CELEX: 32021R1078
Language: en
Date: 2021-04-14 00:00:00
Title: Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2021/1078 of 14 April 2021 supplementing Regulation (EU) 2021/523 of the European Parliament and of the Council by setting out the investment guidelines for the InvestEU Fund

2.7.2021   
               
               
                  EN
               
               
                  Official Journal of the European Union
               
               
                  L 234/18
               
            
         COMMISSION DELEGATED REGULATION (EU) 2021/1078
         of 14 April 2021
         supplementing Regulation (EU) 2021/523 of the European Parliament and of the Council by setting out the investment guidelines for the InvestEU Fund
         THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION,
         Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union,
         Having regard to Regulation (EU) 2021/523 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 March 2021 establishing the InvestEU Programme and amending Regulation (EU) 2015/1017 (1), and in particular Article 8(9) thereof,
         Whereas:
         
                     (1)
                  
                  
                     The aim of the InvestEU Programme is to support financing and investment operations contributing to the achievement of the Union’s policy objectives set out in Articles 3 and 8 of Regulation (EU) 2021/523.
                  
               
                     (2)
                  
                  
                     Pursuant to Article 8 of Regulation (EU) 2021/523, the InvestEU Fund is to operate under four policy windows reflecting Union policy priorities, namely, sustainable infrastructure, research, innovation and digitalisation, small and medium-sized enterprises, and social investment and skills.
                  
               
                     (3)
                  
                  
                     Pursuant to Article 14(1)(d) of Regulation (EU) 2021/523, financing and investment operations under each of those policy windows are to be consistent with the investment guidelines established by the Commission, in order to be eligible under the InvestEU Fund. To that effect, pursuant to Article 24(1)(b) of Regulation (EU) 2021/523, the Investment Committee is to verify that the proposals for financing and investment operations submitted by implementing partners comply with the requirements laid down in those investment guidelines.
                  
               
                     (4)
                  
                  
                     The investment guidelines consist of a horizontal part, which applies to all financing and investment operations under the InvestEU Fund, and a ‘policy windows’ part, which lays down specific provisions for financing and investment operations under each policy window.
                  
               
                     (5)
                  
                  
                     Pursuant to Article 8(9) of Regulation (EU) 2021/523, the Commission has prepared the investment guidelines in close dialogue with the European Investment Bank Group and other potential implementing partners.
                  
               
                     (6)
                  
                  
                     In order to allow for the prompt application of the measures provided for in this Regulation, this Regulation should enter into force on the day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union,
                  
               HAS ADOPTED THIS REGULATION:
         
            Article 1
            The investment guidelines for the financing and investment operations under the InvestEU Fund established by Regulation (EU) 2021/523, as laid down in the Annex, are adopted.
         
         
            Article 2
            This Regulation shall enter into force on the day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union.
         
         
            This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States.
            Done at Brussels, 14 April 2021.
            
               
                  For the Commission
               
               
                  The President
               
               Ursula VON DER LEYEN
            
         
         
            (1)  OJ L 107, 26.3.2021, p. 30.
      
      
         
            ANNEX
            INVESTMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE INVESTEU FUND
            CONTENT
            
                        1.
                     
                     SCOPE
                     22
                  
                        2.
                     
                     HORIZONTAL PROVISIONS
                     22
                  
                        2.1.
                     
                     Contribution to Union policy objectives and Union added value
                     22
                  
                        2.2.
                     
                     Market failures, suboptimal investment situations and additionality
                     23
                  
                        2.3.
                     
                     Common requirements for the financing and investment operations
                     23
                  
                        2.3.1.
                     
                     Implementing partners, financial intermediaries and final recipients
                     23
                  
                        2.3.2.
                     
                     Types of financial product and requirements for ensuring common interest with implementing partners and financial intermediaries
                     25
                  
                        2.3.3.
                     
                     Excluded activities
                     26
                  
                        2.3.4.
                     
                     State aid considerations
                     26
                  
                        2.4.
                     
                     Risk assessment
                     26
                  
                        2.5.
                     
                     Currency of financing
                     27
                  
                        2.6.
                     
                     Allocation principles per policy window
                     28
                  
                        2.7.
                     
                     Geographical and sectoral diversification
                     28
                  
                        2.8.
                     
                     Member State compartments in policy windows
                     29
                  
                        2.9.
                     
                     Blending operations receiving support from the InvestEU Fund
                     29
                  
                        2.10.
                     
                     Strategic investments
                     30
                  
                        3.
                     
                     PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE INVESTMENTS
                     31
                  
                        3.1.
                     
                     Climate and environment tracking and reporting
                     32
                  
                        3.2.
                     
                     Sustainability proofing
                     33
                  
                        3.3.
                     
                     Just Transition Scheme under InvestEU
                     33
                  
                        4.
                     
                     USE OF THE EU GUARANTEE
                     34
                  
                        4.1.
                     
                     General financial products
                     35
                  
                        4.1.1.
                     
                     Use of the EU guarantee for debt-type operations
                     35
                  
                        4.1.2.
                     
                     Use of the EU guarantee for equity-type operations
                     36
                  
                        4.2.
                     
                     Thematic financial products
                     36
                  
                        4.2.1.
                     
                     Use of the EU guarantee for debt-type operations
                     36
                  
                        4.2.2.
                     
                     Use of the EU guarantee for equity-type operations
                     36
                  
                        5.
                     
                     FINANCING PROVIDED BY THE IMPLEMENTING PARTNER
                     36
                  
                        5.1.
                     
                     General financial products
                     37
                  
                        5.1.1.
                     
                     Debt financing provided by the implementing partner
                     37
                  
                        5.1.2.
                     
                     Equity financing provided by the implementing partner
                     37
                  
                        5.2.
                     
                     Thematic financial products
                     38
                  
                        5.2.1.
                     
                     Debt financing provided by the implementing partner
                     38
                  
                        5.2.2.
                     
                     Equity financing provided by the implementing partner
                     38
                  
                        6.
                     
                     POLICY WINDOWS
                     39
                  
                        6.1.
                     
                     Sustainable Infrastructure window
                     39
                  
                        6.1.1.
                     
                     Policy areas of intervention
                     39
                  
                        6.1.2.
                     
                     Features of potential financial products
                     47
                  
                        6.2.
                     
                     Research, Innovation and Digitisation window
                     49
                  
                        6.2.1.
                     
                     Policy areas of intervention
                     49
                  
                        6.2.2.
                     
                     Features of potential financial products
                     52
                  
                        6.3.
                     
                     SME window
                     55
                  
                        6.3.1.
                     
                     Policy areas of intervention
                     55
                  
                        6.3.2.
                     
                     Features of potential financial products
                     56
                  
                        6.4.
                     
                     Social Investment and Skills window
                     58
                  
                        6.4.1.
                     
                     Policy areas of intervention
                     58
                  
                        6.4.2.
                     
                     Features of potential financial products
                     62
                  1.   SCOPE
            These investment guidelines lay down the eligibility requirements for financial products and financing and investment operations under the policy windows of the InvestEU Fund pursuant Article 8(9) of the Regulation (EU) 2021/523 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 March 2021 establishing the InvestEU Programme and amending Regulation (EU) 2015/1017 (1) (the ‘InvestEU Regulation’):
            
                        (a)
                     
                     
                        the financial products referred to in Article 2(9) of the InvestEU Regulation and the financing and investment operations referred to in Article 2(10) of that Regulation must comply with the requirements laid down in the InvestEU Regulation and in these investment guidelines;
                     
                  
                        (b)
                     
                     
                        the Investment Committee, when deciding in accordance with Article 24 of the InvestEU Regulation, must verify compliance with these investment guidelines.
                     
                  These investment guidelines concern both the EU and Member State compartments set out in Article 9 of the InvestEU Regulation, unless otherwise specified in these guidelines. The definitions set out in Article 2 of the InvestEU Regulation apply also to these investment guidelines.
            2.   HORIZONTAL PROVISIONS
            2.1.   Contribution to Union policy objectives and Union added value
            
            Financing and investment operations supported under the InvestEU Fund shall focus on investments that provide Union added value. The nature of the Union added value can vary for financing and investment operations under specific financial products as set out in each policy window in Section 6 of these investment guidelines. The Union added value of financing and investment operations under financial products can also result from risk diversification at financial product level across various sectors or geographies. Furthermore, Union added value can also be derived from the contribution to the resilience of the Union in areas of strategic importance as further set out in Section 2.10.
            To achieve Union policy objectives in the policy areas supported by InvestEU, as set out in Article 3 and Annex II of the InvestEU Regulation in relation to the sectors therein, financing and investment operations may complement grant financing and other support in particular through blending operations and combinations. The InvestEU Fund may in particular complement relevant policy objectives of Horizon Europe (2), the Connecting Europe Facility (3) (CEF), the Digital Europe programme (4), the Single Market programme (5), the European space programme (6), the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) (7), the Cohesion Fund (8), the European Social Fund+ (ESF+) (9), the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) (10), the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD) (11), the Creative Europe programme (12), the Asylum and Migration Fund (13), the Internal Security Fund (14), the European Maritime, Fisheries and Aquaculture Fund (EMFAF) (15), the Programme for the Environment & Climate Action (LIFE) (16), the ETS Innovation Fund (17), EU4Health (18), the Just Transition Fund (JTF) (19) and the European Defence Fund (20).
            2.2.   Market failures, suboptimal investment situations and additionality
            
            In accordance with Article 209(2)(a) and (b) of the Regulation (EU, Euratom) 2018/1046 of the European Parliament and of the Council (the ‘Financial Regulation’ (21)) the EU guarantee shall address market failures or suboptimal investment situations and achieve additionality, as laid down in Section A of Annex V to the InvestEU Regulation (22).
            2.3.   Common requirements for the financing and investment operations
            
            2.3.1.   Implementing partners, financial intermediaries and final recipients
            
            According to Article 2(13) of the InvestEU Regulation, implementing partners are eligible counterparts, such as financial institutions, with whom the Commission has concluded a guarantee agreement.
            Implementing partners can provide financing directly (23) to final recipients or indirectly through private or public financial intermediaries.
            Implementing partners may also become advisory partners to provide, directly or indirectly, technical assistance and capacity-building support to financial intermediaries and final recipients under the InvestEU Advisory Hub. Financial intermediaries may also provide technical assistance and capacity-building support to final recipients or may benefit from it themselves.
            Direct operations concern direct financing by implementing partners to final recipients (24).
            For indirect operations, the implementing partners may conclude agreements with financial intermediaries in accordance with Article 208(4) of the Financial Regulation. In the case of intermediated financing, pursuant to Article 208(4) of the Financial Regulation those financial intermediaries must be selected by the implementing partners following procedures equivalent to those applied by the Commission. Such procedures must respect the principles of open, transparent, proportionate and non-discriminatory procedures, and must avoid conflict of interests. They could, for example, take the form of a call for expression of interest. Indirect operations may also consist of providing financing through investment platforms as defined in Article 2(18) of the InvestEU Regulation.
            In accordance with Articles 209(2)(a) and 219(3) of the Financial Regulation, financing and investment operations shall provide support only to final recipients deemed economically viable according to internationally accepted standards at the time of the Union financial support.
            The eligible final recipients must be natural or legal persons including:
            
                        (a)
                     
                     
                        private entities such as special-purpose vehicles (SPVs) or project companies, large corporates, midcap companies, including small midcap companies (25), and SMEs;
                     
                  
                        (b)
                     
                     
                        public-sector entities (territorial or not, but excluding financing and investment operations with entities (26) giving rise to direct Member State risk) and public-sector type entities;
                     
                  
                        (c)
                     
                     
                        mixed entities, such as public–private partnerships (PPPs) and private companies with a public purpose; or
                     
                  
                        (d)
                     
                     
                        not-for-profit organisations.
                     
                  The targeted final recipients under a financial product will be defined in the guarantee agreement.
            Implementing partners must not be in any of the situations referred to in Article 136(1) or (4)(a) or (b) of the Financial Regulation. With regard to financial intermediaries and final recipients, the application of Article 136 must be specified in the guarantee agreements. Where financing and investment operations benefit final recipients that are large corporates, public-sector and public-sector-type entities that benefit from easier access to capital markets or bank financing or display lower levels of risk, the implementing partner must demonstrate high policy value added.
            Based on the information received from the implementing partner, the Investment Committee shall verify that an InvestEU supported financing or investment operation submitted by an implementing partner or a combination of such operations submitted by more than one implementing partner:
            
                        (a)
                     
                     
                        for direct operations, shall not exceed 50 % (27) of the total project cost;
                     
                  
                        (b)
                     
                     
                        for indirect equity operations, shall not exceed 50 % of the fund size (28);
                     
                  
                        (c)
                     
                     
                        for indirect debt operations, at least 20 % of the exposure shall be retained by the financial intermediary.
                     
                  These requirements apply unless otherwise specified in these investment guidelines under Section 5.
            For indirect operations, the implementing partner shall contractually require that a financial intermediary cannot include the same transaction with final recipients or other intermediaries in more than one portfolio supported by InvestEU.
            For indirect equity operations, in respect of the requirement in point (b) above, the implementing partner shall request that potential financial intermediaries inform it about their intention to seek investment from another implementing partner and/or financial intermediary benefiting from the EU guarantee, subject to confidentiality requirements binding on the potential financial intermediaries.
            Final recipients shall be contractually required to confirm that the combination of support from the InvestEU Fund and from other Union programmes does not exceed the total project cost, where applicable, and that InvestEU supported financing is not used to pre-finance a grant from Union programmes or that a grant from Union programme will not be used to reimburse InvestEU support.
            Implementing partners shall ensure the visibility of the InvestEU support in accordance with Article 32 of the InvestEU Regulation as further specified in the guarantee agreements taking into account the nature of the financial product and of final recipients.
            2.3.2.   Types of financial product and requirements for ensuring common interest with implementing partners and financial intermediaries
            
            2.3.2.1.   Prioritisation of policy objectives
            
            Key performance indicators that demonstrate the achievement of policy priorities will be set in order to prioritise the policy objectives under each financial product. In addition, one or more of the following means will be used:
            
                        (a)
                     
                     
                        target amounts for financing granted to certain policy priorities;
                     
                  
                        (b)
                     
                     
                        specific dedicated criteria to target relevant final recipients;
                     
                  
                        (c)
                     
                     
                        different coverage by the EU guarantee of risks for specific policy priorities;
                     
                  
                        (d)
                     
                     
                        concentration limits per sector/geography;
                     
                  
                        (e)
                     
                     
                        a duly justified performance-based mechanism to reflect the delivery of specific policy priorities;
                     
                  
                        (f)
                     
                     
                        definition of milestones and targets linked to the allocation of additional EU guarantee tranches to new or existing financial products of an implementing partner; or
                     
                  
                        (g)
                     
                     
                        any other appropriate means.
                     
                  The prioritisation and applicable means will be specified in the guarantee agreement.
            Furthermore, a close dialogue will be established between the Commission and each implementing partner to provide policy steer and review the pipeline of operations foreseen under the InvestEU Fund.
            To ensure flexibility and responsiveness to potentially changing market and policy needs as required under each policy window, the Commission and the relevant InvestEU governance bodies may prioritise the eligible areas for financing set out in Annex II to the InvestEU Regulation based on the means described in this Section. The Commission may in particular:
            
                        (a)
                     
                     
                        periodically review the project pipeline provided by implementing partners together with them. The project pipeline consists of aggregate information (or detailed information, subject to confidentiality commitments in place between the implementing partner and the final recipient, if so agreed in the guarantee agreement) regarding the projected amount of financing under the relevant policy areas, at sub-sector level, and geographical coverage of operations. More granular information will need to be provided for thematic products defined under Section 2.3.2.2 and for financing and investment operations benefiting from blending defined under Section 2.9.
                     
                  
                        (b)
                     
                     
                        give guidance on the interpretation of eligibility criteria and prioritisation means referred to in these guidelines.
                     
                  
                        (c)
                     
                     
                        review the performance and scope of the relevant financial products in order to optimise the achievement of the policy priorities referred to in these guidelines.
                     
                  Within the framework set out in this Section 2.3.2.1, indicative targets focusing on specific policy objectives may be set under general financial products.
            2.3.2.2.   Financial products
            
            Financial products may take the form of general financial products, thematic financial products, and joint general or thematic financial products.
            
               General financial products shall support one or more policy areas covered under each policy window as further defined in Section 6 of these investment guidelines.
            In duly justified cases, depending on the risk profile of the financing and investment operations targeting specific policy objectives, thematic financial products can be created under policy windows.
            A thematic financial product shall focus on a clearly defined, higher Union added value policy area where the market failure or suboptimal investment situation cannot be addressed by general financial products because it significantly departs from the terms and conditions of these available general financial products. This may in particular be due to the high-risk profile of the financing and investment operations, which require higher EU guarantee coverage through asymmetric, limited or no risk sharing with the implementing partner. In any case, the financial contribution of the implementing partner shall comply with Article 13(4) and (5) of the InvestEU Regulation on a portfolio basis.
            A thematic financial product shall be based on a market failure or suboptimal investment situation assessment, which shall be proportionate to the features of the proposed thematic financial product, to the extent that the product was not already covered by existing assessments and studies.
            In addition to the pipeline review, the implementing partner shall provide specific information regarding eligibility to the Commission on each financing or investment operation under a thematic product, as laid down in the guarantee agreement.
            A joint general or thematic financial product may be developed to address policy objectives falling under more than one policy window in a more efficient manner. Such products shall combine resources from two or more windows.
            2.3.3.   Excluded activities
            
            The InvestEU Fund shall not support activities referred to in Section B of Annex V to the InvestEU Regulation.
            2.3.4.   State aid considerations
            
            Member State resources involved in financing and investment operations supported under the InvestEU Fund under EU and Member State compartments may in certain instances qualify as State aid in the meaning of Article 107(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (‘TFEU’). However, they are exempted from the notification requirement for State aid measures laid down in Article 108(3) TFEU if they meet the requirements, which are laid down in the General Block Exemption Regulation (29), in particular the InvestEU specific section thereof (30), or in another block exemption regulation (31). Any State aid that does not meet the requirements laid down in one of the block exemption regulations must be notified to the Commission pursuant to Article 108 TFEU.
            2.4.   Risk assessment
            
            For all direct debt-type operations, the implementing partners shall carry out their standard risk assessment, involving the computation of the probability of default and the expected recovery rate and the classification according to the internal rating or grading system of the implementing partner, and report accordingly to the Commission.
            To reflect the overall risk of the operation, such computation shall be performed without taking into account the EU guarantee and the financial contribution from the implementing partner. However, it must take into account the fact that some operations under thematic products may, under the rules and procedures of the implementing partner, fall outside the scope of its regular risk metrics. In such cases, adequate risk assessment shall be developed by the implementing partner in cooperation with the Commission as to ensure adequate risk reporting.
            Information on the expected risk profile of debt-type operations shall also be submitted to the Investment Committee as part of the application for InvestEU Fund support. A debt-type operation is an operation that has the risk characteristics of debt, which may include instruments in the legal form of debt. Examples of debt include loans, financial leases, mortgages, letters of credit, guarantees, standby credit facilities, and securities issued on the capital markets such as bonds; these may be senior, mezzanine or subordinated and secured or unsecured.
            For equity-type operations, the EU guarantee may be used to support investments in individual entities or projects (equity-type investments) by the implementing partners or through investments in funds (including funds of funds, co-investment vehicles or other types of intermediaries) or other types of financing vehicles presenting equity-type portfolio risks (equity-type portfolio).
            An equity-type operation is an operation that has the risk characteristics of equity. This may include instruments in the legal form of equity, such as investments in common or preferred shares, and of quasi-equity or hybrid instruments, such as deeply subordinated loans with profit participations, mezzanine finance, venture loans, convertibles, warrants or other forms of equity kickers when exposing the holder to equity-type risk. For direct equity-type operations, the implementing partner shall carry out their standard assessment and report accordingly to the Commission. For operations that fall outside the scope of regular equity metrics, the implementing partner shall develop an adequate method of assessment in cooperation with the Commission so as to ensure adequate reporting.
            The implementing partner shall use its standard risk assessment to determine whether an operation is classified as equity-type or debt-type, irrespective of its legal form and nomenclature, and shall report this accordingly to the Commission.
            For intermediated operations, the implementing partners may rely on the standard procedures of financial intermediaries with respect to the assessment of the risk of the final recipients or the valuation of the operation, as applicable. The guarantee agreement will provide that the outcome of analysis performed by the implementing partners, based on the input received from financial intermediaries at portfolio level, shall be reported to the Commission so that it can assess the impact of such operations on the risk borne by the EU guarantee and the adequacy of the provisioning needs.
            Financing and investment operations shall be mapped against a common rating system put in place in accordance with Article 11(1)(b)(ii) of the InvestEU Regulation. Relevant information on the risk assessment of a financing or investment operation shall be made available to the Investment Committee in line with Article 24(4) of the InvestEU Regulation and to the Commission for reporting purposes. The detailed requirements shall be laid down in the guarantee agreements, taking into account the interests of the EU as the guarantor and ensuring that appropriate protection is given to the confidentiality of private and/or commercially sensitive information.
            2.5.   Currency of financing
            
            The EU guarantee to implementing partners shall be provided in EUR.
            Financing to final recipients under financing and investment operations may be provided in any currency that has the status of legal tender in a Member State. Such financing may also contribute to the development of local capital markets.
            Financing may also be provided in other tradeable currencies. However, implementing partners and financial intermediaries shall strive to avoid exposing final recipients to foreign exchange risk. As a rule, financing may be provided to final recipients in currencies other than the legal tender of the State where the final recipient is established, only when there is strong economic rationale for doing so. In such cases, the financing should be preferably granted in EUR.
            2.6.   Allocation principles per policy window
            
            Financial products shall be established under the appropriate policy window, in accordance with the principles set out below:
            
                        (a)
                     
                     
                        financial products to support financing and investment operations whose main objective is to achieve a positive social impact or skills development, fall under the Social Investment and Skills window;
                     
                  
                        (b)
                     
                     
                        financial products to support portfolios consisting exclusively of SMEs and small midcaps on an intermediated basis in the form of debt or equity fall under the SME window, except for those falling under the scope of point (a). For direct operations, financial products to support portfolios consisting exclusively of SMEs and small midcaps as a general policy area as referred to in Article 8(1)(c) of the InvestEU Regulation shall be allocated to the SME window, while financial products targeting other specific policy areas are to be allocated to the window covering that area;
                     
                  
                        (c)
                     
                     
                        financial products to support research, innovation or digitisation activities fall under the Research, Innovation and Digitisation (RID) window, except for those referred to in points (a) and (b);
                     
                  
                        (d)
                     
                     
                        financial products to support infrastructure operations, related mobile assets, deployment of innovative technologies for which the risk is mainly on demand and sector specific market development shall fall under the Sustainable Infrastructure window, subject to the following conditions:
                        
                                    (i)
                                 
                                 
                                    financial products related to social infrastructure (32) are to be allocated to the Social Investment and Skills window;
                                 
                              
                                    (ii)
                                 
                                 
                                    financial products related to infrastructure for which the main risk lies in technology development and innovation activities are to be allocated to the RID window. However, financial products related to projects pursuing relevant sustainable infrastructure policy objectives may also be implemented and developed by SMEs and small mid-caps under the Sustainable Infrastructure window as long as the portfolios do not fall under point (b).
                                 
                              
                  Capital support to SMEs in accordance with Article 3(1)(g) of the InvestEU Regulation may be provided through financial products falling under any policy window.
            Joint financial products fall under two or more windows according to the relevant guarantee allocation mechanism as set out in the guarantee agreements. Such guarantee allocation mechanism may consist of a pro-rata sharing of each financing or investment operation defined ex ante among the relevant policy windows or other mechanism.
            Each individual financing or investment operation proposed by the implementing partner shall be allocated to the respective financial product to which they correspond. For financing or investment operation meeting the criteria of more than one established financial product, such operation shall be allocated to the financial product under which its main objective falls, in accordance with Article 8(4) of the InvestEU Regulation.
            In its submission of a specific financing or investment operation, the implementing partner shall propose the relevant financial product under the policy window to which the financing or investment operation shall be allocated.
            2.7.   Geographical and sectoral diversification
            
            The volume of financing and investment operations covered by the EU guarantee in any three Member States should not account for more than 45 % of the amount of the financing supported by the InvestEU Fund across all implementing partners, in aggregate at the end of the investment period. This excludes financing and investment operations or the relevant parts of them covered under the Member State compartments.
            In addition, every effort must be made to ensure that at the end of the investment period a wide range of eligible areas listed in Annex II to the InvestEU Regulation will be covered. That will include in particular nascent or under-developed markets, and will take into account financial products provided by the implementing partner. Any of the eligible areas for financing and investment operations set out in Annex II to the InvestEU Regulation may be covered by a financial product.
            Investment platforms may be established to promote geographical diversification combining efforts and expertise of implementing partners with national promotional banks and institutions with limited experience in the use of financial instruments.
            Under the Member State compartments, the geographical scope and specific ring-fencing will be included in the respective contribution agreements.
            2.8.   Member State compartments in policy windows
            
            Member State compartments may be established to cover one or more applicable policy window or windows. They will constitute ring-fenced allocations from contributing Member States to ensure delivery of the policy objectives of the funds under shared management, of the RRF or for purposes laid down in the contribution agreement, depending on the origin of the amount contributed. The Member State compartments may, among other things, provide capital support for SMEs in accordance with Article 3(1)(g) of the InvestEU Regulation.
            The financing and investment operations under the Member State compartments shall be delivered in accordance with the rules of the InvestEU Fund and comply with these investment guidelines and a contribution agreement pursuant to Article 10 InvestEU Regulation, including objectives of the contributing programmes.
            Each Member State compartment (33) may provide support in the following scenarios in relation to the financial products set out in Section 2.3.2.2:
            
                        (a)
                     
                     
                        an existing financial product designed for the EU compartment may also be implemented under the Member State compartment. The contribution shall be ring-fenced for the originating Member State(s) or region(s);
                     
                  
                        (b)
                     
                     
                        tailor made financial products may be developed to address specific needs and specific final recipients of the originating Member State or region. Such financial product may be a new type of financial product or may significantly differ from an existing financial product developed for the EU compartment;
                     
                  
                        (c)
                     
                     
                        a financial product may combine support from the EU and Member State compartments in a complementary manner.
                     
                  Two or more Member States may conclude a joint contribution agreement with the Commission in accordance with Article 10(2) of the InvestEU Regulation.
            2.9.   Blending operations receiving support from the InvestEU Fund
            
            Blending operations (34) defined in Article 2(5) and referred to in Article 6(2) of the InvestEU Regulation involve support from the InvestEU Fund. A proposal for a financing or investment operation which constitutes part of such a blending operation shall be submitted by the implementing partner for the approval of the Investment Committee.
            The implementation of the blending operation shall take place under InvestEU rules. The blended element provided by the sectoral programme (35) can take the form of a grant or a financial instrument and shall comply with the eligibility rules of the sectoral programme. The blended element taking the form of a financial instrument can be combined and share the risk with the InvestEU guarantee, as further specified in the guarantee agreement. The relevant work programme (36) will constitute the financing decision on the blended element of the sectoral programme and will mention its form, objectives, the budgetary amount of the sectoral programme to be allocated to blending operations and the list of entities involved in the blending operation. A decision on the blended element from a sectoral programme is without prejudice to the decision of the Investment Committee on the EU guarantee under the InvestEU Regulation.
            In the design and implementation of a blending operation special attention shall be paid to the efficiency and proportionality of the combined Union support. The guarantee agreement will indicate the financial product(s) under which blending operations can be submitted and the specific provisions applicable to blending operations. These may include indicative or mandatory ceilings of the respective tranches of Union support. Moreover, aggregate information (or if so agreed in the guarantee agreement, detailed information) on blending operations may be reviewed during the project pipeline discussions with the Commission. The scoreboard shall reflect whether a blending operation benefits from a grant component or a financial instrument from other Union programmes.
            In addition to the pipeline review, the implementing partner shall provide specific information regarding eligibility to the Commission on each financing or investment operation benefiting from blending under a financial product, as defined in the guarantee agreement. For homogenous indirect financing or investment operations, specific eligibility criteria for transactions with final recipients may be defined in the guarantee agreement that may replace the need for such specific information.
            2.10.   Strategic investments
            
            Financing or investment operations under InvestEU may contribute to activities that are of strategic importance to the Union as set out in Article 8(3) of the InvestEU Regulation. Such activities will be considered strategic investments if they:
            
                        (i)
                     
                     
                        concern projects and final recipients associated with risks to the security or public order of the Union and its Member States, in particular investments in defence and space sectors and cybersecurity:
                        
                                    —
                                 
                                 
                                    for defence, investments in defence technologies and products identified in the annual work programme for the European Defence Fund;
                                 
                              
                                    —
                                 
                                 
                                    for space, investments in the following products:
                                    
                                                —
                                             
                                             
                                                atomic clocks (e.g. for Galileo positioning systems);
                                             
                                          
                                                —
                                             
                                             
                                                strategic launchers (i.e. space launch vehicles for Union-controlled space systems); and
                                             
                                          
                                                —
                                             
                                             
                                                space products defined in a list decided by the Commission on an annual basis and communicated to the Steering Board;
                                             
                                          
                              
                                    —
                                 
                                 
                                    for cybersecurity, investments focusing solely on developing and deploying cybersecurity tools and solutions, including when these are part of deploying or upgrading digital networks and data infrastructure;
                                 
                              or
                     
                  
                        (ii)
                     
                     
                        contribute to the resilience of the Union in areas of strategic importance to it, as set out in Sections 6.1.1.8, 6.2.1.1 and 6.4.1.1, by upholding and strengthening strategic value chains and maintaining and reinforcing activities of strategic importance to the Union, including Important Projects of Common European Interest (IPCEI), in the areas of critical infrastructure, transformative technologies, game-changing innovations and inputs to businesses and consumers.
                     
                  For direct operations, the implementing partner shall ensure that strategic investments respect the limitations laid down in the paragraphs below. For indirect operations, the implementing partner shall contractually require that the financial intermediary ensures compliance with the same limitations.
            Limitations apply to final recipients falling under point (i) in the first paragraph, except in the case of direct operations below EUR 10 000 000 and transactions under indirect operations below EUR 10 000 000.
            For the purposes of the limitations set out in this Section:
            
                        (a)
                     
                     
                        ‘control’ means the ability to exercise a decisive influence on a legal entity directly or indirectly through one or more intermediate legal entities;
                     
                  
                        (b)
                     
                     
                        ‘executive management’ means a body of a legal entity appointed in accordance with national law, and, where applicable, reporting to the chief executive officer, or any other person having comparable decisional power, which is empowered to establish the legal entity’s strategy, objectives and overall direction, and which oversees and monitors management decision-making;
                     
                  
                        (c)
                     
                     
                        ‘third country’ entity means a legal entity established in a third country or, where it is established in the Union, having its executive management in a third country. The location of establishment of the legal entity is determined by the location of its registered office.
                     
                  A final recipient falling under point (i) shall not be controlled by a third country or third country entities and shall have its executive management in the Union.
            If the final recipient falling under point (i) is involved in a strategic investment in the field of 5G connectivity, the measures and risk mitigation plans, pursuant to the 5G Cybersecurity Toolbox (37) shall also apply to its suppliers. Such suppliers notably include vendors of telecom equipment and manufactures and other third-party suppliers, such as cloud infrastructure providers, managed service providers, systems integrators, security and maintenance contractors and transmission equipment manufacturers.
            Where the final recipient falling under point (i) is involved in a strategic investment in the field of defence, this limitation shall also apply to its suppliers and subcontractors.
            The limitations concerning the absence of control by a third country or third country entity set out in the three paragraphs above do not apply for a particular financing and investment operation where the final recipient falling under point (i) can demonstrate that it is a legal entity for which the Member State in which it is established has approved a guarantee in line with the principles concerning eligible entities set out in the relevant provisions of the European Defence Fund (‘EDF’) Regulation (38) or the Commission waiver granted in accordance with principles concerning eligible entities set out in the relevant provisions of the Space Regulation (39). The implementing partner must notify the Commission of any derogation granted to the limitations set out in this Section 2.10.
            Final recipients falling under point (i) shall not exclusively license or transfer intellectual property rights to related critical technologies and technologies instrumental to safeguarding the essential security interest of the Union and its Member States directly resulting from those strategic investments to third countries or third-country entities, unless approved by the Member State in which the final recipient is established.
            This limitation shall cease to apply 5 years after the date of the final disbursement of the financing.
            3.   PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE INVESTMENTS
            InvestEU, as an important part of the Sustainable Europe Investment Plan/Green Deal Investment Plan (40), will help deliver on the European Green Deal and on the Just Transition Mechanism. It will also contribute to building up the social dimension of the Union.
            The InvestEU Regulation contains specific legal requirements concerning the contribution to climate and environmental objectives, as well as to the sustainability of financing and investment operations receiving the support of the EU guarantee. In the InvestEU context, sustainability refers to the impact on the three dimensions mentioned in the InvestEU Regulation: climate, environment and social.
            Moreover, under Article 8(5) of the InvestEU Regulation, projects inconsistent with the climate objectives, according to the principles set out in the guidance on sustainability proofing, shall not be eligible for support.
            The design of financial products under InvestEU shall take into consideration the contribution to the objectives of sustainability including through the scaling up of the green bond and sustainability bond market; the deployment of innovative and sustainable solutions in the areas of circular economy, bio-economy, blue economy, food and climate change; protection of environment and natural capital (air, water, nature, land and bio-diversity); the transition and decarbonisation of energy intensive industries, including through investments in digital technologies and circular systems; sectors needing support to be aligned with 2030 and 2050 climate objectives of the European Union; the need to address related negative impacts that may adversely affect in particular vulnerable citizens, including those in need of upskilling or re-skilling and adaptation to new forms of work and regions lagging behind in terms of creation of sustainable industries and services; as well as the promotion of gender equality and equality on other grounds.
            Implementing partners are encouraged to support economic activities that are aligned with the criteria of Regulation (EU) 2020/852 (41).
            Dedicated advisory services may be provided to project promoters, financial intermediaries or implementing partners (42), especially to build up the capacity to deal with sustainability proofing requirements and to build up a pipeline of projects addressing the above objectives.
            3.1.   Climate and environment tracking and reporting
            
            As noted in Recital 10 of the InvestEU Regulation, the aggregate volume of financing and investment operations is expected to contribute at least 30 % of the overall financial envelope of the InvestEU Programme to climate objectives. In addition, a specific target of at least 60 % of the aggregate volume of financing and investment operations on climate and environment related objectives under the Sustainable Infrastructure window is laid down in Article 8(8) of the InvestEU Regulation for the EU compartment. The financing and investment operations are also expected to contribute to the overall Union biodiversity objectives.
            Climate and environmental targets shall apply both to the EU and the Member State compartment of the InvestEU Fund. However, achievement of the targets (43) shall be calculated and monitored separately for the EU and the Member State compartments.
            Implementing partners shall measure the contribution to climate and environmental objectives of the financing and investment operations they submit to the Investment Committee, in accordance with the Commission climate and environmental tracking guidance referred to in Article 8(7) of the InvestEU Regulation. Climate and environmental tracking under the InvestEU Fund will build on a coherent system for collecting, marking and aggregating relevant information from all implementing partners, while ensuring compatibility with a broader climate tracking methodology applicable to all relevant programmes financed through the Union budget. This system will have to use in an appropriate way the criteria for determining whether an economic activity is environmentally sustainable in accordance with the Regulation on the establishment of a framework to facilitate sustainable investment (44).
            In order to monitor the achievement of the 30 % climate target and the 60 % cumulative climate and/or environment target for the Sustainable Infrastructure window, at the time of submission of a proposal to the Commission, the implementing partners shall provide the information needed in order to track the contribution to these targets, in accordance with the guidance issued by the Commission. The same information will also be submitted to the Investment Committee as part of the application for InvestEU Fund support.
            Guarantee agreements will require the implementing partners to report annually to the Commission, at aggregate level, on the operations contributing to the climate and environment targets and, if applicable, separately per contributing fund under shared management in the Member State compartment. Such reporting will include relevant indicators, where applicable.
            3.2.   Sustainability proofing
            
            In accordance with Article 8(5) of the InvestEU Regulation, financing and investment operations shall be screened by the implementing partner to determine if they support projects above a certain size (45) and, in such case, whether they have any significant environmental, climate or social impact. If so, they shall be subject to sustainability proofing in accordance with guidance developed by the Commission in cooperation with potential implementing partners. Where the implementing partner concludes that no sustainability proofing is to be carried out, it shall provide a justification to the Investment Committee.
            The implementing partner will be responsible for performing the sustainability proofing based on information provided by the project promoters and in line with the Commission guidance. When applying for InvestEU support, the implementing partners shall provide a sustainability proofing summary, as applicable. With due regard to rules and practices regarding confidential and commercially sensitive information, including intellectual property, the sustainability proofing summary shall be made public after the Investment Committee has approved the use of the EU guarantee for a specific operation.
            The Commission guidance will be developed in a way that is consistent with the guidance developed for other programmes of the Union, and on the basis of existing legislation (46)„ existing guidelines, tools and best practices to ensure climate resilience and assess environmental externalities (47), and by taking into account, in an appropriate way, the criteria for determining whether an economic activity is environmentally sustainable, as defined by the Regulation (EU) 2020/852, including the principle of ‘do no significant harm’. The proofing shall also contribute to verifying that InvestEU investment operations should aim at eliminating inequalities, or at least not contribute to maintaining or increasing existing inequalities.
            3.3.   Just Transition Scheme under InvestEU
            
            As part of the Sustainable Europe Investment Plan/European Green Deal Investment Plan, InvestEU will contribute to the Just Transition Mechanism, with a dedicated InvestEU Just Transition Scheme (InvestEU JTS), implemented through InvestEU financial products. The InvestEU JTS shall support investments that address social, economic and environmental challenges deriving from the transition towards achieving of the Union’s 2030 climate target and its target of achieving climate neutrality by 2050. In order to be able to benefit from the InvestEU JTS, Member States shall set out in the relevant territorial just transition plan the sectors and activities envisaged to be supported, in accordance with the principles concerning the territorial just transition plans set out in the relevant provisions of the Just Transition Fund Regulation (‘JTF’ Regulation) (48).
            The InvestEU JTS shall support economically viable investments by private and public-sector entities aligned with just transition objectives. Projects or final recipients shall be located in territories covered by an approved territorial just transition plan under the JTF Regulation. Moreover, projects or final recipients not located in these territories but contributing to meet their development needs may be supported, provided that funding for such projects is key to the transition of the territories with a territorial just transition plan. For instance, infrastructure projects that improve the connectivity of the just transition regions may be covered.
            The InvestEU JTS shall support investments in line with the objectives (Article 3 of the InvestEU Regulation) and investment priorities (Article 8(1) and Annex II to the InvestEU Regulation) set out in the InvestEU Regulation and in these investment guidelines.
            The InvestEU JTS can be implemented through any InvestEU financial product under the four policy windows. Due to the specificities of the just transition territories (e.g. economic disparities, labour market structure, absorption capacity etc.) and the impact on the economic outlook due to the COVID-19 pandemic, higher demand for financing can be expected under some financial products and limited or no demand under others. Considering these factors, dedicated incentives may be offered to implementing partners and financial intermediaries. They may take, where justified, the form of more advantageous risk sharing arrangements for the investment portfolios between the EU and the implementing partner, a lower remuneration of the EU guarantee or partial coverage of the administrative costs under the financing and investment operations contributing to the InvestEU JTS as defined in Article 13(2) of the InvestEU Regulation or another form agreed in a guarantee agreement in the context of one or more financial products. Dedicated advisory support may be offered, where appropriate, to relevant project promoters or financial intermediaries to support the development of a viable project pipeline.
            Any reduction of the remuneration of the EU guarantee shall fully benefit final recipients.
            The contribution from implementing partners to achieving investment objectives for the InvestEU JTS may vary depending on the nature of the financial product concerned.
            Implementing partners shall track and report on the financing and investment operations or their relevant components supporting projects or final recipients under the InvestEU JTS. After the adoption of a relevant territorial just transition plan, such operations or their relevant components shall count as investment mobilised under the InvestEU JTS even if they were approved before the adoption of the plan, provided that the implementing partner verifies that they comply with the objectives of the relevant territorial just transition plan.
            Financing under the InvestEU JTS shall not be combined with the public sector loan facility (49) (pillar 3), except for advisory support.
            4.   USE OF THE EU GUARANTEE
            The EU guarantee may be used to cover different tranches of risk of financing or investment operations under different financial products or portfolios of financing and investment operations under financial products. The details of the use of the EU guarantee shall be set out in the guarantee agreement.
            The EU guarantee may be pari passu with the risk position taken by the implementing partner or can cover a junior tranche, for example a First Loss Piece (‘FLP’) or a mezzanine tranche. For guarantee agreements covering more than one policy window, the losses occurring under financial products can be mutualised within one or among more policy windows, taking into account the risk sharing structure defined in the guarantee agreement.
            The implementing partner’s share in the FLP counts towards the financial contribution of the implementing partner as defined in Article 2(7) of the InvestEU Regulation. Risk sharing in other forms, such as the implementing partner’s share in a mezzanine tranche, may count towards the financial contribution of the implementing partner, subject to conditions and calculation methodology laid down in the guarantee agreements.
            The lifetime of a financial product and conditions for terminating it shall be defined in the guarantee agreement. Where appropriate, a possibility may be foreseen under a financial product at the level of the financing or investment operation to exit investments or dispose of exposures before the end of the lifetime of the underlying investments if the achievement of policy objectives can be ensured, while observing the Union’s and the implementing partner’s financial interests.
            Without prejudice to the principles set out in this Section 4 that shall apply mutatis mutandis, the thickness of the junior or mezzanine tranche may also be set via a transfer rate mechanism, which will be specified in the guarantee agreement. That consists of applying an individual transfer rate to each financing or investment operation to determine the level of contribution for that operation to such junior or mezzanine tranche by the implementing partner and the EU guarantee.
            The following principles shall apply to the use of the EU guarantee, unless otherwise specified in these investment guidelines under the relevant policy window Section. For the Member State compartment, the thickness of the FLP or mezzanine tranche may differ from the principles set out in this Section 4, as specified in the relevant contribution agreement signed between the Commission and the Member State.
            4.1.   General financial products
            
            4.1.1.   Use of the EU guarantee for debt-type operations
            
            As a principle, subject to the provisions in Sections 4.1.1.1 to 4.1.1.3, for portfolios supporting debt-type operations under financial products, when the EU guarantee covers an FLP, the implementing partner shall take a share of at least 5 % in the FLP.
            4.1.1.1.   Coverage of individual operations
            
            This Section 4.1.1.1 applies only to direct operations.
            The EU guarantee may be used to partly cover an individual operation on a pari passu basis. In this case, the EU guarantee on an individual operation cannot exceed 50 % of the financing provided by the implementing partner. The implementing partner shall be obliged to retain a minimum of 20 % pari passu share on an individual operation for the purpose of alignment of interest.
            The EU guarantee may also take other forms, including a subordinated position in respect of an individual operation. In this case, the EU guarantee on an individual operation is limited to 25 % of the overall amount of financing provided by the implementing partner (50). The implementing partner must take a share of at least 5 % in the subordinated position.
            4.1.1.2.   Coverage of portfolios of operations other than those referred to in Section 4.1.1.3
            
            The EU guarantee may also cover an FLP or a mezzanine tranche in respect of the relevant portfolio of financing and investment operations financed by the implementing partner. Where the EU guarantee covers the FLP, the implementing partner must take a share of at least 5 % in the FLP.
            The thickness of the FLP will be based on the expected risk profile of the operations under the guaranteed portfolio. It shall be limited to up to 30 % of the overall amount of financing provided by the implementing partner under a financial product. Under the Social Investment and Skills window, the thickness of the FLP may be increased with reference to an appropriate portion of the overall amount of financing.
            4.1.1.3.   Coverage of portfolios of capped and uncapped guarantees
            
            For intermediated debt financing, both in the form of capped guarantees and in the form of uncapped guarantees, where remuneration from financial intermediaries is not sufficient to adequately remunerate the risk of the financing provided by the implementing partner, the EU guarantee may take a share of up to 100 % in the FLP set at expected losses level. For such intermediated debt financing in the form of capped guarantees, the thickness of the FLP covered by the EU guarantee may be set at up to 100 % of the financing provided by the implementing partner.
            In duly justified cases, for uncapped guarantees offered by the implementing partner, the EU guarantee may cover losses above expected losses. In such cases, the portion of unexpected losses covered by the EU guarantee shall be priced, as specified in the guarantee agreement.
            In exceptional cases of high policy value, for capped guarantees offered by the implementing partner, the thickness of the FLP covered by the EU guarantee may be set at a level higher than expected losses. In such cases, the portion of unexpected losses covered by the EU guarantee shall be priced, as specified in the guarantee agreement.
            4.1.2.   Use of the EU guarantee for equity-type operations
            
            In principle, as regards portfolios supporting equity-type operations, implementing partners have to invest on a pari passu basis in each financing or investment operation at their own risk for a share that ensures sufficient alignment of interests, as defined ex ante under each financial product. The part of financing covered by the EU guarantee shall represent in aggregate up to 70 % of the overall equity-type financing provided by the implementing partner (which can be considered at a group level) on a pari passu basis under the different financial products and own risk financing shall represent at least 5 % of the overall equity-type financing provided pari passu by the implementing partner under any financing or investment operation.
            In duly justified cases, risk sharing arrangements between implementing partners and the Commission may be on a non pari passu basis. For example, a subordinated use of the EU guarantee may be allowed for public goods with systemic market failures or for the failure to appropriately price externalities, such as first-of-a-kind operations or new market creation.
            Only in exceptional cases, including those where there is a high concentration of risk, the EU guarantee may cover up to 100 % of the FLP (which will not be higher than 50 % of the overall financing provided by the implementing partner under such portfolio). In all cases, the revenue sharing between the implementing partner and the Commission shall be commensurate to their risk exposure.
            4.2.   Thematic financial products
            
            4.2.1.   Use of the EU guarantee for debt-type operations
            
            The EU guarantee may cover an FLP in respect of the relevant portfolio of debt-type operations financed by the implementing partner. Given the characteristics of such financial products, the thickness of the FLP may be higher than 50 % of the target financing provided by the implementing partners. The implementing partner shall take a share of at least 5 % in the FLP in order to ensure alignment of interest. In duly justified cases, the alignment of interest may be ensured through other financial means specified in the relevant guarantee agreement.
            In duly justified cases, the implementing partners’ contribution to the loss coverage ensured by the FLP can be provided progressively, as the portfolio matures and is de-risked. This contribution can be provided through the revenues originating from the guaranteed or other portfolio(s), or through other appropriate and innovative mechanisms.
            4.2.2.   Use of the EU guarantee for equity-type operations
            
            The EU guarantee may cover an FLP in respect of the relevant portfolio of equity-type operations financed by the implementing partner; the thickness of the FLP may be higher than 50 % in respect of the relevant portfolio of operations financed by the implementing partner. The implementing partner shall take a share of at least 5 % in the FLP in order to ensure alignment of interest. In duly justified cases, the alignment of interest may be ensured through other financial means specified in the relevant guarantee agreement.
            In duly justified cases, the implementing partners’ contribution to the loss-coverage ensured by the FLP can be provided progressively, as the portfolio matures and is de-risked. This contribution can be provided through the revenues originating from the guaranteed or other portfolio(s), or through other appropriate and innovative mechanisms.
            5.   FINANCING PROVIDED BY THE IMPLEMENTING PARTNER
            The following principles shall apply to the financing provided by the implementing partner, unless otherwise specified in these investment guidelines under the relevant policy window Section.
            5.1.   General financial products
            
            5.1.1.   Debt financing provided by the implementing partner
            
            5.1.1.1.   General debt financing
            
            The implementing partner may provide financing directly to final recipients, that is to say in the form of direct loans or other forms of direct debt financing, or through financial intermediaries.
            5.1.1.2.   Capped and uncapped guarantees
            
            The following conditions shall apply to the financing and investment operations made under the EU compartment:
            
                        (a)
                     
                     
                        the EU guarantee may be offered to the implementing partners in order for them to provide a capped or an uncapped guarantee for a portfolio of newly established financing transactions originated by a financial intermediary. Transactions with final recipients subject to collective insolvency proceedings or fulfilling the criteria under their domestic law for being placed in collective insolvency proceedings at the request of its creditors shall not be eligible for inclusion in these portfolios;
                     
                  
                        (b)
                     
                     
                        in the case of a capped portfolio guarantee, the cap rate shall be established at the level of the expected losses of the new portfolio and shall be determined individually for each portfolio guarantee agreement signed with the financial intermediary (51). The expected losses shall be determined and documented on the basis of historical data and forward-looking estimations. In the absence of relevant data, the cap rate shall be set at a pre-agreed level and laid down in the guarantee agreement between the Commission and the implementing partner. The maximum permissible cap rate shall be 25 %. For the Social Investment and Skills window, the maximum permissible cap rate may be higher;
                     
                  
                        (c)
                     
                     
                        in duly justified cases, the guarantee coverage up to the level of expected losses may be provided for free (for both capped and uncapped guarantees) while the risk taking above expected losses has to be priced by the implementing partner as may be defined in the guarantee agreement between the Commission and the implementing partner. In both cases, the reduction of the remuneration of the EU guarantee shall fully benefit the final recipients;
                     
                  
                        (d)
                     
                     
                        the guarantee rate for the individual financing transactions included in the new portfolio shall typically be set at 50 % but this percentage may be increased for transactions of specific policy value;
                     
                  
                        (e)
                     
                     
                        the financial intermediary shall be obliged to retain a minimum of 20 % of the exposure in relation to each financing transaction ranking pari passu with the guarantee provided by the implementing partner. In duly justified cases, a lower percentage may be specified in the guarantee agreement between the Commission and the implementing partner if consistent or compliant, as applicable, with State aid rules. Under the Social Investment and Skills window, the minimum exposure may be reduced to 5 % in duly justified cases;
                     
                  
                        (f)
                     
                     
                        with regard to loss recoveries, the guarantee provided by the implementing partner shall rank pari passu with the financial intermediary. In the case of capped guarantees, if the amount of the losses exceeds the guarantee cap amount, a corresponding amount of loss recoveries may first be allocated to the more senior exposures; alternatively, an ex-ante estimated recovery rate may be applied;
                     
                  
                        (g)
                     
                     
                        the minimum tenor of financing transactions that can be included in the portfolios is set at 12 months, except under the Social Investment and Skills window where it may be less.
                     
                  5.1.2.   Equity financing provided by the implementing partner
            
            Equity and quasi-equity financing may be provided by implementing partners to final recipients directly (52) or through financial intermediaries, such as dedicated funds and investment vehicles, including co-investment vehicles. Intermediary funds or investment vehicles shall typically target minority participations in final recipients.
            All of the following conditions shall apply to investments made under the EU compartment to financial intermediaries, as further set out in the guarantee agreements with implementing partners and, for the avoidance of doubt, they apply to the financing provided by the implementing partner under InvestEU (financing or investment operation), including the parts covered by the EU guarantee and by the financial contribution of the implementing partner:
            
                        (a)
                     
                     
                        a financial intermediary receiving an investment under InvestEU (financing or investment operation) shall, as part of its investment strategy, commit to invest in final recipients eligible under the InvestEU Regulation an amount equal to at least the higher of:
                        
                                    (i)
                                 
                                 
                                    50 % of the intermediary’s aggregate invested amounts; and
                                 
                              
                                    (ii)
                                 
                                 
                                    two times the amount drawn down under the EU backed investment for investment purposes, capped at 80 % of the intermediary’s aggregate invested amounts.
                                 
                              
                  
                        (b)
                     
                     
                        investments by implementing partners in funds shall typically not represent more than 25 % of the fund size. In cases of high policy value added, investments representing up to 50 % of the fund size may be allowed, except under the Social Investment and Skills window or in exceptional cases of technology transfer funds under other policy windows where it may be up to 75 % of the fund size. In the case of fund of funds, these limits apply at the level of the investee funds;
                     
                  
                        (c)
                     
                     
                        investments in funds dedicated to green and digital investments at European level by three or more implementing partners may be in aggregate up to 75 % of the fund size;
                     
                  
                        (d)
                     
                     
                        for co-investment vehicles and schemes, a specific set of rules will be laid down in the guarantee agreements with the implementing partners;
                     
                  
                        (e)
                     
                     
                        investments by implementing partners under InvestEU shall be made on a pari passu basis with other public and private investors and on a market conform basis. Market conformity requires that a minimum of 30 % of all investments into a fund or into the fund’s underlying projects shall be made by private investors in a comparable situation with the remaining investors and on a pari passu basis (53). The requirements in this paragraph may not apply for the purpose of investment in areas of specific policy relevance for the EU, as further specified in the relevant guarantee agreement with an implementing partner;
                     
                  
                        (f)
                     
                     
                        investment in funds by implementing partners under InvestEU shall normally be made at the first closing of the fund; investments at subsequent closings are only possible where duly justified;
                     
                  
                        (g)
                     
                     
                        financing and investment operations shall be long term and have durations typically ranging from 5 to 20 years;
                     
                  
                        (h)
                     
                     
                        investments in final recipients that are eligible in accordance with the relevant financial product shall take the form of primary investments (54). Secondary investments may also be considered eligible where duly justified, as specified in the guarantee agreement.
                     
                  5.2.   Thematic financial products
            
            5.2.1.   Debt financing provided by the implementing partner
            
            The implementing partner may provide financing to final recipients in the form of direct loans or other forms of direct debt financing or via financing intermediaries to target the relevant higher Union added value policy area.
            5.2.2.   Equity financing provided by the implementing partner
            
            Equity and quasi-equity financing may be provided by implementing partners to final recipients directly (55) or through dedicated funds and investment vehicles. Investment in funds or other investment vehicles, and platforms supported by the EU guarantee may, in duly justified cases, also rank in a subordinated manner compared to other investors.
            6.   POLICY WINDOWS
            6.1.   Sustainable Infrastructure window
            
            6.1.1.   Policy areas of intervention
            
            The sustainable infrastructure window aims to support financing and investment operations in sustainable infrastructure in the areas referred to in Article 8(1)(a) of the InvestEU Regulation. Without prejudice to provisions on excluded activities (Section 2.3.3 of these investment guidelines) and InvestEU Fund allocation principles set out in Section 2.6, any relevant area linked to sustainable infrastructure listed in Annex II to the InvestEU Regulation is eligible for support under the sustainable infrastructure policy window. That support mainly relates to points 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 13(d), 14 and 15 of Annex II to the InvestEU Regulation, some of which are further described in a non-exhaustive and indicative way in Sections 6.1.1.1 to 6.1.1.8. The eligible areas may be prioritised in line with Section 2.3.2.1.
            While respecting the general target of 60 % of investment contributing to Union objectives on climate and environment, financing provided by the implementing partners shall seek to ensure a sufficient degree of diversification between sectors taking into account the financial products implemented by the implementing partner.
            The sustainable infrastructure policy window may also channel support from sectoral programmes (Section 2.9 on blending). Moreover, support to investments under the sustainable infrastructure policy window may be combined with support from funds under shared management or from the RRF.
            Support under the sustainable infrastructure policy window is set to add value by providing access to finance in any of the following instances:
            
                        (a)
                     
                     
                        achieve policy targets and objectives related to sustainable development defined on a European scale. For example, this relates to the simultaneous promotion of economic, environmental, and social objectives, such as adherence to environmental, social, and governance(‘ESG’) principles (56);
                     
                  
                        (b)
                     
                     
                        support the development of infrastructure as an asset class by promoting the consistent application of high sustainability standards (including accessibility (57)), transparency and comparability in the areas of project preparation, financing techniques and products, monitoring and data;
                     
                  
                        (c)
                     
                     
                        promote projects that have macro-regional and/or cross-border impact, where the costs and benefits are distributed among multiple Member States or where costs occur at national or local level, while benefits are realised transboundary or on a Union scale;
                     
                  
                        (d)
                     
                     
                        support projects that internalise environmental and socioeconomic costs and benefits stemming from EU policy priorities. This would, for instance, relate to contributions to modal shift and the use of sustainable fuels in transport, the contribution to material and energy efficiency, renewable energy, air or water quality improvements, environmental protection, promoting long-term protection and restoration of biodiversity, sustainable infrastructure and nature-based solutions, support to bioeconomy, greenhouse gas emissions reductions, cultural heritage management, tourism, energy performance of buildings etc. This would also include support to the renewal and retrofitting of transport mobile assets solutions;
                     
                  
                        (e)
                     
                     
                        promote trans-European network infrastructure, equipment and innovative technologies that serve, for example, as a public good for the energy and transport system, etc. Such projects may also be key enablers for higher levels of investment in renewables, energy efficiency and demand response, healthcare (e.g. e-health and care solution), public administration (such as e-public services) and alternative fuelled and cooperative, connected and automated mobility;
                     
                  
                        (f)
                     
                     
                        promote sustainable digital connectivity and data platforms and infrastructures across the Union and projects supporting a broad range of communications and information technology-related products and services, promoting EU-international connectivity when needed, where sustainability includes attention to the circularity of infrastructure and equipment;
                     
                  
                        (g)
                     
                     
                        promote the development and operation of sustainable (in-orbit and ground-based) space infrastructure that enables space services and space-based applications;
                     
                  
                        (h)
                     
                     
                        promote projects where the benefits depend on other investments in the value or supply chain or network and/or entail a high ‘first mover’ risk;
                     
                  
                        (i)
                     
                     
                        promote interoperability in cross-border infrastructure and services, including digital platforms and services;
                     
                  
                        (j)
                     
                     
                        promote deployment of and synergies with research infrastructure, including e-infrastructures, across the Union. This must focus on the market development of facilities, resources and services that are used by communities to foster innovation;
                     
                  
                        (k)
                     
                     
                        address efficient functioning of the internal market by promoting market-based investment under various regulatory regimes (58);
                     
                  
                        (l)
                     
                     
                        achieve critical mass as well as groups and aggregate projects in order to attract private investors.
                     
                  Support to the policy areas described in Sections 6.1.1.1 to 6.1.1.8 may be complemented by accompanying measures that aim to help public authorities and project promoters develop capacity for defining investment strategies, blending financing, planning and grouping projects.
            6.1.1.1.   Development of the energy sector
            
            Support to the generation, supply or use of clean and sustainable renewable energy shall focus on projects with high perceived risk and capital intensity enabling the further integration of renewables in all sectors (power generation, heating and cooling, transport) as well as other zero and low-emission energy sources and solutions. It may indicatively include renewables projects of cross-border or offshore nature (see also Section 6.1.1.7), projects targeting the decarbonisation of buildings, the use of renewables in industrial processes, low-carbon gas (such as low-carbon, clean hydrogen or biomethane, in line with the Hydrogen Strategy (59)) production and supply (at commercial scale), advanced bio-fuels, biomass and other sustainable alternative fuels projects and on-site storage. Support should also be given to locally led renewables projects, such as those headed by energy communities, often integrated with energy efficiency improvements. Support to the energy sector may contribute where appropriate, to the objectives of Directive (EU) 2018/2001 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources (‘RED II’ (60)) and Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 on the Governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action (‘Governance Regulation’ (61)), as well as promote energy efficiency in investment decisions, including through the Union renewable energy financing mechanism (62).
            Support under energy efficiency and energy savings will include projects in line with the Union’s commitments under Agenda 2030 and the Paris Agreement, and further the objectives in Directive 2012/27/EU (63) (reducing energy demand through energy saving measures and demand-side management, applying circular economy principles, supporting district heating and energy generation in co-generation projects that reduce energy consumption and prevent emissions of greenhouse gases and other pollutants). Support will include projects in line with the Renovation Wave Strategy (64), in particular its three focus areas: tackling energy poverty and worst-performing buildings; renovating public buildings, such as administrative, educational and healthcare facilities and decarbonising heating and cooling. Projects that modernise the heating and cooling systems of buildings should be supported as they are essential to decarbonise the EU building stock. The deployment of local renewable energy potential is also key to reduce the EU’s dependence on imported fossil fuels. It will include energy efficiency renovations of existing buildings that target or achieve an increase of their energy performance as determined through one or more of the criteria laid down in Article 10(6) of Directive 2010/31/EU on the Energy Performance of Buildings (65), e.g. through the improvement achieved due to such renovation by comparing energy performance certificates issued before and after renovation, and construction of highly energy efficient new buildings
               only when exceeding national nearly zero-energy buildings standards (given the legal deadline for all new buildings in the EU to be nearly zero-energy buildings from 31 December 2020), including the modernisation of buildings thanks to smart ready technologies and their integration into a connected energy, storage, digital and transport system including through the deployment of infrastructure for e-mobility in line with Directive 2010/31/EU (66). Support will also include projects addressing life-cycle energy performance of buildings as well as projects applying the Level(s) European indicator framework for sustainable buildings (67). It will also target a reduction of energy intensity of enterprises through improved efficiency of processes or production of products with lower carbon footprint as well as the development of innovative zero and low emission heat supply systems and combined production of electricity and heat.
            Development, smartening and modernising of sustainable energy infrastructure shall target the transmission and distribution level. It will also include supporting Projects of Common Interest (PCIs), as established in the Regulation on guidelines for trans-European energy infrastructure (68), digitalising and modernizing energy grids to facilitate a greater uptake of renewables, as well as projects relating to demand-side flexibility and the energy storage.
            Support from the InvestEU will also promote the deployment of low-emission technologies: projects that include carbon capture, transport, storage and/or use (CCUS) technologies and infrastructure for the production of renewable electricity, heat and cold, low-carbon gases (such as hydrogen) or industrial processes, as well as bio-energy plants and manufacturing facilities enabling the energy transition, or carbon removals.
            6.1.1.2.   Development of sustainable transport infrastructures, equipment and innovative technologies
            
            Support for the development of sustainable transport infrastructures, equipment and innovative technologies will be directed at the development of sustainable and safe transport infrastructures, superstructures, mobility solutions and equipment, and innovative technologies, in accordance with the Union’s transport priorities, the Sustainable and Smart Mobility Strategy (69) and the commitments taken under the Paris Agreement. That will include projects supporting development of the trans-European transport network (‘TEN-T’) infrastructure, the rehabilitation and upgrading of existing infrastructure and interconnection levels components across all modes, including its urban nodes, maritime and inland ports, airports, multimodal terminals and their connection to the main networks and the telematic applications laid down in the TEN-T Regulation (70);
            Support will, in priority, target projects in the TEN-T core network, as identified in the core network corridor work plans that address missing links, bottlenecks or cross-border connections. Whenever relevant, it will include: rehabilitation and upgrading of existing of rail, road, waterborne and aviation infrastructure, safety upgrades, using appropriate safety management procedures, and environmental performance upgrades, including the deployment of digital transport management systems like ITS (71), RIS (72), ERTMS (73), SESAR, including on-board equipment, and digital transport infrastructure for interoperable data sharing and reporting across modes and sectors. It will also include the development and deployment of new transport technologies and services, e.g. in relation to connected and autonomous modes of transport, integrated ticketing and less polluting inland and maritime means of transport (including the prevention of oil-spills from ships). It will also include support to adapt the TEN-T network to cater for military mobility needs, to the extent that such infrastructure meets the need of both civilian and military purposes (dual-use).
            Support will also target TEN-T infrastructure projects that provide for the use of at least two different modes of transport, in particular multi-modal freight terminals and logistics platforms, and passenger transport hubs. Support will also target multimodal connections and last mile sections allowing freight or passenger traffic to be shifted to more sustainable transport modes such as rail transport, public/collective transport, inland navigation or short sea shipping.
            Support may be given to smart and sustainable urban mobility projects in particular multi-modal hubs for passenger transport, active modes, inland waterways and innovative mobility solutions, digital transport infrastructure for the seamless and effective connection of travel modes, infrastructure for active and zero-emission mobility. Projects aiming at promoting the shift to sustainable modes of transport must focus on improving the safety of users and non-discriminatory accessibility including with regard to passengers with reduced mobility. Projects will also aim to improve road safety, in line with the Union’s objective of eliminating fatalities and serious injuries on European roads by 2050, paying particular attention to vulnerable road users such as cyclists and pedestrians.
            The renewal and retrofitting of transport mobile assets must prioritise non-discriminatory projects for the purchase of rolling stock and vessels for use in rail, inland waterways and maritime transport. For rail and inland navigation, it will also include investments in current rolling stock and vessels, e.g. digital RIS equipment, noise reduction, equipping with ERTMS and with digital automatic couplers. It will also include projects in the aviation, shipping, maritime and inland waterways, sectors taking into account the circular economy principles and aiming at transition towards sustainable alternative fuels, reduction of pollution of any kind and helping the industry to comply with upcoming commitments related to greenhouse gas emissions, including back-up for zero-emission ships and the replacement of old aircrafts and vessels with new generation ones achieving significant emissions reductions, based on full life-cycle emissions. In addition, vessels and zero- and low-emission road vehicles are eligible (see paragraph below on alternative fuels infrastructure).
            Support to railway infrastructure, other rail projects, inland waterway infrastructure, mass transit projects and maritime ports and motorways of the sea may be given to investments that prevent or reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and toxic pollutants, or noise levels. Those investments may also target port reception facilities and other means enabling environmental protection measures, and investments in combined sustainable infrastructure, including the deployment of small-scale infrastructure for alternative fuels and other solution reducing ports’ overall carbon footprint. Investments in the greening of airport infrastructure and related services (such as ground handling, ground traffic operations, aircraft on the ground) that prevent or reduce emissions or noise levels may be supported.
            Support may be given for the deployment for all modes of transport of recharging and refuelling infrastructure for electricity, hydrogen and liquefied or compressed natural gas blended highly with bio-methane (> 50 %), deployment of fleets of low- and zero-emission road transport vehicles, and platforms for smart connectivity and interoperable services. When renewing road vehicle fleets, they should also fulfil the applicable high safety standards. When deployed through retrofitting, those vehicles must be retrofitted to the standard of zero emission at tailpipe. Support may be given for the deployment of zero- and low-emission vessels and fleets using sustainable alternative fuels (including LNG) and aircraft using sustainable energy sources. Retrofitting of vessels will enable maritime and inland shipping to use sustainable alternative fuels or electricity. Priority for related investments will be given to (i) deployment of publicly accessible refuelling and recharging infrastructure, taking into account the circular economy principles; (ii) refuelling and recharging infrastructure for use by fleets of public authorities or of operators for the discharge of public service obligations under a public service contract; and (iii) deployment, in public service and private fleets, of light- and heavy-duty zero- and low-emission vehicles, zero- and low-emission vessels and fleets running on sustainable alternative fuels, or low-emission aircraft running on sustainable energy sources. Road infrastructure must be accessible to the public without any limitation and will provide for possibility of easy to use ad-hoc payments (e.g. bankcard payment) so that vehicle users can charge without the need of entering into a service contract with the operator concerned. Moreover, available static and dynamic data will be made available through common or national access points. These public accessibility requirements will not apply in the case of charging or filling infrastructure in privately managed or operated depots that serve a captive fleet. Support may be given for the development, production and supply infrastructure for sustainable alternative fuels for aviation, land and waterborne transport, implementing EU transport decarbonisation policies (such as ReFuelEU Aviation, FuelEU Maritime).
            Support may be given for other smart and sustainable mobility projects in urban and rural areas, targeting road safety; accessibility; emission and noise reduction; and the development and deployment of new transport technologies and services such as in relation to connected and autonomous modes of transport or integrated ticketing.
            The InvestEU Fund support can be granted to measures designed to upgrade, achieve or maintain compliance with standards, including environmental and safety standards, and projects to maintain or upgrade existing transport infrastructure, rehabilitation of existing transport infrastructure or safe parking areas and facilities.
            6.1.1.3.   Environment and resources
            
            The InvestEU Fund is expected to mobilise investments related to natural capital and circular economy (74). In that respect, besides the greening of investments in traditional infrastructure areas listed in this Section 6.1.1.3, investments include for example mobility projects targeting air pollution and noise, nature, energy consumption and accidents.
            Support for water, including drinking water supply and sanitation, flood protection, networks efficiency, leakages reduction, infrastructure for the collection and treatment of waste water, coastal infrastructure and other water-related green infrastructure, which will comprise of investment projects and accompanying services supporting the implementation of Union environmental policies concerning land-based and marine water resources and related ecosystem services set out in, for example, Directives 2008/56/EC (75), 2000/60/EC (76) and 2007/60/EC (77), Council Directives 98/83/EC (78), 91/271/EEC (79) and 91/676/EEC (80), Regulation (EU) 2019/1009 (81) and Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 (82). Particular importance must be given to (i) ensuring access to water supply and sanitation for all Union citizens by completing and maintaining infrastructure for drinking water and wastewater treatment that complies with energy efficiency and leakage prevention criteria; and (ii) ensuring compliance with the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) and the Floods Directive (2007/60/EC), including measures foreseen in the river basin management plans and flood risk management plans, notably investments ensuring good ecological status of rivers, renovating or upgrading of existing hydropower to increase efficiency and reduce ecological impacts, and reducing diffuse pollution from agriculture, aquaculture, and industrial sources, water efficiency solutions, water re-use in any sector and nature-based solutions to reduce flood risks.
            Support for waste management infrastructure, i.e. infrastructure necessary to support the transition to a more circular economy in Member States notably shifting upwards in the implementation of the EU waste hierarchy, with waste prevention at its pinnacle. Without prejudice to the exclusion criteria set out in Annex V to the InvestEU Regulation, investment projects should cover the implementation of waste management plans and waste prevention programmes (based on the amended Waste Framework Directive 2008/98/EC (83)), the establishment and support of re-use and repair networks, and the setting up of functional waste separation and collection schemes, and recycling facilities (including for municipal biowaste and textiles for their separate collection).
            Investment in the enhancement and restoration of eco-systems and their services, which must focus on projects that promote the conservation, restoration, management and enhancement of natural capital for biodiversity and adaptation benefits, including by means of green and blue infrastructure projects. It will include ecosystem-based solutions to challenges, such as those related to air and climate systems, sea, land, soil, forestry, agriculture, water and waste, and transport and energy. Support will also include measures aimed at pursuing the goals of the ‘biodiversity’ (84) and ‘farm to fork (85) strategies through the improvement of food-production value chains (where these do not fall within the scope of the SME window). Cross-border projects shall be in particular encouraged as well as projects that promote sustainable cultural heritage. Support may also include the rehabilitation of industrial sites (including contaminated sites) and restoration for sustainable use.
            Support for sustainable development in urban, rural, coastal, offshore areas development and wider bioeconomy – this should involve infrastructure projects not covered in other areas and focused on a geographical area, including investments in nature and nature-based solutions aimed at the prevention or control of emissions of greenhouse gases, toxic pollutants, noise and other impacts or natural capital dependencies whilst promoting the transformation towards a circular economy. It will include infrastructure projects aimed at promoting inclusive and accessible smart cities and their networks, regions and sectors. This will also encompass projects aimed at fostering bioeconomy through investment in bio-based industries, marine and terrestrial solutions that substitute for energy intensive or fossil materials, aquaculture and blue and green biotechnology. Support may also concern seas and oceans, through the area of the blue economy and its finance principles, in particular through renewable marine energy and circular economy.
            Support under climate change actions, climate adaptation and mitigation, including natural hazard disaster risk reduction, will include infrastructure projects aiming at climate change adaptation and increasing the resilience to current and future climate. This will include, among others, the protection of low-lying areas, coastal areas and other measures related to sea-level rise, flood prevention, improved and sustainable use of water supply and drought prevention, and adaptation of infrastructure to extreme temperature. This can also include innovative technologies that contribute to the environmental climate resilience or social sustainability objectives of the Union, or to both, and meet the environmental or social sustainability standards of the Union.
            Support to projects and enterprises that implement circular economy systems, including the sustainable use of raw materials, in line with the goals of the Circular Economy Action Plan (86). That support will include, among others, projects integrating resource efficiency aspects in the production and product life cycle and all strategies aimed at ensuring that the value and lifespan products, assets and of material resources is maximised, as well as infrastructure and services fostering industrial symbiosis and asset sharing between industrial plants across sectors and urban and rural communities. This shall also include application of circular business models that lead to dematerialisation, servitisation and more intensive and efficient use of products and resources, internalising or eliminating negative externalities. Investment projects should also encompass actions covering the entire value chain of secondary raw materials, including closed loop systems, elimination of legacy toxic and problematic chemicals and substances from feedstock processing to recycling. Particular attention will be paid to sectors that use the most resources and where the potential for circularity is high, i.e. electronics and Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), batteries and vehicles, packaging, plastics, textiles, construction and buildings, and food, water and nutrients.
            Support to operations that support the decarbonisation of and substantial reduction of emissions of energy-intensive industries, including closed-loop systems and deployment of innovative low-carbon emission technologies including energy storage, carbon capture, transport, storage and/or use (CCUS) as well as operations that promote the decarbonisation of the energy production and distribution chain by phasing out the use of coal and oil, and gradual substitution of natural gas by low-carbon gases. It shall also promote closed loop circular systems in energy-intensive processing of materials, such as steel, aluminium, plastic and cement, to eliminate impurities that result in value loss in recyclates.
            6.1.1.4.   Development of sustainable and secure digital connectivity infrastructure
            
            Support to the development of sustainable and secure digital connectivity infrastructure must focus on projects supporting broad range of communications and information technology-related products and services. That support may include, for example, projects supporting a universal (i.e. including rural/peripheral areas) roll-out of infrastructure, deployment of very high capacity digital networks, including through the deployment of wired and wireless connection systems including fibre and 5G connection systems, and investments needed to reach the Union’s strategic digital connectivity objectives as defined in the Communication on Connectivity for a Competitive Digital Single Market (87).
            It will also target projects aimed at increasing the capacity and resilience of Union networks (e.g. quantum-secured communication networks, interregional and international connectivity, including through land-based, submarine cables, satellite systems, data centres and public protection and disaster relief networks), and at supporting the digital transformation of key public services.
            It will also target the rollout of sustainable and high capacity interconnected cloud infrastructures in the EU (such as the deployment of software defined infrastructures for workload balancing optimisation among clouds and; green connectivity networks for interconnecting cloud infrastructures) as well as foster best-in class energy efficient European data centres supported by the retrofitting of data centres for both large and small companies (such as new cooling systems and power management solutions).
            Digital connectivity infrastructures, for example those aiming at optimising transport and energy infrastructures, optimising energy consumption in buildings, reducing waste and pollution and optimising the use of natural resources via digital solutions, will also constitute suitable investment targets.
            In doing so, it should target projects aiming at reduction or avoidance of greenhouse gas emissions and at deploying infrastructure that is designed to be durable, reparable, upgradeable and recyclable, in accordance with the European Green Deal.
            6.1.1.5.   Development of sustainable space infrastructure
            
            Support to sustainable development and modernisation of new and existing in-orbit and ground infrastructure. That will enable the greening of the space industry for launchers and spacecraft (e.g. satellites) and associated ground segments. This includes the manufacturing, assembly, testing, operation, maintenance and launch facilities towards the development of greener spacecraft, launch systems and associated facilities. A cleaner use of space through spacecraft de-orbiting and de-commissioning is also included.
            Support to the Union space programme components and related services, as well as support to the ‘space strategy for Europe’ (88) objectives to maximise the benefits for the Union’s society and economy. That will enable the development of dedicated services and applications meeting existing and emerging users’ needs, including in priority areas of climate change, sustainable development, connectivity and security.
            6.1.1.6.   Development of sustainable tourism infrastructure
            
            Support to the development of sustainable tourism infrastructure and services must contribute to strengthening the sector’s long-term competitiveness by supporting projects fostering a shift towards sustainable, innovative and digital tourism.
            6.1.1.7.   Offshore development for decarbonisation
            
            Support in this areas must contribute to the generation of offshore electricity to meet the future energy demand. It must also alleviate the multiple demands on the EU’s land resources by improving the productivity of aquatic and marine resources like for instance, the production and use of algae, and other new sources of protein that have the potential to relieve the pressure on agricultural land.
            Support must focus on the deployment of:
            
                        (a)
                     
                     
                        floating wind farms;
                     
                  
                        (b)
                     
                     
                        developments to convert ports from transport nodes to hubs for servicing offshore industry;
                     
                  
                        (c)
                     
                     
                        cabling for an offshore grid with a particular focus on AC connections from turbines to hubs which then use DC interconnectors to shore;
                     
                  
                        (d)
                     
                     
                        devices for wave and tide energy;
                     
                  
                        (e)
                     
                     
                        offshore aquaculture.
                     
                  6.1.1.8.   Strategic investment in critical infrastructure
            
            Strategic investment under the Sustainable Infrastructure window may target projects contributing to the stability, operational security and resilience of the critical infrastructure parts, whether physical or virtual, or supply chains to the critical infrastructure, or directly to the critical elements of infrastructure, in particular in view of the Union’s green and digital transitions.
            Supported operations may also target companies, including SMEs, producing goods and services instrumental for the operation and maintenance of any of the critical infrastructure priorities as listed in this Section 6.1.1.8.
            Investment operations concerning critical infrastructure may target operations defined as European Critical Infrastructures pursuant to Council Directive 2008/114/EC (89), as selected by Member States pursuant to its Article 3. Support may target supply chains for clean energy, namely the manufacturing capacity of equipment for renewable energy technologies (such as solar PV, wind energy, hydropower, renewable hydrogen, etc.).
            Operations supported may also target supply chains for the European aviation, rail, road, inland waterways transport and maritime shipping, including supporting investment in the integration of modes and production capacities.
            For digital infrastructure, strategic investments are those closely linked to the objectives of resilient and secure provision of digital communication services, including critical elements of very-high capacity connectivity and 5G networks, quantum communication, the internet of things, media, online service platforms, secure cloud computing, data processing and storage, and to the underlying value chains behind these infrastructures and services. Given the various architectures and constantly evolving technological solutions, including those relevant for cybersecurity (90), it is necessary to screen the evolving needs of the digital transition and relevant security and technological autonomy and resilience dimensions of such transition related to the data transfers, use and storage. Support to projects related to digital
               electoral infrastructure and sensitive facilities shall have as the main objective their reinforced security, resilience and protection against malicious and disruptive action, including in particular disinformation, data theft, and cyberattacks.
            Investments in communication
               and media infrastructure are also considered strategic to the extent that they contribute to independent European content production in line with the objective to protect the Union’s democratic values and Member States’ sovereignty in the digital age, and the production, intellectual property protection and monetisation of European content globally.
            Projects related to critical infrastructure for space must support the update of existing Union space programme components and the development of new Union space infrastructure and services. In particular, it shall target: (i) autonomous, reliable and cost-effective access to and use of space enabled by European launchers, including innovative concepts such as re-usability, advanced manufacturing, new space transportation systems; (ii) space surveillance and protection of assets, (iii) satellite communication and connectivity, (iv) other evolving needs.
            Operations supported may also target the resilience and competitiveness of space systems and technologies, addressing the vulnerability of the value chains.
            Support to defence industry infrastructure may include the upgrade of existing or the installation of new infrastructures needed to support from a technological and industrial perspective the life cycle of defence technologies and products or training facilities. These infrastructures refer not only to the traditional air, land and sea domains, but also to emerging ones such as information, space and cyber. They may also be used also for the R & D, demonstration, testing and certification of defence systems or technologies, including developed in the context of the European Defence Fund, as well as dual-use systems and technologies. Multinational projects open to users from other Member States should be supported. Support may also target projects oriented to implement pan-European digital and cyber capacities and infrastructure related, for instance, to virtual engineering development environments, digital test beds and labs, new collaborative combat environment, supercomputing, artificial intelligence (AI) and related advance digital skills for defence (e.g. digital shipyard; digital model, or twin, of military systems).
            In the area of critical raw materials (CRMs) supported investments may include projects and beneficiaries contributing to increased Union autonomy and resilience in industrial ecosystems for e-mobility, batteries, renewable energies, pharmaceuticals, digital applications and defence. CRM-linked priority investment areas may include magnet development, recovery of rare earths from used magnets, rare earth refining, primary ores and recycled mining waste (bauxite, iron ore, coal waste). Other CRM needs may emerge in the future.
            In order to ensure a safe and sustainable food supply, relevant investments for example into transport, logistics, decentralised food chain infrastructure and the setting up of clusters in the area of food supply may be supported.
            6.1.2.   Features of potential financial products
            
            The support under the Sustainable Infrastructure window will offer senior and subordinated financing in the form of debt, guarantees, any other forms of funding or credit enhancement, quasi-equity and equity financing. It will aim at facilitating access to eligible project and corporate finance. The financial products must be available horizontally to the various areas covered by this policy window or can be dedicated to specific policy priorities including under thematic financial products.
            Financial products must be developed according to policy prioritisation and market needs.
            6.1.2.1.   Financial intermediaries to be involved
            
            (a)   
                  for debt financing:
               
            
            Any type of financial intermediary, including national promotional banks or institutions and other publicly owned intermediaries, commercial banks, guarantee societies, diversified debt funds providing senior and subordinated financing, and leasing companies, which is able to provide financing in the areas covered by the Sustainable Infrastructure window in full compliance with applicable national and Union legislation and with the relevant requirements of the Financial Regulation, may apply.
            (b)   
                  for equity financing:
               
            
            Public or private financial intermediaries, or entities to be incorporated, funds-of-funds, private equity funds, venture capital funds, co-investment vehicles, venture debt funds, which are able to provide equity financing in the areas covered by the Sustainable Infrastructure window in full compliance with applicable national and EU-legislation and with the relevant requirement of the Financial Regulation, may apply.
            The managers, advisors or other similar persons associated with such intermediaries (including first time managers or advisors) must demonstrate the capacity and skills to undertake such investments in the areas in which they intend to invest under the Sustainable Infrastructure window, the ability to fundraise and attract private capital, and the ability to produce returns, which would attract more private investments into this asset class.
            6.1.2.2.   Final recipients targeted
            
            The focus of the Sustainable Infrastructure window is to support investment in infrastructure and related equipment promoted, among others, by:
            
                        (a)
                     
                     
                        stand-alone promoters;
                     
                  
                        (b)
                     
                     
                        private, public and semi-public enterprises;
                     
                  
                        (c)
                     
                     
                        SPVs.
                     
                  6.1.2.3.   General financial products
            
            General financial products must aim at improving access to finance for standalone projects or grouped smaller projects, through finance provided directly or indirectly (for example though investment vehicles) by the implementing partners.
            General financial products may support a diversified range of final recipients with different risk profiles such as the following:
            
                        (a)
                     
                     
                        projects from regulated entities on a corporate or non-recourse basis, including PPPs (e.g. energy, transport, waste, water and wastewater utilities and large infrastructure managers) or from public or semi-public enterprises, which typically present a low risk.
                     
                  
                        (b)
                     
                     
                        projects from non-regulated entities on a corporate or non-recourse basis, including PPPs (e.g. energy generation, energy storage, energy efficiency for energy intensive industries, motorways concessionaries, airports/ports terminal and railways operators, green shipping, broadband and space infrastructure) which typically present a medium to high risk.
                     
                  
                        (c)
                     
                     
                        deployment of projects supporting public goods, including projects deployed by SMEs in the fields of e-mobility, energy efficiency, natural capital or nature based solutions by local authorities or philanthropic investors, and space, which typically present a high risk.
                     
                  
                        (d)
                     
                     
                        portfolios of transactions in areas such as energy efficiency and renewable energy for households or SMEs, greening of mobile assets.
                     
                  
               
                  For debt financing provided by the implementing partner:
               
            
            
                         
                     
                     
                        The EU guarantee may be provided for financing and investment operations including in the form of:
                        
                                    (a)
                                 
                                 
                                    senior loans, bonds, leasing contracts and credit lines, including senior debt to limited recourse projects;
                                 
                              
                                    (b)
                                 
                                 
                                    subordinated loans, including in a form of a mezzanine financing;
                                 
                              
                                    (c)
                                 
                                 
                                    guarantees (funded or unfunded) to third-party financiers and other risk sharing arrangements with financial intermediaries;
                                 
                              
                                    (d)
                                 
                                 
                                    credit enhancement for new investments (to project bonds, bank loans or a combination of the two), including in the form of subordinated products.
                                 
                              
                  Subordinated financing can also be used in order to leverage private finance and diversification from banking to capital market finance.
            The EU guarantee may be used for the development of financial products supporting the use of green bonds.
            6.1.2.4.   Thematic financial products
            
            Support from thematic financial products will, among others, target:
            
                        (a)
                     
                     
                        in the transport area, high-risk projects in the field of sustainable mobility, smart and safer transport.
                     
                  
                        (b)
                     
                     
                        in the renewables area, specific high risk activities such as:
                        
                                    (i)
                                 
                                 
                                    customised innovative guarantees under the Member State compartment aiming to reduce the cost of capital of renewables investment in such Member State;
                                 
                              
                                    (ii)
                                 
                                 
                                    high-risk guarantee products to foster the Renewables Corporate Power Purchase Agreement market, helping ensure increased levels of long-term private financing for renewable energy investments;
                                 
                              
                  
                        (c)
                     
                     
                        in the energy efficiency area, specific high risk activities such as:
                        
                                    (i)
                                 
                                 
                                    residential Buildings: the guarantee instrument can be combined with grants to unlock private financing and prompt households to address the significant financing gap in the renovation and refurbishment of residential buildings, especially deep renovations;
                                 
                              
                                    (ii)
                                 
                                 
                                    energy performance contracting and Energy Services Companies (ESCOs): guarantee instrument and revolving fund for ESCOs to address the barriers and unlock financing for the development of energy performance contracts for energy efficiency projects;
                                 
                              
                                    (iii)
                                 
                                 
                                    irrespective of the final recipient, credit enhancement in relation to green bonds to crowd in institutional investors into new energy efficiency financing, at the same time promoting the expansion of the currently limited size of the green bond market;
                                 
                              
                  
                        (d)
                     
                     
                        in the smartening and modernisation of electricity infrastructure, projects promoting:
                        
                                    (i)
                                 
                                 
                                    new business models for the deployment of flexibility sources such as demand response and energy storage;
                                 
                              
                                    (ii)
                                 
                                 
                                    decentralised and small-scale energy sources developed by new entrants and energy communities in new markets.
                                 
                              
                  
                        (e)
                     
                     
                        projects promoting the market deployment of low-carbon emission technologies: projects that include carbon capture, transport, storage and/or use (CCUS) related to the production of electricity, heating or cooling, low-carbon gases (such as hydrogen) or industrial processes, energy storage, as well as bio-energy plants and manufacturing facilities enabling the energy transition and substitution of carbon intensive products;
                     
                  
                        (f)
                     
                     
                        high-risk sustainable green investment projects or programme promoting a comprehensive natural capital-based approach relating to the protection and restoration of the environment and the management of the transition towards a circular, resource efficient and low-emission bio-economy and enhancing the carbon removals;
                     
                  
                        (g)
                     
                     
                        in the digital sector, projects with a high financial risk, notably connectivity deployments in white and grey areas (i.e. with no immediate commercial viability) or which present a significant technological advancement (e.g. not incremental upgrades but deployment of latest generation technologies, including deployment of sustainable networks and data infrastructures);
                     
                  
                        (h)
                     
                     
                        high-risk portfolios in the areas of energy efficiency, renewable energy and the greening of mobile assets;
                     
                  
                        (i)
                     
                     
                        in the space sector, high-risk or capital intensive projects linked to space infrastructure and related services, as well as new concepts for space infrastructure and solutions in space and on ground.
                     
                  6.2.   Research, Innovation and Digitisation window
            
            6.2.1.   Policy areas of intervention
            
            Support under the Research, Innovation and Digitisation (RID) window shall facilitate and accelerate access to finance for research and innovation (R&I) projects, promoters, businesses and other innovative entities and stimulate the digital transformation of businesses, markets and Member States in accordance with Articles 3(2)(b) and 8(1)(b) of the InvestEU Regulation. In line with the InvestEU objective of promoting Union’s competitiveness, the RID window will deliver scientific, technological, economic and societal impact by strengthening the Union’s scientific and technological base with the ultimate aim of delivering on the Union’s strategic priorities and provide support to the upscaling of innovative companies and the market roll-out of technologies. Investments under the RID window will provide the means for Europe to develop resilience in key industrial sectors.
            The eligible areas for financing and investment operations under the RID window are listed in Annex II to the InvestEU Regulation, and in particular in points 5 and 6 thereof. Any other relevant areas for financing and investment operations listed in Annex II to the InvestEU Regulation, such as points 13 and 14, and falling under RID activities are also eligible for financing under the RID window. Those areas may include research, product development, demonstration, innovation and digitisation activities in the sectors covering energy, energy-intensive industry, environment, blue economy, maritime, transport, health, life sciences, bio-technology, agro-food, defence, space and cultural and creative sectors, among others. The eligible areas may be prioritised in line with Section 2.3.2.1 of these investment guidelines.
            The investment scope of the window covers research, innovation, demonstration and digitisation activities, including investments related to launching new products and technologies in the market, which have passed the research and development (R & D) stage, as well as organisational and process innovation, including new and innovative business models. It also includes financing and investment operations in the field of fundamental and applied research to actual system proven in an operational environment (91).
            R & D is defined as systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge and to devise new applications of available knowledge. The activity must be novel, creative, uncertain in its outcome, and follow systematic, transferable and reproducible methods (92).
            Innovation refers to product, process and organisational innovation, encompassing the development, demonstration, implementation, commercialisation, and adoption of a new or significantly improved product or process (including business model) or service, which creates consumer and/or societal value.
            Digitisation refers to the R&I, demonstration, testing, deployment and adoption of digital technologies and services and to investments that contribute to the digital transformation of the Union’s enterprises, industries and areas of public interest.
            Moreover, support under the RID window will aim to contribute substantially to the European Green Deal, targeting projects with climate and environmental benefits. Among others, this window may target projects aimed at avoiding or reducing greenhouse gas emissions and pollution from energy-intensive industries, and from the digital economy and their material efficiency. It will target projects using digital technologies, services and solutions to achieve the avoidance or reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, pollution and waste in other sectors of the economy, including (but not limited to) industry, transport, energy and agriculture. Support will also be provided for investments with a substantial contribution to circular economy, particularly in key sectors that use the most resources and where the potential for circularity is high.
            Investments in the space ecosystem may support the ‘space strategy for Europe’ objectives to maximise the benefits for the Union society and economy by targeting project that: (i) accelerate the deployment of digital applications and services based on space data; (ii) integrate space data and services into innovative products in other market segments, e.g. autonomous vehicles or connectivity networks; and (iii) scale up the commercial deployment and manufacturing of space technology, including access to space (93).
            The RID window may also contribute to the development of the defence industry, in particular through support for companies participating in innovation projects in the defence sector and closely related dual-use technologies and through support for the defence sector supply chain.
            The RID window will also support the Union’s policy priorities as set out in other programmes such as Horizon Europe, Digital Europe programme, Creative Europe programme, European space programme, European Defence Fund, European Maritime, Fisheries and Aquaculture Fund, European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development, etc.
            The RID window may also channel funds from sectoral programmes, such as the Innovation Fund established under the Emission Trading System (ETS) and other Union and national programmes and funds. Such investments may be combined with financing provided under EU programmes or those established under cohesion policy (shared management) or national programmes.
            Support under the RID window is set to add policy value by providing access to finance to RID in any of the following instances:
            
                        (a)
                     
                     
                        promote investment in R&I to strengthen the Union’s scientific and technological base, accelerate industrial transformation, including investments in key technologies, and deliver on Horizon Europe objectives and missions;
                     
                  
                        (b)
                     
                     
                        support the digital transformation of SMEs and mid-caps;
                     
                  
                        (c)
                     
                     
                        support digitisation and innovation projects that increase interoperability and address disparities in the level of digitisation and innovation across Member States, companies and sectors;
                     
                  
                        (d)
                     
                     
                        promote the development and deployment of strategic digital capacities and technologies, including cyber-secure digital solutions that result in innovative and unproven business models that tackle societal challenges (e.g. digital solutions for sustainability) and contribute to resilience, circularity and autonomy;
                     
                  
                        (e)
                     
                     
                        support investments into products, technologies, solutions or business models that deliver environmental and climate benefits compared to alternative solutions, contributing to climate mitigation and reduction of environmental impact;
                     
                  
                        (f)
                     
                     
                        support risk investments, including cross-border, linked to the technology, market, demonstration, implementation and business, that entail higher risk due to the uncertainty of the success of their outcome, or of the final financial benefit for the entity concerned;
                     
                  
                        (g)
                     
                     
                        promote early demonstration operations for which private investors are risk-averse, face unpredictable returns or market volatility;
                     
                  
                        (h)
                     
                     
                        promote operations that leverage private investment in RID to achieve EU policy objectives;
                     
                  
                        (i)
                     
                     
                        promote transfer and scale up of R&I results as well as technologies to the market and support their industrial deployment, supporting market enablers and cooperation between enterprises;
                     
                  
                        (j)
                     
                     
                        support R&I investments by research institutes, universities and research organisations, contributing to Horizon Europe and Erasmus+ objectives and enhancing connections between R & D service providers (academic institutions, research centres, etc.) and enterprises;
                     
                  
                        (k)
                     
                     
                        support fast-growing innovative companies seeking finance to commercialise innovations past technical and economic feasibility;
                     
                  
                        (l)
                     
                     
                        provide economies of scale and complement national, interregional and regional-level investments in RID, including the uptake of novel products, technologies or business models across regions within Member States;
                     
                  
                        (m)
                     
                     
                        support thematic investment platforms and other innovative financial products (with due consideration of economies of scale); or
                     
                  
                        (n)
                     
                     
                        promote alternative finance and innovative financing solutions such as crowdfunding, business angels, and venture philanthropy, fostering the transfer of best practices between financial intermediaries with a view to encouraging the emergence of a broad product offering for RID activities.
                     
                  The actions set out in points (a) to (n) of the twelfth paragraph of this Section 6.2.1 may be complemented by:
            
                        (a)
                     
                     
                        gathering EU-wide data on the RID market failures or suboptimal investment situations, tracking technological and industrial changes, identifying future emerging strategic value chains, and making such intelligence publicly available; and
                     
                  
                        (b)
                     
                     
                        providing technical assistance to and improving the bankability of RID projects across different sectors.
                     
                  6.2.1.1.   Strategic investments under the RID window
            
            Strategic investments under the RID window may support the industrial deployment of demonstrated EU made technologies, foster their markets and promote the EU industry as a global frontrunner in line with the objectives of the ‘new industrial strategy for Europe’ (94) and underlying sector specific strategies, including the digital strategy (‘shaping Europe’s digitalfuture’ (95)), the ‘white paper on AI’ (96), the ‘European data strategy’ (97) (including common European data spaces for example for health and finance) and the ‘European vaccines strategy’ (98). They must target the industrial upscaling and manufacturing of these enabling, transformative, green and digital technologies and innovations in the sectors covered by the RID window past the stage of research, innovation and demonstration.
            Support may be provided to investment in recycling and manufacturing facilities for
               production of ICT components and devices
               in the Union that contribute to the innovation, sustainability, resilience and autonomy of European ICT industry and its sub-sectors and value chains. Such projects may relate to any of the following ICT manufacturing domains: electronic components (semiconductors and microprocessors), computers and peripheral equipment, communication equipment, consumer electronics, magnetic and optical media, electronic and telecommunications equipment and parts, software, programming, data processing, hosting and related activities and others.
            In the area of healthcare, supported operations must target new effective and accessible healthcare products, including RID and manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, vaccines, medical devices, diagnostics and advanced therapy medicinal products, new antimicrobials and innovative development process that do not involve animal testing, and competitiveness of the Union pharmaceutical industry as a whole, including production of chemicals and active pharmaceutical ingredients.
            In the area of defence, technology related and/or productive investment (e.g. modernisation, digitisation and extension of existing or the establishment of new production capacities), projects may be related to strategic areas, where investments will contribute to the technological and industrial autonomy of the Union’s defence industry thereby contributing to the its strategic autonomy and resilience. Support may be given for innovative companies’ development of critical and disruptive defence technologies. Investments may also help successfully bringing key projects for which the R & D phase has already been supported for instance under the EDF and its pre-cursor programmes in the post-R & D phases or support the supply chains involved in such projects.
            Projects may also involve safeguarding and developing critical capabilities in the Union defence supply chains in relation to strategic areas and reducing of dependence on third countries.
            6.2.2.   Features of potential financial products
            
            6.2.2.1.   Financial intermediaries to be involved
            
            (a)   
                  for debt financing:
               
            
            Any type of financial intermediary, including national promotional banks or institutions and other publicly owned intermediaries, commercial banks, guarantee societies, diversified debt funds providing senior and subordinated financing, and leasing companies, which is able to provide financing in the areas covered by the RID window in full compliance with applicable national and Union legislation and with the relevant requirements of the Financial Regulation, may apply.
            (b)   
                  for equity financing:
               
            
            Public or private financial intermediaries, or entities to be incorporated, funds-of-funds, private equity funds, venture capital funds, co-investment vehicles, venture debt funds, business angel funds, technology transfer funds, that are able to provide equity financing in the areas covered by the RID window in full compliance with applicable national and Union legislation and with the relevant requirements of the Financial Regulation, may apply.
            The managers, advisors or other similar persons associated with such intermediaries (including first time managers or advisors) must demonstrate the capacity and skills to undertake such investments in the areas in which they intend to invest under the RID window, the ability to fundraise and attract private capital, and the capability to produce returns, which would attract more private investments into this asset class.
            6.2.2.2.   Final recipients targeted
            
            The focus of the RID window is to support research, innovation and digitisation activities promoted by:
            
                        (a)
                     
                     
                        stand-alone promoters;
                     
                  
                        (b)
                     
                     
                        private, public and semi-public enterprises, including SMEs and mid-caps;
                     
                  
                        (c)
                     
                     
                        SPVs;
                     
                  
                        (d)
                     
                     
                        universities, technology transfer offices and higher education centres;
                     
                  
                        (e)
                     
                     
                        research centres;
                     
                  
                        (f)
                     
                     
                        research and technology infrastructures;
                     
                  
                        (g)
                     
                     
                        innovation and digitisation agencies, accelerators, incubators, hubs, clusters;
                     
                  
                        (h)
                     
                     
                        other RID-driven promoters (e.g. natural persons, research-funding foundations).
                     
                  Market segmentation and identifications of target groups will be done on a sectoral basis (linked to the fields in which the policy priorities will be implemented) and on project or company life-cycle basis (based on market assessment).
            Operations under InvestEU Fund that are supported through a contribution of the ETS Innovation Fund shall respect the eligibility rules and selection criteria contained in Article 10a(8) of Directive 2003/87/EC (99) and the delegated acts adopted on that provision.
            6.2.2.3.   General financial products
            
            Support granted under the RID window will offer senior and subordinated financing in the form of debt or guarantees, any other forms of funding including venture debt and leasing or credit enhancement, quasi-equity and equity financing, to facilitate access to finance for RID projects and companies. The financial products may be made available horizontally to the various areas covered by the policy window or can be dedicated to specific priorities under thematic financial products.
            Support from general financial products may, among others, be directed at:
            
                        (a)
                     
                     
                        research and technology infrastructure: promoted by public or private research organisations (e.g. research institutes and universities), including facilities directly related to R&I and digital activity, such as laboratories or high performance computing centres.
                     
                  
                        (b)
                     
                     
                        large RID projects: improving access to risk finance for large size RID projects emanating from larger firms; PPPs; and SPVs or stand-alone projects.
                     
                  
                        (c)
                     
                     
                        innovative SMEs, small midcaps and mid-caps in order to support RID activities feeding into growth.
                     
                  
                        (d)
                     
                     
                        fast-growing or RID-driven enterprises, research and technology infrastructures, R&I investments by public or private research organisations (such as research institutes and universities) located in Member States, which are labelled as ‘moderate innovators’ and ‘modest innovators’ in the European Innovation Scoreboard.
                     
                  (a)   
                  for debt financing provided by the implementing partner
               
            
            The EU guarantee may be provided for the financing and investment operations including in the form of:
            
                        (a)
                     
                     
                        direct debt (including subordinated loans), unsecured lending, uncollateralised loans, mezzanine financing, senior loans and credit lines;
                     
                  
                        (b)
                     
                     
                        (counter)-guarantees, on-lending guarantees, funded guarantees and other risk sharing arrangements for guarantee schemes implemented by financial intermediaries or implementing partners;
                     
                  
                        (c)
                     
                     
                        direct guarantees to and other risk sharing arrangements for financial intermediaries or implementing partners;
                     
                  
                        (d)
                     
                     
                        credit enhancement for new investments (to project bonds, bank loans or a combination of the two);
                     
                  
                        (e)
                     
                     
                        a direct investment in or alongside a financial intermediary, being it an investment fund, a (co-)investment scheme or a special purpose vehicle that invests directly or indirectly in senior or subordinated debt or hybrid debt-equity.
                     
                  The EU guarantee will aim at reducing the particular difficulties that viable entities face in accessing finance mainly because of their perceived higher risk or lack of sufficient collateral or a limited ability of commercial finance providers to assess the underlying project or business model.
            (b)   
                  for equity financing provided by the implementing partner
               
            
            Equity and quasi-equity investments shall in particular be made in the form of:
            
                        (a)
                     
                     
                        direct equity in final recipients;
                     
                  
                        (b)
                     
                     
                        co-investments and co-investment schemes (including investment platforms);
                     
                  
                        (c)
                     
                     
                        equity and guarantees to financial intermediaries which invest directly into entities at any stage of their development or guarantees to investors in such financial intermediaries;
                     
                  
                        (d)
                     
                     
                        investment and/or risk sharing arrangement in debt fund structures;
                     
                  
                        (e)
                     
                     
                        investment in fund-of-funds structures.
                     
                  6.2.2.4.   Thematic financial products
            
            Support from thematic financial products may target:
            
                        (a)
                     
                     
                        thematic finance facilities providing debt and/or equity financing for areas such as:
                        
                                    (i)
                                 
                                 
                                    innovative early demonstration projects and digitisation projects of high-risk thematic areas such as low-carbon industry, transport, energy and space;
                                 
                              
                                    (ii)
                                 
                                 
                                    clinical development, validation and market entry in the area of infectious diseases, rare and complex diseases, neurodegenerative diseases and others;
                                 
                              
                                    (iii)
                                 
                                 
                                    sustainable blue economy and the sustainable use of marine resources, e.g. aquaculture and blue bio-technology;
                                 
                              
                                    (iv)
                                 
                                 
                                    food systems, bio-based systems, and wider bio-economy;
                                 
                              
                                    (v)
                                 
                                 
                                    circular economy, nature-based solutions and natural capital;
                                 
                              
                                    (vi)
                                 
                                 
                                    climate technologies, services and adaptation.
                                 
                              
                  Thematic areas will be selected on the basis of policy priorities and the assessment referred to in Section 2.3.2.2 of these investment guidelines.
            
                        (b)
                     
                     
                        other risk sharing arrangements such as investment platforms to catalyse third-party financing into specific fields of strategic importance of RID policy in complementarity to and in synergy with investment from the existing national, local and public financing systems. Those platforms shall fulfil the following conditions:
                        
                                    (i)
                                 
                                 
                                    provide access to finance via debt and/or equity products to projects in specific thematic areas and shall be managed by financial intermediaries or fund managers selected through procedures as described in Section 2.3.1;
                                 
                              
                                    (ii)
                                 
                                 
                                    provide support to the overall digitisation of Union industry and technologies as set out in Annex II to the InvestEU Regulation, point 6, and other eligible areas;
                                 
                              
                                    (iii)
                                 
                                 
                                    support technologies, products or business models that face greater risk due to their technological innovativeness or because they pursue new markets or significant market disruption;
                                 
                              
                                    (iv)
                                 
                                 
                                    target setting-up of early demonstration and industrial production facilities that aim at the implementation of breakthrough, market-creating and highly innovative processes or the production of new products with high market-creating innovation content in the specific area.
                                 
                              
                  6.3.   SME window
            
            6.3.1.   Policy areas of intervention
            
            Support under the SME window must facilitate access to and availability of finance primarily for SMEs, but also to small midcaps, and enhance their global competitiveness, at any stage of their development, in particular to those that are perceived as high risk and lack sufficient collateral, especially in their early development stages.
            The support under the SME window must also aim to provide more diversified sources of funding, including subordinated debt, equity and quasi-equity financing, in order to increase the ability of SMEs and small mid-caps to finance their creation, growth, development, and transfer, withstand economic downturns, and contribute to the resilience of the economy and the financial system during economic downturn or shocks. It may provide support for investment and working capital, as well as for risk financing from seed to expansion stages to ensure technological leadership in innovative and sustainable sectors, in particular by targeting SMEs whose activities focus on intangible assets because of RID activities or because of sector specificities such as cultural and creative sector (100). Where necessary, it may provide financing for the acquisition of a business or a participation in a business by employees. The eligible areas may be prioritised as described in Section 2.3.2.1 of these investment guidelines. Products under the SME window will be developed in accordance with the priorities and areas outlined in the ‘SME Strategy for a sustainable and digital Europe’ (101).
            The support under the SME window will be complementary to the Union initiatives undertaken in the context of the capital markets union.
            Support under the SME window is set to add value by supporting debt financing primarily to SMEs (as well as small midcaps) in any of the following instances:
            
                        (a)
                     
                     
                        market failures or suboptimal investments situations are not adequately addressed (in terms of volumes, coverage or risk appetite or timeframe) through financial instruments set up at regional or national level; this may include setting up schemes providing greater effectiveness, efficiency or economies of scale as Member States may be reluctant to create support schemes on their own because of cost efficiency considerations;
                     
                  
                        (b)
                     
                     
                        enterprises operating in clearly defined underserved economic sectors (e.g. in some cases the cultural and creative sectors, including the media sector), thus contributing to the achievement of EU policy priorities;
                     
                  
                        (c)
                     
                     
                        need to speed up adjustment of enterprises to clearly identified structural changes thus contributing to the achievement of EU policy priorities;
                     
                  
                        (d)
                     
                     
                        financing solutions that help achieve the objectives of the capital markets union, including those which are provided on a cross-border basis;
                     
                  
                        (e)
                     
                     
                        transfer of best practices throughout the Union (which may also include the provision of technical assistance) taking place between financial intermediaries with a view to encourage the emergence of a broad product offering for higher risk SME financing transactions suitable for their specific financing needs.
                     
                  In addition, support under the SME window is set to add policy value by supporting funds providing tailor-made debt financing solutions and equity or quasi-equity financing for SMEs and for small midcaps in any of the following instances:
            
                        (a)
                     
                     
                        financial intermediaries raise funds or invest or provide finance on a cross-border basis, which supports risk diversification and attracts and crowds in private capital;
                     
                  
                        (b)
                     
                     
                        the investment supports the creation of larger funds that have the capacity to realise sufficient returns in order to attract private investors;
                     
                  
                        (c)
                     
                     
                        market failures or suboptimal investments situations are not adequately addressed (in terms of volumes, coverage of the development stage or timeframe) through financial instruments set up at regional or national level. This may include setting up schemes providing enhanced effectiveness, efficiency or economies of scale, as Member States may be reluctant to create support schemes on their own because of cost efficiency considerations;
                     
                  
                        (d)
                     
                     
                        the intervention has demonstration and/or catalytic effects and contributes to Union policy objectives, including those of the capital markets union;
                     
                  
                        (e)
                     
                     
                        the intervention increases the availability of market-based and tailor-made funding solutions for SMEs and small mid-caps;
                     
                  
                        (f)
                     
                     
                        transfer of best practices throughout the Union, with a view to encouraging the emergence of new fund managers/management teams to broaden and deepen the venture capital market in the EU. This may include support to alternative finance and innovative financing solutions such as crowdfunding, business angels and venture philanthropy.
                     
                  6.3.2.   Features of potential financial products
            
            6.3.2.1.   Financial intermediaries to be involved
            
            (a)   
                  for debt financing:
               
            
            Any type of financial intermediary, including national promotional banks or institutions and other publicly owned intermediaries, commercial banks, guarantee societies, diversified debt funds providing senior and subordinated financing, and leasing companies, which is targeting to generate new portfolios of higher risk SMEs and/or small mid-caps financing transactions, including tailor-made debt financing transactions targeting underserved economic sectors, in full compliance with applicable national and Union legislation and with the relevant requirements of the Financial Regulation, may apply.
            (b)   
                  for equity financing:
               
            
            Established financial intermediaries, or entities to be set-up, including private equity and mezzanine funds, co-investment vehicles, venture debt funds, venture capital funds, business angel funds, fund-of-funds, crossover funds, that are able to provide equity and quasi-equity financing in areas covered by the SME window in full compliance with applicable national and Union legislation and with the relevant requirements of the Financial Regulation, may apply.
            The managers, advisors or other similar entities associated with such intermediaries, which shall also include first-time managers or advisors, must demonstrate the capacity and skills to undertake such investments, the ability to fundraise and attract private capital, and the prospective ability to produce returns, including via a sound investment strategy, that would attract more private investments into this asset class.
            6.3.2.2.   Final recipients targeted
            
            (a)   
                  for debt financing:
               
            
            Debt financing support will be made available through intermediaries or directly by the implementing partner to finance predominantly SMEs, as well as small midcaps, as defined in the InvestEU Regulation, which would not receive financing from the market or not receive support to the same extent due to, amongst others, the perceived higher risk, the lack of (sufficient) collateral or because the business is active in a clearly defined underserved economic area or engages in activities of the Union policy priorities.
            Where justified, more dedicated support may be provided to businesses in a specific sector or engaging in an area of specific policy orientation, including the just transition. In such cases, clear and unambiguous eligibility criteria will be formulated in the respective financial products for innovative SMEs and small midcaps. Furthermore, the operational reporting requirements will make it possible to identify the support provided for such sector or policy orientation.
            (b)   
                  for equity financing:
               
            
            Under the EU compartment, equity finance support will be made available through intermediaries (including through co-investment vehicles) to SMEs and small midcaps according to the definitions contained in the InvestEU Regulation, and more specifically to those activities, which would help achieve the Union policy objectives referred to in Article 3 of the InvestEU Regulation.
            Targeting may be done on the basis of the fund manager’s investment strategy focusing on sectors or activities of the Union policy priorities and a company life-cycle basis, based on market assessments.
            6.3.2.3.   Features of financial products
            
            Financial products will be complementary to the Member States’ use of financial instruments for SMEs at national and regional level in line with the additionality requirements in accordance with Annex V to the InvestEU Regulation.
            (a)   
                  for debt financing provided by the implementing partner
               
            
            The EU guarantee may be provided for financing and investment operations taking the form of:
            
                        (a)
                     
                     
                        direct loans by the implementing partner;
                     
                  
                        (b)
                     
                     
                        counter-guarantees, on-lending guarantees and other risk sharing arrangements for guarantee schemes implemented by financial intermediaries or implementing partner;
                     
                  
                        (c)
                     
                     
                        direct guarantees and other risk sharing arrangements for financial intermediaries or implementing partners;
                     
                  
                        (d)
                     
                     
                        direct investment in or alongside a financial intermediary, being an investment fund, a (co-)investment scheme or a special purpose vehicle which invests directly or indirectly in senior or subordinated debt.
                     
                  Through such arrangements, the EU guarantee shall aim to reduce the particular difficulties that viable enterprises face in accessing finance because of their perceived higher risk or lack of (sufficient) collateral. This can be achieved through supporting, amongst others, the following transactions:
            
                        (a)
                     
                     
                        start-up financing;
                     
                  
                        (b)
                     
                     
                        financing transactions with significantly reduced (or no) collateral requirements (unsecured lending);
                     
                  
                        (c)
                     
                     
                        subordinated financing;
                     
                  
                        (d)
                     
                     
                        financing transactions with repayment conditions or tenures that are not typically provided by financial intermediaries.
                     
                  The eligibility of a financial intermediary’s proposal for building a portfolio of financing transactions will be determined for each intermediary and, in case of direct financing, for each implementing partner, in relation to its existing business activities. In principle, the EU guarantee is meant to lead to the financial intermediary or the implementing partner broadening its business activity by financing transactions that it would not have financed in the absence of the EU guarantee due to the higher risk profile of such a portfolio. Where a financial intermediary already has a dedicated higher-risk SME financing product in place but its ability to serve market demand is restricted, the EU guarantee may be used to support a significant increase in the volumes of such higher risk SME financing product.
            Financing transactions, that can be included in the portfolios will include, among others, investment loans, working capital facilities (including revolving ones), trade finance facilities, loans (including those embedded in or linked to a current account), bank guarantees, leasing transactions, sub-ordinated loans, and senior and subordinated debt issuance loans.
            (b)   
                  for equity financing provided by the implementing partner
               
            
            The EU guarantee will be used to guarantee investments into intermediary risk capital funds, including fund of funds and co-investment vehicles that provide equity-and quasi-equity to SMEs and small midcaps at any stage of their development and funds providing debt financing to SMEs and small midcaps.
            
               
                  Possible additional product developments:
               
            
            The SME window will also be available for the creation of pilot financial products to address market failures and suboptimal investment situations or to crowd-in more private investment (e.g. through providing guarantees for investors). Such pilot schemes, if successful, may subsequently be rolled-out on a fully-fledged basis. In duly justified cases, based on market assessments, these pilot projects may deviate from the conditions set out in Sections 4 and 5 of these investment guidelines.
            6.4.   Social Investment and Skills window
            
            6.4.1.   Policy areas of intervention
            
            Support under the Social Investment and Skills window must facilitate the deployment of projects strengthening the social dimension of the Union as underscored in the European Pillar of Social Rights. The emphasis under the Social Investment and Skills window is to generate a positive social impact. In particular, actions under that window aim at upwards convergence, reducing inequalities, increasing resilience and inclusiveness through promoting employment and skills development including entrepreneurship and self-employment, social enterprises, social economy and social inclusion, improving citizens’ health, well-being and overall quality of life; boosting education outcomes and skill provisions and supporting a just transition to a low carbon economy. Actions also aim to increase access to and availability of microfinance and of finance to social enterprises, support financing and investment operations related to social investment, competences and skills and develop and consolidate social investment markets, in the areas referred to in Article 8(1)(d) and in accordance with Article 3(2)(d) of the InvestEU Regulation. The Social Investment and Skills window will facilitate development of skills and key competences, matching, deployment and higher skills utilisation through education, training, including on-the-job training and related activities with a view to achieve the policy objectives set out in the ‘European skills agenda’ (102), the ‘Council Recommendation on Vocational Education and Training’ (103), the ‘European education area’ (104) and the ‘digital education action plan 2021-2027’ (105).
            The eligible areas for financing and investment operations under the Social Investment and Skills window, are listed in Annex II to the InvestEU Regulation, in particular point 12. The eligible areas may be prioritised in line with Section 2.3.2.1 of these investment guidelines.
            The Social Investment and Skills window will support microfinance and social enterprises. In the case of microfinance, a microloan (or microcredit) means a loan of up to EUR 50 000. The provision of investment amounts of up to EUR 500 000 for social enterprises will in particular be encouraged, while larger amounts of up to EUR 2 000 000 will also be targeted to foster their expansion and scaling up.
            Support will also include measures to promote gender equality and equality on other grounds, social inclusion, the supply of and demand for skills, education, training and related services including for the development of sustainable social infrastructure in urban and rural areas. The window will also support social infrastructure (including health and educational infrastructure as well as social and student housing), projects involving social innovation, health services, ageing and long-term care, access to prevention, innovative treatments and e-health options, inclusion and accessibility, and cultural and creative activities with a social goal.
            The Social Investment and Skills window will also focus on the provision of sustainable and ethical finance for final recipients facing restrictions or barriers affecting their human rights and fundamental freedoms. It will, in particular, target projects that involve a reasonable degree of (prospective) financial viability, but are not delivered (or not to a sufficient extent) by the market due to higher risks, lack of collateral, not achieving optimal scale without public-sector support or other market barriers. The supported projects must contribute to crowd-in private investment to satisfy unmet needs.
            Financing and investment operations will aim at the provision of social infrastructure and connected services that may pertain to:
            
                        (a)
                     
                     
                        inclusive education and training, including early childhood education and care, and related educational infrastructure and services, alternative and inclusive childcare, student housing and digital equipment, that are accessible for all, promotion of digital proficiency from early education years, universal deployment of and access to ICTs in all education and training institutions and remote access and distance learning tools and platforms;
                     
                  
                        (b)
                     
                     
                        affordable social housing;
                     
                  
                        (c)
                     
                     
                        health and long-term care, including clinics, hospitals, primary care, home services and community-based care;
                     
                  
                        (d)
                     
                     
                        health infrastructure projects that contribute to the development of a strategic and geographically balanced network of modernised, digitalised and resilient prevention and healthcare infrastructure, capable of ensuring universal access to critical healthcare infrastructure and services across the EU. Supported projects may also address specific urgent healthcare and emergency response (106) needs through the development of mobile and field medical stations or medical transport;
                     
                  
                        (e)
                     
                     
                        enabling social services delivered at community level and, where feasible, in an integrated way.
                     
                  Social infrastructure, typically financed by public-sector entities or dependent entities, faces sizeable financing gaps. The fallout of the Covid-19 pandemic aggravated further those needs.
            Investments in social infrastructure, in the meaning of point 12(d) of Annex II to the InvestEU Regulation, aimed at addressing market failures or suboptimal investment situations may include operations with public sector entities. In such a situation, a financial product dedicated to social infrastructure investment promoted by public sector entities under the Social Investment and Skills Window may be agreed in a guarantee agreement to address market failures referred to in point 2(f) of Section A of Annex V to the InvestEU Regulation. Financing and investment operations under such financial product satisfy the additionality requirements set out in point (b) of Article 209(2) of the Financial Regulation and in Annex V to the InvestEU Regulation.
            Compliance with the relevant Union, national, or regional social legislation, as applicable, is a requisite for operations’ support under the InvestEU Fund. Interventions should fully respect the principle of subsidiarity, by complementing, where they exist, national and regional support schemes. Where applicable the services provided from the supported projects must be delivered at the community-based local level. Regarding infrastructure in the health area, the focus must be on developing models moving from institutional care to prevention, primary care and community-based care and services supporting integrated person-centred care and independent living, in line with the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.
            As regards investments in the affordable social housing, particular focus will be on delivering housing solutions that pursue the objective of lifting people from social exclusion in complementarity, where they exist, with national or regional support schemes. For the purpose of investments supported by the InvestEU Fund, affordable social housing (107) should be understood as aimed at disadvantaged persons or socially less advantaged groups (108) who, due to income or social constraints live in severe housing deprivation or are unable to obtain housing at market conditions. When targeting people falling under the ETHOS definition of homelessness and housing exclusion, social housing provision should, as much as possible, follow a housing-led approach. The infrastructure and services should respect the applicable quality standards and UN conventions and shall not lead to segregation or isolation of specific groups.
            In addition to financing solutions provided by traditional financial intermediaries, the provision of in-kind services may also qualify organisations, such as education and training institutions, or health, social service and care providers, to benefit indirectly from the EU guarantee through an implementing partner.
            The Social Investment and Skills window will put particular emphasis on the inclusiveness of persons in vulnerable situations and their access to quality services, also for inclusion, and accessibility for persons with disabilities and for ageing population.
            Support under the Social Investment and Skills window will also support the provision of inclusive education and training, including vocational training, and related services, covering initial and continuing education and training, including for adults, and organisational and process innovation, including new and innovative business models. The Social Investment and Skills window will also support innovative health solutions, such as e-health services and new care models. Support will aim at promoting gender equality and equality on other grounds, broadening self-employment and social integration of persons in vulnerable situations including third-country nationals.
            Special attention must be paid to social enterprises and their activities, such as scaling initiatives, fostering the development of digital and entrepreneurial skills for disadvantaged groups to address gender and other diversity gaps in these areas. Support under the Social Investment and Skills window will address Union-wide market failures in social enterprise and social impact financing, microfinance, health, ageing, education and housing funding gaps and innovation through bringing about stronger Union intervention and more efficient market testing aimed at enhancing the Union’s social dimension.
            The Social Investment and Skills window will support the demand for and supply of skills, addressing final recipients’ skills deficiencies or improving the skills utilisation and fostering skills-investment markets.
            Advisory support may also contribute to exploring new ways for the provision of social services and in general help to develop the supply of and demand for skills, in line with the InvestEU Regulation.
            As regards microfinance, the policy objective is to promote quality, sustainable employment and social inclusion by supporting job creation and income-generating activities, in particular for persons in vulnerable situations who wish to start up or develop a micro-enterprise, including on a self-employed basis. In addition, financial intermediaries active in the microfinance space must ensure the provision, directly or indirectly, of non-financial services such as business development services (mentoring, coaching and training), which are an integral part of microfinance. Conditions such as the cost of borrowing (including the lending rate) and collateral requirements for microfinance directly or indirectly supported in the framework of InvestEU must reflect the benefit derived from the support and must be justifiable with regard to underlying risks and the actual cost of funding related to a credit.
            As a pre-condition for InvestEU Fund support, financial intermediaries providing microfinance must sign up to (in the case of non-banks) or endorse (in the case of banks) the ‘European code of good conduct for microcredit provision’ (109) to ensure high ethical lending standards in terms of, among others, governance, management and customer protection. Financial intermediaries shall seek to prevent individuals and undertakings from becoming over-indebted by, among others, taking into account their repayment capacity and ensuring an affordable cost of borrowing.
            Support under the Social Investment and Skills window will be in line with the ESF+ objectives, including in its proposed operational objectives to support the development of the market ecosystem relating to the provision of finance for social enterprises and microfinance for micro-enterprises in start-up and development phases, in particular those that employ persons in vulnerable situations. Under the ESF+, the Commission will provide guidance for the development of the social infrastructure (including housing and for health, childcare, long-term care and education and training) needed for the implementation of the European Pillar of Social Rights. However, participation in ESF+ is not a pre-condition for accessing InvestEU Fund support.
            Support under the Social Investment and Skills window will also be addressed at social innovation, which may include innovative social solutions and schemes aiming at promoting social impacts and outcomes in order to contribute to achieve the policy objectives of that window.
            In pursuing those objectives, the combination of InvestEU Fund support with contributions from donors, philanthropists, foundations and other private sector actors shall be encouraged. InvestEU Fund will seek to strengthen private sector engagement to help deliver on the European Pillar of Social Rights, supporting, among others, quality employment, inclusive education and training, health, social inclusion and active participation in society as well as accessibility and disability inclusiveness. Private-sector actors will be able to contribute to the objectives of the Social Investment and Skills window either through direct contributions (donations, repayable and non-repayable forms of support) and/or co-investments in the projects or financial intermediaries supported indirectly by the InvestEU Fund.
            Likewise, grouping of smaller projects is encouraged, as many projects in the social space are too small to attract interest from private investors or to make a more efficient use of public money. For example, social policy reforms area may entail implementation of social infrastructure and services, such as for new social, care and healthcare models, in several locations in the jurisdiction of a national or regional authority through a number of small-sized projects. It may be necessary to group small projects in a single investment proposition to raise interest from investors. Grouping may involve:
            
                        (a)
                     
                     
                        grouping small social infrastructure or technology or social service projects into a single investment proposition that involves a number of sub-projects in different locations;
                     
                  
                        (b)
                     
                     
                        grouping investments needs for social infrastructure, technology and social services in a single project or investment proposition. This may require blending of financing sources or instruments;
                     
                  
                        (c)
                     
                     
                        grouping investments needs for social infrastructure and services in a larger investment vehicle for urban or rural renewal or development, aimed at social inclusion or under ‘civic match-funding’ schemes.
                     
                  The actions described in points (a) to (c) of the previous paragraph may be complemented by accompanying measures which aim to (i) help project promoters and financial intermediaries develop skills for configuring investment strategies, blending or hybrid financing, planning and grouping projects; (ii) support the development of social innovators, social enterprises, social impact investors, and philanthropists, including venture philanthropists; and (iii) create a pan-European network of social impact and social innovation relay and coaching centres, innovative education and training services, such as providers of guidance, skills forecasting, skills assessments and validation services or services helping to match the demand for and supply of skills and education-business partnerships and centres of excellence, including centres of vocational excellence.
            Those actions may also be complemented by gathering EU-wide data on market failures or suboptimal investment situations in the policy areas linked to the social investment and skills window and making it publicly available.
            6.4.1.1.   Strategic investments under the Social Investment and Skills window
            
            Support to education and training will in particular target projects contributing to the digitalisation of the European education and training systems, including promoting digital proficiency from early education years, universal deployment of and access to ICTs in the education and training institutions and remote access and distance-learning tools and platforms. Supported actions should also target other digitisation programmes, aimed at life-long and inclusive access and support in digital skills and solutions for all social groups and ages. Furthermore, support to education and training should facilitate the development of new skills and strengthening of established skills that would ensure the effective functioning of strategic and critical activities set out in Sections 6.1.1.8 and 6.2.1.1 of these investment guidelines.
            6.4.2.   Features of potential financial products
            
            6.4.2.1.   Financial intermediaries to be involved
            
            (a)   
                  for debt financing:
               
            
            Financial intermediaries, including national promotional banks and institutions, commercial banks, guarantee societies and institutions, diversified debt funds providing senior and subordinated financing, microfinance institutions, leasing companies, crowd-lending and crowd-equity platforms, SPVs, match-funding vehicles, co-investment funds or schemes, non-banking financial institutions including loan funds, patient capital providers such as cooperatives, credit unions, insurance companies, pension funds, Private Equity/Business Angel funds, funds of funds may apply.
            Social investment market enablers (including investment readiness and capacity-building intermediaries active in the microfinance and social enterprise finance space, FinTech companies, higher education instiutions, universities, research centres and EIT Knowledge and Innovation Communities, foundations, crowdfunding platforms, and vocational education and training institutions, including centres of vocational excellence and education-business partnerships) are also eligible. Other groups of investors including corporate investors, social impact investors, (social) business angels, educational entrepreneurs (e.g. Massive Open Online Courses ‘MOOCs’), venture philanthropists and philanthropists may also apply.
            Other publicly-owned intermediaries and those operating in social infrastructure, social enterprise finance and social economy space (such as ethical or alternative banks, cooperative banks), which are able to provide financing in the eligible areas covered by the Social Investment and Skills window in full compliance with applicable national and Union legislation and with the relevant requirements of the Financial Regulation, may apply.
            The potential public financial intermediaries referred in these guidelines may also play a role in combining InvestEU Fund support with other central Union funding programmes and funds under shared management.
            (b)   
                  for equity financing:
               
            
            Financial intermediaries may include, amongst others, national promotional banks and institutions, commercial banks, guarantee societies and institutions, loan funds, debt funds, pension funds, microfinance institutions, leasing companies, crowd-lending and crowd-equity platforms, SPVs, match-funding vehicles, co-investment funds or schemes.
            Eligible financial intermediaries for equity financing may also include non-banking financial institutions including patient capital providers such as cooperatives, credit unions, insurance companies and entities to be incorporated, funds-of-funds, private equity funds, venture capital funds, business angel funds, technology transfer funds, co-investment funds or schemes, venture debt funds, other arrangements or schemes that provide investments in equity, quasi-equity, hybrid debt-equity and other forms of mezzanine finance.
            Social investment market enablers (including investment readiness and capacity-building intermediaries active in the micro-finance and social enterprise finance space, FinTech companies, higher education instiutions, universities, research centres and EIT Knowledge and Innovation Communities, foundations, crowdfunding platforms, and vocational education and training institutions, including centres of vocational excellence and education-business partnerships) may also be eligible. Other groups of investors including corporate investors, social impact investors, (social) business angels, educational entrepreneurs (e.g. MOOCs), venture philanthropists and philanthropists can act as financial intermediaries in full compliance with applicable national and Union legislation when they are able to generate projects or investment portfolios in the areas covered by the social investments and skills window.
            The managers of financial intermediaries (including first time managers or advisors) must demonstrate the capacity and experience to undertake such investments in the area under the Social Investment and Skills window as well as the ability to fundraise and attract private capital, and the prospective ability to become financially viable (including via a sound investment strategy), in order to attract more private investments into the specific asset class.
            6.4.2.2.   Final recipients targeted
            
            The Social Investment and Skills window focuses on the support interventions in various policy areas, therefore targeting a wide range of final recipients, which may include:
            
                        (a)
                     
                     
                        natural persons:
                        
                                    (i)
                                 
                                 
                                    persons in vulnerable situations (such as those experiencing or at risk of social exclusion, including those who are homeless or who live in severe housing deprivation, those who have lost or are at risk of losing their job, or have difficulties entering or re-entering labour market, persons from minority groups, third country nationals, persons in a disadvantaged position with regards to access to the conventional credit market who wish to start up or develop their own micro-enterprises);
                                 
                              
                                    (ii)
                                 
                                 
                                    children, parents, teachers and school administrators;
                                 
                              
                                    (iii)
                                 
                                 
                                    potential or current students and learners (including adult learners).
                                 
                              
                  
                        (b)
                     
                     
                        enterprises:
                        
                                    (i)
                                 
                                 
                                    micro-enterprises, including self-employed, especially micro-enterprises which employ vulnerable persons;
                                 
                              
                                    (ii)
                                 
                                 
                                    social enterprises;
                                 
                              
                                    (iii)
                                 
                                 
                                    public enterprises;
                                 
                              
                                    (iv)
                                 
                                 
                                    SMEs;
                                 
                              
                                    (v)
                                 
                                 
                                    Other private-sector companies.
                                 
                              
                  
                        (c)
                     
                     
                        education, training and related service providers, including European Universities, schools, education and training institutions, including centres of vocational excellence and providers of early childhood education and care;
                     
                  
                        (d)
                     
                     
                        SPVs;
                     
                  
                        (e)
                     
                     
                        associations, foundations, mutuals and cooperatives;
                     
                  
                        f)
                     
                     
                        non-governmental organisations;
                     
                  
                        (g)
                     
                     
                        public authorities;
                     
                  
                        (h)
                     
                     
                        health authorities, health service providers, social services providers, technology providers, healthcare professionals, patients, private individuals;
                     
                  
                        (i)
                     
                     
                        in the field of social infrastructure, the targeted final recipients may be project promoters, public enterprises, operators of buildings/facility managers, social housing providers, PPPs.
                     
                  Financing and investment operations will also support projects from private and public sector organizations active in the social investment space or in need of such investment.
            Such organizations include, among others, SMEs, large corporations, cooperatives, foundations, venture philanthropists, impact-driven enterprises, education and training institutions and providers, triple bottom line ventures, local and municipal authorities.
            Their activities cover various sectors and sub-sectors, including, among others, smart and inclusive mobility, urban renewal, rural socioeconomic revitalizing community building and intergenerational solidarity, inclusive communities, homelessness, integration of persons in vulnerable situations including people with disabilities, mental health difficulties and dementia, community development, the integration of third country nationals addressing demographic and migratory challenges and integrating new populations, digital inclusiveness and entrepreneurial skills.
            6.4.2.3.   General financial products
            
            Support from the InvestEU Fund will be underpinned by a single EU budgetary guarantee covering financial products that address a diversified portfolio of risks. This may include, among others bank guarantees, loans, equity, mezzanine debt, dedicated funds and investment platforms (which may have a layered structure of FLP, mezzanine tranche and senior debt), investment support into social outcomes contracting schemes and partnerships, working capital, support to the acquisition of tangible and intangible assets, and leasing transactions. Financing transactions shall have a minimum maturity of 12 months, however for specific segments with typical maturity shorter than average, e.g. microfinance, minimum maturity can be reduced to up to 3 months. Particular attention will be given to the provision of patient capital foregoing immediate returns with the expectation of long-term value creation.
            That may be done, among others, through dedicated investment vehicles, which may provide loans, equity capital, hybrid capital and risk-sharing instruments for intermediaries or direct financing to final recipients.
            Guarantees will enable the implementing partners and intermediaries to target final recipients identified in Section 6.4.2.2 at better financial and non-financial conditions than they would have without the guarantee, thereby passing on the benefit arising from the EU intervention. A reduction of the risk premium charged to the final recipients may be in particular considered for InvestEU Fund-supported operations under the Social Investment and Skills window. In addition, in line with the risk profile of the assets (often of intangible nature) under the Social Investment and Skills window FLP coverage by the guarantee will be possible.
            Pilot social outcome contracting schemes may be supported, including investments in payment-by-result schemes and social impact bonds in specific areas, in which public procuring bodies (or also private bodies) pursue social impacts based on pre-defined social outcomes, if they result in additionality in accordance with Annex V to the InvestEU Regulation. They will entail private sector risk taking and shall not fall within the scope of essential social services for which public authorities would have to step in in the event of failure. As long as that is the case, possible areas of intervention may include access to education and training, health and care, migration and integration of third country nationals, employment services, skills upgrading and social services. When targeting social services, pilot social outcome contracting schemes may be launched to test whether an innovative intervention is effective and scalable. Such schemes should provide for transparency as to the set-up, functioning and monitoring of their effectiveness.
            (a)   
                  for debt financing provided by the implementing partner
               
            
            Debt instruments supported by the EU guarantee through implementing partners and financial intermediaries will predominantly target projects that are having difficulty obtaining debt finance on the market due to, among others, the lack of collateral, credit history or a high-risk profile or low expected returns.
            The EU guarantee may be provided for the financing and investment operations in the form of:
            
                        (a)
                     
                     
                        direct debt (including subordinated loans), bonds, unsecured lending, uncollateralised loans, corporate loans, mezzanine investments, senior loans and credit lines;
                     
                  
                        (b)
                     
                     
                        credit enhancement for new investments (to project bonds, bank loans or a combination of the two) and loans for social and educational infrastructure projects, corporate loans, or senior debt and subordinated loans to SPVs and PPP structures (in project financing schemes);
                     
                  
                        (c)
                     
                     
                        intermediate debt including framework loans disbursed through financial intermediaries and involving multiple final recipients;
                     
                  
                        (d)
                     
                     
                        (counter)-guarantees, on-lending guarantees, funded guarantees and other risk sharing arrangements for schemes implemented by financial intermediaries and guarantees (funded and unfunded) to third party financiers;
                     
                  
                        (e)
                     
                     
                        guarantee products covering newly originated loans that may, subject to applicable regulations and with the consent of the relevant national regulators if applicable, provide regulatory capital relief for financial intermediaries;
                     
                  
                        (f)
                     
                     
                        targeted guarantee mechanisms that may be devised to enable and support social investments from the endowment base of foundations and philanthropic organisations, helping to reduce the risk of such investments and to pursue a certain level of returns. These will typically be linked to the commitment that returns generated on the side of investors from the use of the guarantee would be spent on grants and non-repayable assistance aligned with InvestEU priority funding areas.
                     
                  (b)   
                  for equity financing provided by the implementing partner
               
            
            Equity financing must be used to reach critical mass and give the flexibility in funding structures typically associated with bank lending. Equity operations can attract a range of patient capital, used in the pre-bankable- stages of business start-ups in all sectors, allow social enterprises to move gradually away from a grant-based funding approach and enhance their innovation and growth potential.
            Potential equity products that may be covered by the EU guarantee include:
            
                        (a)
                     
                     
                        
                           (in)direct equity and quasi-equity investments, hybrid debt-equity and other forms of mezzanine finance in private or public equity funds, private debt funds, venture capital funds, financial intermediaries such as microfinance institutions and social finance providers (e.g. for capacity building purposes, for supporting funds linked to incubators, accelerators or providing incubation services to social enterprises and social innovators, including innovative education, training and related services providers, or for co-investing with social business and angels venture philanthropist and for supporting certain innovative financial solutions). In certain special circumstances, the departure from the traditional pari passu principle towards an asymmetric model of risk and return sharing distribution may also be considered;
                     
                  
                        (b)
                     
                     
                        
                           direct equity participations, shareholder equity, convertible shareholder loans and combinations of different types of equity participations issued to the investors. The possibility to allow for asymmetric returns and risk-sharing shall also be considered;
                     
                  
                        (c)
                     
                     
                        open equity participations, dormant holdings, shareholder loans and combinations of different types of equity participations issued to the investors and donations, including advanced repayable and non-repayable forms of support. These products shall not involve voting or management rights for the investors (including co-investors).
                     
                  The implementing partners benefiting from the EU guarantee should rank at least pari passu with other investors. However, under the Social Investment and Skills window, when duly justified, that pari passu principle may not apply, that is to say the investments of implementing partners which are benefiting from the EU guarantee may be in a sub-ordinated position as well as asymmetric with regard to risk and revenues in the waterfall.
            The pool of investors willing to invest in the social instruments is currently limited given the return and risk perceptions. In particular, programme implementation will not aim to maximise returns, but rather to achieve a level of return that is sufficient to guarantee alignment of incentives and investor participation. Given that the emphasis will be on generating a social return rather than a financial return, the target portfolio return for an operation may be as low as 0 %.
            6.4.2.4.   Thematic financial products
            
            Such products take the form of pilot financial products and platforms to address market failures and suboptimal investment situations, accelerate the development of the social investments market or crowd in more private investment and contribute to tailored finance solutions for social impact (110).
            In case of financing by the implementing partner to support microfinance institutions and social finance providers for their capacity building purposes, the requirement for the implementing partner to provide 5 % own resources contribution to the FLP as mentioned in Section 4.2.2 above does not apply.
            
               (1)  OJ L 107, 26.3.2021, p. 30.
            
               (2)  Regulation (EU) No 1291/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2013 establishing Horizon 2020 – the Framework Programme for Research and Innovation (2014-2020) and repealing Decision No 1982/2006/EC (OJ L 347, 20.12.2013, p. 104).
            
               (3)  Regulation (EU) No 1316/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2013 establishing the Connecting Europe Facility, amending Regulation (EU) No 913/2010 and repealing Regulations (EC) No 680/2007 and (EC) No 67/2010 (OJ L 348, 20.12.2013, p. 129).
            
               (4)  Regulation (EU) 2021/694 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2021 establishing the Digital Europe programme and repealing Decision (EU) 2015/2240 (OJ L 166, 11.5.2021, p. 1).
            
               (5)  Regulation (EU) No 2021/690 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 April 2021 establishing a programme for the internal market, competitiveness of enterprises, including small and medium-sized enterprises, the area of plants, animals, food and feed, and European statistics (Single Market Programme) and repealing Regulations (EU) No 99/2013, (EU) No 1287/2013, (EU) No 254/2014 and (EU) No 652/2014 (OJ L 153, 3.5.2021, p. 1).
            
               (6)  Regulation (EU) 2021/696 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 April 2021 establishing the Union Space Programme and the European Union Agency for the Space Programme and repealing Regulations (EU) No 912/2010, (EU) No 1285/2013 and (EU) No 377/2014 and Decision No 541/2014/EU (OJ L 170, 12.5.2021, p. 69).
            
               (7)  Regulation on European Regional Development Fund and on the Cohesion Fund not yet published. Awaiting Parliament 2nd reading.
            
               (8)  Regulation on European Regional Development Fund and on the Cohesion Fund not yet published. Awaiting Parliament 2nd reading.
            
               (9)  Regulation on the European Social Fund Plus (ESF+) not yet published. Awaiting Parliament 2nd reading.
            
               (10)  Regulation (EU) 2021/241 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 February 2021 establishing the Recovery and Resilience Facility (OJ L 57, 18.2.2021, p. 17).
            
               (11)  Regulation (EU) No 1305/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 December 2013 on support for rural development by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD) and repealing Council Regulation (EC) No 1698/2005 (OJ L 347, 20.12.2013, p. 487).
            
               (12)  Regulation (EU) No 1295/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2013 establishing the Creative Europe Programme (2014 to 2020) and repealing Decisions No 1718/2006/EC, No 1855/2006/EC and No 1041/2009/EC (OJ L 347, 20.12.2013, p. 221).
            
               (13)  Regulation on the Asylum and Migration Fund not yet published. Awaiting Council’s 1st reading position.
            
               (14)  Regulation establishing the Internal Security Fund not yet published. Awaiting Council’s 1st reading position.
            
               (15)  Regulation (EU) No 508/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May 2014 on the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund and repealing Council Regulations (EC) No 2328/2003, (EC) No 861/2006, (EC) No 1198/2006 and (EC) No 791/2007 and Regulation (EU) No 1255/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L 149, 20.5.2014, p. 1).
            
               (16)  Regulation (EU) No 1293/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2013 on the establishment of a Programme for the Environment and Climate Action (LIFE) and repealing Regulation (EC) No 614/2007 (OJ L 347, 20.12.2013, p. 185).
            
               (17)  Directive (EU) 2018/410 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 March 2018 amending Directive 2003/87/EC to enhance cost-effective emission reductions and low-carbon investments, and Decision (EU) 2015/1814 (OJ L 76, 19.3.2018, p. 3); and Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2019/856 of 26 February 2019 supplementing Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to the operation of the Innovation Fund (OJ L 140, 28.5.2019, p. 6).
            
               (18)  Regulation (EU) 2021/522 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 March 2021 establishing a Programme for the Union’s action in the field of health (‘EU4Health Programme’) for the period 2021-2027, and repealing Regulation (EU) No 282/2014 (OJ L 107, 26.3.2021, p. 1).
            
               (19)  Regulation on Just Transition Fund not yet published. Awaiting signature of act.
            
               (20)  Regulation (EU) 2021/697 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2021 establishing the European Defence Fund and repealing Regulation (EU) 2018/1092 (OJ L 170, 12.5.2021, p. 149)/
            
               (21)  Regulation (EU, Euratom) 2018/1046 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 July 2018 on the financial rules applicable to the general budget of the Union, amending Regulations (EU) No 1296/2013, (EU) No 1301/2013, (EU) No 1303/2013, (EU) No 1304/2013, (EU) No 1309/2013, (EU) No 1316/2013, (EU) No 223/2014, (EU) No 283/2014, and Decision No 541/2014/EU and repealing Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 966/2012 (OJ L 193, 30.7.2018, p. 1).
            
               (22)  In accordance with the last paragraph of Section A of Annex V to the InvestEU Regulation, refinancing operations shall not be supported by the EU guarantee except in specific exceptional and well-justified circumstances. Financing and investment operations covering existing portfolios falling under this exception may only be established initially within a pilot scheme with a limited budget under a respective policy window and shall meet all the conditions set out in Annex V to the InvestEU Regulation and further laid down in the guarantee agreement.
            
               (23)  Direct equity and quasi-equity financing shall not be allowed under the EU compartment of the SME window.
            
               (24)  A financing or investment operation taking the form of, or including, a guarantee from the implementing partner to a third party financier in relation to specific projects assessed and selected by the implementing partner, is treated as a direct operation.
            
               (25)  Mid-caps companies are companies employing up to 3 000 employees, but which are not SMEs. Small mid-caps are companies as defined in Article 2(22) of the InvestEU Regulation.
            
               (26)  i.e. government bodies or bodies fully guaranteed by the Member State.
            
               (27)  In the cases of projects of high policy added value and when it is essential to attract additional private investors through financing structures (such as syndicated loans), the figure may go up to 70 % of the total project cost, as further laid down in the guarantee agreement.
            
               (28)  Exceptions may apply regarding the 50 % limit relating to the fund size in case the Member State compartment is used. Section 5.1.2 sets out further rules for investments in equity funds.
            
               (29)  Regulation (EU) No 651/2014 of 17 June 2014 declaring certain categories of aid compatible with the internal market in application of Articles 107 and 108 of the Treaty (OJ L 187, 26.6.2014, p. 1).
            
               (30)  Not yet adopted.
            
               (31)  When State aid is involved, Article 1(4)(c) of the General Block Exemption Regulation states that the Regulation does not apply to undertakings in difficulty.
            
               (32)  Social infrastructure in the context of the Social Investment and Skills window refers to the infrastructure supporting the provision of social services and selected services of general interest (education and health) as defined in the Commission Communication on Social Services of General Interest and Services of General Interest (COM(2007) 725 final and COM(2006) 177 final). More specifically, social infrastructure in the field of social services supports the provision of enabling services assisting people, through personalised support, to overcome their adverse social situations, to ensure inclusion in society and to enhance their employability. This type of infrastructure is typically delivered on a local level and involves integrated delivery and community based provision.
            
               (33)  The Member State compartment could be financed by any of the following shared management funds: ERDF, Cohesion Fund, ESF+, EAFRD and EMFF; or by a cash contribution from a Member State, including those supported by the RRF.
            
               (34)  A blending operation shall not be treated as a financing or investment operation, as defined in Article 2(5) of the InvestEU Regulation, which constitute part of such blending operation.
            
               (35)  For the purposes of these investment guidelines, ‘sectoral programmes’ means Union programmes as defined in Article 2(5) of the InvestEU Regulation. For the purposes of this Section 2.9, only sectoral programmes for which a corresponding enabling clause is included in the legal basis are relevant.
            
               (36)  In the case of blending with the ETS Innovation Fund, relevant decision adopted in accordance with delegated acts adopted on the basis of Article 10a(8) of Directive 2003/87/EC as amended by Directive (EU) 2018/410 (OJ L 76, 19.3.2018, p. 3).
            
               (37)  NIS Cooperation Group, Cybersecurity of 5G networks EU Toolbox of risk mitigating measures, 01/2020, https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/dae/document.cfm?doc_id=64468
            
               (38)  Regulation (EU) 2021/697 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2021 establishing the European Defence Fund and repealing Regulation (EU) 2018/1092 (OJ L 170, 12.5.2021, p. 149).
            
               (39)  Regulation (EU) 2021/696 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 April 2021 establishing the Union Space Programme and the European Union Agency for the Space Programme and repealing Regulations (EU) No 912/2010, (EU) No 1285/2013 and (EU) No 377/2014 and Decision No 541/2014/EU (OJ L 170, 12.5.2021, p. 69).
            
               (40)  Commission Communication on Sustainable Europe Investment Plan/European Green Deal Investment Plan (COM(2020) 21 final).
            
               (41)  Regulation (EU) 2020/852 on the establishment of a framework to facilitate sustainable investment, and amending Regulation (EU) 2019/2088 (OJ L 198, 22.6.2020, p. 13), and relevant delegated acts.
            
               (42)  The advisory support to implementing partners will be complementary to the technical assistance provided by the Technical Support Instrument.
            
               (43)  30 % for climate and 60 % for climate and environment under the Sustainable Infrastructure window.
            
               (44)  Regulation (EU) 2020/852 on the establishment of a framework to facilitate sustainable investment, and amending Regulation (EU) 2019/2088 (OJ L 198, 22.6.2020, p. 13).
            
               (45)  The specific thresholds to be applied will be defined in the sustainability guidance issued by the Commission pursuant to Article 8(6) of the InvestEU Regulation.
            
               (46)  For instance: Directive 2011/92/EU on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment (OJ L 26, 28.1.2012, p. 1), as amended by Directive 2014/52/EU (OJ L 124, 25.4.2014, p. 1); Directive 92/43/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora (OJ L 206, 22.7.1992, p. 7); Directive 2000/60/EC establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy (OJ L 327, 22.12.2000, p. 1); Directive 2010/75/EU on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control) (OJ L 334, 17.12.2010, p. 17).
            
               (47)  ‘Climate change and major projects. Outline of the climate change related requirements and guidance for major projects in the 2014-2020 programming period: ensuring resilience to the adverse impact of climate change and reducing the emission of greenhouse gases’, European Commission (25.8.2016) https://ec.europa.eu/clima/sites/clima/files/docs/major_projects_en.pdf; as well as ‘Integrating Climate Change Information and Adaptation in Project Development: Emerging Experience from Practitioners’, European Union Financial Institutions Working Group on Adaptation to Climate Change (EUFIWACC) (May 2016) https://ec.europa.eu/clima/sites/clima/files/docs/integrating_climate_change_en.pdf
            
               (48)  Regulation on Just Transition Fund not yet published. Awaiting signature of act.
            
               (49)  Regulation on Public Sector Loan Facility not yet published. Awaiting Parliament’s position in 1st reading
            
               (50)  In the case of a financing or investment operation taking the form of a guarantee from the implementing partner to the third-party financier, the limit of 25 % applies to the financing provided by the third-party financier.
            
               (51)  The cap rate may exceptionally, in duly justified cases, be set at higher than expected losses level under the Member State compartment of the SME window.
            
               (52)  Direct equity and quasi-equity financing shall not be allowed under the EU compartment of the SME window.
            
               (53)  For the SME window, the minimum 30 % financing from private investors is required at fund level. In the case of co-investment vehicles, the private participation may also be made at the level of the investment into each final recipient.
            
               (54)  Primary investment means a direct or indirect investment (including in the form of debt) in a final recipient resulting in financing flowing directly or indirectly into the final recipient.
            
               (55)  Direct equity and quasi-equity financing shall not be allowed under the EU compartment of the SME window.
            
               (56)  See, for example, the Commission Communication on Financing Sustainable Growth (COM(2018) 97 final) and the input provided by the High Level Expert Group on Sustainable Financing by means of its final report published on 31 January 2018, online at https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/180131-sustainable-finance-final-report_en.pdf
            
               (57)  In accordance with the accessibility requirements of the European Accessibility Act (Directive (EU) 2019/882 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 on the accessibility requirements for products and services (OJ L 151, 7.6.2019, p. 70).
            
               (58)  Member States have a wide variety of regulatory frameworks supporting sustainable energy infrastructure, carrying a multitude of policy-, market-design and regulatory risks, which affect the cost of capital of investments.
            
               (59)  Commission Communication on a hydrogen strategy for a climate-neutral Europe (COM(2020) 301 final).
            
               (60)  Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources (OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 82).
            
               (61)  Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the Governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action, amending Regulations (EC) No 663/2009 and (EC) No 715/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council, Directives 94/22/EC, 98/70/EC, 2009/31/EC, 2009/73/EC, 2010/31/EU, 2012/27/EU and 2013/30/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council, Council Directives 2009/119/EC and (EU) 2015/652 and repealing Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p. 1).
            
               (62)  The Union renewable energy financing mechanism is established by Article 33 of the Governance Regulation.
            
               (63)  Directive 2012/27/EU on energy efficiency, amending Directives 2009/125/EC and 2010/30/EU and repealing Directives 2004/8/EC and 2006/32/EC (OJ L 315, 14.11.2012, p. 1).
            
               (64)  Commission Communication on a Renovation Wave for Europe – greening our buildings, creating jobs, improving lives (COM(2020) 662 final).
            
               (65)  Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 on the energy performance of buildings (OJ L 153, 18.6.2010, p. 13).
            
               (66)  OJ L 153, 18.6.2010, p. 13.
            
               (67)  https://ec.europa.eu/environment/topics/circular-economy/levels_en
            
               (68)  Regulation (EU) No 347/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2013 on guidelines for trans-European energy infrastructure and repealing Decision No 1364/2006/EC and amending Regulations (EC) No 713/2009, (EC) No 714/2009 and (EC) No 715/2009 (OJ L 115, 25.4.2013, p. 39).
            
               (69)  Commission Communication on Sustainable and Smart Mobility Strategy – putting European transport on track for the future (COM(2020) 789 final).
            
               (70)  Regulation (EU) No 1315/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2013 on Union guidelines for the development of the trans-European transport network and repealing Decision No 661/2010/EU (OJ L 348, 20.12.2013, p. 1).
            
               (71)  Intelligent transport system.
            
               (72)  River information services.
            
               (73)  European rail traffic management system.
            
               (74)  Commission Communication on Europe’s moment: Repair and Prepare for the Next Generation (COM(2020) 456 final).
            
               (75)  Directive 2008/56/EC establishing a framework for community action in the field of marine environmental policy (‘Marine Strategy Framework’ Directive) (OJ L 164, 25.6.2008, p. 19).
            
               (76)  Directive 2000/60/EC establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy (‘Water Framework Directive’) (OJ L 327, 22.12.2000, p. 1).
            
               (77)  Directive 2007/60/EC on the assessment and management of flood risks (‘Floods Directive’) (OJ L 288, 6.11.2007, p. 27).
            
               (78)  Council Directive 98/83/EC of 3 November 1998 on the quality of water intended for human consumption (‘Drinking Water Directive’) (OJ L 330, 5.12.1998, p. 32).
            
               (79)  Council Directive 91/271/EEC of 21 May 1991 concerning urban waste-water treatment (‘Urban Waste Water Directive’) (OJ L 135, 30.5.1991, p. 40).
            
               (80)  Council Directive 91/676/EEC of 12 December 1991 concerning the protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources (‘Nitrates Directive’) (OJ L 375, 31.12.1991, p. 1).
            
               (81)  Regulation (EU) 2019/1009 laying down rules on the making available on the market of EU fertilising products and amending Regulations (EC) No 1069/2009 and (EC) No 1107/2009 and repealing Regulation (EC) No 2003/2003 (‘Fertiliser Regulation’) (OJ L 170, 25.6.2019, p. 1).
            
               (82)  Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market and repealing Council Directives 79/117/EEC and 91/414/EEC (‘Plant Protection Products Regulation’) (OJ L 309, 24.11.2009, p. 1).
            
               (83)  Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste (OJ L 312, 22.11.2008, p. 3), as amended by Directive 2018/851/EU (OJ L 150, 14.6.2018, p. 109).
            
               (84)  Commission Communication on EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 – Bringing nature back into our lives (COM(2020) 380 final).
            
               (85)  Commission Communication on a Farm to Fork Strategy for a fair, healthy and environmentally-friendly food system (COM(2020) 381 final).
            
               (86)  Commission Communication on a new Circular Economy Action Plan – For a cleaner and more competitive Europe (COM(2020) 98 final).
            
               (87)  Commission Communication on Connectivity for a Competitive Digital Single Market – Towards a European Gigabit Society (COM(2016) 587 final).
            
               (88)  Commission Communication on Space Strategy for Europe (COM(2016) 705 final).
            
               (89)  Council Directive 2008/114/EC of 8 December 2008 on the identification and designation of European critical infrastructures and the assessment of the need to improve their protection (OJ L 345, 23.12.2008, p. 75).
            
               (90)  Cybersecurity risks are to be assessed following the relevant EU and national law and guidance, including the 5G Security Toolbox.
            
               (91)  Technology readiness levels.
            
               (92)  OECD, Frascati Manual 2015 – Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental Development, p. 44-45, https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/frascati-manual-2015_9789264239012-en
            
               (93)  In line with the latest update of the list of actions on Critical Space Technologies for European strategic non-dependence established by the Commission, ESA and EDA Joint Task Force (JTF).
            
               (94)  Commission Communication on a New Industrial Strategy for Europe (COM(2020) 102 final).
            
               (95)  Commission Communication on Shaping Europe’s digital future (COM(2020) 64 final).
            
               (96)  White Paper On Artificial Intelligence – A European approach to excellence and trust (COM(2020) 65 final).
            
               (97)  Commission Communication on a European strategy for data (COM(2020) 66 final).
            
               (98)  Commission Communication on EU Strategy for COVID-19 vaccines (COM(2020) 245 final).
            
               (99)  Directive 2003/87/EC as amended by Directive (EU) 2018/410 (OJ L 76, 19.3.2018, p. 3).
            
               (100)  As described in point 8 of Annex II to the InvestEU Regulation.
            
               (101)  Commission Communication on an SME Strategy for a sustainable and digital Europe (COM(2020) 103 final) (Section 4. Improving access to financing).
            
               (102)  Commission Communication on European Skills Agenda for sustainable competitiveness, social fairness and resilience (COM(2020) 274 final).
            
               (103)  Council Recommendation 2020/C 417/01 of 24 November 2020 on vocational education and training (VET) for sustainable competitiveness, social fairness and resilience (OJ C 417, 2.12.2020, p. 1).
            
               (104)  Commission Communication on achieving the European Education Area by 2025 (COM(2020) 625 final).
            
               (105)  Commission Communication on Digital Education Action Plan 2021-2027: Resetting education and training for the digital age (COM(2020) 624 final).
            
               (106)  See, for example, the Overview of Natural and Man-Made Disasters and Risks the European Union may face https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/285d038f-b543-11e7-837e-01aa75ed71a1
            
               (107)  Affordable social housing projects may consist in operations such as:
            
                        (a)
                     
                     
                        provision of new, non-segregated and accessible rental social housing stock through one or several of these actions:
                        
                                    •
                                 
                                 
                                    construction of new buildings;
                                 
                              
                                    •
                                 
                                 
                                    refurbishment or transformation of existing buildings;
                                 
                              
                                    •
                                 
                                 
                                    sourcing of individual housing units from the private housing market (through purchase or mediation);
                                 
                              
                  
                        (b)
                     
                     
                        set-up of a social rental agency;
                     
                  
                        (c)
                     
                     
                        provision of housing-led solutions, combining the provision of rental housing units with enabling support services of proximity (i.e. delivered on-site or made easily accessible);
                     
                  
                        (d)
                     
                     
                        adapting existing social housing stock to fit the needs of persons with disabilities, including owner-occupied housing;
                     
                  
                        (e)
                     
                     
                        targeted support for marginalised communities that experience severe deprivation in their current housing conditions, including owner-occupied housing.
                     
                  
               (108)  As defined at the national, regional or local level, as applicable, and/or by economic and social contexts.
            
               (109)  https://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=738&langId=en&pubId=8312&furtherPubs=yes
            
               (110)  e.g. through providing guarantees for investors, establish acceleration facilities for social impact vehicle managers, or devise social impact incentive mechanisms for social enterprises).