CELEX: 51988PC0388R(01)
Language: en
Date: 1988-08-09
Title: Proposal for a COUNCIL DECISION adopting a specific research and technological development programme in the field of energy - Non-nuclear energies and rational use of energy - 1989-1992 "JOULE" (Joint Opportunities for Unconventional or Long-term Energy supply) (presented by the Commission)

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 ---pagebreak---   COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
                                                           COM ( 88 ) 388 final /2 - SYN 143
                                                           Brussels ,  9    August 1988
CORRIGENDUM
Ce document annule et remplace
le document C0M(88 ) 388 final - SYN 143
du 20 juillet 1 988
CONCERNE TOUTES LES VERSIONS LINGUISTIQUES
                                     Proposai for a
                                    COUNCIL DECISION
       adopting a specific research and technological development programme
                                 in the field of energy
                - Non-nuclear energies and rational use of energy -
                                        1989-1992
                                         "JOULE "
        ( Joint Opportunities for Unconventional or Long-term Energy supply )
                                                                       VÎT)*
                             (presented
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                             (presented by
                                         by the
                                            the Commissions^
                                                  Commission
                                                                          π'Χ'Το -' -Ο
 ---pagebreak---                                                           <^ννΛ
                                     SUMMARY
          Specific research and technological development programme
                            in the field of energy
              - Non-nuclear energies and rational use of energy -
                                 ( 1989 - 1992 )
                                     " JOULE "
    ( Joint Opportunities for Unconventional or Long-term Energy supply)
      The framework programme for Community research and technological
development activities ( 1987 - 1991 ) expressed the need to continue and
update the energy R&D activities undertaken since 1975 ( line 5.3 ).
      The Community has set itself new energy objectives for 1995 and
defined the means by which they may be achieved . Environmental
constraints , especially the reduction of air pollution , call for a
balanced pursuit of environmental and energy objectives .
      The development of advance energy technologies should help to promote
and improve the competitiveness of Community industry , including small and
medium-sized enterprises . The matching of requirements to resources in the
developing countries requires appropriate technologies to be made
available .
      These are all objectives that can be achieved through progress in the
development and availability of techniques , processes and products
allowing rational use of energy , the non-polluting use of solid fuels and
hydrocarbons    and  the efficient   and   economic use of renewable energy
sources .
      These considerations provide ample justification for a specific
four-year ( 1989-1992 ) energy R&D programme - non-nuclear energies and
rational use of energy which will ensure continuity of the efforts made
since 1975 and guarantee that optimum benefit will be gained from the
results obtained and progress made in energy technologies up to now .
The proposed programme focuses on the following main lines :
      *     systems analysis and modelling for energy and environment
      *     rational use of energy
      *     optimization of efficient and clean use of fossil sources
      *     development of renewable energies
      The funding considered necessary for the specific programme under
action line 5.3 of the framework programme is 122 million ECU .
 ---pagebreak---          CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL CONTENT
FUNDING AND IMPLEMENTATION
SUB-PROGRAMMES
I    Models for energy and environment
II   Rational use of energy
III  Energy from fossil sources
IV   Renewable energies
 ---pagebreak---                     PROPOSAL FOR A SPECIFIC RESEARCH AND
                 TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME IN THE
                               FIELD OF ENERGY
              - NON NUCLEAR ENERGY AND RATIONAL USE OF ENERGY -
                                  1989-1992
                                   "JOULE "
    ( Joint Opportunities for Unconventional or Long-term Energy supply)
1. INTRODUCTION
   The present proposal concerns a multiannual R & D programme in the field
   of energy for 1989-1992 . It is submitted to implement line 5.3 of the
   Framework Programme for RDT , 1987-1991 . It covers potentially all R-D
   aspects of the generation and use of energy except for nuclear safety ,
   radioactive waste disposal , decommissioning of nuclear power plants , and
   fusion energy , which are the objects of separate programmes .
   A condensed version of the proposal is presented here .    Details for each
   section are found in the working document XII / 336 / 88 .
   The objectives of the programme are to contribute to :
                                                                               4
 ---pagebreak---                                   - 2 -
1)    Increasing the long-term security of energy supply and reduce energy
      import , through the diversification of sources and better efficiency
      of energy use , thus providing a technical support for the
      achievement of the energy objectives defined for 1995 by the
     Community ;
2)   alleviating environmental problems related to energy conversion and
     use ;
3)    improving EC industrial competitiveness through a ) a reduction in
     energy cost and b ) the development of energy technologies ;
4)   establishing the large internal market of 1992 in the energy sector ,
      inter alia through research leading to norms and standards ;
5)    solving technical problems in energy supply and use in developing
      countries .
Public R & D funding in the field of energy is justified by the strategic
nature of energy . The provision of energy is not an end in itself but a
factor of economic and social development .         Energy investments are
important ( about 70 billion ECU per year for the EC ).            Recently ,
reductions in oil prices have led to considerably reduced R & D funding
in both private and public sectors . Yet there is a need to pursue the
research done so far in order not to lose momentum and to ensure that
suitable technologies are available to be used when the supply situation
becomes more critical . In particular , renewable energies do not yet rest
on a broad industrial base ; they require long-ranging R & D efforts and
probably a political commitment to carry their development through in the
face of short-term fluctuations in energy price .
R & D as well as demonstration projects in energy at EC level finds its
motivation in the need to provide scientific and technical support for
the energy objectives set by the Council as well as for the EC
environment policy , which imposes constraints on energy generation and
use . It must help to make clean energy cheaper in order to improve
                                                                              5
 ---pagebreak---                                  - 3 -
industrial competitivity as a whole and to develop new or improved energy
technologies to compete on the world market . It may also contribute to
the establishment of consistent norms and standards of performance and
quality for the large internal market of 1992 . It is particularly suited
to fostering transnational cooperation between Member States and to
augmenting the aggregate value of research funded at national level
through the concertation of large national projects .
It may also be noted that R & D in non-nuclear energy involves a
substantial proportion of SME 's ( small and medium-sized enterprises ) e.g.
in renewable energies and in the hydrocarbon service sector (more than
50% of contracts with industry).
The previous EC energy R & D programmes have led to much progress in
basic energy sciences and technologies . Examples may , in brief be noted
in fields as varied as the reduction of specific consumption in many
branches of industry , the development of heat pumps , heat exchangers ,
advanced electric batteries , fuel cells , improved and less polluting
combustion , improved technology and lower cost for wind generators , the
development of thin film solar cell technology and of photovoltaic
conversion systems , the establishment of Community standards for active
solar systems , passive solar architecture , biological conversion methods
and energy crops for the exploitation of biomass ; the validation of
prospecting techniques and the location of geothermal resources , improved
techniques for deep drilling in heat reservoirs , and advances in hot dry
rock technology , the continued development and improvement of proven
energy models and their application and the development of new models .
This  progress  yielded   useful  results  which  have  generated   numerous
industrial applications ,   as has been acknowledged by     the   evaluation
performed recently by a panel of independent experts .          This panel
expressed satisfaction with the scope and quality of work carried out
during the 3rd Programme , and recommended that a new programme be
initiated . They gave some guidance in defining it , and their advice has
been taken into account in formulating the present proposal .
                                                                             £
 ---pagebreak---                                     - A -
2. SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL CONTENT
   The content of the programme has been defined after extensive consulta ¬
   tions with the various actors and      operators of   the energy scene -
   governments ( in particular through the advisory committee - CGC ) ,
   utilities , industry and research organisations - and taking account of
   the recommendations of the evaluation panel .   The proposed programme has
   been planned with full regard to the general selection criteria for
   actions in the Framework Programme 1987-91 .
   A strong constraint is the limited ceiling of funding imposed by the
   Framework programme which results in a sizeable reduction in current
   ECU 's by comparison with the 1985-1988 programme . As a consequence , hard
   choices had to be made and valid subjects of research dropped in favour
   of those which were deemed of higher priority for EC research .          In
   general , preference has been given to two types of action : collaborative
   strategic research projects and technological projects expected to lead
   to a breakthrough in the short to mid-term , but the possibility has been
   retained of funding a certain amount of exploratory research .
   Under the present circumstances , it was considered that , while renewable
   energies should receive further long term support , energy efficiency and
   fossil fuels should be given substantial importance in the programme in
   view of the potential for short-term practical results . Energy system
   analysis (modelling ) should be pursued and diversified because of its
   central role in energy and R & D planning .
   Socio-economic aspects of energy production and use will be given more
   consideration in view of their major importance in the market penetration
   of new technologies as well as of energy conservation measures .
   Thus it is proposed to subdivide the programme into the following four
   parts :
                                                                               *
 ---pagebreak---                                         5
   I.    Energy systems modelling , with special emphasis on energy-environment
         and energy-economy interactions , in order to help Identify promising
         lines for energy and energy research policies taking into account the
         realisation ol' the European Internul market .
   II .  Improving efficiency of energy generation and use . It is generally
         cheaper to save energy than to generate it . A large potential is
         still recognised for energy conservation in the end use sectors :
         buildings , industry and transport . Moreover , more efficient energy
         conversion and storage can be expected from the use of fuel cells ,
         improved combustion and , perhaps , in the longer term , the use of
         "warm" superconductors , etc .
   III . Optimum and " clean" use of fossil fuels , namely coal , oil and natural
         gas . These will still provide much of the EC energy supply in the
         forthcoming years .    It is important to provide the scientific /
         technical basis for finding new hydrocarbons deposits and for
         exploiting them efficiently . It is also important to convert fossil
         fuels to usable energy with the highest yield and without damaging
         the environment .
   IV .  Continued development of renewable energies ( including geothermal
         sources ): some are already providing sizeable supplies in specific
         situations .   The effort must be pursued to improve performance ,
         decrease costs and increase reliability of renewable energy systems .
   Further particulars on programme content are found below under point 4 .
3. FUNDING AND IMPLEMENTATION
   Total funding , as prescribed in the current Framework Programme , should
   not exceed 122 Mio ECU for the period covered by it .     The distribution of
   funds among the various parts of the programme should be finalised only
   after the assessment , in consultation with the CGC , of the interest and
   quality of the projects received following the calls for proposals .
   However , the following guideline is proposed , as an indication , for the
   breakdown of funding :
                                                                                  2
 ---pagebreak---                                     - 6 -
     I.    Models for energy and environment          6 Mio ECU
     II .  Rational use of energy                    35 Mio ECU
     III . Fossil fuels                              34 Mio ECU
     IV .  Renewable and geothermal energies         47 Mio ECU
The funds available will be used :
a)   to finance cost-sharing research contracts for transnational projects
     submitted In response to public calls I or proposals . While a ‘>0% KC
     contribution ( or 100% of marginal costs for universities ) might be
     the base line , a flexible approach will apply .        Thus those projects
     which have developed to a point where public funding would no longer
     be required beyond the present programme ( and possibly resulting from
     previously funded research) may well receive a lower percentage of
     funding whereas those concentrating on more basic research could be
     funded to a greater extent ;
b)   to coordinate projects funded at national level , especially those
     related to whole systems of energy generating or pngvgfgjug ;
c)   for advanced cross-border training of scientists and engineers in
     the energy field ;
d)   to carry out studies and assessments of technical developments across
     FlU* rtU'tp.V fiirid * itui In ruippntl i llmllcd .1111(111111 n ! t'xpl<ir /H nry
     research ;
e)   to disseminate R & D results and stimulate their application .
Efforts will be made to involve a broad spectrum of participants in the
programme (research organisations , industry - in particular SME 's ,
universities ) through the distribution of information packages ,
designation of national contact points and links with professional
associations .    According to the planning , the first general call for
 ---pagebreak---                                    - 7 -
proposals will be published in December 1988 . More specific calls will
follow later . Priority themes or projects will be defined as precisely as
possible in consultation with the CGC in order to help the proponents in
framing their projects and to avoid an excessive rejection rate . The
projects have generally to be transnational . The proposals will be
assessed by independent experts on the basis of their quality , relevance
to the programme , prospect of success , potential for industrial applica¬
tion . The decision to fund will be made by the Commission after consulta¬
tion with the CGC .
The association or involvement of European non-member states will be made
possible through suitable arrangements on a project-by-project basis as
appropriate .
Some aspects of energy research and technological development are carried
out under other Council regulations and decisions ( e.g. ECSC coal
research , Hydrocarbons technological development ). In addition , demonstra¬
tion projects are funded under a separate Regulation . Coordination with
these activities will be ensured through cross-representation in the
respective advisory committees , regular exchange of information , etc , in
order to avoid overlaps as well as gaps in coverage .
A  special    effort  will   be  made  to   disseminate  the   results   through
contractors' meetings , symposia and conferences and to make the informa¬
tion available in data bases ( e.g. SESAME and AMPERE ).
The programme will be managed by the Commission with the assistance of
CGC n° 7 , established by the Council resolution of June 1984 .
An independent overall evaluation will be carried out and will be the
subject   of reports    prepared  in accordance with the relevant Council
Resolution   and  Communication   from  the  Commission as   well  as  with  the
provisions of Article 2 § 2 of the framework programme .
 ---pagebreak---                                      - 8 -
4. SUB-PROGRAMMES
   I.  MODELS FOR ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT
   1.1  Justification
   A significant European capability in the field of modelling for energy
   policy analysis has been established under the preceding programmes . These
   tools are widely used by national and Community authorities , not only in
   the energy field but also in the analysis of environmental , macro-economic
   and industrial issues .
   1.2  Objectives
   The models will be upgraded and their use extended to provide central
   analytical machinery to help in orientation and identification of energy
   and energy R & D policies and their priorities .
   The principal objectives are to enhance and develop this analytical
   potential for use in the Member States , as well as to develop an overall
   European policy analysis capability .
   The main areas of research concern the description anf formalization of
   the energy supply and demand systems and their interactions with    environ ¬
   ment and the economy .
   The following specific issues will be addressed :
        1 . Energy resources and supply ( EFOM model ).
        2 . Energy demand (MIDAS , MEDEE and STEM models ) in the light of fuel
            prices , consumer preference , structural changes in the economy ,
            the diffusion of new , more efficient energy using technologies and
            energy conservation responses .
                                                                                 λ\
 ---pagebreak---                                       - 9 -
       3 . Energy and environment :      analysis and modelling of the energy/
           environment     interactions   and  their  impact  on  the   industrial
           sectors    ( EFOM model );   development  of  more  sectoral   approach
           including evaluation of power generation options ; improvement of
           energy resource information ; impact of regulations on costs and
           the resulting changes in the competitive position .
       4 . Interactions with other sectoral policies :
           energy / economy interface , increased competition , relaxation of
           trade barriers , deregulation , and the impact of the European
           Single Act (HERMES model ).
       5 . Technico-economic studies of energy technologies .
II .   RAT IONAL USE OF ENERGY
II . I Justification
Of the primary energy consumption in the EC 39% is used in buildings
( 24% for space heating , 15% for electricity), 36% in industry and 25% in
transportation .
There is still much scope for reducing primary energy demand through
energy conservation in these end-use sectors as well as for the
improvement of energy supply and storage . Energy savings of a few percent
result in the saving of billions of ECU as well as reductions in pollutant
emissions .    Moreover , the search for a more rational use of energy may
lead to technological advances which may help the situation of EC industry
in relation to its worldwide competitors .
II . 2 Objectives
The objective is the development of energy technologies and techniques for
the energy use and production sectors which will lead to major improve ¬
ments in energy efficiency and pollution abatement .
                                                                                   Аг
 ---pagebreak---                                          10 -
A number of key technologies have been selected after consultation with
industry and experts .        Some of them affect more than one end-use sector .
They are listed hereafter under one of two headings :           end-use sector and
energy supply and storage .
II . 2.1     Energy conservation in end-use energy sectors
II . 2.1 .     Buildings :  The objective is to reduce heat and electricity use
               in buildings . The goals are buildings with improved performance
               and economy which still allow scope for regional diversity and
               architectural creativity , combining energy conservation and
               solar energy applications .
         a)    Energy conservation : electricity saving in buildings by more
               efficient lighting , appliances , etc .; air infiltration , ventila¬
               tion and related problems ; energy management and control ( e.g.
               building management systems ); development of large absorption
               heat pumps (> 100kw) ( also for use in industry );
         b)    Solar energy applications in buildings :            development of
               integrated design tools for passive solar and energy conserva¬
               tion , together with methods of performance evaluation ; passive
               solar and energy saving component development and testing ;
               information technology for control ; promotion of technology
               transfer to the users ( architects and builders ) .
II . 2 . 1.2   Combustion Technology :   Research on combustion , which plays a
               role in many conversion processes , can make a major contribution
               to both energy conservation and pollution abatement .          This
               applies to the transportation , industrial and power production
               sectors .   The cooperation initiated in 1985 , involving 50
               industrial and university laboratories on basic combustion
               R & D will be extended .
 ---pagebreak---                               - tl -
      The main topics to be addressed are :
  a)  Development of tools and basic research needed for the develop¬
      ment of different combustion systems : basic R & D on combustion
      and turbulent processes ; development of diagnostic ( laser)
      techniques for measurements of combustion processes ; develop¬
      ment of computer simulation models , their experimental verifica¬
      tion and validation ;
  b)  Development of energy-efficient , low pollution and cost-
      effective combustion systems for internal combustion engines ,
      combustion in industry ( e.g. furnaces , kilns ) and combustion in
      gas turbines .
2.1.3 Industry :  It is  estimated   that ultimate   use  of  new energy
      conservation technologies could in the long run save up to 20%
      of current industrial energy consumption .    The objective is to
      develop techniques and technologies which enhance energy saving
      and pollution abatement in industry .      It is recognised that
      modifications of industrial processes may be motivated on
      multiple grounds beyond energy conservation : e.g. increased
      productivity , savings in raw materials , reduction of pollution
      and waste . Projects may be funded if energy conservation is a
      major expected result .
      The following priority areas have emerged from consultation with
      Industry : new and improved unit operations and reaction routes
      for energy conservation ; components and systems such as heat
      exchangers , absorption heat pumps ( high temperature ) and heat
      transformers ; simulation models of energy-intensive processes ;
      sensors , instrumentation and control .
                                                                         14
 ---pagebreak---                                             12
11.2.2         Energy siipp Ly and storage
II . 2 . 2.1     Fuel Cells : Fuel cells have a large potential for energy saving
                 ( conversion efficiencies can he Increased by 507 ) and pollution
                 abatement ( which can be an order of magnitude lower than for
                 direct fuel use ). The overall objective is the development of
                 cost effective fuel cells for large scale (up to 200MW) and
                 small scale ( l-50kW) power production .
                 The following topics are proposed :
         a)      Fuel-cells for large scale power production : Emphasis on solid
                 oxide fuel cells ( SOFC ) . Basic research on electrodes , electro¬
                 lytes and advanced ceramic structures particularly for lower
                 temperature operation ( 700-800°C ).  Development of 1-3 kW pilot
                 plants .    Integration of SOFC with combined gas ans steam
                 turbines systems . Basic research on molten carbonate fuel cells
                 (MCFC ) , on nickel dissolution , electrolyte management and
                 internal reforming .
         b)      Fuel-cells for small-scale    applications : Basic   R & D  on  new
                 advanced fuel cells ,   such as direct methanol , alkaline , solid
                 proton and solid polymer fuel cells for small scale power
                 production ( 1-50 kW) .
11 . 2 . 2 . 2   High Tc     Superconductors : Newly developed "high"     Tc  super¬
                 conductors could in future bring about large energy savings in
                 electricity use , production and storage . As part of a joint
                 inter-sectoral EC effort , it is proposed at the appropriate time
                 to launch design and experimental studies for a number of
                 applications , such as cables , generators , motors , transformers ,
                 and superconducting coils for electricity storage and trans¬
                 portation .
11 . 2 . 2 . 3   Storage :   Energy storage is an important part of energy   manage­
                 ment needed to adapt energy supply to demand ( e.g. in applica¬
                 tions such as wind and solar energy as well as in electrical
                 vehicles and nuclear power ).   The work will focus on :
 ---pagebreak---                                       13 -
                completion of previous research on solid lithium batteries ;
                system studies to assess the potential for hydrogen storage .
III .   ENERGY FROM FOSSIL SOURCES ( oil , natural gas , coal )
In the year 2000 , it is estimated that 80% of the total energy used in the
EC will still come from fossil fuels ,           half from hydrocarbons alone .
However , important R & D problems remain to be solved for these fuels with
regard to security of supply , improved economics of prospection and
production , diversification of sources and environmental pollution .
Although the reserves of oil and gas known presently will be exhausted
within the next century , further reserves will be made available through
the use of more sophisticated techniques .           Solid fuels will last for
several centuries . Fossil fuels will therefore play a dominant role for a
long time .      It is therefore essential to enhance and improve their
production and utilisation .
III . I   Hydrocarbons ( oil and natural gas )
III . 1.1   Justification
It is important for the Community to achieve optimum use of hydrocarbons ,
imported or indigenous , and is required that a vigorous R & D effort be
maintained to develop advanced or improved technologies in this field ,
whose     results will   extend  the  available    reserves and permit  a more
complete and clean use of hydrocarbons .
The hydrocarbon industry7 already has substantial research programmes but ,
particularly in view of the current low price of oil , these are now
focussing on short term objectives and often involve commercial
confidentiality . The role of the Commission 's programme is to encourage
work on rather longer-term aspects .           Petroleum service industries in
particular , which would hold 25% of the 6 billion US $ off-shore world
market , are expected to be active in the programme .
                                                                                ЛУ
 ---pagebreak---                                            U -
III . 1.2        Objectives
            a . Techniques   for   exploration   and   reconnaissance :  sedimentology
                 of source rocks , basin modelling , integrated methods , etc .
            b . Development   of   advanced    support   technologies   for   drilling
                 problems .
            c . Production techniques :    réservoir    knowledge ,  fluid  mechanics ,
                 improved oil recovery , etc .
            d . Supporting studies for offshore technology .
            e . Natural gas development and conversión to liquid fuels .
            f . Conversion of heavy fuels and bottoms to light products , etc .
The R & D work identified here                is meant    to precede and complement
technological development           effort   implemented under Council Regulation
3639 / 85 .
III . 2     Solid Fuels
III . 2.1      Justification
Coal will remain an important energy source for electricity generation ,
especially in view of the reluctance in a number of Member States to
extend nuclear power . The use of coal must be made more efficient and
especially , less damaging to the environment .
III . 2 . 2    Objectives
Specific objectives are :          to increase the conversion efficiency and to
reduce the environmental impact ( SO2 , NO^) . The emphasis is on dual cycle
technologies and intrinsically clean conversion processes , rather than on
retrofitting systems for pollution abatement .              In view of the restricted
budget ,       the research will make use of existing installations wherever
possible .
                                                                                        AV
 ---pagebreak---                                        15 -
       a . Pressurised Fluidised Bed Combustion Combined Cycle        ( PFBC –CC ) :
           hot gas clean-up systems ,    metal wastage from heat exchanger tube
           banks , etc .
       b . After-Burner Combined Cycle :       pyrolysis stage , af ter-burner ,
           including testing at a moderate scale in an existing installation .
       c . Circulating Atmospheric Fluidised Bed Combustion Combined Cycle
           (CAFBC-CC ) : durability of air heating tubes , topping combustor ,
           etc.
       d . Coal Gasification Combined Cycle ( CGCC):         coal   gasification
           process , sulphur removal , hot gas clean-up .
       e . Generic R & D : coal-water mixtures , burner development , etc .
The R & D proposed          is  complementary    to ECSC coal    research which
concentrates on mining technology and upgrading of products .         Demonstra¬
tion projects are also supported in this area .
IV .   RENEWABLE ENERGIES
IV . 1   Justification
Renewable energies ( solar , wind , wave , tides , energy from biomass , hydro¬
electricity , geothermal etc .) remain the subject of continued interest
within the European Community 's energy strategy as shown inter alia by
various resolutions and recommendations of the Council of Ministers and
the European Parliament . They are also attractive for other Community
policies : regional development , developing aid policy or agricultural
policy (biomass). They are part of the solution to the CC>2 problem.
Efforts to make these energies more efficient and economically viable must
be sustained regardless of the fluctuations in energy prices .
                                                                                     42
 ---pagebreak---                                           16
The following R & D areas and objectives will be included :
IV . 2    Solar-der 1 ved energy sources
IV . 2.1 Wind Energy
The objective is to decrease the cost of wind turbines and to increase
their reliability .       Emphasis will be on machines in the MW range .
Main topics for R & D will be :
           1 . Wind measurements and modelling .
           2 . Wind turbine experiments and utilisation .
           3 . Development of . components and computer models .
           4 . Large scale wind turbines .
IV . 2 . 2 Solar Photovoltaic Power Devices and Systems
Over the last few years the cost of photovoltaics has been considerably
decreased and a number of market niches have emerged e.g. for telecommuni¬
cation systems ,       remote houses ,   etc . The objective is a further cost
decrease of photovoltaic devices to be achieved by simultaneous improve ¬
ments of cell efficiencies and development of new production processes , as
well as PV system optimisation .
Research subjects are :
1 . Crystalline silicon :       generic studies on solar cells from crystalline
     silicon .
2 . Amorphous silicon and other thin film devices .
3 . Fundamental studies .
 ---pagebreak---                                       17
4 . Pilot systems : actions on specific key problems such a . - power
     conditioning , battery control , support structures , etc . This should
     lead to the establishment of design tools to build optimised systems .
IV . 2 . 3 Hydraulic energy
For Small Hydro ( in the kW to MW range ) the purpose is to support European
industry in improving products and to promote wider uptake . For wave
energy and tidal energy , it is proposed to assess new developments for
possible later research action .
IV . 2 . 4 Biomass
Beyond the year 2000 agro-forestry in the Community could provide up to
10% of energy requirements in a cost-effective , environmentally acceptable
manner . Progress in this direction will depend largely on the supply
price of biomass and the cost of conversion technologies .
The main objective is the development of techniques for the production ,
conversion and use of fuels from biomass in close cooperation with the EC
ECLAIR , Wood and Agricultural research programmes .
Priority areas are :
1 . Production , harvesting and storage of specific high yield energy crops .
2 . Biological conversion .
3 . Thermal conversion .
              pyrolysis
              combustion of wastes ( pollution control )
              catalytic processes
4 . Participation in pilot projects and large integrated schemes .
                                                                              2o
 ---pagebreak---                                        18
IV . 3  Geothermal energy and deep geology
There are no separate ,       national geothermal research programmes ;      work
across the Member States is already well integrated into the Community
programme . There is scope for further development : to make economically
available the large resources of hot brine already identified and to prove
the commercial feasibility of the HDR ( Hot Dry Rock) concept . Research
will concentrate on :
     . Hot Dry Rocks : European pilot project ( from definition and site
       selection through to drilling ) , and supporting studies .
     . High enthalpy resources :   methods of brine handling .
     . Corrosion and scaling , in both high and low enthalpy installations .
     . Deep geology :   there is a long term scientific interest in under­
       standing reservoir evolution and mineral deposition as a function of
       structure .   Research  will   be  funded  and  national   activities  co¬
       ordinated   with  a  view   to   completing  networks   of   long  seismic
       profiles , implementing 3D seismic profiling in selected areas and
       establishing correlations with magneto-telluric and other geophysical
       surveys . Measurements will also be made in deep bore holes . The
       research will be energy-oriented .
                                                                                  г\
 ---pagebreak---                                   Proposai for a
                                COUNCIL DECISION
          adopting a specific research and technological development
                        programme in the field of energy
              - Non-nuclear energies and rational use of energy -
                                      1989-1992
                                       " JOULE"
      (Joint Opportunities for Unconventional or Long-term Energy supply)
THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES ,
Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community ,
and in particular Article 130 q ( 2 ) thereof ,
Having regard to the Commission proposal , ( 1 ),
In cooperation with the European Parliament , ( 2 ),
Having regard to the opinion of the Economic and Social Committee , ( 3 ),
Whereas Article 130 k of the Treaty states that the framework programme
is to be implemented by specific programmes developed under each heading ;
Whereas by Decision 87 / 516 / Euratom , EEC ( 4 ) the Council adopted
a Community framework programme of research and technological
development ( 1987-1991 ) defining energy projects on non-nuclear
energies    and  the   rational   use    of  energy ;
Whereas in the framework programme one of the criteria for the evaluation
of each specific programme and the selection of Community projects is the
contribution it makes to strengthening the Community 's economic and social
cohesion while adhering to the objective of scientific and technical
quality ;
Whereas on 16 September 1986 the Council adopted Resolution 86/ C 241 / 01 ( 5 )
concerning new Community energy policy objectives for 1995 and convergence
of the policies of the Member States ;
Whereas the implementation of an energy strategy for the Community calls
for the strengthening of research , development and demonstration projects
at Community level ;
( 1 ) O.J. N° C
( 2 ) O.J. N° C
( 3 ) O.J. N°C
( 4 ) O.J. N° L 302 , 24.10.1987 , p. 1
( 5 ) O.J. N° C 241 , 24.09.1987 , p. 1
 ---pagebreak---                                                                                 2.
Whereas the energy research and development programmes adopted by Counci L
Decisions 75 /510 / EEC ( 6 ), 79/ 785 / EEC ( 7 ) and 85 / 198 /EEC ( 8 ) gave favourable
results and opened up promising prospects as regards the objectives
pursued ;
Whereas the research and development projects covered by this Decision
appear necessary and are a suitable means of continuing the activities
undertaken and of launching new ones to achieve the objectives pursued ;
Whereas Counci l Regulation ( EEC ) No 3640 / 86 ( 9 ) provides for the granting of
financial support to demonstration projects in the exploitation of
alternative energy sources , energy saving and the substitution of
hydrocarbons and to Industrial pilot projects and demonstration projects
in the field of solid fuel liquefaction and gasification ; whereas such
support should be granted only to projects based on completed research and
development work ;
Whereas Council Regulation ( EEC ) No 3639 / 85 ( 10 ) provides for thegranting of
financial support for Community technological development projects in the
hydrocarbons sector ; whereas such support is granted only to projects for
which the research stage is completed ;                                                  –
Whereas on 26 November 1986 the Council adopted Resolution 86 / C 316 / 01 ( 11 )
on a Community orientation to develop new and renewable energy sources;
Whereas on 19 October 1987 the Council adopted Resolution 87 / C 328 / 01 ( 12 )
on the continuation and implementation of a Community policy and action
programme on the environment ( 1987-1992 );
Whereas the implementation of the environment policy involves the
development of clean technologies , especially for particularly polluting
energy sources , amongst other things by suitable research programmes ;
Whereas the Scientific and Technical Research Committee ( CREST ) has been
consulted ,
   (6)  O.J. N° L 231  02.09.1975 ,    p.   1.
   (7)  O.J. N° L 231  13.09.1979 ,    p.  30 .
   (8)  O.J. N° L  83  25.03.1985 ,    p.   16 .
   (9)  O.J. N° L 350  20.12.1985 ,    p.   29 .
 ( 10 ) O.J. N° L 350  20.12.1985 ,    p.  25 .
 ( 11 ) O.J. N° C 316  01.12.1986 ,    p.   1.
 ( 12 ) O.J. N° C 328  07.12.1987 ,    p.   1.
                                                                                          .4. J
 ---pagebreak---                                                                     3.
  HAS ADOPTED THIS DECISION :
  Article 1
  A specific research and technological development programme for the
  European Economic Community in the field of energy - Non-nuclear energies
  and rational use of energy - as defined in the Annex is hereby adopted for
  a period of four years from 1 January 1989 .
  Article 2
  The amount considered necessary for implementation of the programme is 122
  million ECU , including expenditure on a staff of 34 .
  Article 3
  Detailed rules for the implementation of the programme and the rate of the
  Community 's financial participation are set out in the Annex .
  Artide 4
  During the third year of implementation the Commission shall review the
  programme and send a report on the results of its review to the Council
, and to the European Parliament , accompanied where necessary by proposals
  for the amendment or extension of the programme .
  The Commission shall evaluate the results obtained .     It shall send a
  report to the Council and to the European Parliament .
  The abovementioned reports shall be drawn up in accordance with the
  provisions of Article 2(2 ) of the framework programme .
                                                                             54
 ---pagebreak---                                                                                 \
                                                                      4.
Article 5
The Commission shall be responsible for the execution of the programme and
shall be assisted in its implementation by the Management and Coordination
Advisory Committee No 7 set up by Council Decision 84 / 338 / Euratom , ECSC ,
EEC ( 13 ).
Contracts concluded by the Commission shall govern the rights              and
obligations of each party ,           in particular arrangements for        the
dissemination , protection and     exploitation of research results .
Article 6
Where framework scientific and technical cooperation agreements have been
concluded between non-Community States in Europe and the European
Communities , organizations and businesses established in those countries may
participate in a project undertaken under the programme .
Article 7
This Decision is addressed to the Member States .
Done at
                                                  For the Council
                                                  The President
( 13 ) O.J. N° L 177 , 04.07.1984 , p. 25
 ---pagebreak---                                       ANNEX
    SPECIFIC RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME IN THE FIELD OF ENERGY
              - NON-NUCLEAR ENERGIES AND RATIONAL USE OF ENERGY -
                                  1989 - 1992
                                    " JOULE"
     ( Joint Opportunities for Unconventional or Long-term Energy supply )
                                  OBJECTIVES
       The objective of developing energy technologies is directly linked to
the Community 's energy strategy , the aim of which is to increase security
of supply in the long term and to reduce energy imports to a reasonable
cost , bearing in mind the environment . As far as the technologies involved
are concerned , this objective requires the contribution of solid fossil
fuels and new and renewable sources of energy to be increased in the
medium and long term and energy efficiency to be greatly improved .
       This primary objective must be accompanied by a research effort to
reduce significantly nuisance and pollution caused by the production and
use of energy .
       In addition the development of advanced energy technologies should
help to stimulate and improve industrial competitiveness , including that
of small and medium-sized enterprises , in the Community .
       These objectives can be achieved through progress in the development
and availability of techniques , processes and products allowing the
rational use of energy , in the non-polluting use of solid fuels and
hydrocarbons , in the efficient and economic use of renewable energy
sources and in the development of models for energy and the environment .
 ---pagebreak---                              CONTENTS
The programme consists of the following four subprogrammes :
1.   MODELS FOR ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT
2.   RATIONAL USE OF ENERGY
     2.1 . Conservation in end-use sectors
           2.1.1 Buildings
                  ( a ) Energy conservation
                  ( b ) Solar energy applications
           2.1.2 Combustion technology
           2.1.3 Industry
     2.2   Energy conservation and storage
           2.2.1 Fuel cells
                 ( a) For large-scale power applications
                 (b ) For small-scale applications
           2.2.2 High-temperature superconductors
           2.2.3 Storage
3.   ENERGY FROM FOSSIL SOURCES
     3.1   Hydrocarbons
           3.1.1 Techniques for exploration and reconnaissance
           3.1.2 Research on drilling problems
           3.1.3 Production techniques
           3.1.4 Supporting studies for offshore production
           3.1.5 Natural gas development and conversion
           3.1.6 Hydrocarbon conversion
     3.2   Solid fuels
           Combined cycle technologies
           3.2.1 Pressurized fluidized bed combustion combined cycle
           3.2.2 Afterburner combined cycle
           3.2.3 Circulating atmospheric fluidized bed combustion combined
                 cycle
           3.2.4 Coal gasification combined cycle
           3.2.5 Generic R&D
4.   RENEWABLE ENERGIES
     4.1   Solar-derived energy sources
           4.1.1 Wind energy
           4.1.2 Solar photovoltaic
           4.1.3 Hydraulic energy
           4.1.4 Biomass
     4.2   Geothermal energy and deep geology
           4.2.1 Geothermal energy
           4.2.2 Deep geology
 ---pagebreak---                   1
                               IMPLEMENTATION
The programme shall consist of activities carried out by means of
shared-cost research and study contracts , coordination projects and awards
of training and mobility grants .
The participants may be industrial companies - including small and
medium-size enterprises - research institutions , universities , individuals
or any combination thereof established in the Community . Projects must be
carried out by participants from more than one Member State .
For shared-cost contracts , the Community participation shall generally be
about 50 % of the total expenditure but this percentage may be varied
depending on whether the projects supported are at a development stage
such that , beyond the present programme , public financing would no longer
be required or are of a more basic scientific nature .
 ---pagebreak---                             FINANCIAL STATEMENT
Budget line
Chapter 73 - Article 735 - Item 7356
Title
Specific energy R&D programme - non-nuclear energy and rational use
of energy
Legal basis
Article 130 Q ( 2 ) of the Treaty establishing the EEC .
Description and justification
This specific programme is one of the components of the framework
programme for Community research and technological development
activities ( 1987-1991 ). It cornes under line 5.3 "Non-nuclear energy
and rational use of energy " .
The major aims of the programme are to :
*     ensure secure supplies of energy and reduce dependence on
      imported energy by diversifying sources and improving energy
      efficiency ;
*     solve the problems raised by the energy-environment conflict ;
*     improve the Community 's industrial competitiveness by reducing
      energy costs and developing energy technologies ;
*     establish the large internal market for 1992 in the energy
      sector , amongst other things by research to establish norms and
      standards ;
*     help solve the developing countries' problems of energy supply
      and use .        ;\ '
The proposed programme therefore focuses on the following main lines :
*     systems analysis and modelling
*     rational use of energy
*     optimization of efficient and clean use of fossil sources
*     development of renewable energies .
 ---pagebreak--- It has four subprogrammes :
      - models for energy and environment
      - rational use of energy
      - energy from fossil sources
      - renewable energies and geothermal energy .
The programme ensures continuity with the previous programme , but with an
updated form and content so that it can pursue earlier promising
developments and attain the current objectives .
The programme covers the investigation of potential and feasibility
studies as well as the improvement of existing technologies , the
development of new techniques , processes and products and the development
of systems and pilot projects with a view to demonstration and marketing .
It is equally relevant to industry , including small businesses , as to
universities and public and private research centres . The programme
consists of activities to be carried out by means of shared-cost projects
and study contracts , coordinated projects and the allocation of training
and mobility grants . All the sectors carrying out research are involved :
universities , public and private research bodies and industry . A special
effort is being made to involve small firms . Priority is given to projects
by independent participants from more than one Member State . The
participation or association of organizations or undertakings established
in    non-member     countries   is    envisaged   when  necessary   on    a
project -by-project basis . In implementing the programme the Commission
will call on the assistance of the Management and Coordination Committee
( CGC N° 7 ) and independent experts .
All the ways available to the Commission are being deployed to ensure the
dissemination , exploitation and use of results .
The programme is to be reviewed in its third year and revised if
necessary . It is to be evaluated in accordance with the provisions in
force .
The consistency , coordination and complementarity of the programme with
other Community activities that tie in with it and with relevant national
R&D activities are being ensured by the most suitable means ( CREST , CGC ,
etc .). Cooperation with the IEA , ISO , Eureka and in the context of
bilateral agreements with non-member countries is being pursued and
reinforced .
 ---pagebreak---                                                                  3.
5. Financial implications
   5.1  Type of expenditure
        (a)  Staff expenditure for a staff of 34 ( 18 A , 7 B and 9 C ) ,
             including     missions ,   expenditure    incurred     by the
             participation of associated research scientists seconded by
             the Member States and expenditure for additional staff .
        (b ) Administrative expenditure , in particular meetings        of
             management committees and working parties , convening      of
             experts ,- costs of operating any networks , costs         of
             organizing conferences and attending seminars organized    by
             third parties , publishing costs .
        (c)  Technical operating costs expenditure relating ,           in
             particular to the purchase or leasing and the maintenance
             of    computerized management      equipment   including the
             necessary software .
        (d)  Expenditure on contracts for the execution of the programme
             and the abovementioned projects ; these comprise research
             contracts , contracts of association , study contracts ,
             contracts with experts and project leaders , service and
             coordination contracts together with grants and subsidies
             for the training and mobility of scientists , participation
             in international agreements and the provision of equipment ,
             infrastructure and hardware .
   5.2  Total cost
        122 million ECU for the duration of the programme ( 1989-1992 ) is
        the amount considered necessary as shown in line 5.3 of the
        framework programme .
   5.3  Methods of calculation
        (a)  Staff expenditure
             The requirements are estimated on the basis of a staff
             consisting of :
                             18 category A
                              7 category B
                              9 category C.
             Salaries are calculated on the basis of 1989 with an annual
             rate   of increase of 4 % for subsequent years . This
             expenditure is estimated at 12 242 000 ECU for the duration
             of the programme .
                                                                           3*
 ---pagebreak---                                                                      4.
            (b )   Operating expenditure
                   This expenditure is estimated on the basis of statistical
                   data for earlier budget years covering the previous three
                   four-year programmes , allowing for inflation and probable
                   developments in requirements . This expenditure is estimated
                   at 4 920 000 ECU for the duration of the programme .
            (c)    Contract expenditure
                   This comprises shared-cost research contracts awarded after
                   the selection of projects^ received in response to public
                   calls for proposals , project and coordination contracts ,
                   study contracts concluded as required and contracts with
                   experts together with training and mobility grants awarded
                   as required . This expenditure falls within the limit of the
                   available appropriations and is estimated at 104 838 000
                   ECU .
      5.4 . Multiannual timetable
COMMITMENT         1989      1990       1991      1992      1993+       Total
Staff             2,883     2,998      3,118     3,243                12,242
Operation         1,125     1,170      1,287     1,338                  4,920
Contracts         9,992    60,832     34,014         0               104,838
Total            14,000    65,000     38,419     4,581               122,000
PAYMENT            1989      1990       1991      1992      1993+       Total
Staff             2,883     2,998      3,118     3,243                12,242
Operation         1,125     1,170      1,287     1,338                  4,920
Contracts         2,392    21,832     28,595    20,419    31,600     104,838
Total             6,400    26,000     33,000    25,000    31,600     122,000
 ---pagebreak---                                                                5.
6. Financing of expenditure
   The necessary appropriations must be entered in the budgets for the
   financial years 1989 , 1990 , 1991 and 1992 .
7. Control
   7.1  Financial control
        - by the DG for Financial Control , as regards execution of the
           budget and the correctness and conformity of the expenditure .
        - by the Contracts Management Division of DG XII .
   7.2  Scientific control
        - by the relevant officials of DG XII
        - by the project leaders and experts
        - by the Management and Coordination Committee ( CGC) N°7 .
                                                                          -> >
                                                                          O
 ---pagebreak---                    ASSESSMENT OF IMPACT ON SMALL BUSINESS
                        Specific energy R&D programme
              Non-nuclear energies and rational use of energy
1. Administrative constraints on business
   One of the aims of the programme is to help improve the capacity and
   competitiveness of Community industries in the field of energy
   technologies and techniques . It is all the more important for
   participation in the programme to be widely open to industry because
   the development of some technologies is more a matter for industry ,
   including small businesses , than for universities and research
   centres . A combination of all these bodies in the implementation of
   specific projects making up the programme is sought .
   There are no constraints other than acceptance of the selection
   procedures ( call for proposals , tendering , evaluation , selection ,
   etc .) and the general rules governing Community R&D contracts ( shared
   costs , accountability , cost allocation , schedule of payments ,
   submission of reports , participation at meetings , dissemination and
   exploitation of results , etc .).
2. Advantages to businesses
   Since the aim is to seek industrial competitiveness on a Community
   scale ,    participation    in   the   programme offers    international
   cooperation which is generally encouraged when the projects are
   selected .   For small business ,  this leads to closer relations with
   larger firms , with universities and with public and private research
   centres .
   As far as individuals are concerned , multinational contracts between
   several partners bring research scientists working in the same field
   into touch with each other . Participation in the Community programme
   gives access to results and their exploitation .
3. Drawbacks to businesses
   Small    businesses    may  encounter   difficulties  in the   following
   respects :
   - The contract 's contribution to the cost of the research ( generally
     50 % ) , so that he must either have these funds himself or obtain
     them from official national bodies ;
                                                                            34-
 ---pagebreak---                                                                    2.
- the follow-through of results ( patents , licences , etc .);
     - the cost involved In preparing proposals that In the end are not
       selected .
4.   Impact on employment
     As the research under the programme Is essentially precompetitive ,
     the results and their industrial application are of a medium and
     long-term nature so that the effects on employment are difficult to
     estimate except as regards the maintenance or recruitment of the
     research staff directly involved .
5.   Have the two sides of industry been consulted ?
     The Economic and Social Committee was consulted on the Commission 's
     proposal when    the  programme  was   submitted   to   the Council for
     adoption .
6.   Alternative approaches
     Failing a Community programme , the only possible approach would be
     national ; it would probably not be less constraining .
                                                                             3S
 ---pagebreak---       Opinion of the Management and Coordination Advisory Committee
                           on Non-nuclear Energy
After having examined and discussed in depth the Commission 's draft
proposal for a new research and development programme in the field of
non-nuclear energy ( 1989-1992 ) ,
after having been informed of the preliminary conclusions and
recommendations expressed by the panel of external experts in charge of
the evaluation of the on-going programme ( 1985-1988 ),
the Management and Coordination Advisory Committee on non-nuclear energy
delivered the following opinions and suggestions at its meeting on
18-19 April 1988 .
The Committee
- subscribes to the general approach adopted for the new programme and
  recognises the relevance of the general objectives set out in it ;
- approves , bearing in mind the limited financial resources , the
  scientific and technical content of the new programme , which comprises
  four sub-programmes : models for energy and the environment , rational
  use of energy , fossil fuels and renewable sources of energy ;
- recommends that after inclusion of the results of the above evaluation
  and necessary revisions resulting from it , the draft programme be
  approved and adopted by the Commission in good time for the Council
  decision to be taken within the deadlines needed for its implementation
  from 1 January 1989 .
- urges that , when the Framework programme is revised , the financial
  contribution for non-nuclear energy should be increased ( the UK
  delegation does not support this point ) .