CELEX: 62005CJ0051
Language: en
Date: 2008-07-17
Title: Judgment of the Court (Fourth Chamber) of 17 July 2008. # Commission of the European Communities v Cantina sociale di Dolianova Soc. coop. arl and Others. # Appeals - Common organisation of the market in wine - Aid for distillation - Actions for damages - Non-contractual liability of the Community - Limitation period - Point from which time starts to run. # Case C-51/05 P.

Case C-51/05 P
      Commission of the European Communities
      v
      Cantina sociale di Dolianova Soc. coop. arl and Others
      (Appeals – Common organisation of the market in wine – Aid for distillation – Actions for damages – Non-contractual liability of the Community – Limitation period – Point from which time starts to run)
      Summary of the Judgment
      Actions for damages – Limitation period – Point from which time starts to run
      (Arts 235 EC and 288, second para., EC; Statute of the Court of Justice, Art. 46)
      The five-year limitation period for bringing proceedings against the Community in matters relating to non-contractual liability
         laid down in Article 46 of the Statute of the Court of Justice cannot begin to run until all the requirements governing the
         obligation to provide compensation for damage are satisfied and, in particular, until the damage to be made good has materialised.
         Therefore, in cases where the liability of the Community has its origin in a legislative measure, that period of limitation
         does not begin until the damaging effects of that measure have arisen and, therefore, until the time at which the persons
         concerned were bound to have suffered certain damage.
      
      In that connection, the conditions to which the obligation to make good the damage referred to in the second paragraph of
         Article 288 EC is subject, and, therefore, the rules on limitation periods which govern actions for compensation in respect
         of that damage may be based only on strictly objective criteria. If it were otherwise, there would be a risk of undermining
         the principle of legal certainty on which the rules on limitation periods specifically rely and which require that legal rules
         be clear and precise in order that interested parties can ascertain their position in situations and legal relationships governed
         by Community law.
      
      Furthermore, preventing the limitation period for proceedings against the Community for non-contractual liability from starting
         to run as long as the party who has allegedly been harmed is not personally convinced that he has suffered damage has the
         result that the point in time at which those proceedings become time-barred varies according to the individual perception
         that each party may have as to the reality of the damage, something which is at variance with the requirement of legal certainty
         necessary for the application of limitation periods. In that connection, knowledge of the facts is not one of the conditions
         which must be met in order for the limitation period to start running.  The subjective appraisal of the reality of the damage
         cannot therefore be taken into consideration in order to determine the moment at which that period starts to run.
      
      (see paras 54, 59-61)
JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (Fourth Chamber)
      17 July 2008 (*)
      
      (Appeals – Common organisation of the market in wine – Aid for distillation – Actions for damages – Non-contractual liability of the Community – Limitation period – Point from which time starts to run)
      In Case C‑51/05 P,
      APPEAL under Article 56 of the Statute of the Court of Justice, lodged on 7 February 2005,
      Commission of the European Communities, represented by C. Cattabriga and L. Visaggio, acting as Agents, with an address for service in Luxembourg,
      
      appellant,
      the other parties to the proceedings being:
      Cantina sociale di Dolianova Soc. coop. arl, established in Dolianova (Italy),
      
      Cantina Trexenta Soc. coop. arl, established in Senorbì (Italy),
      
      Cantina sociale Marmilla – Unione viticoltori associati Soc. coop. arl, established in Sanluri (Italy),
      
      Cantina sociale S. Maria La Palma Soc. coop. arl, established in Santa Maria La Palma (Italy),
      
      Cantina sociale del Vermentino Soc. coop. arl Monti-Sassari, established in Monti (Italy),
      
      represented by C. Dore and G. Dore, avvocati,
      applicants at first instance,
      THE COURT (Fourth Chamber),
      composed of K. Lenaerts, President of the Chamber, G. Arestis (Rapporteur), R. Silva de Lapuerta, J. Malenovský and T. von
         Danwitz, Judges,
      
      Advocate General: E. Sharpston,
      Registrar: R. Grass,
      having regard to the written procedure,
      after hearing the Opinion of the Advocate General at the sitting on 22 November 2007,
      gives the following
      Judgment
      1        By its appeal, the Commission of the European Communities requests the Court of Justice to set aside the judgment of the Court
         of First Instance of the European Communities of 23 November 2004 in Case T‑166/98 Dolianova and Others v Commission [2004] ECR II-3991 (‘the judgment under appeal’) in so far as, by that judgment, the Court ordered the Commission to make
         good the damage suffered by Cantina sociale di Dolianova Soc. coop. arl, Cantina Trexenta Soc. coop. arl, Cantina sociale
         Marmilla ­– Unione viticoltori associati Soc. coop. arl, Cantina sociale S. Maria La Palma Soc. coop. arl, and Cantina sociale
         del Vermentino Soc. coop. arl Monti-Sassari (herineafter collectively referred to as ‘the Cantine’), following the insolvency
         of Distilleria Agricola Industriale di Terralba (‘DAI’), by reason of the absence of a procedure that would guarantee, under
         the system introduced by Article 9 of Commission Regulation (EEC) No 2499/82 of 15 September 1982 laying down provisions concerning
         preventive distillation for the 1982/1983 wine year (OJ 1982 L 267, p. 16), payment to the producers concerned of the Community
         aid provided for by that regulation.
      
       Legal framework
      2        Article 5(1) of Regulation No 2499/82 sets the minimum buying-in price for wines for distillation.
      
      3        According to the 8th recital in the preamble to Regulation No 2499/82, that price normally renders it impossible to market
         the products of distillation at market prices. The regulation therefore laid down a compensation procedure whereby the intervention
         agency would pay fixed aid for distilled wine, the amount of which is set out in Article 6 thereof.
      
      4        Article 9 of Regulation No 2499/82 provides:
      
      ‘1. The minimum buying-in price referred to in the first subparagraph of Article 5(1) shall be paid by the distiller to the
         producer not later than 90 days after the entry into the distillery [of the total quantity of wine or, where appropriate,
         of each consignment of wine].
      
      2. The intervention agency shall pay to the distiller the aid provided for in Article 6(1) and, where appropriate, the increase
         in the minimum buying-in price referred to in the second subparagraph of Article 5(1) within 90 days of submission of proof
         that the total quantity of wine specified in the contract has been distilled.
      
      …
      The distiller shall be required to supply the intervention agency with proof that he has paid the minimum buying-in price
         referred to in the first subparagraph of Article 5(1) within the period specified in paragraph 1 and, where appropriate, the
         increase in the said price within the period referred to in the fourth paragraph. If such proof is not submitted within 120
         days of the date of submission of the proof referred to in the first paragraph, the amounts paid shall be recovered by the
         intervention agency. …’
      
      5        Article 11 of Regulation No 2499/82 provides:
      
      ‘1. The distiller in the case referred to in Article 9 … may ask for an amount equal to the aid referred to in the first paragraph
         of Article 6 to be paid to him by way of advance on condition that he has provided a security equal to 110% of the said amount
         in the name of the intervention agency.
      
      2. The security shall be provided in the form of a guarantee by an establishment meeting the criteria laid down by the Member
         State to which the intervention agency is responsible.
      
      3. The advance shall be paid not later than 90 days after proof is furnished that the security has been provided and in any
         case after the date of approval of the contract or declaration.
      
      …’
      6        Article 46 of the Statute of the Court of Justice provides: 
      
      ‘Proceedings against the Communities in matters arising from non-contractual liability shall be barred after a period of five
         years from the occurrence of the event giving rise thereto. The period of limitation shall be interrupted if proceedings are
         instituted before the Court or if, prior to such proceedings, an application is made by the aggrieved party to the relevant
         institution of the Communities. In the latter event the proceedings must be instituted within the period of two months provided
         for in Article 230 of the EC Treaty and Article 146 of the EAEC Treaty; the provisions of the second paragraph of Article
         232 of the EC Treaty and the second paragraph of Article 148 of the EAEC Treaty, respectively, shall apply where appropriate.’
      
       Facts of the dispute
      7        The facts of the dispute, as set out in paragraphs 16 to 44 of the judgment under appeal, may be summarised as follows.
      
      8        The Cantine, which are wine cooperatives, are producers of wine in Sardinia (Italy). In the context of preventive distillation
         in respect of the 1982/1983 marketing year they delivered, between January and March 1983, wine to DAI which was distilled
         within the time-limit laid down by the provisions of Article 4 of Regulation No 2499/82. The 90-day period laid down by Article
         9(1) of that regulation within which DAI was required to pay the Cantine expired in June 1983.
      
      9        On 22 June 1983 DAI requested the Azienda di Stato per gli Interventi nel Mercato Agricolo (the Italian intervention agency,
         ‘AIMA’) to make an advance payment of Community aid, under Article 11 of Regulation No 2499/82, in respect of the wine which
         had been delivered and distilled. To that end, DAI provided the security required by that provision, equal to 110% of the
         amount of the aid, in the form of a bond issued by Assicuratrice Edile SpA (‘Assedile’) in favour of AIMA. On 10 August 1983,
         AIMA paid the advance requested to DAI in accordance with Article 11.
      
      10      Due to financial difficulties, DAI failed to pay, either in full or in part, the producers, including the Cantine, who had
         delivered wine for distillation. In October 1983 DAI applied for administration under Italian bankruptcy law. As the court
         to which the matter was subsequently referred, the Tribunale di Oristano (District Court, Oristano) (Italy), granted that
         application, DAI suspended all its payments, including those still owed to the producers who had delivered wine to it.
      
      11      AIMA requested DAI to reimburse the Community aid, less the sums duly paid to the abovementioned producers, on the ground
         that DAI had not supplied it, within the time-limit laid down in Article 9(2) of Regulation No 2499/82, with proof that it
         had paid the other producers the minimum buying-in price for wine within the period of 90 days after the entry into the distillery
         laid down in Article 9(1) thereof. As DAI did not reimburse that aid, AIMA applied to Assedile for payment of the security.
      
      12      At the request of DAI, the Pretore di Terralba (Magistrate’s Court, Terralba) (Italy) made an interim order on 26 July 1984
         prohibiting Assedile from paying the security to AIMA. It gave DAI a period of 60 days within which to bring an action on
         the merits of the case.
      
      13      In September 1984 DAI brought such an action before the Tribunale civile di Roma (Civil District Court, Rome) (Italy). It
         claimed inter alia that that court should declare that the producers were the intended ultimate recipients of the security
         provided by Assedile, to the extent of the sums still owed to them. It maintained that that security was intended to guarantee
         payment of the minimum buying-in price to producers in proportion to the amount of production delivered in the event of the
         distiller failing to meet its obligations. It proposed that questions concerning the interpretation of the relevant Community
         regulations should be referred to the Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling.
      
      14      The Cantine, another wine cooperative and a consortium of wine cooperatives intervened in the proceedings in support of the
         form of order sought by DAI. They contended that the sums to which the security provided by Assedile related were due to them
         in proportion to the amount of wine delivered and they therefore sought a ruling from the Tribunale civile di Roma requiring
         Assedile to pay them the outstanding amounts of the debts owed to them by DAI, and, in the alternative, a ruling requiring
         AIMA to pay them those sums.
      
      15      Meanwhile, by judgment of 27 February 1986, the Tribunale di Oristano declared DAI insolvent.
      
      16      In its judgment of 27 January 1989, the Tribunale civile di Roma held essentially that the claims put forward by the cooperatives
         intervening in support of DAI were unfounded, stating in particular that Regulation No 2499/82 was easy to interpret, like
         the contractual clauses concerning the security provided by Assedile in favour of AIMA, and that therefore it was not necessary
         to refer a question to the Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling. Having ruled out any alleged right of those cooperatives
         to receive the amount of the security provided by Assedile, the Tribunale civile di Roma held that DAI’s insolvency proceedings
         constituted the appropriate framework within which the cooperatives could obtain payment of their debts.
      
      17      On 27 September 1989 the Cantine, with the exception of Cantina sociale del Vermentino Soc. Coop. arl Monti-Sassari, appealed
         against that judgment to the Corte d’appello di Roma (Court of Appeal, Rome) (Italy). By judgment of 19 November 1991 that
         court held that the appeal was inadmissible on the grounds that the applicants had notified lodgement of the appeal, not to
         DAI’s official receiver, but to DAI itself, which was then in insolvency, and that they had not subsequently effected proper
         notification within the time-limit imposed on them. 
      
      18      In the meantime, on 16 January 1990, Assedile paid the sums owing to AIMA.
      
      19      By judgment of 28 November 1994, the Corte suprema di cassazione (Supreme Court of Cassation) (Italy) dismissed the appeal
         brought by the Cantine, with the exception of Cantina sociale del Vermentino Soc. coop. arl Monti-Sassari, against the judgment
         of the Corte d’appello di Roma.
      
      20      The Cantine duly registered their claims among DAI’s liabilities in the context of the insolvency proceedings that had been
         brought against it and, at the conclusion of those proceedings in 2000, took part in the distribution of assets as preferential
         creditors. Under that distribution they obtained payment of 39% of the acknowledged debts owed to them by DAI. 
      
      21      By letter of 22 January 1996 the Cantine called on AIMA to honour the debts owed to them by DAI, contending that AIMA had
         benefited from unjust enrichment through receipt of the security provided by Assedile. AIMA rejected that complaint, pointing
         out that it was entitled to the security and that the producers had no right to bring a direct action against it for payment
         of the debts owed to them by DAI. On 16 February 1996, the Cantine brought an action before the Tribunale civile di Cagliari
         (Civil District Court, Cagliari) (Italy), against AIMA on the ground of unjust enrichment, which was, however, subsequently
         stayed in order to enable the parties to reach an amicable agreement.
      
      22      On 13 November 1996 the Cantine lodged a complaint with the Commission in which they alleged that AIMA had infringed Community
         legislation, in particular Regulation No 2499/82, and requested the Commission, inter alia, to call on AIMA and the Italian
         Republic to pay them the amounts which they had not received by way of Community aid for the 1982/1983 wine year.
      
      23      By letter of 25 June 1997, the Commission indicated to the Cantine that Assedile had paid the amount of security provided
         by it, plus interest, to AIMA on 16 January 1990. Subsequently, by letter of 8 December 1997, it informed them of the fact
         that AIMA had redeemed that security in February 1991 and had entered that amount into the accounts of the European Agricultural
         Guidance and Guarantee Fund (EAGGF) in the course of the 1991 financial year.
      
      24      By letter of 23 January 1998, which reached the Commission on 5 February 1998, the Cantine requested the Commission to pay
         them the sum corresponding to the amount of the debts owed to them by DAI on the ground that the security acquired by AIMA
         had been refunded to the EAGGF. They argued that it was clear from the purpose of Regulation No 2499/82, which was to benefit
         wine producers, that the latter should be regarded as the actual and sole recipients of the aid provided for in that regulation.
         
      
      25      By letter of 31 July 1998, signed by the Director-General of the Commission’s Directorate-General for Agriculture, which reached
         the Cantine on 14 August 1998, the Commission rejected that request. It maintained that, in the present case, the aid was
         primarily for the benefit of the distiller in order to enable it to offset the high buying-in price of the wine. The security
         was provided by Assedile for the benefit of AIMA, and the producers could not claim any rights to that security. 
      
      26      In that letter, the Commission also pointed out that the approval by AIMA of the contracts entered into between the Cantine
         and DAI did not alter the private-law nature of those contracts, with the result that the Commission’s alleged obligations
         towards the applicants were of a non-contractual nature. Consequently, any action against the Community was henceforth time-barred,
         under Article 46 of the Statute of the Court of Justice, as the amount of the security provided by Assedile was paid to AIMA
         on 16 January 1990 and refunded to the EAGGF during the 1991 financial year.
      
       The proceedings before the Court of First Instance and the judgment under appeal
      27      By application lodged at the Registry of the Court of First Instance on 12 October 1998, the Cantine brought an action seeking,
         first, annulment of the Commission’s letter of 31 July 1998 under Article 173 of the EC Treaty (now, after amendment, Article
         230 EC), second, a declaration that the Commission’s failure to adopt a decision regarding the grant of the Community aid
         to the Cantine which should have been paid to them by DAI was an unlawful failure to act contrary to Article 175 of the EC
         Treaty (now Article 232 EC) and, third, an order that the Commission pay to the Cantine, on the ground of unjust enrichment
         and/or pursuant to Article 178 of the EC Treaty (now Article 235 EC), compensation equivalent to the outstanding amounts owed
         to them by DAI.
      
      28      The Commission contended that the action should be dismissed as being inadmissible and, in the alternative, as unfounded.
      
      29      By the judgment under appeal, the Court of First Instance, in paragraphs 80 and 83 thereof respectively, dismissed as inadmissible
         the Cantines’ requests for annulment of the Commission’s letter of 31 July 1998 and for a declaration that the Commission
         had unlawfully failed to act. It also rejected, in paragraph 84 of that judgment, the request that the Court find against
         the Commission on the basis of unjust enrichment.
      
      30      On the other hand, the Court of First Instance found, in paragraph 150 of the judgment under appeal, that the claim for compensation
         under Article 235 EC was admissible and held, in paragraph 1 of the operative part of the judgment, that ‘[t]he Commission
         is required to make good the damage sustained by the [Cantine] following the bankruptcy of [DAI], as a result of the absence
         of a procedure that would guarantee, under the system introduced by Article 9 of Regulation [No 2499/82], payment to the producers
         concerned of the Community aid provided for in that regulation.’
      
      31      In particular, with regard to the admissibility of the claim under Article 235 EC, the Court of First Instance, in the context
         of the plea raised by the Commission alleging that the proceedings against the Community for non-contractual liability were
         time-barred, first stated, in paragraph 129 of the judgment under appeal, that the limitation period laid down by Article
         46 of the Statute of the Court of Justice could not begin to run before all the requirements governing the obligation to make
         good the damage had been satisfied, namely the existence of unlawful conduct on the part of the Community institutions, the
         fact of the damage alleged and the existence of a causal link between that conduct and the damage claimed. 
      
      32      The Court of First Instance then stated, in paragraph 130 of the judgment under appeal, that in cases in which the Community’s
         liability stemmed from a legislative measure, as in this instance, the limitation period could not begin to run before the
         injurious effects of the measure had been produced and hence before the time at which the persons concerned had suffered certain
         damage.
      
      33      The Court of First Instance then held, in paragraph 131 of the judgment under appeal, that, in the case under examination,
         the limitation period had begun to run when the damage resulting from the total or partial absence of payment of Community
         aid had been suffered for certain by the Cantine. It observed, in paragraph 132 thereof, that it was not disputed in the case
         that the last deliveries of wine by the Cantine took place in March 1983 and that DAI should have paid them the minimum buying-in
         price for wine under Article 9(1) of Regulation No 2499/82 not later than 90 days after the entry of the wine into the distillery,
         that is to say, not later than the end of June 1983. 
      
      34      In paragraph 133 of the judgment under appeal, the Court of First Instance held, however, that, in the specific circumstances
         of the case, the damage suffered by the Cantine at the end of June 1983 due to the total or partial absence of payment of
         the minimum buying-in price within the time-limit laid down could not be regarded as being certain, that is to say, imminent
         and foreseeable from that date on. 
      
      35      The Court of First Instance added, in paragraphs 136 and 145 of the judgment under appeal, that, in order to assess whether
         damage was certain, it was necessary to take account of the proceedings brought by DAI before the Italian courts specifically
         concerning the fate of the security provided by Assedile, in light of the complexity of the system introduced by Regulation
         No 2499/82 and the exceptional circumstances of the case, in which it was extremely difficult for a prudent and well-informed
         economic operator to be certain, before the outcome of those proceedings, that he could not obtain payment of the aid concerned
         by means of that security before a national court.
      
      36      In paragraph 146 of the judgment under appeal, the Court of First Instance held that, in the case before it, the beneficiary
         of the security provided by Assedile was not finally decided by the national courts until after the Corte suprema di Cassazione
         had delivered its judgment on 28 November 1994 and that, therefore, the damage suffered by the Cantine could not have been
         certain before that date.
      
      37      The Court of First Instance concluded, in paragraph 147 of the judgment under appeal, that the five-year limitation period
         provided for in Article 46 of the Statute of the Court of Justice could not have begun to run before 28 November 1994, with
         the result that the action under Article 235 EC brought in 1998 could not be considered to be out of time. It therefore stated,
         in paragraph 148 of the judgment under appeal, that the Commission’s plea that the action was time-barred had to be dismissed
         and, in paragraph 150 of that judgment, ruled that the claim for compensation was admissible.
      
       Forms of order sought before the Court of Justice
      38      The Commission claims that the Court should:
      
      –        set aside the judgment under appeal in so far as it upholds the claim for compensation against it;
      –        by giving final judgment in the matter, dismiss the appeal as inadmissible; and
      –        order the Cantine to pay the costs of the present proceedings and of those incurred before the Court of First Instance.
      39      The Cantine contend that the Court should:
      
      –        dismiss the appeal;
      –        in the alternative, if the appeal is allowed, uphold the judgment under appeal in so far as it orders the Commission to pay
         compensation for damage by dismissing the objection of limitation raised by the latter; and
      
      –        order the Commission to pay the costs.
       The appeal
      40      In support of its appeal the Commission raises a single plea alleging infringement, in paragraphs 129 to 150 of the judgment
         under appeal, of Article 46 of the Statute of the Court of Justice and of the principle of legal certainty.
      
       Arguments of the parties
      41      The Commission submits that the settled case-law of the Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance lays down the principle
         that the five-year limitation period for proceedings against the Community for non-contractual liability provided for in Article
         46 of the Statute of the Court of Justice does not begin to run until the damage to be made good has materialised. If that
         liability has its origin in a legislative measure, the limitation period can begin to run only once the persons concerned
         were bound to have incurred damage which was certain in character.
      
      42      In particular, the Commission criticises the Court of First Instance for failing to take account, in the judgment under appeal,
         of the fact that since 1983 Regulation No 2499/82 had caused actual damage to the Cantine by failing to provide for the possibility
         of Community aid being paid directly to the producer if the distiller became insolvent. The point at which that limitation
         period began to run should therefore have been fixed as the day on which, because of DAI’s insolvency, the Cantine were unable
         to obtain payment of that aid within the 90-day period after the entry of the wine into the distillery provided for by that
         regulation. 
      
      43      According to the Commission, the Court of First Instance based its judgment, to the contrary, on the perception that the Cantine
         had suffered harmful effects from Regulation No 2499/82. In that regard, it submits that the Court of First Instance, which
         considered as being insufficient the fact that the Cantine knew that they had suffered damage stemming from the application
         of that regulation, held that a wholly subjective element was required, namely that the Cantine should be aware that they
         could obtain redress only by way of an action for compensation brought against the Commission after the failure in this case
         of their attempts to obtain in the national courts payment of the Community aid by means of the attribution to them of the
         security provided by Assedile.
      
      44      The Commission also submits that the judgment under appeal does not even comply with the principles laid down in Case 145/83
         Adams v Commission [1985] ECR 3539. It takes the view that the Cantine cannot rely on that judgment since it takes account of involuntary ignorance
         of the event giving rise to the damage. As held in paragraphs 139 and 140 of the judgment under appeal, there is no doubt
         that the Cantine were aware of the procedure under Regulation No 2499/82.
      
      45      The Commission also claims that the Court of First Instance failed to respect, in the judgment under appeal, the requirement
         of legal certainty necessary for the application of limitation periods. Linking the determination of the point at which the
         five-year limitation period laid down in Article 46 of the Statute of the Court of Justice starts to run to the subjective
         perception that any interested party may have of the certainty of the harm suffered would amount to leaving it up to the injured
         party to decide when the action for compensation would be finally time-barred. The Commission adds, in that connection, that
         the appeal proceedings brought by the Cantine could not, moreover, have had any influence on their conviction as to the certainty
         of the damage.
      
      46      The Commission also submits that the Court of First Instance vitiated its judgment by a contradiction in the grounds thereof.
         First, it refused to consider the exhaustion of domestic remedies as a condition for admissibility of the action for compensation
         brought by the Cantine against the Commission and, second, it linked the point from which the limitation period applicable
         to that action started to run to the date of a definitive judgment delivered at national level, in this case the judgment
         of the Corte suprema di cassazione of 28 November 1994.
      
      47      For their part, the Cantine submit that the appeal is unfounded and that the Court of First Instance correctly held in the
         judgment under appeal that the conditions for bringing proceedings against the Commission on the ground of non-contractual
         liability were not satisfied until the action brought before the national courts was settled by the judgment of the Corte
         suprema di cassazione. 
      
      48      The Cantine take the view that it was necessary for them to await the outcome of the litigation at national level before referring
         the matter to the Community authorities, taking account, in particular, of the absence in this case of any provision regulating
         the position of the insolvent distiller. In that connection, they add that the Court of First Instance would undoubtedly have
         dismissed their action claiming liability on the ground that the domestic rights of action had not been exhausted. The Cantine
         submit that the action is therefore not time-barred because the limitation period for proceedings against the Commission for
         non-contractual liability began to run only when the Corte suprema di cassazione dismissed their appeals, thereby rendering
         the judgment of the Tribunale civile di Roma res judicata.
      
      49      Furthermore, the Cantine reply to the Commission that its argument that the judgment under appeal contains a contradiction
         as regards the admissibility of the action against the Commission for non-contractual liability and the time from which the
         limitation period applicable to that action starts to run is, in any event, unfounded inasmuch as it is based on the juxtaposition
         of two parts of that judgment dealing with distinct legal concepts and events.
      
      50      If the Court accepts the Commission’s arguments that the proceedings against the Commission for non-contractual liability
         are time-barred, and if it were to set another point from which the limitation period for those proceedings began to run,
         the Cantine submit that such a limitation period cannot start to run against them before the unjust enrichment of the Community
         occurred by virtue of AIMA’s reassignment in 1991 to the EAGGF of the security provided by Assedile. The Cantine submit that
         they learned of that reassignment to the EAGGF, and therefore of the unjust enrichment of the Community, only after receiving
         the Commission’s letter of 8 December 1997. The limitation period for those proceedings should therefore start to run from
         that date.
      
      51      The Cantine rely, in that connection, on the settled case-law of the Court of Justice and, in particular, Adams v Commission, according to which the expiry of a limitation period cannot constitute a valid defence to a claim by a person who has suffered
         damage where that person only belatedly became aware of the event giving rise to that damage and thus could not have had a
         reasonable time in which to bring an action. The Cantine also state that they did not cease to safeguard their rights by applying
         to AIMA to obtain payment of the debts owed to them by DAI by way of the security provided by Assedile, and subsequently to
         the Commission in order to make a complaint concerning the irregularity committed by AIMA. No culpable delay can therefore
         be attributed to them in this case.
      
       Findings of the Court
      52      It must be recalled, as a preliminary point, that the right to bring an action before the Community Courts can be exercised
         only under the conditions laid down in that regard by the provisions governing each specific action, in this case, an action
         for damages under Article 235 EC. As a consequence, that right will have been properly exercised before the Court of First
         Instance only if the latter correctly applied, in particular, the provisions governing the limitation rules specific to that
         action (see, to that effect, order in Case C-136/01 P Autosalone Ispra dei Fratelli Rossi v Commission [2002] ECR I-6565, paragraph 26).
      
      53      In accordance with Article 46 of the Statute of the Court of Justice, proceedings against the Community in matters relating
         to non-contractual liability are barred after a period of five years from the occurrence of the event giving rise thereto.
      
      54      The five-year limitation period referred to in that provision cannot begin to run until all the requirements governing the
         obligation to provide compensation for damage are satisfied and, in particular, until the damage to be made good has materialised.
         Therefore, in cases where, as in this instance, the liability of the Community has its origin in a legislative measure, that
         period of limitation does not begin until the damaging effects of that measure have arisen and, therefore, until the time
         at which the persons concerned were bound to have suffered certain damage (see, in particular, Joined Cases 256/80, 257/80,
         265/80, 267/80 and 5/81 Birra Wührer and Others v Council and Commission [1982] ECR 85, paragraph 10, and Case C-282/05 P Holcim (Deutschland) v Commission [2007] ECR I‑2941, paragraph 29).
      
      55      In the present case the Court of First Instance held, in paragraph 131 of the judgment under appeal, that the limitation period
         began to run when the damage resulting from the total or partial absence of payment of Community aid was suffered for certain
         by the Cantine. It also stated, in paragraph 132 thereof, that it was not contested that DAI should have paid them the minimum
         buying-in price for wine not later than the end of June 1983 under Article 9(1) of Regulation No 2499/82. However, in the
         specific circumstances of the case, the Court of First Instance held, in paragraph 133 of the judgment under appeal, that
         the damage suffered by the Cantine at the end of June 1983 could not be regarded as being certain, that is to say, imminent
         and foreseeable, from that date on.
      
      56      In order to assess whether the damage was certain, the Court of First Instance found, in paragraphs 136 and 145 of the judgment
         under appeal, that it was necessary to take into consideration the proceedings brought by DAI before the Italian courts specifically
         concerning the fate of the security provided by Assedile, in the light of the complexity of the system introduced by Regulation
         No 2499/82 and the exceptional circumstances of the case, in which it was extremely difficult for a prudent and well-informed
         trader to be certain, before the outcome of those proceedings, that he could not obtain payment of the aid concerned by way
         of that security before a national court.
      
      57      The Court of First Instance accordingly held, in paragraphs 145 to 147 of the judgment under appeal, that it was only after
         the judgment of the Corte suprema di cassazione of 28 November 1994 that the Cantine could have become aware that they would
         not obtain payment of the aid in question by way of that security and that the damage which they had suffered could therefore
         not have been certain before that date, with the result that the five-year limitation period laid down in Article 46 of the
         Statute of the Court of Justice could not have begun to run before that date.
      
      58      In that regard it must be stated that, in proceeding in that manner, the Court of First Instance adopted a subjective approach
         to the question whether the conditions giving rise to the non-contractual liability of the Community had been established,
         according to which the damage caused by an unlawful legislative act cannot be regarded as certain as long as the allegedly
         injured party does not perceive it as such. In the judgment under appeal, the Court of First Instance made the assessment
         of whether the damage caused to the Cantine was certain contingent on their becoming aware that they would not obtain compensation
         for their damage before the national courts.
      
      59      The conditions to which the obligation to make good the damage referred to in the second paragraph of Article 288 EC is subject,
         and, therefore, the rules on limitation periods which govern actions for compensation in respect of that damage may be based
         only on strictly objective criteria. If it were otherwise, there would be a risk of undermining the principle of legal certainty
         on which the rules on limitations periods specifically rely and which require that legal rules be clear and precise in order
         that interested parties can ascertain their position in situations and legal relationships governed by Community law (see,
         inter alia, Case C-63/93 Duff and Others [1996] ECR I-569, paragraph 20).
      
      60      Furthermore, it must be observed that preventing the limitation period for proceedings against the Community for non-contractual
         liability from starting to run as long as the party who has allegedly been harmed is not personally convinced that he has
         suffered damage has the result that the point in time at which those proceedings become time-barred varies according to the
         individual perception that each party may have as to the reality of the damage, something which is at variance with the requirement
         of legal certainty necessary for the application of limitation periods.
      
      61      In that connection, it must also be observed that the Court has rejected the argument that the limitation period referred
         to in Article 46 of the Statute of the Court of Justice cannot begin to run until the victim has specific and detailed knowledge
         of the facts of the case, since knowledge of the facts is not one of the conditions which must be met in order for the limitation
         period to begin running (see order in Autosalone Ispra dei Fratelli Rossi v Commission, paragraph 31). The subjective appraisal of the reality of the damage cannot therefore be taken into consideration in order
         to determine the moment at which the limitation period begins in proceedings being brought against the Community for non-contractual
         liability.
      
      62      It follows that, in the judgment under appeal, the Court of First Instance was unable to establish whether the damage caused
         to the Cantine was certain and therefore it could not determine the time at which the limitation period for their action for
         compensation began to run by relying on the perception of the Cantine with regard to the harmful effects of Regulation No
         2499/82. The Court of First Instance ought, on the contrary, to have based itself for that purpose on exclusively objective
         criteria.
      
      63      It is on precisely such criteria that the Court has already relied for the purpose of determining the date on which the limitation
         period provided for in Article 46 of the Statute of the Court of Justice begins to run. As is clear from paragraph 33 of Holcim (Deutschland) v Commission, the Court has held that that limitation period begins to run from the moment at which the financial loss suffered by the
         victim actually materialised. It follows therefore that the start of that period is linked to the objective loss actually
         caused to the assets of the party which claims to have suffered harm.
      
      64      In the present case, the Court of First Instance ought therefore, in the judgment under appeal, to have made the five-year
         limitation period for the action for compensation brought before it by the Cantine under Article 235 EC start to run from
         the date on which the damage caused by Regulation No 2499/82 objectively materialised in the form of an adverse impact on
         their assets.
      
      65      The Court of First Instance ought, in particular, to have held that the limitation period had started to run when the application
         of the unlawful system for payment of Community aid provided for in Article 9 of Regulation No 2499/82 had actually and objectively
         caused damage to the Cantine by failing to guarantee them direct payment of the Community aid at the time of DAI’s insolvency.
         That time should therefore have been fixed as the day on which the Cantine were unable to obtain that payment within 90 days
         from the entry of the wine into the distillery referred to in that provision, that is, at the end of June 1983, as is clear
         in particular from paragraph 132 of the judgment under appeal. 
      
      66      By holding, in paragraph 147 of the judgment under appeal, that the limitation period laid down in Article 46 of the Statute
         of the Court of Justice could not have begun to run before 28 November 1994 and therefore, in paragraph 150 thereof, declaring
         admissible, on the ground that it was not out of time, the action for compensation brought before it on 12 October 1998, that
         is to say, more than 15 years after the damage actually occurred, the Court of First Instance misapplied the provisions governing
         the rules on limitation contained in that article.
      
      67      Furthermore, the Cantines’ argument based on Adams v Commission, in which the Court held that the expiry of a limitation period cannot constitute a valid defence to a claim by a person
         who has suffered damage where that person could only belatedly have become aware of the event giving rise to it, must be rejected.
         Unlike the case which gave rise to the Adams judgment, the Cantine cannot claim in the present case that they were not aware, from the end of June 1983, of the event
         giving rise to their damage, as they knew perfectly well from that time that Article 9 of Regulation No 2499/82 did not provide
         them with any guarantee whatsoever of direct payment of the Community aid in question in the event of the distiller’s insolvency.
      
      68      It should also be added that the fact that the Cantine were interveners in the proceedings relating to the security brought
         by DAI before the Italian courts did not prevent them from bringing parallel proceedings to establish liability before the
         Court of Justice under Article 235 EC. That provision specifically confers exclusive jurisdiction on the Community Courts
         to hear actions for compensation under the second paragraph of Article 288 EC brought against the Community (see, inter alia,
         Joined Cases 106/87 to 120/87 Asteris and Others [1988] ECR 5515, paragraph 15).
      
      69      Lastly, it must be noted, as is clear from the very wording of Article 46 of the Statute of the Court of Justice, that an
         action brought before a national court cannot constitute an interruption of the limitation period for an action for damages
         under Article 235 EC (see, to that effect, Autosalone Ispra dei Fratelli Rossi v Commission, paragraph 56). Likewise, it follows that the commencement of proceedings at national level cannot defer the point at which
         the limitation period for that action begins to run.
      
      70      It follows from all the foregoing that the judgment under appeal must be set aside in so far as it declared admissible the
         action for non-contractual liability brought by the Cantine and ordered the Commission to make good the damage which they
         suffered, following the insolvency of DAI, by reason of the absence of a procedure capable of guaranteeing, under the system
         introduced by Article 9 of Regulation No 2499/82, payment to the producers concerned of the Community aid provided for by
         that regulation. 
      
       The action before the Court of First Instance 
      71      Under the second sentence of the first paragraph of Article 61 of the Statute of the Court of Justice, the latter may, where
         the decision of the Court of First Instance has been quashed, itself give final judgment in the matter, where the state of
         the proceedings so permits. That is the case here.
      
      72      As regards the claim by the Cantine that the Commission should be ordered to pay them compensation in amounts equivalent to
         the outstanding amounts still owed to them by DAI, this cannot be accepted for the reasons set out in paragraphs 63 to 66
         of the present judgment. 
      
      73      As is clear in particular from paragraph 65 of this judgment, the five-year limitation period provided for in Article 46 of
         the Statute of the Court of Justice began to run at the end of June 1983, with the result that the action for compensation
         under Article 235 EC brought in 1998 must be regarded as time-barred and, therefore, must be dismissed as being inadmissible.
      
      74      Accordingly, since, in the judgment under appeal, the Court of First Instance has already dismissed as inadmissible the Cantines’
         claims that the Commission’s letter of 31 July 1998 be annulled, that a declaration be made that the Commission unlawfully
         failed to act, and that the Commission be found guilty of unjust enrichment, the action brought by the Cantine must be dismissed
         in its entirety.
      
       Costs
      75      Under Article 122 of the Rules of Procedure, where the appeal is well founded and the Court of Justice itself gives final
         judgment in the case, the Court is to make a decision as to costs. Under Article 69(2) of those Rules, which applies to appeals
         by virtue of Article 118, the unsuccessful party is to be ordered to pay the costs if they have been applied for in the successful
         party’s pleadings. Since the Commission has applied for costs to be awarded against the Cantine, and since the latter have
         been unsuccessful, the Cantine must be ordered to pay the costs of the present proceedings and of those brought before the
         Court of First Instance.
      
      On those grounds, the Court (Fourth Chamber) hereby:
      1.      Annuls the judgment of the Court of First Instance of the European Communities of 23 November 2004 in Case T‑166/98 Cantina sociale di Dolianova and Others v Commission to the extent to which it declared admissible the action to establish non-contractual liability brought by Cantina sociale
            di Dolianova Soc. coop. arl, Cantina Trexenta Soc. coop. arl, Cantina sociale Marmilla – Unione viticoltori associati Soc.
            coop. arl, Cantina sociale S. Maria La Palma Soc. coop. arl and Cantina sociale del Vermentino Soc. coop. arl Monti-Sassari
            and ordered the Commission of the European Communities to make good the damage suffered by them as a result of the insolvency
            of Distilleria Agricola Industriale di Terralba by reason of the absence of a procedure capable of guaranteeing, under the
            system introduced by Article 9 of Commission Regulation (EEC) No 2499/82 of 15 September 1982 laying down provisions concerning
            preventive distillation for the 1982/1983 wine year, payment to the producers concerned of the Community aid provided for
            by that regulation;
      2.      Dismisses the action in Case T-166/98;
      3.      Orders Cantina sociale di Dolianova Soc. coop. arl, Cantina Trexenta Soc. coop. arl, Cantina sociale Marmilla – Unione viticoltori
            associati Soc. coop. arl, Cantina sociale S. Maria La Palma Soc. coop. arl and Cantina sociale del Vermentino Soc. coop. arl
            Monti-Sassari to pay the costs of the present proceedings and of those brought before the Court of First Instance of the European
            Communities.
      [Signatures]
      * Language of the case: Italian.