SEC Form 10-K Filing Report

Company: Digital Realty Trust, Inc.
CIK: 1297996
SIC Code: 6798
Filing Date: 2017-03-01 00:00:00
Market Capitalization: 17180412.905586243

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
General
Digital Realty Trust, Inc. through its controlling interest in Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (the Operating Partnership) and the subsidiaries of the Operating Partnership (collectively, we, our, us or the Company) is engaged in the business of owning, acquiring, developing and operating data centers. The Company is focused on providing data center, colocation and interconnection solutions for domestic and international tenants across a variety of industry verticals ranging from financial services, cloud and information technology services, to manufacturing, energy, healthcare, and consumer products. Digital Realty Trust, L.P., a Maryland limited partnership, is the entity through which Digital Realty Trust, Inc., a Maryland corporation, conducts its business and owns its assets. Digital Realty Trust, Inc. operates as a REIT for federal income tax purposes.
On July 5, 2016, we completed the acquisition of a portfolio of 8 high-quality, carrier-neutral data centers in Europe from Equinix, which we refer to as the European Portfolio Acquisition. The purchase price was $818.9 million in the aggregate (based on the exchange rate at the date of acquisition). We believe the acquisition of these premium assets in Amsterdam, Frankfurt and London will enhance our interconnection growth and colocation lease-up potential globally.
On October 9, 2015, we acquired Telx Holdings, Inc., or Telx, a leading national provider of data center colocation, interconnection and cloud enablement solutions, for approximately $1.886 billion. We believe this transaction established us as a leading colocation and interconnection platform in the U.S., complementing our existing large-footprint business.
As of December 31, 2016, our portfolio consisted of 145 operating properties, including 14 properties held as investments in unconsolidated joint ventures, of which 104 are located throughout the United States, 32 are located in Europe, four are located in Asia, three are located in Australia and two are located in Canada.
We are diversified in major metropolitan areas where data center and technology tenants are concentrated, including the Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Los Angeles, New York, Northern Virginia, Phoenix, San Francisco, Seattle and Silicon Valley metropolitan areas in the United States, the Amsterdam, Dublin, Frankfurt, London and Paris metropolitan areas in Europe and the Singapore, Sydney, Melbourne, Hong Kong and Osaka metropolitan areas in the Asia Pacific region. Our properties contain a total of approximately 26.1 million rentable square feet including approximately 2.0 million square feet of space under active development, which includes current base building and data center projects in progress, as well as approximately 1.1 million square feet of space held for future development, which includes space held for future data center development and excludes space under active development. The 14 properties held as investments in unconsolidated joint ventures have an aggregate of approximately 1.9 million rentable square feet. The 14 parcels of developable land we own comprised approximately 414 acres. A significant component of our current and future internal growth is expected to be generated through the development of our existing space held for development and acquisition of new properties. As of December 31, 2016, our portfolio, including the 14 properties held as investments in unconsolidated joint ventures and excluding space under active development and space held for future development, was approximately 89.4% leased. The types of properties within our portfolio include:
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Data centers, which provide secure, continuously available environments for the exchange, processing and storage of critical electronic information. Data centers are used for digital communication, disaster recovery purposes, transaction processing and housing corporate IT operations;
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Internet gateway data centers, which serve as hubs for Internet and data communications within and between major metropolitan areas; and
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Office and other non-data center space.
Unlike traditional office and flex/research and development space, the location of and improvements to our facilities, including network density, interconnection infrastructure and connectivity-centric customers in certain of our facilities, are generally essential to our businesses, which we believe results in high occupancy levels, longer average lease terms and customer relationships and lower turnover. In addition, many of our properties have tenant improvements that have been installed at our tenants’ expense. The tenant improvements in our facilities are generally readily adaptable for use by similar tenants.
Digital Realty Trust, Inc. was incorporated in the state of Maryland on March 9, 2004. Digital Realty Trust, L.P. was organized in the state of Maryland on July 21, 2004. Our principal executive offices are located at Four Embarcadero Center, Suite 3200, San Francisco, California 94111. Our telephone number at that location is (415) 738-6500. Our website is located at www.digitalrealty.com. The information found on, or otherwise accessible through, our website is not incorporated into, and does not form a part of, this annual report or any other report or document we file with or furnish to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC.
Recent Developments
On March 1, 2017, we declared the following dividends per share. The Operating Partnership will make an equivalent distribution per unit.
Our Competitive Strengths
We believe we distinguish ourselves from other owners, acquirors and managers of technology-related real estate through our competitive strengths, which include:
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High-Quality Global Portfolio that is Difficult to Replicate. Our portfolio contains state-of-the-art data center facilities with extensive tenant improvements in 33 metropolitan areas across 12 countries. Our portfolio of data center facilities is equipped to meet the power and cooling requirements for customers with smaller footprints up to the most demanding corporate IT applications. Many of the properties in our portfolio are located on major aggregation points formed by the physical presence of multiple major telecommunications service providers, which reduces our customers’ costs and operational risks and enhances the attractiveness of our properties. In addition, our strategically located global data center campuses offer our customers a place to grow as their businesses grow, and we believe that expanding connectivity offerings in our campus facilities will also enhance the attractiveness of these facilities. Further, the network density, interconnection infrastructure and connectivity-centric customers in certain of our facilities has led to the formation of densely connected ecosystems that are difficult to replicate and valuable to customers. We believe that a high-quality global portfolio like ours could not be easily replicated today on a cost-competitive basis.
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Presence in Key Metropolitan Areas. Our portfolio is located in 33 major metropolitan areas where data center and technology tenants are concentrated, including the including the Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Los Angeles, New York, Northern Virginia, Phoenix, San Francisco, Seattle and Silicon Valley metropolitan areas in the United States, the Amsterdam, Dublin, Frankfurt, London and Paris metropolitan areas in Europe and the Singapore, Sydney, Melbourne, Hong Kong and Osaka metropolitan areas in the Asia Pacific region. Our portfolio is geographically diversified so that no one metropolitan area represented more than approximately 11.8% of the aggregate annualized rent of our portfolio as of December 31, 2016. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations-Overview-Revenue Base.”
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Proven Experience Attracting and Retaining Customers. We have considerable experience in identifying and attracting new customers and retaining existing customers. Our specialized data center sales force provides a robust pipeline of new clients, while existing customers continue to grow and expand with us. During the year ended December 31, 2016, we commenced new leases totaling approximately 0.8 million square feet, which represent approximately $133.5 million in annualized GAAP rent. During the year ended December 31, 2016, we signed new leases totaling approximately 0.8 million square feet, which represent approximately $126.2 million in annualized GAAP rent. These leases were comprised of Powered Base Buildings®, Turn-Key Flex® and colocation space and space for ancillary office and other uses.
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Demonstrated Investment Acumen. We have developed detailed, standardized procedures for evaluating acquisitions, including income-producing properties as well as vacant buildings and land suitable for development, to ensure that they meet our strategic, financial, technical and other criteria. These procedures and our in-depth
knowledge of the technology and data center industries as well as the real estate industry allow us to identify strategically located properties and evaluate investment opportunities efficiently and, as appropriate, commit and close quickly. Our broad network of contacts within a highly fragmented universe of sellers and brokers of technology-related real estate enables us to capitalize on acquisition opportunities. As a result, we acquired a substantial portion of our properties before they were broadly marketed by real estate brokers.
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Flexible Data Center Solutions. We provide flexible, customer-oriented solutions designed to meet the needs of domestic and international companies across multiple industry verticals. Our Turn-Key Flex® and colocation data centers are move-in ready, physically secure facilities with the power and cooling capabilities to support mission-critical IT enterprise applications. We believe our Turn-Key Flex® facilities are effective solutions for customers who may lack the bandwidth, capital budget, expertise or desire to provide their own extensive data center infrastructure, management and security. We also believe that our colocation and interconnection platform offers a number of options for customers looking for small to larger footprints and connectivity solutions. For customers who possess the ability to build and operate their own facility, our Powered Base Building® solution provides the physical location, required power and network access necessary to support a state-of-the-art data center. Furthermore, our data center campuses offer our customers the opportunity to expand and grow in or near their existing deployments within a campus. Our Critical Facilities Management® services and team of technical engineers and data center operations experts provide 24/7 support for these mission-critical facilities.
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Leading Colocation and Interconnection Platform. We believe the acquisition of Telx, or the Telx Acquisition, and the European Portfolio Acquisition have established us as a leading provider of colocation, interconnection and cloud-enablement services globally. We believe interconnection is an attractive line of business that would be difficult to build organically and enhances the overall value proposition of our colocation and large-footprint data center product offerings. In addition to enhancing our presence in top-tier locations throughout the U.S and Europe providing significant opportunities for additional growth, we believe the Telx Acquisition and the European Portfolio Acquisition expanded our product mix to appeal to a broader spectrum of data center customers.
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Differentiating Development Advantages. Our extensive development activity, operating scale and process-based approach to data center design, construction and operations result in significant cost savings and added value for our customers. We have leveraged our purchasing power by securing global purchasing agreements and developing relationships with major equipment manufacturers, reducing costs and shortening delivery timeframes on key components, including major mechanical and electrical equipment. Utilizing our innovative modular data center design referred to as POD Architecture®, we deliver what we believe to be a technically superior data center environment at significant cost savings. In addition, by utilizing our POD Architecture® to develop new Turn-Key Flex® facilities in our existing Powered Base Building® facilities, on average we are able to deliver a fully commissioned facility in under 30 weeks. Finally, our access to capital allows us to provide data center solutions for customers who do not want to invest their own capital.
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Diverse Customer Base across a Wide Variety of Industry Sectors. We use our in-depth knowledge of the requirements and trends for social networking, mobile communications, analytics, cloud and content providers, network providers, information technology services providers and data center users, including financial services companies, to market our properties to domestic and international customers with specific technology needs. At December 31, 2016, we had over 2,200 customers across a variety of industry verticals, ranging from cloud and information technology services to financial services, manufacturing, energy, gaming, life sciences and consumer products. Our largest customer, IBM, accounted for approximately 7.8% of the aggregate annualized rent as of December 31, 2016 and no other single customer accounted for more than approximately 5.7% of the aggregate annualized rent of our portfolio.
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Experienced and Committed Management Team and Organization. Our senior management team has many years of experience in the technology or real estate industries, including experience as investors in, advisors to and founders of technology companies. We believe that our senior management team’s extensive knowledge of both the real estate and the technology industries provides us with a key competitive advantage. Further, a significant portion of compensation for our senior management team and directors is in the form of common equity interests in our Company and we recently instituted minimum stock ownership requirements, further aligning their interests with those of external stockholders. We have also implemented an employee stock purchase plan, which allows our employees to increase their ownership in the Company.
Business and Growth Strategies
Our primary business objective is maximize value creation on a per share and unit basis through achieving superior organic growth, prudently allocating capital and preserving the flexibility of our balance sheet.
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Achieve Superior Returns. We believe that achieving appropriate risk-adjusted returns on our business, including on our development pipeline and leasing transactions, will deliver superior stockholder returns. At December 31, 2016, we had approximately 2.0 million square feet of space under active development for Turn-Key Flex® and Powered Base Building® products in five U.S. metropolitan areas, three European metropolitan areas, one Canadian metropolitan area and one Asian metropolitan area, consisting of approximately 1.2 million square feet of base building construction and 0.8 million square feet of data center construction. We may continue to build out our development pipeline when justified by anticipated returns. We also believe that providing an even stronger value proposition to our customers, including through new and enhanced product offerings, as well as improving operational efficiencies, will further drive improved returns for our business.
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Provide Foundational Services to Enable Customers and Partners. We believe that our global infrastructure platform, through which we offer the foundational services of space, power and connectivity, will enable our customers and partners to serve their customers and grow their businesses. We believe our internet gateway facilities, individual data centers and data center campuses are attractive to a wide variety of customers and partners of all sizes. Furthermore, we believe our colocation and interconnection offerings, as well as the densely connected ecosystems that have developed within our facilities, are valuable and critical to our customers and partners.
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Prudently Allocate Capital. We believe that the accretive deployment of capital at sufficiently positive spreads above our cost of capital enables us to increase cash flow and create long-term stockholder value. Our relationships with corporate information technology groups, technology tenants and real estate brokers who are dedicated to serving these tenants provide us with ongoing access to potential investment opportunities and frequently enable us to avoid competitive bidding. In addition, the specialized nature of technology-related real estate makes it more difficult for traditional real estate investors to underwrite, resulting in reduced competition for investments relative to other property types. We believe this dynamic creates an opportunity for us to generate better risk-adjusted returns on our capital. We employ a collaborative approach to deal analysis, risk management and asset allocation, focusing on key elements, such as market fundamentals, accessibility to fiber and power, and the local regulatory environment.
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Preserve the Flexibility of Our Balance Sheet. We are committed to maintaining a conservative capital structure. We target a debt-to-Adjusted EBITDA ratio at or less than 5.5x, fixed charge coverage of greater than three times, and floating rate debt at less than 20% of total outstanding debt. In addition, we strive to maintain a well-laddered debt maturity schedule, and we seek to maximize the menu of our available sources of capital, while minimizing the cost. Since Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s initial public offering in 2004, our company has raised approximately $18.0 billion of capital through common, preferred and convertible preferred equity offerings, exchangeable debt offerings, non-exchangeable bond offerings, our global revolving credit facility, our term loan facility, the Prudential shelf facility, secured mortgage financings and refinancings, joint venture partnerships and sales of non-core assets. We endeavor to maintain financial flexibility while using our liquidity and access to capital to support operations, including our acquisition, leasing and development programs and global campus expansion, which are important sources of our growth.
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Maximize Property-Level Cash Flow. We aggressively manage our properties to maximize cash flow. We often acquire properties with substantial in-place cash flow and some vacancy, which enables us to create upside through lease-up. We control our costs by negotiating expense pass-through provisions in tenant leases for operating expenses, including power costs and certain capital expenditures. We also control costs by driving operating efficiencies, which include focusing on centralizing functions and optimizing operations as well as improving processes and technologies. We believe that expanding our global data center campuses will also contribute to operating efficiencies because we expect to achieve economies of scale on our campus environments.
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Leverage Strong Industry Relationships. We use our strong industry relationships with national and regional corporate enterprise information technology groups and technology-intensive companies to identify and comprehensively respond to their data center needs. Our sales professionals are real estate and technology industry specialists who can develop complex facility solutions for the most demanding data center and other technology tenants.
Sustainability
We believe that addressing sustainability matters that are important to our clients allows us to deliver products that help attract and retain customers, generate cash flow, and manage operational risks. We manage our properties so that they offer high degrees of operational efficiencies for our customers. We benchmark and certify certain properties in accordance with the EPA Energy Star program, LEEDTM, BREEAM, as well as other recognized third party rating standards. A portion of our U.S. portfolio is enrolled in the U.S. Department of Energy’s Better Buildings Challenge for Data Centers. We have developed solutions to help our customers efficiently utilize energy and water, and to help them procure renewable energy. We were named a Top Socially Responsible Dividend Stock by Dividend Channel in 2016, signifying a stock that exhibits strong dividend yield and high environmental and social standards. We are listed in 19th place on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's National Top 100 list of the largest green power users. We completed the allocation of net proceeds from the issuance of our green bond, which was used to support the development of sustainable building projects.
Sustainable Building Ratings
Buildings receiving ratings in 2016 totaled 892,907 square feet, or approximately 3.4% of our portfolio. We received the following sustainable building ratings for all, or a portion of, the following sites:
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LEEDTM: Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
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BCA: Building and Construction Authority
Energy Conservation
In 2016, the following sites were enrolled in the U.S. Department of Energy’s Better Buildings Challenge:
Our goal for the Challenge is to reduce non-IT energy intensity 20% by 2024 across a 0.79 million square foot portion of the portfolio compared to a 2013 baseline. This includes approximately 4.1% of the U.S. portfolio, excluding square footage under active development and space held for development. Properties enrolled in the Challenge demonstrated cumulative reductions in non-IT energy intensity of 17% through the second quarter of 2016 (the most recent data available), compared to a 2013 baseline.
Renewable Energy
In 2016, we entered into a power purchase agreement to secure the renewable energy attributes from a wind farm in Texas.
Green Bond
In June 2016, we completed the allocation of $493.1 million of net proceeds from the issuance of our 3.950% Notes due 2022, which we refer to as the 3.950% 2022 Notes or the green bonds. Proceeds from the green bonds were used to support the development of nine sustainable projects located in four countries that received certification in accordance with LEED, BREEAM, or CEEDA sustainable rating standards, listed below:
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BREEAM: Building Research Establishment Assessment Method
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CEEDA: Certified Energy Efficient Data Center Award
Competition
We compete with numerous data center developers, owners and operators, many of whom own properties similar to ours in some of the same metropolitan areas where our properties are located, including CoreSite Realty Corporation, CyrusOne Inc., DuPont Fabros Technology, Inc., Equinix, Inc., QTS Realty Trust, Inc. and various local developers in the U.S., as well as Global Switch Holdings Limited and various regional operators in Europe, Asia and Australia. If our competitors offer space that our customers or potential customers perceive to be superior to ours based on numerous factors, including available power, security considerations, location, or connectivity, or if they offer rental rates below current market rates, or below the rental rates we are offering, we may lose customers or potential customers or be required to incur costs to improve our properties or lower our rental rates. In addition, several of our competitors have the financial and technical ability to develop competitive data center properties. If the supply of competitive data center properties were to increase significantly, rental rates may be reduced or we may face delays in leasing, or be unable to lease our vacant space, including space that we develop. Finally, if customers or potential customers require services that we do not offer, we may not be able to meet those customers’ needs. Our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution and ability to satisfy our debt service obligations could be materially adversely affected as a result of any or all of these factors.
Geographic Information
Operating revenues from properties in the United States were $1.7 billion, $1.4 billion and $1.2 billion and outside the United States were $0.4 billion, $0.4 billion and $0.4 billion for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. We had investments in real estate located in the United States with a net book value of $6.3 billion, $6.1 billion and $5.4 billion and outside the United States of $2.6 billion, $2.6 billion and $2.7 billion as of December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
Operating revenues from properties located in the United Kingdom were $0.2 billion, $0.2 billion and $0.2 billion, or 11.1%, 12.3% and 13.3% of total operating revenues, for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. No other foreign country comprised more than 10% of total operating revenues for each of these years. We had investments in real estate located in the United Kingdom of $1.5 billion, $1.6 billion and $1.7 billion, or 16.6%, 18.8% and 21.3% of total investments in real estate, as of December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. No other foreign country comprised more than 10% of total investments in real estate as of each of December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014. See “Risk Factors-Ownership of properties located outside of the United States subjects us to foreign currency and related risks which may adversely impact
our ability to make distributions”, “-Our international activities are subject to unique risks different than those faced by us in the United States and we may not be able to effectively manage our international business” and “-We face risks with our international acquisitions associated with investing in unfamiliar metropolitan areas” for risks relating to our foreign operations.
Regulation
General
Our properties are subject to various laws, ordinances and regulations, including regulations relating to common areas. We believe that each of our properties as of December 31, 2016 has the necessary permits and approvals to operate.
Americans with Disabilities Act
Our properties must comply with Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, or the ADA, to the extent that such properties are “public accommodations” as defined by the ADA. The ADA may require removal of structural barriers to access by persons with disabilities in certain public areas of our properties where such removal is readily achievable. We believe that our properties are in substantial compliance with the ADA and that we will not be required to make substantial capital expenditures to address the requirements of the ADA. However, noncompliance with the ADA could result in imposition of fines or an award of damages to private litigants. The obligation to make readily achievable accommodations is an ongoing one, and we will continue to assess our properties and to make alterations as appropriate in this respect.
Environmental Matters
Under various laws relating to the protection of the environment, a current or previous owner or operator of real estate may be liable for contamination resulting from the presence or discharge of hazardous or toxic substances at that property, and may be required to investigate and clean up such contamination at or emanating from that property. Such laws often impose liability without regard to whether the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the presence of the contaminants, and the liability may be joint and several. The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, or CERCLA, established a regulatory and remedial program intended to provide for the investigation and clean-up of facilities where, or from which, a release of any hazardous substance into the environment has occurred or is threatened. CERCLA’s primary mechanism for remedying such problems is to impose strict joint and several liability for clean-up of facilities on current owners and operators of the site, former owners and operators of the site at the time of the disposal of the hazardous substances, any person who arranges for the transportation, disposal or treatment of the hazardous substances, and the transporters who select the disposal and treatment facilities, regardless of the care exercised by such persons. CERCLA also imposes liability for the cost of evaluating and remedying any damage to natural resources. The costs of CERCLA investigation and clean-up can be very substantial. CERCLA also authorizes the imposition of a lien in favor of the United States on all real property subject to, or affected by, a remedial action for all costs for which a party is liable. Subject to certain procedural restrictions, CERCLA gives a responsible party the right to bring a contribution action against other responsible parties for their allocable shares of investigative and remedial costs. Our ability to obtain reimbursement from others for their allocable shares of such costs would be limited by our ability to find other responsible parties and prove the extent of their responsibility, their financial resources, and other procedural requirements. Various state laws also impose strict joint and several liability for investigation, clean-up and other damages associated with hazardous substance releases.
Previous owners used some of our properties for industrial and retail purposes, and those properties may contain some level of environmental contamination. Independent environmental consultants have conducted Phase I or similar environmental site assessments on all of the properties in our portfolio. Site assessments are intended to discover and evaluate information regarding the environmental condition of the surveyed property and surrounding properties. These assessments do not generally include soil samplings, subsurface investigations or an asbestos survey and the assessments may have failed to reveal all material environmental conditions, liabilities or compliance concerns. In addition, material environmental conditions, liabilities or compliance concerns may have arisen after these reviews were completed or may arise in the future. We could be held jointly and severally liable under CERCLA and various state laws for the investigation and remediation of environmental contamination caused by previous owners or operators. Fuel storage tanks are present at most of our properties, and if releases were to occur, we may be liable for the costs of cleaning any resulting contamination. The presence of contamination or the failure to remediate contamination at our properties may expose us to third-party liability or materially adversely affect our ability to sell, lease or develop the real estate or to borrow using the real estate as collateral.
In addition, some of our tenants, particularly those in the biotechnology and life sciences industry and those in the technology manufacturing industry, routinely handle hazardous substances and wastes as part of their operations at our properties. Environmental laws and regulations subject our tenants, and potentially us, to liability resulting from these activities or from previous industrial or retail uses of those properties. We could be held jointly and severally liable under CERCLA and various state laws for the investigation and remediation of hazardous substances released by our tenants. Environmental
liabilities could also affect a tenant’s ability to make rental payments to us. We cannot assure you that costs of investigation and remediation of environmental matters will not affect our ability to pay dividends to Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s stockholders and distributions to Digital Realty Trust, L.P.’s unitholders or that such costs or other remedial measures will not have a material adverse effect on our business, assets or results of operations or our competitive position.
Our properties and their uses often require permits from various government agencies, including permits related to zoning and land use, such as permits to operate data center facilities. Certain permits from state or local environmental regulatory agencies, including regulators of air quality, are usually required to install and operate diesel-powered generators, which provide emergency back-up power at most of our facilities. These permits often set emissions limits for certain air pollutants, including oxides of nitrogen. In addition, various federal, state, and local environmental, health and safety requirements, such as fire requirements and treated and storm water discharge requirements, apply to some of our properties. Changes to applicable regulations, such as air quality regulations, or the permit requirements for equipment at our facilities, could hinder or prevent our construction or operation of data center facilities.
The environmental laws and regulations to which our properties are subject may change in the future, and new laws and regulations may be created. Future laws, ordinances or regulations may impose additional material environmental liability. Such laws include those directly regulating our climate change impacts and those which regulate the climate change impacts of companies with which we do business, such as utilities providing our facilities with electricity. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations-Factors Which May Influence Future Results of Operations-Climate change legislation.” We do not know if or how the requirements will change, but changes may require that we make significant unanticipated expenditures, and such expenditures may materially adversely impact our financial condition, cash flow, results of operations, cash available for distributions, common stock’s per share trading price, our competitive position and ability to satisfy our debt service obligations.
Insurance
We carry commercial general liability, property, and business interruption insurance, including rental income loss coverage, covering all of the properties in our portfolio under a blanket program. We select policy specifications and insured limits which we believe to be appropriate given the relative risk of loss, the cost of the coverage and industry practice and, in the opinion of our Company’s management, the properties in our portfolio are currently adequately insured. We do not carry insurance for generally uninsured exposures such as loss from war or nuclear reaction. In addition, we carry earthquake insurance on our properties in an amount and with deductibles which we believe are commercially reasonable. We intend to partially fund the earthquake insurance deductibles through a captive insurance company we established in May 2014. Certain of the properties in our portfolio are located in areas known to be seismically active. See “Risk Factors-Risks Related to Our Business and Operations-Potential losses may not be covered by insurance.”
Employees
As of December 31, 2016, we had 1,345 employees.
How to Obtain Our SEC Filings
All reports we file with the SEC will be available free of charge via EDGAR through the SEC website at www.sec.gov. In addition, the public may read and copy materials we file with the SEC at the SEC’s public reference room located at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. The public may obtain information on the operation of the public reference room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. We will also provide copies of our Forms 8-K, 10-K, 10-Q, Proxy Statement, Annual Report and amendments to those documents at no charge to investors upon request and make electronic copies of such reports available through our website at www.digitalrealty.com as soon as reasonably practicable after filing such material with the SEC. The information found on, or otherwise accessible through, our website is not incorporated by reference into, nor does it form a part of, this report or any other document that we file with the SEC.
Offices
Our headquarters are located in San Francisco. We have regional U.S. offices in Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Los Angeles, New York, Northern Virginia and Phoenix and regional international offices in Amsterdam, Dublin, London, Singapore, Sydney and Hong Kong.
Reports to Security Holders
Digital Realty Trust, Inc. is required to send an annual report to its securityholders and to our Operating Partnership’s unitholders.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
For purposes of this section, the term “stockholders” means the holders of shares of Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s common stock and preferred stock. Set forth below are the risks that we believe are material to Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s stockholders and Digital Realty Trust, L.P.’s unitholders. You should carefully consider the following factors in evaluating our Company, our properties and our business. The occurrence of any of the following risks might cause Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s stockholders and Digital Realty Trust, L.P.’s unitholders to lose all or a part of their investment. Some statements in this report, including statements in the following risk factors, constitute forward-looking statements. Please refer to the section entitled “Forward-Looking Statements” starting on page 32.
Risks Related to Our Business and Operations
Global economic conditions could adversely affect our liquidity and financial condition.
General economic conditions and the cost and availability of capital may be adversely affected in some or all of the metropolitan areas in which we own properties and conduct our operations. Instability in the U.S., European and other international financial markets and economies may adversely affect our ability, and the ability of our tenants, to replace or renew maturing liabilities on a timely basis, access the capital markets to meet liquidity and capital expenditure requirements and may result in adverse effects on our, and our tenants’, businesses, financial condition and results of operations.
In addition, our access to funds under our global revolving credit facility depends on the ability of the lenders that are parties to such facilities to meet their funding commitments to us. We cannot assure you that long-term disruptions in the global economy and tighter credit conditions among, and potential failures or nationalizations of, third party financial institutions as a result of such disruptions will not have an adverse effect on our lenders. If our lenders are not able to meet their funding commitments to us, our business, results of operation, cash flows and financial condition could be adversely affected.
If we do not have sufficient cash flow to continue operating our business and are unable to borrow additional funds, access our existing lines of credit or raise equity or debt capital, we may need to find alternative ways to increase our liquidity. Such alternatives may include, without limitation, curtailing development activity, disposing of one or more of our properties possibly on disadvantageous terms or entering into or renewing leases on less favorable terms than we otherwise would.
Our business depends upon the demand for technology-related real estate.
Our portfolio of properties consists primarily of technology-related real estate and data center real estate in particular. A decrease in the demand for data center space, Internet gateway facilities or other technology-related real estate would have a greater adverse effect on our business and financial condition than if we owned a portfolio with a more diversified tenant base or less specialized use. Our substantial development activities make us particularly susceptible to general economic slowdowns, including recessions, as well as adverse developments in the data center, Internet and data communications and broader technology industries. Any such slowdown or adverse development could lead to reduced corporate IT spending or reduced demand for data center space. Reduced demand could also result from business relocations, including to metropolitan areas that we do not currently serve. Changes in industry practice or in technology, such as virtualization technology, more efficient or miniaturization of computing or networking devices, or devices that require higher power densities than today’s devices, could also reduce demand for the physical data center space we provide or make the tenant improvements in our facilities obsolete or in need of significant upgrades to remain viable. In addition, the development of new technologies, the adoption of new industry standards or other factors could render many of our tenants’ current products and services obsolete or unmarketable and contribute to a downturn in their businesses, thereby increasing the likelihood that they default under their leases, become insolvent or file for bankruptcy.
We may be unable to lease vacant or development space, renew leases, or re-lease space as leases expire.
At December 31, 2016, we owned approximately 2.0 million square feet of space under active development and approximately 1.1 million square feet of space held for future development. We intend to continue to add new space to our development inventory and to continue to develop additional space from this inventory. A portion of the space that we develop has been, and may continue to be, developed on a speculative basis, meaning that we do not have a signed lease for the space when we begin the development process. We also develop space specifically for tenants pursuant to leases signed prior to beginning the development process. In those cases, if we fail to meet our development obligations under those leases, these tenants may be able to terminate the leases and we would be required to find a new tenant for this space. In addition, in certain circumstances we lease data center facilities prior to their completion. If we fail to complete the facilities in a timely manner, the tenant may be entitled to terminate its lease, seek damages or penalties against us or pursue other remedies and we may be required to find a new tenant for the space. We cannot assure you that once we have developed space or land we will be able to successfully lease it at all, or at rates we consider favorable or expected at the time we commenced development. If we are not able to complete development in a timely manner or successfully lease the space that we develop, if development costs are higher than we currently estimate, or if lease rates are lower than expected when we began the project or are otherwise undesirable, our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution and ability to satisfy our debt service obligations could be materially adversely affected.
In addition, as of December 31, 2016, leases representing 16.4% of the square footage of the properties in our portfolio, excluding space held for development, were scheduled to expire through 2018, and an additional 11.3% of the net rentable square footage, excluding space held for development, was available to be leased. Some of this space may require substantial capital investment to meet the power and cooling requirements of our customers, or may no longer be suitable for their needs. In addition, we cannot assure you that leases will be renewed or that our properties will be re-leased at all, or at net effective rental rates equal to or above the current average net effective rental rates. If the rental rates for our properties decrease, our existing tenants do not renew their leases, we do not lease or re-lease our available space, including newly developed space and space for which leases are scheduled to expire, or it takes longer for us to lease or re-lease this space or for rents to commence on this space, our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution and ability to satisfy our debt service obligations could be materially adversely affected.
Additionally, leasing space in one of our data centers typically involves a significant commitment of resources and due diligence on the part of our customers regarding the adequacy of our facilities. As a result, the leasing of data center space can have a long sales cycle, and we may expend significant time and resources in pursuing a particular transaction that may not result in revenue. Our inability to adequately manage the risks associated with the sales cycle may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our growth depends on external sources of capital which are outside of our control.
In order for Digital Realty Trust, Inc. to maintain its qualification as a REIT, it is required under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, which we refer to as the Code, to annually distribute at least 90% of its net taxable income determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction and excluding any net capital gain. In addition, Digital Realty Trust, Inc. will be subject to income tax at regular corporate rates to the extent that it distributes less than 100% of its net taxable income, including any net capital gains. Digital Realty Trust, L.P. is required to make distributions to Digital Realty Trust, Inc. that will enable the latter to satisfy this distribution requirement and avoid income and excise tax liability. Because of these distribution requirements, we may not be able to fund future capital needs, including any necessary acquisition or development financing, from operating cash flow. Consequently, we rely on third-party sources to fund our capital needs.
Our access to third-party sources of capital depends on a number of factors, including general market conditions, the market’s perception of our business prospects and growth potential, our current and expected future earnings, funds from operations, our cash flow and cash distributions, and the market price per share of Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s common stock. We cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain equity or debt financing at all or on terms favorable or acceptable to us. Any additional debt we incur will increase our leverage. Further, equity markets have experienced high volatility recently and we cannot assure you that we will be able to raise capital through the sale of equity securities at all or on favorable terms. Sales of equity on unfavorable terms could result in substantial dilution to Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s common stockholders and Digital Realty Trust, L.P.’s unitholders. In addition, we may be forced to dispose of one or more of our properties, possibly on disadvantageous terms.
If we cannot obtain capital from third-party sources, we may not be able to acquire or develop properties when strategic opportunities exist, satisfy our debt service obligations, pay cash dividends to Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s stockholders or make distributions to Digital Realty Trust, L.P.’s unitholders.
Declining real estate valuations and impairment charges could adversely affect our earnings and financial condition.
We review each of our properties for indicators that its carrying amount may not be recoverable. Examples of such indicators may include a significant decrease in the market price, a significant adverse change in how the property is being used or expected to be used based on the underwriting at the time of acquisition, an accumulation of costs significantly in excess of the amount originally expected for the acquisition or development, a change in our intended holding period due to our intention to sell an asset, or a history of operating or cash flow losses. When such impairment indicators exist, we review an estimate of the future undiscounted net cash flows (excluding interest charges) expected to result from the real estate investment’s use and eventual disposition and compare it to the carrying value of the property. We consider factors such as future operating income, trends and prospects, as well as the effects of leasing demand, competition and other factors. If our future undiscounted net cash flow evaluation indicates that we are unable to recover the carrying value of a real estate investment, an impairment loss is recorded to the extent that the carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value of the property. These losses have a direct impact on our net income because recording an impairment loss results in an immediate negative adjustment to net income. The evaluation of anticipated cash flows is highly subjective and is based in part on assumptions regarding future occupancy, rental rates and capital requirements that could differ materially from actual results in future periods. A worsening real estate market may cause us to reevaluate the assumptions used in our impairment analysis. Impairment charges could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash available for distribution.
We depend on significant tenants, and many of our properties are single-tenant properties or are currently occupied by single tenants.
As of December 31, 2016, the 20 largest tenants in our property portfolio represented approximately 43% of the total annualized rent generated by our properties. Our largest tenants by annualized rent are subsidiaries of IBM, CenturyLink, Inc. (Savvis/Qwest), and Equinix Operating Company, Inc. In July 2013, IBM acquired SoftLayer Technologies, Inc. Including space leased by SoftLayer, IBM leased approximately 957,000 square feet of net rentable space as of December 31, 2016, representing approximately 7.8% of the total annualized rent generated by our properties. In 2011, CenturyLink, Inc. acquired Savvis Communications Corporation, or Savvis, and Qwest Communications International, Inc., or Qwest, which are our direct tenants. Savvis and Qwest are now wholly-owned subsidiaries of CenturyLink, Inc. CenturyLink, Inc. (Savvis/Qwest) leased approximately 2.3 million square feet of net rentable space as of December 31, 2016, representing approximately 5.7% of the total annualized rent generated by our properties. In addition, 49 of our 145 operating properties are occupied by single tenants, including properties occupied solely by IBM and CenturyLink, Inc. (Savvis/Qwest). In November 2016, CenturyLink, Inc. announced its entry into a definitive agreement to divest its data centers and colocation business. Although we are assessing the situation at this time we cannot estimate what impact, if any, that this transaction may have on our business. Many factors, including global economic conditions, may cause our tenants to experience a downturn in their businesses or otherwise experience a lack of liquidity, which may weaken their financial condition and result in their failure to make timely rental payments or their default under their leases. If any tenant defaults or fails to make timely rent payments, we may experience delays in enforcing our rights as landlord and may incur substantial costs in protecting our investment, which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Our tenants may choose to develop new data centers or expand their own existing data centers, which could result in the loss of one or more key tenants or reduce demand for our newly developed data centers, which could have a material adverse effect on our revenues and results of operations.
Our tenants may choose to develop new data centers or expand or consolidate into data centers that we do not own in the future. In the event that any of our key tenants were to do so, it could result in a loss of business to us or put pressure on our pricing. If we lose a tenant, we cannot assure you that we would be able to replace that tenant at a competitive rate or at all, which could have a material adverse effect on our revenues and results of operations.
The bankruptcy or insolvency of a major tenant may adversely affect the income produced by our properties.
If any tenant becomes a debtor in a case under the federal Bankruptcy Code, we cannot evict the tenant solely because of the bankruptcy. In addition, the bankruptcy court might authorize the tenant to reject and terminate its lease with us. Our claim against the tenant for unpaid, future rent would be subject to a statutory cap that might be substantially less than the remaining rent actually owed under the lease. In either case, our claim for unpaid rent would likely not be paid in full. Our revenue and cash available for distribution could be materially adversely affected if any of our significant tenants were to become bankrupt
or insolvent, or suffer a downturn in its business, or fail to renew its lease or renew on terms less favorable to us than its current terms. As of February 28, 2017, we had no material tenants in bankruptcy.
Our contracts with our customers may adversely affect our earnings and financial condition.
In the ordinary course of business, we enter into agreements with our customers pursuant to which our customers lease or license data center space and power from us as well as purchase connectivity products. These contracts typically contain indemnification and liability provisions, in addition to service level commitments, which could potentially impose a significant cost on us in the event of losses arising out of certain breaches of such agreements, services to be provided by us or our subcontractors or from third party claims. Customers increasingly are looking to pass through their regulatory obligations and other liabilities to their outsourced data center providers and we may not be able to limit our liability or damages in an event of loss suffered by such customers whether as a result of our breach of agreement or otherwise. Further, liabilities and standards for damages and enforcement actions, including the regulatory framework applicable to different types of losses, vary by jurisdiction, and we may be subject to greater liability for certain losses in certain jurisdictions. Additionally, in connection with our acquisitions, we have assumed existing agreements with customers that may subject us to greater liability for such an event of loss. If such an event of loss occurred, we could be liable for material monetary damages and could incur significant legal fees in defending against such an action, which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Our portfolio of properties depends upon local economic conditions and is geographically concentrated in certain locations.
Our portfolio is located in 33 metropolitan areas. Some of these areas have experienced downturns in recent years. We depend upon the local economic conditions in these areas, including local real estate conditions, and our operations, revenue and cash available for distribution could be materially adversely affected by a downturn in local economic conditions in these areas. Our operations may also be affected if too many competing properties are built in any of these areas or supply otherwise increases or exceeds demand. We cannot assure you that these locations will grow or will remain favorable to technology-related real estate such as our properties.
As of December 31, 2016, our portfolio, including the 14 properties held as investments in unconsolidated joint ventures, was geographically concentrated in the following metropolitan areas.
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Annualized rent is monthly contractual rent (defined as cash base rent before abatements) under existing leases as of December 31, 2016, multiplied by 12. The aggregate amount of abatements for the year ended December 31, 2016 was approximately $16.2 million.
In addition, we are currently developing properties in certain of these metropolitan areas. Any negative changes in real estate, technology or economic conditions in these metropolitan areas in particular could negatively impact our performance.
Our growth depends upon the successful development of our existing space and developable land and new properties acquired for development and any delays or unexpected costs in such development may delay and harm our growth prospects, future operating results and financial condition.
At December 31, 2016, we had approximately 2.0 million square feet of space under active development and approximately 1.1 million square feet of space held for future development. We have built and may continue to build out a large portion of this space on a speculative basis at significant cost. Our successful development of these projects is subject to many risks, including those associated with:
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delays in construction;
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budget overruns;
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changes to the plans or specifications;
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construction site accidents and other casualties;
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increased prices for raw materials or building supplies;
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lack of availability and/or increased costs for specialized data center components, including long lead time items such as generators;
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financing availability, including our ability to obtain construction financing and permanent financing;
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increases in interest rates or credit spreads;
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labor availability and costs;
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labor disputes and work stoppages with contractors, subcontractors or others that are constructing the project;
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failure of contractors to perform on a timely basis or at all, or other misconduct on the part of contractors;
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timing of the commencement of rental payments;
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access to sufficient power and related costs of providing such power to our tenants;
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environmental issues;
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fire, flooding, earthquakes and other natural disasters;
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geological, construction, excavation and equipment problems; and
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delays or denials of entitlements or permits, including zoning and related permits, or other delays resulting from requirements of public agencies and utility companies.
In addition, while we intend to develop data center properties primarily in metropolitan areas we are familiar with, we may in the future develop properties in new geographic regions where we expect the development of property to result in favorable risk-adjusted returns on our investment. We may not possess the same level of familiarity with the development of properties in other metropolitan areas, which could adversely affect our ability to develop such properties successfully or at all or to achieve expected performance.
Development activities, regardless of whether they are ultimately successful, also typically require a substantial portion of our management’s time and attention. This may distract our management from focusing on other operational activities of our business. If we are unable to complete development projects successfully, our business may be adversely affected.
We may be unable to identify and complete acquisitions on favorable terms or at all.
We continually evaluate the market of available properties and businesses and may acquire additional real estate when opportunities exist. Our ability to acquire properties or businesses on favorable terms may be subject to the following significant risks:
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we may be unable to acquire a desired property or business because of competition from other real estate investors with significant capital, including both publicly traded REITs and institutional investment funds;
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even if we are able to acquire a desired property or business, competition from other potential acquirors may significantly increase the purchase price or result in other less favorable terms;
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even if we enter into agreements for the acquisition of real estate or businesses, these agreements are subject to customary conditions to closing, including completion of due diligence investigations to our satisfaction; and
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we may be unable to finance acquisitions on favorable terms or at all.
Additionally, we may acquire properties or businesses subject to liabilities and without any recourse, or with only limited recourse, with respect to unknown or contingent liabilities, such as liabilities for clean-up of undisclosed environmental contamination, claims by tenants, vendors or other persons dealing with the former owners of the properties or businesses, tax liabilities, claims for indemnification by general partners, directors, officers and others indemnified by the former owners of the properties or businesses, and other liabilities whether incurred in the ordinary course of business or otherwise. The total amount of costs and expenses that we may incur with respect to liabilities associated with acquired properties or businesses may exceed our expectations, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Further, we have entered, and may in the future enter, into transactions with limited representations and warranties or with representations and warranties that do not survive the closing of such transactions, in which event we would have no or limited recourse against the sellers of such properties or businesses. While we usually require the sellers to indemnify us with respect to breaches of representations and warranties that survive, such indemnification is often limited and subject to various materiality thresholds, a significant deductible or an aggregate cap on losses. As a result, there is no guarantee that we will recover any amounts with respect to losses due to breaches by the sellers of their representations and warranties. Finally, indemnification agreements between us and the sellers typically provide that the sellers will retain certain specified liabilities relating to the properties or businesses acquired by us. While the sellers are generally contractually obligated to pay all losses and other expenses relating to such retained liabilities, there can be no guarantee that such arrangements will not require us to incur losses or other expenses as well.
If we cannot complete property or business acquisitions on favorable terms or at all, our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution and ability to satisfy our debt service obligations could be materially adversely affected.
We may be unable to successfully integrate and operate acquired properties or businesses.
Even if we are able to make acquisitions on advantageous terms, our ability to successfully operate them may be subject to the following significant risks:
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we may spend more than budgeted amounts to make necessary improvements or renovations to acquired properties;
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we may be unable to integrate new acquisitions quickly and efficiently, particularly acquisitions of operating businesses or portfolios of properties, into our existing operations;
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acquired properties may be subject to reassessment, which may result in higher than expected property tax payments; and
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market conditions may result in higher than expected vacancy rates and lower than expected rental rates on acquired properties.
If we cannot integrate and operate acquired properties or businesses to meet our financial expectations, our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution and ability to satisfy our debt service obligations could be materially adversely affected.
Our recent acquisitions may not achieve the intended benefits or may disrupt our plans and operations.
Acquisitions present many risks, and we may not realize the financial or strategic goals that were contemplated at the time of the transaction. We acquired Telx in October 2015 and a portfolio of European properties in July 2016, which we refer to as the European Portfolio. There can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully integrate Telx or the European Portfolio with our business or otherwise realize the expected benefits of these acquisitions. Our ability to realize the anticipated benefits of these acquisitions depends, to a large extent, on our ability to integrate Telx and the European Portfolio with our business. The combination of two independent businesses can be a complex, costly and time-consuming process. Our business may be negatively impacted if we are unable to effectively manage our expanded operations. Further, the integration process requires significant time and focus from our management team and may divert attention from the day-to-day operations of our business.
The expected synergies from the acquisitions may not be fully realized, which could result in increased costs and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and the trading price of our common stock. In addition, the overall integration of the businesses may result in material unanticipated problems, expenses, liabilities, competitive responses and loss of customer relationships, among other potential adverse consequences.
The risks of combining businesses include, among others:
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we may have underestimated the costs to make any necessary improvements to the acquired properties;
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the acquired properties may be subject to reassessment, which may result in higher than expected tax payments;
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we may face difficulties in integrating employees and in retaining key personnel; and
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we may face challenges in keeping existing customers, including key magnet customers, which could adversely impact interconnection and colocation revenue.
Many of these risks are outside of our control and any one of them could result in increased costs, decreases in the amount of expected revenue and diversion of our management’s time and energy, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. In addition, even if our operations are integrated successfully with the operations of our acquisitions, we may not realize the full benefits of the the acquisitions, including the synergies, operating efficiencies, or sales or growth opportunities that are expected. These benefits may not be achieved within the anticipated time frame or at all. All of these factors could decrease or delay any potential accretive effect of the acquisitions and negatively impact the price of our common stock.
Due to the acquisition of Telx and the European Portfolio, we may be subject to unknown or contingent liabilities for which we may have no or limited recourse against the sellers.
Telx and the European Portfolio may be subject to unknown or contingent liabilities for which we may have no or limited recourse against the sellers. Unknown or contingent liabilities might include liabilities for clean-up or remediation of environmental conditions, claims of customers, vendors or other persons dealing with the acquired entities, tax liabilities and other liabilities whether incurred in the ordinary course of business or otherwise. With respect to the Telx Acquisition, we have entered into an insurance policy with a syndicate of insurers providing for coverage for breaches of certain representations and warranties contained in the Agreement and Plan of Merger, subject to certain exclusions and a deductible. However, there can be no assurance that we will recover any amounts with respect to losses due to breaches of Telx’s representations and warranties. In addition, the total amount of costs and expenses that we may incur with respect to liabilities associated with Telx or the European Portfolio may exceed our expectations, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We may be unable to source off-market deal flow in the future.
A component of our growth strategy is to continue to acquire additional technology-related real estate. To date, a substantial portion of our acquisitions were acquired before they were widely marketed by real estate brokers, or “off-market.” Properties that are acquired off-market are typically more attractive to us as a purchaser because of the absence of competitive bidding, which could potentially lead to higher prices. We obtain access to off-market deal flow from numerous sources. If we cannot obtain off-market deal flow in the future, our ability to locate and acquire additional properties at attractive prices could be adversely affected.
We have substantial debt and face risks associated with the use of debt to fund our business activities, including refinancing and interest rate risks.
Our total consolidated indebtedness at December 31, 2016 was approximately $5.8 billion, and we may incur significant additional debt to finance future acquisition and development activities. As of December 31, 2016, we have a $2.0 billion global revolving credit facility, which has a borrowing limit that we may increase to up to $2.5 billion, subject to receipt of lender commitments and other conditions precedent. At December 31, 2016, approximately $1.8 billion was available under this facility, net of outstanding letters of credit. As of February 27, 2017, we had approximately $1.6 billion available under the refinanced global revolving credit facility, net of outstanding letters of credit.
Our substantial indebtedness has important consequences in that it currently requires us to dedicate a significant portion of our cash flow from operations to debt service payments, which reduces the availability of our cash flow to fund working capital, capital expenditures, expansion efforts, distributions and other general corporate purposes. Additionally, it could: make it more difficult for us to satisfy our obligations with respect to our indebtedness; limit our ability in the future to undertake refinancings of our debt or obtain financing for expenditures, acquisitions, development or other general corporate purposes on
terms and conditions acceptable to us, if at all; or affect adversely our ability to compete effectively or operate successfully under adverse economic conditions.
In addition, we may violate restrictive covenants or fail to maintain financial ratios specified in our loan documents, which would entitle the lenders to accelerate our debt obligations, and our secured lenders or mortgagees may foreclose on our properties or our interests in the entities that own the properties that secure their loans and receive an assignment of rents and leases. A foreclosure on one or more of our properties could adversely affect our access to capital, financial condition, results of operations, cash flow and cash available for distribution. Further, our default under any one of our loans could result in a cross default on other indebtedness. Furthermore, foreclosures could create taxable income without accompanying cash proceeds, a circumstance which could hinder Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s ability to meet the REIT distribution requirements imposed by the Code.
Additional risks related to our indebtedness are described below.
We may be unable to refinance our indebtedness at maturity or the refinancing terms may be less favorable than the terms of our original indebtedness. It is likely that we will need to refinance at least a portion of our outstanding debt as it matures. If we are unable to refinance or extend principal payments due at maturity or pay them with proceeds of other capital transactions, then our cash flow may not be sufficient in all years to repay all such maturing debt and to pay distributions. Further, if prevailing interest rates or other factors at the time of refinancing, such as the reluctance of lenders to make commercial real estate loans, result in higher interest rates upon refinancing, then the interest expense relating to that refinanced indebtedness would increase.
Fluctuations in interest rates could materially affect our financial results and may increase the risk our counterparty defaults on our interest rate hedges. Because a significant portion of our debt, including debt incurred under our global revolving credit facility, bears interest at variable rates, increases in interest rates could materially increase our interest expense. If the United States Federal Reserve increases short-term interest rates, this would have a significant upward impact on shorter-term interest rates, including the interest rates that our variable rate debt is based upon. Potential future increases in interest rates and credit spreads may increase our interest expense and therefore negatively affect our financial condition and results of operations, and reduce our access to capital markets. We have entered into interest rate swap agreements for a significant portion of our floating rate debt other than the debt we incur under our global revolving credit facility. Increased interest rates may increase the risk that the counterparties to our swap agreements will default on their obligations, which could further increase our exposure to interest rate fluctuations. Conversely, if interest rates are lower than our swapped fixed rates, we will be required to pay more for our debt than we would have had we not entered into the swap agreements.
Adverse changes in our company’s credit ratings could negatively affect our financing activity. The credit ratings of our senior unsecured long-term debt and Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s preferred stock are based on our Company’s operating performance, liquidity and leverage ratios, overall financial position and other factors employed by the credit rating agencies in their rating analyses of our Company. Our Company’s credit ratings can affect the amount of capital we can access, as well as the terms and pricing of any debt we may incur. We cannot assure you that our Company will be able to maintain our current credit ratings, and in the event our current credit ratings are downgraded, we would likely incur higher borrowing costs and may encounter difficulty in obtaining additional financing. Also, a downgrade in our Company’s credit ratings may trigger additional payments or other negative consequences under our current and future credit facilities and debt instruments. For example, if the credit ratings of our senior unsecured long-term debt are downgraded to below investment grade levels, we may not be able to obtain or maintain extensions on certain of our existing debt. Adverse changes in our credit ratings could negatively impact our refinancing and other capital market activities, our ability to manage our debt maturities, our future growth, our financial condition, the market price of Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s stock, and our development and acquisition activity.
Our global revolving credit facility, term loan facility, 5.875% notes due 2020, 3.400% notes due 2020, 5.250% notes due 2021, 3.950% notes due 2022, 3.625% notes due 2022,4.75% notes due 2023, 2.625% notes due 2024, 4.250% guaranteed notes due 2025, and 4.750% notes due 2025 restrict our ability to engage in some business activities. Our global revolving credit facility and term loan facility contain negative covenants and other financial and operating covenants that, among other things:
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restrict our ability to incur additional indebtedness;
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restrict our ability to make certain investments;
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restrict our ability to merge with another company;
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restrict our ability to create, incur or assume liens; and
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require us to maintain financial coverage ratios, including with respect to unencumbered assets.
In addition, the global revolving credit facility and the term loan facility restrict Digital Realty Trust, Inc. from making distributions to its stockholders, or redeeming or otherwise repurchasing shares of its capital stock, after the occurrence and during the continuance of an event of default, except in limited circumstances including as necessary to enable Digital Realty Trust, Inc. to maintain its qualification as a REIT and to avoid the payment of income or excise tax.
In addition, our 5.875% notes due 2020, or the 5.875% 2020 notes, our 3.400% notes due 2020, or the 3.400% 2020 notes, our 5.250% notes due 2021, or the 2021 notes, our 3.950% notes due 2022, or the 3.950% 2022 notes, our 3.625% notes due 2022, or the 3.625% 2022 notes, our 4.75% notes due 2023, or the 2023 notes, our 2.625% notes due 2024, or the 2024 notes, our 4.250% notes due 2025, or the 4.250% 2025 notes, and our 4.750% notes due 2025, or the 4.750% 2025 notes, are governed by indentures, which contain various restrictive covenants, including limitations on our ability to incur indebtedness and requirements to maintain a pool of unencumbered assets. These restrictions, and the restrictions in our global revolving credit facility and term loan facility, could cause us to default on our 5.875% 2020 notes, 3.400% 2020 notes, 2021 notes, 3.950% 2022 notes, 3.625% 2022 notes, 2023 notes, 2024 notes, 4.250% 2025 notes and 4.750% 2025 notes, global revolving credit facility or term loan facility, as applicable, or negatively affect our operations or our ability to pay dividends to Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s stockholders or distributions to Digital Realty Trust, L.P.’s unitholders, which could have a material adverse effect on the market value of Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s common stock and preferred stock.
Failure to hedge effectively against interest rate changes may adversely affect results of operations. We seek to manage our exposure to interest rate volatility by using interest rate hedging arrangements, such as interest rate cap or swap lock agreements. These agreements involve risks, such as the risk that counterparties may fail to honor their obligations under these arrangements, that these arrangements may not be effective in reducing our exposure to interest rate changes and that a court could rule that such an agreement is not legally enforceable. Our policy is to use these derivatives only to hedge interest rate risks related to our borrowings, not for speculative or trading purposes, and to enter into contracts only with major financial institutions based on their credit ratings and other factors. However, we may choose to change this policy in the future. Approximately 90% of our total indebtedness as of December 31, 2016 was subject to fixed interest rates or variable rates subject to interest rate swaps. We do not currently hedge our global revolving credit facility and as our borrowings under our global revolving credit facility increase, so will our percentage of indebtedness not subject to fixed rates and our exposure to interest rates increase. Hedging may reduce the overall returns on our investments. Failure to hedge effectively against interest rate changes may materially adversely affect our results of operations.
We have owned or managed certain of our properties for a limited time.
Our portfolio consisted of 145 properties at December 31, 2016, including 14 properties held as investments in unconsolidated joint ventures. Forty-four of our properties have been under our management for less than five years. The properties may have characteristics or deficiencies unknown to us that could affect their valuation or revenue potential. We cannot assure you that the operating performance of the properties will not decline under our management.
We may have difficulty managing our growth.
We have significantly and rapidly expanded the size of our Company. Our growth may significantly strain our management, operational and financial resources and systems. In addition, as a reporting company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The requirements of these rules and regulations will increase our accounting, legal and financial compliance costs and may strain our management and financial, legal and operational resources and systems. An inability to manage our growth effectively or the increased strain on our management of our resources and systems could result in deficiencies in our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting and could negatively impact financial condition, results of operations and our cash available for distribution.
Potential losses may not be covered by insurance.
We currently carry commercial general liability, property, business interruption, including loss of rental income, and other insurance policies to cover insurable risks to our Company. We select policy specifications, insured limits and deductibles which we believe to be appropriate and adequate given the relative risk of loss, the cost of the coverage and standard industry practices. Our insurance policies contain industry standard exclusions and we do not carry insurance for generally uninsurable perils, such as loss from war or nuclear reaction. Although we purchase earthquake insurance, it is subject to high deductibles and a significant portion of our properties is located in seismically active zones such as California, which represents approximately 16% of our portfolio’s annualized rent as of December 31, 2016. One catastrophic event, for example, in California, could significantly impact multiple properties, the aggregate deductible amounts could be significant and the limits we purchase could prove to be insufficient, which could materially and adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, a catastrophic regional event could also severely impact some of our insurers rendering them insolvent or unable to fully pay on claims despite their current financial strength. In addition, we may discontinue purchasing insurance against earthquake, flood or windstorm or other perils on some or all of our properties in the future if the cost of premiums for any of these policies exceeds, in our judgment, the value of the coverage relative to the risk of loss.
In addition, many of our buildings contain extensive and highly valuable technology-related improvements. Under the terms of our leases, tenants are obligated to maintain adequate insurance coverage applicable to such improvements and under most circumstances use their insurance proceeds to restore such improvements after a casualty event. In the event of a casualty or other loss involving one of our buildings with extensive installed tenant improvements, our tenants may have the right to terminate their leases if we do not rebuild the base building within prescribed times. In such cases, the proceeds from tenants’ insurance will not be available to us to restore the improvements, and our insurance coverage may be insufficient to replicate the technology-related improvements made by such tenants. Furthermore, the terms of our mortgage indebtedness at certain of our properties may require us to pay insurance proceeds over to our lenders under certain circumstances, rather than use the proceeds to repair the property. If we or one or more of our tenants experience a loss which is uninsured or which exceeds policy limits, we could lose the capital invested in the damaged properties as well as the anticipated future cash flows from those properties. In addition, if the damaged properties are subject to recourse indebtedness, we would continue to be liable for the indebtedness, even if these properties were irreparably damaged.
We face significant competition, which may decrease or prevent increases of the occupancy and rental rates of our properties.
We compete with numerous data center developers, owners and operators, many of whom own properties similar to ours in some of the same metropolitan areas where our properties are located, including CoreSite Realty Corporation, CyrusOne Inc., DuPont Fabros Technology, Inc., Equinix, Inc., QTS Realty Trust, Inc. and various local developers in the U.S., as well as Global Switch Holdings Limited and various regional operators in Europe, Asia and Australia. In addition, we may in the future face competition from new entrants into the data center market, including new entrants who may acquire our current competitors. Some of our competitors and potential competitors have significant advantages over us, including greater name recognition, longer operating histories, pre-existing relationships with current or potential customers, significantly greater financial, marketing and other resources and more ready access to capital which allow them to respond more quickly to new or changing opportunities. If our competitors offer space that our tenants or potential tenants perceive to be superior to ours based on numerous factors, including available power, security considerations, location, or connectivity, or if they offer rental rates below current market rates, or below the rental rates we are offering, we may lose tenants or potential tenants or be required to incur costs to improve our properties or reduce our rental rates. In addition, recently many of our competitors have developed and continue to develop additional data center space. If the supply of data center space continues to increase as a result of these activities or otherwise, rental rates may be reduced or we may face delays in leasing or be unable to lease our vacant space, including space that we develop.
Further, if tenants or potential tenants desire services that we do not offer, we may not be able to lease our space to those tenants. Our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution and ability to satisfy our debt service obligations could be materially adversely affected as a result of any or all of these factors.
Joint venture investments could be adversely affected by our lack of sole decision-making authority, our reliance on co-venturers’ financial condition and disputes between us and our co-venturers.
We currently, and may in the future, co-invest with third parties through partnerships, joint ventures or other entities, acquiring non-controlling interests in or sharing responsibility for managing the affairs of a property, partnership, joint venture or other entity. In these events, we are not in a position to exercise sole decision-making authority regarding the property, partnership, joint venture or other entity. Investments in partnerships, joint ventures, or other entities may, under certain
circumstances, involve risks not present when a third party is not involved, including the possibility that partners or co-venturers might become bankrupt or fail to fund their share of required capital contributions. Partners or co-venturers may have economic, tax or other business interests or goals which are inconsistent with our business interests or goals, and may be in a position to take actions contrary to our policies or objectives. Our joint venture partners may take actions that are not within our control, which would require us to dispose of the joint venture asset or transfer it to a taxable REIT subsidiary in order for Digital Realty Trust, Inc. to maintain its status as a REIT. Such investments may also lead to impasses, for example, as to whether to sell a property, because neither we nor the partner or co-venturer would have full control over the partnership or joint venture. Disputes between us and partners or co-venturers may result in litigation or arbitration that would increase our expenses and prevent our officers and/or directors from focusing their time and effort on our day-to-day business. Consequently, actions by or disputes with partners or co-venturers may subject properties owned by the partnership or joint venture to additional risk. In addition, we may in certain circumstances be liable for the actions of our third-party partners or co-venturers. Each of these factors may result in returns on these investments being less than we expect or in losses and our financial and operating results may be adversely affected.
Our success depends on key personnel whose continued service is not guaranteed.
We depend on the efforts of key personnel of our Company, particularly A. William Stein, Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s Chief Executive Officer, Andrew P. Power, Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s Chief Financial Officer, Jarrett Appleby, Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s Chief Operating Officer and Scott Peterson, Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s Chief Investment Officer. They are important to our success for many reasons, including that each has a national or regional reputation in our industry and the investment community that attracts investors and business and investment opportunities and assists us in negotiations with investors, lenders, existing and potential tenants and industry personnel. If we lost their services, our business and investment opportunities and our relationships with lenders and other capital markets participants, existing and prospective tenants and industry personnel could suffer. Many of our company’s other senior employees also have strong technology, finance and real estate industry reputations. As a result, we have greater access to potential acquisitions, financing, leasing and other opportunities, and are better able to negotiate with tenants. As the number of our competitors increases, it becomes more likely that a competitor would attempt to hire certain of these individuals away from our Company. The loss of any of these key personnel would result in the loss of these and other benefits and could materially and adversely affect our results of operations.
Our properties may not be suitable for leasing to data center or traditional technology office tenants without significant expenditures or renovations.
Because many of our properties contain tenant improvements installed at our tenants’ expense, they may be better suited for a specific data center user or technology industry tenant and could require significant modification in order for us to re-lease vacant space to another data center user or technology industry tenant. The tenant improvements may also become outdated or obsolete as the result of technological change, the passage of time or other factors. In addition, our development space will generally require substantial improvement to be suitable for data center use. For the same reason, our properties also may not be suitable for leasing to traditional office tenants without significant expenditures or renovations. As a result, we may be required to invest significant amounts or offer significant discounts to tenants in order to lease or re-lease that space, either of which could adversely affect our financial and operating results.
Our data center infrastructure may become obsolete, and we may not be able to upgrade our power and cooling systems cost-effectively, or at all.
Our data center infrastructure may become obsolete due to the development of new systems to deliver power to or eliminate heat in our data center facilities. Additionally, our data center infrastructure could become obsolete as a result of the development of new server technology that does not require the levels of critical load and heat removal that our facilities are designed to provide and could be run less expensively on a different platform. In addition, our power and cooling systems are difficult and expensive to upgrade. Accordingly, we may not be able to efficiently upgrade or change these systems to meet new demands without incurring significant costs that we may not be able to pass on to our customers which could adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Ownership of properties located outside of the United States subjects us to foreign currency and related risks which may adversely impact our ability to make distributions.
We owned 41 properties located outside of the United States at December 31, 2016. In addition, we are currently considering, and will in the future consider, additional international acquisitions.
The ownership of properties located outside of the United States subjects us to risk from fluctuations in exchange rates between foreign currencies and the U.S. dollar. We expect that our principal foreign currency exposure will be to the British Pound, the Euro and the Singapore dollar. Changes in the relation of these currencies to the U.S. dollar will affect our revenues and operating margins, may materially adversely impact our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution and ability to satisfy our debt obligations.
We may attempt to mitigate some or all of the risk of currency fluctuation by financing our properties in the local currency denominations, although we cannot assure you that we will be able to do so or that this will be effective. We may also engage in direct hedging activities to mitigate the risks of exchange rate fluctuations in a manner consistent with our qualifications as a REIT, although we cannot assure you that we will be able to do so or that this will be effective.
Our international activities are subject to unique risks different than those faced by us in the United States and we may not be able to effectively manage our international business.
We have acquired and developed, and may continue to acquire and develop, properties outside the United States. Our foreign operations involve risks not generally associated with investments in the United States, including:
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our limited knowledge of and relationships with sellers, tenants, contractors, suppliers or other parties in these metropolitan areas;
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complexity and costs associated with managing international development and operations;
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difficulty in hiring qualified management, sales and construction personnel and service providers in a timely fashion;
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differing employment practices and labor issues;
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multiple, conflicting and changing legal, regulatory, entitlement and permitting, and tax and treaty environments;
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exposure to increased taxation, confiscation or expropriation;
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currency transfer restrictions and limitations on our ability to distribute cash earned in foreign jurisdictions to the United States;
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difficulty in enforcing agreements in non-U.S. jurisdictions, including those entered into in connection with our acquisitions or in the event of a default by one or more of our tenants, suppliers or contractors;
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local business and cultural factors; and
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political and economic instability, including sovereign credit risk, in certain geographic regions.
Our inability to overcome these risks could adversely affect our foreign operations and could harm our business and results of operations.
We face risks with our international acquisitions associated with investing in unfamiliar metropolitan areas.
We have acquired and may continue to acquire properties on a strategic and selective basis in international metropolitan areas that are new to us. When we acquire properties located in these metropolitan areas, we may face risks associated with a lack of market knowledge or understanding of the local economy and culture, forging new business relationships in the area and unfamiliarity with local government and permitting procedures. In addition, due diligence, transaction and structuring costs may be higher than those we may face in the United States. We work to mitigate such risks through extensive diligence and research and associations with experienced partners; however, we cannot assure you that all such risks will be eliminated.
The results of the United Kingdom’s referendum on withdrawal from the European Union may have a negative effect on global economic conditions, financial markets and our business, which could adversely affect our results of operations.
We are a global company with worldwide operations, including material business operations in Europe. In June 2016, a majority of voters in the United Kingdom elected to withdraw from the European Union in a national referendum. The referendum was advisory, and the terms of any withdrawal are subject to a negotiation period that could last at least two years after the government of the United Kingdom formally initiates a withdrawal process. Nevertheless, the referendum has created significant uncertainty about the future relationship between the United Kingdom and the European Union, and has given rise to calls for the governments of other European Union member states to consider withdrawal.
These developments, or the perception that any of them could occur, have had and may continue to have a material adverse effect on global economic conditions and the stability of global financial markets, and could significantly reduce global
market liquidity and restrict the ability of key market participants to operate in certain financial markets. Asset valuations, currency exchange rates and credit ratings may be especially subject to increased market volatility. Lack of clarity about future United Kingdom laws and regulations as the United Kingdom determines which European Union laws to replace or replicate in the event of a withdrawal could depress economic activity and restrict our access to capital in the United Kingdom. If the United Kingdom and the European Union are unable to negotiate acceptable withdrawal terms or if other European Union member states pursue withdrawal, barrier-free access between the United Kingdom and other European Union member states or among the European economic area overall could be diminished or eliminated. Any of these factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Future consolidation in the technology industry could materially adversely affect our revenues by eliminating some of our potential tenants and could make us more dependent on a more limited number of tenants.
Mergers or consolidations of technology companies in the future could reduce the number of our tenants and potential tenants. If our tenants merge with or are acquired by other entities that are not our tenants, they may discontinue or reduce the use of our data centers in the future. Any of these developments could have a material adverse effect on our revenues and results of operations.
We depend on third parties to provide network connectivity to the tenants in our data centers and any delays or disruptions in connectivity may materially adversely affect our operating results and cash flow.
We are not a telecommunications carrier. Although our tenants generally are responsible for providing their own network connectivity, we still depend upon the presence of telecommunications carriers’ fiber networks serving the locations of our data centers in order to attract and retain tenants. We believe that the availability of carrier capacity will directly affect our ability to achieve our projected results. Any carrier may elect not to offer its services within our data centers. Any carrier that has decided to provide network connectivity to our data centers may not continue to do so for any period of time. Further, some carriers are experiencing business difficulties or have announced consolidations. As a result, some carriers may be forced to downsize or terminate connectivity within our data centers, which could have an adverse effect on the business of our tenants and, in turn, our own operating results.
Our new data centers require construction and operation of a sophisticated redundant fiber network. The construction required to connect multiple carrier facilities to our data centers is complex and involves factors outside of our control, including regulatory requirements and the availability of construction resources. We have started to obtain the right to use network resources owned by other companies, including rights to use dark fiber, in order to attract telecommunications carriers and customers to our portfolio. If the establishment of highly diverse network connectivity to our data centers does not occur, is materially delayed or is discontinued, or is subject to failure, our operating results and cash flow may be materially adversely affected. Additionally, any hardware or fiber failures on this network may result in significant loss of connectivity to our data centers. This could negatively affect our ability to attract new tenants or retain existing tenants, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Failure to attract, grow and retain a balanced customer base, including key magnet customers, could harm our business and operating results.
Our ability to attract, grow and retain a balanced customer base, consisting of a variety of enterprises, including companies, such as financial services companies, and social, mobile, analytics, cloud, digital content and network service providers, some of which we consider to be key magnets drawing in other customers, may affect our ability to maximize our revenues. Balanced customer bases within each facility will enable us to better generate significant interconnection revenues, which in turn increases our overall revenues. Our ability to attract customers to our data centers will depend on a variety of factors, including our product offerings, the presence of carriers, the overall mix of customers, the presence of key customers attracting business through ecosystems, the data center’s operating reliability and security and our ability to effectively market our product offerings. Our inability to develop, provide or effectively execute any of these factors may hinder the development, growth and retention of a balanced customer base and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Any failure of our physical infrastructure or services could lead to significant costs and disruptions that could harm our business reputation and could adversely affect our earnings and financial condition.
Our business depends on providing customers with highly reliable service, including with respect to power supply, physical security and maintenance of environmental conditions. We may fail to provide such service as a result of numerous factors, including mechanical failure, power outage, human error, physical or electronic security breaches, war, terrorism and
related conflicts or similar events worldwide, fire, earthquake, hurricane, flood and other natural disasters, sabotage and vandalism.
Problems at one or more of our data centers, whether or not within our control, could result in service interruptions or equipment damage. Substantially all of our customer leases include terms requiring us to meet certain service level commitments to our customers. Any failure to meet these or other commitments or any equipment damage in our data centers, including as a result of mechanical failure, power outage, human error or other reasons, could subject us to liability under our lease terms, including service level credits against customer rent payments, monetary damages, or, in certain cases of repeated failures, the right by the customer to terminate the lease. Service interruptions, equipment failures or security breaches may also expose us to additional legal liability and monetary damages and damage our brand and reputation, and could cause our customers to terminate or not renew their leases. In addition, we may be unable to attract new customers if we have a reputation for service disruptions, equipment failures or physical or electronic security breaches in our data centers. Any such failures could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We are dependent upon third-party suppliers for power and certain other services, and we are vulnerable to service failures of our third-party suppliers and to price increases by such suppliers.
We rely on third parties to provide power to our data centers, and we cannot ensure that these third parties will deliver such power in adequate quantities or on a consistent basis. If the amount of power available to us is inadequate to support our customer requirements, we may be unable to satisfy our obligations to our customers or grow our business. In addition, our data centers may be susceptible to power shortages and planned or unplanned power outages caused by these shortages. Power outages may last beyond our backup and alternative power arrangements, which would harm our customers and our business. Any loss of services or equipment damage could adversely affect both our ability to generate revenues and our operating results, and harm our reputation.
In addition, we may be subject to risks and unanticipated costs associated with obtaining power from various utility companies. Utilities that serve our data centers may be dependent on, and sensitive to price increases for, a particular type of fuel, such as coal, oil or natural gas. In addition, the price of these fuels and the electricity generated from them could increase as a result of proposed legislative measures related to climate change or efforts to regulate carbon emissions. Increases in the cost of power at any of our data centers would put those locations at a competitive disadvantage relative to data centers served by utilities that can provide less expensive power.
Even if we have additional space available for lease at any one of our data centers, our ability to lease this space to existing or new customers could be constrained by our ability to provide sufficient electrical power.
As current and future customers increase their power footprint in our facilities over time, the corresponding reduction in available power could limit our ability to increase occupancy rates or network density within our existing facilities. Furthermore, at certain of our data centers, our aggregate maximum contractual obligation to provide power and cooling to our customers may exceed the physical capacity at such data centers if customers were to quickly increase their demand for power and cooling. If we are not able to increase the available power and/or cooling or move the customer to another location within our data centers with sufficient power and cooling to meet such demand, we could lose the customer as well as be exposed to liability under our leases. In addition, our power and cooling systems are difficult and expensive to upgrade. Accordingly, we may not be able to efficiently upgrade or change these systems to meet new demands without incurring significant costs that we may not be able to pass on to our customers. Any such material loss of customers, liability or additional costs could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We may be vulnerable to breaches, or unauthorized access to or disruption, of our physical and information security infrastructure and systems, any of which could disrupt our operations and have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Security breaches, or disruption, of our or our customers' physical or information technology infrastructure, networks and related management systems could result in, among other things, unauthorized access to our facilities, a breach of our and our customers’ networks and information technology infrastructure, the misappropriation of our or our customers’ or their customers’ proprietary or confidential information, interruptions or malfunctions in our or our customers’ operations, delays or interruptions to our ability to meet customer needs, breach of our legal, regulatory or contractual obligations, inability to access or rely upon critical business records or other disruptions in our operations. We may be required to expend significant financial resources to protect against or to remediate such security breaches. We may not be able to implement security measures in a timely manner or, if and when implemented, these measures could be circumvented. Any breaches that may occur could expose
us to increased risk of lawsuits, material monetary damages, potential violations of applicable privacy and other laws, penalties and fines, loss of existing or potential customers, harm to our reputation and increases in our security and insurance costs, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Although our customers’ computing equipment resides in our buildings, we do not have access to, nor do we have knowledge of, what data is being housed and processed on their equipment. In the event of a breach resulting in loss of data, such as personally identifiable information or other such data protected by data privacy or other laws, we may be liable for damages, fines and penalties for such losses under applicable regulatory frameworks despite not handling the data. Further, the regulatory framework around data custody, data privacy and breaches varies by jurisdiction and is an evolving area of law. We may not be able to limit our liability or damages in the event of such a loss.
Illiquidity of real estate investments could significantly impede our ability to respond to adverse changes in the performance of our properties and harm our financial condition.
Because real estate investments are relatively illiquid and because there may be even fewer buyers for our specialized real estate, our ability to promptly sell properties in our portfolio in response to adverse changes in their performance may be limited, which may harm our financial condition. Further, Digital Realty Trust, Inc. is subject to provisions in the Code that limit a REIT’s ability to dispose of properties, which limitations are not applicable to other types of real estate companies. See “Risks Related to Our Organizational Structure-Tax consequences upon sale or refinancing.” While Digital Realty Trust, Inc. has exclusive authority under Digital Realty Trust, L.P.’s limited partnership agreement to determine whether, when, and on what terms to sell a property, any such decision would require the approval of Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s board of directors. These limitations may affect our ability to sell properties. This lack of liquidity and the Code restrictions may limit our ability to vary our portfolio promptly in response to changes in economic or other conditions and, as a result, could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution and ability to access capital necessary to meet our debt payments and other obligations.
We could incur significant costs related to government regulation and private litigation over environmental matters, including existing conditions at some of our properties.
Under various laws relating to the protection of the environment, a current or previous owner or operator of real estate may be liable for contamination resulting from the presence or discharge of hazardous or toxic substances at a property, and may be required to investigate and clean up such contamination at or emanating from a property. Such laws often impose liability without regard to whether the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the presence of the contaminants, and the liability may be joint and several. The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, or CERCLA, established a regulatory and remedial program intended to provide for the investigation and clean-up of facilities where, or from which, a release of any hazardous substance into the environment has occurred or is threatened. CERCLA’s primary mechanism for remedying such problems is to impose strict joint and several liability for clean-up of facilities on current owners and operators of the site, former owners and operators of the site at the time of the disposal of the hazardous substances, any person who arranges for the transportation, disposal or treatment of the hazardous substances, and the transporters who select the disposal and treatment facilities, regardless of the care exercised by such persons. CERCLA also imposes liability for the cost of evaluating and remedying any damage to natural resources. The costs of CERCLA investigation and clean-up can be very substantial. CERCLA also authorizes the imposition of a lien in favor of the United States on all real property subject to, or affected by, a remedial action for all costs for which a party is liable. Subject to certain procedural restrictions, CERCLA gives a responsible party the right to bring a contribution action against other responsible parties for their allocable shares of investigative and remedial costs. Our ability to obtain reimbursement from others for their allocable shares of such costs would be limited by our ability to find other responsible parties and prove the extent of their responsibility, their financial resources, and other procedural requirements. Various state laws also impose strict joint and several liability for investigation, clean-up and other damages associated with hazardous substance releases.
Previous owners used some of our properties for industrial and retail purposes, so those properties may contain some level of environmental contamination. Independent environmental consultants have conducted Phase I or similar environmental site assessments on all of the properties in our portfolio. Site assessments are intended to discover and evaluate information regarding the environmental condition of the surveyed property and surrounding properties. These assessments do not generally include soil samplings, subsurface investigations or an asbestos survey and the assessments may fail to reveal all environmental conditions, liabilities or compliance concerns. In addition, material environmental conditions, liabilities or compliance concerns may have arisen after these reviews were completed or may arise in the future. We could be held jointly and severally liable under CERCLA and various state laws for the investigation and remediation of environmental contamination caused by
previous owners or operators. Fuel storage tanks are present at most of our properties, and if releases were to occur, we may be liable for the costs of cleaning any resulting contamination. The presence of contamination or the failure to remediate contamination at our properties may expose us to third-party liability or materially adversely affect our ability to sell, lease or develop the real estate or to borrow using the real estate as collateral.
In addition, some of our tenants, particularly those in the biotechnology and life sciences industry and those in the technology manufacturing industry, routinely handle hazardous substances and wastes as part of their operations at our properties. Environmental laws and regulations subject our tenants, and potentially us, to liability resulting from these activities or from previous industrial or retail uses of those properties. We could be held jointly and severally liable under CERCLA and various state laws for the investigation and remediation of hazardous substances released by our tenants. Environmental liabilities could also affect a tenant’s ability to make rental payments to us. We cannot assure you that costs of investigation and remediation of environmental matters will not affect our ability to pay dividends to Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s stockholders and distributions to Digital Realty Trust, L.P.’s unitholders or that such costs or other remedial measures will not have a material adverse effect on our business, assets or results of operations.
Some of the properties may contain asbestos-containing building materials. Environmental laws require that asbestos-containing building materials be properly managed and maintained, and may impose fines and penalties on building owners or operators for failure to comply with these requirements. These laws may also allow third parties to seek recovery from owners or operators for personal injury associated with exposure to asbestos-containing building materials.
Our properties and their uses often require permits from various government agencies, including permits related to zoning and land use, such as permits to operate data center facilities. Certain permits from state or local environmental regulatory agencies, including regulators of air quality, are usually required to install and operate diesel-powered generators, which provide emergency back-up power at most of our facilities. These permits often set emissions limits for certain air pollutants, including oxides of nitrogen. In addition, various federal, state, and local environmental, health and safety requirements, such as fire requirements and treated and storm water discharge requirements, apply to some of our properties. Changes to applicable regulations, such as air quality regulations, or the permit requirements for equipment at our facilities, could hinder or prevent our construction or operation of data center facilities. Also, drought conditions in certain markets have resulted in water usage restrictions and proposals to further restrict water usage. Our data center facilities could face restrictions on water usage, water efficiency mandates, or higher water prices.
The environmental laws and regulations to which our properties are subject may change in the future, and new laws and regulations may be created. Future laws, ordinances or regulations may impose additional material environmental liability. Such laws include those directly regulating our climate change impacts and those which regulate the climate change impacts of companies with which we do business, such as utilities providing our facilities with electricity. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Factors Which May Influence Future Results of Operations - Climate change legislation.” We do not know if or how the requirements will change, but changes may require that we make significant unanticipated expenditures, and such expenditures may materially adversely impact our financial condition, cash flow, results, cash available for distributions, common stock’s per share trading price, our competitive position and ability to satisfy our debt service obligations.
Our properties may contain or develop harmful mold or suffer from other air quality issues, which could lead to liability for adverse health effects and costs to remedy the problem.
When excessive moisture accumulates in buildings or on building materials, mold may grow, particularly if the moisture problem remains undiscovered or is not addressed over a period of time. Some molds may produce airborne toxins or irritants. Indoor air quality issues can also stem from inadequate ventilation, chemical contamination from indoor or outdoor sources and other biological contaminants such as pollen, viruses and bacteria. Indoor exposure to airborne toxins or irritants above certain levels can be alleged to cause a variety of adverse health effects and symptoms, including allergic or other reactions. As a result, the presence of significant mold or other airborne contaminants at any of our properties could require us to undertake a costly remediation program to contain or remove the mold or other airborne contaminants from the affected property or increase indoor ventilation. In addition, the presence of significant mold or other airborne contaminants could expose us to liability from our tenants, employees of our tenants and others if property damage or health concerns arise.
We may incur significant costs complying with the Americans with Disabilities Act and similar laws.
Under the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, or the ADA, all public accommodations must meet federal requirements related to access and use by disabled persons. We have not conducted an audit or investigation of all of our
properties to determine our compliance with the ADA. If one or more of the properties in our portfolio does not comply with the ADA, then we would be required to incur additional costs to bring the property into compliance. Additional federal, state and local laws also may require modifications to our properties, or restrict our ability to renovate our properties. We cannot predict the ultimate cost of compliance with the ADA or other legislation. If we incur substantial costs to comply with the ADA and any other similar legislation or are subject to awards of damages to private litigants, our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution and ability to satisfy our debt service obligations could be materially adversely affected.
We may incur significant costs complying with other regulations.
The properties in our portfolio are subject to various federal, state and local regulations, such as state and local fire and life safety regulations. If we fail to comply with these various regulations, we may have to pay fines or damage awards to private litigants. In addition, we do not know whether existing regulations will change or whether future regulations will require us to make significant unanticipated expenditures that will materially adversely impact our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, cash available for distribution and ability to satisfy our debt service obligations.
Our business could be adversely impacted if there are deficiencies in our disclosure controls and procedures or internal control over financial reporting.
The design and effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting may not prevent all errors, misstatements or misrepresentations. While management will continue to review the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, there can be no guarantee that our internal control over financial reporting will be effective in accomplishing all control objectives all of the time. Furthermore, our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting with respect to entities that we do not control or manage may be substantially more limited than those we maintain with respect to the subsidiaries that we have controlled or managed over the course of time. Deficiencies, including any material weakness, in our internal control over financial reporting which may occur in the future could result in misstatements of our results of operations, restatements of our financial statements, a decline in Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s stock price, or otherwise materially adversely affect our business, reputation, results of operations, financial condition or liquidity.
Risks Related to Our Organizational Structure
Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s duty to its stockholders may conflict with the interests of Digital Realty Trust, L.P.’s unitholders.
Conflicts of interest may exist or could arise in the future as a result of the relationships between Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and its affiliates, on the one hand, and our Operating Partnership or any partner thereof, on the other. Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s directors and officers have duties to Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and its stockholders under Maryland law in connection with their management of our Company. At the same time, Digital Realty Trust, Inc., as general partner, has fiduciary duties under Maryland law to our Operating Partnership and to the limited partners in connection with the management of our Operating Partnership. Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s duties as general partner to our Operating Partnership and its partners may come into conflict with the duties of Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s directors and officers to Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and its stockholders. Under Maryland law, a general partner of a Maryland limited partnership owes its limited partners the duties of loyalty and care, which must be discharged consistently with the obligation of good faith and fair dealing, unless the partnership agreement provides otherwise. The partnership agreement of our Operating Partnership provides that for so long as Digital Realty Trust, Inc. owns a controlling interest in our Operating Partnership, any conflict that cannot be resolved in a manner not adverse to either Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s stockholders or the limited partners will be resolved in favor of Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s stockholders.
The provisions of Maryland law that allow the fiduciary duties of a general partner to be modified by a partnership agreement have not been tested in a court of law, and we have not obtained an opinion of counsel covering the provisions set forth in the partnership agreement that purport to waive or restrict Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s fiduciary duties.
Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s stockholders and Digital Realty Trust, L.P.’s unitholders are also subject to the following additional conflict of interest:
Tax consequences upon sale or refinancing. Sales of properties and repayment of certain indebtedness will affect holders of common units in our Operating Partnership and Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s stockholders differently. Consequently, these holders of common units in our Operating Partnership may have different objectives regarding the appropriate pricing and
timing of any such sale or repayment of debt. While Digital Realty Trust, Inc. has exclusive authority under the limited partnership agreement of our Operating Partnership to determine when to refinance or repay debt or whether, when, and on what terms to sell a property, any such decision generally would require the approval of Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s board of directors. Certain of Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s directors and executive officers could exercise their influence in a manner inconsistent with the interests of some, or a majority, of Digital Realty Trust, L.P.’s unitholders, including in a manner which could prevent completion of a sale of a property or the repayment of indebtedness.
Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s charter, Digital Realty Trust, L.P.’s partnership agreement and Maryland law contain provisions that may delay, defer or prevent a change of control transaction.
Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s charter and the articles supplementary with respect to the preferred stock contain 9.8% ownership limits. Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s charter, subject to certain exceptions, authorizes the Company’s directors to take such actions as are necessary and desirable to preserve the Company’s qualification as a REIT and to limit any person to actual or constructive ownership of no more than 9.8% (by value or by number of shares, whichever is more restrictive) of the outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock, 9.8% (by value or by number of shares, whichever is more restrictive) of the outstanding shares of any series of preferred stock and 9.8% of the value of the Company’s outstanding capital stock. Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s board of directors, in its sole discretion, may exempt (prospectively or retroactively) a proposed transferee from the ownership limit. However, Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s board of directors may not grant an exemption from the ownership limit to any proposed transferee whose direct or indirect ownership of more than 9.8% of the outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock, more than 9.8% of the outstanding shares of any series of preferred stock or more than 9.8% of the value of the Company’s outstanding capital stock could jeopardize the company’s status as a REIT. These restrictions on transferability and ownership will not apply if Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s board of directors determines that it is no longer in the company’s best interests to attempt to qualify, or to continue to qualify, as a REIT or that compliance is no longer required for REIT qualification. The ownership limit may delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a change of control that might be in the best interest of Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s stockholders and Digital Realty Trust, L.P.’s unitholders.
Digital Realty Trust, L.P.’s partnership agreement contains provisions that may delay, defer or prevent a change of control transaction. Digital Realty Trust, L.P.’s partnership agreement provides that Digital Realty Trust, Inc. may not engage in any merger, consolidation or other combination with or into another person, any sale of all or substantially all of its assets or any reclassification, recapitalization or change of its outstanding equity interests unless the transaction is approved by the holders of common units and long-term incentive units representing at least 35% of the aggregate percentage interests of all holders of common units and long-term incentive units and either:
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all limited partners will receive, or have the right to elect to receive, for each common unit an amount of cash, securities or other property equal to the product of the number of shares of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. common stock into which a common unit is then exchangeable and the greatest amount of cash, securities or other property paid in consideration of each share of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. common stock in connection with the transaction (provided that, if, in connection with the transaction, a purchase, tender or exchange offer is made to and accepted by the holders of more than 50% of the shares of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. common stock, each holder of common units will receive, or have the right to elect to receive, the greatest amount of cash, securities or other property which such holder would have received if it exercised its right to redemption and received shares of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. common stock in exchange for its common units immediately prior to the expiration of such purchase, tender or exchange offer and thereupon accepted such purchase, tender or exchange offer and the transaction was then consummated); or
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the following conditions are met:
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substantially all of the assets directly or indirectly owned by the surviving entity in the transaction are held directly or indirectly by Digital Realty Trust, L.P. or another limited partnership or limited liability company which is the survivor of a merger, consolidation or combination of assets with Digital Realty Trust, L.P., or the surviving partnership;
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the holders of common units and long-term incentive units own a percentage interest of the surviving partnership based on the relative fair market value of Digital Realty Trust, L.P.’s net assets and the other net assets of the surviving partnership immediately prior to the consummation of such transaction;
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the rights, preferences and privileges of the holders of interests in the surviving partnership are at least as favorable as those in effect immediately prior to the consummation of such transaction and as those applicable to any other limited partners or non-managing members of the surviving partnership; and
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the rights of the limited partners or non-managing members of the surviving partnership include at least one of the following: (i) the right to redeem their interests in the surviving partnership for the consideration available to such persons pursuant to Digital Realty Trust, L.P.’s partnership agreement; or (ii) the right to redeem their interests for cash on terms equivalent to those in effect with respect to their common units immediately prior to the consummation of such transaction (or, if the ultimate controlling person of the surviving partnership has publicly traded common equity securities, for such common equity securities, with an exchange ratio based on the determination of relative fair market value of such securities and the shares of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. common stock).
These provisions may discourage others from trying to acquire control of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and may delay, defer or prevent a change of control transaction that might be beneficial to Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s stockholders and Digital Realty Trust, L.P.’s unitholders.
The change of control conversion features of Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s preferred stock may make it more difficult for a party to take over our Company or discourage a party from taking over our Company.
Upon the occurrence of specified change of control transactions, holders of our series F preferred stock, series G preferred stock, series H preferred stock and series I preferred stock will have the right (unless, prior to the change of control conversion date, we have provided or provide notice of our election to redeem such preferred stock) to convert some or all of their series F preferred stock, series G preferred stock, series H preferred stock or series I preferred stock, as applicable, into shares of our common stock (or equivalent value of alternative consideration), subject to caps set forth in the articles supplementary governing the applicable series of preferred stock. The change of control conversion features of the series F preferred stock, series G preferred stock, series H preferred stock and series I preferred stock may have the effect of discouraging a third party from making an acquisition proposal for our Company or of delaying, deferring or preventing certain change of control transactions of our Company under circumstances that otherwise could provide the holders of our common stock, series F preferred stock, series G preferred stock, series H preferred stock and series I preferred stock with the opportunity to realize a premium over the then-current market price or that stockholders may otherwise believe is in their best interests.
Digital Realty Trust, Inc. could increase or decrease the number of authorized shares of stock and issue stock without stockholder approval.
Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s charter authorizes the Company’s board of directors, without stockholder approval, to amend the charter from time to time to increase or decrease the aggregate number of authorized shares of stock or the number of authorized shares of stock of any class or series, to issue authorized but unissued shares of the Company’s common stock or preferred stock and, subject to the voting rights of holders of preferred stock, to classify or reclassify any unissued shares of the Company’s common stock or preferred stock into other classes of series of stock and to set the preferences, rights and other terms of such classified or reclassified shares. Although Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s board of directors has no such intention at the present time, it could establish an additional class or series of preferred stock that could, depending on the terms of such class or series, delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a change of control that might be in the best interest of Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s stockholders and Digital Realty Trust, L.P.’s unitholders.
Certain provisions of Maryland law could inhibit changes in control. Certain provisions of the Maryland General Corporation Law, or MGCL, may have the effect of impeding a third party from making a proposal to acquire Digital Realty Trust, Inc. or of impeding a change of control under circumstances that otherwise could be in the best interests of Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s stockholders and Digital Realty Trust, L.P.’s unitholders, including:
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“business combination” provisions that, subject to limitations, prohibit certain business combinations between Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and an “interested stockholder” (defined generally as any person who beneficially owns, directly or indirectly, 10% or more of the voting power of the Company’s outstanding shares of voting stock or an affiliate or associate of the Company who, at any time within the two-year period prior to the date in question, was the beneficial owner, directly or indirectly, of 10% or more of the voting power of the Company’s then outstanding shares of stock) or an affiliate thereof for five years after the most recent date on which the stockholder becomes an interested stockholder, and thereafter imposes special appraisal rights and supermajority voting requirements on these combinations; and
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“control share” provisions that provide that “control shares” of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. (defined as shares which, when aggregated with other shares controlled by the stockholder (except solely by virtue of a revocable proxy),
entitle the stockholder to exercise one of three increasing ranges of voting power in electing directors) acquired in a “control share acquisition” (defined as the direct or indirect acquisition of ownership or control of issued and outstanding “control shares”) have no voting rights except to the extent approved by the Company’s stockholders by the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of all the votes entitled to be cast on the matter, excluding all interested shares.
Digital Realty Trust, Inc. has opted out of these provisions of the MGCL, in the case of the business combination provisions of the MGCL by resolution of its board of directors, and in the case of the control share provisions of the MGCL pursuant to a provision in its bylaws. However, Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s board of directors may by resolution elect to opt in to the business combination provisions of the MGCL and the Company may, by amendment to its bylaws, opt in to the control share provisions of the MGCL in the future.
The provisions of Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s charter on removal of directors and the advance notice provisions of Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s bylaws could delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a change of control of the Company that might be in the best interest of Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s stockholders and Digital Realty Trust, L.P.’s unitholders. Likewise, if Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s board of directors were to opt in to the business combination provisions of the MGCL or the provisions of Title 3, Subtitle 8 of the MGCL not currently applicable to the Company, or if the provision in the Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s bylaws opting out of the control share acquisition provisions of the MGCL were rescinded, these provisions of the MGCL could have similar anti-takeover effects.
The conversion rights of Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s preferred stock may be detrimental to holders of Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s common stock.
Digital Realty Trust, Inc. currently has 7,300,000 shares of 6.625% series F cumulative redeemable preferred stock outstanding, 10,000,000 shares of 5.875% series G cumulative redeemable preferred stock outstanding, 14,600,000 shares of 7.375% series H cumulative redeemable preferred stock outstanding and 10,000,000 shares of 6.350% series I cumulative redeemable preferred stock outstanding, which may be converted into Digital Realty Trust, Inc. common stock upon the occurrence of limited specified change in control transactions. The conversion of the series F preferred stock, series G preferred stock, series H preferred stock or series I preferred stock for Digital Realty Trust, Inc. common stock would dilute stockholder ownership in Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and unitholder ownership in Digital Realty Trust, L.P., and could adversely affect the market price of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. common stock and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities.
Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s board of directors may change our investment and financing policies without stockholder approval or approval of Digital Realty Trust, L.P.’s other partners and we may become more highly leveraged, which may increase our risk of default under our debt obligations.
Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s board of directors adopted a policy limiting our indebtedness to 60% of our total enterprise value. Our total enterprise value is defined as the sum of the market value of Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s outstanding common stock (which may decrease, thereby increasing our debt to total capitalization ratio), excluding options issued under our incentive award plans, plus the aggregate value of Digital Realty Trust, L.P. units not held by Digital Realty Trust, Inc. (with the per unit value equal to the market value of one share of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. common stock and excluding long-term incentive units and Class C units), plus the liquidation preference of Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s outstanding preferred stock, plus the book value of our total consolidated indebtedness. However, the organizational documents of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. do not limit the amount or percentage of indebtedness, funded or otherwise, that we may incur. Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s board of directors may alter or eliminate our current policy on borrowing at any time without stockholder or unitholder approval. If this policy changed, we could become more highly leveraged which could result in an increase in our debt service and which could materially adversely affect our cash flow and our ability to pay dividends to Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s stockholders or distributions to Digital Realty Trust, L.P.’s unitholders. Higher leverage also increases the risk of default on our obligations.
Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s rights and the rights of its stockholders to take action against its directors and officers are limited.
Maryland law provides that Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s directors have no liability in their capacities as directors if they perform their duties in good faith, in a manner they reasonably believe to be in the Company’s best interests and with the care that an ordinarily prudent person in a like position would use under similar circumstances. As permitted by the MGCL, Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s charter limits the liability of the Company’s directors and officers to the Company and its stockholders for money damages, except for liability resulting from:
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actual receipt of an improper benefit or profit in money, property or services; or
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a final judgment based upon a finding of active and deliberate dishonesty by the director or officer that was material to the cause of action adjudicated.
In addition, Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s charter authorizes the Company to obligate itself, and the Company’s bylaws require it, to indemnify the Company’s directors and officers for actions taken by them in those capacities and to pay or reimburse their reasonable expenses in advance of final disposition of a proceeding to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law and Digital Realty Trust, Inc. has entered into indemnification agreements with its officers and directors. As a result, Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and its stockholders may have more limited rights against its directors and officers than might otherwise exist under common law. Accordingly, in the event that actions taken in good faith by any of Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s directors or officers impede the performance of the Company, the Company’s stockholders’ ability to recover damages from that director or officer will be limited.
Risks Related to Taxes and Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s Status as a REIT
Failure to qualify as a REIT would have significant adverse consequences to Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and its stockholders and to Digital Realty Trust, L.P. and its unitholders.
Digital Realty Trust, Inc. has operated and intends to continue operating in a manner that it believes will allow it to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes under the Code. Digital Realty Trust, Inc. has not requested and does not plan to request a ruling from the IRS that it qualifies as a REIT. Qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex Code provisions for which there are only limited judicial and administrative interpretations. The complexity of these provisions and of the applicable Treasury Regulations that have been promulgated under the Code is greater in the case of a REIT that, like Digital Realty Trust, Inc., holds its assets through a partnership. The determination of various factual matters and circumstances not entirely within Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s control may affect its ability to qualify as a REIT. In order to qualify as a REIT, Digital Realty Trust, Inc. must satisfy a number of requirements, including requirements regarding the ownership of its stock, requirements regarding the composition of its assets and a requirement that at least 95% of its gross income in any year must be derived from qualifying sources, such as “rents from real property.” Also, Digital Realty Trust, Inc. must make distributions to stockholders aggregating annually at least 90% of its net taxable income, excluding any net capital gains.
If Digital Realty Trust, Inc. loses its REIT status, it will face serious tax consequences that would substantially reduce its cash available for distribution, including cash available to pay dividends to its stockholders, for each of the years involved because:
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Digital Realty Trust, Inc. would not be allowed a deduction for dividends paid to stockholders in computing its taxable income and would be subject to federal income tax at regular corporate rates;
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Digital Realty Trust, Inc. also could be subject to the federal alternative minimum tax and possibly increased state and local taxes; and
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unless Digital Realty Trust, Inc. is entitled to relief under applicable statutory provisions, it could not elect to be taxed as a REIT for four taxable years following the year during which it was disqualified.
In addition, if Digital Realty Trust, Inc. fails to qualify as a REIT, it will not be required to make distributions to stockholders, and accordingly, distributions Digital Realty Trust, L.P. makes to its unitholders could be similarly reduced. As a result of all these factors, Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s failure to qualify as a REIT also could impair our ability to expand our business and raise capital, and would materially adversely affect the value of Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s stock and Digital Realty Trust, L.P.’s units.
In certain circumstances, Digital Realty Trust, Inc. may be subject to federal and state taxes as a REIT, which would reduce its cash available for distribution to its stockholders.
Even if Digital Realty Trust, Inc. qualifies as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, it may be subject to some federal, state and local taxes on its income or property and, in certain cases, a 100% penalty tax, in the event it sells property as a dealer. In addition, our domestic corporate subsidiary, Digital Services, Inc., which is a taxable REIT subsidiary of Digital Realty Trust, Inc., could be subject to federal and state taxes, and our foreign properties and companies are subject to tax in the jurisdictions in which they operate and are located. Any federal, state or other taxes Digital Realty Trust, Inc. pays will reduce its cash available for distribution to stockholders.
To maintain Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s REIT status, we may be forced to borrow funds during unfavorable market conditions.
To qualify as a REIT, Digital Realty Trust, Inc. generally must distribute to its stockholders at least 90% of its net taxable income each year, excluding capital gains, and Digital Realty Trust, Inc. will be subject to regular corporate income taxes to the extent that it distributes less than 100% of its net taxable income each year. In addition, Digital Realty Trust, Inc. will be subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax on the amount, if any, by which distributions paid by Digital Realty Trust, Inc. in any calendar year are less than the sum of 85% of its ordinary income, 95% of its capital gain net income and 100% of its undistributed income from prior years. While historically Digital Realty Trust, Inc. has satisfied these distribution requirements by making cash distributions to its stockholders, a REIT is permitted to satisfy these requirements by making distributions of cash or other property. We may need to borrow funds for Digital Realty Trust, Inc. to meet the REIT distribution requirements even if the then prevailing market conditions are not favorable for these borrowings. These borrowing needs could result from differences in timing between the actual receipt of cash and inclusion of income for federal income tax purposes, or the effect of non-deductible capital expenditures, the creation of reserves or required debt or amortization payments.
Dividends payable by REITs do not qualify for the reduced tax rates available for some dividends.
Income from “qualified dividends” payable to U.S. stockholders that are individuals, trusts and estates are generally subject to tax at preferential rates. Dividends payable by REITs, however, generally are not eligible for the preferential tax rates applicable to qualified dividend income. Although these rules do not adversely affect the taxation of REITs or dividends payable by REITs, to the extent that the preferential rates continue to apply to regular corporate qualified dividends, investors who are individuals, trusts and estates may perceive investments in REITs to be relatively less attractive than investments in the stocks of non-REIT corporations that pay dividends, which could materially and adversely affect the value of the shares of REITs, including the per share trading price of Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s capital stock.
The tax imposed on REITs engaging in “prohibited transactions” may limit our ability to engage in transactions which would be treated as sales for federal income tax purposes.
A REIT’s net income from prohibited transactions is subject to a 100% penalty tax. In general, prohibited transactions are sales or other dispositions of property, other than foreclosure property, held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business. Although we do not intend to hold any properties that would be characterized as held for sale to customers in the ordinary course of our business, unless a sale or disposition qualifies under certain statutory safe harbors, such characterization is a factual determination and no guarantee can be given that the IRS would agree with our characterization of our properties or that we will always be able to make use of the available safe harbors.
Complying with REIT requirements may cause us to forego otherwise attractive opportunities or liquidate otherwise attractive investments.
To qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, Digital Realty Trust, Inc. must continually satisfy tests concerning, among other things, its sources of income, the nature and diversification of its assets (including its proportionate share of Digital Realty Trust, L.P.’s assets), the amounts it distributes to its stockholders and the ownership of its capital stock. If Digital Realty Trust, Inc. fails to comply with one or more of the asset tests at the end of any calendar quarter, it must correct the failure within 30 days after the end of the calendar quarter or qualify for certain statutory relief provisions to avoid losing its REIT qualification and suffering adverse tax consequences. In order to meet these tests, we may be required to forego investments we might otherwise make or to liquidate otherwise attractive investments. Thus, compliance with the REIT requirements may hinder our performance and reduce amounts available for distribution to Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s stockholders and Digital Realty Trust, L.P.’s unitholders.
Legislative or other actions could have a negative effect on our stockholders or us.
The rules dealing with federal income taxation are constantly under review by persons involved in the legislative process and by the IRS and the U.S. Department of the Treasury. Changes to the tax laws, with or without retroactive application, could materially and adversely affect Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s stockholders, Digital Realty Trust, L.P.’s unitholders and us. We cannot predict how changes in the tax laws might affect our investors and us. New legislation, Treasury Regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions could significantly and negatively affect Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s ability to qualify as a REIT, the federal income tax consequences of such qualification, or the federal income tax consequences of an investment in us. Moreover, the law relating to the tax treatment of other entities, or an investment in other entities, could change, making an investment in such other entities more attractive relative to an investment in a REIT.
Tax liabilities and attributes inherited in connection with acquisitions may adversely impact our business.
From time to time we may acquire other corporations or entities and, in connection with such acquisitions, we may succeed to the historic tax attributes and liabilities of such entities. For example, if we acquire a C corporation and subsequently dispose of its assets within five years of the acquisition, we could be required to pay tax on any built-in gain attributable to such assets determined as of the date on which we acquired the assets. In addition, in order to qualify as a REIT, at the end of any taxable year, we must not have any earnings and profits accumulated in a non-REIT year. As a result, if we acquire a C corporation, we must distribute the corporation’s earnings and profits accumulated prior to the acquisition before the end of the taxable year in which we acquire the corporation. We also could be required to pay the acquired entity’s unpaid taxes even though such liabilities arose prior to the time we acquired the entity. Telx was a C corporation at the time of the Telx Acquisition, which raises each of these issues.
Changes in U.S. or foreign tax laws, regulations, including changes to tax rates, may adversely affect our results of operations.
We are headquartered in the U.S. with subsidiaries and operations globally and are subject to income taxes in these jurisdictions. Significant judgment is required in determining our provision for income taxes. Although we believe that we have adequately assessed and accounted for our potential tax liabilities, and that our tax estimates are reasonable, there can be no assurance that additional taxes will not be due upon audit of our tax returns or as a result of changes to applicable tax laws. The U.S. government as well as the governments of many of the countries in which we operate are actively discussing changes to the corporate recognition and taxation of worldwide income. The nature and timing of any changes to each jurisdiction’s tax laws and the impact on our future tax liabilities cannot be predicted with any accuracy but could materially and adversely impact our results of operations and cash flows.
Additionally, each of our properties is subject to real property and personal property taxes. These taxes may increase as tax rates change and as the properties are assessed or reassessed by taxing authorities. Any increase in property taxes on our properties could have a material adverse effect on our revenues and results of operations.
The power of Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s board of directors to revoke Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s REIT election without stockholder approval may cause adverse consequences to Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s stockholders and Digital Realty Trust, L.P.’s unitholders.
Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s charter provides that its board of directors may revoke or otherwise terminate its REIT election, without the approval of its stockholders, if it determines that it is no longer in Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s best interests to continue to qualify as a REIT. If Digital Realty Trust, Inc. ceases to qualify as a REIT, it would become subject to U.S. federal income tax on its taxable income and it would no longer be required to distribute most of its taxable income to its stockholders and, accordingly, distributions Digital Realty Trust, L.P. makes to its unitholders could be similarly reduced.
Forward-Looking Statements
We make statements in this report that are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws. In particular, statements pertaining to our capital resources, portfolio performance including our ability to lease vacant space and space under development, leverage policy and acquisition and capital expenditure plans, as well as our discussion of “Factors Which May Influence Future Results of Operations,” contain forward-looking statements. Likewise, all of our statements regarding anticipated market conditions, demographics and results of operations are forward-looking statements. You can identify forward-looking statements by the use of forward-looking terminology such as “believes,” “expects,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “seeks,” “approximately,” “intends,” “plans,” “pro forma,” “estimates” or “anticipates” or the negative of these words and phrases or similar words or phrases which are predictions of or indicate future events or trends and which do not relate solely to historical matters. You can also identify forward-looking statements by discussions of strategy, plans or intentions.
Forward-looking statements involve numerous risks and uncertainties and you should not rely on them as predictions of future events. Forward-looking statements depend on assumptions, data or methods which may be incorrect or imprecise and we may not be able to realize them. We do not guarantee that the transactions and events described will happen as described or that they will happen at all. The following factors, among others, could cause actual results and future events to differ materially from those set forth or contemplated in the forward-looking statements:
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the impact of current global economic, credit and market conditions;
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current local economic conditions in our geographic markets;
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decreases in information technology spending, including as a result of economic slowdowns or recession;
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adverse economic or real estate developments in our industry or the industry sectors that we sell to (including risks relating to decreasing real estate valuations and impairment charges);
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our dependence upon significant tenants;
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bankruptcy or insolvency of a major tenant or a significant number of smaller tenants;
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defaults on or non-renewal of leases by tenants;
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our failure to obtain necessary debt and equity financing;
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risks associated with using debt to fund our business activities, including re-financing and interest rate risks, our failure to repay debt when due, adverse changes in our credit ratings or our breach of covenants or other terms contained in our loan facilities and agreements;
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financial market fluctuations;
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changes in foreign currency exchange rates;
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our inability to manage our growth effectively;
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difficulty acquiring or operating properties in foreign jurisdictions;
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our failure to successfully integrate and operate acquired or developed properties or businesses;
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the suitability of our properties and data center infrastructure, delays or disruptions in connectivity, failure of our physical and information security infrastructure or services or availability of power;
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risks related to joint venture investments, including as a result of our lack of control of such investments;
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delays or unexpected costs in development of properties;
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decreased rental rates, increased operating costs or increased vacancy rates;
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increased competition or available supply of data center space;
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our inability to successfully develop and lease new properties and development space;
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difficulties in identifying properties to acquire and completing acquisitions;
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our inability to acquire off-market properties;
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our inability to comply with the rules and regulations applicable to reporting companies;
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Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s failure to maintain its status as a REIT for federal income tax purposes;
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possible adverse changes to tax laws;
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restrictions on our ability to engage in certain business activities;
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environmental uncertainties and risks related to natural disasters;
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losses in excess of our insurance coverage;
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changes in foreign laws and regulations, including those related to taxation and real estate ownership and operation; and
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changes in local, state and federal regulatory requirements, including changes in real estate and zoning laws and increases in real property tax rates.
The risks included here are not exhaustive, and additional factors could adversely affect our business and financial performance, including factors and risks included in other sections of this report, including under Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risk factors emerge from time to time and it is not possible for management to predict all such risk factors, nor can we assess the impact of all such risk factors on the business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. While forward-looking statements reflect our good faith beliefs, they are not guaranties of future performance. We disclaim any obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statement to reflect changes in underlying assumptions or factors, new information, data or methods, future events or other changes.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Not applicable.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Our Portfolio
As of December 31, 2016, our portfolio consisted of 145 operating properties, including 14 properties held as investments in unconsolidated joint ventures, of which 104 are located throughout the United States, 32 are located in Europe, four are located in Asia, three are located in Australia and two are located in Canada, and contain a total of approximately 26.1 million rentable square feet, including 2.0 million square feet of space under active development and 1.1 million square feet of space held for future development. The following table presents an overview of our portfolio of properties, including the 14 properties held as investments in unconsolidated joint ventures and developable land, based on information as of December 31, 2016. All properties are held in fee simple except as otherwise indicated. Please refer to note 7 in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a description of all applicable encumbrances as of December 31, 2016.
(1)
Net rentable square feet at a building represents the current square feet at that building under lease as specified in the lease agreements plus management’s estimate of space available for lease. We estimate the total net rentable square feet available for lease based on a number of factors in addition to contractually leased square feet, including available power, required support space and common area. Net rentable square feet includes tenants’ proportional share of common areas but excludes space held for development.
(2)
Space under active development includes current base building and data center projects in progress.
(3)
Space held for future development includes space held for future data center development, and excludes space under active development.
(4)
Annualized rent represents the monthly contractual rent (defined as cash base rent before abatements) under existing leases as of December 31, 2016 multiplied by 12.
(5)
Excludes space held for future development and space under active development. We estimate the total square feet available for lease based on a number of factors in addition to contractually leased square feet, including available power, required support space and common area.
(6)
Annualized rent per square foot represents annualized rent as computed above, divided by the total square footage under lease as of the same date.
(7)
111 Eighth Avenue (2nd and 6th floors), 8100 Boone Boulevard, 111 Eighth Avenue (3rd and 7th floors) and 410 Commerce Boulevard are leased by us pursuant to leases that expire in June 2024, September 2017, February 2022 and December 2026, respectively. The lease at 111 Eighth Avenue (2nd and 6thfloors) has an option to extend the lease until June 2034 and the lease at 111 Eighth Avenue (3rd and 7thfloors) has an option to extend the lease until February 2032.
(8)
Building represents leasehold interest from Telx Acquisition.
(9)
Building razed in 2013, included in land inventory.
(10)
We are party to a ground sublease for this property. The term of the ground sublease expires in September 2083. All of the lease payments were prepaid by the prior owner of this property.
(11)
Rental amounts were calculated based on the exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2016 of $1.23 to £1.00. Manchester Technopark is subject to a ground lease, which expires in the year 2125.
(12)
Building represents leasehold interest from European Portfolio Acquisition.
(13)
Rental amounts were calculated based on the exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2016 of $1.05 to €1.00. PaulVan Vlissingenstraat 16, Chemin de l’Epinglier 2, Clonshaugh Industrial Estate I and II and Cateringweg 5 are subject to ground leases, which expire in the years 2054, 2074, 2981 and 2059, respectively.
(14)
We are party to a ground sublease for this property. This is a perpetual ground sublease. Lease payments were prepaid by the prior owner of this property through December 2036.
(15)
Rental amounts were calculated based on the exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2016 of $0.69 to S$1.00. 29A International Business Park is subject to a ground lease, which expires in the year 2038.
(16)
Rental amounts were calculated based on the exchange rate in effect on December 31, 2016 of $0.72 to A$1.00.
(17)
These properties were contributed to unconsolidated joint ventures that were formed with an investment fund managed by Prudential Real Estate Investors (PREI®) and an affiliate of Griffin Capital Essential Asset REIT, Inc. (GCEAR).
(18)
Represents consolidated portfolio plus our managed portfolio of unconsolidated joint ventures based on our ownership percentage.
Tenant Diversification
As of December 31, 2016, our portfolio was leased to over 2,200 companies, many of which are internationally recognized firms. The following table sets forth information regarding the 20 largest tenants in our portfolio based on annualized rent as of December 31, 2016 (dollar amounts in thousands).
(1)
Occupied square footage is defined as leases that commenced on or before December 31, 2016. For some of our properties, we calculate occupancy based on factors in addition to contractually leased square feet, including available power, required support space and common area.
(2)
Annualized base rent represents the monthly contractual base rent (defined as cash base rent before abatements) under existing leases as of December 31, 2016 multiplied by 12.
(3)
Represents leases with IBM and leases with Softlayer. IBM acquired Softlayer in July 2013.
(4)
Represents leases with Savvis Communications Corporation, or Savvis, and Qwest Communications International, Inc., or Qwest, (or affiliates thereof), which are our direct tenants. CenturyLink, Inc. acquired Qwest in the three months ended June 30, 2011 and Savvis in the three months ended September 30, 2011, and Qwest and Savvis are now wholly-owned subsidiaries of CenturyLink, Inc.
(5)
Represents consolidated portfolio plus our managed portfolio of unconsolidated joint ventures based on our ownership percentage.
Lease Distribution
The following table sets forth information relating to the distribution of leases in the properties in our portfolio, based on net rentable square feet (excluding approximately 2.0 million square feet of space under active development and approximately 1.1 million square feet of space held for future development at December 31, 2016) under lease as of December 31, 2016 (dollar amounts in thousands).
(1)
For some of our properties, we calculate square footage based on factors in addition to contractually leased square feet, including available power, required support space and common area. We estimate the total net rentable square feet available for lease based on a number of factors in addition to contractually leased square feet, including available power, required support space and common area.
(2)
Annualized rent represents the monthly contractual base rent (defined as cash base rent before abatements) under existing leases as of December 31, 2016 multiplied by 12.
(3)
Represents consolidated portfolio plus our managed portfolio of unconsolidated joint ventures based on our ownership percentage.
Lease Expirations
The following table sets forth a summary schedule of the lease expirations for leases in place as of December 31, 2016 plus available space for ten calendar years at the properties in our portfolio, excluding approximately 2.0 million square feet of space under active development and approximately 1.1 million square feet of space held for future development at December 31, 2016. Unless otherwise stated in the footnotes, the information set forth in the table assumes that tenants exercise no renewal options and all early termination rights (dollar amounts in thousands).
(1)
For some of our properties, we calculate square footage based on factors in addition to contractually leased square feet, including available power, required support space and common area. We estimate the total net rentable square feet available for lease based on a number of factors in addition to contractually leased square feet, including available power, required support space and common area.
(2)
Annualized rent represents the monthly contractual base rent (defined as cash base rent before abatements) under existing leases as of December 31, 2016 multiplied by 12.
(3)
Includes leases, licenses and similar agreements that upon expiration have been automatically renewed on a month-to-month basis.
(4)
Represents consolidated portfolio plus our managed portfolio of unconsolidated joint ventures based on our ownership percentage.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
In the ordinary course of our business, we may become subject to tort claims, breach of contract and other claims and administrative proceedings. As of December 31, 2016, we were not a party to any legal proceedings which we believe would have a material adverse effect on our operations or financial position.

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ITEM 4. RESERVED
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
PART II

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ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Digital Realty Trust, Inc.
Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s common stock has been listed and is traded on the NYSE under the symbol “DLR” since October 29, 2004. The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the high and low last sale prices in dollars on the NYSE for our common stock and the distributions we declared with respect to the periods indicated.
Digital Realty Trust, Inc. intends to continue to declare quarterly dividends on its common stock. The actual amount, form and timing of dividends, however, will be at the discretion of the board of directors and will depend upon Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s financial condition in addition to the requirements for qualification as a REIT under the Code, and no assurance can be given as to the amounts, form or timing of future dividends. Our global revolving credit facility, our Prudential shelf facility and our term loan facility prohibit us from making distributions to our stockholders, or redeeming or otherwise repurchasing shares of our capital stock, including our common stock, after the occurrence and during the continuance of an event of default, except in limited circumstances including as necessary to enable us to maintain our qualification as a REIT and to avoid the payment of income or excise tax. Consequently, after the occurrence and during the continuance of an event of default under our global revolving credit facility, Prudential shelf facility or term loan facility, we may not be able to pay all or a portion of the dividends payable to the holders of our common stock.
Subject to the distribution requirements applicable to REITs under the Code, Digital Realty Trust, Inc. intends, to the extent practicable, to invest substantially all of the proceeds from sales and refinancings of its assets in real estate-related assets and other assets. Digital Realty Trust, Inc. may, however, under certain circumstances, make a dividend of capital or of assets. Such dividends, if any, will be made at the discretion of the board of directors.
As of February 23, 2017, there were approximately 334 holders of record of Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s common stock. This figure does not reflect the beneficial ownership of shares held in nominee name.
Digital Realty Trust, L.P.
There is no established trading market for Digital Realty Trust, L.P.’s common units of limited partnership. As of February 23, 2017, there were 50 holders of record of common units, including Digital Realty Trust, L.P.’s general partner, Digital Realty Trust, Inc.
The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the distributions per common unit that our Operating Partnership declared with respect to the periods indicated.
Digital Realty Trust, L.P. currently intends to continue to make regular quarterly distributions to holders of its common units. Any future distributions will be declared at the discretion of the board of directors of Digital Realty Trust, L.P.’s general partner, Digital Realty Trust, Inc., and will depend on our actual cash flow, financial condition, capital requirements, the annual distribution requirements under the REIT provisions of the Code, and such other factors as the board of directors may deem relevant.
STOCK PERFORMANCE GRAPH
The following graph compares the yearly change in the cumulative total stockholder return on Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s common stock during the period from December 31, 2011 through December 31, 2016, with the cumulative total return on the MSCI US REIT Index (RMS) and the S&P 500 Market Index. The comparison assumes that $100 was invested on December 31, 2011 in Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s common stock and in each of these indices and assumes reinvestment of dividends, if any.
COMPARISON OF CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN
AMONG DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC., S&P 500 INDEX AND RMS INDEX
Assumes $100 invested on December 31, 2011
Assumes dividends reinvested
To fiscal year ending December 31, 2016
•
This graph and the accompanying text are not “soliciting material,” are not deemed filed with the SEC and are not to be incorporated by reference in any filing by us under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, whether made before or after the date hereof and irrespective of any general incorporation language in any such filing.
•
The stock price performance shown on the graph is not necessarily indicative of future price performance.
•
The hypothetical investment in Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s common stock presented in the stock performance graph above is based on the closing price of the common stock on December 31, 2011.
SALES OF UNREGISTERED EQUITY SECURITIES
Digital Realty Trust, Inc.
None.
Digital Realty Trust, L.P.
During the year ended December 31, 2016, our Operating Partnership issued partnership units in private placements in reliance on the exemption from registration provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act, in the amounts and for the consideration set forth below:
During the year ended December 31, 2016, Digital Realty Trust, Inc. issued an aggregate of 33,948 shares of its common stock upon the exercise of stock options. Digital Realty Trust, Inc. contributed the proceeds from the option exercises of approximately $1.4 million to our Operating Partnership and our Operating Partnership issued to Digital Realty Trust, Inc. an aggregate of 33,948 common units, as required by our Operating Partnership’s partnership agreement.
During the year ended December 31, 2016, Digital Realty Trust, Inc. issued an aggregate of 162,685 shares of its common stock in connection with restricted stock awards for no cash consideration. For each share of common stock issued by Digital Realty Trust, Inc. in connection with such awards, our Operating Partnership issued a restricted common unit to Digital Realty Trust, Inc. During the year ended December 31, 2016, our Operating Partnership issued an aggregate of 162,685 common units to Digital Realty Trust, Inc., as required by our Operating Partnership’s partnership agreement. During the year ended December 31, 2016, an aggregate of 42,603 shares of its common stock were forfeited to Digital Realty Trust, Inc. in connection with restricted stock awards for a net issuance of 120,082 shares of common stock.
All other issuances of unregistered equity securities of our Operating Partnership during the year ended December 31, 2016 have previously been disclosed in filings with the SEC. For all issuances of units to Digital Realty Trust, Inc., our Operating Partnership relied on Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s status as a publicly traded NYSE-listed company with over $12.2 billion in total consolidated assets and as our Operating Partnership’s majority owner and general partner as the basis for the exemption under Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act.
REPURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Digital Realty Trust, Inc.
None.
Digital Realty Trust, L.P.
None.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
SELECTED COMPANY FINANCIAL AND OTHER DATA (Digital Realty Trust, Inc.)
The following table sets forth selected consolidated financial and operating data on an historical basis for Digital Realty Trust, Inc.
The following data should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and notes thereto and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included elsewhere in this Form 10-K. Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.
SELECTED COMPANY FINANCIAL AND OTHER DATA (Digital Realty Trust, L.P.)
The following table sets forth selected consolidated financial and operating data on an historical basis for our operating partnership.

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto appearing elsewhere in this report. We make statements in this section that are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws. For a complete discussion of forward-looking statements, see the section in this report entitled “Forward-Looking Statements.” Certain risk factors may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from those expressed or implied by the following discussion. For a discussion of such risk factors, see the sections in this report entitled “Risk Factors” and “Forward-Looking Statements.”
Occupancy percentages included in the following discussion, for some of our properties, are calculated based on factors in addition to contractually leased square feet, including available power, required support space and common area.
Overview
Our Company. Digital Realty Trust, Inc. completed its initial public offering of common stock, or our IPO, on November 3, 2004. We believe that we have operated in a manner that has enabled us to qualify, and have elected to be treated, as a REIT under Sections 856 through 860 of the Code. Our Company was formed on March 9, 2004. During the period from our formation until we commenced operations in connection with the completion of our IPO, we did not have any corporate activity other than the issuance of shares of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. common stock in connection with the initial capitalization of the Company. Our Operating Partnership was formed on July 21, 2004.
Business and strategy. Our primary business objectives are to maximize: (i) sustainable long-term growth in earnings and funds from operations per share and unit, (ii) cash flow and returns to our stockholders and our Operating Partnership’s unitholders through the payment of distributions and (iii) return on invested capital. We expect to achieve our objectives by focusing on our core business of investing in and developing data centers. A significant component of our current and future internal growth is anticipated through the development of our existing space held for development, acquisition of land for future development and acquisition of new properties. We target high quality, strategically located properties containing the physical and connectivity infrastructure that supports the applications and operations of data center and technology industry tenants and properties that may be developed for such use. Most of our data center properties contain fully redundant electrical supply systems, multiple power feeds, above-standard cooling systems, raised floor areas, extensive in-building communications cabling and high-level security systems. We focus exclusively on owning, acquiring, developing and operating data centers because we believe that the growth in data center demand and the technology-related real estate industry generally will continue to outpace the overall economy.
As of December 31, 2016, we owned an aggregate of 145 operating properties, including 14 properties held as investments in unconsolidated joint ventures, with approximately 26.1 million rentable square feet including approximately 2.0 million square feet of space under active development and approximately 1.1 million square feet of space held for future development. The 14 properties held as investments in unconsolidated joint ventures have an aggregate of approximately 1.9 million rentable square feet. The 14 parcels of developable land we own comprised approximately 414 acres. At December 31, 2016, approximately 2.0 million square feet was under construction for Turn-Key Flex®, colocation and Powered Base Building® products, all of which are expected to be income producing on or after completion, in six U.S. domestic metropolitan areas, three European metropolitan areas, one Canadian metropolitan area and one Asian metropolitan area, consisting of approximately 1.2 million square feet of base building construction and 0.8 million square feet of data center construction.
We have developed detailed, standardized procedures for evaluating new real estate investments to ensure that they meet our financial, technical and other criteria. We expect to continue to acquire additional assets as a part of our growth strategy. We intend to aggressively manage and lease our assets to increase their cash flow. We may continue to build out our development portfolio when justified by anticipated returns.
We may acquire properties subject to existing mortgage financing and other indebtedness or we may incur new indebtedness in connection with acquiring or refinancing these properties. Debt service on such indebtedness will have a priority over any cash dividends with respect to Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s common stock and preferred stock. We currently intend to limit our indebtedness to 60% of our total enterprise value and, based on the closing price of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. common stock on December 31, 2016 of $98.26, our ratio of debt to total enterprise value was approximately 26%. Our total enterprise value is defined as the sum of the market value of Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s outstanding common stock (which may decrease, thereby increasing our debt to total enterprise value ratio), excluding options issued under our Amended and Restated 2004 Incentive Award Plan, plus the liquidation value of Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s preferred stock, plus the aggregate value of
our Operating Partnership’s units not held by Digital Realty Trust, Inc. (with the per unit value equal to the market value of one share of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. common stock and excluding long-term incentive units, Class C units and Class D units), plus the book value of our total consolidated indebtedness.
Revenue base. As of December 31, 2016, we owned 145 operating properties through our Operating Partnership, including 14 properties held as investments in unconsolidated joint ventures and developable land. These properties are mainly located throughout North America, with 32 properties located in Europe, four properties in Asia and three properties in Australia. We, through our predecessor, acquired our first portfolio property in January 2002 and have added properties through acquisition and development activities as follows:
(1)
Excludes properties sold: 114 Rue Ambroise Croizat (August 2016), 210 N. Tucker Boulevard (July 2016), 900 Walnut Street (July 2016), 251 Exchange Place (July 2016), 1807 Michael Faraday Court (July 2016), 47700 Kato Road and 1055 Page Avenue (January 2016), 650 Randolph Road (December 2015), 833 Chestnut Street (April 2015), 3300 East Birch Street (March 2015), 100 Quannapowitt (February 2015), 6 Braham Street (April 2014), 100 Technology Center Drive (March 2007), 4055 Valley View Lane (March 2007) and 7979 East Tufts Avenue (July 2006). In addition, also excludes 701 & 717 Leonard Street, a parking garage located adjacent to our internet gateway data center located at 2323 Bryan Street and not considered a separate property. Also excludes a leasehold interest acquired in March 2007 related to an acquisition made in 2006. Excludes 14 developable land parcels. Includes 12 properties held in our managed portfolio of unconsolidated joint ventures consisting of 4650 Old Ironsides Drive (Silicon Valley), 2950 Zanker Road (Silicon Valley), 4700 Old Ironsides Drive (Silicon Valley), 444 Toyama Drive (Silicon Valley), 43790 Devin Shafron Drive (Northern Virginia), 21551 Beaumeade Circle (Northern Virginia), 7505 Mason King Court (Northern Virginia), 14901 FAA Boulevard (Dallas), 900 Dorothy Drive (Dallas), 636 Pierce Street (New York), 43915 Devin Shafron Drive (Northern Virginia) and 33 Chun Choi Street (Hong Kong); and two properties held in our non-managed unconsolidated joint ventures consisting of 2001 Sixth Avenue (Seattle) and 2020 Fifth Avenue (Seattle).
(2)
Current net rentable square feet as of December 31, 2016, which represents the current square feet under lease as specified in the applicable lease agreements plus management’s estimate of space available for lease based on engineering drawings. Includes tenants’ proportional share of common areas but excludes space held for development.
(3)
Space under active development includes current base building and data center projects in progress.
(4)
Space held for future development includes space held for future data center development, and excludes space under active development.
(5)
As of December 31, 2016, there were three properties held for sale; two were acquired in 2004 and one in 2005.
(6)
Includes three developed buildings (43915 Devin Shafron Drive, 43830 Devin Shafron Drive and 43790 Devin Shafron Drive) placed into service in 2010 and 2011 that are being included with a property (Devin Shafron buildings) that was acquired in 2007.
(7)
Includes a developed building (21551 Beaumeade Circle) placed into service in 2011 that is being included with a property (Beaumeade Circle Portfolio) that was acquired in 2009.
(8)
Includes four developed buildings (43940 Digital Loudoun Plaza in Northern Virginia, 3825 NW Aloclek Place in Portland, Oregon, 98 Radnor Drive in Melbourne, Australia and 1-23 Templar Road in Sydney, Australia) placed into service in 2012 and 2013, on land parcels acquired in 2011.
(9)
43790 Devin Shafron Drive and 21551 Beaumeade Circle, which were previously included as part of the Devin Shafron buildings and Beaumeade Circle Portfolio, respectively, are now each separately included in the property count because they were separately contributed to an unconsolidated joint venture in September 2013.
(10)
43915 Devin Shafron Drive, which was previously included as part of the Devin Shafron buildings, is now separately included in the property count because it was separately contributed to an unconsolidated joint venture in September 2014.
(11)
Includes eight properties that were added as part of the Telx Acquisition, two of which are owned: 56 Marietta Street (Atlanta) and 100 Delawanna Avenue (New York); and six that are leased from third parties: 60 Hudson Street (New York), 32 Avenue of the Americas (New York), 2 Peekay Drive (New York), 2820 Northwestern Parkway (Silicon Valley), 8425 N. Stemmons Freeway (Dallas) and 3433 S. 120th Place (Seattle). Telx also leases space at 111 8th Avenue (New York), which is partially subleased by Telx from the Company and partially subleased from third parties.
(12)
Includes eight properties that were added as part of the European Portfolio Acquisition, one of which is owned, with the remaining seven being leased from third parties.
As of December 31, 2016, the properties in our portfolio, including the 14 properties held as investments in unconsolidated joint ventures, were approximately 89.4% leased excluding approximately 2.0 million square feet of space under active development and approximately 1.1 million square feet of space held for future development. Due to the capital-intensive and long-term nature of the operations being supported, our lease terms are generally longer than standard commercial leases. As of December 31, 2016, our average remaining lease term is approximately five years. Our scheduled lease expirations through December 31, 2018 are 16.4% of rentable square feet excluding month-to-month leases, space under active development and space held for future development as of December 31, 2016.
On January 21, 2016, the Operating Partnership sold the 47700 Kato Road and 1055 Page Avenue property, two adjacent non-data center properties totaling 199,000 square feet in Fremont, California for $37.5 million. The sale generated net proceeds of $35.8 million and we recognized a gain on the sale of approximately $1.0 million. The properties were identified as held for sale as of December 31, 2015.
The Company granted Equinix an option to acquire the Company's facility in 114 rue Ambroise Croizat in Paris. Equinix elected to exercise its option to acquire the Paris property, and on July 2, 2016, the Company entered into an agreement to sell the property to Equinix for approximately €190 million (or approximately $212 million based on the exchange rate as of August 1, 2016). The Paris property sale closed on August 1, 2016. The Company recognized a gain on the sale of approximately $144.3 million in the third quarter of 2016. This property was classified as held for sale as of June 30, 2016.
On July 11, 2016, the Company closed on the sale of a four-property data center portfolio, including two in St. Louis and two in Northern Virginia totaling over 454,000 square feet for approximately $114.5 million. The Company recognized a gain on the sale of approximately $24.5 million in the third quarter of 2016. The four properties were classified as held for sale as of June 30, 2016.
None of the Company's property sales to date represented a significant component or significant shift in strategy that would require discontinued operations presentation.
Factors Which May Influence Future Results of Operations
Global market and economic conditions. General economic conditions and the cost and availability of capital may be adversely affected in some or all of the metropolitan areas in which we own properties and conduct our operations. In June 2016, a majority of voters in the United Kingdom elected to withdraw from the European Union in a national referendum. The referendum was advisory, and the terms of any withdrawal are subject to a negotiation period that could last at least two years after the government of the United Kingdom formally initiates a withdrawal process. Nevertheless, the referendum has created significant uncertainty about the future relationship between the United Kingdom and the European Union, and has given rise to calls for the governments of other European Union member states to consider withdrawal. Instability in the U.S., European, Asia Pacific and other international financial markets and economies may adversely affect our ability, and the ability of our tenants, to replace or renew maturing liabilities on a timely basis, access the capital markets to meet liquidity and capital expenditure requirements and may result in adverse effects on our, and our tenants’, financial condition and results of operations.
In addition, our access to funds under our global revolving credit facility depends on the ability of the lenders that are parties to such facilities to meet their funding commitments to us. We cannot assure you that long-term disruptions in the global economy and the return of tighter credit conditions among, and potential failures or nationalizations of, third party financial institutions as a result of such disruptions will not have an adverse effect on our lenders. If our lenders are not able to meet their funding commitments to us, our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition could be adversely affected.
If we do not have sufficient cash flow to continue operating our business and are unable to borrow additional funds, access our existing lines of credit or raise equity or debt capital, we may need to source alternative ways to increase our liquidity. Such alternatives may include, without limitation, curtailing development activity, disposing of one or more of our properties possibly on disadvantageous terms or entering into or renewing leases on less favorable terms than we otherwise would.
Foreign currency exchange risk. For the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, we had foreign operations in the United Kingdom, Ireland, France, The Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Canada, Singapore, Australia, Japan and Hong Kong, and, as such, are subject to risk from the effects of exchange rate movements of foreign currencies, which may affect future costs and cash flows. Our foreign operations are conducted in the British pound sterling, Euro, Swiss franc, Canadian dollar, Singapore dollar, Australian dollar, Japanese Yen and the Hong Kong dollar. Our primary currency exposures are to the British pound sterling, the Euro and the Singapore dollar. The possible exit of the United Kingdom (or any other country) from the European Union or prolonged periods of uncertainty relating to any of these possibilities, could result in increased foreign currency exchange volatility. We attempt to mitigate a portion of the risk of currency fluctuation by financing our investments in the local currency denominations, although there can be no assurance that this will be effective. As a result, changes in the relation of any such foreign currency to U.S. dollars may affect our revenues, operating margins and distributions and may also affect the book value of our assets and the amount of stockholders’ equity.
Rental income. The amount of rental income generated by the properties in our portfolio depends on several factors, including our ability to maintain or improve the occupancy rates of currently leased space and to lease currently available space and space available from lease terminations. Excluding approximately 2.0 million square feet of space under active development and approximately 1.1 million square feet of space held for future development as of December 31, 2016, the occupancy rate of the properties in our portfolio, including the 14 properties held as investments in unconsolidated joint ventures, was approximately 89.4% of our net rentable square feet.
As of December 31, 2016, we had over 2,200 tenants in our portfolio, including the 12 properties held in our managed portfolio of unconsolidated joint ventures. As of December 31, 2016, approximately 91% of our leases (on a rentable square footage basis) contained base rent escalations that were either fixed (generally ranging from 2% to 4%) or indexed based on a consumer price index or other similar inflation related index. We cannot assure you that these escalations will cover any increases in our costs or will otherwise keep rental rates at or above market rates.
The amount of rental income we generate also depends on maintaining or increasing rental rates at our properties, which in turn depends on several factors, including supply and demand and market rates for data center space. Included in our approximately 21.1 million net rentable square feet, excluding space under active development and space held for future development and 14 properties held as investments in unconsolidated joint ventures, at December 31, 2016 is approximately 0.8 million square feet of data center space with extensive installed tenant improvements available for lease. Since our IPO, we have leased over 4.5 million square feet of similar space, including Turn-Key Flex® space. Our Turn-Key Flex® product is an effective solution for tenants who prefer to utilize a partner with the expertise or capital budget to provide extensive data center infrastructure and security. Our expertise in data center construction and operations enables us to lease space to these tenants at a premium over other uses. In addition, as of December 31, 2016, we had approximately 2.0 million square feet of space under active development and approximately 1.1 million square feet of space held for future development, or approximately 12% of the total rentable space in our portfolio, including the 14 properties held as investments in unconsolidated joint ventures. Our
ability to grow earnings depends in part on our ability to develop space and lease development space at favorable rates, which we may not be able to obtain. Development space requires significant capital investment in order to develop data center facilities that are ready for use and, in addition, we may require additional time or encounter delays in securing tenants for development space. We may purchase additional vacant properties and properties with vacant development space in the future. We will require additional capital to finance our development activities, which may not be available or may not be available on terms acceptable to us, including as a result of the conditions described above under “Global market and economic conditions.”
In addition, the timing between when we sign a new lease with a tenant and when that lease commences and we begin to generate rental income may be significant and may not be easily predictable. Certain leases may provide for staggered commencement dates for additional space, the timing of which may be delayed significantly.
Economic downturns, including as a result of the conditions described above under “Global market and economic conditions,” or regional downturns affecting our metropolitan areas or downturns in the technology-related real estate industry that impair our ability to lease or renew or re-lease space, or otherwise reduce returns on our investments or the ability of our tenants to fulfill their lease commitments, as in the case of tenant bankruptcies, could adversely affect our ability to maintain or increase rental rates at our properties.
Scheduled lease expirations. Our ability to re-lease expiring space at rental rates equal to or in excess of current rental rates will impact our results of operations. In addition to approximately 2.4 million square feet of available space in our portfolio, which excludes approximately 2.0 million square feet of space under active development and approximately 1.1 million square feet of space held for future development as of December 31, 2016 and the two properties held as investments in our non-managed unconsolidated joint ventures, leases representing approximately 6.8% and 9.6% of the net rentable square footage of our portfolio are scheduled to expire during the years ending December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively.
During the year ended December 31, 2016, we signed new leases totaling approximately 0.8 million square feet of space and renewal leases totaling approximately 1.4 million square feet of space. The following table summarizes our leasing activity in the year ended December 31, 2016:
(1)
For some of our properties, we calculate square footage based on factors in addition to contractually leased square feet, including power, required support space and common area.
(2)
Rental rates represent annual estimated cash rent per rentable square foot adjusted for straight-line rents in accordance with GAAP. GAAP rental rates are inclusive of tenant concessions, if any.
(3)
Excludes short-term leases.
(4)
Commencement dates for the leases signed range from 2016 to 2018.
(5)
Includes leases signed for new and re-leased space.
Our ability to re-lease or renew expiring space at rental rates equal to or in excess of current rental rates will impact our results of operations. We continue to see strong demand in most of our key metropolitan areas for data center space and, subject to the supply of available data center space in these metropolitan areas, expect the rental rates we are likely to achieve on re-leased or renewed data center space leases for 2017 expirations on an average aggregate basis will generally be higher than the rates currently being paid for the same space on a GAAP basis and flat on a cash basis. For the year ended December 31, 2016, rents on renewed space increased by an average of 10.2% on a GAAP basis on our Turn-Key Flex® space compared to the expiring rents and increased by an average of 22.9% on a GAAP basis on our Powered Base Building® space compared to the expiring rents. Our past performance may not be indicative of future results, and we cannot assure you that leases will be renewed or that our properties will be re-leased at all or at rental rates equal to or above the current average rental rates. Further, re-leased/renewed rental rates in a particular metropolitan area may not be consistent with rental rates across our portfolio as a whole and may fluctuate from one period to another due to a number of factors, including local real estate conditions, local supply and demand for data center space, competition from other data center developers or operators, the condition of the property and whether the property, or space within the property, has been developed.
Geographic concentration. We depend on the market for data centers in specific geographic regions and significant changes in these regional metropolitan areas can impact our future results. As of December 31, 2016, our portfolio, including the 14 properties held as investments in unconsolidated joint ventures, was geographically concentrated in the following metropolitan areas:
(1)
Annualized rent is monthly contractual rent (defined as cash base rent before abatements) under existing leases as of December 31, 2016 multiplied by 12. The aggregate amount of abatements for the year ended December 31, 2016 was approximately $16.2 million.
Operating expenses. Our operating expenses generally consist of utilities, property and ad valorem taxes, property management fees, insurance and site maintenance costs, as well as rental expenses on our ground and building leases. In particular, our buildings require significant power to support the data center operations contained in them. Many of our leases contain provisions under which the tenants reimburse us for all or a portion of property operating expenses and real estate taxes incurred by us. However, we generally are not entitled to reimbursement of property operating expenses, other than utility expense, and real estate taxes under our leases for Turn-Key Flex® facilities. We also incur general and administrative expenses, including expenses relating to our asset management function, as well as significant legal, accounting and other expenses related to corporate governance, SEC reporting and compliance with the various provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley
Act. Increases or decreases in such operating expenses will impact our overall performance. We expect to incur additional operating expenses as we continue to expand.
Climate change legislation. In June 2009, the U.S. House of Representatives approved comprehensive clean energy and climate change legislation intended to cut greenhouse gas, or GHG, emissions, via a cap-and-trade program. The U.S. Senate did not subsequently pass similar legislation. New climate change legislation was introduced in the U.S. Senate in 2013, but significant opposition to federal climate change legislation exists.
In the absence of comprehensive federal climate change legislation, over the past several years, regulatory agencies, primarily the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, or EPA, and states took the lead in regulating GHG emissions in the U.S. Under the Obama administration, EPA moved aggressively to regulate GHG emissions from automobiles and large stationary sources, including electricity producers, using its own authority under the Clean Air Act. The Trump administration has signaled that it intends to eliminate or modify certain of the EPA’s GHG emissions regulations and refocus EPA’s mission away from such regulation.
The EPA made an endangerment finding in 2009 that allows it to create regulations imposing emissions reporting, permitting, control technology installation, and monitoring requirements applicable to certain emitters of GHGs, including facilities that provide electricity to our data centers, although the materiality of the impacts will not be fully known until all regulations are finalized and legal challenges are resolved. Under the Obama administration, the EPA finalized rules imposing permitting and control technology requirements upon certain newly-constructed or modified facilities which emit GHGs under the Clean Air Act New Source Review Prevention of Significant Deterioration, or NSR PSD, and Title V permitting programs. As a result, newly-issued NSR PSD and Title V permits for new or modified electricity generating units (EGUs) and other facilities may need to address GHG emissions, including by requiring the installation of “Best Available Control Technology.” The EPA implemented in December 2015 the “Clean Power Plan” regulating carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from new and existing coal-fired and natural gas EGUs. Existing EGUs are subject to statewide CO2 emissions reduction targets, an effort designed to achieve a thirty-two percent reduction in nationwide existing EGU CO2 emissions by 2030 (in comparison to 2005 levels). New, modified, and reconstructed EGUs are subject to “New Source Performance Standards” that include both technological requirements and numeric emission limits. However, twenty-four states and a number of industry groups challenged the Clean Power Plan in federal court, and in February 2016 the U.S. Supreme Court issued a stay of the Clean Power Plan until the legal challenges have been decided. Further, President Trump has voiced opposition to the Clean Power Plan, and he could seek to eliminate it. Separately, the EPA’s GHG “reporting rule” requires that certain emitters, including electricity generators, monitor and report GHG emissions. The Trump administration may seek to revise or reverse these regulations.
As a result, states may drive near-term regulation to reduce GHG emissions in the United States. At the state level, California implemented a GHG cap-and-trade program that began imposing compliance obligations on industrial sectors, including electricity generators and importers, in January 2013. In September 2016, California adopted legislation calling for a further reduction in GHG emissions to 40% below 1990 levels by 2030.
Outside the United States, the European Union, or EU (including the United Kingdom), has been operating since 2005 under a cap-and-trade program, which directly affects the largest emitters of GHGs, including electricity producers from whom we purchase power, and the EU has taken a number of other climate change-related initiatives, including a directive targeted at improving energy efficiency (which introduces energy efficiency auditing requirements). The Paris Agreement, which was adopted by the United States and 194 other countries and looks to prevent global average temperatures from increasing by more than 2 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels officially went into force on November 4, 2016. However, President Trump has signaled that he may withdraw the United States from the Paris Agreement. National legislation may also be implemented independently by members of the EU. For example, in the United Kingdom, the implementation of the CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme introduced a mandatory reporting and pricing scheme that is designed to incentivize energy efficiency and cut emissions by large energy users. It is not yet clear how Brexit will impact the United Kingdom’s (or the EU’s) approach to climate change regulation. In Canada, the first compliance period under Ontario’s GHG cap-and-trade program began in January 2017. Climate change regulations are in various stages of implementation in other nations as well, including nations where we operate, such as Australia, where a GHG emissions cap was implemented in 2016.
The cost of electric power comprises a significant component of our operating expenses. Any additional taxation or regulation of energy use, including as a result of (i) new legislation that Congress may pass, (ii) the regulations that the EPA has proposed or finalized, (iii) regulations under legislation that states have passed or may pass, or (iv) any further legislation or regulations in the EU or other regions where we operate could significantly increase our costs, and we may not be able to effectively pass all of these costs on to our tenants. These matters could adversely impact our business, results of operations, or financial condition.
Interest rates. As of December 31, 2016, we had approximately $1.1 billion of variable rate debt subject to interest rate swap agreements on certain tranches of our unsecured term loan, along with $210.1 million and $364.3 million of variable rate debt that was outstanding on the 2016 global revolving credit facility and the unswapped portion of the 2016 unsecured term loan, respectively. The availability of debt and equity capital may decrease or be on unfavorable terms as a result of the circumstances described above under “Global market and economic conditions” or other factors. The effects on commercial real estate mortgages, if available, include, but may not be limited to: higher loan spreads, tightened loan covenants, reduced loan-to-value ratios resulting in lower borrower proceeds and higher principal payments. Potential future increases in interest rates and credit spreads may increase our interest expense and fixed charges and negatively affect our financial condition and results of operations, potentially impacting our future access to the debt and equity capital markets. Increased interest rates may also increase the risk that the counterparties to our swap agreements will default on their obligations, which could further increase our interest expense. If we cannot obtain capital from third party sources, we may not be able to acquire or develop properties when strategic opportunities exist, satisfy our debt service obligations or pay the cash dividends to Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s stockholders necessary to maintain its qualification as a REIT.
Demand for data center space. Our portfolio of properties consists primarily of data centers. A decrease in the demand for, or increase in supply of, data center space, Internet gateway facilities or other technology-related real estate would have a greater adverse effect on our business and financial condition than if we owned a portfolio with a more diversified tenant base or less specialized use. We have invested in building out additional inventory primarily in what we anticipate will be our active major metropolitan areas prior to having executed leases with respect to this space. We believe that demand in key metropolitan areas such as Northern Virginia, Dallas and Chicago is largely in line with supply. We also continue to see strong demand in other key metropolitan areas across our portfolio. However, until this inventory is leased up, which will depend on a number of factors, including available data center space in these metropolitan areas, our return on invested capital is negatively impacted. Our development activities make us particularly susceptible to general economic slowdowns, including recessions and the other circumstances described above under “Global market and economic conditions,” as well as adverse developments in the data center, Internet and data communications and broader technology industries. Any such slowdown or adverse development could lead to reduced corporate IT spending or reduced demand for data center space. Reduced demand could also result from business relocations, including to metropolitan areas that we do not currently serve. Changes in industry practice or in technology, such as virtualization technology, more efficient computing or networking devices, or devices that require higher power densities than today’s devices, could also reduce demand for the physical data center space we provide or make the tenant improvements in our facilities obsolete or in need of significant upgrades to remain viable. In addition, the development of new technologies, the adoption of new industry standards or other factors could render many of our tenants’ current products and services obsolete or unmarketable and contribute to a downturn in their businesses, thereby increasing the likelihood that they default under their leases, become insolvent or file for bankruptcy. In addition, demand for data center space in our properties, or the rates at which we lease space, may be adversely impacted either across our portfolio or in specific metropolitan areas as a result of an increase in the number of competitors, or the amount of space being offered in our metropolitan areas and other metropolitan areas by our competitors.
Telx and European Portfolio Acquisitions. We believe that the acquisitions of Telx and the European Portfolio will provide a number of strategic and financial benefits, including providing us a leading colocation and interconnection platform, a premium connectivity infrastructure and enhanced growth potential in attractive locations. However, there can be no assurance that we will realize the intended benefits of the Telx Acquisition and the European Portfolio Acquisition and they may divert management's attention, and disrupt our plans and operations. In addition, we may be subject to unknown or contingent liabilities related to Telx and the European Portfolio for which we may have no or limited recourse against the sellers.
Critical Accounting Policies
Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amount of revenues and expenses in the reporting period. Our actual results may differ from these estimates. We have provided a summary of our significant accounting policies in Item 8, Note 2 “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. We describe below those accounting policies that require material subjective or complex judgments and that have the most significant impact on our financial condition and consolidated results of operations. Our management evaluates these estimates on an ongoing basis, based upon information currently available and on various assumptions management believes are reasonable as of the date on the front cover of this report.
Investments in Real Estate
Acquisition of real estate. The price that we pay to acquire a property is impacted by many factors including the condition of the property and improvements, the occupancy of the building, the term and rate of in-place leases, the creditworthiness of the tenants, favorable or unfavorable financing, above- or below-market ground leases and numerous other factors.
Accordingly, we are required to make subjective assessments to allocate the purchase price paid to acquire investments in real estate among the identifiable assets including intangibles and liabilities assumed based on our estimate of the fair value of such assets and liabilities. This includes determining the value of the property and improvements, land, ground leases, if any, and tenant improvements. Additionally, we evaluate the value of in-place leases on occupancy and market rent, the value of the tenant relationships, the value (or negative value) of above- (or below-) market leases, any debt or deferred taxes assumed from the seller or loans made by the seller to us and any building leases assumed from the seller. Each of these estimates requires a great deal of judgment and some of the estimates involve complex calculations. These allocation assessments have a direct impact on our results of operations. For example, if we were to allocate more value to land, there would be no depreciation with respect to such amount. If we were to allocate more value to the property as opposed to allocating to the value of in-place tenant leases, this amount would be recognized as an expense over a much longer period of time. This potential effect occurs because the amounts allocated to property are depreciated over the estimated lives of the property whereas amounts allocated to in-place tenant leases are amortized over the estimated term (including renewal and extension assumptions) of the leases. Additionally, the amortization of the value (or negative value) assigned to above- (or below-) market rate leases is recorded as an adjustment to rental revenue as compared to amortization of the value of in-place tenant leases and tenant relationships, which is included in depreciation and amortization in our consolidated income statements.
From time to time, we will receive offers for sale of our properties, either solicited or unsolicited. For those offers that are accepted, the prospective buyer will usually require a due diligence period before consummation of the transaction. It is not unusual for matters to arise that result in the withdrawal or rejection of the offer during this process. We classify real estate as “held for sale” when all criteria under the GAAP guidance have been met.
Capitalization of costs. Direct and indirect project costs that are clearly associated with the development of properties are capitalized as incurred. Project costs include all costs directly associated with the development of a property, including construction costs, interest, property taxes, insurance, legal fees and costs of personnel working on the project. Indirect costs that do not clearly relate to the projects under development are not capitalized and are charged to expense as incurred.
Capitalization of costs begins when the activities necessary to get the development project ready for its intended use begin, which include costs incurred before the beginning of construction. Capitalization of costs ceases when the development project is substantially complete and ready for its intended use. Determining when a development project commences and when it is substantially complete and ready for its intended use involves a degree of judgment. We generally consider a development project to be substantially complete and ready for its intended use upon receipt of a certificate of occupancy. If and when development of a property is suspended pursuant to a formal change in the planned use of the property, we will evaluate whether the accumulated costs exceed the estimated value of the project and write off the amount of any such excess accumulated costs. For a development project that is suspended for reasons other than a formal change in the planned use of such property, the accumulated project costs are evaluated for impairment consistent with our impairment policies for long-lived assets. Capitalized costs are allocated to the specific components of a project that are benefited.
Useful lives of assets. We are required to make subjective assessments as to the useful lives of our properties for purposes of determining the amount of depreciation to record on an annual basis with respect to our investments in real estate. These assessments have a direct impact on our net income because if we were to shorten the expected useful lives of our investments in real estate we would depreciate such investments over fewer years, resulting in more depreciation expense and lower net income on an annual basis.
Asset impairment evaluation. We review each of our properties for indicators that its carrying amount may not be recoverable. Examples of such indicators may include a significant decrease in the market price of the property, a change in the expected holding period for the property, a significant adverse change in how the property is being used or expected to be used based on the underwriting at the time of acquisition, an accumulation of costs significantly in excess of the amount originally expected for the acquisition or development of the property, or a history of operating or cash flow losses of the property. When such impairment indicators exist, we review an estimate of the future undiscounted net cash flows (excluding interest charges) expected to result from the real estate investment’s use and eventual disposition and compare that estimate to the carrying value of the property. We consider factors such as future operating income, trends and prospects, as well as the effects of leasing demand, competition and other factors. If our future undiscounted net cash flow evaluation indicates that we are unable to recover the carrying value of a real estate investment, an impairment loss is recorded to the extent that the carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value of the property. These losses have a direct impact on our net income because recording an
impairment loss results in an immediate negative adjustment to net income. The evaluation of anticipated cash flows is highly subjective and is based in part on assumptions regarding future occupancy, rental rates and capital requirements that could differ materially from actual results in future periods. Since cash flows on properties considered to be long-lived assets to be held and used are considered on an undiscounted basis to determine whether the carrying value of a property is recoverable, our strategy of holding properties over the long-term directly decreases the likelihood of their carrying values not being recoverable and therefore requiring the recording of an impairment loss. If our strategy changes or market conditions otherwise dictate an earlier sale date, an impairment loss may be recognized and such loss could be material. If we determine that the asset fails the recoverability test, the affected assets must be reduced to their fair value.
We generally estimate the fair value of rental properties utilizing a discounted cash flow analysis that includes projections of future revenues, expenses and capital improvement costs that a market participant would use based on the highest and best use of the asset, which is similar to the income approach that is commonly utilized by appraisers. In certain cases, we may supplement this analysis by obtaining outside broker opinions of value.
Revenue Recognition
Rental revenue is recognized using the straight-line method over the terms of the tenant leases. Deferred rents included in our consolidated balance sheets represent the aggregate excess of rental revenue recognized to date on a straight-line basis versus the contractual rental payments under the terms of the leases. Many of our leases contain provisions under which the tenants reimburse us for a portion of property operating expenses and real estate taxes incurred by us. However, we generally are not entitled to reimbursement of property operating expenses, other than utility expense, and real estate taxes under our leases for Turn-Key Flex® facilities. Such reimbursements are recognized in the period that the expenses are incurred. Lease termination fees are recognized over the remaining term of the lease, effective as of the date the lease modification is finalized, assuming collection is not considered doubtful. As discussed above, we recognize amortization of the value of acquired above- or below-market tenant leases as a reduction of rental revenue in the case of above-market leases or an increase to rental revenue in the case of below-market leases.
We must make subjective estimates as to when our revenue is earned and the collectability of our accounts receivable related to minimum rent, deferred rent, expense reimbursements, lease termination fees and other income. We specifically analyze accounts receivable and historical bad debts, tenant concentrations, tenant creditworthiness and current economic trends when evaluating the adequacy of the allowance for bad debts. These estimates have a direct impact on our net revenue because a higher bad debt allowance would result in lower net revenue, and recognizing rental revenue as earned in one period versus another would result in higher or lower net revenue for a particular period.
Share-Based Awards
We recognize compensation expense related to share-based awards. We generally amortize this compensation expense over the vesting period of the award. The calculation of the fair value of share-based awards is subjective and requires several assumptions over such items as expected stock volatility, dividend payments and future company results. These assumptions have a direct impact on our net income because a higher share-based awards amount would result in lower net income for a particular period.
Results of Operations
The discussion below relates to our financial condition and results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014. A summary of our operating results from continuing operations for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 was as follows (in thousands).
Our property portfolio has experienced consistent and significant growth since the first property acquisition in January 2002. As a result of this growth, our period-to-period comparison of our financial performance focuses on the impact on our revenues and expenses on a stabilized portfolio basis. Our stabilized portfolio includes properties owned as of December 31, 2014 with less than 5% of total rentable square feet under development and excludes properties that were undergoing, or were expected to undergo, development activities in 2015-2016 and properties sold or contributed to joint ventures.
We acquired the following real estate properties during the year ended December 31, 2016:
2016 Acquisitions
(1)
On July 5, 2016, the Company completed the acquisition of a portfolio of 8 high-quality, carrier-neutral data centers in Europe from Equinix, which we refer to as the European Portfolio Acquisition. The purchase price was $818.9 million in the aggregate (based on the exchange rate at the date of acquisition).
(2)
Represents currently vacant land which is not included in our operating property count. We completed 4 acquisitions of land parcels in the three months ended September 30, 2016 in Northern Virginia, Dallas and Chicago. Excludes capitalized closing costs on land acquisitions.
Comparison of the Year Ended December 31, 2016 to the Year Ended December 31, 2015 and Comparison of the Year Ended December 31, 2015 to the Year Ended December 31, 2014
Portfolio
As of December 31, 2016, our portfolio consisted of 145 operating properties, including 14 properties held as investments in unconsolidated joint ventures and developable land, with an aggregate of 26.1 million rentable square feet including 2.0 million square feet of space under active development and 1.1 million square feet of space held for future development compared to a portfolio consisting of 139 operating properties, including 14 properties held as investments in unconsolidated joint ventures and developable land, with an aggregate of 25.6 million rentable square feet including 1.3 million square feet of space under active development and 1.3 million square feet of space held for future development as of December 31, 2015 and a portfolio consisting of 131 operating properties, including 14 properties held as investments in unconsolidated joint ventures and developable land, with an aggregate of 24.5 million rentable square feet including 1.8 million square feet of space under active development and 1.3 million square feet of space held for future development as of December 31, 2014.
Revenues
Total operating revenues for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 were as follows (in thousands):
The following tables show revenues for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 for stabilized properties and pre-stabilized properties and other (all other properties) (in thousands). Stabilized results for the year ended December 31, 2015 are shown prior to Telx-related eliminations that were completed in arriving at our consolidated financial results. In an effort to make 2016 and 2015 stabilized results comparable, total operating revenues for the year ended December 31, 2016 are shown prior to Telx-related eliminations totaling $62.1 million. Revenue totals for pre-stabilized and other include: results from properties that have not yet met the definition of stabilized (including the eight properties acquired from Telx), properties that are classified as held for sale or were sold during the period, and the net Telx-related elimination of $62.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016.
Stabilized rental revenues and tenant reimbursement revenues remained flat for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to the same period in 2015 primarily as a result of new leasing at our properties during the year ended December 31, 2016, the largest of which were for space at 2121 South Price Road and 2045 & 2055 Lafayette Street, offset by the British pound sterling and Euro weakening against the U.S. dollar.
Pre-stabilized and other revenue increases during the year ended December 31, 2016 were primarily a result of the Telx Acquisition and the European Portfolio Acquisition, which contributed approximately $209.0 million and $157.8 million to rental revenue and interconnection revenue, respectively, along with new leases at our properties during the year ended December 31, 2016, which were primarily leases of completed development space, the largest of which were for space at 44060 Digital Loudoun Plaza, 907 Security Row, 29A International Business Park and 9355 Grand Avenue, offset by a decrease in revenues as a result of properties sold during the year ended December 31, 2016.
Stabilized rental revenues and tenant reimbursement revenues decreased for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the same period in 2014 primarily as a result of newly vacant space at certain properties along with the British pound sterling and Euro weakening against the U.S. dollar, which was offset by new or renewed leases at certain of our properties during the year ended December 31, 2015, the largest of which were for space at 350 East Cermak Road, 4025 Midway Road and 1350 Duane Avenue.
Pre-stabilized and other revenue increases during the year ended December 31, 2015 were primarily a result of the Telx Acquisition, which contributed approximately $42.2 million and $38.9 million to rental revenue and interconnection revenue, respectively, along with new leases at our properties during the year ended December 31, 2015, which were primarily leases of completed development space, the largest of which were for space at 44060 Digital Loudoun Plaza, 29A International Business Park, Principal Park, Crawley and 2121 South Price Road.
Fee Income
Occasionally, customers engage the Company for certain services. The nature of these services historically involves property management, construction management, and assistance with financing. The proper revenue recognition of these services can be different, depending on whether the arrangements are service revenue or contractor type revenue. Service revenues are typically recognized on an equal monthly basis based on the minimum fee to be earned. The monthly amounts could be adjusted depending on if certain performance milestones are met.
Fee income also includes management fees. These fees arise from contractual agreements with entities in which we have a noncontrolling interest. The management fees are recognized as earned under the respective agreements. Management and other fee income related to partially owned entities are recognized to the extent attributable to the unaffiliated interest.
Other
During the three months ended December 31, 2016, we recognized a non-cash gain on lease termination of approximately $29.2 million, as one of our tenants, as part of a lease termination, conveyed substantially all of its colocation and turn-key improvements to the Company.
Operating Expenses and Interest Expense
Operating expenses and interest expense during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 were as follows (in thousands):
The following tables show expenses for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 for stabilized properties and pre-stabilized properties and other (all other properties) (in thousands). Stabilized results for the year ended December 31, 2015 are shown prior to Telx-related eliminations that were completed in arriving at our consolidated financial results. In an effort to make 2016 and 2015 stabilized results comparable, total operating expenses for the year ended December 31, 2016 are shown prior to Telx-related eliminations totaling $3.6 million. Expense totals for pre-stabilized and other include: results from properties that have not yet met the definition of stabilized (including the eight properties acquired from Telx), properties that are classified as held for sale or were sold during the period, and the net Telx-related elimination of $3.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2016.
Stabilized rental property operating and maintenance expenses decreased by approximately $9.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to the same period in 2015 primarily as a result of lower utility expense due to decreased usage and vacancies at certain properties and operating efficiencies realized from the Telx Acquisition.
Stabilized property taxes increased by approximately $6.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to the same period in 2015, primarily as a result of an additional property tax re-assessment recorded in 2016 at four properties within the stabilized pool along with a successful appeal in 2015 for taxes at one property in Texas within the stabilized pool.
Pre-stabilized and other rental property operating and maintenance expenses increased by approximately $120.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to the same period in 2015, primarily as a result of the Telx Acquisition and European Portfolio Acquisition, which contributed approximately $114.3 million to the increase.
Pre-stabilized and other property tax expense increased approximately $3.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to the same period in 2015, primarily as a result of reassessed value increases at five properties within the pre-stabilized pool offset by the tax refund at one property in Singapore.
Stabilized rental property operating and maintenance expenses decreased by approximately $3.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the same period in 2014, primarily as a result of the British pound sterling and Euro weakening against the U.S. dollar.
Stabilized property taxes decreased by approximately $3.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the same period in 2014, primarily as a result of successful appeals for taxes at two properties in Texas and one property in California within the stabilized pool during the year ended December 31, 2015.
Pre-stabilized and other rental property operating and maintenance expenses increased by approximately $50.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the same period in 2014, primarily as a result of the Telx Acquisition, which contributed approximately $25.2 million to the increase, along with development projects being placed into service leading to higher utility expense in 2015.
Pre-stabilized and other property tax expense increased approximately $4.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the same period in 2014, primarily as a result of reassessed value increases at five properties within the pre-stabilized pool.
Change in Fair Value of Contingent Consideration
The change in fair value of contingent consideration decreased approximately $36.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the same period in 2014, primarily as a result of reducing the fair value related to the Sentrum acquisition by approximately $45.9 million during 2015. The adjustment was the result of an evaluation by management that no additional leases would be executed for vacant space by July 11, 2015, the contingency expiration date.
Depreciation and Amortization
Depreciation and amortization expense increased by approximately $128.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, compared to the same period in 2015, principally because of the Telx Acquisition and European Portfolio Acquisition, which contributed approximately $130.3 million to the increase, along with depreciation on development projects that were placed into service in late 2015 and during 2016, offset by properties sold during 2015 and 2016.
Depreciation and amortization expense increased by approximately $32.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, compared to the same period in 2014, principally because of the Telx Acquisition, which contributed approximately $30.7 million to the increase, along with depreciation on development projects that were placed into service in late 2014 and during 2015, offset by properties sold during 2014 and 2015.
General and Administrative
General and administrative expenses increased by approximately $47.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to the same period in 2015, primarily due to the Telx Acquisition and European Portfolio Acquisition along with the growth of our Company, with an increase in headcount from 2015 to 2016, resulting in additional compensation expense, along with higher professional fees and marketing expenses.
General and administrative expenses increased by approximately $12.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the same period in 2014, primarily due to the Telx Acquisition along with the growth of our Company, with
an increase in headcount from 2014 to 2015, resulting in additional compensation expense, along with higher professional fees and marketing expenses.
Transactions
Transaction expenses increased by approximately $3.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to the same period in 2015, principally because of transaction expenses attributable to the European Portfolio Acquisition, which was completed in July 2016, offset by expenses attributable to the Telx Acquisition, which was completed in October 2015. Transaction expenses for the year ended December 31, 2016 also include integration expenses of approximately $8.9 million.
Transaction expenses increased by approximately $16.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, compared to the same period in 2014, principally because of the Telx Acquisition, which was completed in October 2015.
Other
Other expense increased by approximately $57.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the same period in 2014 due to the write off of straight-line rent receivables related to the Telx Acquisition ($75.3 million), which was partially offset by a gain related to the settlement of pre-existing tenant relationships with Telx ($14.4 million).
Interest Expense
Interest expense increased by approximately $35.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, as compared to the same period in 2015, primarily as a result of the issuance of the 3.950% 2022 Notes in June 2015, the issuance of the 3.400% 2020 Notes and 4.750% 2025 Notes in October 2015 and the issuance of the 2024 Notes in April 2016, offset by lower interest expense on secured debt due to the paydown of several mortgage loans in 2015 and 2016.
Interest expense increased by approximately $10.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, as compared to the same period in 2014, primarily a result of the issuance of the 2022 Notes in June 2015, the issuance of the 2023 Notes in April 2014 and the $3.9 million of fees paid in 2015 related to an unused bridge facility, which was put in place in anticipation of the Telx Acquisition.
Impairment of Investments in Real Estate
We have identified certain non-core investment properties we intend to sell as part of our capital recycling strategy. Our capital recycling program was designed to identify non-strategic and underperforming assets that can be sold to generate proceeds that will support the funding of our core investment activity. During this process, we have evaluated the carrying value of certain investment properties identified for potential sale to ensure the carrying value is recoverable in light of a potentially shorter holding period. As a result of our evaluation, during the year ended December 31, 2014, we recognized $126.5 million of impairment losses on five properties located in the Midwest, Northeast and West regions. As of December 31, 2014, these properties did not meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale. We had no impairment losses during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015.
Gain on Sale of Properties
During the year ended December 31, 2016, we recognized a gain on sale of properties of $169.9 million primarily related to the disposition of (i) 47700 Kato Road and 1055 Page Avenue, which sold for $37.5 million in January 2016, (ii) a four-property portfolio composed of 210 N. Tucker Boulevard, 900 Walnut Street, 251 Exchange Place and 1807 Michael Faraday Court, which sold for $114.5 million in the aggregate in July 2016, and (iii) 114 Ambroise Croizat, which sold for $212.0 million in August 2016.
During the year ended December 31, 2015, we recognized a gain on sale of properties of $94.6 million related to the disposition of 100 Quannapowitt, which sold for $31.1 million in February 2015, 3300 East Birch Street, which sold for $14.2 million in March 2015, 833 Chestnut Street, which sold for $160.8 million in April 2015, and 650 Randolph Road, which sold for $9.2 million in December 2015.
During the year ended December 31, 2014, we recognized a gain on sale of property of $15.9 million, related to the disposition of 6 Braham Street, which sold for £25.0 million (or approximately $41.5 million based on the exchange rate as of April 7, 2014, the date of sale).
Gain on Contribution of Properties to Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
During the year ended December 31, 2014, we recognized gains of $95.4 million related to the contribution of two properties to two unconsolidated joint ventures. We received net proceeds of approximately $178.9 million in connection with these two transactions and retained a 20% interest in each of the joint ventures. We had no transfers of properties to unconsolidated joint ventures during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015.
Liquidity and Capital Resources of the Parent Company
In this “Liquidity and Capital Resources of the Parent Company” section and in the “Liquidity and Capital Resources of the Operating Partnership” section below, the term, our “Parent Company”, refers to Digital Realty Trust, Inc. on an unconsolidated basis, excluding our Operating Partnership.
Analysis of Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our Parent Company’s business is operated primarily through our Operating Partnership of which our Parent Company is the sole general partner and which it consolidates for financial reporting purposes. Because our Parent Company operates on a consolidated basis with our Operating Partnership, the section entitled “Liquidity and Capital Resources of the Operating Partnership” should be read in conjunction with this section to understand the liquidity and capital resources of our Parent Company on a consolidated basis and how our Company is operated as a whole.
Our Parent Company issues public equity from time to time, but generally does not otherwise generate any capital itself or conduct any business itself, other than incurring certain expenses in operating as a public company which are fully reimbursed by our Operating Partnership. Our Parent Company itself does not hold any indebtedness other than guarantees of the indebtedness of our Operating Partnership and certain of its subsidiaries and affiliates and an intercompany loan that was made and repaid in 2015, and its only material asset is its ownership of partnership interests of our Operating Partnership. Therefore, the consolidated assets and liabilities and the consolidated revenues and expenses of our Parent Company and our Operating Partnership are the same on their respective financial statements, except for immaterial differences related to cash, other assets and accrued liabilities that arise from public company expenses paid by our Parent Company and an intercompany loan that was made and repaid during 2015. However, all debt, other than the intercompany loan, is held directly or indirectly at our Operating Partnership level. Our Parent Company’s principal funding requirement is the payment of dividends on its common and preferred stock. Our Parent Company’s principal source of funding for its dividend payments is distributions it receives from our Operating Partnership.
As the sole general partner of our Operating Partnership, our Parent Company has the full, exclusive and complete responsibility for our Operating Partnership’s day-to-day management and control. Our Parent Company causes our Operating Partnership to distribute such portion of its available cash as our Parent Company may in its discretion determine, in the manner provided in our Operating Partnership’s partnership agreement. Our Parent Company receives proceeds from its equity issuances from time to time, but is generally required by our Operating Partnership’s partnership agreement to contribute the proceeds from its equity issuances to our Operating Partnership in exchange for partnership units of our Operating Partnership.
Our Parent Company is a well-known seasoned issuer with an effective shelf registration statement filed on April 20, 2015, which allows our Parent Company to register an unspecified amount of various classes of equity securities. As circumstances warrant, our Parent Company may issue equity from time to time on an opportunistic basis, dependent upon market conditions and available pricing. Any proceeds from such equity issuances would be generally contributed to our Operating Partnership in exchange for additional equity interests in our Operating Partnership. Our Operating Partnership may use the proceeds to acquire additional properties, to fund development opportunities and for general working capital purposes, including potentially for the repurchase, redemption or retirement of outstanding debt or equity securities.
The liquidity of our Parent Company is dependent on our Operating Partnership’s ability to make sufficient distributions to our Parent Company. The primary cash requirement of our Parent Company is its payment of dividends to its stockholders. Our Parent Company also guarantees our Operating Partnership’s, as well as certain of its subsidiaries’ and affiliates’, unsecured debt. If our Operating Partnership or such subsidiaries fail to fulfill their debt requirements, which trigger Parent
Company guarantee obligations, then our Parent Company will be required to fulfill its cash payment commitments under such guarantees. However, our Parent Company’s only material asset is its investment in our Operating Partnership.
We believe our Operating Partnership’s sources of working capital, specifically its cash flow from operations, and funds available under its 2016 global revolving credit facility are adequate for it to make its distribution payments to our Parent Company and, in turn, for our Parent Company to make its dividend payments to its stockholders. However, we cannot assure you that our Operating Partnership’s sources of capital will continue to be available at all or in amounts sufficient to meet its needs, including making distribution payments to our Parent Company. The lack of availability of capital could adversely affect our Operating Partnership’s ability to pay its distributions to our Parent Company, which would in turn, adversely affect our Parent Company’s ability to pay cash dividends to its stockholders.
On June 29, 2011, Digital Realty Trust, Inc. entered into equity distribution agreements, which we refer to as the 2011 Equity Distribution Agreements, with each of Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, Citigroup Global Markets Inc., Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC, Deutsche Bank Securities Inc. and Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC, or the Agents, under which it could issue and sell shares of its common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $400.0 million from time to time through, at its discretion, any of the Agents as its sales agents. The sales of common stock made under the 2011 Equity Distribution Agreements will be made in “at the market” offerings as defined in Rule 415 of the Securities Act. To date, Digital Realty Trust, Inc. has generated net proceeds of approximately $342.7 million from the issuance of approximately 5.7 million common shares under the 2011 Equity Distribution Agreements at an average price of $60.35 per share after payment of approximately $3.5 million of commissions to the sales agents and before offering expenses. No sales were made under the program during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015. As of December 31, 2016, shares of common stock having an aggregate offering price of $53.8 million remained available for offer and sale under the program.
Future Uses of Cash
Our Parent Company may from time to time seek to retire, redeem or repurchase its equity or the debt securities of our Operating Partnership through cash purchases and/or exchanges for equity securities in open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions or otherwise. Such repurchases, redemptions or exchanges, if any, will depend on prevailing market conditions, our liquidity requirements, contractual restrictions or other factors. The amounts involved may be material.
We are also subject to the commitments discussed below under “Dividends and Distributions.”
Dividends and Distributions
Our Parent Company is required to distribute 90% of its taxable income (excluding capital gains) on an annual basis in order for it to continue to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. Accordingly, our Parent Company intends to make, but is not contractually bound to make, regular quarterly distributions to its common stockholders from cash flow from our Operating Partnership’s operating activities. While historically our Parent Company has satisfied this distribution requirement by making cash distributions to its stockholders, it may choose to satisfy this requirement by making distributions of cash or other property. All such distributions are at the discretion of our Parent Company’s board of directors. Our Parent Company considers market factors and our Operating Partnership’s performance in addition to REIT requirements in determining distribution levels. Our Parent Company has distributed at least 100% of its taxable income annually since inception to minimize corporate level federal income taxes. Amounts accumulated for distribution to stockholders are invested primarily in interest-bearing accounts and short-term interest-bearing securities, which are consistent with our intention to maintain our Parent Company’s status as a REIT.
As a result of this distribution requirement, our Operating Partnership cannot rely on retained earnings to fund its on-going operations to the same extent that other companies whose parent companies are not REITs can. Our Parent Company may need to continue to raise capital in the debt and equity markets to fund our Operating Partnership’s working capital needs, as well as potential developments at new or existing properties, acquisitions or investments in existing or newly created joint ventures. In addition, our Parent Company may be required to use borrowings under our 2016 global revolving credit facility, if necessary, to meet REIT distribution requirements and maintain our Parent Company’s REIT status.
Our Parent Company declared the following dividends on its common and preferred stock during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 (in thousands, except per share amounts):
(1)
$3.320 annual rate of dividend per share.
(2)
Represents a pro rata dividend from and including the original issue date to and including June 30, 2014.
(3)
$3.400 annual rate of dividend per share.
(4)
Represents a pro rata dividend from and including the original issue date to and including December 31, 2015.
(5)
$3.520 annual rate of dividend per share.
(6)
Redeemed on September 15, 2016 for $25.35972 per share, or a redemption price of $25.00 per share, plus accrued and unpaid dividends up to but not including the redemption date of approximately $4.1 million in the aggregate. In connection with the redemption, the previously incurred offering costs of approximately $10.3 million were deducted in the computation of net income available to common stockholders.
Distributions out of our Parent Company’s current or accumulated earnings and profits are generally classified as ordinary income whereas distributions in excess of our Parent Company’s current and accumulated earnings and profits, to the extent of a stockholder’s U.S. federal income tax basis in our Parent Company’s stock, are generally classified as a return of capital. Distributions in excess of a stockholder’s U.S. federal income tax basis in our Parent Company’s stock are generally characterized as capital gain. Cash provided by operating activities has been generally sufficient to fund distributions on an annual basis, however, we may also need to utilize borrowings under the 2016 global revolving credit facility to fund distributions.
The expected tax treatment of distributions on our Parent Company’s common and preferred stock paid in 2016 is as follows: approximately 98% ordinary income and 2% capital gain distribution. The tax treatment of distributions on our Parent Company’s common and preferred stock paid in 2015 was as follows: approximately 94% ordinary income and 6% capital gain distribution. The tax treatment of distributions on our Parent Company’s common and preferred stock paid in 2014 was as follows: approximately 82% ordinary income and 18% capital gain distribution.
Liquidity and Capital Resources of the Operating Partnership
In this “Liquidity and Capital Resources of the Operating Partnership” section, the terms “we”, “our” and “us” refer to our operating partnership together with its consolidated subsidiaries or our operating partnership and our Parent Company together with their consolidated subsidiaries, as the context requires.
Analysis of Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our Parent Company is our sole general partner and consolidates our results of operations for financial reporting purposes. Because we operate on a consolidated basis with our Parent Company, the section entitled “Liquidity and Capital Resources of the Parent Company” should be read in conjunction with this section to understand our liquidity and capital resources on a consolidated basis.
As of December 31, 2016, we had $10.5 million of cash and cash equivalents, excluding $11.5 million of restricted cash. Restricted cash primarily consists of contractual capital expenditures plus other deposits.
Our short-term liquidity requirements primarily consist of operating expenses, development costs and other expenditures associated with our properties, distributions to our Parent Company in order for it to make dividend payments on its preferred stock, distributions to our Parent Company in order for it to make dividend payments to its stockholders required to maintain its REIT status, distributions to the unitholders in our operating partnership, capital expenditures, debt service on our loans and, potentially, acquisitions. We expect to meet our short-term liquidity requirements through net cash provided by operations, restricted cash accounts established for certain future payments and by drawing upon our 2016 global revolving credit facility.
On January 15, 2016, we refinanced our global revolving credit facility and entered into a global senior credit agreement for a $2.0 billion senior unsecured revolving credit facility, which we refer to as the 2016 global revolving credit facility, that replaced the $2.0 billion revolving credit facility executed on August 15, 2013, as amended. The 2016 global revolving credit facility has an accordion feature that would enable us to increase the borrowing capacity of the credit facility to up to $2.5 billion, subject to the receipt of lender commitments and other conditions precedent. The refinanced facility matures on January 15, 2020, with two six-month extension options available. The interest rate for borrowings under the 2016 global revolving credit facility equals the applicable index plus a margin which is based on the credit ratings of our long-term debt and is currently 100 basis points. An annual facility fee on the total commitment amount of the facility, based on the credit ratings of our long-term debt, currently 20 basis points, is payable quarterly. Funds may be drawn in U.S., Canadian, Singapore, Australian and Hong Kong dollars, as well as Euro, British pound sterling and Japanese yen. As of December 31, 2016, borrowings under the global revolving credit facility bore interest at an overall blended rate of 1.38% composed of 1.67% (U.S. dollars), 1.25% (British pound sterling), 0.63% (Euros), 1.66% (Hong Kong dollars), 0.92% (Japanese yen), 1.52% (Singapore dollar) and 1.92% (Canadian dollars). The interest rates were based on 1-month LIBOR, 1-month GBP LIBOR, 1-month EURIBOR, 1-month HIBOR, 1-month JPY LIBOR, 1-month SOR and 1-month CDOR, respectively, plus a margin of 1.00%. We have used and intend to use borrowings under the 2016 global revolving credit facility to acquire additional properties, fund development opportunities and to provide for working capital and other corporate purposes. The 2016 global revolving credit facility contains various restrictive covenants, including limitations on our ability to incur additional indebtedness, make certain investments or merge with another company, and requirements to maintain financial coverage ratios, including with respect to unencumbered assets. In addition, the 2016 global revolving credit facility restricts Digital Realty Trust, Inc. from making distributions to its stockholders, or redeeming or otherwise repurchasing shares of its capital stock, after the occurrence and during the continuance of an event of default, except in limited circumstances including as necessary to enable Digital Realty Trust, Inc. to maintain its qualification as a REIT and to minimize the payment of income or excise tax. As of December 31, 2016, we were in compliance with all of such covenants. As of December 31, 2016, we have capitalized approximately $10.9 million of financing costs, net of accumulated amortization, related to the 2016 global revolving credit facility. As of December 31, 2016, approximately $210.1 million was drawn under this facility and $20.0 million of letters of credit were issued, leaving approximately $1.8 billion available for use.
On January 15, 2016, we refinanced our senior unsecured multi-currency term loan facility and entered into a term loan agreement, which governs (i) a $1.25 billion 5-year senior unsecured term loan, which we refer to as the 5-Year Term Loan, and (ii) a $300 million 7-year senior unsecured term loan, which we refer to as the 7-Year Term Loan. The 2016 term loan agreement replaced the $1.0 billion term loan agreement executed on April 16, 2012, as amended. The 5-Year Term Loan matures on January 15, 2021 and the 7-Year Term Loan matures on January 15, 2023. In addition, we have the ability from time to time to increase the aggregate size of lending under the 2016 term loan agreement from $1.55 billion to up to $1.8 billion, subject to receipt of lender commitments and other conditions precedent. Interest rates are based on our senior unsecured debt ratings and are currently 110 basis points and 155 basis points over the applicable index for floating rate advances for the 5-Year Term Loan and the 7-Year Term Loan, respectively. Funds may be drawn in U.S., Canadian, Singapore, Australian and Hong Kong dollars, as well as Euro, British pound sterling and Japanese yen. Based on exchange rates in effect at December 31, 2016, the balance outstanding is approximately $1.5 billion, excluding deferred financing costs. We have used borrowings under the term loan for acquisitions, repayment of indebtedness, development, working capital and general corporate purposes. The covenants under the term loans are consistent with our 2016 global revolving credit facility and, as of December 31, 2016, we were in compliance with all of such covenants. As of December 31, 2016, we have capitalized approximately $6.1 million, of financing costs, net of accumulated amortization, related to the 2016 unsecured term loans.
For a discussion of the potential impact of current global economic and market conditions on our liquidity and capital resources, see “-Factors Which May Influence Future Results of Operations-Global market and economic conditions” above.
Our Parent Company commenced its at-the-market equity distribution program in June 2011, which is discussed under “Liquidity and Capital Resources of the Parent Company” above. To date, our Parent Company has generated net proceeds of approximately $342.7 million from the issuance of approximately 5.7 million shares of common stock under the program at an average price of $60.35 per share after payment of approximately $3.5 million of commissions to the sales agents before offering expenses. The proceeds from the issuances were contributed to us in exchange for the issuance of approximately 5.7 million common units to our Parent Company. No sales were made under the program during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015. As of December 31, 2016, shares of common stock having an aggregate offering price of $53.8 million remained available for offer and sale under the program.
On January 21, 2016, the operating partnership closed on the sale of 47700 Kato Road and 1055 Page Avenue, two adjacent non-data center properties totaling 199,000 square feet in Fremont, California for $37.5 million. The sale generated net proceeds of $35.8 million, and we recognized a gain on the sale of approximately $1.0 million. The properties were identified as held for sale as of December 31, 2015.
The Parent Company granted Equinix an option to acquire our facility in 114 rue Ambroise Croizat in Paris. Equinix elected to exercise its option to acquire the Paris property, and on July 2, 2016, we entered into an agreement to sell the property to Equinix for approximately €190 million (or approximately $212 million based on the exchange rate as of August 1, 2016). The Paris property sale closed on August 1, 2016. We recognized a gain on the sale of approximately $144.3 million in the third quarter of 2016. This property was classified as held for sale as of June 30, 2016.
On July 11, 2016, the operating partnership closed on the sale of a four-property data center portfolio, including two in St. Louis and two in Northern Virginia, totaling over 454,000 square feet for approximately $114.5 million. We recognized a gain on the sale of approximately $24.5 million in the third quarter of 2016. The four properties were classified as held for sale as of June 30, 2016.
None of our property sales to date represented a significant component or significant shift in strategy that would require discontinued operations presentation.
The growing acceptance by private institutional investors of the data center asset class has generally pushed capitalization rates lower as such private investors typically have lower return expectations than we do. As a result, we anticipate that near-term acquisitions activity will comprise a smaller percentage of our growth until seller price expectations realign with our return requirements.
Construction ($ in thousands)
(1)
Represents approximately 414 acres as of December 31, 2016 and approximately 286 acres as of December 31, 2015.
(2)
Represents balances incurred through December 31, 2016 and included in building and improvements in the consolidated balance sheets.
(3)
Represents estimated cost to complete specific scope of work pursuant to contract, budget or approved capital plan.
(4)
Represents balances incurred through December 31, 2015 and included in building and improvements in the consolidated balance sheets.
(5)
Excludes space held for development related to unconsolidated joint ventures and properties held for sale.
Land inventory and space held for development reflect cumulative cost spent pending future development. Base building construction consists of ongoing improvements to building infrastructure in preparation for future data center fit-out. Datacenter construction includes 0.8 million square feet of Turn Key Flex®, colocation and Powered Base Building® products with a cost to date of approximately $309.1 million. Generally, we expect to deliver the space within 12 months; however, lease commencement dates may significantly impact final delivery schedules. Equipment pool and other inventory represent the value of long-lead time equipment and materials required for timely deployment and delivery of data center construction fit-out. Campus, tenant improvements and other costs include the value of development work which benefits space recently converted to our operating portfolio and is composed primarily of shared infrastructure projects and first-generation tenant improvements.
Future Uses of Cash
Our properties require periodic investments of capital for tenant-related capital expenditures and for general capital improvements. As of December 31, 2016, we had approximately 2.0 million square feet of space under active development and approximately 1.1 million square feet of space held for future development and we also owned approximately 0.6 million net rentable square feet of data center space with extensive installed tenant improvements. Turn-Key Flex® space is move-in-ready space for the placement of computer and network equipment required to provide a data center environment. Depending on demand for additional Turn-Key Flex® space, we expect to incur significant tenant improvement costs to build out and develop these types of spaces. At December 31, 2016, approximately 2.0 million square feet was under construction for Turn-Key Flex®, colocation and Powered Base Building® products, all of which are expected to be income producing on or after completion, in six U.S. domestic metropolitan areas, three European metropolitan areas, one Canadian metropolitan area and one Asian metropolitan area, consisting of approximately 1.2 million square feet of base building construction and 0.8 million square feet of data center construction. At December 31, 2016, we had commitments under construction contracts for approximately $320.9 million. We currently expect to incur approximately $0.8 billion to $1.0 billion of capital expenditures
for our development programs during the year ending December 31, 2017, although this amount may increase or decrease, potentially materially, based on numerous factors, including changes in demand, leasing results and availability of debt or equity capital.
Historical Capital Expenditures
For the year ended December 31, 2016, total capital expenditures increased $27.5 million to approximately $654.2 million from $626.7 million for the same period in 2015. Capital expenditures on our development projects plus our enhancement and improvements projects for the year ended December 31, 2016 were approximately $578.7 million, which reflects an increase of approximately 8% from the same period in 2015. This increase was primarily due to increased spending for ground-up development projects, Turn-Key Flex and base building improvements. Our development capital expenditures are generally funded by our available cash and equity and debt capital.
Indirect costs related to construction and leasing activities, including capitalized interest, capitalized in the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 were $85.2 million and $69.6 million, respectively. Capitalized interest comprised approximately $16.3 million and $12.9 million, respectively, of the total indirect costs capitalized for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015. Capitalized interest in the year ended December 31, 2016 increased compared to the same period in 2015 due to an increase in qualifying activities. Excluding capitalized interest, the indirect costs increased in the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to the same period in 2015 due primarily to capitalized amounts relating to compensation expense of employees directly engaged in construction and leasing activities. See “-Future Uses of Cash” above for a discussion of the amount of capital expenditures we expect to incur during the year ending December 31, 2017.
The environmental cleanup work required at the 47700 Kato Road and 1055 Page Avenue property resulting from a prior tenant’s activities has been completed. The prior tenant of these buildings completed most of the remaining required environmental cleanup work. In January 2016, we sold this property to an unrelated third party. We continue to seek recovery of past costs incurred for previous environmental cleanup work, as well as other damages. We cannot at this time estimate the likelihood of recovery or the impact on our financial condition and results of operations, however, the amounts are not expected to be material.
We are also subject to the commitments discussed below under “Commitments and Contingencies,” “Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements” and “Distributions.”
We actively pursue opportunities for potential acquisitions, with due diligence and negotiations often at different stages at different times. The dollar value of acquisitions for the year ending December 31, 2017 will be based on numerous factors, including tenant demand, leasing results, availability of debt or equity capital and acquisition opportunities.
We may from time to time seek to retire or repurchase our outstanding debt or the equity of our Parent Company through cash purchases and/or exchanges for equity securities of our Parent Company in open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions or otherwise. Such repurchases or exchanges, if any, will depend on prevailing market conditions, our liquidity requirements, contractual restrictions or other factors. The amounts involved may be material.
We expect to meet our short- and long-term liquidity requirements, including to pay for scheduled debt maturities and to fund property acquisitions and non-recurring capital improvements, with net cash from operations, future long-term secured and unsecured indebtedness and the issuance of equity and debt securities and the proceeds of equity issuances by our Parent Company. We also may fund future short- and long-term liquidity requirements, including property acquisitions and non-recurring capital improvements using our 2016 global revolving credit facility pending permanent financing. If we are not able to obtain additional financing on terms attractive to us, or at all, including as a result of the circumstances described above under “Factors Which May Influence Future Results of Operations-Global market and economic conditions”, we may be required to reduce our acquisition or capital expenditure plans, which could have a material adverse effect upon our business and results of operations.
Distributions
All distributions on our units are at the discretion of our Parent Company’s board of directors. In 2016, 2015 and 2014, our operating partnership declared the following distributions (in thousands):
(1)
$3.320 annual rate of distribution per unit.
(2)
Represents a pro rata distribution from and including the original issue date to and including June 30, 2014.
(3)
$3.400 annual rate of distribution per unit.
(4)
Represents a pro rata distribution from and including the original issue date to and including December 31, 2015.
(5)
$3.520 annual rate of distribution per unit.
(6)
Redeemed on September 15, 2016 for $25.35972 per unit, or a redemption price of $25.00 per unit, plus accrued and unpaid dividends up to but not including the redemption date of approximately $4.1 million in the aggregate. In connection with the redemption, the previously incurred offering costs of approximately $10.3 million were deducted in the computation of net income available to common unitholders.
Commitments and Contingencies
As part of the acquisition of 29A International Business Park, the seller could earn additional consideration based on future net operating income growth in excess of certain performance targets, as defined in the agreements for the acquisition. The earnout contingency expires in November 2020. The maximum amount that could be earned by the seller is $50.0 million SGD (or approximately $34.5 million based on the exchange rate as of December 31, 2016). As of December 31, 2014, $12.6 million had been accrued related to this earnout agreement, which was subsequently paid in 2015. During 2015 and 2016, the remaining performance targets were achieved and the Company accrued an additional $23.8 million. The remaining earnout payments were made in 2016 per the terms of the earnout agreement. The amounts accrued were discounted based on their expected payment date and capitalized to building and improvements as the original purchase was accounted for as an asset acquisition.
One of the tenants at our Convergence Business Park property has an option to expand as part of their lease agreement, which expires in April 2017. As part of this option, development activities were not permitted on specifically identified expansion space within the property until April 2014. From April 2014 through April 2017, the tenant has the right of first refusal on any third party’s bona fide offer to buy the adjacent land. If the tenant exercises its option, we may either construct and lease to the tenant an additional shell building on the expansion space at a stipulated rate of return on cost or sell the existing building and the expansion space to the tenant for a price of approximately $24.0 million and $225,000 per acre,
respectively, plus additional adjustments as provided in the lease. As of December 31, 2016, the tenant had yet to exercise its option.
As part of the acquisition of the Sentrum Portfolio, the seller could earn additional consideration based on future net returns on vacant space to be developed, but not currently leased, as defined in the purchase agreement for the acquisition. The initial estimate of fair value of the contingent consideration liability was approximately £56.5 million (or approximately $87.6 million based on the exchange rate as of July 11, 2012, the acquisition date). We have adjusted the contingent consideration to fair value at each reporting date with changes in fair value recognized in operating income. During the year ended December 31, 2015, we reduced the fair value by approximately £30.3 million (or approximately $45.9 million). The adjustment was the result of an evaluation by management that no additional leases would be executed for vacant space by July 11, 2015, the contingency expiration date. The final payment on the earnout was made in August 2015. We made earnout payments of approximately £0.7 million (or approximately $1.1 million based on the exchange rates as of the date of each payment) during the year ended December 31, 2015. During the year ended December 31, 2014, we made earnout payments of approximately £6.2 million (or approximately $10.3 million based on the exchange rates as of the date of each payment). From the acquisition date through December 31, 2015, we made earnout payments of approximately £23.8 million (or approximately $37.2 million based on the exchange rates as of the date of each payment). The earn-out contingency expired in July 2015. The change in fair value of contingent consideration for Sentrum was recorded as a reduction to operating expense of approximately $0.0 million, $43.0 million and $8.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
On July 22, 2015, we entered into a settlement agreement with former Chief Executive Officer Michael Foust, pursuant to which the parties acknowledged the cancellation of 127,644 profits interest units in the operating partnership held by Mr. Foust, and we agreed to pay Mr. Foust $8.0 million in full satisfaction of any and all amounts owing to Mr. Foust as a result of his employment with the Company and the termination thereof. In connection with the settlement, Mr. Foust and the Company agreed to dismiss with prejudice the litigation between the parties relating to Mr. Foust’s employment and termination of employment, and each party released claims against the other party. We previously recorded an expense of approximately $12.7 million in connection with Mr. Foust’s severance payments and reversed the excess expense of approximately $4.6 million in the three months ending September 30, 2015 as a reduction to general and administrative expense in the consolidated income statement.
We are currently a party to litigation related to the release of a sublease guarantee that was provided by one of our subsidiaries. Certain parties are seeking to invalidate the release, which freed our subsidiary from any further obligations under the sublease guarantee. We cannot at this time reliably estimate the likelihood of success or the impact on our financial condition and results of operations, however, the amounts are not expected to be material.
As of December 31, 2016, we were a party to interest rate swap agreements which hedge variability in cash flows related the U.S. LIBOR and SGD-SOR based tranches of the unsecured term loan. Under these swaps, we pay variable-rate amounts in exchange for fixed-rate payments over the life of the agreements without exchange of the underlying principal amounts. See

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Our future income, cash flows and fair values relevant to financial instruments depend upon prevalent market interest rates. Market risk refers to the risk of loss from adverse changes in market prices and interest rates. We do not use derivatives for trading or speculative purposes and only enter into contracts with major financial institutions based on their credit rating and other factors.
Analysis of Debt between Fixed and Variable Rate
We use interest rate swap agreements and fixed rate debt to reduce our exposure to interest rate movements. As of December 31, 2016, our consolidated debt was as follows (in millions):
Interest rate derivatives and their fair values as of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 were as follows (in thousands):
(1)
Represents portions of the U.S. dollar tranche of the 5-Year Term Loan.
(2)
Represents the U.S. dollar tranche of the 7-Year Term Loan.
(3)
Represents a portion of the Singapore dollar tranche of the 5-Year Term Loan. Translation to U.S. dollars is based on exchange rates of $0.69 to 1.00 SGD as of December 31, 2016 and $0.70 to 1.00 SGD as of December 31, 2015.
(4)
Represents the British pound sterling tranche of the 5-Year Term Loan. Translation to U.S. dollars is based on exchange rate of $1.23 to £1.00 as of December 31, 2016.
(5)
Represents the Canadian dollar tranche of the 5-Year Term Loan. Translation to U.S. dollars is based on exchange rate of $0.74 to 1.00 CAD as of December 31, 2016.
Sensitivity to Changes in Interest Rates
The following table shows the effect if assumed changes in interest rates occurred, based on fair values and interest expense as of December 31, 2016:
Interest risk amounts were determined by considering the impact of hypothetical interest rates on our financial instruments. These analyses do not consider the effect of any change in overall economic activity that could occur in that environment. Further, in the event of a change of that magnitude, we may take actions to further mitigate our exposure to the change. However, due to the uncertainty of the specific actions that would be taken and their possible effects, these analyses assume no changes in our financial structure.
Foreign Currency Exchange Risk
For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, we had foreign operations in the United Kingdom, Ireland, France, The Netherlands, Switzerland, Canada, Singapore, Australia, Japan and Hong Kong, and, as such, are subject to risk from the effects of exchange rate movements of foreign currencies, which may affect future costs and cash flows. Our foreign operations are conducted in the British pound sterling, Euro, Swiss franc, Australian dollar, Singapore dollar, Canadian dollar, Hong Kong dollar and the Japanese yen. Our primary currency exposures are to the British pound sterling, Euro and the Singapore dollar. We attempt to mitigate a portion of the risk of currency fluctuation by financing our investments in the local currency denominations and we may also hedge well-defined transactional exposures with foreign currency forwards or options, although there can be no assurances that these will be effective. As a result, changes in the relation of any such foreign currency to U.S. dollars may affect our revenues, operating margins and distributions and may also affect the book value of our assets and the amount of stockholders’ equity. For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, operating revenues from properties outside the United States contributed $442.9 million, $392.6 million and $383.0 million, respectively, which represented 21.0%, 22.3% and 23.7% of our operating revenues, respectively. Net investment in properties outside the United States was $2.6 billion and $2.6 billion as of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. Net assets in foreign operations were approximately $0.9 billion and $0.5 billion as of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.
Other
Certain operating costs incurred by us, such as electricity, are subject to price fluctuations caused by the volatility of underlying commodity prices. In 2016, we entered into a power purchase agreement to secure the renewable energy attributes from a wind farm in Texas.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
INDEX TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Page No.
Management’s Reports on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Consolidated Financial Statements of Digital Realty Trust, Inc.
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2016 and 2015
Consolidated Income Statements for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016
Consolidated Statements of Equity for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016
Consolidated Financial Statements of Digital Realty Trust, L.P.
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2016 and 2015
Consolidated Income Statements for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016
Consolidated Statements of Capital for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016
Consolidated Financial Statements of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Supplemental Schedule-Schedule III-Properties and Accumulated Depreciation
Notes to Schedule III-Properties and Accumulated Depreciation
Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
The management of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. (the Company) is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15(d)-15(f). Our internal control system was designed to provide reasonable assurance to the Company’s management and board of directors regarding the preparation and fair presentation of published financial statements.
All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation.
Under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016. In making this assessment, we used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013). We acquired the European Portfolio during the year ended December 31, 2016. We have excluded from our overall assessment of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, internal control over financial reporting associated with the European Portfolio's total assets of $1.0 billion and total revenues of $55 million. Based on our assessment, management concluded that as of December 31, 2016, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective based on those criteria.
Our independent registered public accounting firm has issued an audit report on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. This report appears on page 91.
Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
The management of Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (the Operating Partnership) is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15(d)-15(f). Our internal control system was designed to provide reasonable assurance to the Operating Partnership’s management regarding the preparation and fair presentation of published financial statements.
All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation.
Under the supervision and with the participation of management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of our general partner, we assessed the effectiveness of the Operating Partnership’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016. In making this assessment, we used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013). We acquired the European Portfolio during the year ended December 31, 2016. We have excluded from our overall assessment of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, internal control over financial reporting associated with the European Portfolio's total assets of $1.0 billion and total revenues of $55 million. Based on our assessment, management concluded that as of December 31, 2016, the Operating Partnership’s internal control over financial reporting was effective based on those criteria.
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
The Board of Directors and Stockholders
Digital Realty Trust, Inc.:
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. (the Company) and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the related consolidated income statements, statements of comprehensive income, equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016. In connection with our audits of the consolidated financial statements, we also have audited financial statement schedule III, properties and accumulated depreciation. These consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule III are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule III based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Also in our opinion, the related financial statement schedule III, properties and accumulated depreciation, when considered in relation to the basic consolidated financial statements taken as a whole, present fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO), and our report dated March 1, 2017 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
/s/ KPMG LLP
San Francisco, California
March 1, 2017
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
The Board of Directors and Stockholders
Digital Realty Trust, Inc.:
We have audited Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
In our opinion, Digital Realty Trust, Inc. maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).
Digital Realty Trust, Inc. acquired the European Portfolio during the year ended December 31, 2016, and management excluded from its assessment of the effectiveness of Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, the European Portfolio’s internal control over financial reporting associated with total assets of $1.0 billion and total revenues of $55 million included in the consolidated financial statements of Digital Realty Trust Inc. and subsidiaries as of and for the year ended December 31, 2016. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. also excluded an evaluation of the internal control over financial reporting of the European Portfolio.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheets of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the related consolidated income statements, statements of comprehensive income, equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016, and the financial statement schedule III, properties and accumulated depreciation, and our report dated March 1, 2017 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule III.
/s/ KPMG LLP
San Francisco, California
March 1, 2017
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
The Board of Directors of the General Partner and Partners
Digital Realty Trust, L.P.:
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (the Operating Partnership) and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the related consolidated income statements, statements of comprehensive income, capital, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016. In connection with our audits of the consolidated financial statements, we also have audited financial statement schedule III, properties and accumulated depreciation. These consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule III are the responsibility of the Operating Partnership’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule III based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Digital Realty Trust, L.P. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Also in our opinion, the related financial statement schedule III, properties and accumulated depreciation, when considered in relation to the basic consolidated financial statements taken as a whole, present fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein.
/s/ KPMG LLP
San Francisco, California
March 1, 2017
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (continued)
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED INCOME STATEMENTS
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(in thousands)
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY
(in thousands, except share data)
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY (continued)
(in thousands, except share data)
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY (continued)
(in thousands, except share data)
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in thousands)
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (continued)
(in thousands)
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (continued)
(in thousands)
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in thousands, except unit and per unit data)
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (continued)
(in thousands, except unit and per unit data)
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED INCOME STATEMENTS
(in thousands, except unit and per unit data)
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(in thousands)
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CAPITAL
(in thousands, except unit data)
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CAPITAL (continued)
(in thousands, except unit data)
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CAPITAL (continued)
(in thousands, except unit data)
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in thousands)
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (continued)
(in thousands)
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (continued)
(in thousands)
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2016 and 2015
1. Organization and Description of Business
Digital Realty Trust, Inc. through its controlling interest in Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (the Operating Partnership) and the subsidiaries of the Operating Partnership (collectively, we, our, us or the Company) is engaged in the business of owning, acquiring, developing and managing data centers. The Company is focused on providing data center, colocation and interconnection solutions for domestic and international tenants across a variety of industry verticals ranging from financial services, cloud and information technology services, to manufacturing, energy, healthcare, and consumer products. As of December 31, 2016, our portfolio consisted of 145 operating properties, including 14 properties held as investments in unconsolidated joint ventures, of which 104 are located throughout the United States, 32 are located in Europe, four are located in Asia, three are located in Australia and two are located in Canada.
We are diversified in major metropolitan areas where data center and technology tenants are concentrated, including the Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Los Angeles, New York, Northern Virginia, Phoenix, San Francisco, Seattle and Silicon Valley metropolitan areas in the United States, the Amsterdam, Dublin, Frankfurt, London and Paris metropolitan areas in Europe and the Singapore, Sydney, Melbourne, Hong Kong and Osaka metropolitan areas in the Asia Pacific region. The portfolio consists of data centers, Internet gateway data centers and office and other non-data center space.
The Operating Partnership was formed on July 21, 2004 in anticipation of Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s initial public offering (IPO) on November 3, 2004 and commenced operations on that date. As of December 31, 2016, Digital Realty Trust, Inc. owns a 98.5% common interest and a 100.0% preferred interest in the Operating Partnership. As sole general partner of the Operating Partnership, Digital Realty Trust, Inc. has the full, exclusive and complete responsibility for the Operating Partnership’s day-to-day management and control. The limited partners of the Operating Partnership do not have rights to replace Digital Realty Trust, Inc. as the general partner nor do they have participating rights, although they do have certain protective rights.
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
(a) Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include all of the accounts of Digital Realty Trust, Inc., the Operating Partnership and the subsidiaries of the Operating Partnership. Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.
The notes to the consolidated financial statements of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and the Operating Partnership have been combined to provide the following benefits:
•
enhancing investors’ understanding of the Company and the Operating Partnership by enabling investors to view the business as a whole in the same manner as management views and operates the business;
•
eliminating duplicative disclosure and providing a more streamlined and readable presentation since a substantial portion of the disclosure applies to both the Company and the Operating Partnership; and
•
creating time and cost efficiencies through the preparation of one set of notes instead of two separate sets of notes.
There are few differences between the Company and the Operating Partnership, which are reflected in these consolidated financial statements. We believe it is important to understand the differences between the Company and the Operating Partnership in the context of how we operate as an interrelated consolidated company. Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s only material asset is its ownership of partnership interests of the Operating Partnership. As a result, Digital Realty Trust, Inc. generally does not conduct business itself, other than acting as the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership, issuing public securities from time to time and guaranteeing certain unsecured debt of the Operating Partnership and certain of its subsidiaries and affiliates. Digital Realty Trust, Inc. itself has not issued any indebtedness but guarantees the unsecured debt of the Operating Partnership and certain of its subsidiaries and affiliates, as disclosed in these notes.
The Operating Partnership holds substantially all the assets of the Company and holds the ownership interests in the Company’s joint ventures. The Operating Partnership conducts the operations of the business and is structured as a partnership with no publicly traded equity. Except for net proceeds from public equity issuances by Digital Realty Trust, Inc., which are generally contributed to the Operating Partnership in exchange for partnership units, the Operating Partnership generally
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
generates the capital required by the Company’s business primarily through the Operating Partnership’s operations, by the Operating Partnership’s or its affiliates’ direct or indirect incurrence of indebtedness or through the issuance of partnership units.
The presentation of noncontrolling interests in operating partnership, stockholders’ equity and partners’ capital are the main areas of difference between the consolidated financial statements of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and those of the Operating Partnership. The common limited partnership interests held by the limited partners in the Operating Partnership are presented as limited partners’ capital within partners’ capital in the Operating Partnership’s consolidated financial statements and as noncontrolling interests in operating partnership within equity in Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s consolidated financial statements. The common and preferred partnership interests held by Digital Realty Trust, Inc. in the Operating Partnership are presented as general partner’s capital within partners’ capital in the Operating Partnership’s consolidated financial statements and as preferred stock, common stock, additional paid-in capital and accumulated dividends in excess of earnings within stockholders’ equity in Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s consolidated financial statements. The differences in the presentations between stockholders’ equity and partners’ capital result from the differences in the equity issued at the Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and the Operating Partnership levels.
To help investors understand the significant differences between the Company and the Operating Partnership, these consolidated financial statements present the following separate sections for each of the Company and the Operating Partnership:
•
consolidated face financial statements; and
•
the following notes to the consolidated financial statements:
•
Debt of the Company and Debt of the Operating Partnership;
•
Income per Share and Income per Unit;
•
Equity and Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss, Net of the Company and Capital and Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) of the Operating Partnership; and
•
Quarterly Financial Information.
In the sections that combine disclosure of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and the Operating Partnership, these notes refer to actions or holdings as being actions or holdings of the Company. Although the Operating Partnership is generally the entity that enters into contracts and joint ventures and holds assets and debt, reference to the Company is appropriate because the business is one enterprise and the Company generally operates the business through the Operating Partnership.
(b) Cash Equivalents
For the purpose of the consolidated statements of cash flows, we consider short-term investments with original maturities of 90 days or less to be cash equivalents. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, cash equivalents consist of investments in money market instruments.
(c) Investments in Real Estate
Investments in real estate are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Land is not depreciated. Depreciation and amortization are recorded on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives as follows:
Improvements and replacements are capitalized when they extend the useful life, increase capacity, or improve the efficiency of the asset. Repairs and maintenance are charged to expense as incurred.
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
Assets that are classified as held for sale are recorded at the lower of their carrying value or fair value less costs to dispose. We classify an asset as held for sale once management has the authority to approve and commits to a plan to sell, the asset is available for immediate sale, an active program to locate a buyer has commenced and the sale of the asset is probable and transfer of the asset is expected to occur within one year. Upon the classification of assets as held for sale or sold, the depreciation and amortization of the assets will cease.
(d) Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
The Company’s investment in unconsolidated joint ventures is accounted for using the equity method, whereby the investment is increased for capital contributed and our share of the joint ventures’ net income and decreased by distributions we receive and our share of any losses of the joint ventures.
We amortize the difference between the cost of our investments in unconsolidated joint ventures and the book value of the underlying equity into equity in earnings from unconsolidated affiliates on a straight-line basis consistent with the lives of the underlying assets.
(e) Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
We review each of our properties for indicators that its carrying amount may not be recoverable. Examples of such indicators may include a significant decrease in the market price of the property, a change in the expected holding period for the property, a significant adverse change in how the property is being used or expected to be used based on the underwriting at the time of acquisition, an accumulation of costs significantly in excess of the amount originally expected for the acquisition or development of the property, or a history of operating or cash flow losses of the property. When such impairment indicators exist, we review an estimate of the future undiscounted net cash flows (excluding interest charges) expected to result from the real estate investment’s use and eventual disposition and compare that estimate to the carrying value of the property. We consider factors such as future operating income, trends and prospects, as well as the effects of leasing demand, competition and other factors. If our future undiscounted net cash flow evaluation indicates that we are unable to recover the carrying value of a real estate investment, an impairment loss is recorded to the extent that the carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value of the property. These losses have a direct impact on our net income because recording an impairment loss results in an immediate negative adjustment to net income. The evaluation of anticipated cash flows is highly subjective and is based in part on assumptions regarding future occupancy, rental rates and capital requirements that could differ materially from actual results in future periods. Since cash flows on properties considered to be long-lived assets to be held and used are considered on an undiscounted basis to determine whether the carrying value of a property is recoverable, our strategy of holding properties over the long-term directly decreases the likelihood of their carrying values not being recoverable and therefore requiring the recording of an impairment loss. If our strategy changes or market conditions otherwise dictate an earlier sale date, an impairment loss may be recognized and such loss could be material. If we determine that the asset fails the recoverability test, the affected assets must be reduced to their fair value.
We generally estimate the fair value of rental properties utilizing a discounted cash flow analysis that includes projections of future revenues, expenses and capital improvement costs that a market participant would use based on the highest and best use of the asset, which is similar to the income approach that is commonly utilized by appraisers. In certain cases, we may supplement this analysis by obtaining outside broker opinions of value.
In considering whether to classify a property as held for sale, the Company considers whether: (i) management has committed to a plan to sell the property; (ii) the property is available for immediate sale in its present condition; (iii) the Company has initiated a program to locate a buyer; (iv) the Company believes that the sale of the property is probable; (v) the Company is actively marketing the property for sale at a price that is reasonable in relation to its current value; and (vi) actions required for the Company to complete the plan indicate that it is unlikely that any significant changes will made to the plan.
If all the above criteria are met, the Company classifies the property as held for sale. Upon being classified as held for sale, the Company ceases all depreciation and amortization related to the property and it is recorded at the lower of its carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell. The assets and related liabilities of the property are classified separately on the consolidated balance sheets for the most recent reporting period. Only those assets held for sale that constitute a strategic shift or that will have a major effect on our operations are classified as discontinued operations. To date we have had no property dispositions or assets classified as held for sale that would meet the definition of discontinued operations.
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
(f) Purchase Accounting for Acquisition of Investments in Real Estate
Purchase accounting is applied to the assets and liabilities related to all real estate investments acquired from third parties. In accordance with current accounting guidance, the fair value of the real estate acquired is allocated to the acquired tangible assets, consisting primarily of land, building and tenant improvements, and identified intangible assets and liabilities, consisting of the value of above-market and below-market leases, other value of in-place leases, value of tenant relationships and acquired ground leases, based in each case on their fair values. Loan premiums, in the case of above-market rate loans, or loan discounts, in the case of below-market loans, are recorded based on the fair value of any loans assumed in connection with acquiring the real estate.
The fair values of the tangible assets of an acquired property are determined based on comparable land sales for land and replacement costs adjusted for physical and market obsolescence for the improvements. The fair values of the tangible assets of an acquired property are also determined by valuing the property as if it were vacant, and the “as-if-vacant” value is then allocated to land, building and tenant improvements based on management’s determination of the relative fair values of these assets. Management determines the as-if-vacant fair value of a property based on assumptions that a market participant would use, which is similar to methods used by independent appraisers. Factors considered by management in performing these analyses include an estimate of carrying costs during the expected lease-up periods considering current market conditions and costs to execute similar leases. In estimating carrying costs, management includes real estate taxes, insurance and other operating expenses and estimates of lost rental revenue during the expected lease-up periods based on current market demand. Management also estimates costs to execute similar leases including leasing commissions, tenant improvements, legal and other related costs.
In allocating the fair value of the identified intangible assets and liabilities of an acquired property, above-market and below-market in-place lease values are recorded based on the present value (using an interest rate which reflects the risks associated with the leases acquired) of the difference between (i) the contractual amounts to be paid pursuant to the in-place leases and (ii) estimated fair market lease rates from the perspective of a market participant for the corresponding in-place leases, measured, for above-market leases, over a period equal to the remaining non-cancelable term of the lease and, for below-market leases, over a period equal to the initial term plus any below market fixed rate renewal periods. The leases we have acquired do not currently include any below-market fixed rate renewal periods. The capitalized above-market lease values are amortized as a reduction of rental income over the remaining non-cancelable terms of the respective leases. The capitalized below-market lease values, also referred to as acquired lease obligations, are amortized as an increase to rental income over the initial terms of the respective leases and any below-market fixed rate renewal periods.
In addition to the intangible value for above-market leases and the intangible negative value for below-market leases, there is intangible value related to having tenants leasing space in the purchased property, which is referred to as in-place lease value and tenant relationship value. Such value results primarily from the buyer of a leased property avoiding the costs associated with leasing the property and also avoiding rent losses and unreimbursed operating expenses during the lease-up period. Factors to be considered by management in its analysis of in-place lease values include an estimate of carrying costs during hypothetical expected lease-up periods considering current market conditions, and costs to execute similar leases. In estimating carrying costs, management includes real estate taxes, insurance and other operating expenses and estimates of lost rentals at market rates during the expected lease-up periods, depending on local market conditions. In estimating costs to execute similar leases, management considers leasing commissions, legal and other related expenses. Characteristics considered by management in valuing tenant relationships include the nature and extent of the Company’s existing business relationships with the tenant, growth prospects for developing new business with the tenant, the tenant’s credit quality and expectations of lease renewals. The value of in-place leases is amortized to expense over the remaining initial terms of the respective leases. The value of tenant relationship intangibles is amortized to expense over the anticipated life of the relationships.
(g) Goodwill
Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net tangible and intangible assets acquired in a business combination. Goodwill is not amortized. Management performs an annual impairment test for goodwill and between annual tests, management will evaluate the recoverability of goodwill whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of goodwill may not be fully recoverable. In its impairment tests of goodwill, management will first
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value. If based on this assessment, management determines that the fair value of the reporting unit is not less than its carrying value, then performing the additional two-step impairment test is unnecessary. If our qualitative assessment indicates that goodwill impairment is more likely than not, we perform a two-step impairment test. We test goodwill for impairment under the two-step impairment test by first comparing the book value of net assets to the fair value of the reporting units. If the fair value is determined to be less than the book value or qualitative factors indicate that it is more likely than not that goodwill is impaired, a second step is performed to compute the amount of impairment as the difference between the estimated fair value of goodwill and the carrying value. We estimate the fair value of the reporting units using discounted cash flows. If the carrying value of goodwill exceeds its fair value, an impairment charge is recognized. We have not recognized any goodwill impairments since our inception. Goodwill amounted to approximately $753.0 million and $330.7 million as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
(h) Capitalization of Costs
Direct and indirect project costs that are clearly associated with the development of properties are capitalized as incurred. Project costs include all costs directly associated with the development of a property, including construction costs, interest, property taxes, insurance, legal fees and costs of personnel working on the project. Indirect costs that do not clearly relate to the projects under development are not capitalized and are charged to expense as incurred.
Capitalization of costs begins when the activities necessary to get the development project ready for its intended use begins, which include costs incurred before the beginning of construction. Capitalization of costs ceases when the development project is substantially complete and ready for its intended use. Determining when a development project commences and when it is substantially complete and ready for its intended use involves a degree of judgment. We generally consider a development project to be substantially complete and ready for its intended use upon receipt of a certificate of occupancy. If and when development of a property is suspended pursuant to a formal change in the planned use of the property, we will evaluate whether the accumulated costs exceed the estimated value of the project and write off the amount of any such excess accumulated costs. For a development project that is suspended for reasons other than a formal change in the planned use of such property, the accumulated project costs are evaluated for impairment consistent with our impairment policies for long-lived assets. Capitalized costs are allocated to the specific components of a project that are benefited.
During the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, we capitalized interest of approximately $16.3 million, $12.9 million and $20.4 million, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, we capitalized amounts relating to compensation expense of employees direct and incremental to construction and successful leasing activities of approximately $68.9 million, $56.8 million and $50.1 million, respectively. Cash flows used for capitalized leasing costs of $47.3 million, $49.9 million and $49.0 million are included in improvements to and advances for investments in real estate in cash flows from investing activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
(i) Deferred Leasing Costs
Leasing commissions and other direct and indirect costs associated with the acquisition of tenants are capitalized and amortized on a straight-line basis over the terms of the related leases. Deferred leasing costs is included in Acquired in-place lease value, deferred leasing costs and intangibles on the consolidated balance sheet and amounted to approximately $253.7 million and $236.0 million, net of accumulated amortization, as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
(j) Foreign Currency Translation
Assets and liabilities of our subsidiaries outside the United States with non-U.S. dollar functional currencies are translated into U.S. dollars using exchange rates as of the balance sheet dates. Income and expenses are translated using the average exchange rates for the reporting period. Foreign currency translation adjustments are recorded as a component of other comprehensive income. In the statement of cash flows, cash flows denominated in foreign currencies are translated using the exchange rates in effect at the time of the cash flows or an average exchange rate for the period, depending on the nature of the cash flow item.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
(k) Deferred Financing Costs
Loan fees and costs are recorded as an adjustment to the carrying amount of the related debt and amortized over the life of the related loans on a straight-line basis, which approximates the effective interest method. Such amortization is included as a component of interest expense.
(l) Restricted Cash
Restricted cash consists of deposits for real estate taxes and insurance and other amounts as required by our loan agreements including funds for leasing costs and improvements related to unoccupied space.
(m) Offering Costs
Underwriting commissions and other offering costs are reflected as a reduction in additional paid-in capital, or in the case of preferred stock, as a reduction of the carrying value of preferred stock.
(n) Share-Based Compensation
The Company measures all share-based compensation awards at fair value on the date they are granted to employees and directors, and recognizes compensation cost, net of forfeitures, over the requisite service period for awards with only a service condition. The estimated fair value of the long-term incentive units and Class D Units (discussed in note 13) granted by us is being amortized on a straight-line basis over the expected service period.
The fair value of share-based compensation awards that contain a market condition is measured using a Monte Carlo simulation method and not adjusted based on actual achievement of the market condition.
(o) Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
We account for our derivative instruments and hedging activities in accordance with the accounting standard for derivative and hedging activities. The accounting standard requires us to measure every derivative instrument (including certain derivative instruments embedded in other contracts) at fair value and record them in the balance sheet as either an asset or liability.
The effective portion of changes in the fair value of derivatives designated and that qualify as cash flow hedges is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and is subsequently reclassified into earnings in the period that the hedged forecasted transaction affects earnings. The ineffective portion of the change in fair value of the derivatives is recognized directly in earnings. The amount of gain (loss) recognized in income related to the settlement of derivatives or ineffective portion of the hedging relationships for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 was approximately $(3.1) million, $(1.6) million and $0.8 million, respectively.
We actively manage our ratio of fixed-to-floating rate debt. To manage our fixed and floating rate debt in a cost-effective manner, we, from time to time, enter into interest rate swap agreements as cash flow hedges, under which we agree to exchange various combinations of fixed and/or variable interest rates based on agreed upon notional amounts. In addition, we have entered into a series of forward contracts pursuant to which we agreed to sell an amount of foreign currency for an agreed upon amount of USD. These forward contracts were executed to manage foreign currency exposures associated with certain transactions. We do not enter into derivative instruments for trading purposes.
(p) Income Taxes
Digital Realty Trust, Inc. has elected to be treated as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) for federal income tax purposes. As a REIT, Digital Realty Trust, Inc. generally is not required to pay federal corporate income tax to the extent taxable income is currently distributed to its stockholders. If Digital Realty Trust, Inc. fails to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, it will be subject to federal income tax (including any applicable alternative minimum tax) on its taxable income at regular corporate tax rates.
The Company is subject to foreign, state and local income taxes in the jurisdictions in which it conducts business. The Company’s U.S. consolidated taxable REIT subsidiaries are subject to both federal and state income taxes to the extent there is
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
taxable income. Accordingly, the Company recognizes current and deferred income taxes for its taxable REIT subsidiaries, certain states and non-U.S. jurisdictions, as appropriate.
We assess our significant tax positions in accordance with U.S. GAAP for all open tax years and determine whether we have any material unrecognized liabilities from uncertain tax benefits. If a tax position is not considered “more-likely-than-not” to be sustained solely on its technical merits, no benefits of the tax position are to be recognized (for financial statement purposes). As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, we have no assets or liabilities for uncertain tax positions. We classify interest and penalties from significant uncertain tax positions as interest expense and operating expense, respectively, in our consolidated income statements. For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, we had no such interest or penalties. The tax year 2013 and thereafter remain open to examination by the major taxing jurisdictions with which the Company files tax returns.
See Note 10 for further discussion on income taxes.
(q) Presentation of Transactional-based Taxes
We account for transactional-based taxes, such as value added tax, or VAT, for our international properties on a net basis.
(r) Revenue Recognition
All leases are classified as operating leases and minimum rents are recognized on a straight-line basis over the terms of the leases. The excess of rents recognized over amounts contractually due pursuant to the underlying leases is included in deferred rent in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and contractually due but unpaid rents are included in accounts and other receivables.
Tenant reimbursements for real estate taxes, common area maintenance, and other recoverable costs are recognized in the period that the expenses are incurred. Lease termination fees, which are included in other revenue in the accompanying consolidated income statements, are recognized over the new remaining term of the lease, effective as of the date the lease modification is finalized, and assuming collection is probable. During the three months ended December 31, 2016, we recognized a non-cash gain on lease termination of approximately $29.2 million, as one of our tenants, as part of a lease termination, conveyed substantially all of its colocation and turn-key improvements to the Company.
Colocation services are generally governed by a master terms and conditions agreement (MTC). Customers typically execute an MTC for one- to three-year terms. The Company bills customers on a monthly basis and recognizes the revenue as those services are performed over the term of the agreement. Revenues from installation services for colocation services are initially deferred and recognized on a straight-line basis over the average life of customer contracts.
Interconnection services are generally provided on a month-to-month, one-year or multi-year term under the MTC for colocation services. Interconnection services include port and cross-connect services. Port services are typically sold on a one-year or multi-year term and revenue is recognized on a recurring monthly basis similar to colocation services. The Company bills customers on a monthly basis and recognizes the revenue in the period the service is provided. Revenue for cross-connect installations is generally recognized in the period the cross-connect is installed.
A provision for loss is made if the collection of the receivable balances related to contractual rent, rent recorded on a straight-line basis, tenant reimbursements and lease termination fees are considered to be doubtful.
(s) Gains on Sale of Properties
Gains on sale of properties are recognized using the full accrual or partial sale methods, as applicable, in accordance with U.S. GAAP, provided various criteria relating to the terms of sale and any subsequent involvement with the real estate sold are satisfied.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
(t) Fee Income
Occasionally, customers engage the Company for certain services. The nature of these services historically involves property management, construction management, and assistance with financing. The proper revenue recognition of these services can be different, depending on whether the arrangements are service revenue or contractor type revenue.
Service revenues are typically recognized on an equal monthly basis based on the minimum fee to be earned. The monthly amounts could be adjusted depending on if certain performance milestones are met.
Fee income also includes management fees. These fees arise from contractual agreements with entities in which we have a noncontrolling interest. The management fees are recognized as earned under the respective agreements. Management and other fee income related to partially owned entities are recognized to the extent attributable to the unaffiliated interest.
(u) Asset Retirement Obligations
We record accruals for estimated retirement obligations as required by current accounting guidance. The amount of asset retirement obligations relates primarily to estimated costs associated with asbestos removal at the end of the economic life of properties that were built before 1984 along with remediation of soil contamination issues. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, the amount included in accounts payable and other accrued liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets was approximately $5.7 million and $1.3 million, respectively.
(v) Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value
Fair value under U.S. GAAP is a market-based measurement, not an entity-specific measurement. Therefore, our fair value measurements are determined based on the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. As a basis for considering market participant assumptions in fair-value measurements, we use a fair-value hierarchy that distinguishes between market participant assumptions based on market data obtained from sources independent of the reporting entity (observable inputs that are classified within Levels 1 and 2 of the hierarchy) and the reporting entity’s own assumptions about market participant assumptions (unobservable inputs classified within Level 3 of the hierarchy).
Level 1 inputs utilize quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access. Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 2 inputs may include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, as well as inputs that are observable for the asset or liability (other than quoted prices), such as interest rates, foreign exchange rates, and yield curves that are observable at commonly quoted intervals. Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability which are typically based on an entity’s own assumptions, as there is little, if any, related market activity. In instances where the determination of the fair-value measurement is based on inputs from different levels of the fair-value hierarchy, the lowest level input that is significant would be used to determine the fair-value measurement in its entirety. Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair-value measurement in its entirety requires judgment, and considers factors specific to the asset or liability.
(w) Transactions Expense
Transactions expense includes acquisition-related expenses and other business development expenses, which are expensed as incurred. Acquisition-related expenses include closing costs, broker commissions and other professional fees, including legal and accounting fees related to acquisitions and significant transactions.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
(x) Management’s Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates made. On an on-going basis, we evaluate our estimates, including those related to the valuation of our real estate properties, contingent consideration, accounts receivable and deferred rent receivable, performance-based equity compensation plans and the completeness of accrued liabilities We base our estimates on historical experience, current market conditions, and various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may vary from those estimates and those estimates could vary under different assumptions or conditions.
(y) Segment and Geographic Information
All of our properties generate similar revenues and expenses related to tenant rent and reimbursements and operating expenses. The delivery of our products is consistent across all properties and although services are provided to a wide range of customers, the types of real estate services provided to them are standardized throughout the portfolio. As such, the properties in our portfolio have similar economic characteristics and the nature of the products and services provided to our customers and the method to distribute such services are consistent throughout the portfolio. Consequently, our properties qualify for aggregation into one reporting segment.
Operating revenues from properties in the United States were $1.7 billion, $1.4 billion and $1.2 billion and outside the United States were $0.4 billion, $0.4 billion and $0.4 billion for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. We had investments in real estate located in the United States of $6.3 billion, $6.1 billion and $5.4 billion and outside the United States of $2.6 billion, $2.6 billion and $2.7 billion as of December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
Operating revenues from properties located in the United Kingdom were $0.2 billion, $0.2 billion and $0.2 billion, or 11.1%, 12.3% and 13.3% of total operating revenues, for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. No other foreign country comprised more than 10% of total operating revenues for each of these years. We had investments in real estate located in the United Kingdom of $1.5 billion, $1.6 billion and $1.7 billion, or 16.6%, 18.8% and 21.3% of total investments in real estate, as of December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. No other foreign country comprised more than 10% of total investments in real estate as of each of December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014.
(z) Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, issued Accounting Standards Update, or ASU, No. 2014-09, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers", and since that date has issued several additional ASUs intended to clarify certain aspects of ASU 2014-09 and to provide for certain practical expedients entities can elect upon adoption. Collectively, these ASUs outline a single comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for revenues arising from contracts with customers. While lease contracts with customers, which constitute the vast majority of our revenues, are a specific scope exception, this update may have implications in certain variable payment terms included in lease agreements. The standard is effective for the Company on January 1, 2018, with early adoption permitted. The standard permits the use of either a retrospective or cumulative effect transition method and permits the use of certain practical expedients We currently anticipate using the cumulative effect transition method, however, this determination is subject to change. As the standard does not significantly impact lessor accounting, we do not believe adoption will have a material impact on our accounting for rental revenue. In addition, we do not anticipate a significant impact to our accounting for certain of our revenue streams which are not based on contractually specified lease amounts, including interconnection, tenant reimbursement and other revenue.
In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, “Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting,” which provides for simplification of certain aspects of employee share-based payment accounting including income taxes, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, and classification on the statement of cash flows. The amendments in this standard must be applied prospectively, retrospectively, or as of the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the year of adoption, depending on the type of amendment. We adopted ASU 2016-09 as of January 1, 2017, and it will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which sets out the principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of leases for both parties to a contract (i.e., lessees and lessors). The new standard requires lessees to apply a dual approach, classifying leases as either finance or operating leases based on the principle of whether or not the lease is effectively a financed purchase by the lessee. This classification will determine whether lease expense is recognized based on an effective interest method or on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. A lessee is also required to record a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for all leases with a term of greater than 12 months regardless of their classification. Accounting for leases with a term of 12 months or less will be similar to existing guidance for operating leases today. The new standard requires lessors to account for leases using an approach that is substantially equivalent to existing guidance for sales-type leases, direct financing leases and operating leases. ASU 2016-02 is expected to impact the Company’s consolidated financial statements as the Company has certain operating and land lease arrangements for which it is the lessee. ASU 2016-02 supersedes the previous leases standard, Leases (Topic 840). The standard is effective on January 1, 2019, with early adoption permitted. A set of practical expedients for implementation, which must be elected as a package and for all leases, may also be elected. These practical expedients include relief from re-assessing lease classification at the adoption date for expired or existing leases, although a right-of-use asset and lease liability would still be recorded for such leases. We are currently assessing the method of adoption and the impact that ASU 2016-02 will have on our consolidated financial statements.
In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-03, “Interest - Imputation of Interest: Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs”. ASU 2015-03 amended the then-current presentation guidance by requiring that debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of that debt liability, consistent with debt discounts. ASU 2015-03 was effective for the Company beginning with the quarter ended March 31, 2016. The adoption of this standard required restatement of our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2015. As a result, Deferred financing costs, net decreased by $35.2 million and Global unsecured revolving credit facility, Unsecured term loan, Unsecured senior notes and Mortgage loans decreased by $7.6 million, $1.3 million, $26.0 million and $0.3 million, respectively, versus amounts previously reported.
In February 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-02, Consolidation (Topic 810): Amendments to the Consolidation Analysis, which provides guidance on the consolidation evaluation for reporting organizations that are required to evaluate whether they should consolidate certain legal entities. In accordance with the guidance, all legal entities are subject to reevaluation under the revised consolidation model. ASU 2015-02 was effective for the Company beginning with the quarter ended March 31, 2016 and the adoption of the standard did not have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements.
In November 2016, the FASB issued an ASU that will require companies to include restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. The ASU will require a disclosure of a reconciliation between the statement of financial position and the statement of cash flows when the statement of financial position includes more than one line item for cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and restricted cash equivalents. Entities with material restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents balances will be required to disclose the nature of the restrictions. The ASU is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted, and will be applied retrospectively to all periods presented. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, we had $11.5 million and $18.0 million of restricted cash, respectively, in our consolidated balance sheets. Upon adoption of this ASU, restricted cash balances will be included along with cash and cash equivalents as of the end of period and beginning of period, respectively, in our consolidated statement of cash flows for all periods presented; separate line items showing changes in restricted cash balances will be eliminated from our consolidated statement of cash flows.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-01, "Clarifying the Definition of a Business (Topic 805)." ASU 2017-01 clarifies the definition of a business and provides further guidance for evaluating whether a transaction will be accounted for as an acquisition of an asset or a business. ASU 2017-01 is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and early adoption is permitted. The update should be applied prospectively. We adopted ASU 2017-01 as of January 1, 2017 and the adoption did not require any additional disclosures. We believe most of our future acquisitions of operating properties will qualify as asset acquisitions and most future transaction costs associated with these acquisitions will be capitalized.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
3. Investments in Real Estate
A summary of our investments in properties as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 is as follows:
(1)
Balance includes, as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, $0.9 billion and $0.7 billion of direct and accrued costs associated with development in progress, respectively.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
Acquisitions
We acquired the following real estate properties during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015:
2016 Acquisitions
(1)
On July 5, 2016, the Company completed the acquisition of a portfolio of eight high-quality, carrier-neutral data centers in Europe from Equinix, which we refer to as the European Portfolio Acquisition. The purchase price was $818.9 million in the aggregate (based on the exchange rate at the date of acquisition).
(2)
Represents currently vacant land which is not included in our operating property count. We completed four acquisitions of land parcels in the three months ended September 30, 2016 in Northern Virginia, Dallas and Chicago. Excludes capitalized closing costs on land acquisitions.
The table below summarizes the preliminary purchase price allocation for the European Portfolio Acquisition (in thousands):
Due to the timing of the closing of the European Portfolio Acquisition, the final purchase price allocation is expected to be completed in early 2017. As such, the estimates used as of December 31, 2016 are subject to change, including the amounts allocated to the acquired intangible assets, including goodwill, and deferred taxes.
The Company recorded transaction expenses of approximately $6.9 million in the accompanying 2016 consolidated income statement in connection with the European Portfolio Acquisition. Actual results in 2016 included total revenues and operating expenses of the acquired properties of $55.3 million and $20.1 million, respectively.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
Pro forma Information (unaudited)
The following unaudited pro forma financial information presents our results as though the European Portfolio Acquisition had been consummated as of January 1, 2015. The pro forma information does not necessarily reflect the actual results of operations had the transactions been consummated at the beginning of the period indicated nor is it necessarily indicative of future operating results. The pro forma information does not give effect to any cost synergies or other operating efficiencies that could result from the European Portfolio Acquisition and also does not include any transaction and integration expenses. The pro forma results for 2016 include approximately six months of actual results for the European Portfolio Acquisition and six months of pro forma adjustments.
Telx Acquisition
On October 9, 2015, we acquired Telx pursuant to the terms an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the "Merger Agreement"). The purchase price, which was determined through negotiations between us and the sellers, was approximately $1.886 billion (subject to certain adjustments contemplated by the Merger Agreement). Telx, a leading national provider of data center colocation, interconnection and cloud enablement solutions, was our customer for over eight years prior to the Telx Acquisition. In our consolidated financial statements, the historical results of the Company are included for the entire period presented and the results of Telx are included for the period subsequent to the Telx Acquisition.
The final purchase price allocation was completed in early 2016. The final adjustments to the preliminary purchase price allocation were not material. The following table summarizes the amounts for acquired assets and liabilities recorded at their fair values as of the acquisition date (in thousands):
Prior to the acquisition, Telx leased space in several of the Company’s datacenter properties, thus in connection with the acquisition, the Company recognized a gain and additional goodwill of approximately $14.4 million related to the settlement of these pre-existing lease contracts. This gain was offset by the write-off of $75.3 million in deferred rent receivables related to the settled Telx lease contracts. The net loss on settlement related to these items is included in other operating expenses in the accompanying 2015 consolidated income statement.
The Company recorded transaction expenses of approximately $17.4 million in the accompanying 2015 consolidated income statement in connection with the Telx Acquisition.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
Purchase Price Accounting for Europe Portfolio and Telx Acquisitions
The Company determined the preliminary fair value of the real estate acquired using a combination of market comparable transactions, replacement cost estimates and discounted cash flow models. These methods were significantly impacted by estimates related to comparable land values, market rents, and discount rates.
The acquisition date fair value of the intangible assets related to tenant relationship value, acquired in-place lease value and trade name were estimated using a discounted cash flow method. These measurements were significantly impacted by estimates related to forecast revenue growth rates, customer attrition rates, market rents, and expected expense synergies.
The above/below-market lease value was estimated based on comparison of the contractual rents and current market rents for similar space.
Capital lease liabilities were valued based on the discounted cash flows of the subject leases using a market discount rate for debt with similar terms and maturities.
The acquisition date fair values of the working capital related assets and liabilities were recorded based on their carrying values as of the acquisition date given the short-term nature of these items.
Goodwill is the excess consideration remaining after allocating the fair value of the other acquired assets and liabilities and represents the expected future economic benefits and synergies to be achieved by combining the Company and its respective acquisitions product and service offerings.
2015 Acquisitions
(1)
Purchase prices are all in U.S. dollars and exclude capitalized closing costs on land acquisitions. Purchase prices for acquisitions outside the United States are based on the exchange rate at the date of acquisition.
(2)
Represents currently vacant land which is not included in our operating property count.
(3)
Represents a development property with an existing shell, which is included in our operating property count. This acquisition lacked key inputs to qualify as a business combination under purchase accounting guidance, and has therefore been accounted for as an asset acquisition, not a business combination.
(4)
Property is subject to a ground lease, which expires in February 2024, with a renewal provision for an additional 28 years upon satisfaction of certain requirements.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
Dispositions
We sold the following real estate properties during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015:
2016 Dispositions
(1)
On July 11, 2016, the Company closed on the sale of a four-property data center portfolio, including two in St. Louis and two in Northern Virginia, totaling over 454,000 square feet for approximately $114.5 million. The Company recognized a gain on the sale of approximately $24.5 million in the third quarter of 2016. The four properties were classified as held for sale as of June 30, 2016.
(2)
The Company granted Equinix an option to acquire the Company's facility in 114 rue Ambroise Croizat in Paris. Equinix elected to exercise its option to acquire the Paris property, and on July 2, 2016, the Company entered into an agreement to sell the property to Equinix for approximately €190 million (or approximately $212 million based on the exchange rate as of August 1, 2016). The Paris property sale closed on August 1, 2016. The Company recognized a gain on the sale of approximately $144.3 million in the third quarter of 2016. This property was classified as held for sale as of June 30, 2016.
2015 Dispositions
(1)
Gross proceeds includes a $9.0 million note receivable, which was collected prior to December 31, 2015.
In 2014, we identified certain non-core investment properties we intend to sell as part of our capital recycling strategy. Our capital recycling program was designed to identify non-strategic and underperforming assets that can be sold to generate proceeds that will support the funding of our core investment activity. We expect our capital recycling initiative will likewise have a meaningfully positive impact on overall return on invested capital. In addition, our capital recycling program does not represent a strategic shift, as we are not entirely exiting regions or property types. During this process, we evaluated the carrying value of certain investment properties identified for potential sale to ensure the carrying value was recoverable in light of a potentially shorter holding period. As a result of our evaluation, during the year ended December 31, 2014, we recognized approximately $126.5 million of impairment losses on five properties located in the Midwest, Northeast and West regions. The fair value of the five properties were primarily based on discounted cash flow analysis, and in certain cases, we supplemented the analysis by obtaining broker opinions of value. During 2015 and 2016, additional properties were identified for potential sale, however, no additional impairment losses were required. As of December 31, 2015, eight of the identified properties with a carrying value of $180.1 million within total assets and $5.8 million within total liabilities met the criteria to be classified as
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
held for sale. As of December 31, 2016, three of the identified properties with a carrying value of $56.1 million within total assets and $2.6 million within total liabilities, remained in our portfolio and we concluded they continued to meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale. None of the properties that have been sold or are currently classified as held for sale represent a significant component of our portfolio, nor do the potential sales represent a significant shift in our strategy.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
4. Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
As of December 31, 2016, our investment in unconsolidated joint ventures consists of effective 50% interests in three joint ventures that own data center properties at 2001 Sixth Avenue in Seattle, Washington, 2020 Fifth Avenue in Seattle, Washington and 33 Chun Choi Street in Hong Kong, 20% interests in two joint ventures, one of which owns 10 data center properties with an investment fund managed by Prudential Real Estate Investors (PREI®) and the other which owns one data center property with an affiliate of Griffin Capital Essential Asset REIT, Inc. (GCEAR) and a 17% interest in a joint venture that owns a data property at 1101 Space Park Drive in Santa Clara, California. The following tables present summarized financial information for our material joint ventures for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014 (in thousands):
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
We amortize the difference between the cost of our investment in the joint ventures and the book value of the underlying equity into income on a straight-line basis consistent with the lives of the underlying assets. The amortization of this difference was immaterial for each of the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014.
Differences between the Company’s investment in the joint ventures and the amount of the underlying equity in net assets of the joint ventures are due to basis differences resulting from the Company’s equity investment recorded at its historical basis versus the fair value of the Company’s contributed interest in the joint ventures. Our proportionate share of the earnings or losses related to these unconsolidated joint ventures is reflected as equity in earnings of unconsolidated joint ventures on the accompanying consolidated income statements.
Sale of Investment
On October 17, 2014, we closed on the sale of our investment in a developer of data centers in the Southwestern U.S. and Mexico, generating net proceeds of approximately $31.7 million. We recognized a gain on sale of approximately $14.6 million in the fourth quarter of 2014. The original investment of $17.1 million was included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheet.
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
5. Acquired Intangible Assets and Liabilities
The following summarizes our acquired intangible assets (real estate intangibles, comprised of acquired in-place lease value, tenant relationship value and trade name along with acquired above-market lease value) and intangible liabilities (acquired below-market lease value) as of December 31, 2016 and 2015.
Amortization of acquired below-market lease value, net of acquired above-market lease value, resulted in an increase to rental revenues of $7.5 million, $9.3 million and $10.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 , 2015 and 2014, respectively. The expected average remaining lives for acquired below-market leases and acquired above-market leases is 6.5 years and 4.1 years, respectively, as of December 31, 2016. Estimated annual amortization of acquired below-market lease value, net of acquired above-market lease value, for each of the five succeeding years and thereafter, commencing January 1, 2017 is as follows:
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
Amortization of acquired in place lease value (a component of depreciation and amortization expense) was $52.6 million, $46.2 million and $62.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The expected average amortization period for acquired in place lease value is 8.0 years as of December 31, 2016. The weighted average remaining contractual life for acquired leases excluding renewals or extensions is 7.0 years as of December 31, 2016. Estimated annual amortization of acquired in-place lease value for each of the five succeeding years and thereafter, commencing January 1, 2017 is as follows:
Amortization of tenant relationship value and trade names (a component of depreciation and amortization expense) was approximately $67.2 million and $6.9 million, respectively for the year ended December 31, 2016, $14.5 million and $0.4 million, respectively for the year ended December 31, 2015 and $0 in 2014. During the quarter ended June 30, 2016, management of the Company decided to retire the Telx trade name. Accordingly, the Company wrote off the net remaining balance of approximately $6.1 million. The weighted average remaining contractual life for customer contracts is 13.0 years. Estimated annual amortization of customer contracts for each of the five succeeding years and thereafter, commencing January 1, 2017 is as follows:
6. Debt of the Company
In this Note 6, the “Company” refers only to Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and not to any of its subsidiaries.
The Company itself does not have any indebtedness. All debt is held directly or indirectly by the Operating Partnership.
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2016 and 2015
Guarantee of Debt
The Company guarantees the Operating Partnership’s obligations with respect to its 5.875% notes due 2020 (2020 Notes), 3.400% Notes due 2020 (3.400% 2020 Notes), 5.250% notes due 2021 (2021 Notes), 3.950% notes due 2022 (3.950% 2022 Notes), 3.625% notes due 2022 (2022 Notes), 4.750% notes due 2025 (4.750% 2025 Notes) and its unsecured senior notes sold to Prudential Investment Management, Inc. and certain of its affiliates pursuant to the Amended and Restated Note Purchase and Private Shelf Agreement, as amended, which we refer to as the Prudential Shelf Facility. The Company and the Operating Partnership guarantee the obligations of Digital Stout Holding, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Operating Partnership, with respect to its 4.750% notes due 2023 (2023 Notes) and 4.250% notes due 2025 (2025 Notes) and the obligations of Digital Euro Finco, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Operating Partnership, with respect to its 2.625% notes due 2024 (2024 Notes. The Company is also the guarantor of the Operating Partnership’s and its subsidiary borrowers’ obligations under the 2016 global revolving credit facility and unsecured term loan.
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
7. Debt of the Operating Partnership
A summary of outstanding indebtedness of the Operating Partnership as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 is as follows (in thousands):
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
(1)
The interest rate for borrowings under the 2016 global revolving credit facility equals the applicable index plus a margin of 100 basis points, which is based on the current credit ratings of our long-term debt. An annual facility fee of 20 basis points, which is based on the current credit ratings of our long-term debt, is due and payable quarterly on the total commitment amount of the facility. Two six-month extensions are available, which we may exercise if certain conditions are met.
(2)
Balances as of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 are as follows (balances, in thousands):
(a)
The interest rates for floating rate borrowings under the global revolving credit facility currently equal the applicable index plus a margin of 100 basis points, which is based on the credit rating of our long-term debt.
(b)
Based on exchange rates of $1.23 to £1.00, $1.05 to €1.00, $0.13 to 1.00 HKD, $0.01 to 1.00 JPY, $0.69 to 1.00 SGD and $0.74 to 1.00 CAD, respectively, as of December 31, 2016.
(c)
Based on exchange rates $1.47 to £1.00, of $1.09 to €1.00, $0.73 to 1.00 AUD, $0.13 to 1.00 HKD, $0.01 to 1.00 JPY, $0.70 to 1.00 SGD and $0.72 to 1.00 CAD, respectively, as of December 31, 2015.
(3)
Interest rates are based on our current senior unsecured debt ratings and are 110 basis points and 155 basis points over the applicable index for floating rate advances for the 5-Year Term Loan and the 7-Year Term Loan, respectively.
(4)
We have entered into interest rate swap agreements as a cash flow hedge for interest generated by the U.S. dollar, Singapore dollar, British pound sterling and Canadian dollar tranches of the unsecured term loan. See Note 14 "Derivative Instruments" for further information.
(5)
Balances as of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 are as follows (balances, in thousands):
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
(a)
Based on exchange rates of $0.69 to 1.00 SGD, $1.23 to £1.00, $0.72 to 1.00 AUD, $0.13 to 1.00 HKD, $0.74 to 1.00 CAD and $0.01 to 1.00 JPY, respectively, as of December 31, 2016.
(b)
As of December 31, 2016, the weighted-average interest rate reflecting interest rate swaps was 2.45% (U.S. dollar), 1.89% (British pound sterling), 1.90% (Singapore dollar), 1.88% (Canadian dollar) and 2.23% (Total). See Note 14 for further discussion on interest rate swaps.
(c)
Based on exchange rates of $0.70 to 1.00 SGD, $1.47 to £1.00, $1.09 to €1.00 and $0.73 to 1.00 AUD, respectively, as of December 31, 2015.
(d)
As of December 31, 2015, the weighted-average interest rate reflecting interest rate swaps was 1.90% (U.S. dollar), 2.19% (Singapore dollar) and 1.94% (Total). See Note 14 for further discussion on interest rate swaps.
(6)
On January 20, 2017, the Company paid this unsecured note in full at maturity.
(7)
Based on exchange rates of $1.23 to £1.00 as of December 31, 2016 and $1.47 to £1.00 as of December 31, 2015.
(8)
Based on exchange rate of $1.05 to €1.00 as of December 31, 2016.
Global Revolving Credit Facility
On January 15, 2016, we refinanced our global revolving credit facility and entered into a global senior credit agreement for a $2.0 billion senior unsecured revolving credit facility, which we refer to as the 2016 global revolving credit facility, that replaced the $2.0 billion revolving credit facility executed on August 15, 2013, as amended. The 2016 global revolving credit facility has an accordion feature that would enable us to increase the borrowing capacity of the credit facility to up to $2.5 billion, subject to the receipt of lender commitments and other conditions precedent. The refinanced facility matures on January 15, 2020, with two six-month extension options available. The interest rate for borrowings under the 2016 global revolving credit facility equals the applicable index plus a margin which is based on the credit ratings of our long-term debt and is currently 100 basis points. An annual facility fee on the total commitment amount of the facility, based on the credit ratings of our long-term debt, currently 20 basis points, is payable quarterly. Funds may be drawn in U.S., Canadian, Singapore, Australian and Hong Kong dollars, as well as Euro, British pound sterling and Japanese yen. As of December 31, 2016, interest rates are based on 1-month LIBOR, 1-month GBP LIBOR, 1-month EURIBOR, 1-month HIBOR, 1-month JPY LIBOR, 1-month SOR and 1-month CDOR, plus a margin of 1.00%. We have used and intend to use available borrowings under the 2016 global revolving credit facility to acquire additional properties, fund development opportunities and for general working capital and other corporate purposes, including potentially for the repurchase, redemption or retirement of outstanding debt or equity securities. As of December 31, 2016, we have capitalized approximately $10.9 million of financing costs, net of accumulated amortization, related to the 2016 global revolving credit facility. As of December 31, 2016, approximately $210.1 million was drawn under the 2016 global revolving credit facility and $20.0 million of letters of credit were issued.
The 2016 global revolving credit facility contains various restrictive covenants, including limitations on our ability to incur additional indebtedness, make certain investments or merge with another company, and requirements to maintain financial coverage ratios, including with respect to unencumbered assets. In addition, the 2016 global revolving credit facility restricts Digital Realty Trust, Inc. from making distributions to its stockholders, or redeeming or otherwise repurchasing shares of its capital stock, after the occurrence and during the continuance of an event of default, except in limited circumstances including as necessary to enable Digital Realty Trust, Inc. to maintain its qualification as a REIT and to minimize the payment of income or excise tax. As of December 31, 2016, we were in compliance with all of such covenants.
Unsecured Term Loans
On January 15, 2016, we refinanced our senior unsecured multi-currency term loan facility and entered into a term loan agreement, which governs (i) a $1.25 billion 5-year senior unsecured term loan, which we refer to as the 5-Year Term Loan, and (ii) a $300 million 7-year senior unsecured term loan, which we refer to as the 7-Year Term Loan. The 2016 term loan agreement replaced the $1.0 billion term loan agreement executed on April 16, 2012, as amended. The 5-Year Term Loan matures on January 15, 2021 and the 7-Year Term Loan matures on January 15, 2023. In addition, we have the ability from time to time to increase the aggregate size of lending under the term loan agreement from $1.55 billion to up to $1.8 billion, subject to receipt of lender commitments and other conditions precedent. Interest rates are based on our senior unsecured debt ratings and are currently 110 basis points and 155 basis points over the applicable index for floating rate advances for the 5-Year Term Loan and the 7-Year Term Loan, respectively. Funds may be drawn in U.S., Canadian, Singapore, Australian and Hong Kong
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
dollars, as well as Euro, British pound sterling and Japanese yen. Based on exchange rates in effect at December 31, 2016, the balance outstanding is approximately $1.5 billion, excluding deferred financing costs. We have used borrowings under the term loan for acquisitions, repayment of indebtedness, development, working capital and general corporate purposes. The covenants under the term loans are consistent with our 2016 global revolving credit facility and, as of December 31, 2016, we were in compliance with all of such covenants. As of December 31, 2016, we have capitalized approximately $6.1 million, net of accumulated amortization, of financing costs related to the 2016 unsecured term loans.
Unsecured Senior Notes
Prudential Shelf Facility
On January 20, 2010, the Operating Partnership closed the sale of $100.0 million aggregate principal amount of its senior unsecured term notes to Prudential Investment Management, Inc. and certain of its affiliates, or, collectively, Prudential, pursuant to a Note Purchase and Private Shelf Agreement, which we refer to as the Prudential shelf facility. The notes were issued in two series referred to as the series D and series E notes. The series D notes had a principal amount of $50.0 million, an interest-only rate of 4.57% per annum and a five-year maturity, and the series E notes had a principal amount of $50.0 million, an interest-only rate of 5.73% per annum and a seven-year maturity. On February 3, 2010, the Operating Partnership closed the sale of an additional $17.0 million aggregate principal amount of its senior unsecured term notes, which we refer to as the series F notes, to Prudential pursuant to the Prudential shelf facility. The series F notes had an interest-only rate of 4.50% per annum and a five-year maturity. We used the proceeds of the series D, series E and series F notes to fund acquisitions, to temporarily repay borrowings under our corporate revolving credit facility, to fund working capital and for general corporate purposes. The sale of the series A ($25.0 million), series B ($33.0 million) and series C ($25.0 million) notes were completed in July 2008, November 2008 and January 2009, respectively. We could prepay the notes of any series, in whole or in part, at any time at a price equal to the principal amount and accrued interest of the notes being prepaid, plus a make-whole provision. On December 8, 2010, the Operating Partnership and Prudential entered into an amendment to the Note Purchase and Private Shelf Agreement, increasing the capacity of the Prudential shelf facility from $200.0 million to $250.0 million. Our ability to make additional issuances of notes under the Prudential shelf facility expired on July 24, 2011, with $50.0 million remaining unissued under the shelf facility. On July 25, 2011, we repaid the $25.0 million of 7.00% Series A unsecured notes under the Prudential shelf facility at maturity. On November 5, 2013, we repaid the $33.0 million of 9.32% Series B unsecured notes under the Prudential shelf facility at maturity. On January 20, 2015 and February 3, 2015, we repaid the $50.0 million of 4.57% Series D unsecured notes and $17.0 million of 4.50% Series F unsecured notes under the Prudential shelf facility at maturity, respectively. On January 6, 2016, we repaid the $25.0 million of 9.68% Series C unsecured notes under the Prudential shelf facility at maturity. On January 20, 2017, we repaid the $50.0 million of 5.73% Series E unsecured notes under the Prudential shelf facility at maturity. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, there was $50.0 million and $75.0 million of unsecured senior notes outstanding, respectively.
On August 15, 2013, concurrent with the refinancing of the global revolving credit facility, the Operating Partnership and Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and the other subsidiary guarantors set forth therein entered into Amendment No.1 to the Amended and Restated Note Purchase and Private Shelf Agreement with Prudential to conform the restrictive and financial covenants of the original Prudential shelf facility that apply to the outstanding Series B, C, D, E and F Notes under the Prudential shelf facility to those in the global revolving credit facility described above and, subject to the completion of specified conditions, to authorize the potential issuance and sale of up to $50.0 million of additional senior unsecured fixed-rate term notes. The Prudential shelf facility contains restrictive covenants that are identical to those in our 2016 global revolving credit facility.
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
Senior Notes
5.875% Notes due 2020
On January 28, 2010, the Operating Partnership issued $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of notes, maturing on February 1, 2020 with an interest rate of 5.875% per annum, which we refer to as the 2020 Notes. The purchase price paid by the initial purchasers was 98.296% of the principal amount. The 2020 Notes are general unsecured senior obligations of the Operating Partnership, rank equally in right of payment with all other senior unsecured indebtedness of the Operating Partnership and are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by Digital Realty Trust, Inc. Interest on the 2020 Notes is payable on February 1 and August 1 of each year, beginning on August 1, 2010. The net proceeds from the offering after deducting the original issue discount of approximately $8.5 million and underwriting commissions and expenses of approximately $4.4 million was approximately $487.1 million. We used the net proceeds from the sale of the 2020 Notes to temporarily repay all or a portion of our borrowings under our revolving credit facility, to acquire additional properties, to fund development and redevelopment opportunities and for general corporate purposes. The 2020 Notes have been reflected net of discount in the consolidated balance sheet.
The indenture governing the 2020 Notes contains certain covenants, including (1) a leverage ratio not to exceed 60%, (2) a secured debt leverage ratio not to exceed 40% and (3) an interest coverage ratio of greater than 1.50, and also requires us to maintain total unencumbered assets of not less than 150% of the aggregate principal amount of unsecured debt. At December 31, 2016, we were in compliance with each of these financial covenants.
We entered into a registration rights agreement whereby the Operating Partnership agreed to conduct an offer to exchange the 2020 Notes for a new series of publicly registered notes with substantially identical terms. If the Operating Partnership did not fulfill certain of its obligations under the registration rights agreement, it would have been required to pay liquidated damages to the holders of the 2020 Notes. No separate contingent obligation was recorded as no liquidated damages became probable. We filed a registration statement with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission in June 2010 in connection with the exchange offer, which was declared effective in September 2010. We completed the exchange offer on November 5, 2010.
5.250% Notes due 2021
On March 8, 2011, the Operating Partnership issued $400.0 million aggregate principal amount of notes, maturing on March 15, 2021 with an interest rate of 5.250% per annum, which we refer to as the 2021 Notes. The purchase price paid by the initial purchasers was 99.775% of the principal amount. The 2021 Notes are general unsecured senior obligations of the Operating Partnership, rank equally in right of payment with all other senior unsecured indebtedness of the Operating Partnership and are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by Digital Realty Trust, Inc. Interest on the 2021 Notes is payable on March 15 and September 15 of each year, beginning on September 15, 2011. The net proceeds from the offering after deducting the original issue discount of approximately $0.9 million and underwriting commissions and expenses of approximately $3.6 million was approximately $395.5 million. We used the net proceeds from this offering to temporarily repay borrowings under our revolving credit facility, to acquire additional properties, to fund development and redevelopment opportunities and for general working capital purposes. The 2021 Notes have been reflected net of discount in the consolidated balance sheet.
The indenture governing the 2021 Notes contains certain covenants, including (1) a leverage ratio not to exceed 60%, (2) a secured debt leverage ratio not to exceed 40% and (3) an interest coverage ratio of greater than 1.50, and also requires us to maintain total unencumbered assets of not less than 150% of the aggregate principal amount of unsecured debt. At December 31, 2016, we were in compliance with each of these financial covenants.
3.625% Notes due 2022
On September 24, 2012, the Operating Partnership issued $300.0 million in aggregate principal amount of notes, maturing on October 1, 2022 with an interest rate of 3.625% per annum, which we refer to as the 2022 Notes. The purchase price paid by the initial purchasers was 98.684% of the principal amount. The 2022 Notes are general unsecured senior obligations of the Operating Partnership, rank equally in right of payment with all other senior unsecured indebtedness of the Operating Partnership and are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by Digital Realty Trust, Inc. Interest on the 2022 Notes is payable on April 1 and October 1 of each year, beginning on April 1, 2013. The net proceeds from the offering after deducting the original issue discount of approximately $3.9 million and underwriting commissions and expenses of approximately $3.0 million was approximately $293.1 million. We used the net proceeds from this offering to temporarily repay borrowings under
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
our global revolving credit facility. The 2022 Notes have been reflected net of discount in the consolidated balance sheet. The indenture governing the 2022 Notes contains certain covenants, including (1) a leverage ratio not to exceed 60%, (2) a secured debt leverage ratio not to exceed 40% and (3) an interest coverage ratio of greater than 1.50, and also requires us to maintain total unencumbered assets of not less than 150% of the aggregate principal amount of unsecured debt. At December 31, 2016, we were in compliance with each of these financial covenants.
4.750% Notes due 2023
On April 1, 2014, Digital Stout Holding, LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Digital Realty Trust, L.P., issued £300.0 million (or approximately $498.9 million based on the April 1, 2014 exchange rate of £1.00 to $1.66) aggregate principal amount of its 4.750% Guaranteed Notes due 2023, which we refer to as the 2023 Notes. The 2023 Notes are senior unsecured obligations of Digital Stout Holding, LLC and are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. Interest on the 2023 Notes is payable semiannually in arrears at a rate of 4.750% per annum. The 2023 Notes mature on October 13, 2023. The net proceeds from the offering after deducting the original issue discount of approximately $3.0 million and underwriting commissions and estimated expenses of approximately $5.0 million was approximately $490.9 million. We used the net proceeds from this offering to temporarily repay borrowings under our global revolving credit facility. The 2023 Notes have been reflected net of discount in the condensed consolidated balance sheet. The indenture governing the 2023 Notes contains certain covenants, including (1) a leverage ratio not to exceed 60%, (2) a secured debt leverage ratio not to exceed 40% and (3) an interest coverage ratio of greater than 1.50, and also requires us to maintain total unencumbered assets of not less than 150% of the aggregate principal amount of unsecured debt. At December 31, 2016, we were in compliance with these financial covenants.
4.250% Notes due 2025
On January 18, 2013, Digital Stout Holding, LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Operating Partnership, issued £400.0 million (or approximately $634.8 million based on the exchange rate of £1.00 to $1.59 on January 18, 2013) aggregate principal amount of its 4.250% Guaranteed Notes due 2025, which we refer to as the 2025 Notes. The 2025 Notes are senior unsecured obligations of Digital Stout Holding, LLC and are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. Interest on the 2025 Notes is payable semiannually in arrears at a rate of 4.250% per annum. The net proceeds from the offering after deducting the original issue discount of approximately $4.8 million and underwriting commissions and estimated expenses of approximately $5.8 million was approximately $624.2 million. We used the net proceeds from this offering to temporarily repay borrowings under our global revolving credit facility. The 2025 Notes have been reflected net of discount in the consolidated balance sheet. The indenture governing the 2025 Notes contains certain covenants, including (1) a leverage ratio not to exceed 60%, (2) a secured debt leverage ratio not to exceed 40% and (3) an interest coverage ratio of greater than 1.50, and also requires us to maintain total unencumbered assets of not less than 150% of the aggregate principal amount of unsecured debt. At December 31, 2016, we were in compliance with all of such covenants.
3.950% Notes due 2022
On June 23, 2015, the Operating Partnership issued $500.0 million in aggregate principal amount of notes, maturing on July 1, 2022 with an interest rate of 3.950% per annum, which we refer to as the 3.950% 2022 Notes. The public offering price was 99.236% of the principal amount. The 3.950% 2022 Notes are general unsecured senior obligations of the Operating Partnership, rank equally in right of payment with all other senior unsecured indebtedness of the Operating Partnership and are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by Digital Realty Trust, Inc. Interest on the 3.950% 2022 Notes is payable on January 1 and July 1 of each year, beginning on January 1, 2016. The net proceeds from the offering after deducting the original issue discount of approximately $3.8 million and underwriting commissions and expenses of approximately $4.4 million was approximately $491.8 million. The Operating Partnership has used and will use the net proceeds from the offering of the 3.950% 2022 Notes to fund certain eligible green projects, including the development and redevelopment of such projects. Pending such uses, the Operating Partnership temporarily repaid borrowings under its global revolving credit facility. The 3.950% 2022 Notes have been reflected net of discount in the condensed consolidated balance sheet. The indenture governing the 3.950% 2022 Notes contains certain covenants, including (1) a leverage ratio not to exceed 60%, (2) a secured debt leverage ratio not to exceed 40% and (3) an interest coverage ratio of greater than 1.50, and also requires us to maintain total unencumbered assets of not less than 150% of the aggregate principal amount of unsecured debt. At December 31, 2016, we were in compliance with each of these financial covenants.
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
3.400% Notes due 2020 and 4.750% Notes due 2025
On October 1, 2015, Digital Delta Holdings, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and wholly owned subsidiary of Digital Realty Trust, Inc., issued $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of its 3.400% Notes due 2020, which we refer to as the 3.400% 2020 notes, and $450.0 million aggregate principal amount of its 4.750% Notes due 2025, which we refer to as the 4.750% 2025 notes, fully and unconditionally guaranteed by Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. The terms of the 3.400% 2020 notes and 4.750% 2025 notes are governed by an indenture, dated as of October 1, 2015, by and among Digital Delta Holdings, LLC, as issuer, Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P., as guarantors, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee. The indenture contains various restrictive covenants, including limitations on the ability of Digital Realty Trust, L.P. and its subsidiaries to incur additional indebtedness and requirements to maintain a pool of unencumbered assets.
Digital Delta Holdings, LLC used the net proceeds from the offering to fund a portion of the aggregate purchase price for the Telx Acquisition.
The purchase price paid by the initial purchasers for the 3.400% 2020 notes and 4.750% 2025 notes was 99.777% and 100.000% of the principal amount thereof, respectively. The 3.400% 2020 notes and 4.750% 2025 notes bear interest at 3.400% and 4.750% per annum, respectively. Interest is payable on April 1 and October 1 of each year, beginning April 1, 2016, until the respective maturity dates of October 1, 2020 and October 1, 2025.
Pursuant to the terms of the indenture, within five business days following the consummation of the Telx Acquisition, Digital Delta Holdings, LLC was required to merge with and into Digital Realty Trust, L.P., with Digital Realty Trust, L.P. surviving the merger (the “Operating Partnership Merger”) and to assume Digital Delta Holdings, LLC’s obligations under the 3.400% 2020 notes and 4.750% 2025 notes and the related indenture and registration rights agreement by operation of law. The Operating Partnership Merger was consummated on October 13, 2015.
Subsequent to the Operating Partnership Merger, the 3.400% 2020 notes and 4.750% 2025 notes are the Operating Partnership’s senior unsecured obligations and rank equally in right of payment with all of the Operating Partnership’s other unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness from time to time outstanding. Prior to the completion of the Operating Partnership Merger, Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and the Operating Partnership guaranteed the obligations of the Delta Holdings Notes. Following the completion of the Operating Partnership Merger, the 3.400% 2020 notes and 4.750% 2025 notes became the senior unsecured obligations of the Operating Partnership and remained guaranteed by Digital Realty Trust, Inc.
The indenture governing the 3.400% 2020 notes and 4.750% 2025 notes contain certain covenants, including (1) a leverage ratio not to exceed 60%, (2) a secured debt leverage ratio not to exceed 40% and (3) an interest coverage ratio of greater than 1.50, and also requires us to maintain total unencumbered assets of not less than 150% of the aggregate principal amount of unsecured debt. At December 31, 2016, we were in compliance with all of such covenants.
2.625% Notes due 2024
On April 15, 2016, Digital Euro Finco, LLC, a wholly owned indirect finance subsidiary of Digital Realty Trust, L.P., issued and sold €600.0 million aggregate principal amount of its 2.625% Guaranteed Notes due 2024, which we refer to as the 2024 notes. The 2024 notes are senior unsecured obligations of Digital Euro Finco, LLC and are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. Net proceeds from the offering were approximately €594.0 million (or approximately $670.3 million based on the exchange rate as of April 15, 2016) after deducting managers’ discounts and estimated offering expenses. We used the net proceeds from the offering of the 2024 notes to temporarily repay borrowings under our 2016 global revolving credit facility. The indenture governing the 2024 notes contains certain covenants, including (1) a leverage ratio not to exceed 60%, (2) a secured debt leverage ratio not to exceed 40% and (3) an interest coverage ratio of greater than 1.50, and also requires us to maintain total unencumbered assets of not less than 150% of the aggregate principal amount of unsecured debt. At December 31, 2016, we were in compliance with each of these financial covenants.
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
The table below summarizes our debt maturities and principal payments as of December 31, 2016 (in thousands):
(1)
Subject to two six-month extension options exercisable by us. The bank group is obligated to grant the extension options provided we give proper notice, we make certain representations and warranties and no default exists under the global revolving credit facility.
(2)
On January 20, 2017, we repaid the $50.0 million of 5.73% Series E unsecured notes under the Prudential shelf facility at maturity.
8. Income per Share
The following is a summary of basic and diluted income per share (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):
We have excluded the following potentially dilutive securities in the calculations above as they would be antidilutive or not dilutive:
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
9. Income per Unit
The following is a summary of basic and diluted income per unit (in thousands, except unit and per unit amounts):
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
We have excluded the following potentially dilutive securities in the calculations above as they would be antidilutive or not dilutive:
10. Income Taxes
Digital Realty Trust, Inc. has elected to be treated, and believes that it has been organized and has operated in a manner that has enabled it to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. As a REIT, Digital Realty Trust, Inc. is generally not subject to corporate level federal income taxes on earnings distributed currently to its stockholders. Since inception, Digital Realty Trust, Inc. has distributed at least 100% of its taxable income annually. As such, no provision for federal income taxes has been included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014.
The Operating Partnership is a partnership and is not required to pay federal income tax. Instead, taxable income is allocated to its partners, who include such amounts on their federal income tax returns. As such, no provision for federal income taxes has been included in the Operating Partnership’s accompanying consolidated financial statements.
We have elected taxable REIT subsidiary (“TRS”) status for some of our consolidated subsidiaries. In general, a TRS may provide services that would otherwise be considered impermissible for REITs to provide and may hold assets that REITs cannot hold directly. Income taxes for TRS entities were accrued, as necessary, for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014.
For our TRS entities and foreign subsidiaries that are subject to U.S. federal, state and foreign income taxes, deferred tax assets and liabilities are established for temporary differences between the financial reporting basis and the tax basis of assets and liabilities at the enacted tax rates expected to be in effect when the temporary differences reverse. A valuation allowance for deferred tax assets is provided if we believe it is more likely than not that the deferred tax asset may not be realized, based on available evidence at the time the determination is made. An increase or decrease in the valuation allowance that results from a change in circumstances that causes a change in our judgment about the realizability of the related deferred tax asset is included in income. Deferred tax assets (net of valuation allowance) and liabilities were accrued, as necessary, for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014. As of December 31, 2016, we had deferred tax liabilities net of deferred tax assets of approximately $153.8 million primarily related to our foreign properties, classified in accounts payable and other accrued expenses in the consolidated balance sheet. The majority of our net deferred tax liability relates to differences between the tax basis and book basis of the assets acquired in the Sentrum Portfolio acquisition in 2012 and the European Portfolio Acquisition in July 2016. The valuation allowance at December 31, 2016 and 2015 relate primarily to certain foreign jurisdiction and net operating loss carryforwards from the Telx Acquisition that we do not expect to utilize, and deferred tax assets resulting from certain foreign real estate acquisition costs, which are not depreciated for tax purposes, but are deductible upon ultimate sale of the property. Given the indefinite holding period associated with these assets, realization of these deferred tax assets is not more-likely-than-not as of December 31, 2016 and 2015.
Deferred income tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 were as follows (in thousands):
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
11. Equity and Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss, Net
(a) Equity Distribution Agreements
On June 29, 2011, Digital Realty Trust, Inc. entered into equity distribution agreements, which we refer to as the 2011 Equity Distribution Agreements, with each of Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, Citigroup Global Markets Inc., Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC, Deutsche Bank Securities Inc. and Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC, or the Agents, under which it could issue and sell shares of its common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $400.0 million from time to time through, at its discretion, any of the Agents as its sales agents. The sales of common stock made under the 2011 Equity Distribution Agreements will be made in “at the market” offerings as defined in Rule 415 of the Securities Act. To date, Digital Realty Trust, Inc. has generated net proceeds of approximately $342.7 million from the issuance of approximately 5.7 million common shares under the 2011 Equity Distribution Agreements at an average price of $60.35 per share after payment of approximately $3.5 million of commissions to the sales agents and before offering expenses. No sales were made under the program during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015. As of December 31, 2016, shares of common stock having an aggregate offering price of $53.8 million remained available for offer and sale under the program.
(b) Forward Equity Sale
On May 20, 2016, Digital Realty Trust, Inc. completed an underwritten public offering of 12,500,000 shares of its common stock, all of which were offered in connection with forward sale agreements it entered into with certain financial institutions acting as forward purchasers. On June 2, 2016, the underwriters exercised their option in full to purchase an additional 1,875,000 shares of Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s common stock from the forward purchasers. The forward purchasers borrowed and sold an aggregate of 14,375,000 shares of Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s common stock in the public offering. Digital Realty Trust, Inc. did not receive any proceeds from the sale of our common stock by the forward purchasers in the public offering. On September 27, 2016, we physically settled a portion of the forward sale agreements by issuing an aggregate of 12,000,000 shares of our common stock to the forward purchasers in exchange for net proceeds of approximately $1.1 billion. Following such settlement, 2,375,000 shares of our common stock remain subject to the forward sale agreements, which are anticipated to be settled no later than May 19, 2017.
(c) Redeemable Preferred Stock
Redemption of Series E Preferred Stock
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
On September 15, 2016, Digital Realty Trust, Inc. redeemed all 11,500,000 outstanding shares of its 7.00% series E cumulative redeemable preferred stock, or the series E preferred stock, at a redemption price of $25.35972 per share. The redemption price was equal to the original issuance price of $25.00 per share, plus accrued and unpaid dividends up to but not including the redemption date. Digital Realty Trust, Inc. funded the redemption with borrowings under the 2016 global revolving credit facility, which the Operating Partnership distributed to Digital Realty Trust, Inc. in connection with the Operating Partnership’s redemption of all 11,500,000 of its outstanding series E preferred units held by Digital Realty Trust, Inc. The excess of the redemption price over the carrying value of the series E preferred stock of approximately $10.3 million relates to the original issuance costs and has been reflected as reduction to net income available to common stockholders in the accompanying consolidated income statements for the year ended December 31, 2016.
6.625% Series F Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock
On April 5, 2012 and April 18, 2012, Digital Realty Trust, Inc. issued an aggregate of 7,300,000 shares of its 6.625% series F cumulative redeemable preferred stock, or the series F preferred stock, for net proceeds of $176.2 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses. Dividends are cumulative on the series F preferred stock from the date of original issuance in the amount of $1.65625 per share each year, which is equivalent to 6.625% of the $25.00 liquidation preference per share. Dividends on the series F preferred stock are payable quarterly in arrears. The first dividend paid on the series F preferred stock on June 29, 2012 was a pro rata dividend from and including the original issue date to and including June 30, 2012 in the amount of $0.395660 per share. The series F preferred stock does not have a stated maturity date and is not subject to any sinking fund or mandatory redemption provisions. Upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up, the series F preferred stock will rank senior to Digital Realty Trust, Inc. common stock with respect to the payment of distributions and other amounts and rank on parity with Digital Realty Trust, Inc. series G cumulative redeemable preferred stock, series H cumulative redeemable preferred stock and series I cumulative redeemable preferred stock. Digital Realty Trust, Inc. is not allowed to redeem the series F preferred stock before April 5, 2017, except in limited circumstances to preserve its status as a REIT. On or after April 5, 2017, Digital Realty Trust, Inc. may, at its option, redeem the series F preferred stock, in whole or in part, at any time or from time to time, for cash at a redemption price of $25.00 per share, plus all accrued and unpaid dividends on such series F preferred stock up to but excluding the redemption date. Holders of the series F preferred stock generally have no voting rights except for limited voting rights if Digital Realty Trust, Inc. fails to pay dividends for six or more quarterly periods (whether or not consecutive) and in certain other circumstances. Upon the occurrence of specified changes of control, as a result of which neither Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s common stock nor the common securities of the acquiring or surviving entity (or ADRs representing such securities) is listed on the New York Stock Exchange, the NYSE Amex Equities or the NASDAQ Stock Market or listed or quoted on a successor exchange or quotation system, each holder of series F preferred stock will have the right (unless, prior to the change of control conversion date specified in the Articles Supplementary governing the series F preferred stock, Digital Realty Trust, Inc. has provided or provides notice of its election to redeem the series F preferred stock) to convert some or all of the series F preferred stock held by it into a number of shares of Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s common stock per share of series F preferred stock to be converted equal to the lesser of:
•
the quotient obtained by dividing (i) the sum of the $25.00 liquidation preference plus the amount of any accrued and unpaid dividends to, but not including, the change of control conversion date (unless the change of control conversion date is after a record date for a series F preferred stock dividend payment and prior to the corresponding series F preferred stock dividend payment date, in which case no additional amount for such accrued and unpaid dividend will be included in this sum) by (ii) the common stock price specified in the Articles Supplementary governing the series F preferred stock; and
•
0.6843, or the share cap, subject to certain adjustments;
subject, in each case, to provisions for the receipt of alternative consideration as described in the Articles Supplementary governing the series F preferred stock. Except in connection with specified change of control transactions, the series F preferred stock is not convertible into or exchangeable for any other property or securities of Digital Realty Trust, Inc.
5.875% Series G Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock
On April 9, 2013, Digital Realty Trust, Inc. issued an aggregate of 10,000,000 shares of its 5.875% series G cumulative redeemable preferred stock, or the series G preferred stock, for gross proceeds of $250.0 million. Dividends are cumulative on the series G preferred stock from the date of original issuance in the amount of $1.46875 per share each year, which is
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
equivalent to 5.875% of the $25.00 liquidation preference per share. Dividends on the series G preferred stock are payable quarterly in arrears. The first dividend paid on the series G preferred stock on June 28, 2013 was a pro rata dividend from and including the original issue date to and including June 30, 2013 in the amount of $0.334550 per share. The series G preferred stock does not have a stated maturity date and is not subject to any sinking fund or mandatory redemption provisions. Upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up, the series G preferred stock will rank senior to Digital Realty Trust, Inc. common stock and rank on parity with Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s series F cumulative redeemable preferred stock, series H cumulative redeemable preferred stock and series I cumulative redeemable preferred stock with respect to the payment of distributions and other amounts. Digital Realty Trust, Inc. is not allowed to redeem the series G preferred stock before April 9, 2018, except in limited circumstances to preserve its status as a REIT. On or after April 9, 2018, Digital Realty Trust, Inc. may, at its option, redeem the series G preferred stock, in whole or in part, at any time or from time to time, for cash at a redemption price of $25.00 per share, plus all accrued and unpaid dividends on such series G preferred stock up to but excluding the redemption date. Holders of the series G preferred stock generally have no voting rights except for limited voting rights if Digital Realty Trust, Inc. fails to pay dividends for six or more quarterly periods (whether or not consecutive) and in certain other circumstances. Upon the occurrence of specified changes of control, as a result of which neither Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s common stock nor the common securities of the acquiring or surviving entity (or American Depositary Receipts representing such securities) is listed on the New York Stock Exchange, the NYSE MKT, LLC, or the NASDAQ Stock Market or listed or quoted on a successor exchange or quotation system, each holder of series G preferred stock will have the right (unless, prior to the change of control conversion date specified in the Articles Supplementary governing the series G preferred stock, Digital Realty Trust, Inc. has provided or provides notice of its election to redeem the series G preferred stock) to convert some or all of the series G preferred stock held by it into a number of shares of Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s common stock per share of series G preferred stock to be converted equal to the lesser of:
•
the quotient obtained by dividing (i) the sum of the $25.00 liquidation preference plus the amount of any accrued and unpaid dividends to, but not including, the change of control conversion date (unless the change of control conversion date is after a record date for a series G preferred stock dividend payment and prior to the corresponding series G preferred stock dividend payment date, in which case no additional amount for such accrued and unpaid dividend will be included in this sum) by (ii) the common stock price specified in the Articles Supplementary governing the series G preferred stock; and
•
0.7532, or the share cap, subject to certain adjustments;
subject, in each case, to provisions for the receipt of alternative consideration as described in the Articles Supplementary governing the series G preferred stock. Except in connection with specified change of control transactions, the series G preferred stock is not convertible into or exchangeable for any other property or securities of Digital Realty Trust, Inc.
7.375% Series H Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock
On March 26, 2014, Digital Realty Trust, Inc. issued 12,000,000 shares of its 7.375% series H cumulative redeemable preferred stock, or the series H preferred stock, for net proceeds of approximately $289.3 million. In addition, on April 7, 2014, Digital Realty Trust, Inc. issued an additional 600,000 shares of series H preferred stock pursuant to a partial exercise of the underwriters’ over-allotment option. Also, on April 7, 2014, Digital Realty Trust, Inc. re-opened and issued an additional 2,000,000 shares of series H preferred stock. Pursuant to these issuances, Digital Realty Trust, Inc. issued a total of 14,600,000 shares of its series H preferred stock, for net proceeds of approximately $353.3 million. Dividends are cumulative on the series H preferred stock from the date of original issuance in the amount of $1.84375 per share each year, which is equivalent to 7.375% of the $25.00 liquidation preference per share. Dividends on the series H preferred stock are payable quarterly in arrears. The first dividend payable on the series H preferred stock on June 30, 2014 was a pro rata dividend from and including the original issue date to and including June 30, 2014 in the amount of $0.48655 per share. The series H preferred stock does not have a stated maturity date and is not subject to any sinking fund or mandatory redemption provisions. Upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up, the series H preferred stock will rank senior to Digital Realty Trust, Inc. common stock and rank on parity with Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s series F cumulative redeemable preferred stock, series G cumulative redeemable preferred stock and series I cumulative redeemable preferred stock with respect to the payment of distributions and other amounts. Digital Realty Trust, Inc. is not allowed to redeem the series H preferred stock before March 26, 2019, except in limited circumstances to preserve its status as a REIT. On or after March 26, 2019, Digital Realty Trust, Inc. may, at its option, redeem the series H preferred stock, in whole or in part, at any time or from time to time, for cash at a redemption price of
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
$25.00 per share, plus all accrued and unpaid dividends on such series H preferred stock up to but excluding the redemption date. Holders of the series H preferred stock generally have no voting rights except for limited voting rights if Digital Realty Trust, Inc. fails to pay dividends for six or more quarterly periods (whether or not consecutive) and in certain other circumstances. Upon the occurrence of specified changes of control, as a result of which neither Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s common stock nor the common securities of the acquiring or surviving entity (or American Depositary Receipts representing such securities) is listed on the New York Stock Exchange, the NYSE MKT, LLC or the NASDAQ Stock Market or listed or quoted on a successor exchange or quotation system, each holder of series H preferred stock will have the right (unless, prior to the change of control conversion date specified in the Articles Supplementary governing the series H preferred stock, Digital Realty Trust, Inc. has provided or provides notice of its election to redeem the series H preferred stock) to convert some or all of the series H preferred stock held by it into a number of shares of Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s common stock per share of series H preferred stock to be converted equal to the lesser of:
•
the quotient obtained by dividing (i) the sum of the $25.00 liquidation preference plus the amount of any accrued and unpaid dividends to, but not including, the change of control conversion date (unless the change of control conversion date is after a record date for a series H preferred stock dividend payment and prior to the corresponding series H preferred stock dividend payment date, in which case no additional amount for such accrued and unpaid dividend will be included in this sum) by (ii) the common stock price specified in the Articles Supplementary governing the series H preferred stock; and
•
0.9632, or the share cap, subject to certain adjustments;
subject, in each case, to provisions for the receipt of alternative consideration as described in the Articles Supplementary governing the series H preferred stock. Except in connection with specified change of control transactions, the series H preferred stock is not convertible into or exchangeable for any other property or securities of Digital Realty Trust, Inc.
6.350% Series I Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock
On August 24, 2015, Digital Realty Trust, Inc. issued 10,000,000 shares of its 6.350% series I cumulative redeemable preferred stock, or the series I preferred stock, for net proceeds of approximately $242.0 million. Digital Realty Trust, Inc. used the net proceeds from the offering to fund a portion of the aggregate purchase price for the Telx Acquisition. Prior to the closing of the Telx Acquisition, Digital Realty Trust, Inc. loaned the net proceeds from the offering to the Operating Partnership, which we repaid in full in October 2015. Dividends are cumulative on the series I preferred stock from the date of original issuance in the amount of $1.5875 per share each year, which is equivalent to 6.350% of the $25.00 liquidation preference per share. Dividends on the series I preferred stock are payable quarterly in arrears. The first dividend payable on the series I preferred stock on December 31, 2015 was a pro rata dividend from and including the original issue date to and including December 31, 2015 in the amount of $0.56003 per share. The series I preferred stock does not have a stated maturity date and is not subject to any sinking fund or mandatory redemption provisions. Upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up, the series I preferred stock will rank senior to Digital Realty Trust, Inc. common stock and rank on parity with Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s series F cumulative redeemable preferred stock, series G cumulative redeemable preferred stock and series H cumulative redeemable preferred stock with respect to the payment of distributions and other amounts. Digital Realty Trust, Inc. is not allowed to redeem the series I preferred stock before August 24, 2020, except in limited circumstances to preserve its status as a REIT. On or after August 24, 2020, Digital Realty Trust, Inc. may, at its option, redeem the Series I Preferred Stock, in whole or in part, at any time or from time to time, for cash at a redemption price of $25.00 per share, plus all accrued and unpaid dividends on such Series I Preferred Stock up to but excluding the redemption date. Holders of the series I preferred stock generally have no voting rights except for limited voting rights if Digital Realty Trust, Inc. fails to pay dividends for six or more quarterly periods (whether or not consecutive) and in certain other circumstances. Upon the occurrence of specified changes of control, as a result of which neither Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s common stock nor the common securities of the acquiring or surviving entity (or American Depositary Receipts representing such securities) is listed on the New York Stock Exchange, the NYSE MKT, LLC or the NASDAQ Stock Market or listed or quoted on a successor exchange or quotation system, each holder of series I preferred stock will have the right (unless, prior to the change of control conversion date specified in the Articles Supplementary governing the series I preferred stock, Digital Realty Trust, Inc. has provided or provides notice of its election to redeem the Series I Preferred Stock) to convert some or all of the series I preferred stock held by it into a number of shares of Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s common stock per share of series I preferred stock to be converted equal to the lesser of:
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
•
the quotient obtained by dividing (i) the sum of the $25.00 liquidation preference plus the amount of any accrued and unpaid dividends to, but not including, the change of control conversion date (unless the change of control conversion date is after a record date for a series I preferred Stock dividend payment and prior to the corresponding series I preferred stock dividend payment date, in which case no additional amount for such accrued and unpaid dividend will be included in this sum) by (ii) the common stock price specified in the Articles Supplementary governing the series I preferred stock;
•
and 0.76231, or the share cap, subject to certain adjustments;
subject, in each case, to provisions for the receipt of alternative consideration as described in the Articles Supplementary governing the series I preferred stock. Except in connection with specified change of control transactions, the series I preferred stock is not convertible into or exchangeable for any other property or securities of Digital Realty Trust, Inc.
(d) Noncontrolling Interests in Operating Partnership
Noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership relate to the interests that are not owned by Digital Realty Trust, Inc. The following table shows the ownership interest in the Operating Partnership as of December 31, 2016 and 2015:
Limited partners have the right to require the Operating Partnership to redeem part or all of their common units for cash based on the fair market value of an equivalent number of shares of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. common stock at the time of redemption. Alternatively, Digital Realty Trust, Inc. may elect to acquire those common units in exchange for shares of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. common stock on a one-for-one basis, subject to adjustment in the event of stock splits, stock dividends, issuance of stock rights, specified extraordinary distributions and similar events. Pursuant to authoritative accounting guidance, Digital Realty Trust, Inc. evaluated whether it controls the actions or events necessary to issue the maximum number of shares that could be required to be delivered under the share settlement of the noncontrolling Operating Partnership common and incentive units. Based on the results of this analysis, we concluded that the common and incentive Operating Partnership units met the criteria to be classified within equity.
The redemption value of the noncontrolling Operating Partnership common units and the vested incentive units was approximately $226.3 million and $192.7 million based on the closing market price of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. common stock on December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
The following table shows activity for the noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014:
(1)
This redemption was recorded as a reduction to noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership and an increase to common stock and additional paid in capital based on the book value per unit in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Digital Realty Trust, Inc.
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
(e) Dividends
We have declared and paid the following dividends on our common and preferred stock for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 (in thousands):
(1)
$3.320 annual rate of dividend per share.
(2)
Represents a pro rata dividend from and including the original issue date to and including June 30, 2014.
(3)
$3.400 annual rate of dividend per share.
(4)
Represents a pro rata dividend from and including the original issue date to and including December 31, 2015.
(5)
$3.520 annual rate of dividend per share.
(6)
Redeemed on September 15, 2016 for $25.35972 per share, or a redemption price of $25.00 per share, plus accrued and unpaid dividends up to but not including the redemption date of approximately $4.1 million in the aggregate. In connection with the redemption, the previously incurred offering costs of approximately $10.3 million were deducted in the computation of net income available to common stockholders.
Distributions out of Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s current or accumulated earnings and profits are generally classified as dividends whereas distributions in excess of its current and accumulated earnings and profits, to the extent of a stockholder’s U.S. federal income tax basis in Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s stock, are generally classified as a return of capital. Distributions in excess of a stockholder’s U.S. federal income tax basis in Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s stock are generally characterized as capital gain. Cash provided by operating activities has generally been sufficient to fund all distributions, however, in the future we may also need to utilize borrowings under the 2016 global revolving credit facility to fund all or a portion of distributions.
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
(f) Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net
The accumulated balances for each item within other comprehensive income (loss), net are as follows (in thousands):
12. Capital and Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
(a) Redeemable Preferred Units
6.625% Series F Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Units
On April 5, 2012 and April 18, 2012, the Operating Partnership issued a total of 7,300,000 units of its 6.625% series F cumulative redeemable preferred units, or the series F preferred units, to the General Partner in conjunction with the General Partner’s issuance of an equivalent number of shares of its 6.625% series F cumulative redeemable preferred stock, or the series F preferred stock. Distributions are cumulative on the series F preferred units from the date of original issuance in the amount of $1.65625 per unit each year, which is equivalent to 6.625% of the $25.00 liquidation preference per unit. Distributions on the series F preferred units are payable quarterly in arrears. The first distribution paid on the series F preferred units on June 29, 2012 was a pro rata distribution from and including the original issue date to and including June 30, 2012 in the amount of $0.39566 per unit. The series F preferred units do not have a stated maturity date and are not subject to any sinking fund. The Operating Partnership is required to redeem the series F preferred units in the event that the General Partner redeems the series F preferred stock. The General Partner is not allowed to redeem the series F preferred stock prior to April 5, 2017 except in limited circumstances to preserve the General Partner’s status as a REIT. On or after April 5, 2017, the General Partner may, at its option, redeem the series F preferred stock, in whole or in part, at any time or from time to time, for cash at a redemption price of $25.00 per share, plus all accrued and unpaid dividends on such series F preferred stock up to but excluding the redemption date. Upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up, the series F preferred units will rank senior to the common units with respect to the payment of distributions and other amounts and rank on parity with the Operating Partnership’s series G cumulative redeemable preferred units, series H cumulative redeemable preferred units and series I cumulative redeemable preferred units. Except in connection with specified change of control transactions of the General Partner, the series F preferred units are not convertible into or exchangeable for any other property or securities of the Operating Partnership.
5.875% Series G Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Units
On April 9, 2013, the Operating Partnership issued a total of 10,000,000 of its 5.875% series G cumulative redeemable preferred units, or the series G preferred units, to the General Partner in conjunction with the General Partner’s issuance of an equivalent number of shares of its 5.875% series G cumulative redeemable preferred stock, or the series G preferred stock. Distributions are cumulative on the series G preferred units from the date of original issuance in the amount of $1.46875 per unit each year, which is equivalent to 5.875% of the $25.00 liquidation preference per unit. Distributions on the series G preferred units are payable quarterly in arrears. The first distribution paid on the series G preferred units on June 28, 2013 was a pro rata distribution from and including the original issue date to and including June 30, 2013 in the amount of $0.334550 per unit. The series G preferred units do not have a stated maturity date and are not subject to any sinking fund. The Operating Partnership is required to redeem the series G preferred units in the event that the General Partner redeems the series G preferred stock. The General Partner is not allowed to redeem the series G preferred stock prior to April 9, 2018 except in limited circumstances to preserve the General Partner’s status as a REIT. On or after April 9, 2018, the General Partner may, at its option, redeem the series G preferred stock, in whole or in part, at any time or
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
from time to time, for cash at a redemption price of $25.00 per share, plus all accrued and unpaid dividends on such series G preferred stock up to but excluding the redemption date. Upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up, the series G preferred units will rank senior to the Operating Partnership’s common units with respect to the payment of distributions and other amounts and rank on parity with the Operating Partnership’s series F cumulative redeemable preferred units, series H cumulative redeemable preferred units and series I cumulative redeemable preferred units. Except in connection with specified change of control transactions of the General Partner, the series G preferred units are not convertible into or exchangeable for any other property or securities of the Operating Partnership.
7.375% Series H Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Units
On March 26, 2014 and April 7, 2014, the Operating Partnership issued in the aggregate a total of 14,600,000 of its 7.375% series H cumulative redeemable preferred units, or the series H preferred units, to the General Partner in conjunction with the General Partner’s issuance of an equivalent number of shares of its 7.375% series H cumulative redeemable preferred stock, or the series H preferred stock. Distributions are cumulative on the series H preferred units from the date of original issuance in the amount of $1.84375 per unit each year, which is equivalent to 7.375% of the $25.00 liquidation preference per unit. Distributions on the series H preferred units are payable quarterly in arrears. The first distribution payable on the series H preferred units on June 30, 2014 was a pro rata distribution from and including the original issue date to and including June 30, 2014 in the amount of $0.48655 per unit. The series H preferred units do not have a stated maturity date and are not subject to any sinking fund. The Operating Partnership is required to redeem the series H preferred units in the event that the General Partner redeems the series H preferred stock. The General Partner is not allowed to redeem the series H preferred stock prior to March 26, 2019 except in limited circumstances to preserve the General Partner’s status as a REIT. On or after March 26, 2019, the General Partner may, at its option, redeem the series H preferred stock, in whole or in part, at any time or from time to time, for cash at a redemption price of $25.00 per share, plus all accrued and unpaid dividends on such series H preferred stock up to but excluding the redemption date. Upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up, the series H preferred units will rank senior to the Operating Partnership’s common units with respect to the payment of distributions and other amounts and rank on parity with the Operating Partnership’s series F cumulative redeemable preferred units, series G cumulative redeemable preferred units and series I cumulative redeemable preferred units. Except in connection with specified change of control transactions of the General Partner, the series H preferred units are not convertible into or exchangeable for any other property or securities of the Operating Partnership.
6.350% Series I Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Units
On August 24, 2015, the General Partner completed an underwritten public offering of 10,000,000 shares of series I cumulative redeemable preferred stock, or the series I preferred stock, for net proceeds of approximately $242.0 million after deducting the underwriting discount. The General Partner used the net proceeds from the offering to fund a portion of the aggregate purchase price for the Telx Acquisition. Pending the closing of the Telx Acquisition, the General Partner loaned the net proceeds from the series I preferred stock offering of approximately $242.7 million to the Operating Partnership. The intercompany note was scheduled to mature on January 11, 2016 with an interest rate of 4.50% per annum. On October 8, 2015, the Operating Partnership repaid the intercompany note in full, with accrued interest, in the amount of $244.1 million. On October 13, 2015, in connection with the consummation of the Operating Partnership Merger (see note 7), the Operating Partnership issued to the General Partner 10,000,000 series I cumulative redeemable preferred units, or the series I preferred units, with substantially identical terms as the series I preferred stock. Distributions are cumulative on the series I preferred units from the date of original issuance in the amount of $1.5875 per unit each year, which is equivalent to 6.350% of the $25.00 liquidation preference per unit. Distributions on the series I preferred units are payable quarterly in arrears. The first distribution payable on the series I preferred units on December 31, 2015 was a pro rata distribution from and including the original issue date to and including December 31, 2015 in the amount of $0.56003 per unit. The series I preferred units do not have a stated maturity date and are not subject to any sinking fund. The Operating Partnership is required to redeem the series I preferred units in the event that the General Partner redeems the series I preferred stock. The General Partner is not allowed to redeem the series I preferred stock prior to August 24, 2020 except in limited circumstances to preserve the General Partner’s status as a REIT. On or after August 24, 2020, the General Partner may, at its option, redeem the series I preferred stock, in whole or in part, at any time or from time to time, for cash at a redemption price of $25.00 per share, plus all accrued and unpaid dividends on such series I preferred stock up to but excluding the redemption date. Upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up, the series I preferred units will rank senior to the Operating Partnership’s common units with respect to the payment of distributions and other amounts and rank on parity with the Operating Partnership’s series F cumulative redeemable preferred units, series G cumulative redeemable preferred units and series H cumulative redeemable preferred units. Except in connection with specified change of control transactions of the General Partner, the series I preferred units are not convertible into or exchangeable for any other property or securities of the Operating Partnership.
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
(b) Allocations of Net Income and Net Losses to Partners
Except for special allocations to holders of profits interest units described below in note 13(a) under the heading “Incentive Plan-Long-Term Incentive Units,” the Operating Partnership’s net income will generally be allocated to the General Partner to the extent of the accrued preferred return on its preferred units, and then to the General Partner and the Operating Partnership’s limited partners in accordance with the respective percentage interests in the common units issued by the Operating Partnership. Net loss will generally be allocated to the General Partner and the Operating Partnership’s limited partners in accordance with the respective common percentage interests in the Operating Partnership until the limited partner’s capital is reduced to zero and any remaining net loss would be allocated to the General Partner. However, in some cases, losses may be disproportionately allocated to partners who have guaranteed our debt. The allocations described above are subject to special allocations relating to depreciation deductions and to compliance with the provisions of Sections 704(b) and 704(c) of the Code, and the associated Treasury Regulations.
(c) Partnership Units
Limited partners have the right to require the Operating Partnership to redeem part or all of their common units for cash based on the fair market value of an equivalent number of shares of the General Partner’s common stock at the time of redemption. Alternatively, the General Partner may elect to acquire those common units in exchange for shares of the General Partner’s common stock on a one-for-one basis, subject to adjustment in the event of stock splits, stock dividends, issuance of stock rights, specified extraordinary distributions and similar events. Pursuant to authoritative accounting guidance, the Operating Partnership evaluated whether it controls the actions or events necessary to issue the maximum number of shares that could be required to be delivered under the share settlement of the limited partners’ common units and the vested incentive units. Based on the results of this analysis, the Operating Partnership concluded that the common and vested incentive Operating Partnership units met the criteria to be classified within capital.
The redemption value of the limited partners’ common units and the vested incentive units was approximately $226.3 million and $192.7 million based on the closing market price of Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s common stock on December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
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DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
(d) Distributions
All distributions on our units are at the discretion of Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s board of directors. We have declared and paid the following distributions on our common and preferred units for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 (in thousands):
(1)
$3.320 annual rate of distribution per unit.
(2)
Represents a pro rata distribution from and including the original issue date to and including June 30, 2014.
(3)
$3.400 annual rate of distribution per unit.
(4)
Represents a pro rata distribution from and including the original issue date to and including December 31, 2015.
(5)
$3.520 annual rate of distribution per unit.
(6)
Redeemed on September 15, 2016 for $25.35972 per unit, or a redemption price of $25.00 per unit, plus accrued and unpaid distributions up to but not including the redemption date of approximately $4.1 million in the aggregate. In connection with the redemption, the previously incurred offering costs of approximately $10.3 million were deducted in the computation of net income available to common unitholders.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
(f) Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
The accumulated balances for each item within other comprehensive income (loss) are as follows (in thousands):
13. Incentive Plan
Our Amended and Restated 2004 Incentive Award Plan (as defined below) previously provided for the grant of incentive awards to employees, directors and consultants. Awards issuable under the Amended and Restated 2004 Incentive Award Plan included stock options, restricted stock, dividend equivalents, stock appreciation rights, long-term incentive units, cash performance bonuses and other incentive awards. Only employees were eligible to receive incentive stock options under the Amended and Restated 2004 Incentive Award Plan. Initially, we reserved a total of 4,474,102 shares of common stock for issuance pursuant to the Digital Realty Trust, Inc., Digital Services, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. 2004 Incentive Award Plan (the 2004 Incentive Award Plan), subject to certain adjustments set forth in the 2004 Incentive Award Plan. On May 2, 2007, Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s stockholders approved the First Amended and Restated Digital Realty Trust, Inc., Digital Services, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. 2004 Incentive Award Plan (as amended, the Amended and Restated 2004 Incentive Award Plan). The Amended and Restated 2004 Incentive Award Plan increased the aggregate number of shares of stock which could have been issued or transferred under the plan by 5,000,000 shares to a total of 9,474,102 shares, and provided that the maximum number of shares of stock with respect to awards granted to any one participant during a calendar year was 1,500,000 shares and the maximum amount that could have been paid in cash during any calendar year with respect to any performance-based award not denominated in stock or otherwise for which the foregoing limitation would not be an effective limitation for purposes of Section 162(m) of the Code was $10.0 million.
On April 28, 2014, Digital Realty Trust, Inc. held its 2014 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, or the 2014 Annual Meeting, at which the Company’s stockholders approved the Digital Realty Trust, Inc., Digital Services, Inc., and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. 2014 Incentive Award Plan (as amended, the 2014 Incentive Award Plan), which had been previously adopted by the Board of Directors and recommended to the stockholders for approval by the Company’s Board of Directors. The 2014 Incentive Award Plan became effective and replaced the Amended and Restated 2004 Incentive Award Plan as of the date of such stockholder approval. The material features of the 2014 Incentive Award Plan are described in our definitive Proxy Statement filed on March 19, 2014 in connection with the 2014 Annual Meeting.
As of December 31, 2016, 3,965,682 shares of common stock or awards convertible into or exchangeable for common stock remained available for future issuance under the 2014 Incentive Award Plan. Each long-term incentive unit and each Class D Unit issued under the 2014 Incentive Award Plan counts as one share of common stock for purposes of calculating the limit on shares that may be issued under the 2014 Incentive Award Plan and the individual award limits set forth therein.
(a) Long-Term Incentive Units
Long-term incentive units, which are also referred to as profits interest units, may be issued to eligible participants for the performance of services to or for the benefit of the Operating Partnership. Long-term incentive units (other than Class D Units), whether vested or not, will receive the same quarterly per unit distributions as Operating Partnership common units, which equal the per share distributions on Digital Realty Trust, Inc. common stock. Initially, long-term incentive units do not have full parity with common units with respect to liquidating distributions. If such parity is reached, vested long-term incentive units
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
may be converted into an equal number of common units of the Operating Partnership at any time, and thereafter enjoy all the rights and privileges of common units of the Operating Partnership, including redemption rights.
In order to achieve full parity with common units, long-term incentive units must be fully vested and the holder’s capital account balance in respect of such long-term incentive units must be equal to the capital account balance of a holder of an equivalent number of common units. The capital account balance attributable to each common unit is generally expected to be the same, in part because of the amount credited to a partner’s capital account upon the partner’s contribution of property to the Operating Partnership, and in part because the partnership agreement provides, in most cases, that allocations of income, gain, loss and deduction (which will adjust the partner’s capital accounts) are to be made to the common units on a proportionate basis. As a result, with respect to a number of long-term incentive units, it is possible to determine the capital account balance of an equivalent number of common units by multiplying the number of long-term incentive units by the capital account balance with respect to a common unit.
A partner’s initial capital account balance is equal to the amount the partner paid (or contributed to the Operating Partnership) for the partner’s units and is subject to subsequent adjustments, including with respect to the partner’s share of income, gain or loss of the Operating Partnership. Because a holder of long-term incentive units generally will not pay for the long-term incentive units, the initial capital account balance attributable to such long-term incentive units will be zero. However, the Operating Partnership is required to allocate income, gain, loss and deduction to the partner’s capital accounts in accordance with the terms of the partnership agreement, subject to applicable Treasury Regulations. The partnership agreement provides that holders of long-term incentive units will receive special allocations of gain in the event of a sale or “hypothetical sale” of assets of the Operating Partnership prior to the allocation of gain to Digital Realty Trust, Inc. or other limited partners with respect to their common units. The amount of any such allocation will, to the extent of any such gain, be equal to the difference between the capital account balance of a holder of long-term incentive units attributable to such units and the capital account balance attributable to an equivalent number of common units. If and when such gain allocation is fully made, a holder of long-term incentive units will have achieved full parity with holders of common units. To the extent that, upon an actual sale or a “hypothetical sale” of the Operating Partnership’s assets as described above, there is not sufficient gain to allocate to a holder’s capital account with respect to long-term incentive units, or if such sale or “hypothetical sale” does not occur, such units will not achieve parity with common units.
The term “hypothetical sale” refers to circumstances that are not actual sales of the Operating Partnership’s assets but that require certain adjustments to the value of the Operating Partnership’s assets and the partners’ capital account balances. Specifically, the partnership agreement provides that, from time to time, in accordance with applicable Treasury Regulations, the Operating Partnership will adjust the value of its assets to equal their respective fair market values, and adjust the partners’ capital accounts, in accordance with the terms of the partnership agreement, as if the Operating Partnership sold its assets for an amount equal to their value. Such adjustments will generally be made upon the liquidation of the Operating Partnership, the acquisition of an additional interest in the Operating Partnership by a new or existing partner in exchange for more than a de minimis capital contribution, the distribution by the Operating Partnership to a partner of more than a de minimis amount of partnership property as consideration for an interest in the Operating Partnership, the grant of an interest in the Operating Partnership (other than a de minimis interest) as consideration for the performance of services to or for the benefit of the Operating Partnership (including the grant of a long-term incentive unit), and at such other times as may be desirable or required to comply with the Treasury Regulations.
Below is a summary of our long-term incentive unit activity for the year ended December 31, 2016.
Excluding the impact of our former Chief Executive Officer's equity acceleration in 2014 and subsequent cancellation in 2015, the expense recorded for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 related to long-term incentive units was
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
approximately $4.5 million, $5.9 million and $12.6 million, respectively. We capitalized amounts relating to compensation expense of employees direct and incremental to construction and successful leasing activities of approximately $1.8 million, $1.2 million and $1.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Unearned compensation representing the unvested portion of the long-term incentive units totaled $5.6 million and $9.9 million as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. We expect to recognize this unearned compensation over the next 2.1 years on a weighted average basis.
(b) Market Performance-Based Awards
During the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. approved the grant of market performance-based Class D units of the Operating Partnership and market performance-based restricted stock units, or RSUs, covering shares of the Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s common stock (collectively, the “awards”), under the 2014 Incentive Award Plan and the Amended and Restated 2004 Incentive Award Plan to officers and employees of the Company.
The awards, which were determined to contain a market condition, utilize total shareholder return, or TSR, over a three-year measurement period as the market performance metric. Awards will vest based on the Company’s TSR relative to the MSCI US REIT Index, or RMS, over a three-year market performance period, or the Market Performance Period, commencing in January 2014, January 2015 or January 2016, as applicable (or, if earlier, ending on the date on which a change in control of the Company occurs), subject to continued services. Vesting with respect to the market condition is measured based on the difference between Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s TSR percentage and the TSR percentage of the RMS, or the RMS Relative Market Performance. In the event that the RMS Relative Market Performance during the Market Performance Period is achieved at the “threshold,” “target” or “high” level as set forth below, the awards will become vested as to the market condition with respect to the percentage of Class D units or RSUs, as applicable, set forth below:
If the RMS Relative Market Performance falls between the levels specified above, the percentage of the awards that will vest with respect to the market condition will be determined using straight-line linear interpolation between such levels.
Following the completion of the Market Performance Period, the 2014 awards that have satisfied the market condition, if any, will vest 50% on February 27, 2017 and 50% on February 27, 2018, subject to continued employment through each applicable vesting date. Following the completion of the Market Performance Period, the 2015 awards that have satisfied the market condition, if any, will vest 50% on February 27, 2018 and 50% on February 27, 2019, subject to continued employment through each applicable vesting date. Following the completion of the Market Performance Period, the 2016 awards that have satisfied the market condition, if any, will vest 50% on February 27, 2019 and 50% on February 27, 2020, subject to continued employment through each applicable vesting date.
In January 2017, the Compensation Committee determined that the high level had been achieved for the 2014 awards and, accordingly, 399,250 class D units (including 44,702 distribution equivalent units that immediately vested on December 31, 2016, upon the high level being achieved) and 138,567 RSUs, performance vested, subject to service-based vesting.
Service-based vesting will be accelerated, in full or on a pro rata basis, as applicable, in the event of a change in control, termination of employment by the Company without cause, termination of employment by the award recipient for good reason, death, disability or retirement, in any case prior to the completion of the applicable Market Performance Period. However, vesting with respect to the market condition will continue to be measured based on RMS Relative Market Performance during
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
the applicable three-year Market Performance Period (or, in the case of a change in control, shortened Market Performance Period).
The fair values of the awards were measured using a Monte Carlo simulation to estimate the probability of the market vesting condition being satisfied. The Company’s achievement of the market vesting condition is contingent on its TSR over a three-year market performance period, relative to the total shareholder return of the RMS. The Monte Carlo simulation is a probabilistic technique based on the underlying theory of the Black-Scholes formula, which was run for 100,000 trials to determine the fair value of the awards. For each trial, the payoff to an award is calculated at the settlement date and is then discounted to the grant date at a risk-free interest rate. The total expected value of the awards on the grant date was determined by multiplying the average value per award over all trials by the number of awards granted. Assumptions used in the valuations are summarized as follows:
These valuations were performed in a risk-neutral framework, so no assumption was made with respect to an equity risk premium.
As of December 31, 2016, 1,683,182 Class D Units and 459,569 market performance-based RSUs had been awarded to our executive officers and other employees. The number of units granted reflects the maximum number of Class D units or market performance-based RSUs, as applicable, which will become vested assuming the achievement of the highest level of RMS Relative Market Performance under the awards and, in the case of the Class D units, also includes distribution equivalent units. The fair value of these awards of approximately $34.3 million will be recognized as compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the expected service period of approximately four years. The unearned compensation as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 was $25.6 million and $17.8 million, respectively, net of cancellations. We recognized compensation expense related to these awards of approximately $7.9 million, $4.1 million and $3.0 million in the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. We capitalized amounts relating to compensation expense of employees directly engaged in construction and leasing activities of approximately $1.9 million, $4.1 million and $1.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. If the market conditions are not met, at the end of the applicable performance periods, the unamortized amount will be recognized as an expense at that time.
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
(c) Stock Options
The following table summarizes the Amended and Restated 2004 Incentive Award Plan’s stock option activity for the year ended December 31, 2016:
The following table summarizes information about stock options outstanding and exercisable as of December 31, 2016:
(d) Restricted Stock
Below is a summary of our restricted stock activity for the year ended December 31, 2016.
(1)
All restricted stock awards granted in 2016 are subject only to service conditions.
The grant date fair values, which equal the market price of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. common stock on the grant date, are being expensed on a straight-line basis for service awards over the vesting period of the restricted stock, which ranges from three to four years.
The expense recorded for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 related to grants of restricted stock was approximately $4.1 million, $2.5 million and $2.5 million, respectively. We capitalized amounts relating to compensation expense of employees direct and incremental to construction and successful leasing activities of approximately $2.8 million, $2.7 million and $2.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Unearned compensation representing the unvested portion of the restricted stock totaled $14.7 million and $10.4 million as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. We expect to recognize this unearned compensation over the next 2.9 years on a weighted average basis.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
(e) 401(k) Plan
We have a 401(k) plan whereby our employees may contribute a portion of their compensation to their respective retirement accounts, in an amount not to exceed the maximum allowed under the Code. The 401(k) Plan complies with Internal Revenue Service requirements as a 401(k) Safe Harbor Plan whereby matching contributions made by us are 100% vested. The aggregate cost of our contributions to the 401(k) Plan was approximately $3.6 million, $3.4 million, and $2.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
14. Derivative Instruments
Currently, we use interest rate swaps to manage our interest rate risk. The valuation of these instruments is determined using widely accepted valuation techniques including discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each derivative. This analysis reflects the contractual terms of the derivatives, including the period to maturity, and uses observable market-based inputs, including interest rate curves. The fair values of interest rate swaps are determined using the market standard methodology of netting the discounted future fixed cash receipts (or payments) and the discounted expected variable cash payments (or receipts). The variable cash payments (or receipts) are based on an expectation of future interest rates (forward curves) derived from observable market interest rate curves.
To comply with the provisions of fair value accounting guidance, we incorporate credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect both our own nonperformance risk and the respective counterparty’s nonperformance risk in the fair value measurements. In adjusting the fair value of our derivative contracts for the effect of nonperformance risk, we have considered the impact of netting and any applicable credit enhancements, such as collateral postings, thresholds, mutual puts, and guarantees.
Although we have determined that the majority of the inputs used to value our derivatives fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, the credit valuation adjustments associated with our derivatives utilize Level 3 inputs, such as estimates of current credit spreads to evaluate the likelihood of default by us and our counterparties. However, as of December 31, 2016, we have assessed the significance of the impact of the credit valuation adjustments on the overall valuation of our derivative positions and have determined that the credit valuation adjustments are not significant to the overall valuation of our derivatives. As a result, we have determined that our derivative valuations in their entirety are classified in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. We do not have any fair value measurements on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) as of December 31, 2016 or December 31, 2015.
Cash Flow Hedges of Interest Rate Risk
Our objectives in using interest rate derivatives are to add stability to interest expense and to manage our exposure to interest rate movements related to the U.S. LIBOR, GBP-LIBOR, SGD-SOR and CDOR-based tranches of the unsecured term loan. To accomplish this objective, we primarily use interest rate swaps as part of our interest rate risk management strategy. Interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges involve the receipt of variable-rate amounts from a counterparty in exchange for making fixed-rate payments over the life of the agreements without exchange of the underlying notional amount.
We record all our interest rate swaps on the consolidated balance sheet at fair value. In determining the fair value of our interest rate swaps, we consider the credit risk of our counterparties. These counterparties are generally larger financial institutions engaged in providing a variety of financial services. These institutions generally face similar risks regarding adverse changes in market and economic conditions, including, but not limited to, fluctuations in interest rates, exchange rates, equity and commodity prices and credit spreads. The recent and pervasive disruptions in the financial markets have heightened the risks to these institutions.
The ineffective portion of the change in fair value of the derivatives is recognized directly in earnings. During the year ended December 31, 2014, we recognized an increase to earnings of approximately $0.8 million related to the ineffective portion of our forward-starting swap. During the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, there were no ineffective portions to our interest rate swaps.
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
As of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, we had the following outstanding interest rate derivatives that were designated as cash flow hedges of interest rate risk (in thousands):
(1)
Represents portions of the U.S. dollar tranche of the 5-Year Term Loan.
(2)
Represents the U.S. dollar tranche of the 7-Year Term Loan.
(3)
Represents a portion of the Singapore dollar tranche of the 5-Year Term Loan. Translation to U.S. dollars is based on exchange rates of $0.69 to 1.00 SGD as of December 31, 2016 and $0.70 to 1.00 SGD as of December 31, 2015.
(4)
Represents the British pound sterling tranche of the 5-Year Term Loan. Translation to U.S. dollars is based on exchange rate of $1.23 to £1.00 as of December 31, 2016.
(5)
Represents the Canadian dollar tranche of the 5-Year Term Loan. Translation to U.S. dollars is based on exchange rate of $0.74 to 1.00 CAD as of December 31, 2016.
(6)
Balance recorded in other assets in the consolidated balance sheets if positive and recorded in accounts payable and other accrued liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets if negative.
Amounts reported in accumulated other comprehensive loss related to interest rate swaps will be reclassified to interest expense as interest payments are made on our debt. As of December 31, 2016, we estimate that an additional $3.8 million will be reclassified as an increase to interest expense during the year ending December 31, 2017, when the hedged forecasted transactions impact earnings.
Non-designated Hedges
Derivatives not designated as hedges are derivatives that do not meet the criteria for hedge accounting under GAAP or which we have elected to not designate as hedges. We do not use these derivatives for speculative purposes, but instead they are used to manage our exposure to foreign exchange rates. Changes in the fair value of derivatives not designated as hedges are recorded directly in interest and other income in our consolidated income statements. The Company recorded a loss of $3.1 million on the non-designated hedges for the year ended December 31, 2016. The Company had no non-designated hedges in place during the year ended December 31, 2015. As of December 31, 2016, we had no non-designated hedges in place.
During the three months ended June 30, 2016, we entered into a series of forward contracts pursuant to which we agreed to sell an amount of foreign currency for an agreed upon amount of USD. These forward contracts were executed to manage foreign currency exposures associated with certain transactions. On July 1, 2016, the forward contracts still in place met the criteria for net investment hedge accounting.
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
As of December 31, 2016, the Company had the following outstanding derivatives that were designated as hedges under qualifying hedging relationships, which is recorded in other assets in the consolidated balance sheets (notional and fair value amounts in thousands):
15. Fair Value of Instruments
We disclose fair value information about all financial instruments, whether or not recognized in the consolidated balance sheets, for which it is practicable to estimate fair value. Current accounting guidance requires the Company to disclose fair value information about all financial instruments, whether or not recognized in the balance sheets, for which it is practicable to estimate fair value.
The Company’s disclosures of estimated fair value of financial instruments at December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 were determined using available market information and appropriate valuation methods. Considerable judgment is necessary to interpret market data and develop estimated fair value. The use of different market assumptions or estimation methods may have a material effect on the estimated fair value amounts.
The carrying amounts for cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts and other receivables, accounts payable and other accrued liabilities, accrued dividends and distributions, security deposits and prepaid rents approximate fair value because of the short-term nature of these instruments. As described in note 14, the interest rate swaps and foreign currency contracts are recorded at fair value.
We calculate the fair value of our mortgage loans, unsecured term loan, unsecured senior notes and exchangeable senior debentures based on currently available market rates assuming the loans are outstanding through maturity and considering the collateral and other loan terms. In determining the current market rate for fixed rate debt, a market spread is added to the quoted yields on federal government treasury securities with similar maturity dates to our debt. The carrying value of our global revolving credit facility approximates fair value, due to the variability of interest rates.
As of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the aggregate estimated fair value and carrying value of our global revolving credit facility, unsecured term loan, unsecured senior notes and mortgage loans were as follows (in thousands):
(1)
The carrying value of our global revolving credit facility approximates estimated fair value, due to the variability of interest rates and the stability of our credit rating.
(2)
The carrying value of our unsecured term loan approximates estimated fair value, due to the variability of interest rates and the stability of our credit rating.
(3)
Valuations for our unsecured senior notes and mortgage loans are determined based on the expected future payments discounted at risk-adjusted rates. The 5.875% 2020 Notes, 3.400% 2020 Notes, 2021 Notes, 3.950% 2022 Notes, 3.625% 2022 Notes, 2023 Notes, 2024 Notes, 4.750% 2025 Notes and 4.250% 2025 Notes are valued based on quoted market prices.
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
(4)
The carrying value of the 5.875% 2020 Notes, 3.400% 2020 Notes, 2021 Notes, 3.625% 2022 Notes, 3.950% 2022 Notes, 2023 Notes, 2024 Notes and 4.250% 2025 Notes are net of discount of $15.6 million and $17.9 million in the aggregate as of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.
(5)
The estimated fair value and carrying value are exclusive of deferred financing costs of $10.9 million and $7.6 million as of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.
(6)
The estimated fair value and carrying value are exclusive of deferred financing costs of $6.1 million and $1.3 million as of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.
(7)
The estimated fair value and carrying value are exclusive of deferred financing costs of $25.4 million and $26.0 million as of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.
(8)
The estimated fair value and carrying value are exclusive of deferred financing costs of $0.0 million and $0.3 million as of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.
16. Tenant Leases
The future minimum lease payments to be received (excluding operating expense reimbursements) by us as of December 31, 2016, under non-cancelable operating leases are as follows (in thousands):
17. Commitments and Contingencies
(a) Operating Leases
We have a ground lease obligation on 2010 East Centennial Circle that expires in 2082. After February 2036, rent for the remaining term of the 2010 East Centennial Circle ground lease will be determined based on a fair market value appraisal of the property and, as result, rent after February 2036 is excluded from the minimum commitment information below.
We have ground leases on Paul van Vlissingenstraat 16 that expires in 2054, Chemin de l’Epinglier 2 that expires in 2074, Clonshaugh Industrial Estate I and II that expires in 2981, Manchester Technopark that expires in 2125, 29A International Business Park that expires in 2038, Gyroscoopweg 2E-2F, which has a continuous ground lease and will be adjusted on January 1, 2042, and Naritaweg 52, which has a continuous ground lease. In late 2011, we executed a lease for a new location for our headquarters, which began in May 2012, with a lease term of 12 years with an option to extend the lease for an additional five years. We also have operating leases at 111 8th Avenue (2nd and 6th floors), 8100 Boone Boulevard, 111 8th Avenue (3rd and 7th floors) and 410 Commerce Boulevard, which expire in June 2024, September 2017, February 2022 and December 2026, respectively. The lease at 111 8th Avenue (2ndand 6th floors) has an option to extend the lease until June 2034 and the lease at 111 8th Avenue (3rd and 7th floors) has an option to extend the lease until February 2032. The leases at 8100 Boone Boulevard and 410 Commerce Boulevard have no extension options. As part of the Telx Acquisition and European Portfolio Acquisition, leases relating to operating facilities, offices, and equipment under various lease agreements expire during the years ending December 2017 through December 2037.
We have a fully prepaid ground lease on 2055 E. Technology Circle that expires in 2083. We have a fully prepaid ground lease on Cateringweg 5 that expires in 2059. The ground lease at Naritaweg 52 has been prepaid through December 2036.
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
Rental expense for these leases was approximately $83.6 million, $24.6 million, and $16.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 respectively.
The minimum commitment under these leases, excluding the fully prepaid ground leases, as of December 31, 2016 was as follows (in thousands):
(b) Capital leases
Future minimum lease payments and their present value for property under capital leases as of December 31, 2016 , are as follows:
(c) Contingent liabilities
As part of the acquisition of 29A International Business Park, the seller could earn additional consideration based on future net operating income growth in excess of certain performance targets, as defined in the agreements for the acquisition. The earnout contingency expires in November 2020. The maximum amount that could be earned by the seller is $50.0 million SGD (or approximately $34.5 million based on the exchange rate as of December 31, 2016). As of December 31, 2014, $12.6 million had been accrued related to this earnout agreement, which was subsequently paid in 2015. During 2015 and 2016, the remaining performance targets were achieved and the Company accrued an additional $23.8 million. The remaining earnout payments were made in 2016 per the terms of the earnout agreement. The amounts accrued were discounted based on their expected payment date and capitalized to building and improvements as the original purchase was accounted for as an asset acquisition.
One of the tenants at our Convergence Business Park property has an option to expand as part of their lease agreement, which expires in April 2017. As part of this option, development activities were not permitted on specifically identified expansion space within the property until April 2014. From April 2014 through April 2017, the tenant has the right of first refusal on any third party’s bona fide offer to buy the adjacent land. If the tenant exercises its option, we may either construct and lease to the tenant an additional shell building on the expansion space at a stipulated rate of return on cost or sell the existing building and the expansion space to the tenant for a price of approximately $24.0 million and $225,000 per acre, respectively, plus additional adjustments as provided in the lease. As of December 31, 2016 the tenant had yet to exercise its option.
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
As part of the acquisition of the Sentrum Portfolio, the seller could earn additional consideration based on future net returns on vacant space to be developed, but not currently leased, as defined in the purchase agreement for the acquisition. The initial estimate of fair value of the contingent consideration liability was approximately £56.5 million (or approximately $87.6 million based on the exchange rate as of July 11, 2012, the acquisition date). We have adjusted the contingent consideration to fair value at each reporting date with changes in fair value recognized in operating income. During the year ended December 31, 2015, we reduced the fair value by approximately £30.3 million (or approximately $45.9 million). The adjustment was the result of an evaluation by management that no additional leases would be executed for vacant space by July 11, 2015, the contingency expiration date. The final payment on the earnout was made in August 2015. We made earnout payments of approximately £0.7 million (or approximately $1.1 million based on the exchange rates as of the date of each payment) during the year ended December 31, 2015. During the year ended December 31, 2014, we made earnout payments of approximately £6.2 million (or approximately $10.3 million based on the exchange rates as of the date of each payment). From the acquisition date through December 31, 2015, we made earnout payments of approximately £23.8 million (or approximately $37.2 million based on the exchange rates as of the date of each payment). The earn-out contingency expired in July 2015. The change in fair value of contingent consideration for Sentrum was recorded as a reduction to operating expense of approximately $0.0 million, $43.0 million and $8.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
(d) Construction Commitments
Our properties require periodic investments of capital for tenant-related capital expenditures and for general capital improvements and from time to time in the normal course of our business, we enter into various construction contracts with third parties that may obligate us to make payments. At December 31, 2016, we had open commitments related to construction contracts of approximately $320.9 million.
(e) Legal Proceedings
Although the Company is involved in legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business, as of December 31, 2016, the Company is not currently a party to any legal proceedings nor, to its knowledge, is any legal proceeding threatened against it that it believes would have a material adverse effect on its financial position, results of operations or liquidity.
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
18. Quarterly Financial Information (Digital Realty Trust, Inc.) (unaudited)
The tables below reflect selected quarterly information for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015. Certain amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation (in thousands, except per share amounts).
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- (Continued)
December 31, 2016 and 2015
19. Quarterly Financial Information (Digital Realty Trust, L.P.) (unaudited)
The tables below reflect selected quarterly information for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015. Certain amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation (in thousands, except per unit amounts).
20. Subsequent Events
In addition to other subsequent events discussed elsewhere within the footnotes, the following subsequent event warranted disclosure:
On March 1, 2017, the Company declared the following dividends per share. The Operating Partnership will make an equivalent distribution per unit.
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC.
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, L.P.
SCHEDULE III
PROPERTIES AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION
December 31, 2016
(In thousands)
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC.
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, L.P.
SCHEDULE III
PROPERTIES AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION- (Continued)
December 31, 2016
(In thousands)
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC.
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, L.P.
SCHEDULE III
PROPERTIES AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION- (Continued)
December 31, 2016
(In thousands)
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC.
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, L.P.
SCHEDULE III
PROPERTIES AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION- (Continued)
December 31, 2016
(In thousands)
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC.
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, L.P.
SCHEDULE III
PROPERTIES AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION- (Continued)
December 31, 2016
(In thousands)
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC.
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, L.P.
SCHEDULE III
PROPERTIES AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION- (Continued)
December 31, 2016
(In thousands)
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC.
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, L.P.
SCHEDULE III
PROPERTIES AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION- (Continued)
December 31, 2016
(In thousands)
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC.
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, L.P.
SCHEDULE III
PROPERTIES AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION- (Continued)
December 31, 2016
(In thousands)
(1)
The balance shown excludes an unamortized premium of $334.
(2)
Represents properties acquired in the Telx Acquisition.
(3)
Represents properties acquired in the European Portfolio Acquisition.
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC.
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, L.P.
NOTES TO SCHEDULE III
PROPERTIES AND ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION
December 31, 2016
(In thousands)
(1) Tax Cost
The aggregate gross cost of the Company’s properties for federal income tax purposes approximated $13.4 billion (unaudited) as of December 31, 2016.
(2) Historical Cost and Accumulated Depreciation and Amortization
The following table reconciles the historical cost of the Company’s properties for financial reporting purposes for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016.
The following table reconciles accumulated depreciation and amortization of the Company’s properties for financial reporting purposes for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016.
Schedules other than those listed above are omitted because they are not applicable or the information required is included in the consolidated financial statements or the notes thereto.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
Not Applicable.

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ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Our Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting for Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. are included in Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data on pages 88 and 89.
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures (Digital Realty Trust, Inc.)
The Company maintains disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in its reports filed under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to its management, including its chief executive officer and chief financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, the Company’s management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and its management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Also, the Company has investments in certain unconsolidated entities, which are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. As the Company does not control or manage these entities, its disclosure controls and procedures with respect to such entities may be substantially more limited than those it maintains with respect to its consolidated subsidiaries.
As required by Rule 13a-15(b) or Rule 15d-15(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, management of the Company carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with participation of its chief executive officer and chief financial officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of its disclosure controls and procedures that were in effect as of December 31, 2016. Based on the foregoing, the Company’s management concluded that its disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
During the second quarter of 2016, we completed an upgrade of our general ledger system. This system was used to produce information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. There have been no other changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the year ended December 31, 2016 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures (Digital Realty Trust, L.P.)
The Operating Partnership maintains disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in its reports filed under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to its management, including the chief executive officer and chief financial officer of its general partner, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, the Operating Partnership’s management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and its management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Also, the Operating Partnership has investments in certain unconsolidated entities, which are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. As the Operating Partnership does not control or manage these entities, its disclosure controls and procedures with respect to such entities may be substantially more limited than those it maintains with respect to its consolidated subsidiaries.
As required by Rule 13a-15(b) or Rule 15d-15(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, management of the Operating Partnership carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with participation of the chief executive officer and chief financial officer of its general partner, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of its disclosure controls and procedures that were in effect as of December 31, 2016. Based on the foregoing, the Operating Partnership’s management concluded that its disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
During the second quarter of 2016, we completed an upgrade of our general ledger system. This system was used to produce information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. There have been no other changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the year ended December 31, 2016 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
On February 28, 2017, the Company entered into confidentiality agreements with each of its non-employee directors. Pursuant to the terms of the confidentiality agreements, each non-employee director has agreed not to disclose, except in certain limited circumstances, any confidential information about the Company, the Operating Partnership or any of their respective subsidiaries. The obligations under the confidentiality agreements generally continue for a period of ten years following the end of each non-employee director's service on our board of directors. This description of the confidentiality agreements does not purport to be complete and is qualified by its entirety by reference to the text of such agreements, the form of which is filed as an exhibit to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
PART III

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ITEM 10. DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
The information concerning our directors, executive officers and corporate governance required by Item 10 will be included in the Proxy Statement to be filed relating to our 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference.
We have filed, as exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the certifications of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer required under Section 302 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission regarding the quality of our public disclosure. We have furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission as exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016, the certifications of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer required under Section 906 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act. In addition, as required by Section 303A.12 of the NYSE Listed Company Manual, our Chief Executive Officer made his annual certification to the NYSE stating that he was not aware of any violation by the Company of the corporate governance listing standards of the NYSE.

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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
The information concerning our executive compensation required by Item 11 will be included in the Proxy Statement to be filed relating to our 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference.

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
The information concerning the security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management and related stockholder matters (including equity compensation plan information) required by Item 12 will be included in the Proxy Statement to be filed relating to our 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference.

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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
The information concerning certain relationships, related transactions and director independence required by Item 13 will be included in the Proxy Statement to be filed relating to our 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference.

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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
The information concerning our principal accounting fees and services required by Item 14 will be included in the Proxy Statement to be filed relating to our 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference.
PART IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS.
Exhibit
Number
Description
2.1
Agreement and Plan of Merger by and among Telx Holdings, Inc., Digital Realty Trust, Inc., Digital Delta, Inc. and BSR LLC, dated as of July 13, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Combined Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on August 6, 2015).
3.1
Articles of Amendment and Restatement of Digital Realty Trust, Inc., as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Combined Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on August 9, 2016).
3.2
Sixth Amended and Restated Bylaws of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-32336) filed on November 15, 2016).
3.3
Certificate of Limited Partnership of Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Digital Realty Trust, L.P.’s General Form for Registration of Securities on Form 10 filed on June 25, 2010 (File No. 000-54023)).
3.4
Fourteenth Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Digital Realty Trust, L.P., as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Combined Current Report on Form 8-K/A of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on October 19, 2015).
4.1
Specimen Certificate for Common Stock for Digital Realty Trust, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s Registration Statement on Form S-11 (Registration No. 333-117865) (File No. 001-32336) filed on October 26, 2004).
4.2
Specimen Certificate for Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s 7.000% Series E Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Digital Realty Trust Inc.’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A (File No. 001-32336) filed on September 12, 2011).
4.3
Specimen Certificate for Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s 6.625% Series F Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Digital Realty Trust Inc.’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A (File No. 001-32336) filed on March 30, 2012).
4.4
Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of October 27, 2004, by and among Digital Realty Trust, Inc., Digital Realty Trust, L.P. and the Unit Holders, as defined therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-32336) filed on December 13, 2004).
4.5
Indenture, dated as of January 28, 2010, among Digital Realty Trust, L.P., as issuer, Digital Realty Trust, Inc., as guarantor, and Wilmington Trust FSB, as trustee, including the form of 5.875% Notes due 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-32336) filed on January 29, 2010).
4.6
Indenture, dated as of March 8, 2011, among Digital Realty Trust, L.P., as issuer, Digital Realty Trust, Inc., as guarantor, and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Combined Current Report on Form 8-K of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on March 8, 2011).
4.7
Supplemental Indenture No. 1, dated as of March 8, 2011, among Digital Realty Trust, L.P., as issuer, Digital Realty Trust, Inc., as guarantor, and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as trustee, including the form of 5.250% Notes due 2021 and the guarantee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Combined Current Report on Form 8-K of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on March 8, 2011).
4.8
Indenture, dated as of September 24, 2012, among Digital Realty Trust, L.P., as issuer, Digital Realty Trust, Inc., as guarantor, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Combined Current Report on Form 8-K of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on September 24, 2012).
4.9
Supplemental Indenture No. 1, dated as of September 24, 2012, among Digital Realty Trust, L.P., as issuer, Digital Realty Trust, Inc., as guarantor, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee, including the form of 3.625% Notes due 2022 and the guarantee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Combined Current Report on Form 8-K of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on September 24, 2012).
4.10
Indenture, dated as of January 18, 2013, among Digital Stout Holding, LLC, Digital Realty Trust, Inc., Digital Realty Trust, L.P., Deutsche Trustee Company Limited, as trustee, Deutsche Bank AG, London Branch, as paying agent and a transfer agent, and Deutsche Bank Luxembourg S.A., as registrar and a transfer agent, including the form of the 4.250% Guaranteed Notes due 2025 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Combined Current Report on Form 8-K of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on January 1, 2013).
4.11
Specimen Certificate for Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s 5.875% Series G Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A (File No. 001-32336) filed on April 4, 2013).
4.12
Specimen Certificate for Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s 7.375% Series H Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A (File No. 001-32336) filed on March 21, 2014).
4.13
Indenture, dated as of April 1, 2014, among Digital Stout Holding, LLC, Digital Realty Trust, Inc., Digital Realty Trust, L.P., Deutsche Trustee Company Limited, as trustee, Deutsche Bank AG, London Branch, as paying agent and a transfer agent, and Deutsche Bank Luxembourg S.A., as registrar and a transfer agent, including the form of the 4.750% Guaranteed Notes due 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Combined Current Report of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. on Form 8-K (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on April 1, 2014).
4.14
Indenture, dated as of June 23, 2015, among Digital Realty Trust, L.P., as issuer, Digital Realty Trust, Inc., as guarantor, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Combined Current Report on Form 8-K of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on June 23, 2015).
4.15
Supplemental Indenture No. 1, dated as of June 23, 2015, among Digital Realty Trust, L.P., as issuer, Digital Realty Trust, Inc., as guarantor, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee, including the form of 3.950% Notes due 2022 and the guarantee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Combined Current Report on Form 8-K of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on June 23, 2015).
4.16
Specimen Certificate for Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s 6.350% Series I Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A (File No. 001-32336) filed on August 21, 2015).
4.17
Indenture, dated as of October 1, 2015, among Digital Delta Holdings, LLC as issuer, Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P., as guarantors, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee, including the form of the Notes and the guarantees (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Combined Current Report on Form 8-K of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on October 2, 2015).
4.18
Registration Rights Agreement, dated October 1, 2015, among Digital Delta Holdings, LLC, Digital Realty Trust, Inc., Digital Realty Trust, L.P. and Citigroup Global Markets Inc., Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated and Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC, as representatives of the several initial purchasers named therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Combined Current Report on Form 8-K of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on October 2, 2015).
4.19
Indenture, dated as of April 15, 2016, among Digital Euro Finco, LLC, Digital Realty Trust, Inc., Digital Realty Trust, L.P., Deutsche Trustee Company Limited, as trustee, Deutsche Bank AG, London Branch, as paying agent and a transfer agent, and Deutsche Bank Luxembourg S.A., as registrar and a transfer agent, including the form of the 2.625% Guaranteed Notes due 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Combined Current Report on Form 8-K of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on April 18, 2016).
10.1†
Form of Indemnification Agreement by and between Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and its directors and officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s Registration Statement on Form S-11 (Registration No. 333-117865) filed on October 13, 2004).
10.2
Contribution Agreement, dated as of July 31, 2004, by and among Digital Realty Trust, L.P., San Francisco Wave eXchange, LLC, Santa Clara Wave eXchange, LLC and eXchange colocation, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s Registration Statement on Form S-11 (Registration No. 333-117865) filed on September 17, 2004).
10.3†
Form of Profits Interest Units Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.44 to Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-32336) filed on December 13, 2004).
10.4†
Form of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. Incentive Stock Option Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.45 to Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-32336) filed on December 13, 2004).
10.5†
Form of Class C Profits Interest Units Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-32336) filed on August 9, 2007).
10.6†
First Amended and Restated Digital Realty Trust, Inc., Digital Services, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. 2004 Incentive Award Plan (incorporated by reference to Appendix A to Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s definitive proxy statement on Schedule 14A (File No. 001-32336) filed on March 30, 2007).
10.7†
Form of 2008 Performance-Based Profits Interest Units Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-32336) filed on May 9, 2008).
10.8†
First Amendment to First Amended and Restated Digital Realty Trust, Inc., Digital Services, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. 2004 Incentive Award Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-32336) filed on May 9, 2008).
10.9†
Second Amendment to First Amended and Restated Digital Realty Trust, Inc., Digital Services, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. 2004 Incentive Award Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-32336) filed on August 6, 2009).
10.10†
Third Amendment to First Amended and Restated Digital Realty Trust, Inc., Digital Services, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. 2004 Incentive Award Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-32336) filed on November 9, 2009).
10.11†
Fourth Amendment to First Amended and Restated Digital Realty Trust, Inc., Digital Services, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. 2004 Incentive Award Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Combined Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on August 7, 2012).
10.12†
Fifth Amendment to First Amended and Restated Digital Realty Trust, Inc., Digital Services, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. 2004 Incentive Award Plan. (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.46 to the Combined Annual Report on Form 10-K of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on March 2, 2015).
10.13†
Director Compensation Program (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Combined Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on November 9, 2016).
10.14
Amended and Restated Note Purchase and Private Shelf Agreement, dated as of November 3, 2011, among Digital Realty Trust, L.P., Digital Realty Trust, Inc., the subsidiary guarantors named therein, Prudential Investment Management, Inc. and the Prudential Affiliates named therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to the Combined Annual Report on Form 10-K of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on February 27, 2012).
10.15
Amendment No. 1 to the Amended and Restated Note Purchase and Private Shelf Agreement, dated as of August 15, 2013, between Digital Realty Trust, L.P. and Prudential Investment Management, Inc. (incorporated by reference to the Exhibit 10.3 to the Combined Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on November 12, 2013).
10.16
Release of Guarantors, dated as of January 27, 2014 executed by Digital Realty Trust, L.P., Prudential Investment Management, Inc., and the other Purchasers party to the Amended and Restated Note Purchase and Private Shelf Agreement, dated as of November 3, 2011 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.32 to the Combined Annual Report on Form 10-K of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on February 28, 2014).
10.17†
Digital Realty Deferred Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.33 to the Combined Annual Report on Form 10-K of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on February 28, 2014).
10.18†
First Amendment to Digital Realty Deferred Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.45 to the Combined Annual Report on Form 10-K of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on March 2, 2015).
10.19†
Second Amendment to Digital Realty Deferred Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Combined Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on November 6, 2015).
10.20†
Form of Class D Profits Interest Unit Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.34 to the Combined Annual Report on Form 10-K of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on February 28, 2014).
10.21†
Form of Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.35 to the Combined Annual Report on Form 10-K of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on February 28, 2014).
10.22†
Form of Time-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.36 to the Combined Annual Report on Form 10-K of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on February 28, 2014).
10.23†
Form of Time-Based Profits Interest Unit Agreement.
10.24†
Digital Realty Trust, Inc., Digital Services, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. 2014 Incentive Award Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Combined Current Report on Form 10-Q of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on August 7, 2014).
10.25†
First Amendment to Digital Realty Trust, Inc., Digital Services, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. 2014 Incentive Award Plan. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Combined Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on November 7, 2014).
10.26†
Second Amendment to Digital Realty Trust, Inc., Digital Services, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. 2014 Incentive Award Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.44 to the Combined Annual Report on Form 10-K of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on March 2, 2015).
10.27†
Third Amendment to Digital Realty Trust, Inc., Digital Services, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. 2014 Incentive Award Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Combined Annual Report on Form 10-Q of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. filed on November 9, 2016).
10.28†
Employment Agreement among Digital Realty Trust, Inc., DLR, LLC and A. William Stein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Combined Current Report on Form 8-K of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on November 24, 2014).
10.29†
Employment Agreement, dated as of April 16, 2015, by and among Digital Realty Trust, Inc., DLR LLC and Andrew P. Power (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Combined Current Report on Form 8-K of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. filed on April 16, 2015).
10.30†
Employment Agreement, dated as of April 16, 2015, by and among Digital Realty Trust, Inc., DLR LLC and Jarrett B. Appleby (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Combined Current Report on Form 8-K of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on April 16, 2015).
10.31†
Employment Agreement, dated as of November 10, 2015, by and among Digital Realty Trust, Inc., DLR, LLC and Scott E. Peterson (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Combined Current Report on Form 8-K of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on November 16, 2015).
10.32
Release of Guarantors, dated as of April 27, 2015, executed by Digital Realty Trust, L.P., Prudential Investment Management, Inc., and the other Purchasers party to the Amended and Restated Note Purchase and Private Shelf Agreement, dated as of November 3, 2011 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Combined Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on August 6, 2015).
10.33
Release of Guarantors, dated as of June 30, 2015, executed by Digital Realty Trust, L.P., Prudential Investment Management, Inc., and the other Purchasers party to the Amended and Restated Note Purchase and Private Shelf Agreement, dated as of November 3, 2011 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Combined Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. filed on August 6, 2015).
10.34
Joinder to Multiparty Guaranty, dated as of June 30, 2015, executed by the Additional Guarantor listed thereto pursuant to the Amended and Restated Note Purchase and Private Shelf Agreement, dated as of November 3, 2011 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Combined Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on August 6, 2015).
10.35†
Digital Realty Trust, Inc. 2015 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Combined Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on August 6, 2015).
10.36†
First Amendment to Digital Realty Trust, Inc. 2015 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.7 to the Registration Statement on Form S-8 of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on October 7, 2015).
10.37*
Global Senior Credit Agreement, dated as of January 15, 2016, among Digital Realty Trust, L.P. and the other initial borrowers named therein and additional borrowers party thereto, as borrowers, Digital Realty Trust, Inc., as parent guarantor, the subsidiary borrowers and guarantors named therein, Citibank, N.A., as administrative agent, Bank of America, N.A., and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as syndication agents, Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, Citigroup Global Markets Inc. and J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, as joint lead arrangers and joint book running managers, and the other agents and lenders named therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.48 to the Combined Annual Report on Form 10-K of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on February 29, 2016).
10.38*
Term Loan Agreement, dated as of January 15, 2016, among Digital Realty Trust, L.P., and the other initial borrowers named therein and additional borrowers party thereto, as borrowers, and Digital Realty Trust, Inc., as parent guarantor, the additional guarantors party thereto, as additional guarantors, the initial lenders named therein, as the initial lenders, Citibank, N.A., as administrative agent, Bank of America, N.A. and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as syndication agents, and Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated , Citigroup Global Markets Inc., J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, the Bank of Nova Scotia and Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, as joint lead arrangers and joint bookrunners for the 5-year term loan, and Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, Citigroup Global Markets Inc., J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, U.S. Bank National Association and TD Securities (USA) LLC, as joint lead arrangers and joint bookrunners for the 7-year term loan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.49 to the Combined Annual Report on Form 10-K of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on February 29, 2016).
10.39†
Form of Director Confidentiality Agreement.
12.1
Statement of Computation of Ratios.
21.1
List of Subsidiaries of Digital Realty Trust, Inc.
21.2
List of Subsidiaries of Digital Realty Trust, L.P.
23.1
Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
31.1
Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certifications of Chief Executive Officer for Digital Realty Trust, Inc.
31.2
Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certifications of Chief Financial Officer for Digital Realty Trust, Inc.
31.3
Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certifications of Chief Executive Officer for Digital Realty Trust, L.P.
31.4
Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certifications of Chief Financial Officer for Digital Realty Trust, L.P.
32.1
18 U.S.C. § 1350 Certifications of Chief Executive Officer for Digital Realty Trust, Inc.
32.2
18 U.S.C. § 1350 Certifications of Chief Financial Officer for Digital Realty Trust, Inc.
32.3
18 U.S.C. § 1350 Certifications of Chief Executive Officer for Digital Realty Trust, L.P.
32.4
18 U.S.C. § 1350 Certifications of Chief Financial Officer for Digital Realty Trust, L.P.
The following financial statements from Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s and Digital Realty Trust, L.P.’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016, formatted in XBRL interactive data files: (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015; (ii) Consolidated Income Statements for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016; (iii) Consolidated Statements of Equity and Comprehensive Income/Statements of Capital and Comprehensive Income for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016; (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016; and (v) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
†
Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
*
Portions of this exhibit have been omitted pursuant to a grant of confidential treatment and have been filed separately with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, INC.
By:
/s/ A. WILLIAM STEIN
A. William Stein
Chief Executive Officer
Date: March 1, 2017
POWER OF ATTORNEY
KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints A. William Stein, Andrew P. Power and Joshua A. Mills, and each of them, with full power to act without the other, such person’s true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him or her and in his or her name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign this Form 10-K and any and all amendments thereto, and to file the same, with exhibits and schedules thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing necessary or desirable to be done in and about the premises, as fully to all intents and purposes as he or she might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents, or any of them, or their or his or her substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
Signature
Title
Date
/S/ DENNIS E. SINGLETON
Chairman of the Board
March 1, 2017
Dennis E. Singleton
/S/ A. WILLIAM STEIN
Chief Executive Officer and Director
(Principal Executive Officer)
March 1, 2017
A. William Stein
/S/ ANDREW P. POWER
Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer)
March 1, 2017
Andrew P. Power
/S/ EDWARD F. SHAM
Chief Accounting Officer
(Principal Accounting Officer)
March 1, 2017
Edward F. Sham
/S/ LAURENCE A. CHAPMAN
Vice Chairman of the Board
March 1, 2017
Laurence A. Chapman
Signature
Title
Date
/S/ KATHLEEN EARLEY
Director
March 1, 2017
Kathleen Earley
/S/ KEVIN J. KENNEDY
Director
March 1, 2017
Kevin J. Kennedy
/S/ WILLIAM G. LAPERCH
Director
March 1, 2017
William G. LaPerch
/S/ AFSHIN MOHEBBI
Director
March 1, 2017
Afshin Mohebbi
/S/ MARK R. PATTERSON
Director
March 1, 2017
Mark R. Patterson
/S/ ROBERT H. ZERBST
Director
March 1, 2017
Robert H. Zerbst
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
DIGITAL REALTY TRUST, L.P.
By:
Digital Realty Trust, Inc.,
Its General Partner
By:
/s/ A. WILLIAM STEIN
A. William Stein
Chief Executive Officer
Date: March 1, 2017
POWER OF ATTORNEY
KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints A. William Stein, Andrew P. Power and Joshua A. Mills, and each of them, with full power to act without the other, such person’s true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him or her and in his or her name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign this Form 10-K and any and all amendments thereto, and to file the same, with exhibits and schedules thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing necessary or desirable to be done in and about the premises, as fully to all intents and purposes as he or she might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents, or any of them, or their or his or her substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
Signature
Title
Date
/S/ DENNIS E. SINGLETON
Chairman of the Board
March 1, 2017
Dennis E. Singleton
/S/ A. WILLIAM STEIN
Chief Executive Officer and Director
(Principal Executive Officer)
March 1, 2017
A. William Stein
/S/ ANDREW P. POWER
Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer)
March 1, 2017
Andrew P. Power
/S/ EDWARD F. SHAM
Chief Accounting Officer
(Principal Accounting Officer)
March 1, 2017
Edward F. Sham
Signature
Title
Date
/S/ LAURENCE A. CHAPMAN
Vice Chairman of the Board
March 1, 2017
Laurence A. Chapman
/S/ KATHLEEN EARLEY
Director
March 1, 2017
Kathleen Earley
/S/ KEVIN J. KENNEDY
Director
March 1, 2017
Kevin J. Kennedy
/S/ WILLIAM G. LAPERCH
Director
March 1, 2017
William G. LaPerch
/S/ AFSHIN MOHEBBI
Director
March 1, 2017
Afshin Mohebbi
/S/ MARK R. PATTERSON
Director
March 1, 2017
Mark R. Patterson
/S/ ROBERT H. ZERBST
Director
March 1, 2017
Robert H. Zerbst
Exhibit Index
Exhibit
Number
Description
2.1
Agreement and Plan of Merger by and among Telx Holdings, Inc., Digital Realty Trust, Inc., Digital Delta, Inc. and BSR LLC, dated as of July 13, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Combined Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on August 6, 2015).
3.1
Articles of Amendment and Restatement of Digital Realty Trust, Inc., as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Combined Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on August 9, 2016).
3.2
Sixth Amended and Restated Bylaws of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-32336) filed on November 15, 2016).
3.3
Certificate of Limited Partnership of Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Digital Realty Trust, L.P.’s General Form for Registration of Securities on Form 10 filed on June 25, 2010 (File No. 000-54023)).
3.4
Fourteenth Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Digital Realty Trust, L.P., as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Combined Current Report on Form 8-K/A of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on October 19, 2015).
4.1
Specimen Certificate for Common Stock for Digital Realty Trust, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s Registration Statement on Form S-11 (Registration No. 333-117865) (File No. 001-32336) filed on October 26, 2004).
4.2
Specimen Certificate for Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s 7.000% Series E Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Digital Realty Trust Inc.’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A (File No. 001-32336) filed on September 12, 2011).
4.3
Specimen Certificate for Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s 6.625% Series F Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Digital Realty Trust Inc.’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A (File No. 001-32336) filed on March 30, 2012).
4.4
Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of October 27, 2004, by and among Digital Realty Trust, Inc., Digital Realty Trust, L.P. and the Unit Holders, as defined therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-32336) filed on December 13, 2004).
4.5
Indenture, dated as of January 28, 2010, among Digital Realty Trust, L.P., as issuer, Digital Realty Trust, Inc., as guarantor, and Wilmington Trust FSB, as trustee, including the form of 5.875% Notes due 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-32336) filed on January 29, 2010).
4.6
Indenture, dated as of March 8, 2011, among Digital Realty Trust, L.P., as issuer, Digital Realty Trust, Inc., as guarantor, and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Combined Current Report on Form 8-K of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on March 8, 2011).
4.7
Supplemental Indenture No. 1, dated as of March 8, 2011, among Digital Realty Trust, L.P., as issuer, Digital Realty Trust, Inc., as guarantor, and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as trustee, including the form of 5.250% Notes due 2021 and the guarantee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Combined Current Report on Form 8-K of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on March 8, 2011).
4.8
Indenture, dated as of September 24, 2012, among Digital Realty Trust, L.P., as issuer, Digital Realty Trust, Inc., as guarantor, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Combined Current Report on Form 8-K of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on September 24, 2012).
Exhibit
Number
Description
4.9
Supplemental Indenture No. 1, dated as of September 24, 2012, among Digital Realty Trust, L.P., as issuer, Digital Realty Trust, Inc., as guarantor, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee, including the form of 3.625% Notes due 2022 and the guarantee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Combined Current Report on Form 8-K of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on September 24, 2012).
4.10
Indenture, dated as of January 18, 2013, among Digital Stout Holding, LLC, Digital Realty Trust, Inc., Digital Realty Trust, L.P., Deutsche Trustee Company Limited, as trustee, Deutsche Bank AG, London Branch, as paying agent and a transfer agent, and Deutsche Bank Luxembourg S.A., as registrar and a transfer agent, including the form of the 4.250% Guaranteed Notes due 2025 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Combined Current Report on Form 8-K of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on January 1, 2013).
4.11
Specimen Certificate for Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s 5.875% Series G Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A (File No. 001-32336) filed on April 4, 2013).
4.12
Specimen Certificate for Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s 7.375% Series H Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A (File No. 001-32336) filed on March 21, 2014).
4.13
Indenture, dated as of April 1, 2014, among Digital Stout Holding, LLC, Digital Realty Trust, Inc., Digital Realty Trust, L.P., Deutsche Trustee Company Limited, as trustee, Deutsche Bank AG, London Branch, as paying agent and a transfer agent, and Deutsche Bank Luxembourg S.A., as registrar and a transfer agent, including the form of the 4.750% Guaranteed Notes due 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Combined Current Report of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. on Form 8-K (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on April 1, 2014).
4.14
Indenture, dated as of June 23, 2015, among Digital Realty Trust, L.P., as issuer, Digital Realty Trust, Inc., as guarantor, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Combined Current Report on Form 8-K of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on June 23, 2015).
4.15
Supplemental Indenture No. 1, dated as of June 23, 2015, among Digital Realty Trust, L.P., as issuer, Digital Realty Trust, Inc., as guarantor, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee, including the form of 3.950% Notes due 2022 and the guarantee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Combined Current Report on Form 8-K of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on June 23, 2015).
4.16
Specimen Certificate for Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s 6.350% Series I Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A (File No. 001-32336) filed on August 21, 2015).
4.17
Indenture, dated as of October 1, 2015, among Digital Delta Holdings, LLC as issuer, Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P., as guarantors, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee, including the form of the Notes and the guarantees (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Combined Current Report on Form 8-K of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on October 2, 2015).
4.18
Registration Rights Agreement, dated October 1, 2015, among Digital Delta Holdings, LLC, Digital Realty Trust, Inc., Digital Realty Trust, L.P. and Citigroup Global Markets Inc., Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated and Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC, as representatives of the several initial purchasers named therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Combined Current Report on Form 8-K of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on October 2, 2015).
4.19
Indenture, dated as of April 15, 2016, among Digital Euro Finco, LLC, Digital Realty Trust, Inc., Digital Realty Trust, L.P., Deutsche Trustee Company Limited, as trustee, Deutsche Bank AG, London Branch, as paying agent and a transfer agent, and Deutsche Bank Luxembourg S.A., as registrar and a transfer agent, including the form of the 2.625% Guaranteed Notes due 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Combined Current Report on Form 8-K of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on April 18, 2016).
Exhibit
Number
Description
10.1†
Form of Indemnification Agreement by and between Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and its directors and officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s Registration Statement on Form S-11 (Registration No. 333-117865) filed on October 13, 2004).
10.2
Contribution Agreement, dated as of July 31, 2004, by and among Digital Realty Trust, L.P., San Francisco Wave eXchange, LLC, Santa Clara Wave eXchange, LLC and eXchange colocation, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s Registration Statement on Form S-11 (Registration No. 333-117865) filed on September 17, 2004).
10.3†
Form of Profits Interest Units Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.44 to Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-32336) filed on December 13, 2004).
10.4†
Form of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. Incentive Stock Option Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.45 to Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-32336) filed on December 13, 2004).
10.5†
Form of Class C Profits Interest Units Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-32336) filed on August 9, 2007).
10.6†
First Amended and Restated Digital Realty Trust, Inc., Digital Services, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. 2004 Incentive Award Plan (incorporated by reference to Appendix A to Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s definitive proxy statement on Schedule 14A (File No. 001-32336) filed on March 30, 2007).
10.7†
Form of 2008 Performance-Based Profits Interest Units Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-32336) filed on May 9, 2008).
10.8†
First Amendment to First Amended and Restated Digital Realty Trust, Inc., Digital Services, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. 2004 Incentive Award Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-32336) filed on May 9, 2008).
10.9†
Second Amendment to First Amended and Restated Digital Realty Trust, Inc., Digital Services, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. 2004 Incentive Award Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-32336) filed on August 6, 2009).
10.10†
Third Amendment to First Amended and Restated Digital Realty Trust, Inc., Digital Services, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. 2004 Incentive Award Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-32336) filed on November 9, 2009).
10.11†
Fourth Amendment to First Amended and Restated Digital Realty Trust, Inc., Digital Services, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. 2004 Incentive Award Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Combined Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on August 7, 2012).
10.12†
Fifth Amendment to First Amended and Restated Digital Realty Trust, Inc., Digital Services, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. 2004 Incentive Award Plan. (incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.46 to the Combined Annual Report on Form 10-K of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on March 2, 2015).
10.13†
Director Compensation Program (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Combined Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on November 9, 2016).
10.14
Amended and Restated Note Purchase and Private Shelf Agreement, dated as of November 3, 2011, among Digital Realty Trust, L.P., Digital Realty Trust, Inc., the subsidiary guarantors named therein, Prudential Investment Management, Inc. and the Prudential Affiliates named therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to the Combined Annual Report on Form 10-K of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on February 27, 2012).
10.15
Amendment No. 1 to the Amended and Restated Note Purchase and Private Shelf Agreement, dated as of August 15, 2013, between Digital Realty Trust, L.P. and Prudential Investment Management, Inc. (incorporated by reference to the Exhibit 10.3 to the Combined Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on November 12, 2013).
Exhibit
Number
Description
10.16
Release of Guarantors, dated as of January 27, 2014 executed by Digital Realty Trust, L.P., Prudential Investment Management, Inc., and the other Purchasers party to the Amended and Restated Note Purchase and Private Shelf Agreement, dated as of November 3, 2011 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.32 to the Combined Annual Report on Form 10-K of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on February 28, 2014).
10.17†
Digital Realty Deferred Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.33 to the Combined Annual Report on Form 10-K of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on February 28, 2014).
10.18†
First Amendment to Digital Realty Deferred Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.45 to the Combined Annual Report on Form 10-K of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on March 2, 2015).
10.19†
Second Amendment to Digital Realty Deferred Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Combined Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on November 6, 2015).
10.20†
Form of Class D Profits Interest Unit Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.34 to the Combined Annual Report on Form 10-K of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on February 28, 2014).
10.21†
Form of Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.35 to the Combined Annual Report on Form 10-K of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on February 28, 2014).
10.22†
Form of Time-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.36 to the Combined Annual Report on Form 10-K of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on February 28, 2014).
10.23†
Form of Time-Based Profits Interest Unit Agreement.
10.24†
Digital Realty Trust, Inc., Digital Services, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. 2014 Incentive Award Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Combined Current Report on Form 10-Q of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on August 7, 2014).
10.25†
First Amendment to Digital Realty Trust, Inc., Digital Services, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. 2014 Incentive Award Plan. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Combined Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on November 7, 2014).
10.26†
Second Amendment to Digital Realty Trust, Inc., Digital Services, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. 2014 Incentive Award Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.44 to the Combined Annual Report on Form 10-K of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on March 2, 2015).
10.27†
Third Amendment to Digital Realty Trust, Inc., Digital Services, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. 2014 Incentive Award Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Combined Annual Report on Form 10-Q of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. filed on November 9, 2016).
10.28†
Employment Agreement among Digital Realty Trust, Inc., DLR, LLC and A. William Stein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Combined Current Report on Form 8-K of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on November 24, 2014).
10.29†
Employment Agreement, dated as of April 16, 2015, by and among Digital Realty Trust, Inc., DLR LLC and Andrew P. Power (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Combined Current Report on Form 8-K of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. filed on April 16, 2015).
Exhibit
Number
Description
10.30†
Employment Agreement, dated as of April 16, 2015, by and among Digital Realty Trust, Inc., DLR LLC and Jarrett B. Appleby (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Combined Current Report on Form 8-K of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on April 16, 2015).
10.31†
Employment Agreement, dated as of November 10, 2015, by and among Digital Realty Trust, Inc., DLR, LLC and Scott E. Peterson (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Combined Current Report on Form 8-K of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on November 16, 2015).
10.32
Release of Guarantors, dated as of April 27, 2015, executed by Digital Realty Trust, L.P., Prudential Investment Management, Inc., and the other Purchasers party to the Amended and Restated Note Purchase and Private Shelf Agreement, dated as of November 3, 2011 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Combined Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on August 6, 2015).
10.33
Release of Guarantors, dated as of June 30, 2015, executed by Digital Realty Trust, L.P., Prudential Investment Management, Inc., and the other Purchasers party to the Amended and Restated Note Purchase and Private Shelf Agreement, dated as of November 3, 2011 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Combined Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. filed on August 6, 2015).
10.34
Joinder to Multiparty Guaranty, dated as of June 30, 2015, executed by the Additional Guarantor listed thereto pursuant to the Amended and Restated Note Purchase and Private Shelf Agreement, dated as of November 3, 2011 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Combined Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on August 6, 2015).
10.35†
Digital Realty Trust, Inc. 2015 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Combined Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on August 6, 2015).
10.36†
First Amendment to Digital Realty Trust, Inc. 2015 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.7 to the Registration Statement on Form S-8 of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on October 7, 2015).
10.37*
Global Senior Credit Agreement, dated as of January 15, 2016, among Digital Realty Trust, L.P. and the other initial borrowers named therein and additional borrowers party thereto, as borrowers, Digital Realty Trust, Inc., as parent guarantor, the subsidiary borrowers and guarantors named therein, Citibank, N.A., as administrative agent, Bank of America, N.A., and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as syndication agents, Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, Citigroup Global Markets Inc. and J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, as joint lead arrangers and joint book running managers, and the other agents and lenders named therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.48 to the Combined Annual Report on Form 10-K of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on February 29, 2016).
10.38*
Term Loan Agreement, dated as of January 15, 2016, among Digital Realty Trust, L.P., and the other initial borrowers named therein and additional borrowers party thereto, as borrowers, and Digital Realty Trust, Inc., as parent guarantor, the additional guarantors party thereto, as additional guarantors, the initial lenders named therein, as the initial lenders, Citibank, N.A., as administrative agent, Bank of America, N.A. and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as syndication agents, and Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated , Citigroup Global Markets Inc., J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, the Bank of Nova Scotia and Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, as joint lead arrangers and joint bookrunners for the 5-year term loan, and Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, Citigroup Global Markets Inc., J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, U.S. Bank National Association and TD Securities (USA) LLC, as joint lead arrangers and joint bookrunners for the 7-year term loan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.49 to the Combined Annual Report on Form 10-K of Digital Realty Trust, Inc. and Digital Realty Trust, L.P. (File Nos. 001-32336 and 000-54023) filed on February 29, 2016).
10.39†
Form of Director Confidentiality Agreement.
12.1
Statement of Computation of Ratios.
21.1
List of Subsidiaries of Digital Realty Trust, Inc.
Exhibit
Number
Description
21.2
List of Subsidiaries of Digital Realty Trust, L.P.
23.1
Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
31.1
Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certifications of Chief Executive Officer for Digital Realty Trust, Inc.
31.2
Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certifications of Chief Financial Officer for Digital Realty Trust, Inc.
31.3
Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certifications of Chief Executive Officer for Digital Realty Trust, L.P.
31.4
Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certifications of Chief Financial Officer for Digital Realty Trust, L.P.
32.1
18 U.S.C. § 1350 Certifications of Chief Executive Officer for Digital Realty Trust, Inc.
32.2
18 U.S.C. § 1350 Certifications of Chief Financial Officer for Digital Realty Trust, Inc.
32.3
18 U.S.C. § 1350 Certifications of Chief Executive Officer for Digital Realty Trust, L.P.
32.4
18 U.S.C. § 1350 Certifications of Chief Financial Officer for Digital Realty Trust, L.P.
The following financial statements from Digital Realty Trust, Inc.’s and Digital Realty Trust, L.P.’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016, formatted in XBRL interactive data files: (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015; (ii) Consolidated Income Statements for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016; (iii) Consolidated Statements of Equity and Comprehensive Income/Statements of Capital and Comprehensive Income for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016; (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016; and (v) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
†
Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
*
Portions of this exhibit have been omitted pursuant to a grant of confidential treatment and have been filed separately with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

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Stock Performance Metrics:
Return: 0.0003703788388520479
1-Day Return: $1_day_return
3-Day Return: $3_day_return
5-Day Return: $5_day_return
10-Day Return: $10_day_return
20-Day Return: $20_day_return
40-Day Return: $40_day_return
60-Day Return: $60_day_return
80-Day Return: $80_day_return
100-Day Return: $100_day_return
150-Day Return: $150_day_return
252-Day Return: $252_day_return