when,
         because of his situation, the measure prejudices or is liable to prejudice his interests significantly, or when the measure
         actually and presently affects him by restricting his rights or by imposing obligations on him.
         
          Findings of the Court
         
         
         46
            
          It is appropriate to bear in mind as a preliminary point that by Articles 230 EC and 241 EC the Treaty has established a complete
         system of legal remedies and procedures designed to ensure judicial review of the legality of acts of the institutions, and
         has entrusted such review to the Community Courts. Under that system, where natural or legal persons cannot, by reason of
         the conditions for admissibility laid down in the fourth paragraph of Article 230 EC, directly challenge Community measures
         of general application, they are able, depending on the case, either indirectly to plead the invalidity of such acts before
         the Community Courts under Article 241 EC or to do so before the national courts and ask them, since they have no jurisdiction
         themselves to declare those measures invalid, to make a reference to the Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling on validity
         (Union de Pequeños Agricultores  v Council,  paragraph 40 and the case-law cited).
         
         
         
         47
            
          As has been observed in paragraph 25 of this judgment, the Court has also held that according to the system for judicial review
         of legality established by the Treaty, a natural or legal person can bring an action challenging a regulation only if it is
         concerned both directly and individually. Although this last condition must be interpreted in the light of the principle of
         effective judicial protection by taking account of the various circumstances that may distinguish an applicant individually,
         such an interpretation cannot have the effect of setting aside the condition in question, expressly laid down in the Treaty,
         without going beyond the jurisdiction conferred by the Treaty on the Community Courts (Union de Pequeños Agricultores  v Council,  paragraph 40, and the case-law cited).
         
         
         
         48
            
          As regards the present case, it must be stated that there are no grounds for a finding that the appellants could not avail
         themselves of effective judicial protection if they were not permitted to bring an action for annulment of the contested measure
         before the Community Courts.
         
         
         
         49
            
          First, as the Parliament and the Commission have maintained and as the Advocate General has stated in paragraph 56 of his
         Opinion, the provisions of the contested measure relating to cooperation with OLAF or to supplying it with information  are
         intended – whatever their exact scope may be – to impose obligations upon Members of the Parliament, so that it is in the
         first instance for Members, in any given case, either to act upon those obligations or not to comply with them if they are
         persuaded that it is open to them to do so without infringing Community law. If, in a specific case, one of the Members of
         the Parliament adopts that approach, any subsequent measures taken by the Parliament with regard to that Member and to his
         disadvantage will, in principle, be subject to judicial review.
         
         
         
         50
            
          Second, as regards the various measures which OLAF could take when exercising its investigative powers, there is nothing to
         suggest, contrary to the appellants’ claim, that, where such measures affect certain Members of the Parliament, the latter
         would have no effective judicial protection in respect of those measures. In that regard, it seems neither possible nor necessary,
         in the context of this case, to examine all the situations that might arise. However, it must be borne in mind, as the Advocate
         General has noted in paragraph 62 of his Opinion, that the rules determining whether the Community Courts have jurisdiction,
         as regards either the commencement of direct actions before those Courts or where the Court is seised by way of a reference
         for a preliminary ruling made by a national court, must be interpreted above all in the light of the principle of effective
         judicial protection (Union de Pequeños Agricultores  v Council,  paragraphs 41, 42 and 44).
         
         
         
         51
            
          In any event, the fact that such judicial review takes place a posteriori does not call in question the findings made by the Court of First Instance in paragraphs 73 and 74 of the contested judgment.
         As the Court of First Instance found, the risk that, in conducting an investigation, OLAF might perform an act prejudicial
         to the immunity enjoyed by every Member of the Parliament cannot warrant altering the system of remedies and procedures established
         by the Treaty which is designed to give the Community judicature the power to review the legality of acts of the institutions.
         
         
         
         52
            
          It follows from all of the foregoing considerations that the Court of First Instance could, without infringing the principle
         of effective judicial protection, declare the application inadmissible on the ground that the appellants are not individually
         concerned by the contested measure within the meaning of the fourth paragraph of Article 230 EC.
         
         
         
         53
            
          It follows that the second ground of appeal cannot be accepted.
         
         
         
         54
            
          Since the two grounds of appeal advanced by the appellants in support of their appeal are unfounded, the appeal must be dismissed
         in its entirety.
         
         
         Costs
         55
            
          The first paragraph of Article 122 of the Rules of Procedure provides that when the appeal is unfounded, the Court makes a
         decision as to costs. Article 69(2) of the Rules of Procedure, which applies to the procedure on appeal pursuant to Article 118
         thereof, provides that the unsuccessful party is to be ordered to pay the costs if they have been applied for in the successful
         party’s pleadings. Article 69(4) states that Member States and institutions which intervene in the proceedings are to bear
         their own costs.
         
         
         
         56
            
          Since the appeal has been dismissed, the appellants must be ordered to bear their own costs and to pay those of the Parliament,
         in accordance with the form of order sought by the Parliament. The Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Council and the Commission
         are to bear their own costs.
         
         
         On those grounds,
         
         
         
            
            THE COURT
         
         
          hereby:
         
            
            
             
               1.
                  Dismisses the appeal;
               
            
            
            
             
               2.
                  Orders the appellants to bear their own costs and to pay those incurred by the European Parliament;
               
            
            
            
             
               3.
                  Orders the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Council of the European Union and the Commission of the European Communities to
                     bear their own costs.
                  
               
            
            
                  Skouris
               
               
                  Jann
               
               
                  Gulmann
               
            
                  Cunha Rodrigues
               
               
                  Rosas
               
               
                  La Pergola
               
            
                  Puissochet
               
               
                  Schintgen
               
               
                  Macken
               
            
                  Colneric
               
               
                  
               
               
                  von Bahr
               
            
                  
               
               
                  
               
               
                  
               
            
            
            
            
            
            
            
            
         
         
          Delivered in open court in Luxembourg on 30 March 2004.
         
         
         
         
                  R. Grass
               
               
                  V. Skouris
               
            
         
         
         
                  Registrar
               
               
                  President
               
            
      
      
          1 –
            
            Language of the case: German.