CELEX: 
Language: en
Date: 2020-04-03 00:00:00
Title: COMMISSION DECISION (EU) …/… on the sectoral reference document on best environmental management practices, sector environmental performance indicators and benchmarks of excellence for the waste management sector under Regulation (EC) No 1221/2009 on the voluntary participation by organisations in a Community eco-management and audit scheme (EMAS)

EUROPEAN
                             COMMISSION
                                                     Brussels, 3.4.2020
                                                     C(2020) 1971 final
                            COMMISSION DECISION (EU) …/…
                                         of 3.4.2020
   on the sectoral reference document on best environmental management practices, sector
     environmental performance indicators and benchmarks of excellence for the waste
   management sector under Regulation (EC) No 1221/2009 on the voluntary participation
        by organisations in a Community eco-management and audit scheme (EMAS)
                                  (Text with EEA relevance)
EN                                                                                       EN
 ---pagebreak---                                   COMMISSION DECISION (EU) …/…
                                                    of 3.4.2020
   on the sectoral reference document on best environmental management practices, sector
       environmental performance indicators and benchmarks of excellence for the waste
    management sector under Regulation (EC) No 1221/2009 on the voluntary participation
         by organisations in a Community eco-management and audit scheme (EMAS)
                                           (Text with EEA relevance)
   THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION,
   Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union,
   Having regard to Regulation (EC) No 1221/2009 of the European Parliament and of the
   Council of 25 November 2009 on the voluntary participation by organisations in a
   Community eco-management and audit scheme (EMAS), repealing Regulation (EC) No
   761/2001 and Commission Decisions 2001/681/EC and 2006/193/EC1, and in particular
   Article 46(1) thereof,
   Whereas:
   (1)     Regulation (EC) No 1221/2009 obliges the Commission to develop sectoral reference
           documents for specific economic sectors. The documents must include best
           environmental management practices, environmental performance indicators and,
           where appropriate, benchmarks of excellence and rating systems identifying
           environmental performance levels. Organisations registered or preparing to become
           registered under the eco-management and audit scheme established by Regulation
           (EC) No 1221/2009 are required to take those documents into account when
           developing their environmental management system and when assessing their
           environmental performance in their environmental statement, or updated
           environmental statement, prepared in accordance with Annex IV to that Regulation.
   (2)     Regulation (EC) No 1221/2009 required the Commission to establish a working plan
           setting out an indicative list of sectors to be considered priority sectors for the
           adoption of sectoral and cross-sectoral reference documents. 'Communication from the
           Commission - Establishment of the working plan setting out an indicative list of
           sectors for the adoption of sectoral and cross-sectoral reference documents, under
           Regulation (EC) No 1221/2009 on the voluntary participation of organisations in a
           Community eco-management and audit scheme (EMAS)'2 identified the waste
           management sector as a priority sector.
   (3)     The sectoral reference document for the waste management sector should focus on
           best practices, indicators and benchmarks for waste management, addressing both
   1
           OJ L 342, 22.12.2009, p. 1.
   2
           Communication from the Commission — Establishment of the working plan setting out an indicative
           list of sectors for the adoption of sectoral and cross-sectoral reference documents, under Regulation
           (EC) No 1221/2009 on the voluntary participation by organisations in a Community eco-management
           and audit scheme (EMAS), OJ C 358, 8.12.2011, p. 2.
EN                                                        1                                                      EN
 ---pagebreak---            public and private waste management companies, including companies implementing
           producer responsibility schemes, and public administrations in charge of waste
           management at local level. It should take into account and make reference to existing
           guidance for aspects covered by other Union policy tools, such as Directive
           2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council3 and other specific
           relevant waste legislation and the Best Available Techniques (BAT) reference
           documents developed under Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of
           the Council4.
   (4)     Taking into consideration best environmental management practices5, the sectoral
           reference document for the waste management sector should identify specific
           environmental performance indicators, benchmarks of excellence and actions for
           waste authorities and other private or public waste management companies to improve
           their waste management performance, such as promoting waste prevention and
           reaching higher levels of re-use and recycling. These elements help organisations
           identify the most relevant areas where they can take action to address the most
           significant environmental aspects as well as provide a framework to track
           sustainability improvements.
   (5)     In order to allow organisations, environmental verifiers and others, including national
           authorities, accreditation and licensing bodies and auditors who are involved in the
           internal audit, sufficient time to prepare for introduction of the sectoral reference
           document for the waste management sector, the date of application of this Decision
           should be deferred by a period of 120 days from the date of its publication in the
           Official Journal of the European Union.
   (6)     In developing the sectoral reference document annexed to this Decision, the
           Commission has consulted with Member States and other stakeholders in accordance
           with Regulation (EC) No 1221/2009.
   (7)     The measures provided for in this Decision are in accordance with the opinion of the
           Committee established by Article 49 of Regulation (EC) No 1221/2009,
   HAS ADOPTED THIS DECISION:
                                                        Article 1
   The sectoral reference document on best environmental management practices, sector
   environmental performance indicators and benchmarks of excellence for the waste
   management sector is set out in the Annex to this Decision.
                                                        Article 2
   This Decision shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in
   the Official Journal of the European Union.
   3
           Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste
           and repealing certain Directives (OJ L 312, 22.11.2008, p. 3–30).
   4
           Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on
           industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control) (OJ L 334, 17.12.2010, p. 17).
   5
           Dri M., Canfora P., Antonopoulos I. S., Gaudillat P., Best Environmental Management Practice for the
           Waste Management Sector, JRC Science for Policy Report, EUR 29136 EN, Publications Office of the
           European Union, Luxembourg, 2018, ISBN 978-92-79-80361-1, doi:10.2760/50247, JRC111059;
           http://susproc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/activities/emas/documents/WasteManagementBEMP.pdf
EN                                                          2                                                   EN
 ---pagebreak---    It shall apply from [Publications office: please insert date – 120 days following publication.].
   Done at Brussels, 3.4.2020
                                                 For the Commission
                                                 The President
                                                 Ursula VON DER LEYEN
EN                                                 3                                                EN
 ---documentbreak---                              EUROPEAN
                             COMMISSION
                                                    Brussels, 3.4.2020
                                                    C(2020) 1971 final
                                                    ANNEX
                                           ANNEX
                                            to the
                                     Commission Decision
      on the sectoral reference document on best environmental management practices,
   sector-specific environmental performance indicators and benchmarks of excellence for
     the waste management sector under Regulation (EC) No 1221/2009 on the voluntary
      participation by organisations in a Community eco-management and audit scheme
                                           (EMAS)
EN                                                                                       EN
 ---pagebreak---                                      TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.      INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 3
2.      SCOPE ......................................................................................................................... 7
3.      BEST ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES, SECTOR
        ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE INDICATORS AND BENCHMARKS OF
        EXCELLENCE FOR THE WASTE MANAGEMENT SECTOR ........................... 10
3.1.    Cross-cutting BEMPs ................................................................................................. 10
3.1.1.  Integrated waste management strategies ............................................................... 10
3.1.2.  Life cycle assessment of waste management options ............................................ 11
3.1.3.  Economic instruments ............................................................................................. 12
3.1.4.  Link to other relevant reference documents for best practices ........................... 13
3.2.    BEMPs for municipal solid waste .............................................................................. 13
Strategy BEMPs ..................................................................................................................... 13
3.2.1.  Cost benchmarking .................................................................................................. 13
3.2.2.  Advanced waste monitoring .................................................................................... 14
3.2.3.  Pay-as-you-throw ..................................................................................................... 15
3.2.4.  Performance-based waste management contracting ............................................ 16
3.2.5.  Awareness-raising .................................................................................................... 17
3.2.6.  Establishment of a network of waste advisers ....................................................... 17
3.2.7.  Home and community composting ......................................................................... 18
BEMPs for waste prevention ................................................................................................. 19
3.2.8.  Local waste prevention programmes ..................................................................... 19
3.2.9.  Schemes fostering the re-use of products and the preparation for re-use of waste20
BEMPs for waste collection ................................................................................................... 21
3.2.10. Waste collection strategy ......................................................................................... 21
3.2.11. Inter-municipal cooperation among small municipalities .................................... 22
3.2.12. Civic amenity sites .................................................................................................... 23
3.2.13. Logistic optimisation for waste collection .............................................................. 23
3.2.14. Low-emission vehicles .............................................................................................. 24
BEMPs for extended producer responsibility schemes ...................................................... 25
3.2.15. Best use of incentives by producer responsibility organisations .......................... 25
BEMPs for waste treatment .................................................................................................. 26
3.2.16. Sorting of co-mingled light packaging waste to maximise recycling yields for
        high-quality output .................................................................................................. 26
                                                             1
 ---pagebreak--- 3.2.17. Processing of mixed plastic packaging waste to maximise recycling yields for
        high-quality output .................................................................................................. 27
3.2.18. Treatment of mattresses for improved recycling of materials ............................. 28
3.2.19. Treatment of absorbent hygiene products for improved recycling of materials 29
3.3.    Common environmental performance indicators for municipal solid waste ............. 30
3.3.1.  MSW generation ...................................................................................................... 30
3.3.2.  Amount of mixed MSW collected ........................................................................... 31
3.3.3.  MSW sent to energy recovery and/or disposal ...................................................... 32
3.3.4.  MSW sent to disposal ............................................................................................... 32
3.3.5.  Capture rate of a specific waste stream ................................................................. 33
3.3.6.  Impurity rate of a specific waste stream ................................................................ 34
3.3.7.  Biowaste in mixed waste .......................................................................................... 34
3.4.    BEMPs for construction and demolition waste .......................................................... 35
3.4.1.  Integrated construction and demolition waste plans ............................................ 35
3.4.2.  Avoidance of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contamination of construction
        and demolition waste ............................................................................................... 35
3.4.3.  Local schemes for proper management of waste asbestos removed by residents36
3.4.4.  Processing of waste plasterboard to foster recycling ............................................ 37
3.4.5.  Processing CDW for the production of recycled aggregates ................................ 37
3.5.    BEMPs for healthcare waste ...................................................................................... 38
BEMPs for healthcare waste segregation ............................................................................. 38
3.5.1.  Encouragement of healthcare waste segregation at healthcare facilities ............ 38
3.5.2.  Healthcare waste collection for households ........................................................... 39
BEMPs for the treatment of healthcare waste..................................................................... 40
3.5.3.  Alternative treatments for healthcare waste ......................................................... 40
4.      RECOMMENDED SECTOR-SPECIFIC KEY ENVIRONMENTAL
        PERFORMANCE INDICATORS ............................................................................. 42
                                                      2
 ---pagebreak--- 1.        INTRODUCTION
This sectoral reference document (SRD) is based on a detailed science for policy report 1
("Best Practice Report") developed by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre
(JRC).
Relevant legal background
The Community eco-management and audit scheme (EMAS) was introduced in 1993, for
voluntary participation by organisations, by Council Regulation (EEC) No 1836/93 2.
Subsequently, EMAS has undergone two major revisions:
           Regulation (EC) No 761/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council3;
           Regulation (EC) No 1221/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council.
An important new element of the latest revision, which came into force on 11 January 2010, is
Article 46 on the development of SRDs. The SRDs have to include best environmental
management practices (BEMPs), environmental performance indicators for the specific
sectors and, where appropriate, benchmarks of excellence and rating systems identifying
performance levels.
How to understand and use this document
The eco-management and audit scheme (EMAS) is a scheme for voluntary participation by
organisations committed to continuous environmental improvement. Within this framework,
this SRD provides sector-specific guidance to the waste management sector and points out a
number of options for improvement as well as best practices. This SRD is without prejudice
to legal requirements in the relevant field.
The document was written by the European Commission using input from stakeholders. A
Technical Working Group, comprising experts and stakeholders of the sector, led by the JRC,
discussed and ultimately agreed on the best environmental management practices, sector-
specific environmental performance indicators and benchmarks of excellence described in this
document; these benchmarks in particular were deemed to be representative of the levels of
environmental performance that are achieved by the best performing organisations in the
sector.
1
  The science for policy report is publicly available on the JRC website at the following address:
  http://susproc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/activities/emas/documents/WasteManagementBEMP.pdf. The conclusions on
  best environmental management practices and their applicability as well as the identified environmental
  performance indicators and the benchmarks of excellence contained in this Sectoral Reference Document are
  based on the findings documented in the science for policy report. All the background information and
  technical details can be found there. The full reference of the science for policy report is: Dri M., Canfora P.,
  Antonopoulos I. S., Gaudillat P., Best Environmental Management Practice for the Waste Management Sector,
  JRC Science for Policy Report, EUR 29136 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg,
  2018, ISBN 978-92-79-80361-1, doi:10.2760/50247, JRC111059.
2
  Council Regulation (EEC) No 1836/93 of 29 June 1993 allowing voluntary participation by companies in the
  industrial sector in a Community eco-management and audit scheme (OJ L 168, 10.7.1993, p. 1).
3
  Regulation (EC) No 761/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 March 2001 allowing
  voluntary participation by organisations in a Community eco-management and audit scheme (EMAS) (OJ L
  114, 24.4.2001, p. 1).
                                                         3
 ---pagebreak--- The SRD aims to help and support all organisations that intend to improve their
environmental performance by providing ideas and inspiration as well as practical and
technical guidance.
The SRD is primarily addressed to organisations that are already registered with EMAS;
secondly to organisations that are considering registering with EMAS in the future; and
thirdly to all organisations that wish to learn more about best environmental management
practices in order to improve their environmental performance. Consequently, the objective of
this document is to support all organisations in the waste management sector to focus on
relevant environmental aspects, both direct and indirect, and to find information on best
environmental management practices, as well as appropriate sector-specific environmental
performance indicators to measure their environmental performance, and benchmarks of
excellence.
How SRDs should be taken into account by EMAS registered organisations:
Pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 1221/2009, EMAS registered organisations are to take SRDs
into account at two different levels:
When developing and implementing their environmental management system in light of the
environmental reviews (Article 4(1)(b));
          Organisations should use relevant elements of the SRD when defining and reviewing
          their environmental targets and objectives in accordance with the relevant
          environmental aspects identified in the environmental review and policy, as well as
          when deciding on the actions to implement to improve their environmental
          performance.
When preparing the environmental statement (Article 4(1)(d) and Article 4(4)).
            Organisations should consider the relevant sector-specific environmental
            performance indicators in the SRD when choosing the indicators 4 to use for their
            reporting of environmental performance.
            When choosing the set of indicators for reporting, they should take into account the
            indicators proposed in the corresponding SRD and their relevance with regards to the
            significant environmental aspects identified by the organisation in its environmental
            review. Indicators need only be taken into account where relevant to those
            environmental aspects that are judged as being most significant in the environmental
            review.
            When reporting on environmental performance and on the other factors regarding
            environmental performance the organisations should mention in the environmental
4
  According to Annex IV (B.f.) of the EMAS Regulation, the environmental statement shall contain "a summary
  of the data available on the environmental performance of the organisation with respect its significant
  environmental aspects. Reporting shall be on both the core environmental performance indicators and the
  specific environmental performance indicators as set out in Section C". Annex IV - Section C.3 states that
  "each organisation shall also report annually on its performance relating to the significant direct and indirect
  environmental aspects and impacts that are related to its core business activities, that are measurable and
  verifiable, and that are not covered already by the core indicators. Reporting on those indicators shall be
  done in accordance with the requirements set in the introduction to this section. Where available, the
  organisation shall take account of sectoral reference documents as referred to in Article 46 to facilitate the
  identification of relevant sector specific indicators."
                                                          4
 ---pagebreak---          statement how the relevant best environmental management practices and, if
         available, benchmarks of excellence, have been taken into account.
         They should describe how relevant best environmental management practices and
         benchmarks of excellence (which provide an indication of the environmental
         performance level that is achieved by best performers) were used to identify
         measures and actions, and possibly to set priorities, to (further) improve their
         environmental performance. However, implementing best environmental
         management practices or meeting the identified benchmarks of excellence is not
         mandatory, because the voluntary character of EMAS leaves the assessment of the
         feasibility of the benchmarks and of the implementation of the best practices, in
         terms of costs and benefits, to the organisations themselves.
         Similarly to environmental performance indicators, the relevance and applicability of
         the best environmental management practices and benchmarks of excellence should
         be assessed by the organisation according to the significant environmental aspects
         identified by the organisation in its environmental review, as well as technical and
         financial aspects.
Elements of SRDs (indicators, BEMPs or benchmarks of excellence) not considered relevant
with regards to the significant environmental aspects identified by the organisation in its
environmental review should not be reported or described in the environmental statement.
EMAS participation is an ongoing process. Every time an organisation plans to improve its
environmental performance (and reviews its environmental performance) it shall consult the
SRD on specific topics to find inspiration about which issues to tackle next in a step-wise
approach.
EMAS environmental verifiers shall check if and how the SRD was taken into account by the
organisation when preparing its environmental statement (Article 18(5)(d) of Regulation (EC)
No 1221/2009).
When undertaking an audit, accredited environmental verifiers will need evidence from the
organisation of how the relevant elements of the SRD have been selected in light of the
environmental review and taken into account. They shall not check compliance with the
described benchmarks of excellence, but they shall verify evidence on how the SRD was used
as a guide to identify indicators and proper voluntary measures that the organisation can
implement to improve its environmental performance.
Given the voluntary nature of EMAS and SRD, no disproportionate burdens should be put on
the organisations to provide such evidence. In particular, verifiers shall not require an
individual justification for each of the best practices, sector-specific environmental
performance indicators and benchmarks of excellence which are mentioned in the SRD and
not considered relevant by the organisation in the light of its environmental review.
Nevertheless, they could suggest relevant additional elements for the organisation to take into
account in the future as further evidence of its commitment to continuous performance
improvement.
Structure of the document
This document consists of four sections. Section 1 introduces EMAS' legal background and
describes how to use this document, while section 2 defines the scope of this reference
document. Section 3 briefly describes the different Best Environmental Management Practices
                                                5
 ---pagebreak--- (BEMPs)5, together with information on their applicability. When specific environmental
performance indicators and benchmarks of excellence could be formulated for a particular
BEMP, these are also given. In case indicators and benchmarks are relevant for more than one
BEMP, they are repeated whenever appropriate. Section 3 also defines, in addition to the
indicators set in the individual BEMPs, a number of environmental performance indicators
that can be used to assess the overall performance of municipal solid waste management
systems. Defining benchmarks of excellence was not possible for all BEMPs and indicators
either because of the limited availability of data or because the specific conditions of each
waste authority or waste management company (e.g. rural or urban territory, type of separate
collection and waste management system adopted, local consumption patterns) vary to such
an extent that a benchmark of excellence would not be meaningful. Even when benchmarks of
excellence are given, these are not meant as targets for all waste authorities or waste
management companies to reach or metrics to compare the environmental performance across
the sector, but rather as a measure of what is possible to help individual organisations assess
the progress they made and motivate them to improve further.
Finally, Section 4 presents a comprehensive table with a selection of the most relevant
environmental performance indicators, associated explanations and related benchmarks of
excellence.
5
  A detailed description of each of the best practices, with practical guidance on how to implement them, is
  available in the science for policy report published by the JRC and available on-line at the following address:
  http://susproc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/activities/emas/documents/WasteManagementBEMP.pdf. The reader is invited
  to consult it if interested to learn more about some of the best practices described in this document.
                                                           6
 ---pagebreak--- 2.         SCOPE
This Sectoral Reference Document addresses two types of organisations of the waste
management sector: waste management companies (public and private), including companies
implementing producer responsibility schemes, and waste authorities (public administrations
in charge of waste management, mainly at local level). Such organisations are included in the
following NACE codes (according to the statistical classification of economic activities
established by Regulation (EC) No 1893/20066):
  -    38.1 - waste collection;
  -    38.2 - waste treatment and disposal;
  -    38.3 - materials recovery;
  -    39.0 - remediation activities and other waste management services;
  -    84.1 - administration of the State and the economic and social policy of the community.
This Sectoral Reference Document does not cover the activities of organisations that generate
waste and do not belong to the waste management sector (i.e. most organisations).
This Sectoral Reference Document describes best practices for the following waste
management phases and activities:
  -    establishing a waste management strategy;
  -    fostering waste prevention;
  -    promoting the re-use of products and preparation for re-use of waste;
  -    improving waste collection;
  -    waste treatment, limited to operations enabling material recycling.
In the area of waste treatment, the scope of this Sectoral Reference Document is limited to
facilities performing treatments outside the scope of the Industrial Emissions Directive7 (e.g.
sorting facilities with the aim to recycle plastics).
This Sectoral Reference Document deals with three waste streams:
  -    municipal solid waste (MSW): household waste and waste from other sources, such as
       retail, administration, education, health services, accommodation and food services, and
       other services and activities, which is similar in nature and composition to waste from
       households;
  -    construction and demolition waste (CDW);
  -    healthcare waste (HCW).
Industrial waste and commercial waste that is not part of MSW are not covered in this
document.
This reference document is divided into five main sections (Table 2-1) which cover, from the
perspective of the target organisations, the main environmental aspects related to the
management of waste.
6
    Regulation (EC) No 1893/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 December 2006
   establishing the statistical classification of economic activities NACE Revision 2 and amending Council
   Regulation (EEC) No 3037/90 as well as certain EC Regulations on specific statistical domains (OJ L 393,
   30.12.2006, p. 1).
7
   Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and the Council on industrial emissions
                                                         7
 ---pagebreak--- Table 2-1: Structure of the SRD for the waste management sector and main environmental
aspects addressed.
Section              Description                             Main environmental aspects addressed
                                                             Waste prevention measures
                     This section deals with cross-
                     cutting best practices that apply to    Waste collection
                     all waste streams covered in this       Waste sorting, preparation for re-
3.1 Cross-cutting    document, from setting a waste          use and treatment
     BEMPs           strategy, to the use of economic
                     instruments      and      to    finding Transport operations
                     additional best practices in other      Energy recovery of waste
                     EU reference documents.
                                                             Waste disposal
                     This section presents how waste         Waste prevention measures
                     authorities and waste management
                                                             Waste collection
                     companies can best manage MSW,
                     including the design of the strategy,   Waste sorting, preparation for re-
                     waste prevention, product re-use        use and treatment
3.2 BEMPs       for
                     and preparation for re-use of waste,    Transport operations
     MSW
                     waste     collection and waste
                     treatment operations. The section       Energy recovery of waste
                     also includes a BEMP addressing         Waste disposal
                     Producer                Responsibility
                     Organisations.
                                                             Waste prevention measures
                     This section presents common            Waste collection
3.3 Common
                     environmental              performance  Waste sorting, preparation for re-
     environmental
                     indicators that can be used to assess   use and treatment
     performance
                     the     overall    performance       of
     indicators for                                          Transport operations
                     municipal solid waste management
     MSW
                     systems                                 Energy recovery of waste
                                                             Waste disposal
                     This section focuses on the             Waste prevention measures
                     activities of waste authorities and
                                                             Waste collection
                     waste management companies
                     directly or indirectly responsible for  Waste sorting and treatment
                     the management of CDW. The              Transport operations
3.4 BEMPs       for main areas addressed are CDW
     CDW             management plans, avoiding PCB          Waste disposal
                     contamination          of        CDW,
                     management of removed waste
                     asbestos and processing of waste
                     plasterboard      and      CDW      for
                     recycling.
                                                 8
 ---pagebreak---                       This section presents how waste Waste collection
                      authorities and waste management Waste treatment
                      companies can best deal with the
3.5 BEMPs        for management of HCW. The main Waste disposal
     HCW              areas covered are the optimisation
                      of HCW segregation and the
                      adoption of alternative treatments
                      for HCW.
For each of the main environmental aspects identified in Table 2-1, Table 2-2 presents the
related main environmental impacts addressed in this document. The environmental aspects
presented in Table 2-1 and Table 2-2 were selected as the most commonly relevant in the
sector. However, the environmental aspects to be managed by specific companies need to be
assessed on a case-by-case basis.
Table 2-2: Most relevant environmental aspects and related main environmental impacts
addressed in this document
Main environmental aspects            Main environmental impacts
Waste collection                       - Climate     change      (GHG
                                          emissions)
                                       - Emissions to air
                                       - Natural resources depletion
Waste prevention measures              - Climate     change      (GHG
                                          emissions)
                                       - Emissions to air
                                       - Natural resources depletion
Waste sorting, preparation for re- - Climate         change      (GHG
use and treatment                         emissions)
                                       - Emissions to air/water/land
                                       - Natural resources depletion
                                       - Land use
Transport operations                   - Climate     change      (GHG
                                          emissions)
                                       - Emissions to air
                                       - Natural resources depletion
Energy recovery of waste               - Climate     change      (GHG
                                          emissions)
                                       - Emissions to air/water/land
                                       - Natural resources depletion
                                       - Land use
Waste disposal                         - Climate     change      (GHG
                                          emissions)
                                       - Emissions to air/water/land
                                       - Natural resources depletion
                                       - Land use
                                             9
 ---pagebreak--- 3.        BEST ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES, SECTOR
          ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE INDICATORS AND BENCHMARKS
          OF EXCELLENCE FOR THE WASTE MANAGEMENT SECTOR
3.1.      Cross-cutting BEMPs
 BEMPs presented in this section deal with cross-cutting issues of waste management that are
 relevant for all the waste streams considered (i.e. municipal solid waste, construction and
 demolition waste and healthcare waste).
 3.1.1.     Integrated waste management strategies
 It is BEMP to develop and implement an integrated waste management strategy that
 considers:
      -   the current and future expected trends of waste streams;
      -   the waste hierarchy8, prioritising measures according to the hierarchy (firstly waste
          prevention, secondly preparation for re-use, etc.);
      -   the availability and capacity of nearby waste sorting/treatment facilities;
      -   the current environmental attitudes and perceptions of residents;
      -   any other specific condition affecting waste management (e.g. the significant presence
          of tourists/commuters, specific economic activities, climate).
 The development of a waste management strategy requires knowledge of the quantity and
 quality of each major waste stream through an appropriate data monitoring approach and a
 sound evaluation of waste management options. This may require, in some cases, the use of a
 life-cycle assessment (LCA) to identify options associated with the best environmental
 performance (see BEMP 3.1.2), which may sometimes depart from the waste hierarchy.
 Applicability
 This BEMP is primarily targeted to waste authorities with control, or at least significant
 influence over, waste management strategy at the local or regional level – primarily local
 authorities. The waste authority may need to outsource aspects of strategic planning where
 particular specialist expertise, such as analytical data skills and knowledge of waste treatment
 processing, are required.
 Associated environmental performance indicators and benchmarks of excellence
 Environmental performance indicators                   Benchmarks of excellence
 (i1) Overall targets for the improvement of the        (b1) An integrated waste management
 waste management system (e.g. based on the             strategy that includes long-term (i.e. 10–20
 indicators defined in this document) are in            years) and short-term (i.e. 1–5 years) overall
 place (y/n).                                           targets for the improvement of the
                                                        performance of the waste management
 (i2) Specific targets for waste prevention and system is in place and regularly reviewed
 reuse are in place (y/n).                              (at least every 3 years).
 8
   The waste hierarchy consists of the following steps: waste prevention, preparation for re-use, recycling,
   recovery and disposal.
                                                    10
 ---pagebreak--- 3.1.2.    Life cycle assessment of waste management options
It is BEMP to embed life-cycle thinking and assessment into waste management strategy and
operations, with steps 1 and 2 (below) being essential and steps 3 to 8 needing an ad-hoc life-
cycle assessment (LCA) to be carried out and not always necessary:
     1) Systematic application of life-cycle thinking throughout waste management strategy
        design and implementation (to complement the waste management hierarchy).
     2) Review of relevant LCA literature to rank the environmental performance of
        alternative waste management options, where studied systems are directly comparable
        with available options.
     3) Application of LCA to specific management and technology options for which no
        reliable published literature can be found; this requires procurement of LCA services,
        or in-house use of relevant LCA software.
     4) The careful consideration of system boundaries, that ensures an accurate comparison
        across waste management options, includes system expansion and/or LCA for avoided
        processes (e.g. grid electricity generation).
     5) Compilation and documentation of life-cycle inventories in relation to reference flows,
        if possible using primary data recorded along the value chain, noting data quality and
        uncertainty ranges.
     6) Selection of pertinent impact categories to capture the major environmental burdens.
     7) Presentation of normalised results for relevant impact categories to evaluate
        complementarities or trade-offs, with clear indication of uncertainty errors and
        sensitivity analyses.
     8) Validation of the LCA study by an independent third party (essential requirement
        under ISO 140449 for external dissemination of results, but good practice even when
        only used internally).
Applicability
A full life-cycle assessment is not always necessary. Basic prioritisation of the waste
management options indicated in the waste management hierarchy may be sufficient to
inform best practice in some cases. However, detailed comparison of options ranked similarly
in the waste hierarchy and of management changes that affect the overall waste chain
performance are often required.
Waste management organisations of any size may apply life-cycle thinking and review LCA
studies. Buying bespoke LCA services and/or paying for staff training in LCA may only be
economically viable for larger organisations.
Associated environmental performance indicators and benchmarks of excellence
Environmental performance indicators                       Benchmarks of excellence
(i3) Systematic application of life-cycle thinking,        (b2) The waste management strategy is
and, where necessary, undertaking of life-cycle            designed and implemented on the basis
assessments, throughout waste management                   of systematic application of life-cycle
strategy design and implementation (y/n).                  thinking and, when needed, ad-hoc life-
                                                           cycle assessment studies.
9
  ISO 14044:2006: Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Requirements and guidelines
                                                   11
 ---pagebreak--- 3.1.3.    Economic instruments
It is BEMP to use economic instruments, to steer the behaviour of citizens and organisations
generating waste towards more environmentally friendly results. Economic instruments can
support:
     -  reducing the amount of waste generated or reducing the proportion of hazardous
        waste;
     -  encouraging preparation for reuse and recycling of waste; decreasing incineration and
        landfilling;
     -  improving product design (e.g. encouraging the use of recyclable materials in
        products).
The economic instruments related to waste management cover both incentives (positive
economic signals, e.g. discounts, reward vouchers) and disincentives (negative economic
signals, e.g. taxes, fees, penalties) and can take the form of:
     -  taxes and tax modulation, e.g. waste disposal tax, landfill tax, incineration tax;
     -  product levies (e.g. on plastic bags or construction aggregates);
     -  waste pricing, such as unit-based pricing and pay-as-you-throw (PAYT) schemes;
     -  deposit-refund schemes;
     -  extended producer responsibility schemes;
     -  others, e.g. tradable permits, recycling subsidies, VAT exemptions.
Applicability
The regulatory framework and its enforcement are the main barriers for the application of
economic instruments at local level.
In addition, the existence of environmental awareness, good management skills and
innovation-driven behaviour at the local government level, with some good accounting
practices, are prerequisites for the implementation of local economic instruments, which are
complex to manage from the technical, managerial and social perspectives.
Associated environmental performance indicators and benchmarks of excellence
Environmental performance indicators                 Benchmarks of excellence
                                                     (b3) Economic instruments set at local level
                                                     in the form of taxes and tax modulation,
                                                     product levies, waste pricing, extended
                                                     producer responsibility schemes and
                                                     deposit-refund schemes are systematically
(i4) Use of economic instruments at local level implemented as a mean to achieve the
to stimulate good behaviour (y/n).                   objectives set in the local waste
(i5) Share of residents/businesses using a management strategy.
voluntary economic instrument (%).                   (b4) For local authorities, a deposit refund
                                                     scheme for glasses, cups, dishes and cutlery
                                                     is in place for all festivals and large public
                                                     events organised in the territory of the local
                                                     authority.
                                                 12
 ---pagebreak---  3.1.4.       Link to other relevant reference documents for best practices
 It is BEMP to implement state-of-the-art techniques that maximise resource efficiency and
 minimise environmental impact in the areas of waste treatment (including material recycling,
 energy recovery and waste disposal). Useful reference documents (non-exhaustive list) on
 relevant state-of-the-art techniques that organisations can refer to are:
       -    Reference Document on Best Available Techniques for Waste Treatment10;
       -    End-of-waste criteria11;
       -    Reference Document on Best Available Techniques for Waste Incineration;
       -    EU Landfill Directive (99/31/EC)12.
 Applicability
 This BEMP is targeted to local waste authorities and waste management companies planning
 and carrying out operations in the areas of waste treatment, material recycling, energy
 recovery and waste disposal.
 Associated environmental performance indicators and benchmarks of excellence
 Environmental performance indicators                         Benchmarks of excellence
 (i6) Relevant state-of-the-art techniques
 described in the reference documents listed in -
 this BEMP are implemented (y/n).
3.2.        BEMPs for municipal solid waste
 BEMPs presented in this section deal with the management of municipal solid waste (MSW).
 Strategy BEMPs
3.2.1.      Cost benchmarking
 Choices related to waste management are greatly affected by economic factors; carrying out
 cost benchmarking by comparing the cost structure of a municipality with data of other
 municipalities is BEMP as it allows the identification of optimisation options which may open
 the door to more environmentally friendly practices. Cost benchmarking can be carried out
 internally, by an independent third party or in cooperation with other municipalities. Cost
 figures analysed typically include costs for waste management services and for the disposal of
 certain waste fractions as well as revenues gained from the sale of waste that is sent to
 preparation for re-use or recycling and other by-products.
 All relevant waste fractions generated within the territory considered and belonging to MSW
 need to be taken into account in the cost benchmarking. Comprehensive analyses include
 10
     For more information on the content of the Best Available Techniques Reference Documents and a full
    explanation of terms and acronyms, please refer to the European Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control
    Bureau website: http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/.
 11
     End-of-waste criteria were introduced by Article 6 of the Waste Framework Directive of December 2008
    (2008/98/EC).               More               information             is            available               at:
    http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/framework/end_of_waste.htm
 12
     For more information on the content on the Landfill Directive and access to the full text, please refer to the
    following website: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/landfill_index.htm.
                                                         13
 ---pagebreak---  costs for waste collection, waste treatment (sorting, recovery, disposal, etc.) including the
 management of closed landfills, staff costs and all other waste-management-related costs.
 Applicability
 Cost benchmarking can be applied within an area (at local or national level) where waste
 management conditions are comparable and where there is a uniform legal framework.
 However, in some cases, strong deviations occur due to specific conditions. Cost
 benchmarking is particularly relevant for areas with poorly performing waste management
 systems, in order to support the shift to better performing waste management options.
 Associated environmental performance indicators and benchmarks of excellence
 Environmental performance indicators                       Benchmarks of excellence
 (i7) Regular participation        in  a   detailed   cost
 benchmarking study (y/n).
                                                            -
 (i8) Total MSW management cost per resident per
 year (EUR/capita/year).
3.2.2.    Advanced waste monitoring
 The development and implementation of an efficient and effective waste management strategy
 is based on detailed knowledge of statistical data for the waste streams collected and managed
 at local level.
 It is thus BEMP to:
      -   regularly collect and process available data at single waste stream level, and for the
          different steps of the collection, reuse/preparation for reuse, sorting, recycling,
          recovery and disposal processes;
      -   regularly carry out a composition analysis of the mixed waste;
      -   when waste management operations are contracted out, include contract clauses for
          the systematic communication of comprehensive data.
 Waste monitoring data are useful both for internal analysis (such as evaluating the potential
 implementation of a new measure) and for sharing with the relevant public administration and
 citizens to drive improvement and awareness.
 Applicability
 Detailed waste monitoring is applicable to all local authorities and waste management
 companies managing municipal solid waste. For organisations starting the process, waste
 monitoring may focus first on the most relevant waste fractions and eventually be extended to
 all fractions step by step.
 Associated environmental performance indicators and benchmarks of excellence
 Environmental performance indicators                   Benchmarks of excellence
 (i9) Use of web-based tools for tracking and (b5) Composition analysis of mixed
 reporting waste data (y/n).                            waste is carried out at least four times a
 (i10) Frequency of composition analysis of mixed year (during different seasons) every
 waste (one composition analysis every # months three years or after any substantial
                                                  14
 ---pagebreak---  or years).                                                   change of the waste management system.
3.2.3.     Pay-as-you-throw
 The aim of pay-as-you-throw (PAYT) is to enact the polluter pays principle in a fair way by
 charging users of the waste management system according to the amount of waste they
 generate.
 It is BEMP to charge waste fees to users based on a fixed plus variable fee component, to
 reflect the cost structure of waste management and align incentives for users (i.e. lower fee
 when less waste is produced) and waste collectors (i.e. revenue stability from the fixed fee
 component).
 In practice, the system can be implemented in various forms, typically:
      -    volume-based schemes (choice of container size);
      -    sack-based schemes (number of waste sacks used), e.g. with prepaid specific sacks;
      -    weight-based schemes (the weight of the waste collected in a given container);
      -    frequency-based schemes (the frequency with which a container is left out for
           collection – this approach can be combined with volume- and weight-based schemes).
 The scheme can be focused on charging for residual waste only or also separated streams, still
 with the aim of fostering source separation and waste prevention.
 The four key elements enabling the implementation of a PAYT scheme are:
      -    the identification of individual users13;
      -    the measurement of waste streams at the individual user level (e.g. from door-to-door
           collection, street containers or at civic amenity sites);
      -    the definition of a unit pricing that effectively drives behavioural change;
      -    the engagement of residents to ensure a correct understanding of the features of the
           scheme and their buy-in and commitment (this is important to avoid illegal dumping
           or the transfer of waste in other territories not served by a PAYT scheme).
 Applicability
 While the approach is broadly applicable, existing infrastructure must be adapted (e.g.
 collection). Door-to-door collection is usually necessary to fully implement PAYT principles.
 Precautions must be taken to ensure that enforcement is ensured (e.g. no 'leakage' into the
 MSW of adjacent local authorities with no PAYT or into litter bins on the streets). This is
 more feasible when there is already an existing awareness of users regarding source-
 separation and broader environment and waste issues.
 Depending on the implementation (e.g. in case of user identification of individual bins or
 bags), appropriate measures are needed to deal correctly with data privacy and confidentiality
 (e.g. secure data storage).
 Associated environmental performance indicators and benchmarks of excellence
 Environmental                      performance Benchmarks of excellence
 indicators
 13
    The first two elements are not needed in PAYT schemes based on prepaid sacks.
                                                      15
 ---pagebreak---  (i11) A pay-as-you-throw system is in (b6) A pay-as-you-throw system is in place,
 place (y/n).                                   according to which at least 40 % of the cost is
                                                charged to the users depending on the quantity
 (i12) Inclusion of waste conferred to (kg or m³) of mixed waste collected, the size of
 civic amenity sites in the PAYT system the waste collection bins and/or the number of
 (y/n).                                         collection rounds.
 (i13) Share of users with zero waste (b7) The PAYT system also includes the waste
 generation (%).                                conferred to civic amenity sites.
3.2.4.   Performance-based waste management contracting
 It is BEMP for local authorities that contract out the delivery of certain MSW management
 services to private suppliers to include performance-based contract clauses. Performance-
 based contracting can ensure that both environmental and financial objectives are met.
 Three main characteristics are inherent to a performance-based contract:
      -  definition of a series of objectives and indicators to measure contractor performance;
      -  collection of data on the performance indicators to assess the implementation of the
         service;
      -  good or bad performance impacting the contractor (higher revenue or penalties).
 It is important for local authorities to base the performance clauses on a full set of indicators
 (for example taking inspiration from the indicators presented in Section 3.3) and appropriate
 monitoring. Special care needs to be taken in defining a baseline and bearing in mind the
 influence of the variation in external conditions (economic, social, regulations, etc.) on the
 benchmark mechanism.
 Applicability
 The existence of an effective waste management performance monitoring system is a
 prerequisite to performance-based waste monitoring system (building on internal management
 practices to expand to contract management).
 When switching to a performance-based contract for the first time, it is also important to
 establish a dialogue with the prospective contractors and all stakeholders involved, in order to
 learn what is technically achievable and economically feasible.
 Associated environmental performance indicators and benchmarks of excellence
 Environmental performance indicators                        Benchmarks of excellence
 (i14) Share of the contract value depending on the
 achievement of the environmental objectives or of the
 defined environmental performance levels (%).
                                                             -
 (i15) Customer satisfaction (% of residents satisfied
 with household waste collection and specifically with
 the collection of the separately collected fractions).
                                                  16
 ---pagebreak--- 3.2.5.   Awareness-raising
 Best practice in awareness-raising is to effectively encourage waste prevention, reuse and
 recycling behaviour within the waste collection catchment area. Ultimately, this should
 translate into improved performance across key waste generation and separation indicators.
 Best practice awareness-raising campaigns need to:
      -  ensure continuity, consistency, complementarity and clarity of all communications
         with well-defined aims and objectives;
      -  create clear messages appropriate to, and directed at, well-defined target audiences;
      -  ensure efficient delivery through the integration of activities and clear lines of
         responsibility.
 Examples of two major barriers to recycling that may be overcome by awareness raising are:
      -  lack of knowledge: not knowing which waste materials to put in which container, or
         not understanding the local recycling scheme (e.g. collection days, etc.).
      -  attitudes and perceptions: not accepting there is a need to recycle, being insufficiently
         motivated to avoid and sort waste.
 Awareness campaigns for citizens may be delivered directly by the waste management
 organisation, by professional agencies on their behalf, or by partner organisations (including
 stakeholders in other sectors).
 A whole range of communication channels can be used, which can include advertising, public
 relations, direct marketing, community engagement, online engagement, social media and
 product labelling.
 Applicability
 Awareness-raising can be implemented at some level in any context.
 Associated environmental performance indicators and benchmarks of excellence
 Environmental performance indicators                Benchmarks of excellence
 (i16) Budget spent on awareness-raising per (b8)              Awareness       campaigns       are
 resident per year (EUR/capita/year).                systematically implemented for different
 (i17) Share of total MSW management budget types of target groups (e.g. pupils, general
                                                     public, users of civic amenity sites) and
 spent on awareness-raising (%).
                                                     the annual budget devoted to awareness-
 (i18) Share of population in the waste raising activities is at least EUR 5 per
 management catchment area having received resident.
 awareness-raising messages over a given time
 period (e.g. % of population per month).
3.2.6.   Establishment of a network of waste advisers
 It is BEMP to set up a network of waste advisers (also called “waste (prevention) officers”,
 “recycling officers”, “waste (prevention) consultants”) at local level in order to raise the
 awareness of the general public (residents and small businesses delivering their waste to the
 local MSW management system).
 The use of waste advisers is especially relevant to address specific issues by targeting a
 specific territory or audience with a poor separate collection rate or high contamination in
                                                17
 ---pagebreak---  separately collected fractions in order to deliver an adapted answer, as waste advisers can
 interact face to face.
 Waste advisers typically have a prior qualification in the environmental field as well as
 knowledge of the practices of waste minimisation, reuse and recycling, and can be volunteers,
 part-time or full-time staff. Waste advisers can perform a range of activities, such as:
     -   make residents and small businesses aware of the environmental issues related to
         waste generation and management;
     -   inform residents and small businesses about the waste collection rules and how the
         different fractions are treated and recycled;
     -   provide residents and small businesses with guidance to identify possibilities to reduce
         or better manage (e.g. better source separation) their waste;
     -   work with residents and small businesses on specific waste streams that are considered
         more problematic (food waste, textiles, nappies, etc.);
     -   carry out engagement actions targeted to specific audiences (e.g. children/teenagers,
         pensioners, businesses, foreign-language speakers);
     -   gain a better understanding of what happens on the ground (drivers, reasons,
         shortfalls).
 Applicability
 This BEMP can be implemented at any level. However, waste advisers' scope of action is
 more focused on the local level since they address operational issues (waste prevention and
 recycling guidelines).
 Associated environmental performance indicators and benchmarks of excellence
 Environmental performance indicators                  Benchmarks of excellence
 (i19) Share of population in the waste (b9) A network of waste advisers is in
 management catchment area advised by waste place with at least one waste adviser per
 advisers over a given time period (e.g. % of 20 000 residents.
 population per month).
 (i20) Number of waste advisers per 100 000
 residents.
3.2.7.   Home and community composting
 In cases when home and community composting is the most appropriate waste management
 option for biowaste based on the waste management strategy adopted and/or on an LCA study
 on waste management options (see sections 3.1.1 and 3.1.2), it is BEMP to:
     -   Systematically deploy and promote home and community composting, keeping track
         of the number of residents involved, registering where composting equipment is
         installed and operated.
     -   Organise initial awareness-raising campaigns through graphic material, public
         meetings, waste advisers, etc. (see sections 3.2.5 and 3.2.6) informing and training
         residents about home and community composting, its benefits, its correct operation (in
         order to limit methane emissions and pollution to soil, and ensure that the output is
         good quality compost), which biowaste is suitable, etc.
                                                 18
 ---pagebreak---      -  Regularly update and train residents on the correct operation of home and community
        composting.
     -  Regularly monitor home and community composting sites. A number of representative
        sites can be inspected every year to check the correct operation of composting and
        ensure its environmental benefits.
Applicability
In cases when home and community composting is the most appropriate waste management
option for biowaste, there are no major restrictions to implementing this BEMP. However, the
success of home and community composting as an environmental management strategy is
highly dependent on the management of the waste separation and composting process by
citizens who must be first engaged to motivate them to separate organic waste, and then
trained to correctly manage the composting process. Additional effort is required to organise
home and community composting in urban areas.
Associated environmental performance indicators and benchmarks of excellence
Environmental performance indicators                      Benchmarks of excellence
(i21) Share of population doing home composting or
to which community composting is available (% of
total population in the waste management catchment
area).
(i22)     Share      of   population      implementing
home/community composting correctly, on the basis         (b10) All residents have access to
of an annual visit and analysis of the compost            either separate collection of biowaste
produced (% of the population doing home                  or home and community composting
composting or to which community composting is            of biowaste.
available).
(i23) System in place for regular follow-up with
residents doing home composting (y/n).
(i24) Share of home composters visited annually (%
of the households doing home composting).
BEMPs for waste prevention
3.2.8.    Local waste prevention programmes
It is BEMP to put in place waste prevention measures that target both households and public
and private organisations. Some examples are adoption of local plastic bag charges, support
for the setup of repair shops, introduction of product/material exchange areas in the territory
as well as cooperation with social economy organisations, NGOs and restaurants to encourage
the development of agreements for the reduction of food waste, thanks to donations. Waste
prevention measures can be identified by:
     -  assessing current waste generation patterns in the territory;
     -  prioritising the most relevant waste streams in terms of prevention potential, such as
        food waste and biowaste, paper/cardboard, plastic (packaging), glass and textiles;
                                               19
 ---pagebreak---      -  Elaborating a local waste prevention strategy involving the relevant stakeholders (e.g.
        residents, local businesses, social economy organisations, NGOs);
     -  Monitoring the results of the waste prevention measures adopted and, in light of the
        results, reviewing the waste prevention strategy.
Applicability
Waste prevention measures need to be carefully selected based on local circumstances and
well implemented (e.g. some may need support by financial incentives) but there are suitable
measures for any context.
Although some key waste prevention instruments can only be pursued at the international or
national level (e.g. product policy, value-added taxation), there is also scope for action at the
regional and local levels.
Associated environmental performance indicators and benchmarks of excellence
Environmental performance indicators                      Benchmarks of excellence
(i25) Establishment of a local waste prevention (b11) Waste prevention has strategic
plan, including long-term and short-term targets relevance in the waste management
and provisions for regular monitoring (y/n).              strategy, which includes a local waste
(i26) Budget dedicated to waste prevention prevention programme underpinning
programmes         per      resident      per      year long-term (i.e. 10–20 years) and short-
                                                          term (i.e. 1–5 years) waste prevention
(EUR/capita/year).
                                                          targets and including provisions for
(i27) Share of total MSW management budget regular monitoring.
devoted to waste prevention (%).
(i28) Number of stakeholders             involved    in
prevention programmes.
3.2.9.   Schemes fostering the re-use of products and the preparation for re-use of waste
It is BEMP to encourage diversion of reusable products away from waste streams and into
reuse streams, through the active establishment or facilitation of second-hand and municipal
exchange markets (via repair workshops where necessary) or charity collections.
Additionally, waste management organisations can send certain waste streams to preparation
for reuse by establishing or facilitating the creation of reuse/repair centres.
The BEMP covers four key measures:
     -  collect products suitable for reuse before these are considered waste, repair them if
        needed, and distribute or sell them to residents and organisations, including charities;
     -  collect waste items suitable for reuse, have them prepared for reuse, and distribute or
        sell them to residents and organisations, including charities;
     -  establish effective information exchanges to advertise the demand for, and market the
        availability of, reusable used products;
     -  monitor the output (regardless of whether their input is classified as waste or product)
        of repair and reuse centres which have been accredited based on Annex IV to the
        Waste Framework Directive (2008/98/EC).
Applicability
                                                 20
 ---pagebreak--- This BEMP applies to all waste management organisations that handle any type of reusable
items, in particular garments, furniture and electrical and electronic equipment.
Associated environmental performance indicators and benchmarks of excellence
Environmental performance indicators                       Benchmarks of excellence
(i29) Number of reuse centres/community repair (b12) In civic amenity sites,
points per 100 000 residents.                              products/materials exchange areas
(i30) Number or quantity (i.e. weight or volume) of aimed at fostering reuse are
end-of-life products collected for reuse and waste available.
items sent for preparation for reuse.
(i31) Annual number of customers of the reuse
centres/community repair points.
(i32) Availability of products/materials exchange
areas aimed at fostering reuse in civic amenity sites
(y/n).
BEMPs for waste collection
3.2.10. Waste collection strategy
It is BEMP to design and implement a waste collection strategy that considers:
     -  the main features of the waste management strategy (e.g. number of separately
        collected waste fractions);
     -  the targets set in the waste management strategy (e.g. share of separately collected
        waste out of the total waste collected, impurity rates of the separately collected
        fractions, revenues from recyclables);
     -  the characteristics of the collection area (e.g. population density and main housing
        types);
     -  the current environmental attitudes and perceptions of residents;
     -  any other specific condition affecting waste collection (e.g. the relevant presence of
        tourists/commuters, specific economic activities, climate).
The main goal of a waste collection strategy is to collect, in a timely and economical manner,
as much correctly source separated waste as possible, in order to ease the subsequent waste
sorting/treatment with the aim to maximise recycling. In many cases, these objectives can be
pursued by setting up the following:
     -  frequent door-to-door separate collection of food waste (e.g. weekly or more often
        depending on the season and climate);
     -  less frequent collection of mixed waste (e.g. every two weeks);
     -  door-to-door collection of recyclables (e.g. paper, cardboard, cans, plastics, glass),
        individually source separated where public acceptability allows, otherwise co-mingled
        and sorted at a material recovery facility; glass, followed by paper and cardboard, is
        more often more effectively collected separately;
     -  a convenient network of civic amenity sites (see section 3.2.12) that accept all waste
        fractions not collected door-to-door or in street containers from households, including
        hazardous waste and biowaste.
                                                21
 ---pagebreak--- Applicability
The prevailing socio-economic status and recycling consciousness within the area from which
waste is collected needs to be considered in the definition of the waste collection strategy.
More costly strategies, such as door-to-door collection, may prove more cost-effective once
fully running, but require initial investment.
Associated environmental performance indicators and benchmarks of excellence
Environmental performance indicators                                 Benchmarks of excellence
(i33) Participation rate, i.e. the share of the population (b13) Door-to-door waste collection
using the waste collection system14 (%).                             of at least four waste fractions15 is
(i34) Share of the local area covered with a specific implemented in the whole territory in
                                                                     which MSW is managed.
waste collection system (%).
(i15) Customer satisfaction (% of residents satisfied
with household waste collection and specifically with
the collection of the separately collected fractions).
(i35) Collection of bulky waste on demand (y/n).
3.2.11. Inter-municipal cooperation among small municipalities
It is BEMP for small and medium municipalities to adopt inter-municipal cooperation that
allows the implementation of measures that would be too costly for them to implement alone
and can result in the improved environmental performance of the waste management system.
Municipalities can join together to operate or contract out some waste management services,
with the aim of delivering economies of scale and building critical mass.
Inter-municipal cooperation makes it possible for the municipalities involved to:
      -    share administrative overheads,
      -    reduce unit costs and improve service quality through economies of scale,
      -    attract investment funds reserved for projects of a specified minimum size (e.g. EU
           structural funds and other investment mechanisms) and
      -    enhance economic performance through coordinated planning while allowing better
           environmental protection.
Applicability
There are no specific barriers for the application of inter-municipal cooperation in waste
management. However, benefits from the economy of scale are only evident for small and
medium municipalities.
Associated environmental performance indicators and benchmarks of excellence
Environmental performance indicators                                 Benchmarks of excellence
  14
      Data is usually available, based on estimations, surveys, how often the bin for recyclables is left out for
     collection, etc.
  15
     In areas where different waste fractions are collected co-mingled (e.g. metal and plastic waste packaging) the
     co-mingled fraction is considered one fraction.
                                                          22
 ---pagebreak--- (i36) Implementation of inter-municipal cooperation
                                                           -
with other municipalities (y/n).
3.2.12. Civic amenity sites
As a key complement to an effective door-to-door (kerbside) collection of the most common
waste fractions, it is BEMP to run civic amenity sites (also called container parks, collection
centres, clean points, ecopoints, recovery sites, waste parks, etc.) where citizens and small
businesses can drop off as many waste fractions as possible for separate collection.
Elements of best practice for civic amenity sites include the following:
     -  Presence of at least a civic amenity site in the local authority or regular periodical
        presence of a mobile site.
     -  Separate collection of as many fractions as possible and the possibility to drop off any
        household waste.
     -  Training of the staff of the civic amenity sites to maximise recycling, recovery and
        appropriate safe disposal.
     -  Watertight paved area and collection of run-off water for appropriate treatment.
     -  Proximity of the sites to citizens (e.g. accessible without a car by a large share of the
        population), also thanks to mobile/temporary collection sites.
     -  Long opening hours to enhance convenience for citizens. These may change across
        seasons (especially for green cuttings).
Applicability
The concept of collection centres is broadly applicable. The ultimate recyclability of the waste
streams collected also depends on the availability of downstream markets.
Associated environmental performance indicators and benchmarks of excellence
Environmental performance indicators                       Benchmarks of excellence
                                                           (b14) For municipalities with at least
                                                           1 000 residents, there is at least one
(i37) Number of civic amenity sites per 100 000 civic amenity site in their territory or
residents.                                                 regular periodical presence of a
(i38) Number of different fractions collected at the mobile site.
civic amenity sites.                                       (b15) At the civic amenity sites, at
(i32) Availability of product/material exchange areas least 20 different waste fractions are
aimed at fostering reuse in civic amenity sites (y/n).     collected.
(i39) Easy accessibility of civic amenity sites, e.g. (b16) In civic amenity sites,
without a car (y/n).                                       product/material exchange areas
                                                           aimed at fostering reuse are
                                                           available.
3.2.13. Logistic optimisation for waste collection
It is BEMP to optimise the logistics of waste collection by:
                                                23
 ---pagebreak---       -    installing where appropriate an alternative collection system to road transport, such as
           a pneumatic system in urban areas;
      -    using Computerised Vehicle Routing and Scheduling (CVRS) technology to optimise
           collection rounds;
      -    exploring collaboration opportunities with neighbouring waste management
           organisations;
      -    benchmarking fuel/energy consumption and/or CO2 emissions;
      -    incorporating one or more environmental metrics, such as cumulative energy demand
           (CED) and/or CO2 emissions, in network design and route optimisation algorithms;
      -    installing telematics equipment into collection vehicles for real-time route
           optimisation based on GPS and training drivers in eco-driving techniques.
Applicability
All organisations involved in waste collection can implement some degree of logistics
optimisation (e.g. planning the location of waste bins). However, the actions are limited in
some cases by existing organisational structures (e.g. on-going contracts for outsourced waste
collection services).
In terms of collection strategy optimisation, logistics optimisation is secondary to optimising
recycling.
Pneumatic waste collection systems are more suitable for densely populated areas and are
easier to install in new developments than in existing urban areas.
Associated environmental performance indicators and benchmarks of excellence
Environmental performance indicators                                    Benchmarks of excellence
(i40) Fuel consumption               per     tonne      of    waste
collected16(litres/t).
                                                                        -
(i41) Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions per tonne of
waste and km travelled (kg CO2e/tkm).
3.2.14. Low-emission vehicles
It is BEMP to improve the fuel consumption and emissions of waste collection vehicles.
Priority technology options include:
      -    stop/start and idle shut-off;
      -    low rolling resistance tyres;
      -    hybrid vehicles;
      -    dedicated natural gas/biomethane vehicles or dual-fuel vehicles (diesel/gas);
      -    electrically powered vehicles.
Applicability
16
   Depending on the waste collection system in place (e.g. vehicles and/or pneumatic collection, type of vehicles)
   and the data available, more useful alternatives to this indicator can be: primary energy consumption per tonne
   of waste collected, cumulative energy demand per tonne of waste collected, GHG emissions per tonne of waste
   collected.
                                                          24
 ---pagebreak--- This BEMP is broadly applicable. The presence of filling or recharging stations is less of an
issue for refuse collection than other types of transport because vehicles are usually operated
over a limited distance and the fleet is run from a centralised waste depot where refuelling can
take place.
Compressed natural gas (CNG) is available in all EU Member States. Biomethane may not be
available in many regions, but wet organic waste (e.g. food waste) can be used to produce
biogas that can be upgraded to transport biomethane.
Associated environmental performance indicators and benchmarks of excellence
Environmental performance indicators                        Benchmarks of excellence
(i42) Average fuel consumption of the waste (b17) All new waste collection
collection vehicles (litres/100 km).                        vehicles purchased or leased by the
(i43) Share of vehicles that are Euro 6 in the total waste management organisation are
                                                            Euro 6 and are fuelled by either
waste collection vehicle fleet (%).
                                                            compressed natural gas or biogas, or
(i44) Share of waste collection vehicles that are are hybrid or electric.
hybrid, electric, natural-gas- or biogas-powered (%).
BEMPs for extended producer responsibility schemes
3.2.15. Best use of incentives by producer responsibility organisations
It is BEMP for producer responsibility organisations (PROs) to enhance the performance of
their extended producer responsibility (EPR) scheme by setting up incentives (going beyond
legal requirements) that drive increased separate collection, reuse and recycling rates for the
waste collected under the EPR. Actions that PROs can implement include:
     -  motivating citizens to source separate waste more and better through innovative
        communication actions, such as competitions among territories;
     -  close cooperation (financial, technical and/or logistic) with public authorities at
        regional/local level;
     -  cooperation with social economy actors for the collection and reuse of products;
     -  incentivising producers to design more sustainable products (e.g. via “fee
        modulation”);
     -  benchmarking environmental achievements of different areas covered by the EPR
        scheme, e.g. at the level of the territories of public authorities at a regional/local level.
Applicability
The actual leverage that a PRO has on the EPR depends on the national setup and legal
allocation of roles and responsibilities. For the application of some incentives, proper
allocation of finances is needed. For this, the governance structure of the PRO may play a role
(owned by producers or not, for or not for profit, etc.).
Associated environmental performance indicators and benchmarks of excellence
Environmental performance indicators                        Benchmarks of excellence
(i45) Recycling rate (% of waste that is actually -
recycled or sent for recycling out of the total waste
                                                  25
 ---pagebreak--- covered by the EPR scheme).
(i46) Preparation for reuse rate (% of waste that is
delivered as input to a centre for preparation for reuse
out of the total waste covered by the EPR scheme).
(i47) (applicable at the local level for a specific local
area where the EPR scheme is in place) Share of EPR-
covered products found in residual waste based on
composition analysis (% of the total quantity of mixed
waste).
(i48) (applicable for a specific national, regional or
local area where an EPR scheme for packaging waste
is in place) Share of EPR-covered packaging that is
targeted by the selective separate collection system
(% of the total quantity of EPR-covered packaging put
on the market).
BEMPs for waste treatment
3.2.16. Sorting of co-mingled light packaging waste to maximise recycling yields for
         high-quality output
When light packaging waste (i.e. packaging made of plastics, composites, aluminium and
steel, sometimes also including fibres (paper and cardboard)) is collected together (co-
mingled), it is BEMP to implement advanced sorting of the co-mingled packaging waste in
materials recovery facilities (MRF).
A typical state-of-the-art plant has five main technical sections:
    -   Feeding and preconditioning: this includes opening bags and feeding a constant flow
        of input material.
    -   Pre-sorting: this involves removing unsuitable items.
    -   Sorting: this includes several steps, e.g. separating fibre from containers; sorting fibre;
        sorting metal containers by using magnets, eddy currents or X-ray; first sorting of
        plastic containers by polymer (e.g. separation of PET bottles from other plastic
        containers).
    -   Refining: this consists of additional sorting steps, such as further sorting of polymers
        by type (e.g. HDPE, PP) and colour in order for the material output quality to meet
        market requirements. Quality control is performed by automatic or manual sorting.
    -   Product handling: this section consists of the baling processes and product storage as
        bales, loose material or in containers; product handling can also include loading
        operations for further downstream processes.
As MRFs tend to receive and sort materials from different local collection schemes, with
varying compositions, a state-of-the-art MRF must have the flexibility to efficiently
accommodate these variations.
Applicability
In principle, there are no barriers to building and operating a packaging waste sorting plant.
However, careful planning (especially considering the collection schemes in place, the plant
                                                 26
 ---pagebreak--- capacity and the availability of markets for the sorted materials) is required as part of an
integrated waste management concept. An important factor that needs to be determined is the
optimal plant capacity. Finally, the impurity rates of co-mingled light packaging waste
delivered to the plant affect its operations, performance (e.g. plant sorting rate) and economics
(e.g. processing costs, revenues from recyclable fractions).
Associated environmental performance indicators and benchmarks of excellence
Environmental performance indicators                                Benchmarks of excellence
(i49) Plant sorting rate (weight %), calculated as the              (b18) Material recovery facilities
annual quantity of materials sent for recycling divided             sorting co-mingled light packaging
by the annual quantity of co-mingled packaging waste                waste have a plant sorting rate of at
processed17.                                                        least 88 %.
(i50) Energy efficiency (kJ/t), calculated as the annual
total energy consumption of the plant divided by the
quantity of co-mingled packaging waste processed.
(i51) GHG emissions (t CO2e/t), calculated as the
annual total CO2 equivalent emissions of the plant
(Scope 1 and 2) divided by the quantity of co-mingled
packaging waste processed.
3.2.17. Processing of mixed plastic packaging waste to maximise recycling yields for
            high-quality output
It is BEMP to process separately collected mixed plastic packaging waste into individual
material streams that can be transformed into valuable high-quality secondary raw materials
and recycled products. The process encompasses the following steps:
      -   sorting flexible plastic packaging waste from the rigid items (film sorting) by using
          film grabbers, air drum or ballistic separators followed by a manual quality assurance
          step;
      -   sorting plastic bottles and other rigid items by polymer and colour with optical sorting
          systems;
      -   reducing sorted film and residual rigid items (as separate flows) in flakes by using
          granulators;
      -   cleaning flaked plastic packaging using friction cleaning (dry or wet grinding
          systems);
      -   separating and washing flaked plastics packaging by polymer and colour by using
          optical sorting systems or density separation technologies;
      -   extruding flaked material into pellets.
Applicability
Good waste collection systems and the good quality of the collected materials need to be
assured in order for the recycled output to be suitable for the market. Current market trends
towards more complex multi-layer and multi-material plastic products also make mixed
17
    This indicator can be calculated for the overall co-mingled packaging waste as well as by individual output
   stream, based on composition analysis of the co-mingled packaging waste processed
                                                        27
 ---pagebreak--- plastics sorting and reprocessing much more difficult. As with the previous BEMP, there are
no general barriers to building and operating such a plant. However, careful planning and
determination of the optimal plant capacity are important.
Associated environmental performance indicators and benchmarks of excellence
Environmental performance indicators                                  Benchmarks of excellence
(i52) Plant processing rate (weight %), calculated as                 (b19) Plastic recovery facilities
the annual quantity of materials sent for recycling                   processing mixed plastic packaging
divided by the annual quantity of mixed plastic                       waste have a plant processing rate of
packaging waste processed18.                                          at least 60 %.
(i50) Energy efficiency (kJ/t), calculated as the annual
total energy consumption of the plant divided by the
quantity of mixed plastic packaging waste processed.
(i51) GHG emissions (t CO2e/t), calculated as the
annual total CO2 equivalent emissions of the plant
(scope 1 and 2) divided by the quantity of mixed
plastic packaging waste processed.
(i53) Water use (m3/t), calculated as the annual total
water used on site divided by the quantity of mixed
plastic packaging waste processed.
3.2.18. Treatment of mattresses for improved recycling of materials
It is BEMP to sanitise and disassemble end-of-life mattresses, separating and sorting the
different materials by type.
Five main technical operations can be identified in a best performing end-of-life mattress
treatment facility:
      -    feeding and storage: reception (unloading) and dry storage to avoid contamination,
           sorting by type;
      -    sanitising: applying chemical or heat treatments for sterilisation;
      -    filleting: cutting the mattress' outer fabric cover and the binding flanges;
      -    disassemble and sorting: separating and sorting the different materials by type;
      -    handling materials: baling processes, product storage as bales, loose material (sorting
           residues) or in containers (metals), before delivery to downstream processes (e.g.
           recycling of metals).
The disassembling and sorting operations can be carried out mechanically or (more
commonly) manually.
Applicability
There are no main technical barriers to the applicability of this BEMP. The simplicity of the
treatment process does not require significant investments, even for the most automated
processes.
18
    This indicator can be calculated for the overall mixed plastic packaging waste as well as by individual output
   stream, based on composition analysis of the mixed plastic packaging waste processed
                                                         28
 ---pagebreak--- The most important obstacles for mattress recycling are identified as follows:
    -   economic factors, notably the low cost of landfilling and the low quality of the
        materials arising from mattresses, linked to the need to store end-of-life mattresses in a
        clean and dry place and current mattress designs preventing easy disassembly;
    -   the low treatment capacity of the facilities, limited by the end-of-life mattress flow
        collectable in the area surrounding the plant at affordable transport costs.
Associated environmental performance indicators and benchmarks of excellence
Environmental performance indicators                        Benchmarks of excellence
(i54) Plant sorting rate (weight %), calculated as the (b20) Facilities treating waste
annual quantity of materials sent for recycling divided mattresses have a plant sorting rate
by the annual quantity of waste mattresses processed. of at least 91 %.
(i50) Energy efficiency (kJ/t), calculated as the annual
total energy consumption of the plant divided by the
quantity of waste mattresses processed.
(i51) GHG emissions (t CO2e/t), calculated as the
annual total CO2 equivalent emissions of the plant
(scope 1 and 2) divided by the quantity of waste
mattresses processed.
3.2.19. Treatment of absorbent hygiene products for improved recycling of materials
It is BEMP to treat separately collected absorbent hygiene products (AHP) waste for
recycling.
The core process is a thermal treatment in an autoclave, an horizontal cylindrical vessel where
the AHP waste is sanitized and opened. The output solid stream is then shredded and
separated through a mechanical process into the two AHP components: polypropylene and
polyethylene plastics and cellulose fibres, which can be sent for recycling.
Applicability
This BEMP is broadly applicable as no particular geographical or technical barriers exist.
However, some specific conditions can influence the technical and economic viability of this
treatment solution:
    -   implementation of a selective collection scheme for AHP waste as a prerequisite;
    -   minimum plant treatment capacity of 8 000 t/year;
    -   transport distance from collection areas to the plant and costs for landfilling and
        incineration;
    -   population density in the collection area;
    -   criteria and rules for recognising the end-of-waste and local market for recovered
        materials (plastic and cellulose).
Associated environmental performance indicators and benchmarks of excellence
Environmental performance indicators                        Benchmarks of excellence
                                                29
 ---pagebreak---  (i55) Plant sorting rate (weight %), calculated as the (b21) Facilities treating absorbent
 annual quantity of materials sent for recycling divided hygiene products waste have a plant
 by the annual quantity of AHP waste processed.                            sorting rate of at least 90 %.
 (i50) Energy efficiency (kJ/t), calculated as the annual
 total energy consumption of the plant divided by the
 quantity of AHP waste processed.
 (i51) GHG emissions (t CO2e/t), calculated as the
 annual total CO2 equivalent emissions of the plant
 (scope 1 and 2) divided by the quantity of AHP waste
 processed.
 (i53) Water use (m3/t), calculated as annual total
 water used on-site divided by the quantity of AHP
 waste processed.
3.3.        Common environmental performance indicators for municipal solid waste
 In addition to the indicators set in the individual BEMPs on MSW, this section of the
 document defines environmental performance indicators that can be used to assess the
 performance of municipal solid waste management systems.
 Each indicator presented in this section only assesses certain elements of the performance of
 the MSW management system. For a comprehensive understanding, the different indicators
 should be analysed together.
 Indicators for the overall municipal solid waste management system
 3.3.1.      MSW generation
 This indicator measures the annual amount of total MSW19 generated per resident20. This
 indicator is useful to monitor the overall waste generation trends as well as the results of any
 effort to promote waste prevention.
 Environmental performance Benchmark of excellence
 indicator
                                            (b22) The annual generation of MSW in the territory
                                            administered or managed (collected by all the different
 (i56)         MSW           generation waste collection systems available in the area) is:
 (kg/capita/year).
                                             - lower than 75% of the national average of municipal
                                                 waste generation21, using the national definition of
                                                 municipal waste of their own country; or
                                             - lower than 360 kg/capita, if calculated only for the
 19
     In the calculation of this indicator and the ones in section 3.3.2, 3.3.3, 3.3.4 and 3.3.7, the annual amount of
    total municipal solid waste generated can be substituted by the annual amount of total household waste
    generated, if data just for household waste is known.
 20
     In the calculation of this indicator and the ones in section 3.3.2, 3.3.3, 3.3.4 and 3.3.7, the number of residents
 can be substituted by the population equivalent where tourist presence is relevant. The population equivalent is
 calculated based on the presence of tourists over the period considered for the calculation.
 21
     As reported by national authorities or by the statistical office of the European Union (Eurostat)
                                                             30
 ---pagebreak---                                             following waste fractions22:
                                            (i) organic/biowaste (e.g. green cuttings, food, kitchen
                                            waste),
                                            (ii) co-mingled packaging,
                                            (iii) paper and cardboard,
                                            (iv) glass,
                                            (v) plastics,
                                            (vi) metals,
                                            (vii) bulky,
                                            (viii) waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE)
                                            and
                                            (ix) mixed waste.
This indicator takes into account all different MSW streams collected separately by all the
different collection systems available in the territory considered (e.g. door-to-door, civic
amenity sites, street containers). In areas where there is no detailed waste monitoring or where
a part of the waste generated is not collected by the formal municipal waste collection system,
figures on MSW generation could underestimate the real situation. Moreover, this indicator is
affected by external factors that are not related to waste management in the relevant local
area, such as rural/urban location, gross domestic product and consumption patterns, weather
and significant presence of tourists/daily commuters.
3.3.2.      Amount of mixed MSW collected
This indicator measures the annual amount of mixed MSW collected per resident. This
indicator is useful to monitor the MSW separate collection system and its capacity to drive
MSW into the separately collected fractions sent for recycling. In fact, mixed waste,
generally, undergoes less preferred treatment operations, according to the waste hierarchy,
compared to separately collected fractions.
Environmental performance indicator                 Benchmark of excellence
(i57) Amount of mixed waste collected
(kg/capita/year).                                   -
This indicator takes into account the waste collected as non-source separated mixed waste. It
is affected not only by how much waste that should have been source separated has been
delivered as mixed waste, but also by what are the waste fractions for which no separate
collection system is in place. Therefore, the amount of mixed MSW vary significantly
depending on the types of waste collection systems established, e.g. if biowaste is collected
22
    The following fractions have been selected because they are commonly monitored in the EU by local waste
   authorities and waste management companies and they are generally the most relevant fractions (by weight) in
   MSW.
                                                      31
 ---pagebreak--- separately or not, which type of biowaste is admitted in the separately collected fraction.
Moreover, this indicator is affected by external factors that are not related to waste
management in the relevant local area, such as rural/urban location, gross domestic product
and consumption patterns, weather and significant presence of tourists/daily commuters.
3.3.3.     MSW sent to energy recovery and/or disposal
This indicator measures the annual amount of MSW per resident that is treated by either
incineration with energy recovery and/or disposal operations, such as landfilling or
incineration without energy recovery. This indicator is useful to monitor the amount of MSW
treated with less favourable options, compared to recycling, according to the waste hierarchy
(i.e. energy recovery and/or disposal).
Environmental performance indicator                   Benchmarks of excellence
                                                      (b23) The annual amount of collected mixed
(i58) Waste sent to energy recovery MSW sent to energy recovery and/or disposal is:
and/or disposal (kg/capita/year).
                                                         - lower than 15% of the national average of
                                                           municipal waste generation23; or
                                                         - lower than 70 kg/capita.
This indicator takes into account all flows of MSW, sent directly, as mixed waste, or after pre-
treatment (e.g. Mechanical Biological Treatment), to energy recovery and/or disposal. This
indicator includes also the flow of rejects from the sorting/recycling of the separately
collected fractions that are not recycled but sent to energy recovery and/or disposal. In case
information on the flow of rejects from the sorting/recycling of the separately collected
fractions is not available, this indicator can be calculated partially, reporting only the amount
of mixed waste sent to energy recovery and/or disposal. In such case, the local waste authority
(or waste management company) clearly states the elements that are included and those that
are not included in the calculation24.
Finally, this indicator is affected by external factors that are not related to waste management
in the relevant local area, such as rural/urban location, gross domestic product and
consumption patterns, weather and significant presence of tourists/daily commuters.
3.3.4.     MSW sent to disposal
This indicator measures the annual amount of MSW per resident that is sent to disposal, such
as incineration without energy recovery or landfill. This indicator is useful to monitor if the
waste management of MSW has moved up the waste hierarchy: in fact, if waste sent to
disposal decreases, more waste has either been prevented, prepared for reuse, recycled or sent
to energy recovery.
Environmental performance indicator                   Benchmark of excellence
23
   As reported by National Authorities or by the statistical office of the European Union (Eurostat)
24
   For instance, benchmark b23 only refers to the amount of MSW collected as mixed waste and sent to energy
    recovery and/or disposal
                                                         32
 ---pagebreak---                                                         (b24) The annual amount of MSW sent to
(i59)       Waste       sent      to      disposal disposal is:
(kg/capita/year).
                                                          - lower than 2% of the national average of
                                                            municipal waste generation; or
                                                          - lower than 10 kg/capita.
This indicator takes into account all flows of MSW, sent directly, as mixed waste, or after pre-
treatment (e.g. Mechanical Biological Treatment), to disposal. This indicator includes also the
flow of rejects from the sorting/recycling of the separately collected fractions that are not
recycled but sent to disposal. In case information on the flow of rejects from the
sorting/recycling of the separately collected fractions is not available, this indicator can be
calculated partially, reporting only the amount of mixed waste sent to disposal. In such case,
the local waste authority (or waste management company) clearly states the elements that are
included and those that are not included in the calculation.
Finally, this indicator is affected by external factors that are not related to waste management
in the relevant local area, such as rural/urban location, gross domestic product and
consumption patterns, weather and significant presence of tourists/daily commuters.
Waste stream specific indicators
3.3.5.      Capture rate of a specific waste stream
This indicator measures the share of the estimated generation of a specific waste fraction that
is collected separately (e.g. plastic, metal, paper and cardboard, glass and co-mingled
packaging). This indicator is useful to monitor how efficient is a separate waste collection
system in intercepting the recyclable fractions.
Environmental performance indicator                     Benchmarks of excellence
                                                        (b25) The capture rate for waste glass separately
                                                        collected as single fraction (i.e. not in a co-
                                                        mingled collection system) is higher than 90 %.
                                                        (b26) The capture rate for waste paper and
                                                        cardboard separately collected as single fraction
(i60) Capture rate of a specific waste
                                                        (i.e. not in a co-mingled collection system) is
stream (%).
                                                        higher than 85 %.
                                                        (b27) The capture rate for waste metals separately
                                                        collected as single fraction (i.e. not in a co-
                                                        mingled collection system) is higher than 75 %.
                                                        (b28) The capture rate for co-mingled waste
                                                        packaging is higher than 65 %.
This indicator is calculated dividing the total amount collected of a separately collected waste
stream by the total generation of the waste that was targeted by that separate collection,
calculated thanks to the composition analysis of the mixed waste25.
25
   As illustrative example, the capture rate for the separately collected fraction of waste glass is calculated as:
                                                           33
 ---pagebreak--- This indicator can be affected by the presence of a deposit refund scheme for some types of
waste (e.g. plastic bottles) for which data at local level cannot be disaggregated. In this case,
the actual capture rate would be higher than the one calculated, because the amounts of waste
collected by the deposit refund scheme do not appear in the local waste statistics of separately
collected waste fractions.
3.3.6.     Impurity rate of a specific waste stream
This indicator measures the amount of non-target materials in a specific separately collected
waste stream. This indicator is useful to monitor how effective the separate waste collection
is, by assessing the amount of misthrows in the recyclable fractions.
Environmental performance indicator                   Benchmark of excellence
(i61) Impurity rate of a specific waste -
stream (%).
This indicator takes into account the amount of misthrows (resulting from wrong waste source
separation and assessed by composition analysis of separately collected waste fractions),
contained in the separately collected recyclables. The amount of impurities in separately
collected recyclable fractions varies also according to the type of separate collection system in
place, e.g. plastic bottles collected through deposit refund schemes tend to have very low
impurities, while these are considerably higher for co-mingled light packaging.
3.3.7.     Biowaste in mixed waste
This indicator measures the annual amount of biowaste included in mixed waste per resident.
This indicator is useful to monitor how much biowaste is not correctly sorted at the source
and captured by a separate biowaste collection system or used by residents in
home/community composting.
Environmental performance indicator                   Benchmark of excellence
(i62) Biowaste           in     mixed       waste (b29) The annual amount of biowaste in mixed
(kg/capita/year).                                     waste is lower than 10 kg/capita.
The amount of biowaste in mixed waste is calculated from the composition analysis of mixed
waste. The amount of biowaste in mixed waste varies also according to the type of biowaste
separate collection system in place, e.g. which type of biowaste is admitted in the separately
collected fraction, whether home/community composting is available to residents.
                            kg of separately collected glass
  Capture rate for glass=
                          kg of total glass waste generation
  Where:
  total glass waste generation=kg separately collected glass+ kg of glass in mixed waste
  kg of glass in mixed waste=kg of total mixed waste*% of glass in mixed waste
  % of glass in mixed waste is calculated from the composition analysis of the mixed waste.
                                                        34
 ---pagebreak--- 3.4.     BEMPs for construction and demolition waste
  BEMPs presented in this section deal with the management of construction and demolition
 waste (CDW).
3.4.1.   Integrated construction and demolition waste plans
 It is BEMP for local authorities to develop and implement integrated CDW plans that:
      -  Involve stakeholders from the local construction industry, representatives of residents,
         local business associations, and relevant public actors;
      -  Prioritise waste prevention in construction projects through instruments oriented to the
         industry and public administration, such as a demolition code of practice and
         promotion of appropriate green public procurement provisions;
      -  Establish minimum requirements for waste sorting and management in construction
         sites of a certain size, e.g. requirements for a site waste management plan (SWMP), or
         required fractions to be separated;
      -  Identify and quantify future flows of waste, ensure the local urban development plan
         allocates sufficient areas for collection and treatment of CDW;
      -  Calculate the total costs and the impact of implementation;
      -  Establish more ambitious objectives than the EU or national CDW recycling targets as
         well as appropriate monitoring and enforcement mechanisms;
      -  Include measures to avoid illegal dumping and provide clear guidance (e.g. for SMEs,
         residents and producers of very small quantities of CDW) on correct CDW
         management practices.
 Applicability
 The formulation and implementation of local waste management plans for CDW is a
 commonly used instrument by regions and large municipalities.
 Associated environmental performance indicators and benchmarks of excellence
 Environmental performance indicators                Benchmarks of excellence
 (i63) Share of total collected CDW that is (b30) An integrated CDW management plan
 correctly segregated and managed towards is implemented with a target CDW recycling
 reuse, recycling or recovery (%).                   rate in 2020 of at least 80 % and provisions
 (i64) Provision for pre-demolition audits for monitoring and enforcement mechanisms.
 aimed at reuse (y/n).
 3.4.2.    Avoidance of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contamination of construction
           and demolition waste
 In the case of demolition or deconstruction as well as refurbishment of buildings, bridges and
 structures from the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, there is a risk that CDW materials may be
 contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) which prevent its recycling.
 It is BEMP for waste authorities to introduce provisions in the CDW plan (see Section 3.4.1)
 that include:
      -  pre-auditing and mapping of the building, bridge or structure to be demolished,
         deconstructed or refurbished in order to identify any PCB-containing material (e.g.
         sealants);
                                                  35
 ---pagebreak---      -  separate removal of the PCB-containing materials from the rest of the CDW;
     -  separate collection and appropriate disposal of the removed PCB-containing materials.
Applicability
This BEMP is broadly applicable for waste authorities responsible for CDW. Small works,
producing less than 1 tonne of CDW or affecting less than 10 m2 of the surface area of the
building, can be excluded from the provisions on identifying and separating PCBs in the
CDW plan.
Associated environmental performance indicators and benchmarks of excellence
Environmental performance indicators                        Benchmarks of excellence
(i65) Inclusion of provisions for the mapping and
separate removal and collection of PCB-containing -
materials in the CDW plan (y/n).
3.4.3.    Local schemes for proper management of waste asbestos removed by residents
It is BEMP for waste authorities and waste management companies to ensure the proper
management of the small quantities of asbestos-containing construction and demolition waste
removed from private buildings by residents without the intervention of a specialised
company. To do so, they can provide:
     -  clear instructions on the condition required (e.g. no risk of powder dispersion) in order
        for the asbestos material to be removed by the private owner and on how to prepare
        the construction site for asbestos removal;
     -  guidance on the rules that the private owner has to follow in order to ensure the health
        and safety of nearby residents during removal;
     -  a list of certified companies or information on collection points for asbestos-
        containing waste;
     -  sealable double-coated bags (for collection/disposal) available to residents undertaking
        the removal;
     -  either proper collection points (e.g. at civic amenity sites) or free home collection
        services.
Frontrunner local authorities go one step further and set a strategy for assessing the presence
of asbestos in their territory, helping private owners plan proper action and keeping track of
all asbestos in buildings even before it is removed.
Applicability
This BEMP is applicable only to certain cement-bonded asbestos (such as asbestos cement
roofs, wall and ceiling cladding; asbestos down pipes and gutters, etc.) in good condition (no
risk of powder dispersion) and in case of very small amounts. Cement-bonded asbestos at risk
of powder dispersion, as well as other asbestos applications, especially those of lower density
(or crumbly/flaky) such as insulating boards, lagging, or sprayed asbestos, are always required
to be removed and disposed of by a specialist contractor.
Associated environmental performance indicators and benchmarks of excellence
Environmental performance indicators                    Benchmarks of excellence
                                                36
 ---pagebreak--- (i66) Number of collection points for asbestos
waste per 100 000 residents.
                                                               (b31) There is at least one collection
(i67) Total amount of asbestos collected through
                                                               point per 100 000 residents or free
the scheme, expressed in weight (tonnes) or surface
                                                               home collection for waste asbestos
area (m2).
                                                               removed by residents.
(i68)        Number       of     sealable       bags      for
collection/disposal of asbestos used by residents.
3.4.4.      Processing of waste plasterboard to foster recycling
It is BEMP for waste management companies processing waste plasterboard to recover
gypsum. Processing of waste plasterboard for the recovery of gypsum usually consists of the
following steps (for well-segregated waste plasterboard): reception, visual check and
classification, separation of unsuitable materials (e.g. metals), (if required) grouping of the
panels according to size, paper and gypsum separation (through a grinding and sieving
process) and sieving of gypsum. Recovered gypsum can then be used (usually up to 25 % of
the total content) for the production of new plasterboard.
Applicability
There are no technical barriers to the applicability of this BEMP. However, there are
significant economic barriers: the recyclability of the waste plasterboard depends on the level
of segregation at the site where it is generated26 and poor segregation leads to cost-inefficient
situations. Moreover, transport costs of waste plasterboard over long distances may also affect
the economic viability.
Associated environmental performance indicators and benchmarks of excellence
Environmental performance indicators                             Benchmarks of excellence
(i69) Efficiency of material recovery at the waste
                                                                 -
plasterboard processing plant (%).
3.4.5.      Processing CDW for the production of recycled aggregates
It is BEMP for waste management companies treating CDW to recover concrete from CDW
as recycled concrete aggregate (RCA). This processing takes place in plants which usually
consist of the following steps (for well-segregated CDW): reception, characterisation and
identification of incoming CDW, (manual) preselection, screening of large materials,
magnetic separation, screening for fine materials, crushing, screening and secondary crushing.
26
    In some cases, segregation at the construction site may not be possible due to space constraints. In such
   situations, the waste plasterboard can be pretreated and segregated at different locations before being
   processed.
                                                       37
 ---pagebreak---  The recyclability of the inert elements of CDW depends on the level of segregation at the site
 where they are generated27 and poor segregation leads to the processing of CDW being cost-
 inefficient.
 Applicability
 There is no specific limitation to the applicability of this BEMP as long as the CDW is well
 segregated in the different fractions at the construction sites.
 Associated environmental performance indicators and benchmarks of excellence
 Environmental performance indicators                     Benchmarks of excellence
 (i70) Efficiency of material recovery at the
 CDW processing plant (%).
                                                          -
 (i71) Annual amount of RCA marketed
 (t/year).
3.5.        BEMPs for healthcare waste
 BEMPs presented in this section deal with the management of healthcare waste (HCW).
 BEMPs for healthcare waste segregation
 3.5.1.       Encouragement of healthcare waste segregation at healthcare facilities
 There is a significant potential to reduce the environmental impact of healthcare waste (HCW)
 management, in particular by targeting better prevention, segregation and treatment of non-
 hazardous waste, with due consideration of safety. It is BEMP for HCW management
 companies to:
       -    Organise waste audits at healthcare facilities in order to improve the knowledge of the
            various waste fractions and the current waste management practices.
       -    Help healthcare facilities with the definition of their waste management system by
            establishing clear guidelines for the categories of waste to be sorted.
       -    Organise training sessions to raise awareness among the healthcare facilities' staff and
            explain the rules for waste segregation (training sessions should be tailored to the
            different roles of staff within the healthcare facility and give special attention to
            addressing non-compliances identified during audits or during the handling of HCW
            by the HCW management company).
       -    Provide information material (posters, indications on containers, etc.) to help the
            healthcare facility's staff with instructions.
       -    Monitor the results and impacts of the action by defining a set of key performance
            indicators (including risk management and financial savings).
 27
     In some cases, segregation at the construction site may not be possible due to space constraints. In such
    situations, the CDW can be pretreated and segregated at different locations before being processed for the
    production of recycled aggregates.
                                                        38
 ---pagebreak---      -  Implement innovative technical solutions reducing the general environmental impact
        of the waste management system, e.g. on re-use of containers for the collection of
        HCW.
Better segregation of waste produced in healthcare facilities enables more recycling because it
avoids that non-hazardous waste, including recyclables (e.g. printed paper, plastic bottles), is
incorrectly put together with hazardous waste.
Applicability
There is no specific limitation to the applicability of this BEMP by HCW management
companies. However, the commitment of healthcare facilities towards an improved HCW
management plays a key role for the type of measures and success of the actions
implemented.
Associated environmental performance indicators and benchmarks of excellence
Environmental performance indicators              Benchmarks of excellence
(i72) Share of staff members of the client
healthcare facility having undergone a
training session about waste in the last two
years (%).
(i73) Share of correct answers given by staff
members of the client healthcare facility in
post-training evaluation surveys about -
handling of waste in the healthcare facility
(%).
(i74) Collection rates per waste fraction, per
bed or per patient, according to the specific
fractions collected in each healthcare facility
(kg/patient/day).
3.5.2.    Healthcare waste collection for households
This BEMP focuses on collection systems implemented by local authorities and/or waste
management companies to collect hazardous HCW generated by households, specifically
sharps and needles generated from treatments performed at home.
It is BEMP to adopt a separate HCW collection scheme for households that ensures safe and
environmentally friendly HCW collection and management by:
     -  assessing the quantities of HCW arising;
     -  providing appropriate boxes for collection;
     -  selecting collection methods and frequency of collection according to local conditions;
     -  involving stakeholders, typically: pharmacies and other healthcare actors (such as
        medical doctors and nurses), patients performing home treatment and the medical
        industry;
     -  putting in place controls and corrective actions for the HCW collection system.
                                                39
 ---pagebreak--- Applicability
The BEMP is applicable to all local authorities and/or waste management companies.
Associated environmental performance indicators and benchmarks of excellence
Environmental performance indicators             Benchmarks of excellence
(i75) Number of collection points for HCW
generated by households per 10 000
residents, by type (civic amenity sites,
pharmacies, street containers).
(i76) Number of individual boxes for HCW
generated by households distributed via -
collection points or on request.
(i77) Quantity of HCW generated by
households collected (kg/capita/year).
(i78) Share of HCW (e.g. sharps) in mixed
household waste (%).
BEMPs for the treatment of healthcare waste
3.5.3.   Alternative treatments for healthcare waste
High-temperature incineration is the most common treatment method for healthcare waste
(HCW) because of safety concerns; however, it has significant environmental impacts such
as high energy use, natural resources depletion and emissions. There are alternative treatments
that can also guarantee safety levels for waste streams of concern (e.g. infectious waste,
anatomical waste, sharps and pharmaceutical waste) and they can achieve a better
environmental performance than high-temperature incineration, e.g. thanks to reduced energy
use or better resource efficiency (increasing the rate of recycling from HCW).
When using alternative treatments for HCW, it is BEMP to meet the following criteria:
    -   Autoclaving:
        - optimal segregation at source;
        - homogeneous particle size at the inlet;
        - steam-based sterilisation with simultaneous/post-shredding;
        - drying step after treatment;
        - output separated per material stream when possible and sent for recycling;
        - incineration with energy recovery of the suitable non-recyclable outputs.
    -   Microwaving:
        - optimal segregation at source;
        - water addition at the inlet;
        - drying step after treatment;
        - output separated per material stream when possible and sent for recycling;
        - incineration with energy recovery of the suitable non-recyclable outputs.
                                               40
 ---pagebreak---      -   Chemical treatments:
         - optimal segregation at source;
         - output not considered hazardous waste or treated for optimum recovery;
         - sterilisation agent is recyclable within the process;
         - output separated per material stream when possible and sent for recycling;
         - incineration with energy recovery of the suitable non-recyclable outputs.
Applicability
High-temperature incineration is still the most common treatment for HCW. Four main
factors affect the applicability of alternative treatments: source segregation, proving the safety
of alternative treatments in treating certain fractions of segregated waste, the optimum
operating capacity for incineration and the national legal framework for HCW treatment.
Associated environmental performance indicators and benchmarks of excellence
Environmental performance indicators                Benchmarks of excellence
(i79) Share of HCW managed by the HCW
management        company       processed      by
alternative treatments (%).
(i80) Amount of HCW processed by
alternative treatments (kg HCW per hour, day -
or cycle).
(i81) Water consumption per kg of waste
processed      by     alternative      treatments
(litres/kg).
                                                  41
 ---pagebreak--- 4.          RECOMMENDED SECTOR-SPECIFIC KEY ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE INDICATORS
The following table lists a selection of key environmental performance indicators for the waste management sector, together with the related
benchmarks and reference to the relevant BEMPs. These are a subset of all the indicators mentioned in section 3.
Table 4.1: Key environmental performance indicators and benchmarks of excellence for the waste management sector
          Indicator            Common units        Main target               Short description              Recommended           Related    Benchmark of excellence     Related
                                                      group                                                 minimum level       EMAS core                                BEMP
                                                                                                            of monitoring       indicator28                                 29
  Cross-cutting BEMPs
  Overall targets for the     y/n                 Waste            Overall targets for the improvement     Territory           Waste        An      integrated     waste 3.1.1
  improvement of the                              authorities and  of the waste management system are      administered or                  management strategy that
                                                                                                                               Material
  waste        management                         waste            in place (e.g. based on the indicators  organisation                     includes long-term (i.e. 10–
                                                                                                                               efficiency
  system are in place                             management       defined in this document).                                               20 years) and short-term
                                                  companies                                                                                 (i.e. 1–5 years) overall
                                                                                                                                            targets for the improvement
                                                                                                                                            of the performance of the
                                                                                                                                            waste management system
                                                                                                                                            is in place and regularly
                                                                                                                                            reviewed (at least every 3
                                                                                                                                            years).
  Systematic application of   y/n                 Waste            Life-cycle thinking is systematically   Territory           Waste        The waste management         3.1.2
  life-cycle thinking, and,                       authorities and  applied, and, where necessary, life-    administered or                  strategy is designed and
                                                                                                                               Material
  where          necessary,                       waste            cycle assessment is undertaken,         organisation                     implemented on the basis
                                                                                                                               efficiency
  undertaking of life-cycle                       management       throughout      waste    management                                      of systematic application of
  assessments, throughout                         companies        strategy design and implementation.                         Emissions    life-cycle thinking and,
  waste        management                                                                                                                   when needed, ad-hoc life-
  strategy    design    and                                                                                                                 cycle assessment studies.
28
   EMAS core indicators are listed in Annex IV to Regulation (EC) No 1221/2009 (Section C.2)
29
   The numbers refer to the sections in this document where the relevant related BEMP is described or the indicator is presented.
                                                                                          42
 ---pagebreak---          Indicator          Common units     Main target               Short description            Recommended        Related    Benchmark of excellence      Related
                                                group                                               minimum level   EMAS core                                  BEMP
                                                                                                     of monitoring   indicator28                                  29
implementation
Use        of     economic  y/n             Waste           Economic instruments (e.g. taxes and    Territory       Waste        - Economic instruments set    3.1.3
instruments at local level                  authorities and tax modulation, product levies, waste   administered or              at local level in the form of
                                                                                                                    Material
to      stimulate     good                  waste           pricing,       extended        producer organisation                 taxes and tax modulation,
                                                                                                                    efficiency
behaviour                                   management      responsibility schemes and deposit-                                  product      levies,    waste
                                            companies       refund schemes) are used at local                       Emissions    pricing, extended producer
                                                            level to stimulate good behaviour in                                 responsibility schemes and
                                                            waste prevention and management.                                     deposit-refund schemes are
                                                                                                                                 systematically implemented
                                                                                                                                 as a mean to achieve the
                                                                                                                                 objectives set in the local
                                                                                                                                 waste management strategy
                                                                                                                                 - For local authorities, a
                                                                                                                                 deposit refund scheme for
                                                                                                                                 glasses, cups, dishes and
                                                                                                                                 cutlery is in place for all
                                                                                                                                 festivals and large public
                                                                                                                                 events organised in the
                                                                                                                                 territory of the local
                                                                                                                                 authority.
Relevant state-of-the-art   y/n             Waste           The      state-of-the-art    techniques Territory       Waste        N/A                           3.1.4
techniques described in                     authorities and described in the reference documents    administered or
                                                                                                                    Material
the reference documents                     waste           listed in section 3.1.4 and considered  organisation
                                                                                                                    efficiency
listed in section 3.1.4 are                 management      relevant by the organisation are
implemented                                 companies       implemented.                                            Emissions
BEMPs for municipal solid waste (MSW)
Total MSW management        EUR/capita/year Waste           Annual      total   cost    of    MSW   Territory       Waste        N/A                           3.2.1
                                                                                     43
 ---pagebreak---         Indicator           Common units  Main target               Short description            Recommended        Related    Benchmark of excellence     Related
                                             group                                               minimum level   EMAS core                                 BEMP
                                                                                                  of monitoring   indicator28                                 29
cost per resident per year               authorities and management in the relevant local        administered or
                                         waste           area, including all waste management    organisation
                                         management      phases and activities performed, per
                                         companies       resident per year.
Frequency                of Months       Waste           How often a composition analysis of     Territory       Waste        Composition analysis of      3.2.2
composition analysis of                  authorities and mixed waste (of a representative        administered or              mixed waste is carried out
                            Years                                                                                Material
mixed waste                              waste           sample) is carried out (one             organisation                 at least four times a year
                                                                                                                 efficiency
                                         management      composition analysis every # months                                  (during different seasons)
                                         companies       or years).                                                           every three years or after
                                                                                                                              any substantial change of
                                                                                                                              the waste management
                                                                                                                              system.
A       pay-as-you-throw    y/n          Waste           A pay-as-you-throw (PAYT) system        Territory       Waste        A pay-as-you-throw system    3.2.3
(PAYT) system is in                      authorities and is in place in the relevant local area. administered or              is in place, according to
                                                                                                                 Material
place                                    waste                                                   organisation                 which at least 40 % of the
                                                                                                                 efficiency
                                         management                                                                           cost is charged to the users
                                         companies                                                                            depending on the quantity
                                                                                                                              (kg or m³) of mixed waste
                                                                                                                              collected, the size of the
                                                                                                                              waste collection bins and/or
                                                                                                                              the number of collection
                                                                                                                              rounds.
Inclusion     of     waste  y/n          Waste           Waste conferred by the users of the     Territory       Waste        The PAYT system also         3.2.3
conferred      to     civic              authorities and waste management system to civic        administered or              includes      the      waste
                                                                                                                 Material
amenity sites in the                     waste           amenity sites is included in the        organisation                 conferred to civic amenity
                                                                                                                 efficiency
PAYT system                              management      PAYT system.                                                         sites.
                                         companies
                                                                                  44
 ---pagebreak---          Indicator        Common units    Main target               Short description             Recommended        Related    Benchmark of excellence      Related
                                             group                                                minimum level   EMAS core                                  BEMP
                                                                                                   of monitoring   indicator28                                  29
Budget       spent    on EUR/capita/year Waste           Annual expenditure for awareness-        Territory       Waste        Awareness campaigns are       3.2.5
awareness-raising    per                 authorities and raising activities in the relevant local administered or              systematically implemented
                                                                                                                  Material
resident per year                        waste           area divided by the number of            organisation                 for different types of target
                                                                                                                  efficiency
                                         management      residents.                                                            groups (e.g. pupils, general
                                         companies                                                                             public, users of civic
                                                                                                                               amenity sites) and the
                                                                                                                               annual budget devoted to
                                                                                                                               awareness-raising activities
                                                                                                                               is at least EUR 5 per
                                                                                                                               resident.
Number        of   waste number/100 000  Waste           Number of waste advisers per             Territory       Waste        A network of waste            3.2.6
advisers per 100 000     residents       authorities and 100 000 residents in the relevant        administered or              advisers is in place with at
                                                                                                                  Material
residents                                waste           local area.                              population                   least one waste adviser per
                                                                                                                  efficiency
                                         management                                               served                       20 000 residents.
                                         companies
Share of population      %               Waste           Share of population doing home           Territory       Waste        All residents have access to  3.2.7
doing home/community                     authorities and compositing or to which community        administered or              either separate collection of
                                                                                                                  Material
compositing or to which                  waste           composting is available out of the       population                   biowaste or home and
                                                                                                                  efficiency
community composting                     management      total population in the relevant local   served                       community composting of
is available                             companies       area.                                                                 biowaste.
Establishment of a local y/n             Waste           A local waste prevention plan is         Territory       Waste        Waste      prevention     has 3.2.8
waste prevention plan,                   authorities and established, including long-term and     administered or              strategic relevance in the
                                                                                                                  Material
including long-term and                  waste           short-term targets and provisions for    organisation                 waste           management
                                                                                                                  efficiency
short-term targets and                   management      regular monitoring.                                                   strategy, which includes a
provisions for regular                   companies                                                                             local waste prevention
monitoring                                                                                                                     programme underpinning
                                                                                                                               long-term (i.e. 10–20 years)
                                                                                                                               and short-term (i.e. 1–5
                                                                                 45
 ---pagebreak---         Indicator          Common units  Main target               Short description            Recommended        Related    Benchmark of excellence     Related
                                            group                                               minimum level   EMAS core                                 BEMP
                                                                                                 of monitoring   indicator28                                 29
                                                                                                                             years) waste prevention
                                                                                                                             targets    and     including
                                                                                                                             provisions    for    regular
                                                                                                                             monitoring.
Number or quantity of      Kg/year      Waste           Annual number or quantity (i.e.         Territory       Waste        N/A                          3.2.9
end-of-life       products              authorities and weight or volume) of end-of-life        administered or
                           Number/year                                                                          Material
collected for re-use and                waste           products collected for re-use and       organisation
                                                                                                                efficiency
waste items sent for                    management      waste items sent for preparation for
preparation for reuse                   companies       reuse.
Annual      number      of Number/year  Waste           Annual number of customers of the       Territory       Waste        N/A                          3.2.9
customers of the reuse                  authorities and reuse centres and community repair      administered or
                                                                                                                Material
centres/community repair                waste           points.                                 organisation
                                                                                                                efficiency
points                                  management
                                        companies
Availability            of y/n          Waste           Availability of products/materials      Territory       Waste        In civic amenity sites,      3.2.9
products/materials                      authorities and exchange areas, aimed at fostering      administered or              products/materials
                                                                                                                Material                                  3.2.12
exchange areas aimed at                 waste           reuse, in civic amenity sites.          organisation                 exchange areas aimed at
                                                                                                                efficiency
fostering reuse in civic                management                                                                           fostering     reuse      are
amenity sites                           companies                                                                            available.
Participation rate         %            Waste           Share of the population using      the  Territory       Waste        N/A                          3.2.10
                                        authorities and waste collection system; data        is administered or
                                                                                                                Material
                                        waste           usually     available,     based    on  population
                                                                                                                efficiency
                                        management      estimations, surveys, how often    the  served
                                        companies       bin for recyclables is left out    for
                                                        collection, etc.
Share of the local area    %            Waste           Share of the local area covered with a  Territory       Waste        Door-to-door           waste 3.2.10
covered with a specific                 authorities and specific waste collection system, e.g.  administered or              collection of at least four
                                                                               46
 ---pagebreak---          Indicator           Common units  Main target               Short description           Recommended        Related    Benchmark of excellence    Related
                                              group                                              minimum level   EMAS core                                BEMP
                                                                                                  of monitoring   indicator28                                29
waste collection system                   waste           % of urban area covered by door-to-    organisation    Material     waste       fractions    is
                                          management      door collection of MSW.                                efficiency   implemented in the whole
                                          companies                                                                           territory in which MSW is
                                                                                                                              managed.
Number of civic amenity     Number/100 00 Waste           Number of civic amenity sites in the   Territory       Waste        N/A                         3.2.12
sites     per     100 000   0 residents   authorities and relevant local area per 100 000        administered or
                                                                                                                 Material
residents.                                waste           residents.                             population
                                                                                                                 efficiency
                                          management                                             served
                                          companies
Number of different         Number        Waste           Number of different waste fractions    Territory       Waste        At the civic amenity sites, 3.2.12
waste fractions collected                 authorities and collected at the civic amenity sites.  administered or              at least 20 different waste
                                                                                                                 Material
at the civic amenity sites                waste                                                  organisation                 fractions are collected.
                                                                                                                 efficiency
                                          management
                                          companies
Greenhouse Gas (GHG)        Kg CO2e/tkm   Waste           Total amount of GHG emissions          Territory       Waste        N/A                         3.2.13
emissions per tonne of                    authorities and generated during waste collection      administered or
                                                                                                                 Emissions
waste and km travelled                    waste           over a specific timeframe, divided by  organisation
                                          management      the quantity of waste collected and                    Energy
                                          companies       distance covered by waste collection                   efficiency
                                                          vehicles over the same period.
Average                fuel litres/100 km Waste           Total fuel used by waste collection    Organisation    Waste        N/A                         3.2.14
consumption of the waste                  authorities and vehicles divided by the total distance
                                                                                                                 Emissions
collection vehicles                       waste           (in hundreds of km) covered over a
                                          management      specific timeframe.                                    Energy
                                          companies                                                              efficiency
Share of vehicles that are  %             Waste           Number of vehicles that are Euro 6 in  Organisation    Energy       All new waste collection    3.2.14
Euro 6 in the total waste                 authorities and the waste collection vehicle fleet                                  vehicles     purchased   or
                                                                                  47
 ---pagebreak---         Indicator           Common units  Main target             Short description               Recommended         Related    Benchmark of excellence       Related
                                             group                                                minimum level    EMAS core                                   BEMP
                                                                                                  of monitoring     indicator28                                   29
collection vehicle fleet                 waste           divided by the total number of the                        efficiency   leased by the waste
                                         management      waste collection vehicles in the fleet.                                management organisation
                                                                                                                   Emissions
                                         companies                                                                              are Euro 6 and are fuelled
                                                                                                                                by     either    compressed
                                                                                                                                natural gas or biogas, or are
                                                                                                                                hybrid or electric.
Share of EPR-covered        %            Producer        Share of EPR-covered products           Territory         Waste        N/A                            3.2.15
products     found       in              Responsibility  found in residual waste based on the    administered or
                                                                                                                   Material
residual waste based on                  Organisations,  composition analysis of mixed waste.    relevant    local
                                                                                                                   efficiency
composition analysis                     Waste                                                   area
                                         authorities and
                                         waste
                                         management
                                         companies
Plant sorting rate of co-   %            Plant           Annual quantity of materials sent for   Sorting facility  Waste        Material recovery facilities   3.2.16
mingled light packaging                  operators       recycling divided by the annual                                        sorting co-mingled light
                                                                                                                   Material
waste                                                    quantity of co-mingled packaging                                       packaging waste have a
                                                                                                                   efficiency
                                                         waste processed.                                                       plant sorting rate of at least
                                                                                                                                88 %.
                                                         This indicator can be calculated for
                                                         the overall co-mingled packaging
                                                         waste as well as by individual output
                                                         stream.
                                                                                48
 ---pagebreak---        Indicator         Common units    Main target               Short description           Recommended         Related    Benchmark of excellence       Related
                                            group                                              minimum level    EMAS core                                   BEMP
                                                                                               of monitoring     indicator28                                   29
Plant processing rate of %              Plant           Annual quantity of materials sent for Processing        Waste        Plastic recovery facilities    3.2.17
mixed plastic packaging                 operators       recycling divided by the annual       facility                       processing mixed plastic
                                                                                                                Material
waste                                                   quantity of mixed plastic packaging                                  packaging waste have a
                                                                                                                efficiency
                                                        waste processed.                                                     plant processing rate of at
                                                                                                                             least 60 %.
                                                        This indicator can be calculated for
                                                        the overall mixed plastic packaging
                                                        waste as well as by individual output
                                                        plastic stream (e.g. PE, HDPE, PP).
Plant sorting rate    of %              Plant           Annual quantity of materials sent for Sorting facility  Waste        Facilities treating waste      3.2.18
waste mattresses                        operators       recycling divided by the annual                                      mattresses have a plant
                                                                                                                Material
                                                        quantity     of    waste   mattresses                                sorting rate of at least 91 %.
                                                                                                                efficiency
                                                        processed.
Plant sorting rate for   %              Plant           Annual quantity of materials sent for Sorting facility  Waste        Facilities treating absorbent  3.2.19
absorbent        hygiene                operators       recycling divided by the annual                                      hygiene products waste
                                                                                                                Material
products (AHP) waste                                    quantity of AHP waste processed.                                     have a plant sorting rate of
                                                                                                                efficiency
                                                                                                                             at least 90 %.
Common environmental performance indicators for municipal solid waste
                                                                                                                             The annual generation of
MSW generation           kg/capita/year Waste           Annual amount of total MSW            Territory         Waste                                       3.3.1
                                                                                                                             MSW in the territory
                                        authorities and generated divided by the number of    administered or
                                                                                                                Material     administered or managed
                                        waste           resident.                             relevant    local
                                                                                                                efficiency   (collected by all the
                                        management                                            area
                                                                                                                             different waste collection
                                        companies
                                                                                                                             systems available in the
                                                                                                                             area) is:
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                                       group                                            minimum level   EMAS core                                   BEMP
                                                                                        of monitoring    indicator28                                   29
                                                                                                                      - lower than 75 % of the
                                                                                                                      national       average     of
                                                                                                                      municipal               waste
                                                                                                                      generation , using the
                                                                                                                      national      definition of
                                                                                                                      municipal waste of their
                                                                                                                      own country; or
                                                                                                                      - lower than 360 kg/capita,
                                                                                                                      if calculated only for the
                                                                                                                      following waste fractions :
                                                                                                                        (i) organic/biowaste (e.g.
                                                                                                                        green cuttings, food,
                                                                                                                        kitchen waste),
                                                                                                                        (ii)            co-mingled
                                                                                                                        packaging,
                                                                                                                        (iii) paper and cardboard,
                                                                                                                        (iv) glass,
                                                                                                                        (v) plastics,
                                                                                                                        (vi) metals,
                                                                                                                        (vii) bulky,
                                                                                                                        (viii) waste electrical and
                                                                                                                        electronic       equipment
                                                                                                                        (WEEE) and
                                                                                                                        (ix) mixed waste.
Amount of mixed MSW kg/capita/year Waste           Annual amount of mixed MSW          Territory        Waste        N/A                            3.3.2
collected                          authorities and collected divided by the number of  administered or
                                                                                                        Material
                                   waste           residents.                          relevant   local
                                                                                                        efficiency
                                   management                                          area
                                   companies
                                                                                                                     The annual amount of
MSW sent to energy  kg/capita/year Waste           Annual amount of MSW that is        Territory        Waste                                       3.3.3
                                                                                                                     collected mixed MSW sent
                                   authorities and treated by either incineration with administered or
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                                              group                                              minimum level   EMAS core                                    BEMP
                                                                                                 of monitoring    indicator28                                    29
recovery and/or disposal                  waste           energy recovery and/or disposal       relevant   local Material     to energy recovery and/or
                                          management      operations (such as landfilling or    area             efficiency   disposal is:
                                          companies       incineration without energy recovery)                                - lower than 15 % of the
                                                          divided by the number of residents.                                  national     average        of
                                                                                                                               municipal               waste
                                                                                                                               generation ; or
                                                                                                                               - lower than 70 kg/capita.
                                                                                                                              The annual amount of
MSW sent to disposal       kg/capita/year Waste           Annual amount of MSW that is sent     Territory        Waste                                        3.3.4
                                                                                                                              MSW sent to disposal is:
                                          authorities and to disposal (such as incineration     administered or
                                                                                                                 Material      - lower than 2 % of the
                                          waste           without energy recovery or landfill)  relevant   local
                                                                                                                 efficiency    national     average        of
                                          management      divided by the number of residents.   area
                                                                                                                               municipal               waste
                                          companies
                                                                                                                               generation; or
                                                                                                                               - lower than 10 kg/capita.
Capture rate of a specific %              Waste           Amount of a separately collected      Territory        Waste        - The capture rate for waste    3.3.5
waste stream                              authorities and waste stream divided by the total     administered or               glass separately collected as
                                                                                                                 Material
                                          waste           generation of the waste that was      relevant   local              single fraction (i.e. not in a
                                                                                                                 efficiency
                                          management      targeted by that separate collection, area                          co-mingled          collection
                                          companies       calculated thanks to the composition                                system) is higher than 90
                                                          analysis of the mixed waste.                                        %.
                                                                                                                              - The capture rate for waste
                                                                                                                              paper      and      cardboard
                                                                                                                              separately collected as
                                                                                                                              single fraction (i.e. not in a
                                                                                                                              co-mingled          collection
                                                                                                                              system) is higher than 85
                                                                                                                              %.
                                                                                                                              - The capture rate for waste
                                                                                                                              metals separately collected
                                                                                                                              as single fraction (i.e. not in
                                                                                                                              a co-mingled collection
                                                                                 51
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                                               group                                                minimum level    EMAS core                                  BEMP
                                                                                                    of monitoring     indicator28                                  29
                                                                                                                                  system) is higher than 75
                                                                                                                                  %.
                                                                                                                                  - The capture rate for co-
                                                                                                                                  mingled waste packaging is
                                                                                                                                  higher than 65 %.
Impurity rate of          a %              Waste           Amount of non-target materials in a     Territory         Waste        N/A                           3.3.6
specific waste stream                      authorities and specific separately collected waste     administered or
                                                                                                                     Material
                                           waste           stream.                                 relevant    local
                                                                                                                     efficiency
                                           management                                              area
                                           companies
Biowaste in mixed waste     kg/capita/year Waste           Annual amount of biowaste included      Territory         Waste        The annual amount of          3.3.7
                                           authorities and in mixed waste (calculated from the     administered or                biowaste in mixed waste is
                                                                                                                     Material
                                           waste           composition analysis of mixed waste)    relevant    local              lower than 10 kg/capita.
                                                                                                                     efficiency
                                           management      divided by the number of residents.     area
                                           companies
BEMPs for construction and demolition waste (CDW)
Share of total   collected  %              Waste           Annual amount of CDW that is            Territory         Waste        An      integrated      CDW   3.4.1
CDW that is       correctly                authorities and correctly segregated and managed        administered or                management         plan    is
                                                                                                                     Material
segregated and   managed                   waste           towards reuse, recycling or recovery    organisation                   implemented with a target
                                                                                                                     efficiency
towards reuse,   recycling                 management      divided by the total amount of CDW.                                    CDW recycling rate in
or recovery                                companies                                                                              2020 of at least 80 % and
                                                                                                                                  provisions for monitoring
                                                                                                                                  and              enforcement
                                                                                                                                  mechanisms.
Number of collection        Number/100 00  Waste           Number of collection points, in the     Territory         Waste        There is     at   least  one  3.4.3
points for asbestos waste   0 residents    authorities and relevant local area, for asbestos waste administered or                collection      point     per
                                                                                                                     Material
                                                                                   52
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                                               group                                             minimum level  EMAS core                              BEMP
                                                                                                 of monitoring   indicator28                              29
per 100 000 residents                      waste           per 100 000 residents.               organisation    efficiency   100 000 residents or free
                                           management                                                                        home collection for waste
                                           companies                                                                         asbestos   removed     by
                                                                                                                             residents.
Efficiency of material      %              Plant           Total amount of waste plasterboard   Processing      Waste        N/A                       3.4.4
recovery at the waste                      operators       processed at the waste plasterboard  facility
                                                                                                                Material
plasterboard processing                                    plant minus the amount of rejects
                                                                                                                efficiency
plant                                                      generated, divided by the total
                                                           amount of waste plasterboard
                                                           processed.
Efficiency of material      %              Plant           Total amount of CDW processed at     Processing      Waste        N/A                       3.4.5
recovery at the CDW                        operators       the CDW processing plant minus the   facility
                                                                                                                Material
processing plant                                           amount of rejects generated, divided
                                                                                                                efficiency
                                                           by the total amount of CDW
                                                           processed.
BEMPs for healthcare waste (HCW)
Collection rates per        kg/patient/day Waste           Daily amount of a specific waste     Healthcare      Waste        N/A                       3.5.1
fraction, per bed or per                   management      fraction collected divided by the    Facility
                            kg/bed/day                                                                          Material
patient, according to the                  companies       number of patients or beds in the
                                                                                                                efficiency
specific          fractions                                healthcare facility.
collected      in     each
healthcare facility
Quantity      of     HCW    kg/capita/year Waste           Annual amount of HCW generated       Territory       Waste        N/A                       3.5.2
generated by households                    authorities and by households and collected by a     administered or
collected                                  waste           separate HCW collection system for   organisation
                                           management      residents divided by the number of
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                                       group                                        minimum level   EMAS core                           BEMP
                                                                                     of monitoring  indicator28                            29
                                   companies       residents
Share of HCW in mixed %            Waste           Share of HCW waste in mixed      Territory       Waste       N/A                     3.5.2
household waste                    authorities and household waste detected by the  administered or
                                   waste           composition      analysis   of a organisation
                                   management      representative sample.
                                   companies
                                                                          54