CELEX: 51981PC0212
Language: en
Date: 1981-05-04
Title: Proposal for a COUNCIL DECISION adopting a programme of research and development in the field of science and technology for development 1982-1985 (submitted to the Council by the Commission)

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                                                                COM(81)212 final
                                                              Brussels , 4 May 1981
                                                            4              14    < \ i 1 , ilt
                                                              «   » V. -     !
                                                             I ■< 1   1 .      I
                                           Proposal for a
                                          COUNCIL DECISION
          adopting a programme of research and development in the field of science
          and technology for development 1982-1985
                     ( submitted to the Council by the Commission )
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                                   CONTENTS
                                                                   Page
  - SUMMARY                                                          -
   I. INTRODUCTION                                                   1
      A.  International issues at stake                    .         1
      B.  Prospects for the development of scientific and            2
          technical potential between North and South
      C.  A programme at the interface of two Community              5
          policies
      0.  Preparation and implementation of the programme            7
 II . MANAGEMENT OF THE PROGRAMME AND MACHINERY FOR IMPLEMENTATION  10
III . THE PROGRAMME                                          -      12
      A.  Tropical Agriculture                                      12
          A.1 .  Improvement of agricultural production             13
          A. 2 . General areas of research and utilization          16
                 of the environment
          A. 3 . Post-harvest techniques                            17
          A.4 .  Training ,           ,                             18
      8.  Medicine - Health and Nutrition in the Tropics            18
          6.1 .  Medicine and Health                                19
          B.2 .  Nutrition                                          22
          B.3 .  Training                                           23
 IV . PROPOSED BUDGET                                               24
  V.  PROPOSAL FOR A COUNCIL DECISION                               26
      FINANCIAL RECORD    Tropical Agriculture                     30
      FINANCIAL RECORD   Medicine, Health and Nutrition            34
                          In the Tropics
                                    *      *
 ---pagebreak---                                   SUMMARY
This proposal concerns a four-year Community programme to support and
strengthen the scientific activities of the Member States for Science and
Technology for Development .                          '
The programme occupies a position in the general context of the gradual
redefining of the sharing of knowhow and scientific capacity between North
and South . It stands at the interface of two Community policies , viz . the
Community policy for cooperation with the developing countries < Lom$ II
Convention , Agreements with the Mediterranean countries , Agreements with
non-member countries ) and the Community policy in the field of science and
technology . It is not intended as a global response to the demands of the
Third World countries but serves rather to stimulate and complement the
national policies which it is seeking to support and strengthen .
To this end, Community action is proposed in the forin of two subprogrammes .
The first subprogramme concerns Tropical Agriculture and covers four
research sectors : Improvement pf . Agricultural Production, General Areas
of Research and Uti lization of the Environment , Post-Harvest Techniques
and Training . The second subprogramme is concerned with Medicine , Health
and Nutrition in the tropics and covers three research sectors : Medicine
and Health , Nutrition and Training . These research sectors , in turn , cover
various research topics .
The programme is to be implemented on a indirect-action basis by means of
shared-expense contracts , i.e. contracts concluded with public and private    /
bodies in the Member States .   Costs are estimated at 40 MioECU and
implementation of the programme would require a staff of nine ( including
four Category A staff ).      .
 ---pagebreak---  I.   INTRODUCTION
    A.        International issues at stake
    A.1 .     Over the last decade all aspects of international economic and
              political relations have undergone profound changes affecting not
              only the developing countries but also the developed ones . In a
              new-found awareness of the common nature of their positions,
           ■. previously voiced through a large number of separate international
              bodies , the developing countries have been prompted to demand
              global negotiations with the industrialized countries aimed at
              creating a " new international economic order". The countries of
              the Third World wish to be recognized as full partners in the
              international community and this presupposes equality and
              sovereignty in the sharing and management of natural resources ,
              in the distribution of profits accruing from growth and, lastly,
              in the accumulation of knowhow .
              The voicing of this global demand has been accompanied by a desire
              for Third World unity, as demonstrated at each international
              meeting of the so-called Group of 77 .
    A. 2 .    More recently, the countries of the Third World have become aware
              of the paramount importance of science and technology in the
              process of economic and social development and have taken the
              unequivocal step af giving a high degree of urgency and priority
              to the problems connected with progress in the field of knowhow .
              However, notwithstanding its attractiveness at a philosophical
              level , this position clashes in real terms with a number of
              important constraints which inevitably limit its chances of
              implementation .
                                                             J
              These general themes dominated the UNCSTD II     discussions and
              left a deep imprint on the filial consensus , the so-called Vienna
              Programme, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in its
              resolution ( 34/ 2T8) of 23 January 1980 .
              Starting from the supposition that the technological resources
              and potential necessary to enable the developing countries to
              catch up are already to hand, the Vienna Programme sets out two
              major objectives :
                            - strengthening of the scientific and technical
                               resources of the developing countries ;
                            - reorganization of existing procedures governing
                               international relations in the field of science
                               and technology .                         ' i •   -
                                     .   ' ''                             ■ m /2 ,
*)   UNCSTD : United Nations Conference for Science and Technology for
                  Development      •
 ---pagebreak---                                     -2-
 A. 3 .  The first objective is based on the responsibility of the Third
         World countries for taking charge of their own development . In
         point of fact , just as much priority is given to the effort
         needed to set up coherent national scientific policies and institu­
         tions responsible for , thei r implementation as to the endogenous
        material and human resources which need to be mustered in order to
         reach the critical threshold of scientific efficiency .
        The second objective , which concerns international , cooperation,
        gives urgent voice to the call by the developing countries on the
         industrialized world to play its full part in the necessary task
   ,    of striking a balance vis-a-vis scientific resources by responding,
        as a matter of priority, to the Third World 's demands as regards
        the channelling, conception and execution of research activities .
        On this basis, the Vienna Programme adopts three main lines of
        approach to cooperation between the developed and the developing
        countries :
                     making available to the international community the
                      research and development activity findings obtained
                     by the rich countries;
                   - significant stepping-up of research efforts by the
                     industrialized countries to find a solution to the      ;
                     scientific problems of priority concern to the
                     developing countries;
                  '-assistance from the developed countries and from the
                     international organizations to the efforts of Third
                     World countries to create their own scientific
                     potential and to train their research workers     and
                     technicians .
        It is against this general background that the initiative for a
        Community programme should first be set .
B.      Prospects for the development of scientific and technical potential
        between North and South
B.1 .   It is an undeniable fact that , in many cases , recent trends in
        scientific cooperation with the developing countries have occurred
        in advance of a general demand to that effect . An attempt has
        been made , in the form of numerous recent initiatives, either
        bilateral or multilateral , to cater individually for the major
        trends in demands by the Third World .
                                                                        . 11
                          T V         '
               (
 ---pagebreak---                                           -3-
    B.2 .     On a bilateral  level there is evidence of increasingly clear
              trends towards  scientific-cooperation policies negotiated between
              industrialized  and developing partners . These trends are reflect­
              ed both by the  recent creation of original structures for scient *?-
              ific and technical cooperation ( e.g. , the Canadian RCID*^ set up
              in 1970 or the Swedish SAREC **^ set up in 1974 ) and by gradual
             changes in the methods of operation of countries wher$ scientific
             and technical cooperation is based on a longer tradition . This *
              is true , in particular , of a number of Community Member States .
             In addition , the industrialized countries are taking clearer
             note nowadays of the need to gear certain cooperation research
             programme ? towards economic and social development objectives .
   B03.      On a multilateral level a pattern has also emerged over several
             years indicating a desire to cater for the aspirations of Third
             World countries , i,e ., by strengthening the institutions , infra­
             structures and research resources of the - countries concerned *
             This is true , in particular , of the United Nations System whose
             weak overall impact on scientific promotion in the developing
             countries was underlined in Vienna .       The realization of this
              lack of effectiveness is one of the factors which led to'the
             setting-up of a United Nations Interim^Fund for Science and
             Technology for Development which operates on the principle of
             direct intervention aimed at strengthening national scientific
             capabilities .       •
             The European Community , moreover , can be credited with a number
             of important innovations in this area . The Lom6 Convention
             exemplifies the new type of relationship which has been established
             between industrialized -and developing countries .       In this way the
             Commission, through its" innovating action, is participating in
             many instances in the general move towards transferring scientific
             initiatives , resources and expertise to the developing countries .
   B.4 .     This gradual transfer is certainly desirable but , more than that ,
             it is inevitable .     However , this favourable aspect must not be
             allowed to create an illusion and to mask , on the one hand , the
             global insufficiency of the efforts of the industrialized
             countries vis- a-vis the needs of the developing countries and ,
             on the other , to conceal the stagnation or even decline in their
             human cooperation resources potential (a factor just as serious
             in its consequences ).
          . In this respect , there is no magic wand for strengthening the
             national scientific capacity of the developing countries and , for
             what will probably be a lengthy transitional period , the scientific
             community in the industrialized countries will be urged to train ,
             their opposite numbers , to impart and perfect the appropriate
             methodologies and. to pass on appropriate scientific data resulting
             from longer experience and greater resources . By such a process
             it will be possible to ensure the realistic and effective transfer .
             of information and to overcome the more far-reaching constraints
             which heve hitherto proved an obstacle ,,
           _                                     _  - -   .
*> RC ID - Research Centre for International Development                 "      *
**> SAREC.s! SMedish Agency for Research Cooperation with Developing Countries
 ---pagebreak---          Tfje question now is whether the scientific institutions Mn the
         industrialized countries , and in particular tho$e in the Member
         States , will have the capacity over the next ten or twenty years
         to make an even more effective contribution to the effort
         involving scientific cooperation with^the Third World .
B.5 .    It is simple to state, in reply, that science is universal and
         that any progress achieved in the developed world can be easily
         applied to the developing world . Perhaps this statement is
         justified in several fields of the exact sciences or certain
         technologies . However, it becomes infinitely more arguable in
         the case of the majority of disciplines involving the natural ,
         biological and social sciences, rooted as' they are in a know­
          ledge of tangible objects, mechanisms or phenomena closely linked
         to environmental conditions .
      K This environment is specific . Flost developing countries are^in
         the tropics where the subjects and areas of investigation being
         researched (atmosphere, soil , oceans , flora and fauna, cultivated
         plants, human groups, diseases , agricultural and other techno­
         logies, social and economic organizational methods, etc .) differ
         profoundly from those encountered in the cold or temperate regions
         and also vary from one geographical situation to another .
         Such specificity, coupled with this wide diversity, also represents
         a stimulating incentive for the promotion of knowhow for the
         benefit of the whole scientific community . This, in turn, pre­
         supposes some degree of specialization on the part of the teams or
         the research workers as well as a level of experience which is
         often acquired with difficulty and over a long period of time .
B.6 .    What is the position as regards the existing capacity of the Ten
    '    Member States in the field of tropical research ?
                                                         /
         For a whole complex of reasons (mainly historical ), the powerful
         research apparatus set up by certain European countries' for the
         benefit of what then constituted their overseas possessions under­
         went many fluctuations during the period covering the 1950s and
         the early 1960s . In the majority of cases, however , the fluctua­
         tions resulted in a considerable reduction in the potential of the
       , research apparatus .                                    -    •
         In this way, some important scientific establishments have been
         relinquished to the new independent States and, at the same time,
         specialized scientific institutions in several Member States
         ( i.e. , the home-based back-up support for tropical research ) have
         either had their resources cut back or, in some cases, have ceased
         to function altogether .                 )
                                                                        m /5
 ---pagebreak---                                     -5-
         The pool of specialized scientific personnel has also suffered a
         certain amount of disruption owing to progressive natural wastage ,
         aggravated by a scarcity of recruits , the lack of career guarantees ,
         the abolition of training schemes and by diminishing opportunities for
         in-depth experience in the Thi rd World context . In certain cases, it has
         been possible to cushion the effects of institutional shortcomings
         by means rf economic-contingency and short-term solutions ( e.g. ,
         dispersal of teams within the international scientific organiza­
         tions , applied-research support for development projects ).
         Lastly, as a final consequence worthy of mention , the relative
        proportion of basic research has been whittled down in many
         scientific sectors , thus jeopardizing the overall quality of work
         and long-term prospects .                                               H
         It is certainly true that during the same period other Member
         States which , historically, had not been active in the tropics
         have developed new scientific activities which go some way towards
         filling the vacuum seen to have been left by others . However ,
         pending the outcome of a more subtle assessment required by virtue
         of the diversity, of scientific effort on the part of the Member
         States , the general diagnosis on Europe 's tropical research potent­
         ial is worrying and threatens to become even more worrying as time
         goes by, by virtue of the particularly serious difficulties engend­
         ered by the world economic crisis .
C.      A programme at the interface of two Community policies
C.1 .   At this stage of the analysis , attention should be drawn to certain
        broad lines of Community policy governing cooperation with the
        developing countries .
         This policy, which has evolved considerably with the passage of
      , time and which coexists alongside the policies of the Member States ,
         is based on an objective recognition of the close and lasting,
         interdependence of the economies of Worth and South .
                                                                       I.          .<
C.2 .   As regards its own responsibilities , the Community has adopted a
        twofold approach involving, on the one hand, privileged and ■ _
        contractual regional agreements and, on the other , measures on an
        international scale .
        The regional contractual policy, namely the Lome II Convention
        concluded with 60 African, Caribbean and Pacific countries , the
        cooperation agreements concluded with the Southern Mediterranean
        countries and with ASEAN countries and the agreements in the course
     ' of negotiation, particularly with the countries of the Andean Pact ,
        India etc ... constitutes an unambiguous part of the effort to
        implement a new international economic . order .     Indeed , at regional
        level , it establishes a policy of cooperation between industrialized
        nations and developing countries based on an explicit recognition of
    . the de facto inequalities between, its signatories . It places gt the
        disposal of the beneficiaries, who take their own decisions on what
        use they wish to make of the scheme, a set of measures capable of
        meeting a very wide fange of development needs .
                                                                              .76
 ---pagebreak---                                          6-
              The Lome II Convention which is consistent , moreover , with the
              other measures taken to promote development by the Community, j
              does not restrict itself merely to increasing financial aid to
              the Third World countries but also seeks to introduce measures
              designed to increase the return on those countri.es' own resources .
              It pays particular attention, in the form of more advantageous
              provisions , to the least developed countries and to landlocked or
I             island states . ..Lastly, it seeks to ensure that the European
I             economies assimilate the consequences of its actions in the
              industrial and commercial sectors .
              At international level , Community policy seeks to strengthen
              cooperation with all developing countries by implementing a wide
            , range of instruments and measures , e.g. , various forms of technic­
              al assistance , trade promotion, financing of projects, food and
              emergency aid .
   !                                                 %
    [ C.3 .   For a wide variety of reasons , notably the urgent need of the
  I           developing partners for infrastructures and agricultural deve-
  !           lopment ( which has had the effect of concentrating Community
              action in these areas ), the scientific component has hitherto
              been largely absent from the Community 's cooperation policy, save
              where it has been integrated in projects and has consequently
              taken on a highly applied character .
              As we have seen, this state of affairs also results from the fact
              that the Third World has recently become aware of the importance
              of scientific progress in the economic and social development
              process . That is why, in its conclusions , UNCSTD II places such
              emphasis on defining national scientific policies and setting up
              endogenous research structures .
      C.4 ,   Moreover, as part of its scientific and technological policy, the
              Community is taking major steps to strengthen the activities of
              the Member States in certain sectors regarded by common consent as
              having top priority . Among these sectors, however, research for
              the benefit of the Third World has not been the subject of Com­
              munity initiatives , despite the fact that for a number of years
              this matter has been studied in depth both by the Commission and
              by CREST . In particular, CREST set up an ad hoc Working Party
              in 1976 to study the framework and content of possible measures
              in this sector .   The recommendations of this Working Party have
              not given rise to any tangible action, owing to the fact that
              this period marked the beginning of a broad debate at inter­
              national level ( UNCSTD ) with a view to examining the whole complex
              of questions connected with the accelerated application of science
              and technology to development . This debate was to culminate in
              the adoption of the Vienna Programme .
                                                                              Π
 ---pagebreak---                                            7-
     C.5 . In the main , therefore, the programme proposed in this paper should
           occupy a position at the interface of these two Community policies .
           The underlying logic for this emerges from a multiplicity of
           complementary objectives :            v
           - to strengthen significantly the Member States' scientific and
               technical cooperation potential , so as to render it capable of
               meeting new demands ( whether in a bilateral or Community frame­
               work );
           - to promote increased cooperation among scientists in the
               various Member States; to facilitate the complementarity**of
               research and methodologies and to ensure easier access to the
               different networks of scientific relationships established by
               the Member States with their Third World partners ;
           - to help ensure that the entire scientific community in the
               Member States becomes aware of the importance of the problems
               of the developing world and, in this way, ensure the improved
               distribution and more effective application, for development
               purposes, of the scientific results obtained ;
        ,  - to facilitate the introduction of the scientific and technical
               dimension, either in its own right or within the integral        '
               framework of the development projects supported by the Community;
           - to ensure that the Community and the Member States can be
               represented at international level in the relevant scientific
               policy making bodies .
           Accordingly, this programme does not purport to be a global
           response to the demands of the Third World countries but serves
           rather to stimulate and complement the national policies which it
           is seeking to support and strengthen .
           The programme is a sequel to the preliminary examination carried
           out in 1976 by the CREST ad hoc Working Party . As such , it
           adopts the main , recommendations set out in the report of this
           Working Party, whi le updating and broadening its deliberations by
           placing them in their new international context .
     D«    Preparation and implementation of the programme
     D.1 . The need to relocate the . programme precisely at the interface of
           the two. Community policies referred to above served as the main
           guideline during the formative stage .
           Briefly, the object was to promote the selective and lasting
           reinforcement of those sectors of European research considered
           most likely to provide solutions to the economic , social and .
           health development problems of the countries of the Third World .
*) In its resolution ( doc . 11453 / 1 / 80, reV.2 of 28.11.1980, Annex III , §5 ),
   the Council stresses the importance of developing research capacity
   geared in particular to food agriculture in the developing countries and
   of ensuring complementarity between the activities of research centres
   in the Community and the efforts undertaken in this area by developing
   countries .
 ---pagebreak--- The choice of scientific sectors which should receive priority support
naturally took account of two of the basic principles of the Community 's
general development policy :
         - the first , which is geographically selective , concerns the
           promotion of cooperation on behalf of the poorest developing
           countries ;
         - the second , arising from the first , places emphasis on those
           sectors directly concerned with particularly serious and
           pressing problems , i.e. those associated with the most
           fundamental needs of the developing countries .
On the basis of these principles , the following four priority areas of
scientific activity were identified :
         - the first concerns the general problem of foodstuffs and
           involves research aimed at improving agricultural production
           in its broadest sense , including live-stock , fishing, aqua­
           culture , forestry and techniques for enhancing the value of
           agricultural products ;
         - the second sector , relating to the general problem of human
           health , involves research into transmissible tropical
           diseases and related nutritional sicknesses ; •
        •- the third , concerned with the energy shortages which have
           become increasingly serious for a large number of poor or
           landlocked countries , involves research into the diversifica­
           tion of energy sources ;
         - the fourth sector relates to the problem of the unexploited
           potential of the tropical environment and involves research
           designed to promote the exploitation of natural and mineral
           resources .
Even a superficial examination of these sectors quickly reveals that
it would be impossible to make a significant contribution in all these
areas in view of the extent of the measures required, so that priorities
must be defined more clearly in order to Limit these sectors further .
This could only be achieved by promoting the areas of research which
relate most directly to the tropical environment .
This is why it was considered necessary to include in the proposed
programme the sectors of agriculture and health , which have special
characteristics associated with climatic and ecological conditions and
 in which there is no scientific activity at Community level .
 It must also be pointed out that the specialized laboratories and
 research institutes of the Member States in these sectors have
 considerably reduced their activities in recent years and have
 consequently limited the access of young European scientists to
  specialization in these fields . Furthermore, the developing countries
  are endeavouring to undertake their own agronomical and medical research
  with the help of bilateral aid and of international organisations .
                                                                     9
 ---pagebreak---                                     -9-
          The situation is different , however, in the sectors of energy and
          mineral and other natural resources , where the research effort in
          the industrialized countries has been undimini shed . ,
          Furthermore , these technologies , which are covered by activities
         at Community level , do not have the same specific character as
         tropical agriculture and tropical medicine; in many cases, admitted­
          ly, the techniques are unsuited to the geographical , economic and
         social context of developing countries .
         Thus, instead of launching a new programme, *it seems advisable to
         consider adapting and developing suitable industrial technologies
         on the basis of recent knowledge , and in particular of the results
      ** of current Community programmes .
         Lastly, in addition to the choice of priority research sectors , a
         final dimension must be added to the general programme out line by the
         inclusion of a future objective . As far as possible , the Commu­
         nity programme should contribute to the attainment of a better
         balance between pure and applied research and should strengthen
         the research training resources of the Member States in each
         priority sector in order to ensure the long-term existence of the
         facilities for scientific cooperation.'         ■
D.2 .    The programme was prepared in two successive stages . Initially,
         a group of independent experts was asked to analyse each of the
         scientific sectors selected .   A list of research institutes and
         teams in each Member State was drawn up in order to evaluate
         cooperative programmes from the standpoint of their significance
         and scientific value ; in- some cases, it proved necessary to carry
         out a corresponding examination of extra-Community research
         ( conducted by other developed countries or international organiza­
         tions ) in order to define the terms of reference of European
         research more accurately and avoid the duplication of activities .
                   /'
         At the same time, in each sector an attempt was made to evaluate
         the main development pr'oblems facing the countries in question
         bearing in mind the geographical differences , varying urgency and
         economic and social effects associated with these problems . In
         addition, the possible economic consequences for the Member States
         of research programmes in certain scientific fields were identified .
         The experts were essentially required to provide objective clari "?
         fication of the available options, so that selective priorities
         could be defined at one or more levels in each sector .
         This task was undertaken during the second stage at several            y
         consultative meetings attended by experts in each of the fields
         concerned from all the Member States . As a result , after discus­
       ' sion and on the basis of investigative documents, a number of
         general recommendations or specific priority proposals were made
         concerning support for a particular research topic or line of
         scientific inquiry .
         This combined approach, reflecting broad agreement among the
         scientists consulted, forms the general background to this
         programme proposal .
                                                                          ./ 10
 ---pagebreak---    MANAGEMENT OF THE PROGRAMME AND MACHINERY FOR IMPLEMENTATION
   1.    The Commission is responsible for the management of the
         programme . It will set up a small internal team headed by an
         official to be designated " Programme Coordinator", which will
         be concerned with the scientific and administrative implementa­
         tion of the programme .                  -
         In addition, in order to carry out the programme , the Commission
         feels the need for the assistance of the " Advisory Committees on
         Programme Management " CACPM ). It is therefore proposed to set
         up two committees , one responsible for the subprogramme on
         " Tropical Agri culture" and the other responsible for the sub-
         programme on "Medicine, Health and Nutrition in the Tropics". ,
         The tasks and composition of these committees are defined in a
         Council Resolution of 18 July 1977* .
         It follows from article 2 of this resolution that the Advisory
         Committees " principal tasks will be to help the Commission
         define priorities , taking into account national policies and .
         Community policy in development matter .
         Further , in . order to avoid any duplication and to ensure the
         necessary complementarity of actions to be launched with actions
         already under way, it would be desirable for representatives
         from the"Standing Committee on Agricultural Research " ( SCAR ),
         the " Committee for Medical Research and Public Health " ( CRM ) and
         the"Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation"
         ( CTA ) to participate in the work of these ACPM 's .
   2.    It is proposed that this first -programme on " Science and Technology
         for Development " should cover a period of four years with effect
         from 1 January 1982 . A review is scheduled before the end of the
         third year .
                                                                         -/ Il
                   *
*> 0J n° C 192 / 1
 ---pagebreak--- As regards the dissemination of results , the Commission believes it
advisable , in view of the specificity and the objectives of this
programme which is carried out in the interest of the developing
countries , to lay down special provi sions^for the transfer of the
research results . These provisions should thus permit the dissemination
of results of Community research to the developing countries particular­
ly to those with whom the EEC has cooperation arrangements ( agreements
and conventions ). In particular within the framework of the Lom£
Convention this dissemination can be implemented with the aid of the
Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation ( in the process
of being created ), which is charged with facilitating access for ACP
countries to information on research and innovation in the sector - of
agricultural and rural development .
The staff necessary for the management of this programme is estimated
at four A-grade officials , two B-grade and three C-grade .
 ---pagebreak--- . | THE PROGRAMME |
                                                        V
 The proposal of the Commissiorf covers two subprogrammes which relate to
 the following sectors :
 - Tropical Agriculture .
 - Medicine , Health and Nutrition in the Tropics
 A description of the projects proposed in these two sectors is given in
 the following pages .
 A.    Tropical Agriculture
       - In view of the two basic principles of the Community 's general
           development policy referred to in the introduction, namely :
           . the need to promote cooperation for the benefit of the least
             developed countries , and
         . . emphasis on sectors dealing directly with particularly
             serious and pressing problems , i.e. those relating to the
             most fundamental needs of the developing countries ,
       - and in view of the scientific measures taken in a bilateral
           and multilateral framework ( CGIAR - Consultative Group on
           International Agricultural Research , FAO ),
       - and in view of the scientific approach adopted at expert level
           and of the conclusions and recommendations arising from the
           consultative meetings between scientists and the Member States ,
       tropical agriculture would appear to be the sector to which the
       Community effort must be directed first and foremost .
       Potential lines of priority research were examined on a product-
       by-product basis , since this seemed to be the most efficient
       approach and the best way of defining gaps in the existing know­
       ledge and requirements connected with development questions .
       Nevertheless , a number of topics which have been described as
       Vgeneral areas of research " and which form the basis of product-
       related research ,J must be examined so that the latter can have
       the desired effect on economic and sociaUdevelopments .
                                                                      / 13
 ---pagebreak---                                    - 13-
       Moreover / post-harvest techniques were examined separately
       because of their significance for the economies of developing
       countries , particularly at the level of small rural holdings . It
       is estimated that products preserved by using these techniques
       could feed approximately 10% of the world 's population if losses
       resulting from poor conservation measures could be eliminated .
      As a result , the proposed subprogramme in the field of tropical
       agriculture comprises four research sectors :                     •
      - improvement of agricultural production ,
         general areas of research and uti lization of the environment ,
      - post-harvest techniques .
      - traimng .
      These four research sectors are divided , in turn, as follows :
      1.   Improvement of agricultural production
           - food crops and industrial crops ,
             protein products of animal origin ,
           - forestry products
      2 ./ General areas of research and utilization of the environment
           - water resources and use ,
           - soil protection , stabi lisation and regeneration
           - crop protection,
      3.   Post - harvest techniques
           - product conservation -
           - processing of products
      4.   Training    T
A.1 . Improvement of agricultural production
      The implementation of research projects designed to increase food
      production in the developing countries remains one of the principal
      objectives to be attained if their poverty is to be reduced and
      food supplies guaranteed . For a large number of these countries ,
      however , industrial crops repre^nt one of the fundamental ways of
      ensuring the inflow of currency required for trade . As a result ,
      the group responsible for implementing this programme will have to
      make a more thorough examination of priorities which are laid down
      only for guidance .
                                                                    • / 14
 ---pagebreak---                                         14
 ' , Food and mdustrial crops
a)    Among food crops , the framework programme should give priority support
      to cereals . Absolute priority will , therefore , be given to rain-fed
      rice , maize and sorghum, although other crops such as triticale will
      not be neglected .
      Research relating to tubers and roots and to legumes has been given a
      second-priority classification . In the first group , special attention
      will be paid to manioc , whereas in the case of legumes research should
      be characterized by a certain diversification going beyond the limits
      of traditional crops .
      The priority research topic relating to these crops will , essentially,
      be concerned with genetic improvement since , notwithstanding the
      efforts of the international scientific community, the potential for
      genetic improvement among these food crops , is , in general , far from
    " exhausted . The variety and scientific importance of the problems
      to be solved warrants a significant increase in the Community 's
      contribution to the research already undertaken ( genetic pool , genetic
      structures of species , increase of existing variability , selection ,
      hybridization , etc .).
      Two other topics are • considered as being of importance : crop plant
      physiology (photosynthesis , utilisation of solar radiations and other
      environmental resources ...) and fertilization ( Nitrogen fixation,
      mycorrhiza ...).
b)    If specific priority should be attached to food crops , special atten­
      tion should equally be given to industrial crops and export crops , in
      spite of the objections sometimes raised by foreign interests . In
      developing countries which lack natural resources ( minerals , power ,
      etc .), these crops represent the only source of the foreign currency
      which is essential for the development of their economies , and
      particularly for the modernization of their crop production system .
      Moreover , the scientific advances achieved by the Member States in the
      area of industrial crop production warrant the continuation of research
      in this sector .
      Among industrial crops , emphasis should, in general , be given to cotton
      ground nuts and soya . Research should also be conducted in respect of
      a second group of crops comprising gum plants and other oil-producing
      varieties ( coconut palm, . oi I palm ) in view of the benefit which they
      offer to both the developing countries and the Community .
      The priority research topic relating to industrial crops is similar to
      that already mentioned in respect of food crops, particularly as
      regards genetic improvement (prospecting, genetic pool , selection-,
      hybridization/ etc .).
                                                                              /1 5
 ---pagebreak---                                -15-
Proteinjjroduçts_of_animat_origin
Products of vegetable origin make up the greater part of the food
resources -of th6 Third World populations ; they must , however , be
supplemented by protein products of animal origin .
For many developing countries , moreover, stock-farming is the only
way of utilizing acreages unsuited to crop production and is the only
activity which provides the populations of these regions with protein -
foods and the income required for trade .
For other countries , fishing ( river, sea or lake ) provides the main
source of protein .
Although there are opportunities for Community action in these fields,
research will initially be limited to the following subjects :
- Stock-farming
  . Improvement of fodder-crop production
  . Research in veterinary medicine ( trypanosomiasis, theileriasis and
    resistance to ticks )
- Fishing   .
  . Better utilization of the total production through the reduction
    of after-catch losses and through optimum use of "by-catches"
  . Aquaculture ( improvement of tropical -species ) .
Forestr^ products                                                    ^
                    ' 'ι     -          –      -  ·
A great deal is at stake in research into tropical forests and timber
for both the producer developing countries and the EEC raw-material
importing countries .                 . K '
The research requirements notified by the developing countries differ
slightly depending on their geographical location .
The countries of the tropical humid zones have already largely exhausted
the potential of their natural forests in en effort to achieve a rapid
improvement in their trade balance . Other economic objectives have been
defined more recently : local exploitation of forestry resources by the
establishment of industrial facilities , and the general aim of regener­
ating natural resources , which are frequently endangered during the
earlier phases of intensive exploitation .
                                                                       • / 16
 ---pagebreak---                                            - 16-
         In dry or arid tropical regions, forestry development is a response to
         increased concern for self-sufficiency in energy and raw materials
         ( firewood, ec .>. In addition, the importance of forestry plantations
         in maintaining a natural balance between the factors of agricultural
         production has been established for several years . Desertification
         phenomena associated with a number of recent climatic episodes (drought
         in the Sahel ) have given rise to vas afforestation projects requiring
   ;     rigorous scientific assessment, and follow-up ,
     •   Priority should be limited to the following research topics :
         - General intensification of work on genetic improvement
            ( e.g. lowland tropical pines );
     »
         - An integrated approach to the management of tropical forest eco­
            systems and agri-forestry;
         - Intensification of research concerning the transformation of
            tropical : forestry products into energy .       .
A. 2 .   General areas of research and utilization of the environment
         Priority should be given to the following areas of research
         relating to almost all• i
                                     the avobementioned problems .             '
 )     I                           :       '
         Water resources and use
         The feneral problem in this area concerns the need to achieve a
         reasonable balance between these resources- and the growing
         requirements of the developing countries , resulting from the
         increase in population, improvements in the standard of living,
         the expansion of agricultural activities and rapid industrial
         development .                                 *
         It will be necessary, initially, to evaluate water resources, seek
         new sources of supply and improve methods of utilizing existing
         reserves (particularly irrigation techniques ), eliminate waste ,
         protect water -quality and, if necessary, recycle water . It is also
         important to work out studies on the environmental <impact and the
         economic and social effects at irrigation projects .
         Research should also deal with the problems of arid zones ( adapta- _
         tion of the techniques for utilization of the water available ).
                                                                           . /1 7
 ---pagebreak---                                      17-
 $2Í '■_E£2Í££ÍÍ2D* SíifeÍiÍSãÍÍ2D.iDá-IS9SDS£âÍ12D
 Soils constitute the basis of all agricultural activity . Priority
 attention should be paid to the preparation of soil inventories and
 soil stabi I i sat ion , evaluation of soil potential , techniques for its
 use in all farming systems , and preservation and regeneration .
                         • » 1
 In addition to the major works to be built on the ground , on account
 of the extreme diversity of the ecological conditions , consideration
 could be given to the use of advanced technologies such as remote-
 sensing .
 Crop protection
 Although more than half of the world 's rapid population growth areas
 are to be found in the developing countries , the latter account for
 only 30% of world food production .
 The low productivity of tropical agriculture is due , in part , to the
 damage caused by insects and noxious plants ( which is a particularly
 serious problem for small farmers lacking the basic means of control ).
 For example , it is estimated that losses caused by insects and noxious
 plants account for more than 40% of potential cereal production in
 Africa and Asia . The many studies conducted on this subject have
 agreed on the significance of this problem and on the role which
 research should play in this area .
 Priority research topics in t.hi,s sector should relate to biological
 and integrated control measures ; as well as to. the criteria of
 resistance to diseases in connection with genetic improvement .
Post-harvest techniques
Post-harvest techniques are one of the sectors in which research would
be of substantial benefit to developing countries . Increased production
is not enough ; the products must be stored under proper conditions and
put to better use through processing .
Produ ct c onse r vation              ~  –––––■   –
Post-harvest losses are substantial where appropriate storage
facilities are lacking, as is frequently the case in small rural
farms .   Under the most elementary conditions , losses may amount to
10-15% . ,
   ι
The priority research topics relating to the improvement of conserva­
tion facilities concern :
                                          «
- drying techniques ,
- storage techniques ,
- products protection ( mycotoxlns , parasites ...)
      •                    {
                                                                         ./ 18
 ---pagebreak---                                           - 18-
            P£2£î25lD9_2I^E£2^ti£Î5
            In the context of energy conservation measures , research should seek
            to Improve processing techniques and yields and enhance the value of
            by-products and derivatives , particularly for animal feeds and for
            energy production from biomass .
            In addition, research on the design of smaller processing units which
            could be used on small and medium-sized farms appears to warrant ■
           priority attention .
   A . 4 . Training
            For roughly ten years,' the EEC countries have been experiencing -
            increasing difficulty in meeting the demand for qualified scientists
            in the various sectors of agronomical research concerned with rural
           development in the Third World .**
           In varying degrees , the inadequacy of recruitment and of the numbers
           available affects bilateral projects undertaken by the Member States,
           their involvement in the international agronomical research centres ,
           and their ability to meet the training requirements of the developing
           countries themselves .
           If an effective scientific potential is to be maintained in Europe ,
           assistance should mainly be given to national research workers in ^the
           Member States in the first instance, particularly in priority areas
           of research ( genetics, crop protection, etc .); in the longer term,
           attempts to adapt training procedures to the requirements of the
           developing countries represent an equally significant objective, which
           should guarantee the continuity of active scientific collaboration
           between the Community and Third World countries .
   B.      Medicine , Health and Nutrition in the Tropics
           This subprogramme has been divided into three sections covering :
           - Medicine and Health >
           - Nutrition,
           - Training
           In view of the research conducted at both bilateral and multilateral
           level , it was felt that priority in these three sectors should be
           given to activities for which adequate finance is not available
           under existing programmes .
*) It is in this context that the initiative of the Consultative Group on
   International Agricultural Research ( CGIAR ) which led to the creation of
   CIRA ( International Course for Development Oriented Research in Agriculture )
   must be placed .                 -                                          „
 ---pagebreak---                                      - 19-
B.1 . Medicine and Health
       Satisfactory results in the fight against transmissible tropical
      diseases can only be obtained by establishing a permanent balance
      between field studies in the countries concerned and sufficiently
      advanced laboratory work . At present , most of this work is conduct­
      ed in the developed countries , among which the Community states play
      an important part .
       In order to define priority lines of research in view of the great
      variety of potential activity in this sector , four main selection
      criteria have been adopted :                           ■
                                                   H
      - The seriousness of a particular disease and its social and
        1 economic impact on the population of the countries concerned ;
      - Geographical range of the disease ( global , continental , regional
          or local );
      - Assessment of the scientific information obtained in respect of
          diseases and simultaneous assessment of the prophylactic methods
          currently available for their effective control ;
      - Funds available from other sources ( WHO, etc ..).
      By combining these four criteria it was possible to establish two
      orders of priority which can be summarized as follows :
      - Fi £st_griori t£ : fatal or serious illness , extremely widespread
          and , in certain cases , possibly recrudescent ; it affects or
          threatens a Large proportion of the population and its socio­
          economic impact is very considerable . Moreover , research so far
          conducted in this field has been unable to provide reliable pro­
          phylactic methods which could be employed on a wide scale .
      " Secondj^riorvt ^ : Non-fatal illnesses having a significant socio­
          economic impact . Since they are less serious , some of these
          diseases have been neglected by researchers so that there are many
          gaps in the knowledge relating to them .
      The following are the proposed research topics :
                                                                         . 720
 ---pagebreak---                                          - 20-
        1.  Transmissible diseases
            " IO_Eâ£âli£°l22Z
                . malaria .
                . human trypanosomiases , i.e. African and Amercian ( Chagas *
                   disease ) varieties ,
                . two forms of filariasis : onchocerciasis, Bancroftian filariasis,
                . schistosomiases ,
                .  leishmaniasis .
            - In bacterio logy
                . sexually transmitted diseases of cosmopolitan importance
                   (particularly gonococcal diseases , non-specific urethritis ),
                . infectious diarrhoea ,
                . tuberculosis .
            - In virologi
                . haemorrhagic fevers**'
                .. infectious hepatititis
            The following points were taken into account in respect of each
            disease :
            - First , research designed to fill fie gaps in existing epidem­
               iological knowledge ( in respect or the pathogenic agent itself ,
              any vector and the chain of transmission, symptoms and diagn­
              ostic 9 methods , assessment of socio-economic consequences and
              prophylactic methods ); these gaps vary in accordance with the
              different human and ecological environments and with the
               seasons ;
            - Secondly, research designed to develop prophylactic measures
              which can be employed at different parts of the chain , e.g.
              vector control , vaccination,. therapy or integrated forms of
              treatment combining several methods ;
            - Thirdly, research towards the adaptation of prophylactic
              methods to the specific requirements of the developing
              countries s climate and ecology^ economic and financial
              constraints , organizational level of health services and
               infrastructures , acceptability of vaccination programmes to
              the population, etc ...
*)  All these diseases are covered by the WHO Special Programme for Research
    and Training in Tropical Diseases . 20% + of its budget is also devoted
    to strengthen the capacity of the affected countries to carry out their
    own research . There is however need to strengthen the capacity of
    Meniber States to contribute effectively to this global effort . While the
    Programme initially supported much work in Member States there is now
    strong pressure to spend in the Third World and Community institutions
    are being seriously affected .
**) There is a need for capability to put skilled teams in the field to deal
    with emergencies and need to be back by higfbly specialized laboratories
    for very dangerous pathogens .
                                                                               ./ 21
                              τ
 ---pagebreak---                                       - 21-
       In order to implement this programme / account should be taken of
       the true potential offered by available information and experience .
       Among possible methodologies , with the exception of operational
       research , vector biology/ chemotherapy and immunology appear to
       offer the best prospects of success at present in the fight
       against transmissible tropical diseases .
       Success in this area will largely depend on the adoption of a
       multidisciplinary approach which assumes that a cboperative
       system will be established between institutions / each of which
       will contribute its own knowledge and experience to the programme .
       It now seems appropriate to encourage the application of modern
       biological techniques such as genetics / genetic engineering/
       molecular biology and immunology to the problem of transmissible
       diseases together with study of the pharmacology and pharmaco­
       kinetics of the medicinal products used in tropical medicine .
(2 . Mother and child care
       Research in the field of tropical child health with particular
       reference to the aetiology of gastroenteritis in infants and
     • chi Idren .
       A project in this area would require collaboration between a '
       unit in a tropical country/ and units with high expertise in
1      microbiology/ virology/ and tropical child health in the
       Member States .                  '                     '
  3.   Genetics v
       In this field/ studies should focus on :
       - Genetic host factors which affect susceptibility to and
           clinical expression of communicable diseases . It has been
           shown in Egypt for example that certain' HLA types -are more
           susceptible to schistosomiasis mansoni infection ( intestinal
           form of schistosomiasis );
       - Genetics of parasites and vectors and work aiming to isolate
           specific mutants ;
                                            • • st  1 •
       - New approaches' (diagnostic and therapeutic ) to the control of
           genetic disorders with high prevalence ( e.g. / sickle cell
           anaemia / thalassaemia ).
       Most projects in these areas will require collaboration among
       units capable of carrying out field work and units in the Member
       States having the necessary expertise in genetics and immuno-
       genetics .                           ......
-        ■                                                          , - / 22
                                            !   ' I
 ---pagebreak---                                       - 22-
        4.   Environmental hygiene
             Very little expertise appropriate to the Third World in this field
           . is available in the Member States .  It could be made available by "
             recruiting graduates from schools of engineering some of whose
             students could become motivated in low technology problems . A
             linkage with the social sciences and medical field is essential
             as is a career structure .
             Environmental hygiene has far-reaching consequences on Wat^rbone
             disease, malaria , schistosomiasis and the intestinal worm infec­
             tions . Chemotherapy is a complementary practical and feasible
             approach .               *
»
  B.2 . Nutrition
        The importance of dietary and nutritional factors in economic and
        human development has already been adequately established . In many
        regions , however, the activity of the inhabitants has survival as
        its sole objective, since the precariousness of the food resources
        does not allow of a more ambitious development project or of integra­
        tion into the market economy.. Elsewhere, on the other hand, the
        activity devoted to export crops competes with the food crops which
        would make for an improvement of supplies .
        Two major effects of nutritional insufficiency, namely the low
        capacity for work and the physiological or mental sequelae of mal­
        nutrition at critical ages , likewise play a part in restricting
        initiatives and retarding participation in development projects . , ,
        Furthermore, malnutrition reduces the natural capacity of resistance
        to transmissible diseases , and in the case of certain sensitive
        groups ( women and children ) nutritional insufficiency combined with
        certain socio-cultural behaviour forms and genetic factors gives rise
        to increased mortality or morbidity, the combination of malnutrition
        with diarrhoea is particularly lethal in smal I _chi Idren .
        For these reasons, the scientific approach to problems of nutrition
        with a view to defining the means of prevention or correction
        constitutes a general priority objective .
        In the same way it is necessary to develop expertise in the formula­
        tion of effective food policies in Third World countries .   This
        expertise is very scarce in Member States .
                                                                           ./ 23
 ---pagebreak--- Research on the problems of nutrition in tropical environments
characterized by deficiency is being conducted in at least five
Member States .    It is difficult to draw up the balance-sheet of this
research since the subjects dealt with are highly diversified and
the scientific links are relatively weak . In several' countries the
research activities are for the most part fragmented and are the
responsibility of isolated university graduates or research workers.'
Action at Community level must therefore be directed primarily
towards the strengthening tof scientific contacts , the coordination
of programmes and the adoption of common methodologies .
Two forms of deficiency, namely the overall protein-energy deficiencies
and iron deficiency, have been classified as a first priority on
account of their socio-economic impact and their very wide extension .
Two other forms, A avitaminosis and iodine deficiency, have been
selected as a second priority .          ,           ■           j       . ' -
In addition research on food toxicology (aflatoxins and cyanogens
in cassava . bacterial contaminations ) should also be carried out .
 Training
 At the meetings of experts the need to' train young people in the
Member States of the Community was emphasized in every field
discussed .  This covered improved opportunities for overseas
experiences for Community scientists , training in basic biomedical
 research e.g. , immunology, pharmacology, genetics, training of
 technicians, training in nutrition and environmental hygiene^and
 operational research .           ––r           *
The need for more epidemiologists was underlined * It was also
emphasized that training of scientists and technicians from the
developing countries was essential in order for them to achieve
self-reliance .  .
The experts agreed that assistance towards better integration of
Member State institutions was required . This would depend on working
together such as in the planning of joint teaching courses or involv­
ement in complementary research programmes . Opportunities should be
provided for joint discussions of problem areas by small groups of
Community experts .
          >                                       »
The experts were    unanimous that training would be futile unless a
career structure    was available to young men interested in the
general field of    tropical medicine research , health and nutrition .
In this context ,   unless action is taken at Community level , and in
the Member States, the pool of expertise in these fields will not
be maintained .
                        S
Teaching courses in schools in the Community should, if possible ,
include experience in the field in an appropriate developing country .
                                                                   »/ 24
 ---pagebreak---                                        - 24-
IV .  PROPOSED BUDGET
      The appropriations estimated to execute the Community programme to support
      and strengthen* the scientific activities of the Member States for
      Science and Technology for Development total 40 WioECU over four years .
      The subprogrammes can be itemized as follows .: <*)
      A. TROPICAL AGRICULTURE                                         30 MioECU
         1 . Improvement  of agricultural production           45%
             - Food and industrial crops
             - Protein products of animal origin
             - Forestry products
         2 . General areas of research and utilization of      20%
             the environment                 . i ,
             - Water resources and use
             - Soil protection and regeneration
             - Crop protection
         3 . Post-harvest techniques                           35%
             - Product conservation
             - Processing of products
         4 . Training
      B. MEDICINE , HEALTH AND NUTRITION IN THE TROPICS               10 MioECU
         1 . Medicine and health                              80 %
             - Transmissible diseases
             - Mother and child care
             - Genetics
             - Environmental hygiene
         2 . Nutrition                                        20 %
         3 . T raining                                         ~
(*) The division of credits among different sub-programmes , expressed in
     percentages , is given for information only . It will be drawn up by
     the Commission in consultation with the ACPMs , as will be the
     financial support for each sub-programme under the training heading .
 ---pagebreak---                                               PROVISIONAL TIMETABLE OF EXPENDITURE
       APPROPRIATIONS FOR COMMITMENT
                                                        1982           1983        1984  1985 TOTAL
  A. TROPICAL AGRICULTURE·                               M              llég ,      M     4.0 IM
       - Improvement of agricultural production         4.0              5.0        t.7  1.8  13.5
       r General areas of research and                                              1.2  0.8   6.0
                                                         1.8             2.2
         utilization of the environment
       - Post-harvest techniques                        3.2              3.8        2.1  1.4  10.5
                                                                                                –
       - Training **
                                                                                           -
                                                                                      -
                                                          -
              .
  B. . MEDICINE , HEALTH AND NUTRITION IN THE
                                                                                          1.0
       TROPICS                                           hã               4,0                 IM
                                                                          3.2        1.6  0.8  8.0
       - Medicine and health                             2.4
                                                         0.6              0.8-      0.4   0.2   2.0
       - Nutrition
                                                                                                 -
                                                                                           -
       - Training    '                                     -               -
                                                                                    liQ    há  40,0
   PROGRAMME TOTAL                                      12*0            ILQ
*) Training will be financed from the funds of the actual research sectors .
 ---pagebreak---                                   - 26-
                     PROPOSAL FOR A COUNCIL DECISION
           ADOPTING A PROGRAMME OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
                                                                                •/
                 IN THE FIELD OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
                              FOR DEVELOPMENT
                               1982   -  1985
  THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES ,
  Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Economic
  Community, and in particular Article 235 thereof,
- Having regard to . the proposal from the Commission,
  Having regard to the opinion of the European Parliament*^,
  Having regard to the opinion of the Economic and Social Committee,
  Whereas, under Article 2 of the Treaty, the Community has in particular the
 task of promoting a harmonious development of economic activities and conti­
 nuous and balanced expansion in the whole Community ;     whereas Article 3 of
 the Treaty provides that , for the purposes set out in Article 2 , the activities
 of the Community shall include inter alia increased trade and the joint pro­
 motion of economic and social development in the developing countries ;
 Whereas the resolution adopted by the Council at its meeting of 18
 November 1980          "underlines the importance of the development of
 research capacities orientated- particularly towards food agriculture
 of the developing countries and of the complementarity between the
 activities of the research centres established in the Community and
 the efforts undertaken in this domain by the developing countries";
 Whereas there is        an       awareness among the developing countries
 of the role of science and technology in the process of economic and
 social development ; whereas this awareness dominated the UNCSTD II
discussions and profoundly influenced the final consensus, known as
 the Vienna Programme adopted by the General Assembly of the United
Nations ;
Whereas one of the major objectives of the Vienna Programme consists
in significantly increasing the research effort of the industrialized
countries to find a solution to the scientific problems of priority
concern to the developing countries ;
Whereas, therefore , the research and development measures covered by
this Decision relate to particularly grave and urgent problems, viz .
food and health , whicf^ are bound up with the most fundamental needs of
the developing countries ;
Whereas the scientific institutions in the Member States require
increased support in order to strengthen their scientific and technical
cooperation potential and in order to enable them to respond more
effectively to the type of new demands being made in a bilateral or
Community framework ;
 ---pagebreak---                                          - 27-
 whereas it is necessary to establish greater cooperation amonq scientists in the various
Member States with a view to facilitating the complementarity of research and
methodologies and ensuring easier access to the different networks of scien­
tific relationships established by the Member States with their Third World
partners ;
Whereas it is important to facilitate the introduction of the scientific
and technical dimension in the development projects supported by the Community;
Whereas the Treaty does not provide the powers necessary to this end ;
Whereas       the Council adopted on        14 January 1974 a Resolution on an initial outlint
programme of the European Communities in the field of science and technology' ;
Whereas, in view of the object and the specificity of this programme , which is
 carried out in the interest of the developing countries , it is consequently
 advisable to lay down special rules for the dissemination of the results of
the programme :
Considering the opinion expressed by the Scientific and Technical Research .
Committee ( CREST );                                                     .
HAS DECIDED AS FOLLOWS :                            ■    ■  . ■ ■
                                      Article   1  i
A programme of research and development to support and reinforce the scientific
activities of the Member States in the field of science and technology for
development , as set out in the Annex . hereto , is hereby adopted for a period of
four years commencing - 1 January 1982 .
                                      Article   2
The financial requirement for the duration of the programme is estimated at
40 MioECU and the staff requirement at 9 officials . The ECU is defined in
accordance with the financial regulations in force .
These figures are for information purposes only .
The internal breakdown of funds is given for information purposes at points
1 ) and 2 ) of the Annex hereto .
1 ) 0J n° C 7 of     29.01 . 1974 , p. 6
 ---pagebreak---                                     Article   3
The Commission shall be responsible for the execution of the programme .
Two Advisory Committees on Programme Management shall be set up, one for the
sub-programme "Tropical Agriculture" and the other for the sub-programme
"Medicine , Health and Nutrition in the Tropics ". The tasks and the composi­
tion of the Committees are defined in the Council Resolution of 18 July 1977
on Advisory Committees on Programme Management' . Representatives of the
Standing Committee on Agricultural Research (SCAR)2 ), of the Committee on
Medical Research and Public Health ( CRM)3 > and of the Technical Centre for
Agricultural and Rural Cooperation ( CTA)^) will participate in the work of
these ACPM 's .
                                    Article   4
During the third year of the programme, the Commission _ shall evaluate it and if
necessary propose appropriate modifications .
                                    Article   5
                                                                                    I
The dissemination of information applicable to the present research programme
shall be subject to the following conditions :
1.    The information and inventions , whether or not patentable, resulting from
      the execution of this research programme , shall belong to the Community , on
    - whose behalf the Commission shall ensure their protection .
2.    Rules governing _ ownership , the obligations of the Community, and, should
      the need arise, of the contractor , with regard to inventions, whether or not
      patentable , resulting from research or work done under contract , shall be
      defined case by case in the contracts .
3.    The Commission shall communicate the information and inventions which it
      has the right to transmit to the Member States as well as to persons and
      undertakings which pursue, on the territory of a Member State or in a
      developing country, a research or a production activity justifying access
      to such information . The Commission may also communicate this information
      to the developing countries, particularly those with which the Community
      has concluded association or cooperation agreements , and to the non-
      associated developing countries which benefit from financial and technical-
      aid from the Community; it may also make communication of this information
      subject to conditions which it shall lay down .
1 ) OJ n° C 192 of 11.08.1977, p.1
2 ) SCAR - created by Council Regulation no . 1728/ 74 of 27 June 1974 -
            OJ No . L 182 of 5 July 1974
3 ) CRM - sub-committee created by the CREST on the basis of article 5
            of the Council Resolution of 14 January 1974 -
            OJ No . C 7 of 29 Janausry 1974
4 > CTA - being created in the framework of the Lom6 II Convention
 ---pagebreak---                                    29-
                                 ANNEX
                            INDIRECT ACTION
                Programme of research and development
                in the field of science and technology
                            for development
The programme incorporates the following subprogrammes :
    TROPICAL AGRICULTURE
    Commitments for an expenditure of 30 million Ecu are envisaged for
    this sub-programme .
    Sector A.  Improvement of agricultural production
               - Food and industrial crops
               - Protein products of animal origin
               - Forestry products
    Sector B.  General areas of research and utilization of the
               envi ronment
               - Water resources and use
               - Soil protection , stabilisation and regeneration
               - Crop protection
    Sector C.  Post-harvest techniques
               - Product conservation
               - Processing of products
    Sector D.  Training
2.  MEDICINE, HEALTH AND NUTRITION IN THE TROPICS
    Commitments for an expenditure of- 10 mi I lion Ecu are envisaged for
    this sub-programme .
    Sector A.  Medicine and Health
               - Transmissible diseases
               - Mother and child care
               - Genetics
               - Envi ronmental hygiene
    Sector 6 . Nutrition
    Sector C.  Training
 ---pagebreak---                                      - 30-
                                 FINANCIAL RECORD
1.    RELEVANT BUDGET HEADING
      CHAPTER            ITEM  .           FINANCIAL PLAN CODE
2.    TITLE OF THE BUDGET HEADING
      ITEM :   Science and technology for development
      FINANCIAL PLAN CODE :                 - Tropical agriculture
3.    LEGAL BASIS
      Programme proposal approved by the Commission on
   *
                                               ι :
4.    DESCRIPTION , OBJECTIVE AND JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT
4.1 . Description
      The programme topics are as follows :                (
      - improvement of . agricultural production
      - general areas of research and utilization of the environment
      - post-harvest techniques
      - traming . '
V
4.2 . Objective
      Coordination and participation in the research which is conducted on
      the basis of contracts between the Commission and the Member State
      bodies specializing in tropical research .
4.3 . Justification -
      For many countries in the Third World increased agricultural production
      and product preservation represent the first step towards ensuring
      the initiation of the necessary economic and social development to
      guarantee the provision of suitable food for their citizens .
      In accordance with the decisionstaken by the Member States , the
      Commission 's task is to encourage , coordinate and harmonize activities
      in this area so as to give a significant boost to the research efforts
      of the industrialized countries to find a solution to the scientific
      problems of priority concern to the developing countries .
 ---pagebreak---                   FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS IN RESPECT OF INTERVENTION APPROPRIATIONS
                  ( including expenditure on staff and administrative and technical ex­
                  penditure ).                                          ^
       5.1 .     Total cost for the expected duration                        30.0 MioECU
       5.2 .     Proportion financed from :
                 - the Community budget                                      30-0 MioECU
                 - national budgets
                 - other sectors at national level
       5.3 .     Multiannual timetable
       5.3.1 .       Appropriations for commitment
                                                                                           ECU
  Type of                ,  1982           1983     •  1984        1985          -
                                                                                            TOTAL
  Expenditure
  Staff                    271,000       293,000      317,000    342,000 ·       –
                                                                                          1,223,00q'
  Administration            61,000        66,000       72,000     78,000                    277,000ft
  Contracts            8,668,000      10,641,000  5,611,000   3,580,000 .                28,500,000
                                                                                                    I
                                                                                                    I
  Total                 9,000,000     11,000,000  6,000,000   4,000,000 ·        -
                                                                                         30,000,000
       5.3.2 .       Appropriations for payment
Type of
expen-          1982          1983        1984    1985        1986        1987         TOTAL
diture
Staff          271,000       293,000     317,000   342,000       -           -
                                                                                      1,223,000
Admini­
stration         61,000        66,000      72,000    78,000                  tm
                                                                                        277,000
Cont racts   2,168,000 5 , 000,000 7,000,000; 6,900,000' 4,800,000 2,032,000        28,500,000
Total        2,500,000 5,359,000 7,389,000 7,320,000 4,800,000 2,632,000            30,000,000
 ---pagebreak---                                           - 32-
5.4 .    Method of calculation
5.4.1 .  Staff expenditure
       , Requirements have been calculated on the basis of a , staff complement
         of five persons , i.e.
             2 category A of f icia Is •                                            1
             1 category B official
             2 category C officials         ,
         Apart . from the actual staff complement , the calculations also take
         account of the rates of salary increases of Commission staff used to
         estimate the appropriations entered in the 1982 budget ; the estimated
         overall increases for subsequent years are based on the rate of change
         in the general Community price index used in drawing up the triennial
     -   estimates , i.e. , 8% per annum .
5.4.2 .  Admini strat 2ve_and / or Mtechnica l_exEendi ture
         This expenditure specifically covers the cost of missions and the
         organization of meetings , seminars and receptions . It has been
         estimated on the basis of average requirements .
5.4.3 .  Expenditure , on . . cont ra cts
         This expenditure covers the financial participation of the Community
         in research carried out under shared-cost contracts ( studies , research ,
         etc :) to be concluded with undertakings and specialized laboratories
         in the Member State, s » Since the specific nature of the various topics
         and the qualifications of the contracting parties are likely , to vary,
         it has not been possible to devise a uniform method of calculation .
         Consequently, the estimate of requirements is a hypothetical one
         based on the number of contracts to be negotiated and on average
         financial participation by the Community approximating to 50 % of total
         costs . At all events , the Advisory Committee on Programme Management
   '     will be consulted over the allocation of the Appropriations and CREST
         will be informed accordingly .
6.       FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS IN RESPECT OF APPROPRIATIONS FOR STAFF AND
         C URRENT ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENDITURE :
         ( see point 5 above )
7.       FINANCING OF EXPENDITURE
         Appropriations to be entered under future budgets
 ---pagebreak--- IMPLICATIONS IN RESPECT OF REVENUE
- Community taxes on officials' salaries
- Officials' contribution to the pension scheme .
TYPE OF MONITORING TO BE APPLIED
- Administrative checks by the DG for Financial Control with regard
  to the implementation of the budget and to ensure that the
  expenditure has been incurred in a regular and proper manner
  plus checks carried out by the Contracts Service of DG XII .
- Scientific checks : Competent officials from DG XII          '
                       ACPM
 ---pagebreak---                                           -34-
                                    FINANCIAL RECORD
1.      RELEVANT BUDGET HEADING
      * CHAPTER                      ITEM          FINANCIAL PLAN CODE
2.      TITLE OF THE BUDGET HEADING                                               >
                                                                                  I
         ITEM :           Science and technology for development
         FINANCIAL PLAN CODE :                    - Medicine / health and nutrition
                                                     in the tropics
3.      LEGAL BASIS             '
        Programme proposal approved by the Commission on
4.      DESCRIPTION , OBJECTIVE AND JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT
4.1 .   Description
        The programme topics are as follows :
        - Medicine and health
        - Nutrition
        - Training
                                  t
4.2 .   Objective
         Coordination and participation in the research whTch is conducted
        on the b^sis of contracts between the Commission and - the Member State
         bodies specializing in tropical medicine - health and nutrition .
4.3 .    Justi f ication
        The research work carried out to date in the struggle against transmis
          sible    tropical diseases affecting the populations of vast geogra­
        phical areas have fafled to produce a sure universal remedy .
        An additional effort is necessary in view of the problems of genetic
        factors affecting predisposition to disease , mother and child care ,
        and environmental hygiene . Lastly, the nutrition and health aspects
       deserve special attention with, a view to defining the protein-energy
       deficiences and mineral deficiences which . cause physilogical or mental
       after-effects at the various stages of development of the child and
       adult .
 ---pagebreak---                                                  - 35-
       5.       FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS IN RESPECT OF INTERVENTION APPROPRIATIONS
                ( including expenditure on staff and administrative and technical
                expenditure )
       5 . 1 . Total cost for the expected duration                    10.0 MioECU
       5.2 .    Proportion financed from :
                - the Community budget                                 10-0 MioECU
                - national budgets
                - other sectors at national level
           '                                                   «•
       5.3 . Multiannual timetable
       5.3.1 . Aggrogrjat ion s_for_çomm it ment                    *
                                                                                        ECU
                                        τ  '
Type of                 1982        1983          1984         1985          -   -
                                                                                       TOTAL
Expenditure
Staff                 217,000     235,000       254,000      274,000         -
                                                                                        980,000
Admini stration        49,000      53,000        57,000       61,000           .
                                                                                    -   220,000
Contracts           2,734,000   3,712^000     1,689,000      665,000                  8,800,000
Tota I              3,000,000   4,000,000     2,000,000    1,000,000         -
                                                                                    10,000,000
       5.3.1 . Agprogriatjons for payment
Type of
expen-             1982      1983        1984        1985         1986        1987      TOTAL
diture
Staff          217,000       235,000     254,000     274,000         -            -
                                                                                        980,000
Admini­
stration        49,000 <      53,000      57,000       61,000        -            -
                                                                                        220,000
Contracts      684,000     1,750,000 2,349,000 2,060,000 1,218,000          739,000  8,800,000
Total          950,000     2,038,000 2,660,000 2,395,000 1,218,000          739,000 10,000,000
                                                                                            • \
 ---pagebreak---                                          -36-
 5.4 .      Method of calculation
 5.4.1 . Staff e xpe nditure
           Requirements have been calculated on the basis of a staff complement
           of four persons , i.e.
                2 category A staff
           -     1 category B staff      .
                 1 category C staff .
           Apart from the actual staff complement , the calculations also take
           account of the rates of salary increases of Commission staff used .to
   ^       estimate the appropriations entered in the 1982 budget ; the estimated
           overall increases for subsequent years are based on the rate of change
      *    in the general Community price index used in drawing up the triennial
           estimates , i.e. , 8% per annum .
5.4.2 . Administrat i ve and/ or technical expenditure
           This expenditure specifically covers the cost of missions and the
           organization of meetings , seminars and receptions . It has been esti­
           mated on the basis of average requirements .
5.4.3 . Ex penditure on contracts
           This expenditure covers the financial participation of the Community
           in research carried out under shared-cost c3ntracts ( studies , research ,
           etc ,) to be concluded with undertakings and specialized laboratories
           in the Member States . Since the specific nature of the various topics
           and the qualifications of the contracting parties are likely to vary ,
           it has not been possible to devise a uniform method of calculation ."
           Consequently , the estimate of requirements is . a hypothetical one
           based on the number of contracts to be negotiated and on average finan­
           cial participation by the Community approximating to 50 % of total
           costs . At all events , the Advisory Committee on Programme Management
           will be consulted over the allocation of the appropriations and CREST
           will be informed accordingly .
6 . FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS IN RESPECT OF APPROPRIATIONS FOR STAFF AND CURRENT
     'ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENDITURE ;
      ( see point 5 above )
 7 . FINANCING OF EXPENDITURE
y
      Appropriations to be entered under future budgets
 ---pagebreak---                              - 37-
8. IMPLICATIONS IN RESPECT OF REVENUE
   - Community taxes on officials' salaries
   - Officials' contribution to the pension scheme
9. TYPE OF MONITORING TO BE APPLIED
   - Administrative checks by the DG for Financial Control with
     regard to the implementation of the budget and to ensure that
     the expenditure has been incurred in a regular and proper manner
     plus checks carried out by the Contracts Service of DG XII .
   - Scientific checks : Competent officials from DG XII
                        : ACPM                     ^
             Λ
                                          S
                    τ /