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[ "Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen" ]

[ { "id": "628725", "title": "Nobel Prize in Physics", "text": "receive a diploma, a medal and a document confirming the prize amount. Nobel Prize in Physics The Nobel Prize in Physics () is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions for mankind in the field of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901; the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. The first Nobel Prize in Physics was", "score": "1.6234328", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 0, "isgold": false }, { "id": "4107064", "title": "Norwegian Americans", "text": "science, Ernest Lawrence won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1939. Lars Onsager won the 1968 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Norman Borlaug, father of the Green Revolution, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970. Christian B. Anfinsen won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1972. Ivar Giaever won the Nobel Prize in Physics 1973. Carl Richard Hagen is noted for his work in physics. In engineering, Clayton Jacobson II is credited with the invention of the modern personal watercraft. Ole Singstad was a pioneer of underwater tunnels. Ole Evinrude invented the first outboard motor with practical commercial application, recognizable today", "score": "1.6037977", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 1, "isgold": false }, { "id": "628713", "title": "Nobel Prize in Physics", "text": "Nobel Prize in Physics The Nobel Prize in Physics () is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions for mankind in the field of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901; the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to physicist Wilhelm Röntgen in recognition of the extraordinary services he", "score": "1.5958772", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 2, "isgold": false }, { "id": "2112526", "title": "École normale supérieure (Paris)", "text": "was also awarded the Abel prize. In addition, eight \"normaliens\" have gone on to receive the Nobel Prize in Physics: Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, Albert Fert, Alfred Kastler, Gabriel Lippmann, Louis Néel, Jean Baptiste Perrin and Serge Haroche, while other ENS physicists include such major figures as Paul Langevin, famous for developing Langevin dynamics and the Langevin equation. Alumnus Paul Sabatier won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. A ranking of universities worldwide based on ratios of alumni to Nobel prize-winners published in 2016 by American scholars Stephen Hsu and Jonathan Wai placed ENS as the first university worldwide, far", "score": "1.5804691", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 3, "isgold": false }, { "id": "628714", "title": "Nobel Prize in Physics", "text": "rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays (or x-rays). This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and widely regarded as the most prestigious award that a scientist can receive in physics. It is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death. Through 2018, a total of 209 individuals have been awarded the prize. Only three women (1.4% of laureates) have won the Nobel Prize in Physics: Marie Curie in 1903, Maria Goeppert Mayer in 1963, and Donna Strickland in 2018. Alfred Nobel, in his last will and testament, stated that his", "score": "1.5673295", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 4, "isgold": false }, { "id": "3549152", "title": "E. C. George Sudarshan", "text": "had developed the breakthrough. In 2007, Sudarshan told the \"Hindustan Times\", \"The 2005 Nobel prize for Physics was awarded for my work, but I wasn't the one to get it. Each one of the discoveries that this Nobel was given for work based on my research.\" Sudarshan also commented on not being selected for the 1979 Nobel, \"Steven Weinberg, Sheldon Glashow and Abdus Salam built on work I had done as a 26-year-old student. If you give a prize for a building, shouldn’t the fellow who built the first floor be given the prize before those who built the second", "score": "1.5553916", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 5, "isgold": false }, { "id": "471045", "title": "Svante Arrhenius", "text": "Wilhelm Ostwald, Theodore Richards) and to attempt to deny them to his enemies (Paul Ehrlich, Walther Nernst, Dmitri Mendeleev). In 1901 Arrhenius was elected to the Swedish Academy of Sciences, against strong opposition. In 1903 he became the first Swede to be awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry. In 1905, upon the founding of the Nobel Institute for Physical Research at Stockholm, he was appointed rector of the institute, the position where he remained until retirement in 1927. He was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1910. In 1911 he won the first Willard Gibbs Award.", "score": "1.5523762", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 6, "isgold": false }, { "id": "359734", "title": "Scientist", "text": "and pursued through a unique method, was essentially in place. Ramón y Cajal won the Nobel Prize in 1906 for his remarkable observations in neuroanatomy. Marie Curie became the first female to win the Nobel Prize and the first person to win it twice. Her efforts led to the development of nuclear energy and Radio therapy for the treatment of cancer. In 1922, she was appointed a member of the International Commission on Intellectual Co-operation by the Council of the League of Nations. She campaigned for scientist's right to patent their discoveries and inventions. She also campaigned for free access", "score": "1.5481238", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 7, "isgold": false }, { "id": "14087661", "title": "Nobel Prize in Chemistry", "text": "on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death. The first Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in 1901 to Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, of the Netherlands, \"for his discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions.\" From 1901 to 2018, the award has been bestowed on a total of 180 individuals. Alfred Nobel stipulated in his last will and testament that his money be used to create a series of prizes for those who confer the \"greatest benefit on mankind\" in physics, chemistry, peace, physiology or medicine, and literature. Though Nobel wrote several wills during", "score": "1.5469623", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 8, "isgold": false }, { "id": "284495", "title": "Nobel Prize", "text": "His son, George Paget Thomson, received the same prize in 1937 for showing that they also have the properties of waves. William Henry Bragg and his son, William Lawrence Bragg, shared the Physics Prize in 1915 for inventing the X-ray spectrometer. Niels Bohr was awarded the Physics prize in 1922, as was his son, Aage Bohr, in 1975. Manne Siegbahn, who received the Physics Prize in 1924, was the father of Kai Siegbahn, who received the Physics Prize in 1981. Hans von Euler-Chelpin, who received the Chemistry Prize in 1929, was the father of Ulf von Euler, who was awarded", "score": "1.5466753", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 9, "isgold": false }, { "id": "1960629", "title": "C. V. Raman", "text": "of winning the Nobel Prize in Physics as well but was disappointed when the Nobel Prize went to Owen Richardson in 1928 and to Louis de Broglie in 1929. He was so confident of winning the prize in 1930 that he booked tickets in July, even though the awards were to be announced in November, and would scan each day's newspaper for announcement of the prize, tossing it away if it did not carry the news. He did eventually win the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics \"for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the", "score": "1.5402515", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 10, "isgold": false }, { "id": "284453", "title": "Nobel Prize", "text": "A group including 42 Swedish writers, artists, and literary critics protested against this decision, having expected Leo Tolstoy to be awarded. Some, including Burton Feldman, have criticised this prize because they consider Prudhomme a mediocre poet. Feldman's explanation is that most of the Academy members preferred Victorian literature and thus selected a Victorian poet. The first Physiology or Medicine Prize went to the German physiologist and microbiologist Emil von Behring. During the 1890s, von Behring developed an antitoxin to treat diphtheria, which until then was causing thousands of deaths each year. The first Nobel Peace Prize went to the Swiss", "score": "1.536334", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 11, "isgold": false }, { "id": "602326", "title": "Sussex", "text": "in 1929 with Christiaan Eijkman, for discovering the growth-stimulating vitamins. Martin Ryle shared the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1974 with Cornishman Antony Hewish, the first Nobel prize awarded in recognition of astronomical research. While working at the University of Sussex, Harold Kroto won the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Richard Smalley and Robert Curl from Rice University in the USA for the discovery of fullerenes. David Mumford is a mathematician known for distinguished work in algebraic geometry and then for research into vision and pattern theory. He won the International Mathematical Union's Fields Medal in 1974 and in", "score": "1.5305964", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 12, "isgold": false }, { "id": "628717", "title": "Nobel Prize in Physics", "text": "be awarded. In 1900, the Nobel Foundation's newly created statutes were promulgated by King Oscar II. According to Nobel's will, The Royal Swedish Academy of sciences were to award the Prize in Physics. A maximum of three Nobel laureates and two different works may be selected for the Nobel Prize in Physics. Compared with other Nobel Prizes, the nomination and selection process for the prize in Physics is long and rigorous. This is a key reason why it has grown in importance over the years to become the most important prize in Physics. The Nobel laureates are selected by the", "score": "1.5304587", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 13, "isgold": false }, { "id": null, "title": "List of Nobel laureates in Physics", "text": "The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded in 1901 to Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, of Germany, who received 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. John Bardeen is the only laureate to win the prize twice—in 1956 and 1972. Maria Skłodowska-Curie also won two Nobel Prizes, for physics in 1903 and chemistry in 1911. William Lawrence Bragg was, until October 2014, the youngest ever Nobel laureate; he won the prize in 1915 at the age of 25. Two women have won the prize: Curie and Maria Goeppert-Mayer (1963). As of 2017, the prize has been awarded", "score": null, "hasanswer": true, "original_retrieval_index": null, "isgold": true }, { "id": "628722", "title": "Nobel Prize in Physics", "text": "death (1833–1896). Nobel's portrait also appears on the obverse of the Nobel Peace Prize medal and the Medal for the Prize in Economics, but with a slightly different design. The image on the reverse of a medal varies according to the institution awarding the prize. The reverse sides of the Nobel Prize medals for Chemistry and Physics share the same design of Nature, as a Goddess, whose veil is held up by the Genius of Science. These medals and the ones for Physiology/Medicine and Literature were designed by Erik Lindberg in 1902. Nobel laureates receive a diploma directly from the", "score": "1.5299162", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 14, "isgold": false }, { "id": "628721", "title": "Nobel Prize in Physics", "text": "a prize, as the discoverers die by the time the impact of their work is appreciated. A Physics Nobel Prize laureate earns a gold medal, a diploma bearing a citation, and a sum of money. The Nobel Prize medals, minted by Myntverket in Sweden and the Mint of Norway since 1902, are registered trademarks of the Nobel Foundation. Each medal has an image of Alfred Nobel in left profile on the obverse. The Nobel Prize medals for Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature have identical obverses, showing the image of Alfred Nobel and the years of his birth and", "score": "1.5291939", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 15, "isgold": false }, { "id": "507141", "title": "Ernest Lawrence", "text": "National Laboratory's Cosmotron had generated a 1 GeV beam. In addition to the Nobel Prize, Lawrence received the Elliott Cresson Medal and the Hughes Medal in 1937, the Comstock Prize in Physics in 1938, the Duddell Medal and Prize in 1940, the Holley Medal in 1942, the Medal for Merit in 1946, the William Procter Prize in 1951, Faraday Medal in 1952, and the Enrico Fermi Award from the Atomic Energy Commission in 1957. He was made an Officer of the Legion d'Honneur in 1948, and was the first recipient of the Sylvanus Thayer Award by the US Military Academy", "score": "1.5274912", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 16, "isgold": false }, { "id": "8111043", "title": "First Step to Nobel Prize in Physics", "text": "the winner was an American student. In 2009, the prize went to Mor Tzaban, a high school student from Netivot, Israel. In 2012, the first prize winner was another Israeli teenager, Yuval Katzenelson of Kiryat Gat, who presented a paper entitled \"Kinetic energy of inert gas in a regenerative system of activated carbon.\" The Israeli delegation won 14 more prizes in the competition: 9 Israelis students won second prize, one won third prize and one won fourth prize. First Step to Nobel Prize in Physics The First Step to Nobel Prize in Physics is an annual international competition in research", "score": "1.5272348", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 17, "isgold": false }, { "id": "592283", "title": "St John's College, Cambridge", "text": "Nobel Prize winners: Sir Edward Appleton, for discovering the Appleton layer, Sir John Cockcroft KCB, physicist who first split the atom, Allan Cormack, for the invention of the CAT scan, Paul Dirac, one of the founders of quantum mechanics, Sir Nevill Francis Mott, for work on the behaviour of electrons in magnetic solids, Abdus Salam, for unifying the electromagnetic force and the weak force, Frederick Sanger, molecular biologist, Maurice Wilkins, awarded Nobel prize for Medicine or Physiology with Watson and Crick for discovering the structure of DNA, and Eric Maskin (visiting & honorary fellow), awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in", "score": "1.5256275", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 18, "isgold": false } ]

[ "May 18, 2018" ]

[ { "id": "16652154", "title": "Deadpool (video game)", "text": "2015 in North America and Australia, and November 20, 2015 in the United Kingdom. It is unknown how Activision reacquired the rights to publish \"Deadpool: The Video Game\", but it is believed that the re-release was timed to help promote the then-upcoming Deadpool feature film, released roughly three months after the next-gen version of the game. High Moon Studios showed an early demo of the video game to journalists at Gamescom 2012, where the game earned a nomination for Best of Show. Several sites wrote positive impression of the demo that was shown at Gamescom and the Electronic Entertainment Expo", "score": "1.680884", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 0, "isgold": false }, { "id": "18286027", "title": "Deadpool (film)", "text": "footage was leaked online in July 2014, and was met with an overwhelmingly enthusiastic response. That September, Fox gave \"Deadpool\" a release date of February 12, 2016. Production was set to begin in March 2015, with Simon Kinberg joining as producer. Reynolds attributed Fox's green-lighting of the film entirely to the leak. He, Miller and the writers had previously discussed leaking the footage themselves, and Reynolds initially thought that Miller had done so. He later believed the leak came from someone at Fox. In exchange for being able to make the film the way they wanted, Fox gave the crew", "score": "1.6732361", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 2, "isgold": false }, { "id": "18286012", "title": "Deadpool (film)", "text": "May of that year. Several vendors provided visual effects for the film, ranging from the addition of blood and gore to the creation of the CG character Colossus. \"Deadpool\" was released in the United States on February 12, 2016, after an unconventional marketing campaign. The film achieved both financial and critical success. It earned over $783 million against a $58 million budget, breaking numerous records: it became the highest-grossing R-rated film, the highest-grossing \"X-Men\" film, and the ninth-highest-grossing 2016 film. Critics praised Reynolds' performance, the film's style and faithfulness to the comics, and its action sequences. Some detractors criticized the", "score": "1.6697204", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 3, "isgold": false }, { "id": "13479582", "title": "Paul Wernick", "text": "Tim Miller. The R-rated film was released on February 12, 2016. Its opening weekend was the highest grossing of all time for R-Rated films, and it went on to gross more than $780 million worldwide. The team's next project, sci-fi thriller \"Life\", was released in March 2017. The film was directed by Daniel Espinosa, produced by Skydance, and through Sony Pictures, with Ryan Reynolds, Jake Gyllenhaal, and Rebecca Ferguson starring. They wrote \"Deadpool 2\" in 2018, which like its predecessor was released to positive reviews. Wernick and Reese were announced as the co-screenwriters of the feature film adaptation of \"Cowboy", "score": "1.6621784", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 4, "isgold": false }, { "id": "18960896", "title": "Deadpool 2", "text": "film, explaining its general plot, was released at the end of March. \"Forbes\" contributor Scott Mendelson called it \"pretty funny and mostly entertaining\", but was disappointed in it being a \"conventional\" trailer compared to the more out-there videos previously released for the film. He explained that he thought the first film \"had a winning lead character and fine character-centric jokes, but a pretty generic origin story plot that eventually became the thing it was critiquing\", and was concerned that the sequel would turn out to be \"a more standard 'superhero sequel' sell\". Mendelson also noted the inclusion of T.J. Miller", "score": "1.6511292", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 5, "isgold": false }, { "id": "18960902", "title": "Deadpool 2", "text": "at the convention moderated by Soni and featuring other cast members. Some of the scenes cut from the theatrical version of the film were debuted at the panel. At the end of September 2018, Fox announced that it would release an untitled \"Deadpool\" film in theaters on December 21. The studio suggested that press and fans \"guess away\" as to what this new film would be, but it was believed to be a re-cut version of \"Deadpool 2\" that would carry a PG-13 rating rather than being R-rated like the initial theatrical release. Reynolds hinted that the version of the", "score": "1.6448495", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 6, "isgold": false }, { "id": "18803805", "title": "The New Mutants (film)", "text": "Bear would not be the main antagonist of the film, just that it was \"very much inspired\" by the run of the \"New Mutants\" comics in which Demon Bear was featured as the main villain. In January 2018, the film's release date was pushed back to February 22, 2019, which allowed it to avoid \"Deadpool 2\", which also had its release changed at that time to a date that would have had both films in theaters at the same time in certain markets, while also allowing time for the reshoots required to make the film more frightening. When asked about", "score": "1.6286728", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 7, "isgold": false }, { "id": "18286084", "title": "Deadpool (film)", "text": "said that the company would be willing to make future R-rated Marvel films like \"Deadpool\", potentially under a \"Marvel-R\" brand, \"as long as we let the audiences know what's coming\". Before \"Deadpool\"s release, Fox green-lit a sequel with Reese and Wernick returning to write the screenplay. The involvement of Reynolds and Tim Miller was confirmed at the 2016 CinemaCon in April, but at the end of October, Miller left the film over \"mutual creative differences\" with Reynolds. The next month, David Leitch signed on to replace Miller for the sequel. Leitch first made a short film, \"No Good Deed\", which", "score": "1.6174241", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 8, "isgold": false }, { "id": "18286058", "title": "Deadpool (film)", "text": "Screen Rant called it possibly \"the best film marketing campaign in the history of cinema\". HostGator's Jeremy Jensen attributed the campaign's success to Reynolds, and to Fox for embracing the film's R rating. \"Deadpool\"s world premiere was held at the Grand Rex in Paris on February 8, 2016, before its initial theatrical release in Hong Kong the next day. This was followed by releases in 49 other markets over the next few days, including the United States on February 12. The movie was released in several formats, including IMAX, DLP, premium large formats, and D-Box. Kinberg explained that unlike the", "score": "1.6149251", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 10, "isgold": false }, { "id": "18960837", "title": "Deadpool 2", "text": "Deadpool 2 Deadpool 2 is a 2018 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Deadpool, distributed by 20th Century Fox. It is the eleventh installment in the \"X-Men\" film series, and a direct sequel to the 2016 film \"Deadpool\". The film is directed by David Leitch from a script by Rhett Reese, Paul Wernick, and Ryan Reynolds, with Reynolds starring in the title role alongside Josh Brolin, Morena Baccarin, Julian Dennison, Zazie Beetz, T.J. Miller, Brianna Hildebrand, and Jack Kesy. In the film, Deadpool forms the team X-Force to protect a young mutant from the time-traveling soldier Cable.", "score": "1.6021044", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 11, "isgold": false }, { "id": "18286086", "title": "Deadpool (film)", "text": "of 21st Century Fox by Disney was announced in December 2017, Bob Iger said that Deadpool would be integrated with the Marvel Cinematic Universe under Disney. Deadpool (film) Deadpool is a 2016 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name, distributed by 20th Century Fox. It is the eighth installment of the \"X-Men\" film series and the first standalone \"Deadpool\" film. Directed by Tim Miller from a screenplay by Rhett Reese and Paul Wernick, the film stars Ryan Reynolds as Wade Wilson / Deadpool alongside Morena Baccarin, Ed Skrein, T. J. Miller, Gina Carano and", "score": "1.5975313", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 12, "isgold": false }, { "id": "18960867", "title": "Deadpool 2", "text": "Thanos, in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Also in April, Leslie Uggams confirmed that she would be reprising her role of Blind Al from the first film, while Fox gave the sequel a June 1, 2018 release date. Noting the release date, Leitch wanted to ensure that the film \"was worthy of a summer tentpole movie, and we knew we were going to be wedged in between some big films\", specifically wanting to expand the action and make the general feeling of the film \"bigger\" than the first one. However, he wanted the film to have the same DNA as the", "score": "1.5950207", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 13, "isgold": false }, { "id": "18286067", "title": "Deadpool (film)", "text": "1 film in all markets where it was released over the weekend, except Poland and Malaysia where it was No. 2 behind local films \"Planet Single\" and \"The Mermaid\", respectively. The film broke the record for biggest opening weekend in Russia and Thailand, and set records for biggest R-rated film and February opening weekends in several other markets. It remained No. 1 for the international box office in its second weekend, making an additional $84.7 million from 77 markets. The film made No. 1 debuts in 17 new countries, including Korea, Spain, and Italy, and maintained its No. 1 position", "score": "1.594715", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 14, "isgold": false }, { "id": "16652139", "title": "Deadpool (video game)", "text": "digital storefronts on January 1, 2016. As of July 15, 2016 the game was made available to purchase again on Steam as well as PlayStation Store's DLC but only in the US markets. The game was re-released on November 18, 2015 on PlayStation 4 and Xbox One to coincide with the 2016 film of the same name. On November 16, 2017, the game was once again removed from digital storefronts due to licensing issues. \"Deadpool\" is an action beat 'em up video game, with new combos becoming available to Deadpool as he progresses. The game, which is rated \"mature\", frequently", "score": "1.5936716", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 15, "isgold": false }, { "id": null, "title": "Deadpool 2", "text": "Deadpool 2 is scheduled to be released in the United States on May 18, 2018. A sequel, Deadpool 3, is in development.", "score": null, "hasanswer": true, "original_retrieval_index": null, "isgold": true }, { "id": "18286060", "title": "Deadpool (film)", "text": "being blocked in China during this initial release, \"Deadpool\" eventually premiered in the country during the 2018 Beijing International Film Festival, which ran over a week from April 15–22. The original version of the film played at the festival without any edits being made specifically for Chinese censors. \"Deadpool\" was released for digital download on April 26, 2016, moved up from the physical home media release, which came on May 10. The latter release, for Blu-ray and DVD, included behind-the-scenes featurettes, deleted scenes, a blooper reel, and two audio commentaries: one by Tim Miller and Deadpool co-creator Rob Liefeld, and", "score": "1.592803", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 16, "isgold": false }, { "id": "18960838", "title": "Deadpool 2", "text": "Plans for a sequel to \"Deadpool\" began before that film's release, and were confirmed in February 2016. Though the original creative team of Reynolds, Reese, Wernick, and director Tim Miller were quickly set to return for the second film, Miller left the project in October 2016 due to creative differences with Reynolds and was soon replaced by Leitch. An extensive casting search took place to fill the role of Cable, with Brolin ultimately cast. Filming took place in British Columbia, Canada, from June to October 2017. During filming, stunt woman Joi \"SJ\" Harris died in a motorcycle accident; the film", "score": "1.5918823", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 17, "isgold": false }, { "id": "18286066", "title": "Deadpool (film)", "text": "France, and Australia on its first day, February 9, where it was the No. 1 film and broke several records. The film also opened well in Asian countries, notably Taiwan—where Reynolds had traveled for promotion and made the \"central hub\" of South East Asia for the film—and Hong Kong, where the film had the biggest Chinese New Year single day ever. It went on to gross $132.2 million for its international opening weekend, which included $9 million from IMAX showings breaking opening weekend records for February releases and R-rated films in that format in several markets. It was the No.", "score": "1.5834084", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 18, "isgold": false }, { "id": "18960916", "title": "Deadpool 2", "text": "then [\"Deadpool 3\" is] where we're contracting and staying personal and small.\" After the proposed acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney was announced in December 2017, Disney CEO Bob Iger said that Deadpool would be integrated with the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) under Disney, and that the company would be willing to make future R-rated Deadpool films \"as long as we let the audiences know what's coming\". In May 2018, Reynolds stated that a third Deadpool film may not be made given the franchise's shift of focus to X-Force, though Reese and Wernick felt a third film would \"absolutely\"", "score": "1.5794628", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 19, "isgold": false }, { "id": "18634538", "title": "Tim Miller (director)", "text": "his directorial debut, and was written by Rhett Reese and Paul Wernick, with Ryan Reynolds starring in the title role. Filming began late March 2015 in Vancouver, and the film was released on February 12, 2016. Miller was set to direct the sequel, \"Deadpool 2\", released in 2018, but he departed the project due to creative differences with star Reynolds. By October 2016, he had been hired to serve as executive producer for Sony Pictures' planned Sonic the Hedgehog feature film. In mid-2017, Miller was hired to direct an adaptation of William Gibson's 1984 science-fiction novel \"Neuromancer\" for Fox, which", "score": "1.5784162", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 20, "isgold": false } ]

[ "till September" ]

[ { "id": "283806", "title": "Geography of Nigeria", "text": "south atlantic ocean, locally known as the south western wind, or by its main name, The Tropical Maritime (MT) airmass. These two major wind systems in Nigeria are known as the trade winds. The tropical maritime airmass (MT) is responsible for Nigeria's rainy season. This wind (the tropical maritime airmass) invades the country from February in the southern part of Nigeria while it takes longer for the wind to fully cover the whole of the country, reaching the northern part of Nigeria in June. Its invasion is as a result of the northward retreat, of the tropical continental airmass (CT)", "score": "1.7124131", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 0, "isgold": false }, { "id": "283809", "title": "Geography of Nigeria", "text": "of low pressure to develop over west Africa and Nigeria (between March to May). The Tropical continental airmass (CT) from the Sahara Desert in the northern part of West Africa, is weakened due to the overheating of the land surface in west Africa and Nigeria at this time. The Tropical continental airmass (CT) begins to retreat northwards to the Sahara Desert due to massive heating of the land which transfers heat in the form of convection into the Tropical continental airmass (CT) which constitutes the main layer of air above the land. This transfer of heat in the Tropical continental", "score": "1.6039791", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 1, "isgold": false }, { "id": "283810", "title": "Geography of Nigeria", "text": "airmass (CT) in turn, causes the wind to expand and become lighter as this is the normal behaviour for winds moving above intensely heated grounds. The Tropical continental airmass (CT) loses its strength as a major airmass in the region of west Africa and over Nigeria at this time (around February in the southern part of Nigeria to June in northern Nigeria) and begins to retreat coupled with the rising of air in form of convection within this airmass (Tropical continental airmass (CT)), further weakening the dominance of the wind over west Africa and Nigeria. The Tropical continental airmass (CT)", "score": "1.5820746", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 2, "isgold": false }, { "id": "283814", "title": "Geography of Nigeria", "text": "northern end is south of the 15 degrees line at about 14 degrees. Nigeria's location in the wetter part of the easterly waves south of the 15 degree line creates wetter climatic conditions for Nigeria especially during the monsoons. The Tropical Continental Airmass (CT) locally known as the harmattan, is a wind originating from North Africa which crosses the Sahara Desert into west Africa to Nigeria. This airmass dominates Nigeria's climate during the dry season from December to March. The Tropical continental airmass is dusty and creates a haze within the atmosphere of west Africa and Nigeria when it predominates.", "score": "1.5722123", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 3, "isgold": false }, { "id": "5683497", "title": "Awka", "text": "dry winds from across the Sahara desert. The monsoon winds from the Atlantic creates six months of heavy tropical rains, which occur between April and July, followed by a short dry period in August lasting two to three weeks with the rain resuming in September and October. This is followed by five months of dryness (November - March) marked by a Harmattan wind, also known as Ugulu in Igbo, which is a particularly dry and dusty wind which enters Nigeria in late December or in the early part of January and is characterized by a grey haze limiting visibility and", "score": "1.545485", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 4, "isgold": false }, { "id": "283812", "title": "Geography of Nigeria", "text": "experiences inward blowing winds because winds are moving air blowing outwards from regions of high pressure to regions of low pressure. The Tropical Maritime Airmass is a warm humid and unstable trade wind due to its warmth. Convectional currents are easily set up within the airmass whenever there is little instability in the airmass as a result of a slight to a very high orographic uplift in mountainous regions like the obudu plateau or the heating of the land which can trigger the formation of cumulonimbus cloud leading to thunderstorms within the airmass. During the dominance of the Tropical Maritime", "score": "1.5349245", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 5, "isgold": false }, { "id": "283811", "title": "Geography of Nigeria", "text": "finally retreats from most part of Nigeria, and the West African atmosphere around April to May, leaving an empty atmosphere over Nigeria. The sun's rays enters into the atmosphere of Nigeria more intense than it does during the presence of the Tropical continental airmass, which contained dust (in form of haze) that reduced the intensity of the sun. The overheating of the west Africa land mass and Nigeria in particular creates a low pressure region over west Africa and Nigeria. This low pressure zone attracts the Tropical Maritime Airmass (MT) from the south Atlantic Ocean since areas of low pressures", "score": "1.5310569", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 6, "isgold": false }, { "id": "2412318", "title": "Western Asia", "text": "two wind phenomena in Western Asia: the \"sharqi\" and the \"shamal\". The \"sharqi\" (or \"sharki\") is a wind that comes from the south and southeast. It is seasonal, lasting from April to early June, and comes again between late September and November. The winds are dry and dusty, with occasional gusts up to 80 kilometres per hour (50 miles per hour) and often kick up violent sand and dust storms that can carry sand a few thousand meters high, and can close down airports for short periods of time. These winds can last for a full day at the beginning", "score": "1.5240965", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 7, "isgold": false }, { "id": "16885747", "title": "Onikwu", "text": "The dry season is accompanied by a dust laden airmass from the Sahara Desert, locally known as Harmattan, or by its main name, The Tropical Continental (CT) airmass, while the rainy season is heavily influenced by an airmass originating from the south Atlantic Ocean, locally known as the south west wind, or by its main name, The Tropical Maritime (MT) airmass. These two major wind systems in Nigeria are known as the trade winds. The region Onikwu/Ndoni is flood prone communities, this is because the inland part of Rivers state consists of tropical rainforest; towards the coast the typical Niger", "score": "1.5214648", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 8, "isgold": false }, { "id": "6805358", "title": "Berg wind", "text": "on the west coast, or even on the Namibian coast. They are then always propagated counter-clockwise along South Africa's coastline at between 30–60 km/h, from the west coast southwards to the Cape Peninsula and then eastward along the south coast, and finally north-eastward along the KwaZulu-Natal coastline, to finally dissipate north of Durban, due to the divergence of the coastline from the plateau which disappears altogether in the vicinity of the Limpopo valley. There is always a hot off-shore berg wind ahead of a coastal low, which can blow for several days or for only for a few hours. This", "score": "1.5167285", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 9, "isgold": false }, { "id": "283808", "title": "Geography of Nigeria", "text": "West Africa comes directly under the sun at this time. The sun is overhead throughout west Africa and over Nigeria during this period of the sun's northward migration to the tropic of cancer in the northern hemisphere. The whole of West Africa is heated intensely as result of the increased insolation received from the sun being overhead over west Africa. Temperatures can climb as high as over west Africa during this time. Temperatures in the northern part of Nigeria can go as high as in cities like Maiduguri. The high temperatures coupled with an increase in insolation causes a region", "score": "1.5120928", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 10, "isgold": false }, { "id": "7794413", "title": "African easterly jet", "text": "African easterly jet The African easterly jet is a region of the lower troposphere over West Africa where the seasonal mean wind speed is at a maximum and the wind is easterly. The temperature contrast between the Sahara Desert and the Gulf of Guinea causes the jet to form to the north of the monsoon trough. The jet's maximum wind speeds are at a height of . The jet moves northward from its south-most location in January, reaching its most northerly latitude in August. Its strongest winds are in September while it begins shifting back towards the equator. Within the", "score": "1.5047475", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 11, "isgold": false }, { "id": "283813", "title": "Geography of Nigeria", "text": "Airmass (MT) in the rainy season of Nigeria, mornings are bright and sunny, the sun's heating of the land in the mornings and afternoons sets up convectional currents, these currents rise vertically and cumulonimbus clouds are formed, by afternoons to evenings, torrential downpour follows. The Easterly wave or the African easterly waves is another major contributor of rainfall during the summer monsoons months of May to September in Nigeria. The nature of this waves changes at about the 15 degrees line. The waves that pass south of this line carry moisture and create convection that leads to rain clouds. Nigeria's", "score": "1.5008671", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 12, "isgold": false }, { "id": "7794415", "title": "African easterly jet", "text": "winds within the jet increase to . By June, it shifts northward into northwest Africa. From June into October, the thermal low over northern Africa leads to a low-level westerly jet stream to the south of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. The mid-level African easterly jet develops because heating of the West African land mass during this time of year creates a surface temperature and moisture gradient between the Gulf of Guinea and the Sahara Desert. The atmosphere responds by generating vertical wind shear to maintain thermal wind balance. The jet reaches its zenith in August, lying between the 16th and", "score": "1.4780998", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 14, "isgold": false }, { "id": null, "title": "Geography of Nigeria", "text": "With the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) swinging northward over West Africa from the Southern Hemisphere in April, heavy showers coming from pre-monsoonal convective clouds mainly in the form of squall lines also known as the north easterlies formed mainly as a result of the interactions of the two dominant airmasses in Nigeria known as the Maritime tropical(south westerlies) and the Continental tropical(north easterlies), begins in central Nigeria while the Monsoons from the south atlantic ocean arrives in central Nigeria in July bringing with it high humidity, heavy cloud cover and heavy rainfall which can be daily occurrence lasting till September when the monsoons gradually begin retreating southward to the southern part of Nigeria.", "score": null, "hasanswer": true, "original_retrieval_index": null, "isgold": true }, { "id": "7794417", "title": "African easterly jet", "text": "tropical cyclones after they move from west Africa into the tropical Atlantic, mainly during August and September. When the jet is south of normal during the peak months of the Atlantic hurricane season, tropical cyclone formation is suppressed. African easterly jet The African easterly jet is a region of the lower troposphere over West Africa where the seasonal mean wind speed is at a maximum and the wind is easterly. The temperature contrast between the Sahara Desert and the Gulf of Guinea causes the jet to form to the north of the monsoon trough. The jet's maximum wind speeds are", "score": "1.4751327", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 15, "isgold": false }, { "id": "14117048", "title": "1983–84 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season", "text": "km/h (60 mph) on February 13 while passing near Europa Island. After executing a small loop, Imboa turned toward the southeastern African coastline and approached the eastern coasts of Mozambique and South Africa as a weakened system. A ridge caused the storm to turn to the east and northeast, dissipating on February 19. Early in its duration, Imboa produced winds of at Maintirano while passing off the west coast of Madagascar. While offshore South Africa, Imboa dropped heavy rainfall along the coast just weeks after Domoina flooded the region, reaching over in some locations. The rains caused flooding along the", "score": "1.4660437", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 16, "isgold": false }, { "id": "283807", "title": "Geography of Nigeria", "text": "known as the harmattan. The northward retreat of the tropical continental airmass (CT), is caused by the sun's northward shift from the tropic of capricorn in the southern hemisphere to the tropic of cancer in the northern hemisphere. This shift begins from February and ends in June, when the sun is fully overhead, at the tropic of cancer in the northern hemisphere. During this northward migration of the sun as a result of the earth tilting along its axis, the sun crosses the equator (around March), moving over west Africa at this time on its journey to the northern hemisphere.", "score": "1.4642193", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 17, "isgold": false }, { "id": "19261705", "title": "Westerly wind burst", "text": "the development of Cyclone Kesiny in the south-west Indian Ocean and a storm that struck Oman, and later spawned a deep depression that struck Myanmar and Tropical Storm Errol to the southwest of Indonesia. Westerly wind burst A westerly wind burst is a phenomenon commonly associated with El Niño events whereby the typical east-to-west trade winds across the equatorial Pacific shift to west-to-east. A westerly wind burst is defined by Harrison and Vecchi (1997) as sustained winds of over a period of 5–20 days. However, no concrete definition has been determined, with Tziperman and Yu (2007) defining them as having", "score": "1.4591459", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 18, "isgold": false }, { "id": "3756358", "title": "Harmattan", "text": "Harmattan The Harmattan is a season in the West African subcontinent, which occurs between the end of November and the middle of March. It is characterized by the dry and dusty northeasterly trade wind, of the same name, which blows from the Sahara Desert over West Africa into the Gulf of Guinea. The name is related to the word \"haramata\" in the Twi language. The temperature is cold in most places, but can also be hot in certain places, depending on local circumstances. The Harmattan blows during the dry season, which occurs during the lowest-sun months. In this season the", "score": "1.455359", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 19, "isgold": false } ]

[ "hit points or health points" ]

[ { "id": "13284088", "title": "Order of War", "text": "Order of War Order of War is a World War II Strategy video game developed by Wargaming.net and published by Square Enix. It was released on September 22, 2009. In the summer of 1944, World War II entered its end-game when the Allies launched two major operations that would drive back German forces on both the Western and Eastern Fronts at once. Order of War contains two campaigns, one American and one German. Order of War allows players to lead American forces to victory in the west and also places players in command of the German forces charged with repelling", "score": "1.363863", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 0, "isgold": false }, { "id": "4045297", "title": "Dark Ages (1999 video game)", "text": "boost stats so they can learn skills with the fewest points actually spent possible, enabling the excess points to be spent in CON or WIS, allowing the character to enjoy a greatly improved HP or MP pool and regeneration while leveling. HP and MP are the standards hit point and magic points. HP is reduced from receiving damage in combat from enemies, and if it is reduced to 0 results in the death of the character except under special circumstances. If a character is a member of a party, instead of immediate death the character is in a swooning state", "score": "1.3113221", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 1, "isgold": false }, { "id": "2104361", "title": "Hume's principle", "text": "Hume's principle Hume's principle or HP—the terms were coined by George Boolos—says that the number of \"F\"s is equal to the number of \"G\"s if and only if there is a one-to-one correspondence (a bijection) between the \"F\"s and the \"G\"s. HP can be stated formally in systems of second-order logic. Hume's principle is named for the Scottish philosopher David Hume. HP plays a central role in Gottlob Frege's philosophy of mathematics. Frege shows that HP and suitable definitions of arithmetical notions entail all axioms of what we now call second-order arithmetic. This result is known as Frege's theorem, which", "score": "1.3078943", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 2, "isgold": false }, { "id": "13284089", "title": "Order of War", "text": "the Red Army’s offensive in the east. Order of War features detailed graphics and a historically accurate storyline. The main focus of the game that sets it apart from other strategy offers is the sweeping scale of battlefield vistas featuring company level engagements. Players take command of multiple unit types, including ground troops, artillery, tanks and aircraft in strategic assaults based on key missions and operations from 1944. Order of War is a Real Time Strategy (RTS) game without requiring the player to manage traditional base building or resource collection activities. Much like the Relic Entertainment's \"\" series or the", "score": "1.2997231", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 3, "isgold": false }, { "id": "12658916", "title": "War and Peace (game)", "text": "Spain and Russia where it was harder for armies to live off the land; all units in their home country get a -1 DRM whereas unsupplied units get a +1 DRM). If more than one strength point is to be lost then one of them must be cavalry if there is one in the hex. Neutral countries are immune from attrition, enabling a defeated major power to rebuild their forces until they rejoin the war. Diplomacy takes place in the alliance phase. This system is used to allow nations to ally with one another. Alliances essentially allow you to acquire", "score": "1.292705", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 4, "isgold": false }, { "id": "1425023", "title": "Order of battle", "text": "the later transformation of its meaning during the European period of Early Modern warfare the order of battle came to mean the order in which the units manoeuvered or deployed onto the battlefield to form battle-lines, with the positioning on the right considered the place of greatest honour. This need to reflect the unit seniority led to the keeping of military staff records, in tabular form reflecting the compilation of units an army, their commanders, equipment, and locations on the battlefield. During the Napoleonic wars the meaning of the order of battle changed yet again to reflect the changes in", "score": "1.2925282", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 5, "isgold": false }, { "id": "7231125", "title": "Warhammer: Mark of Chaos", "text": "cause them to lose defense and speed when sufficiently drained. The troops present in the game are presented as \"units\", which is anything from 1 to 96 individual \"models\", with the specific number depending on the type of unit. The control system is similar to the Total War and in that orders are issued to units in their entirety, as opposed to being issued to individuals. As well as standard orders you are also able to arrange your units into a number of formations, with each formation conferring advantages against specific kinds of attacks. Units will also gain experience over", "score": "1.2914194", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 6, "isgold": false }, { "id": "12878051", "title": "Horsepower-hour", "text": "Horsepower-hour A horsepower-hour (hph or hp⋅h) is an outdated unit of energy, not used in the SI system of units. The unit represents an amount of work a horse is supposed capable of delivering during an hour (1 (one) horsepower integrated over a time interval of an hour). Based on differences in the definition of what constitutes the 'power of a horse', a horsepower-hour differs slightly from the German \"Pferdestärkenstunde\" (PSh): The horsepower-hour is still used in the railroad industry when sharing motive power (locomotives.) For example, if Railroad A borrows a 2,500 horsepower locomotive from Railroad B and operates", "score": "1.291275", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 7, "isgold": false }, { "id": "3374138", "title": "Dragon Quest (video game)", "text": "If his HP falls to zero, he dies and is taken back to King Lorik to be resurrected, and loses half his gold \"as punishment.\" If the hero succeeds in defeating an enemy, he gains experience points and gold; if he gains enough experience points, his experience level increases, giving him greater strength, agility, speed, and the ability to use magic spells. Every time a spell is used, the hero's MP decreases, with different spells costing different amounts of MP. Both HP and MP can be restored by resting at an inn. Additionally, a non-player character can replenish the hero's", "score": "1.2840099", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 8, "isgold": false }, { "id": "180953", "title": "Horsepower", "text": "Horsepower Horsepower (hp) is a unit of measurement of power (the rate at which work is done). There are many different standards and types of horsepower. Two common definitions being used today are the mechanical horsepower (or imperial horsepower), which is about 745.7 watts, and the metric horsepower, which is approximately 735.5 watts. The term was adopted in the late 18th century by Scottish engineer James Watt to compare the output of steam engines with the power of draft horses. It was later expanded to include the output power of other types of piston engines, as well as turbines, electric", "score": "1.2741206", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 9, "isgold": false }, { "id": "3258238", "title": "Fire Emblem (video game)", "text": "vary from defeating all enemies to capturing strongholds or rescuing NPCs. When engaging a unit, the scene transitions into a battle between the player and enemy unit, with battle animation playing out. When hit with an attack, a character loses health points (HP). For player characters, HP can be restored with items or by units with healing magic; it can also be regained by standing on forts, gates or castles, or using a special spell that replenishes health based on damage dealt to an enemy. Each unit is governed by a character class system, with their class affecting what weapons", "score": "1.2700043", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 10, "isgold": false }, { "id": "6611946", "title": "Hammer of the Gods (video game)", "text": "his own empire and that of the other players. Each player's relations are labelled as peaceful, neutral, or at a state of war. Trade can be initiated between empires with neutral or peaceful relations. When two armies meet on the world map, a battlefield is displayed showing the player's and the enemy's units. Each player moves his units during his turn, with the goal of completely eradicating the enemy's units or forcing a retreat. Most units can only attack other units that are adjacent on the battlefield, but archers and wizards can attack from a distance. When a town or", "score": "1.2694435", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 11, "isgold": false }, { "id": "5930064", "title": "Guardian's Crusade", "text": "HP to one or more party members. \"Miscellaneous\" – Are either useful outside of combat (like Mapster, who allows you to view the world map while outdoors in addition to attacking enemies in combat) or simply don't fit into another category. Each Living Toy is associated with one of three icons depending on how it is summoned in combat: \"Continuous\" (boxes) – Will stay by your side until the battle ends or it gets attacked enough times.<br> \"Multiple use\" (↵) – Can be used multiple times in the same battle but must be re-summoned each time.<br> \"Single use\" (*) –", "score": "1.2691593", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 12, "isgold": false }, { "id": "3249322", "title": "The Order (comics)", "text": "of Hank Pym. However, suspicions arose also between the members of the Order and almost culminated into a fight. During the \"Fear Itself\" storyline, representatives of the Order are called by Prodigy when the Initiative is restarted and briefed on the hammers that the Serpent summoned to Earth. The Order (comics) The Order is the name of two fictional superhero teams appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The first team was a brief offshoot of the team Defenders, and the second is part of an initiative to place a superhero team in each state of the United", "score": "1.2672101", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 13, "isgold": false }, { "id": null, "title": "Health (gaming)", "text": "Health or vitality is an attribute assigned to entities, such as the player character, enemies and objects within a role-playing or video game, that indicates its state in combat. Health is usually measured in hit points or health points, shortened to HP. When the HP of a player character reaches zero, the player may lose a life or their character might become incapacitated or die. When the HP of an enemy reaches zero, it may be defeated or die and the player is usually rewarded in some way.", "score": null, "hasanswer": true, "original_retrieval_index": null, "isgold": true }, { "id": "1425025", "title": "Order of battle", "text": "of battle provide an excellent source of study and understanding not only of the composition, but also of tactics and doctrines of the forces through their depiction in the orders of battle. The British Army and UK forces use the acronym ORBAT to describe the structure of both friendly and enemy forces. Operation Quicksilver, part of the British deception plan for the Invasion of Normandy in World War II, fed German intelligence a combination of true and false information about troop deployments in Britain, causing the Germans to deduce an order of battle which suggested an invasion at the Pas-de-Calais", "score": "1.26215", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 14, "isgold": false }, { "id": "4232252", "title": "Master Order", "text": "Order is an abstract being who embodies the metaphysical concept of Order; as such it has no physical form, although on occasion it has manifested as an image of a disembodied bald male head. It has been implied that Master Order, and its counterpart, Lord Chaos, have vast powers which they use to manipulate events within their sphere of influence in subtle ways. It is known that, through some as yet unknown process, Master Order and Lord Chaos worked together to create the metaphysical being known as the In-Betweener. Thanos wielding the Infinity Gauntlet ranked Master Order's scale of power", "score": "1.2582505", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 15, "isgold": false }, { "id": "8224367", "title": "Mega Man Star Force", "text": "\"Battle Network\". It is rendered in an isometric style during field gameplay, but its battle system is three-dimensional, with the battles being viewed from behind Mega Man, and movement restricted to only left and right. Since enemies have a much larger playing field, battle evasion seems limited, but the player is given a choice of techniques like shielding and homing attacks to keep battles balanced. HP represents the amount of life Mega Man has. Whenever he is hit by an attack the number decreases, and when it reaches \"zero,\" the game is over (and the player must start over from", "score": "1.2562915", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 16, "isgold": false }, { "id": "1425021", "title": "Order of battle", "text": "Order of battle In modern use, the order of battle of an armed force participating in a military operation or campaign shows the hierarchical organization, command structure, strength, disposition of personnel, and equipment of units and formations of the armed force. Various abbreviations are in use, including OOB, O/B, or OB, while ORBAT remains the most common in the United Kingdom. An order of battle should be distinguished from a table of organisation, which is the intended composition of a given unit or formation according to the military doctrine of its armed force. As combat operations develop during a campaign,", "score": "1.2441524", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 17, "isgold": false }, { "id": "3249313", "title": "The Order (comics)", "text": "The Order (comics) The Order is the name of two fictional superhero teams appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The first team was a brief offshoot of the team Defenders, and the second is part of an initiative to place a superhero team in each state of the United States. The original incarnation of The Order starred in the six-issue limited series \"The Order\" (April-Sept. 2002) intending to conquer the world in order to protect it. The team consisted of the original Defenders: Doctor Strange, The Incredible Hulk, Namor the Sub-Mariner and Silver Surfer. A second Marvel", "score": "1.2407999", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 18, "isgold": false } ]

[ "Cyrus" ]

[ { "id": "12461048", "title": "Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights", "text": "P. C. Chang of Republic of China (Taiwan), and Hansa Mehta of India among others. While not a member of the drafting committee, the French philosopher Jacques Maritain was influential in the lead up to the drafting of the Universal Declaration, advocacy for it within UNESCO in 1947-8, and in its subsequent advancement. The Drafting Committee included John Peters Humphrey was newly appointed as Director of the Division of Human Rights within the United Nations Secretariat. In this role, he produced the first draft of a list of rights that were to form the basis of the Declaration. The underlying", "score": "1.6599674", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 0, "isgold": false }, { "id": "1737809", "title": "John Peters Humphrey", "text": "John Peters Humphrey John Peters Humphrey, OC (April 30, 1905 – March 14, 1995) was a Canadian legal scholar, jurist, and human rights advocate. He is most famous as the author of the first draft of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Humphrey was born to Frank Humphrey and Nellie Peter on April 30, 1905, in Hampton, New Brunswick. His childhood was touched by tragedy as he lost both his parents to cancer and he also lost one of his arms in an accident while playing with fire. Humphrey attended a boarding school where he endured teasing from other students;", "score": "1.6434989", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 1, "isgold": false }, { "id": "12461047", "title": "Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights", "text": "Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was drafted from early 1947 to late 1948 by Drafting Committee the first United Nations Commission on Human Rights. Further discussion and amendments were made by the Commission on Human Rights, the Economic and Social Council and the General Assembly of the United Nations. Members of the Commission who contributed significantly to the creation of the Declaration included Canadian John Peters Humphrey of the United Nations Secretariat, Eleanor Roosevelt of the United States (who chaired the Drafting Committee), René Cassin of France, Charles Malik of Lebanon,", "score": "1.6110829", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 2, "isgold": false }, { "id": "1737820", "title": "John Peters Humphrey", "text": "of the bench, which sits beside two tall stone plinths, one of which has several articles from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights carved into it in English, French and Maliseet. The memorial sits on the front lawn of the County Court House in the center of the town. John Peters Humphrey John Peters Humphrey, OC (April 30, 1905 – March 14, 1995) was a Canadian legal scholar, jurist, and human rights advocate. He is most famous as the author of the first draft of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Humphrey was born to Frank Humphrey and Nellie Peter", "score": "1.6041157", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 3, "isgold": false }, { "id": "101361", "title": "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen", "text": "version of the Declaration was discussed by the representatives on the basis of a 24 article draft proposed by , led by . The draft was later modified during the debates. A second and lengthier declaration, known as the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of 1793, was written in 1793 but never formally adopted. The concepts in the Declaration come from the philosophical and political duties of the Enlightenment, such as individualism, the social contract as theorized by the Genevan philosopher Rousseau, and the separation of powers espoused by the Baron de Montesquieu. As can be seen", "score": "1.6027459", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 4, "isgold": false }, { "id": "434764", "title": "Universal Declaration of Human Rights", "text": "committee included René Cassin of France, Charles Malik of Lebanon, and P. C. Chang of the Republic of China. Humphrey provided the initial draft that became the working text of the Commission. According to Allan Carlson, the Declaration's pro-family phrases were the result of the Christian Democratic movement's influence on Cassin and Malik. Once the Committee finished its work in May 1948, the draft was further discussed by the Commission on Human Rights, the Economic and Social Council, the Third Committee of the General Assembly before being put to vote in December 1948. During these discussions many amendments and propositions", "score": "1.5969486", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 5, "isgold": false }, { "id": "13639186", "title": "Human rights in the United States", "text": "prisoners at Guantanamo Bay and black sites, and extrajudicial targeted killings (Disposition Matrix). Some observers give the U.S. high to fair marks on human rights, while others charge it with a persistent pattern of human rights violations. The first human rights organization in the Thirteen Colonies of British America, dedicated to the abolition of slavery, was formed by Anthony Benezet in 1775. A year later, the Declaration of Independence announced that the Thirteen Colonies regarded themselves as independent states, and no longer a part of the British Empire. The Declaration stated \"that all men are created equal, that they are", "score": "1.5856974", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 6, "isgold": false }, { "id": "1737813", "title": "John Peters Humphrey", "text": "Rights. After consulting with the executive group of the Commission, chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt, Professor Humphrey prepared the first preliminary draft of what was to become the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. On the night of December 10, 1948, the General Assembly unanimously adopted the Declaration, dubbed by Mrs. Eleanor Roosevelt as \"the international Magna Carta of all humankind.\" Humphrey remained with the UN for 20 years. During this period, the oversaw the implementation of 67 international conventions and the constitutions of dozens of countries. He worked in areas including the freedom of the press, status of women, and racial", "score": "1.5825987", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 7, "isgold": false }, { "id": "434773", "title": "Universal Declaration of Human Rights", "text": "the Rights of the Child, the United Nations Convention Against Torture, and many more. The Declaration continues to be widely cited by governments, academics, advocates, and constitutional courts, and by individuals who appeal to its principles for the protection of their recognised human rights. The Universal Declaration has received praise from a number of notable people. The Lebanese philosopher and diplomat Charles Malik called it \"an international document of the first order of importance\", while Eleanor Roosevelt—first chairwoman of the Commission on Human Rights (CHR) that drafted the Declaration—stated that it \"may well become the international Magna Carta of all", "score": "1.5811195", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 8, "isgold": false }, { "id": "10545216", "title": "Constitutional history of Colombia", "text": "Indies of 1542. The Monarchy of Spain tried to enforce these laws but revolts by Spaniards that benefited from oppressing the natives forced Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor to suppress them in 1545. The \"Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen\", translated and published by Antonio Nariño in 1794 and distributed in Santa Fe de Bogotá, could be considered the first draft of a political constitution in the New World. At present, the modern version of the \"Universal Declaration of Human Rights\" forms the core of the political constitutions of many countries. The Constitution of Canada, for", "score": "1.5766349", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 9, "isgold": false }, { "id": "2143841", "title": "American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man", "text": "American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man The American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man, also known as the Bogota Declaration, was the world's first international human rights instrument of a general nature, predating the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by less than a year. The Declaration was adopted by the nations of the Americas at the Ninth International Conference of American States in Bogotá, Colombia, in April 1948, where we can find most of its travaux préparatoires. The same meeting that adopted the Charter of the Organization of American States and thereby created the OAS.", "score": "1.5746613", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 10, "isgold": false }, { "id": "182272", "title": "Human rights", "text": "and peace in the world.\" The declaration was the first international legal effort to limit the behaviour of states and press upon them duties to their citizens. The UDHR was framed by members of the Human Rights Commission, with former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt as Chair, who began to discuss an \"International Bill of Rights\" in 1947. The members of the Commission did not immediately agree on the form of such a bill of rights, and whether, or how, it should be enforced. The Commission proceeded to frame the UDHR and accompanying treaties, but the UDHR quickly became the priority.", "score": "1.5719416", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 11, "isgold": false }, { "id": "3517182", "title": "John Sankey, 1st Viscount Sankey", "text": "in 1940 by the \"Daily Herald\" and the National Peace Council, and which Sankey chaired. The most active member of the committee was H.G. Wells, who prepared the draft that the Declaration was based on. It identified eleven fundamental human rights: The Sankey Declaration was widely publicised by its sponsors at the time, but has since been largely forgotten, having been overtaken by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Sankey played a key role in establishing the legal framework of the newly disestablished Church in Wales. Sankey never married. He died in February 1948, aged 81, when the barony and", "score": "1.5627147", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 12, "isgold": false }, { "id": "101358", "title": "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen", "text": "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (), set by France's National Constituent Assembly in 1789, is a human civil rights document from the French Revolution. The Declaration was drafted by the Abbé Sieyès and the Marquis de Lafayette, in consultation with Thomas Jefferson. Influenced by the doctrine of \"natural right\", the rights of man are held to be universal: valid at all times and in every place, pertaining to human nature itself. It became the basis for a nation of free individuals protected equally by", "score": "1.5615256", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 13, "isgold": false }, { "id": null, "title": "Cyrus Cylinder", "text": "The Cylinder's text has traditionally been seen by biblical scholars as corroborative evidence of Cyrus' policy of the repatriation of the Jewish people following their Babylonian captivity (an act that the Book of Ezra attributes to Cyrus), as the text refers to the restoration of cult sanctuaries and repatriation of deported peoples. This interpretation has been disputed, as the text identifies only Mesopotamian sanctuaries, and makes no mention of Jews, Jerusalem, or Judea. The Cylinder has also been referred to by Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the last Shah of Iran as the first declaration of universal human rights, a view rejected by some historians as anachronistic and a misunderstanding of the Cylinder's generic nature as a typical statement made by a new monarch at the beginning of his reign. Neil MacGregor, Director of the British Museum, has stated that the cylinder was \"the first attempt we know about running a society, a state with different nationalities and faiths—a new kind of statecraft.\" It was adopted as a national symbol of Iran by the Imperial State which put it on display in Tehran in 1971 to commemorate 2,500 year celebration of the Persian Empire. On October 14, the Mohammad Reza Shah's sister, Princess Ashraf Pahlavi, presented the United Nations Secretary General U Thant with a replica of the Cylinder. The princess asserted that \"the heritage of Cyrus was the heritage of human understanding, tolerance, courage, compassion and, above all, human liberty\".", "score": null, "hasanswer": true, "original_retrieval_index": null, "isgold": true }, { "id": "434763", "title": "Universal Declaration of Human Rights", "text": "International Bill of Rights. The Commission established a special Universal Declaration of Human Rights Drafting Committee, chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt, to write the articles of the Declaration. The Committee met in two sessions over the course of two years. Canadian John Peters Humphrey, Director of the Division of Human Rights within the United Nations Secretariat, was called upon by the United Nations Secretary-General to work on the project and became the Declaration's principal drafter. At the time, Humphrey was newly appointed as Director of the Division of Human Rights within the United Nations Secretariat. Other well-known members of the drafting", "score": "1.5559739", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 14, "isgold": false }, { "id": "101359", "title": "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen", "text": "the law. It is included in the beginning of the constitutions of both the Fourth French Republic (1946) and Fifth Republic (1958) and is still current. Inspired by the Enlightenment philosophers, the Declaration was a core statement of the values of the French Revolution and had a major impact on the development of freedom and democracy in Europe and worldwide. The Declaration, together with Magna Carta, the English Bill of Rights, the United States Declaration of Independence and the United States Bill of Rights, inspired in large part the 1948 United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The content of", "score": "1.5546385", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 15, "isgold": false }, { "id": "4650497", "title": "P. C. Chang", "text": "as Voltaire, Quesnay and Diderot in their humanistic revolt against feudalism,\" he told the UN General Assembly in 1948. On the Universal Declaration of Human Rights drafting committee, he served both as an effective Asian delegate and also as a mediator when the negotiations reached a stalemate. He served as Vice-Chairman of the original UN Commission on Human Rights and Republic of China delegate to committee and played a pivotal role in its drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) of 1948. He and fellow delegate Charles Malik, the Lebanese philosopher-diplomat, shared ideals of universal human rights, but", "score": "1.5533111", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 16, "isgold": false }, { "id": "16900710", "title": "Boaz Mahune", "text": "of Hawaii's first constitution. Mahune became one of the secretaries and advisors to the King. He was responsible for writing the first draft of the Declaration of Rights of 1839, originally written in the Hawaiian language. After several round of changes by the king and his councilors, it was published June 7, 1839. Considered Hawaii's Magna Carta, it laid down the inalienable rights of the people, the principles of equality of between the \"makaʻāinana\" (commoner) and the \"aliʻi\" (chiefs) and the role of the government and law in the kingdom. Along with the Declaration of Rights, many of the laws", "score": "1.5507617", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 17, "isgold": false }, { "id": "101381", "title": "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen", "text": "articles of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen point for point and has been described by Camille Naish as \"almost a parody... of the original document\". The first article of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen proclaims that \"Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be based only on common utility.\" The first article of Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen replied: \"Woman is born free and remains equal to man in rights. Social distinctions may only be based on", "score": "1.5414193", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 18, "isgold": false } ]

[ "Xiu Li Dai", "Dai Xiuli", "Dai Yongge", "Yongge Dai" ]

[ { "id": "16610551", "title": "Anton Zingarevich", "text": "Anton Zingarevich Anton Zingarevich (Russian: Антон Зингаревич) is a Russian businessman best known for being the former owner of Reading Football Club, who play in the English Championship. Zingarevich's bid to take over the club was announced in January 2012, and he formally purchased the club on 29 May 2012. Since then, Zingarevich has had minimum interest in the running of the club, however did make the decision to sack manager Brian McDermott, and the subsequent employment of Nigel Adkins. Zingarevich is the son of Boris Zingarevich, a Russian multi-billionaire. At the age of 16, Zingarevich began education at Bearwood", "score": "1.7103837", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 1, "isgold": false }, { "id": "13850303", "title": "2009–10 Watford F.C. season", "text": "Grzegorz Rasiak scoring Reading's goal, and Jobi McAnuff and Brynjar Gunnarsson also playing a part. Watford Football Club is owned by the holding company \"Watford Leisure Plc\" (LSE: WFC). Its 2008–09 financial year ran from 1 July 2008 until 30 June 2009. The company released its audited accounts and annual report on 6 November 2009. It included details of the club's major shareholders, showing that Fordwat Limited—the investment company of Michael Ashcroft—owned 37.16% of Watford Leisure, Valley Grown Salads (VGS)—owned by Watford Leisure directors Jimmy and Vince Russo—held a 29.98% stake, and that previous Watford chairman Graham Simpson had a", "score": "1.6891546", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 2, "isgold": false }, { "id": "1448201", "title": "Reading F.C.", "text": "Reading F.C. Reading Football Club ( ) is a professional association football club based in Reading, Berkshire, England. The team play in the Championship, the second tier of English football. Reading are nicknamed The Royals, due to Reading's location in the Royal County of Berkshire, though they were previously known as The Biscuitmen, due to the town's association with Huntley and Palmers. Established in 1871, the club is one of the oldest teams in England, but did not join The Football League until 1920, and had never played in the top tier of English football league system before the 2006–07", "score": "1.660179", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 3, "isgold": false }, { "id": "16610555", "title": "Anton Zingarevich", "text": "The couple married in late 2009 and had a child. Anton Zingarevich Anton Zingarevich (Russian: Антон Зингаревич) is a Russian businessman best known for being the former owner of Reading Football Club, who play in the English Championship. Zingarevich's bid to take over the club was announced in January 2012, and he formally purchased the club on 29 May 2012. Since then, Zingarevich has had minimum interest in the running of the club, however did make the decision to sack manager Brian McDermott, and the subsequent employment of Nigel Adkins. Zingarevich is the son of Boris Zingarevich, a Russian multi-billionaire.", "score": "1.6579525", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 4, "isgold": false }, { "id": "8751224", "title": "Supporters' Trust at Reading", "text": "Trust, including its relationship with Reading Football Club, and other football clubs, supporters' groups, the football authorities, the media and the local and wider community. STAR has the following objectives written into its constitution: Reading Football Supporters’ Club (RFSC) was founded in December 1930, largely through the inspiration of a local journalist Mr H Sirett, at a time when the football club was financially hard-pressed and facing relegation from Division Two. The first meeting was in the Railway Tavern, Greyfriars Road. Though relegation happened RFSC continued to raise funds on an extensive basis, donating funds to buy a forward (Tommy", "score": "1.645236", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 5, "isgold": false }, { "id": "9524956", "title": "Nigel Howe", "text": "Nigel Howe Nigel Howe (born 7 April 1958) is a British property developer, and a director at Reading Football Club, who currently play in the SkyBet Championship in England. The majority of Howe's career was in property management before joining John Madejski in 1995 when he took over as chief executive of Reading F.C. Howe led the redevelopment of both the club's Madejski Stadium and its business management, and is also a non-executive director of a number of other businesses in which John Madejski has invested including the BenhamGoodhead Print Group, Sackville Properties and the Ark Group. He is also", "score": "1.6411105", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 6, "isgold": false }, { "id": "16490435", "title": "History of Reading F.C.", "text": "a united team was required for the Thames Valley region to retain a Football League club. The proposed amalgamation was prevented by the actions of Roy Tranter, a Reading director, and Roger Smee, a former Reading player. Smee disputed the legitimacy of the controlling interest in Reading held by the three board members that supported the merger plan. Tranter launched a legal challenge to the sale of certain shares on 22 April 1983. The supporters of the plan allies resigned under pressure from the rest of the Reading board in May 1983. At an extraordinary shareholders' meeting in July, Smee", "score": "1.6386716", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 7, "isgold": false }, { "id": "17515096", "title": "Thames Valley Royals proposal", "text": "on a Saturday when most Football League clubs, including Oxford and Reading, were playing League fixtures. Oxford were playing away at Doncaster Rovers. Jim Smith learned of the announcement shortly before kick-off at Doncaster's Belle Vue ground from John Ley, a journalist with the \"Oxford Mail\", who had heard the news from another newsman by telephone. Smith immediately called Maxwell to ask whether or not he would be retained to manage Thames Valley Royals, and was told that he would be. Maxwell issued a statement announcing that Oxford United were poised to acquire Reading by purchasing all of that club's", "score": "1.6223872", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 8, "isgold": false }, { "id": "17515114", "title": "Thames Valley Royals proposal", "text": "League team. While Maxwell was able to keep his stakes in Derby, Oxford and Reading under a grandfather clause, the new rules prevented him from adding Watford to his football empire. He grudgingly accepted this. He retained his football club shares until his mysterious death in November 1991, when he apparently fell off his yacht near the Canary Islands. Thames Valley Royals proposal Shortly before the end of the 1982–83 Football League season, Robert Maxwell, the then-owner and chairman of Oxford United Football Club, announced that he had made a deal with the owners of nearby Reading to amalgamate the", "score": "1.6222317", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 9, "isgold": false }, { "id": "16005711", "title": "Sport in Reading, Berkshire", "text": "Sport in Reading, Berkshire Reading is home to a number of professional sports teams and a large number of amateur sports clubs. Reading is the home of Reading Football Club, an association football club nicknamed \"The Royals\", formed in 1871. Formerly based at Elm Park, the club plays at the 24,161 capacity Madejski Stadium, named after chairman Sir John Madejski. After winning the 2005–06 Football League Championship with a record of 106 points, Reading F.C. spent two seasons in the Premier League before being relegated to The Championship. This so far the only time that the club has spent in", "score": "1.6176364", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 10, "isgold": false }, { "id": "8751225", "title": "Supporters' Trust at Reading", "text": "Tait) through providing refreshments in the Elm Park ground and improving the terraced accommodation. In the post-war years RFSC ran the football club’s offices and an extremely successful lottery scheme. The RFSC chairman, Jim Brooks, was also for a time on the board of Reading FC such was the supporters’ club’s financial contribution. During the 1980s much of RFSC’s work and infrastructure (Lottery, refreshments, souvenirs) was taken in-house by the football club though RFSC continued to run the popular Royals Rendezvous Bar on the Tilehurst Road at Elm Park and away travel coaches. When Reading FC moved to the new", "score": "1.6171875", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 11, "isgold": false }, { "id": "17515093", "title": "Thames Valley Royals proposal", "text": "plans. During the 1982–83 Football League season, both Oxford United and Reading competed in the Football League Third Division, then the third tier of English football—equivalent to today's League One. Managed by Jim Smith, Oxford challenged for promotion throughout the season, while Maurice Evans' Reading team languished near the relegation zone for much of the year, despite possessing one of the division's top-scoring forwards in Kerry Dixon. The colourful media mogul and former MP Robert Maxwell owned and chaired Oxford, having prevented the club's bankruptcy by buying it in 1982. One of the world's oldest football teams (established in 1871),", "score": "1.612432", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 12, "isgold": false }, { "id": "9726884", "title": "Brian McDermott (footballer)", "text": "in charge of Reading and the first ever for the club at Anfield. The Royals went on to beat Premier League side Burnley 1–0 thanks to a late strike from Gylfi Sigurðsson to secure a place in the FA Cup fifth round. On 27 January 2010 McDermott signed a 12-month rolling contract to become Reading's full-time manager. After that he led the Royals on a four-match winning streak in the league and into the quarter-finals of the FA Cup for the first time in 83 years after a 3–2 win over West Bromwich Albion. McDermott was nominated for Manager of", "score": "1.6102309", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 13, "isgold": false }, { "id": "16610553", "title": "Anton Zingarevich", "text": "Zingarevich, over a takeover of the club. The deal was completed on 29 May 2012. The takeover had a significant effect on the club's fortunes, persuading star player Jimmy Kébé to sign a new contract and Blackburn Rovers forward Jason Roberts to join the club. Reading were promoted as Champions at the end of the season, prompting Zingarevich to promise to expand the Madejski Stadium and invest in the club's academy. Following Reading's promotion, Zingarevich became heavily involved in helping manager Brian McDermott to sign his transfer targets, personally meeting with Pavel Pogrebnyak and Gylfi Sigurðsson in attempts to convince", "score": "1.6096699", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 14, "isgold": false }, { "id": null, "title": "Reading F.C.", "text": "Reading Football Club ownership structure: 75% Owned by Renhe Sports Management Ltd, 100% owned by Xiu Li Dai and Yongge Dai. 25% Owned by Narin Niruttinanon", "score": null, "hasanswer": true, "original_retrieval_index": null, "isgold": true }, { "id": "16490429", "title": "History of Reading F.C.", "text": "History of Reading F.C. The history of Reading Football Club covers almost 150 years of both success and failure of the football club from Reading, England. The club was established in 1871, making it one of the oldest professional teams in England. Reading joined the Football League in 1920. The Royals competed at the top flight of English football for the first time in the 2006–07 season. Reading Football Club was formed on 25 December 1871 by founder Joseph Edward Sydenham. They were originally nicknamed \"The Biscuitmen\" after one of the main trades in the town, Huntley & Palmers biscuits,", "score": "1.6038958", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 15, "isgold": false }, { "id": "1448236", "title": "Reading F.C.", "text": "they won promotion to the FA Women's Super League 1 in 2015 after winning the league. In the 2017–18 season, they finished fourth in the Women's Super League - their highest league position to date. The team currently plays at Adams Park, home of Wycombe Wanderers. Reading F.C. Reading Football Club ( ) is a professional association football club based in Reading, Berkshire, England. The team play in the Championship, the second tier of English football. Reading are nicknamed The Royals, due to Reading's location in the Royal County of Berkshire, though they were previously known as The Biscuitmen, due", "score": "1.6007862", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 16, "isgold": false }, { "id": "16490448", "title": "History of Reading F.C.", "text": "title with a game to spare after 2–2 draw with Crystal Palace when second-placed Southampton failed to beat Middlesbrough, losing 2–1. On 21 January 2012, it was announced that John Madejski planned to sell 51% of the club to \"Thames Sport Investments\" led by Russian-born Anton Zingarevich which was eventually completed on 29 May 2012. On 30 October 2012, Reading created an unwanted record in the last 16 of the League Cup. At home to Arsenal, they took a 4–0 lead after 37 minutes, but Arsenal drew level at 4–4 in stoppage time to take the match into extra time,", "score": "1.6004741", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 17, "isgold": false }, { "id": "17515092", "title": "Thames Valley Royals proposal", "text": "by the actions of one of Reading's board directors, Roy Tranter, and Roger Smee, a businessman and former Reading player. Smee disputed the legitimacy of the controlling interest in Reading held by the faction of three Reading board members that backed the merger plan, including the chairman Frank Waller, and Tranter launched a legal challenge to the sale of certain shares on 22 April 1983. Waller and his boardroom allies resigned under pressure from the rest of the Reading board on 12 May 1983, and at an extraordinary shareholders' meeting in July, Smee took over the club, ending the amalgamation", "score": "1.5983415", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 18, "isgold": false }, { "id": "9524957", "title": "Nigel Howe", "text": "a non-executive director of the Clearview Traffic Group. Howe is the nephew of former England and Arsenal coach Don Howe. Nigel Howe Nigel Howe (born 7 April 1958) is a British property developer, and a director at Reading Football Club, who currently play in the SkyBet Championship in England. The majority of Howe's career was in property management before joining John Madejski in 1995 when he took over as chief executive of Reading F.C. Howe led the redevelopment of both the club's Madejski Stadium and its business management, and is also a non-executive director of a number of other businesses", "score": "1.5939705", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 19, "isgold": false } ]

[ "Super Bowl LII,", "2017" ]

[ { "id": "1937644", "title": "Veterans Stadium", "text": "Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the NFC Championship Game on January 19, 2003. The Eagles moved into Lincoln Financial Field in August 2003. The final game ever played at the stadium was the afternoon of September 28, 2003, a 5-2 Phillies loss to the Atlanta Braves. The final hit was recorded by Greg Maddux of the Braves, the final loss by the Phils' Kevin Millwood. The final Phillies run was scored by Marlon Byrd at the top of the 3rd inning, and the final run altogether by the Braves' Andruw Jones on a double by Robert Fick (who also had the", "score": "1.5991149", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 0, "isgold": false }, { "id": "6224900", "title": "History of the Philadelphia Eagles", "text": "was picked off in the closing seconds of the game. The final score was 24-21, and the Patriots had won their third Super Bowl in four years. The defending NFC Champions did not fare well the next year. The 2005 season began in a strange and erratic fashion with a 14-10 road loss to the Atlanta Falcons on \"Monday Night Football\", a game in which Donovan McNabb suffered a chest bruise. In addition, Eagles linebacker Jeremiah Trotter was ejected prior to kick-off for getting involved in an altercation with Falcons cornerback Kevin Mathis. In the Week 2 home opener in", "score": "1.5581067", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 1, "isgold": false }, { "id": "8064456", "title": "Temple Stadium", "text": "Philadelphia Eagles used the stadium twice for home games. On Tuesday, November 6, 1934, the Eagles beat the Cincinnati Reds, 64-0. This game was historic because it was the first time in NFL history that a team scored ten touchdowns in one game, and it is still the second most lopsided game in NFL history, second only to the Chicago Bears' 73-0 victory over the Washington Redskins in the 1940 NFL Championship Game. It was also the last game ever for the Reds, who had found out the previous day that their team was being disbanded and replaced in the", "score": "1.5465693", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 2, "isgold": false }, { "id": "12386682", "title": "2002 Philadelphia Eagles season", "text": "2002 NFC Championship Game against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, who eventually won Super Bowl XXXVII. The Eagles defeated the Buccaneers in two prior consecutive seasons in the NFL playoffs in easy fashion. Many experts thought that the Conference Championship game would not be any different. The game was the final football game played at Veterans Stadium. The Eagles' season of high expectations began with a loss to the Tennessee Titans after the team blew a 24–10 halftime lead. The Titans scored on their first possession on 14-yard reception by Eddie George. Philadelphia took advantage of a muffed punt to extend", "score": "1.5386975", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 3, "isgold": false }, { "id": "12853309", "title": "2009 Philadelphia Eagles season", "text": "Broncos with 7 seconds of game time. Time ran out on the ensuing kickoff, and the Eagles held on to win by a score of 30-27. The victory, their sixth consecutive, boosted Philadelphia's record to 11-4, setting up a decisive Week 17 game with the Cowboys for the division title. In the final game of the regular season, the first-place Eagles battled the second-place Cowboys in Dallas, with the winner crowned as NFC East champs. The game began with Dallas driving 80 yards down the field in 9 plays for the touchdown. Cowboys quarterback Tony Romo completed a 10-yard pass", "score": "1.5299037", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 4, "isgold": false }, { "id": "12643480", "title": "1987 Philadelphia Eagles season", "text": "by exploding for 21 sacks in only 12 games. On October 25 at Veterans Stadium, in the first game back after the strike was settled, Eagles head coach Buddy Ryan called for the infamous \"fake spike\" in the final seconds with the hosts leading the Dallas Cowboys by 10 points. The fake eventually led to another late touchdown, payback for Cowboys head coach Tom Landry running up the score with starters who crossed the picket line to play two weeks earlier at Texas Stadium. One week later, Philadelphia won its final road game against the Cardinals at the old Busch", "score": "1.5210571", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 5, "isgold": false }, { "id": "6224917", "title": "History of the Philadelphia Eagles", "text": "on December 28, 2008 and advanced to the playoffs. The Eagles then defeated the Minnesota Vikings 26-14 in the first round of the playoffs on January 4, 2009. They defeated their division rival and the defending Super Bowl champions the New York Giants 23-11 in the NFC Divisional Round to advance to their fifth NFC Championship game in nine years. For the third time in a decade, an all-Pennsylvania Super Bowl seemed possible, as the Pittsburgh Steelers won the AFC Championship against the Baltimore Ravens. However, the Eagles lost 32-25 to the Arizona Cardinals. In August, the team stirred up", "score": "1.5203128", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 6, "isgold": false }, { "id": "6224909", "title": "History of the Philadelphia Eagles", "text": "to Philadelphia was being promoted by Fox as the \"game of the year\". The game had more at stake, because the winner would take the lead in the NFC East. Owens received boos and jokes about his accidental overdose from a sell-out crowd. Lito Sheppard's game-winning interception for a touchdown sealed the game for the Eagles, 38-24. McNabb's season was already considered one of the finest in Eagles history and his career. After the win against Owens' Cowboys, they faced the upstart New Orleans Saints, with critics claiming the winner would be the NFC favorite. The Eagles ended up losing", "score": "1.5145404", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 7, "isgold": false }, { "id": "9860134", "title": "History of the Dallas Cowboys", "text": "upset of the 13-0 New Orleans Saints, followed by a shutout of Washington. Combined with Giants defeats, the Cowboys now found themselves guaranteed a wild card spot at the minimum. On January 3, they hosted the Eagles, who had won their last five games. Philadelphia's offense completely folded, and the team suffered a 24–0 shutout, making this the first time in franchise history that Dallas blanked two consecutive opponents. This gave them the division title and the #3 NFC seed, but also gave their opponent a wild card, which meant that they had to play in Dallas again the following", "score": "1.5140669", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 8, "isgold": false }, { "id": "460249", "title": "Washington Redskins", "text": "In Week 5, they hosted Green Bay for only the second time since 1979 (the first was in 2004) and beat them 16-13. After losing a Sunday Night match to the Colts, Washington beat Chicago in Week 7. Although McNabb threw two interceptions, the team took advantage of their opponent's porous O-line to sack and pick off Jay Cutler four times, winning 17-14. After losing a 37-25 trap game in Detroit, the Redskins went on their bye week and returned to host Philadelphia on MNF for the second straight year. As rain fell on Fedex Field, the Eagles proceeded to", "score": "1.5130388", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 9, "isgold": false }, { "id": "106515", "title": "Dallas Cowboys", "text": "on December 11, 1988. In the 2010s, the Redskins have struggled to consistently compete for the Division title, but still play the Cowboys particularly tough, posting an impressive upset victory against Dallas in 2014, despite being outclassed by the Cowboys in the overall standings. The competition with Philadelphia has been particularly intense since the late 1970s, when the long-moribund Eagles returned to contention. In January 1981, the two teams faced off in the NFC Championship, with Philadelphia winning 20–7. A series of other factors heightened tensions during the 1980s and 1990s, including several provocative actions by Philadelphia fans and Eagles", "score": "1.5128816", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 10, "isgold": false }, { "id": "4554602", "title": "2001–02 NFL playoffs", "text": "as the stadium was closed for major renovations, thus marking the Philadelphia Eagles the last team to win at the legendary stadium. This game has become a part of NFL lore. It was the final contest in the history of Foxboro Stadium, played under heavy snowfall. It is best remembered for a call near the end of the game with Oakland protecting a three-point lead. The referees initially ruled that New England quarterback Tom Brady had fumbled on a pass attempt. Invoking the \"tuck rule\", where a ball is ruled an incomplete pass after the quarterback starts any forward motion,", "score": "1.5052278", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 13, "isgold": false }, { "id": "2342454", "title": "Donovan McNabb", "text": "career yards passed in a win against the Washington Redskins on October 26, 2009, with a 45-yard touchdown pass to DeSean Jackson. Philadelphia met Dallas in week 16 with the winner becoming the NFC East champions. Philadelphia lost in a shutout by Dallas, setting up a rematch the following week in Dallas in the wild card playoff game. The wild card rematch with Dallas proved to be just as disastrous, if not worse. McNabb struggled early on and was unable to get the offense into a rhythm until too late. His lone score came in the second half from a", "score": "1.5032742", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 14, "isgold": false }, { "id": "9011091", "title": "1960 NFL Championship Game", "text": "cement football's ascendancy as a national sport. This was the second and last NFL championship game played in Philadelphia, and the only one at Franklin Field. A dozen years earlier, the 1948 title game was held in the snow at Shibe Park and was also an Eagles' victory. Ticket prices for the game were ten and eight dollars. The game matched the leagues's conference champions, Philadelphia Eagles (10–2) of the East and Green Bay Packers of the West. The Eagles were making their first appearance in a championship game since 1949, and the Packers their first since 1944. Two years", "score": "1.502485", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 15, "isgold": false }, { "id": null, "title": "Philadelphia Eagles", "text": "The Philadelphia Eagles are a professional American football franchise based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Eagles compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) East division. They are Super Bowl champions, having won Super Bowl LII, their fourth NFL title, after winning in 1948, 1949, and 1960.", "score": null, "hasanswer": true, "original_retrieval_index": null, "isgold": true }, { "id": "6224891", "title": "History of the Philadelphia Eagles", "text": "Eagles defeated the Bears 33-19 at Soldier Field. Reaching the NFC Championship game, they were unable to stop the St. Louis Rams, who defeated them 29-24 Despite injuries, McNabb led the Eagles to a 12-4 season in 2002. Once again, they reached the NFC Championship, but lost at home 27-10 to the eventual Super Bowl champion Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the last game at Veterans Stadium. The 2003 team lost its first two games, both at their new home. In the opening game of the 2003 season, the Eagles were shut out 17-0 by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the", "score": "1.5021513", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 16, "isgold": false }, { "id": "8225737", "title": "Card-Pitt", "text": "years to the day of their last win), their only win of the 1945 season, ending a 29-game losing streak. The Steelers, who had won their last game on November 28, 1943, ended their 14-game losing streak on October 21, 1945 against the New York Giants. In 1947, both teams rose to the top of the boards. The Cardinals won nine games while winning the Western Division for the first time since 1925. The same year, the Steelers finished in a tie in the Eastern Division. They lost in a one-game playoff to the Eagles 21-0. In the championship game", "score": "1.499639", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 17, "isgold": false }, { "id": "6224897", "title": "History of the Philadelphia Eagles", "text": "notorious. In 2002, the Eagles had fallen in the NFC Championship Game against the Rams in St. Louis, 29-24. In 2003, the Eagles hosted the Tampa Bay Buccaneers at Veterans Stadium and were widely viewed as the overwhelming favorites—this view no doubt accentuated by the expected emotional boost that many anticipated would power the team, given that the game was to be the last at \"the Vet.\" After a promising start, however, the game slipped away, and the ensuing 27-10 loss devastated a fan base that had already become too accustomed to disappointment. In 2004, a banged-up Eagles squad managed", "score": "1.496458", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 18, "isgold": false }, { "id": "17692142", "title": "Comparisons between the National Football League and NCAA football", "text": "Greatest Game Ever Played\". The Baltimore Colts tied the Giants, 17–17, on a field goal with seven seconds left. Led by quarterback Johnny Unitas, the Colts won in overtime, 23–17. The game's dramatic ending is often cited as elevating professional football to one of the United States' major sports. Additionally, one of the most notable plays in NFL history occurred at Yankee Stadium on November 20, 1960 when the Philadelphia Eagles' Chuck Bednarik forcefully tackled the Giants' Frank Gifford in the last minute of a close game, forcing a fumble recovered by the Eagles that clinched the victory for Philadelphia", "score": "1.4919393", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 21, "isgold": false }, { "id": "3200073", "title": "Super Bowl XXXIX", "text": "played it safe by running the ball 3 times and forcing Philadelphia to use all of its timeouts. New England punter Josh Miller then pinned the Eagles back at their own 4-yard line with just 46 seconds left in the game. Philadelphia then tried one last desperate drive to win or tie the game. But on first down, McNabb was pressured into making a rushed pass to Westbrook at the line of scrimmage. Instead of dropping the pass to stop the clock, Westbrook made the mistake of catching the ball and was immediately tackled for no gain, keeping the clock", "score": "1.4904597", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 22, "isgold": false } ]

[ "291 episodes", "291" ]

[ { "id": "17435908", "title": "Dragon Ball Z", "text": "Edition,\" which collects three individual volumes into a single large volume. However, in 2013 Viz began publishing new 3-in-1 volumes collecting the entire manga series, including what they previously released as \"Dragon Ball Z\", under the \"Dragon Ball\" name. The \"Dragon Ball Z\" films comprise a total of 15 entries as of 2015. The first 13 films were typically released every March and July during the series' original run in accordance with the spring and summer vacations of Japanese schools. They were typically double features paired up with other anime films, and were thus, usually an hour or less in", "score": "1.6840321", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 1, "isgold": false }, { "id": "17435887", "title": "Dragon Ball Z", "text": "manga. He said the reception to \"Kai\" was positive and Bandai had a hit with a card game, so it all worked out. The series initially concluded with the finale of the Cell arc, as opposed to including the Majin Buu arc. It was originally planned to run 98 episodes, however, due to the Tōhoku offshore earthquake and tsunami, the final episode of \"Dragon Ball Kai\" was not aired and the series ended on its 97th episode in Japan on March 27, 2011. The 98th episode was later released direct-to-video in Japan on August 2, 2011. In November 2012, Mayumi", "score": "1.6622238", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 2, "isgold": false }, { "id": "17435889", "title": "Dragon Ball Z", "text": "61 episodes. Funimation licensed \"Dragon Ball Kai\" for an English-language release in North America, under the title \"Dragon Ball Z Kai\". The series was broadcast on Nicktoons from May 24, 2010 to January 1, 2012 (continuing in re-runs until April 2013). In addition to Nicktoons, the series also began airing on the 4Kids-owned Saturday morning programming block Toonzai on The CW in August 2010, then on its successor, the Saban-owned Vortexx, beginning in August 2012 until the block ended in September 2014. Both the Nicktoons and Toonzai/Vortexx airings were edited for content, though the Toonzai/Vortexx version was censored even more", "score": "1.6344471", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 5, "isgold": false }, { "id": "17435917", "title": "Dragon Ball Z", "text": "telecasts of \"Dragon Ball Z\" ranked as the top three programs in all of television, broadcast or cable, for delivery of boys 9-14. In 2001, Cartoon Network obtained licensing to run 96 more episodes and air the original \"Dragon Ball\" anime and was the top rated show in the Toonami block of Cartoon network. Beginning March 26, 2001, Cartoon Network ran a 12-week special promotion \"Toonami Reactor\" which included a focus on \"Dragon Ball Z\", which would stream episodes online to high-speed internet users. Many home video releases were met with both the edited and unedited versions placing on in", "score": "1.625792", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 6, "isgold": false }, { "id": "17435904", "title": "Dragon Ball Z", "text": "set released on November 8, 2011. However, production of these 4:3 sets was suspended after the second volume, citing technical concerns over restoring the original film material frame by frame. Only a year later, the company began producing a cropped 16:9 remastered Blu-ray release in 2013, with nine sets released in total. On August 13, 2013, Funimation released all 53 episodes and the three movies from their first \"Dragon Ball Z\" dub created with Saban and Ocean Studios in a collector's DVD box set, titled the \"Rock the Dragon Edition\". In Japan, \"Dragon Ball Kai\" was released in wide-screen on", "score": "1.6185166", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 7, "isgold": false }, { "id": "17435905", "title": "Dragon Ball Z", "text": "33 DVDs and in fullscreen on a single Blu-ray and eight four-disc Blu-ray sets from September 18, 2009, to August 2, 2011. Funimation released eight DVD and Blu-ray box sets of \"Dragon Ball Z Kai\" from May 18, 2010 to June 5, 2012. These sets contain the original Japanese audio track with English subtitles, as well as the uncut version of the English dub, which does not contain any of the edits made for the TV airings. Before the final volume was even published, Funimation began re-releasing the series in four DVD and Blu-ray \"season\" sets between May 22, 2012", "score": "1.61781", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 8, "isgold": false }, { "id": "10190694", "title": "Dragon Ball", "text": "which summon a wish-granting dragon when gathered. Along his journey, Goku makes several friends and battles a wide variety of villains, many of whom also seek the Dragon Balls. Toriyama's manga was adapted and divided into two anime series produced by Toei Animation: \"Dragon Ball\" and \"Dragon Ball Z\", which together were broadcast in Japan from 1986 to 1996. Additionally, the studio has developed 19 animated feature films and three television specials, as well as two anime sequel series titled \"Dragon Ball GT\" (1996–1997) and \"Dragon Ball Super\" (2015–2018). From 2009 to 2015, a revised version of \"Dragon Ball Z\"", "score": "1.6106482", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 9, "isgold": false }, { "id": "17435909", "title": "Dragon Ball Z", "text": "length. These films themselves offer contradictions in both chronology and design that make them incompatible with a single continuity. All 15 films were licensed in North America by Funimation, and all have received in-house dubs by the company. Prior to Funimation, the third film was a part of the short-lived Saban syndication, being split into three episodes, and the first three films received uncut English dubs in 1998 produced by Funimation with Ocean Studios and released by Pioneer. Several of the films have been broadcast on Cartoon Network and Nicktoons in the United States, Toonami UK in the United Kingdom", "score": "1.6085978", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 10, "isgold": false }, { "id": "17435900", "title": "Dragon Ball Z", "text": "in two 26-disc DVD box sets, that were made-to-order only, released on March 19 and September 18 and referred to as \"Dragon Boxes.\" The content of these sets began being released on mass-produced individual 6-episode DVDs on November 2, 2005 and finished with the 49th volume released on February 7, 2007. The international home release structure of \"Dragon Ball Z\" is complicated by the licensing and release of the companies involved in producing and distributing the work. Releases of the media occurred on both VHS and DVD with separate edited and uncut versions being released simultaneously. Both versions of the", "score": "1.5955062", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 11, "isgold": false }, { "id": "17435866", "title": "Dragon Ball Z", "text": "chapters comprising its story were initially released by Viz Media under the title \"Dragon Ball Z\". Additional works called animanga were released in Japan, which adapt the animation to manga form. \"Dragon Ball Z\"'s popularity has spawned numerous releases which have come to represent the majority of content in the \"Dragon Ball\" universe; including 17 movies and 148 video games, many of them being only released in Japan, and a host of soundtracks stemming from this material. \"Dragon Ball Z\" remains a cultural icon through numerous adaptations, including a more-recent remastered broadcast titled Dragon Ball Kai. There have also been", "score": "1.5882071", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 12, "isgold": false }, { "id": "17435903", "title": "Dragon Ball Z", "text": "cropped the entire series into 16:9 widescreen format and began re-releasing it to DVD in nine individual \"season\" box sets; the first set released on February 6, 2007 and the final on May 19, 2009. In July 2009, Funimation announced that they would be releasing the Japanese frame-by-frame \"Dragon Box\" restoration of \"Dragon Ball Z\" in North America. These seven limited edition DVD box sets were released uncut in the show's original 4:3 fullscreen format between November 10, 2009 and October 11, 2011. In July 2011, Funimation announced plans to release \"Dragon Ball Z\" in Blu-ray format, with the first", "score": "1.585151", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 13, "isgold": false }, { "id": "830165", "title": "Dragon Ball (manga)", "text": "2016, and January 13, 2017. The English language version of the \"Dragon Ball\" manga is licensed for North America by Viz Media. Viz originally published the first 194 chapters as \"Dragon Ball\" and chapters over 195 as \"Dragon Ball Z\" to mimic the names of the anime series, feeling it would reduce the potential for confusion by its readers. They initially released both series simultaneously, chapter by chapter in a monthly comic book format starting in 1998, before stopping in 2000 to switch to a graphic novel format similar to the Japanese \"tankōbon\". In 2000, while releasing \"Dragon Ball\" in", "score": "1.5822139", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 14, "isgold": false }, { "id": "8202818", "title": "Toonami Jetstream", "text": "aired on TV, and previous episodes were available on thirty-two edited DVD volumes, and now available on eight uncut DVD sets by Viz Media. The subtitled uncut episodes are also streaming on Crunchyroll. The episodes on Toonami Jetstream were repeats. \"Dragon Ball Z\", \"Samurai Jack\", \"\", \"Dragon Ball\", \"Pokémon Chronicles\", \"Megas XLR\" and \"Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo\" have already been aired completely on Cartoon Network. While \"Samurai Jack\" has only aired a small portion of its episodes on Toonami, it has been completely aired on Cartoon Network and all four seasons of the show are available on DVD and a complete series", "score": "1.5759389", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 15, "isgold": false }, { "id": "17435902", "title": "Dragon Ball Z", "text": "also released on VHS in 1999, and on DVD in 2001. Funimation's own distribution of their initial in-house dub, which began with episode 54, in edited or uncut VHS ran between 2000 and 2003. A DVD version was produced alongside these, although they were only produced uncut and contained the option to watch the original Japanese with subtitles. In 2005, Funimation began releasing their in-house dub of the beginning of \"Dragon Ball Z\" on DVD, marking the first time the episodes were seen uncut in North America. However, only nine volumes were released, leaving it incomplete. Instead, Funimation remastered and", "score": "1.5752263", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 16, "isgold": false }, { "id": null, "title": "List of Dragon Ball Z episodes", "text": "long-running anime sequel to the Dragon Ball TV series, adapted from the final twenty-six volumes of the Dragon Ball manga written by Akira Toriyama. The manga portion of the series debuted in Weekly Shōnen Jump in October 4, 1988 and lasted until 1995; the anime adaptation premiered in Japan on Fuji Television on April 26, 1989, taking over its predecessor's time slot, and ran until its end on January 31, 1996, lasting 291 episodes in Japan, and 276 episodes in the United States originally, although all 291 episodes were later broadcast when content from the first 67 episodes was restored.", "score": null, "hasanswer": true, "original_retrieval_index": null, "isgold": true }, { "id": "17435875", "title": "Dragon Ball Z", "text": "ending the first anime and creating a new one would result in more promotional money, and the result was the start of \"Dragon Ball Z\". The title was suggested by Toriyama because Z is the last letter of the alphabet and he wanted to finish the series because he was running out of ideas for it (though ironically enough, the sequel series would end up lasting much longer in episode count than the first series). \"Dragon Ball Z\" is adapted from the final 325 chapters of the manga series which were published in \"Weekly Shōnen Jump\" from 1988 to 1995.", "score": "1.5749512", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 17, "isgold": false }, { "id": "9970354", "title": "Dragon Ball Z: Budokai", "text": "2004. The game was published in Japan by Bandai, and released for the PlayStation 2 on February 5, 2004. The game's features include a tournament stage, versus mode, and an item shop. The story mode in the game is known as Dragon World, and plays like a board game as the player assembles a team of Z-fighters alongside Goku to challenge the various enemies in the series starting from the Saiyan Saga up to the final Kid Buu Saga. The game has a total of 31 playable characters including fusions of different fighters, and Majin Buu's various absorbed forms, many", "score": "1.5745288", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 18, "isgold": false }, { "id": "10190716", "title": "Dragon Ball", "text": "Funimation titled it for their dub, aired on March 26, 1997, between episodes 41 and 42, serving as a kind of precursor to the epilogue to the series shown at the end of episode 64. On April 28, 2015, Toei Animation announced , the first all-new \"Dragon Ball\" television series to be released in 18 years. It debuted on July 5 and ran as a weekly series at 9:00 am on Fuji TV on Sundays until its series finale on March 25, 2018 after 131 episodes. Masako Nozawa reprises her roles as Goku, Gohan, and Goten. Most of the original", "score": "1.5736883", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 19, "isgold": false }, { "id": "17435916", "title": "Dragon Ball Z", "text": "for the Ford Focus. \"Dragon Ball Z\"'s Japanese run was very popular with an average viewer ratings of 20.5% across the series. \"Dragon Ball Z\" also proved to be a rating success in the United States, as the premiere of Season Three of \"Dragon Ball Z\" in 1999, done by Funimation's in-house dub, was the highest-rated program ever at the time on Cartoon Network. In 2002, in the week ending September 22, \"Dragon Ball Z\" was the #1 program of the week on all of television with tweens 9-14, boys 9-14 and men 12-24, with the Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday", "score": "1.5723046", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 20, "isgold": false }, { "id": "17435883", "title": "Dragon Ball Z", "text": "with both the American and Japanese background music. In January 2011, Funimation and Toei announced that they would stream \"Dragon Ball Z\" within 30 minutes before their simulcast of \"One Piece\". As of 2017, \"Dragon Ball Z\" is no longer being streamed on Hulu. The Funimation dubbed episodes also aired in Canada, Ireland, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Belgium, Australia and New Zealand. However, beginning with episode 108 (123 uncut), AB Groupe and Westwood Media (in association with Ocean Studios) produced an alternate English dub. The alternate dub was created for broadcast in the UK, the Netherlands and Ireland, although", "score": "1.5710441", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 21, "isgold": false } ]

[ "planner Raymond Unwin", "architect Barry Parker", "Raymond Unwin" ]

[ { "id": "5136644", "title": "Raymond Unwin", "text": "and when he married his star designer Clarice Cliff in 1940, she moved into the house and lived there until 1972. It is her association that has made the house particularly famous since. In 1902 Parker and Unwin were asked to design a model village at New Earswick near York for Joseph and Benjamin Seebohm Rowntree, and the following year they were given the opportunity to take part in the creation of Letchworth (loosely based on the Utopian plan of Ebenezer Howard), when the First Garden City Company asked them to submit a plan. In 1903 they were involved with", "score": "1.9049796", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 1, "isgold": false }, { "id": "1352701", "title": "New Earswick", "text": "manage New Earswick, safeguarded generous open green space. All the grass verges were planted with trees after which almost all the roads are named. The village was built with bricks that were made in the brickworks on the outskirts of New Earswick. From 1950 the brickyard, which closed down in the 1930s, was developed into a nature reserve. Due to their religious beliefs, The Rowntree family decreed there would not be a public house in the village. There never has been, although the Sports Club obtained a drink's licence in the 1980s. New Earswick is part of the Huntington &", "score": "1.6604817", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 4, "isgold": false }, { "id": "9897120", "title": "Garden Village, Wrexham", "text": "Kenyon, Mr. David Davies, M.P., and others as Directors to build the houses, while the Trust would build the roads and supervise the development of the estate. The original plan, by the Architect GL Cunliffe was to provide a village institute, two places of worship, a school and plenty of open spaces and recreation grounds. The design was inspired by the Garden City Movement and was planned as a Garden Suburb. In the first year, 44 properties were completed; numbers 63-69 Acton Gate, numbers 149-167, Chester Road (originally called Bryn Acton) and Cunliffe Walk. These first house were designed by", "score": "1.6321701", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 5, "isgold": false }, { "id": "1352702", "title": "New Earswick", "text": "New Earswick Ward of the City of York Council. As of 2010 it is represented by Keith Hyman, Keith Orrel and Carol Runciman who are all members of the local Liberal Democrat Party. A Parish Council was created in 1934 consisting of ten elected councillors and a clerk. There is a local community centre, the Folk Hall, which hosts activities such as keep-fit, yoga, snooker, and a junior youth club. New Earswick has recreational facilities, including a swimming pool (due for closure without public consultation), tennis courts and football, rugby and cricket pitches at the New Earswick Sports and Social", "score": "1.62099", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 6, "isgold": false }, { "id": "15590586", "title": "Thomas Stedman Whitwell", "text": "centre with equal views and access from every dwelling, was echoed in Ebenezer Howard’s Garden City values and has been carried out in various permutations around the world. One example is Milleara Estate in Avondale Heights, Victoria, Australia, designed by Walter Burley Griffin. Much of the influence of Whitwell's New Harmony design can be credited to Owen, who toured both the United States and the United Kingdom promoting the plan, even persuading President John Quincy Adams to keep a model of it in his office for a period of time. Owen continued to exhibit and publish it after Whitwell's death", "score": "1.6159233", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 7, "isgold": false }, { "id": "5238396", "title": "Garden city movement", "text": "designed public housing areas. When interviewed in 1998, the architect responsible for introducing the design to public housing in New South Wales, Philip Cox, was reported to have admitted with regards to an American Radburn designed estate in the suburb of Villawood, \"Everything that could go wrong in a society went wrong,\" \"It became the centre of drugs, it became the centre of violence and, eventually, the police refused to go into it. It was hell.\" Contemporary town-planning charters like \"New Urbanism\" and \"Principles of Intelligent Urbanism\" originated with this movement. Today there are many garden cities in the world,", "score": "1.612897", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 8, "isgold": false }, { "id": "11749961", "title": "Louis de Soissons", "text": "a very early use of the term) for Welwyn Garden City (1920), a planned town created by Ebenezer Howard, on cheap redundant farmland. Louis de Soissons was appointed architect for the town in 1920 and the practice was significantly involved in its development over the next 60 years. He designed the concrete Shredded Wheat factory for the eponymous Canadian company. Other important early projects included the Home Office and Duchy of Cornwall Estates in London, where the future Edward VIII was the effective client and the Nag's Head Estate in Bethnal Green, London, E2 which was one of the few", "score": "1.6084661", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 9, "isgold": false }, { "id": "5238408", "title": "Garden city movement", "text": "is the Humberstone Garden Suburb in the United Kingdom by the Humberstone Anchor Tenants' Association in Leicestershire and it is the only garden suburb ever to be built by the members of a workers' co-operative; it remains intact to the present. In 1887 the workers of the Anchor Shoe Company in Humberstone formed a workers' cooperative and built 97 houses. American architects and partners, Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin were proponents of the movement and after their arrival in Australia to design the national capital Canberra, they produced a number of Garden Suburb estates, most notably at Eaglemont", "score": "1.6082788", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 10, "isgold": false }, { "id": "3291148", "title": "Model village", "text": "jam in 1888. William Lever's Port Sunlight had a village green and its houses espoused an idealised rural vernacular style. Quaker industrialists, George Cadbury and Rowntrees built model villages by their factories. Cadbury built Bournville between 1898 and 1905 and a second phase from 1914 and New Earswick was built in 1902 for Rowntrees. As coal mining expanded villages were built to house coal miners. In Yorkshire, Grimethorpe, Goldthorpe, Woodlands and Fitzwilliam were built to house workers at the collieries. The architect who designed Woodlands and Creswell Model Villages, Percy B. Houfton was influential in the development of the garden", "score": "1.5993848", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 11, "isgold": false }, { "id": "1636973", "title": "Ebenezer Howard", "text": "Letchworth Garden City, a suburban garden city 37 miles north of London. A second garden city, Welwyn Garden City, was started after World War I. His acquaintance with German architects Hermann Muthesius and Bruno Taut resulted in the application of humane design principles in many large housing projects built in the Weimar Republic. Hermann Muthesius also played an important role in the creation of Germany's first garden city of Hellerau in 1909, the only German garden city where Howard's ideas were thoroughly adopted. The creation of Letchworth Garden City and Welwyn Garden City were influential for the development of \"New", "score": "1.5971274", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 12, "isgold": false }, { "id": "1636964", "title": "Ebenezer Howard", "text": "Ebenezer Howard Sir Ebenezer Howard (29 January 1850 – 1 May 1928), the English founder of the garden city movement, is known for his publication \"\" (1898), the description of a utopian city in which people live harmoniously together with nature. The publication resulted in the founding of the garden city movement, and the building of the First Garden City, Letchworth Garden City, commenced in 1903. The second true Garden City was Welwyn Garden City (1920) and the movement influenced the development of several model suburbs in other countries, such as Forest Hills Gardens designed by F. L. Olmsted Jr.", "score": "1.5949893", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 13, "isgold": false }, { "id": "1165101", "title": "New City, New York", "text": "for its unique patterned brickwork. It was designed by West Nyack native Mary Mowbray-Clark. It was honored as the 1934 Garden of the Year by \"Better Homes and Gardens\" Magazine. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991. Located just south of the courthouse in the downtown area, it is still one of the most commonly visited parks in Rockland County today. New City remained rural in character until the 1950s, when the idea of post-World War II suburbia, as well as the opening of the Tappan Zee Bridge and Palisades Interstate Parkway, made traveling between", "score": "1.589642", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 14, "isgold": false }, { "id": "3463420", "title": "Castle Vale", "text": "final attempt to convince the council, he proposed a 'garden city' layout for the Castle Bromwich Airfield site in 1963. This too was rejected and, as a result, Fidler resigned from his position. He was quickly succeeded by J. R. Sheridan-Shedden, the deputy City Architect who held the position temporarily. Upon taking the position, he designed a revised masterplan for the Castle Bromwich Airfield estate. The new masterplan used the Radburn Layout which consisted of super-blocks of housing, schools, retail and offices around a communal open space, a concept which was created by Clarence Stein in Radburn, New Jersey in", "score": "1.5862212", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 15, "isgold": false }, { "id": "13847158", "title": "Letchworth", "text": "city by combining the best of town and country living. It is also home to the United Kingdom's first roundabout, which was built in 1909. As one of the world's first new towns and the first garden city it had great influence on future town planning and the New towns movement; it influenced Welwyn Garden City, which used a similar approach and inspired other projects around the world including the Australian capital Canberra, Hellerau, Germany, Tapanila, Finland, and Mežaparks in Latvia.) There is a link to town planning in Stalingrad through the architect V. N. Semionov and an account of", "score": "1.5847583", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 16, "isgold": false }, { "id": null, "title": "New Earswick", "text": "As a result of the report, Joseph Rowntree's conviction that it must be possible to provide better housing for people on low incomes led him to acquire 150 acres of land near the village of Earswick, two and a half miles to the north of the centre of York. The planner Raymond Unwin and the architect Barry Parker were commissioned to produce an overall plan for a new 'garden' village and the detailed designs for its first houses. They also designed the garden cities of Letchworth and Welwyn Garden City.", "score": null, "hasanswer": true, "original_retrieval_index": null, "isgold": true }, { "id": "14517720", "title": "UK pavilion at Expo 2010", "text": "relationship between nature and cities. From here came Heatherwick’s idea of involving Kew Gardens' Millennium Seed Bank Partnership whose mission is to collect the seeds of 25% of the world’s plant species by 2020.The design process evolved to produce two interlinked and experiential elements: an architecturally iconic Seed Cathedral, and a multi-layered landscape treatment of the 6,000m2 site. The Seed Cathedral consisted of over 60,000 25-foot acrylic optic fibers. It housed 60,000 plant seeds at the end of acrylic rods, held in place by geometrically-cut holes with the rods inserted therein. Architecture Critic Edward Lifson interviews architect Thomas Heatherwick in", "score": "1.5753347", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 18, "isgold": false }, { "id": "5238382", "title": "Garden city movement", "text": "need for urban planning policies that eventually led to the New Town movement. Howard organised the Garden City Association in 1899. Two garden cities were built using Howard's ideas: Letchworth Garden City and Welwyn Garden City, both in the county of Hertfordshire, England, United Kingdom. Howard's successor as chairman of the Garden City Association was Sir Frederic Osborn, who extended the movement to regional planning. The concept was adopted again in the UK after World War II, when the New Towns Act spurred the development of many new communities based on Howard's egalitarian ideas. The idea of the garden city", "score": "1.5708737", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 19, "isgold": false }, { "id": "5238407", "title": "Garden city movement", "text": "restrictions applying to the properties here, no stonewall cladding, uPVC windows, and so-on. Howard's influence reached as far as Mexico City, where architect José Luis Cuevas was influenced by the Garden City concept in the design of two of the most iconic inner-city subdivisions, Colonia Hipódromo de la Condesa (1926) and Lomas de Chapultepec (1928-9): The subdivisions were based on the principles of the Garden City as promoted by Ebenezer Howard, including ample parks and other open spaces, park islands in the middle of \"grand avenues\" such as Avenida Amsterdam in colonia Hipódromo. One unique example of a garden suburb", "score": "1.5642278", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 20, "isgold": false }, { "id": "18664401", "title": "History of urban planning", "text": "a noted architect and town planner, along with his partner Richard Barry Parker, won the competition run by the First Garden City, Limited to plan Letchworth, an area 34 miles outside London. Unwin and Parker planned the town in the centre of the Letchworth estate with Howard’s large agricultural greenbelt surrounding the town, and they shared Howard’s notion that the working class deserved better and more affordable housing. However, the architects ignored Howard’s symmetric design, instead replacing it with a more ‘organic’ design. Welwyn Garden City, also in Hertfordshire was also built on Howard's principles. His successor as chairman of", "score": "1.5619593", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 21, "isgold": false }, { "id": "8958859", "title": "Henry Wright (planner)", "text": "Garden City movement, including single ownership and the protective greenbelt of undeveloped land, but drew heavily on elements of the \"Radburn Idea,\" particularly the use of superblocks with interior parks, and the complete separation of automobile and pedestrian. Designed as a high-density community for moderate-income workers, the Georgian Revival houses were constructed in attached groups. Cost savings were realized through the use of the superblock design with its reduced infrastructure investment, and high-density attached dwellings to lower construction costs. The successful use of attached grouped dwellings in a garden environment, demonstrated at Chatham Village, influenced the growth of the garden", "score": "1.5582974", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 22, "isgold": false } ]

[ "photoreceptor proteins that sense light", "eyespots" ]

[ { "id": "8089729", "title": "Evolution of the eye", "text": "any other mechanism\" to \"a moderately high stage of perfection\", and gave examples of existing intermediate steps. Current research is investigating the genetic mechanisms underlying eye development and evolution. Biologist D.E. Nilsson has independently theorized about four general stages in the evolution of a vertebrate eye from a patch of photoreceptors. Nilsson and S. Pelger estimated in a classic paper that only a few hundred thousand generations are needed to evolve a complex eye in vertebrates. Another researcher, G.C. Young, has used the fossil record to infer evolutionary conclusions, based on the structure of eye orbits and openings in fossilized", "score": "1.6944723", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 0, "isgold": false }, { "id": "203951", "title": "Irreducible complexity", "text": "and the interior of the eye was filled with humours to assist in focusing images. In this way, eyes are recognized by modern biologists as actually a relatively unambiguous and simple structure to evolve, and many of the major developments of the eye's evolution are believed to have taken place over only a few million years, during the Cambrian explosion. Behe asserts that this is only an explanation of the gross anatomical steps, however, and not an explanation of the changes in discrete biochemical systems that would have needed to take place. Behe maintains that the complexity of light sensitivity", "score": "1.6860714", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 1, "isgold": false }, { "id": "8089726", "title": "Evolution of the eye", "text": "Evolution of the eye Many researchers have found the evolution of the eye attractive to study, because the eye distinctively exemplifies an analogous organ found in many animal forms. Simple light detection is found in bacteria, single-celled organisms, plants and animals. Complex, image-forming eyes have evolved independently several times. Complex eyes appeared first within the few million years of the Cambrian explosion. From before the Cambrian, no evidence of eyes has survived, but diverse eyes are known from the Burgess shale of the Middle Cambrian, and from the slightly older Emu Bay Shale. Eyes are adapted to the various requirements", "score": "1.6857047", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 2, "isgold": false }, { "id": "8089760", "title": "Evolution of the eye", "text": "same side of the head. A transitional fossil from the common symmetric position is Amphistium. Evolution of the eye Many researchers have found the evolution of the eye attractive to study, because the eye distinctively exemplifies an analogous organ found in many animal forms. Simple light detection is found in bacteria, single-celled organisms, plants and animals. Complex, image-forming eyes have evolved independently several times. Complex eyes appeared first within the few million years of the Cambrian explosion. From before the Cambrian, no evidence of eyes has survived, but diverse eyes are known from the Burgess shale of the Middle Cambrian,", "score": "1.6316841", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 3, "isgold": false }, { "id": "8089743", "title": "Evolution of the eye", "text": "system, to the brain. However, some jellyfish, such as Cladonema, have elaborate eyes but no brain. Their eyes transmit a message directly to the muscles without the intermediate processing provided by a brain. During the Cambrian explosion, the development of the eye accelerated rapidly, with radical improvements in image-processing and detection of light direction. After the photosensitive cell region invaginated, there came a point when reducing the width of the light opening became more efficient at increasing visual resolution than continued deepening of the cup. By reducing the size of the opening, organisms achieved true imaging, allowing for fine directional", "score": "1.6264002", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 4, "isgold": false }, { "id": "8089731", "title": "Evolution of the eye", "text": "fast locomotion or navigation by vision. The rate of eye evolution is difficult to estimate, because the fossil record, particularly of the lower Cambrian, is poor. How fast a circular patch of photoreceptor cells evolve into a fully functional vertebrate eye has been estimated based on rates of mutation, relative advantage to the organism, and natural selection. However, the time needed for each state was consistently overestimated and the generation time was set to one year, which is common in small animals. Even with these pessimistic values, the vertebrate eye would still evolve from a patch of photoreceptor cells in", "score": "1.6151963", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 5, "isgold": false }, { "id": "8089727", "title": "Evolution of the eye", "text": "of their owners. They vary in their visual acuity, the range of wavelengths they can detect, their sensitivity in low light, their ability to detect motion or to resolve objects, and whether they can discriminate colours. In 1802, philosopher William Paley called it a miracle of \"design\". Charles Darwin himself wrote in his \"Origin of Species\", that the evolution of the eye by natural selection seemed at first glance \"absurd in the highest possible degree\". However, he went on that despite the difficulty in imagining it, its evolution was perfectly feasible: ...if numerous gradations from a simple and imperfect eye", "score": "1.578923", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 7, "isgold": false }, { "id": "8089730", "title": "Evolution of the eye", "text": "skulls for blood vessels and nerves to go through. All this adds to the growing amount of evidence that supports Darwin's theory. The first fossils of eyes found to date are from the lower Cambrian period (about ). The lower Cambrian had a burst of apparently rapid evolution, called the \"Cambrian explosion\". One of the many hypotheses for \"causes\" of the Cambrian explosion is the \"Light Switch\" theory of Andrew Parker: It holds that the evolution of eyes started an arms race that accelerated evolution. Before the Cambrian explosion, animals may have sensed light, but did not use it for", "score": "1.5678117", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 8, "isgold": false }, { "id": "8089732", "title": "Evolution of the eye", "text": "less than 364,000 years. Whether the eye evolved once or many times depends on the definition of an eye. All eyed animals share much of the genetic machinery for eye development. This suggests that the ancestor of eyed animals had some form of light-sensitive machinery – even if it was not a dedicated optical organ. However, even photoreceptor cells may have evolved more than once from molecularly similar chemoreceptor cells. Probably, photoreceptor cells existed long before the Cambrian explosion. Higher-level similarities – such as the use of the protein crystallin in the independently derived cephalopod and vertebrate lenses – reflect", "score": "1.5668454", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 9, "isgold": false }, { "id": "867296", "title": "Convergent evolution", "text": "evolution is the camera eye of cephalopods (such as squid and octopus), vertebrates (including mammals) and cnidaria (such as jellyfish). Their last common ancestor had at most a simple photoreceptive spot, but a range of processes led to the progressive refinement of camera eyes — with one sharp difference: the cephalopod eye is \"wired\" in the opposite direction, with blood and nerve vessels entering from the back of the retina, rather than the front as in vertebrates. As a result, cephalopods lack a blind spot. Birds and bats have homologous limbs because they are both ultimately derived from terrestrial tetrapods,", "score": "1.5585924", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 10, "isgold": false }, { "id": "10183658", "title": "Growing Up in the Universe", "text": "gradual emergence of the eye is first shown: starting with a simple light sensitive flat surface and demonstrating the evolutionary benefits of a cone shaped proto-eye for detecting shadows and shapes. Dawkins then relates this model to the simple pinhole eye structure of a nautilus mollusc. The benefit of wing structures is illustrated by way of body flattening behaviour in tree snakes, the web like skin of flying squirrels and similar adaptions to be found on flying lizards. Dawkins begins by relating the story of asking a little girl \"what she thought flowers were 'for'.\" Her response is anthropocentric, that", "score": "1.5528016", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 11, "isgold": false }, { "id": "8089728", "title": "Evolution of the eye", "text": "to one complex and perfect can be shown to exist, each grade being useful to its possessor, as is certainly the case; if further, the eye ever varies and the variations be inherited, as is likewise certainly the case and if such variations should be useful to any animal under changing conditions of life, then the difficulty of believing that a perfect and complex eye could be formed by natural selection, though insuperable by our imagination, should not be considered as subversive of the theory. He suggested a stepwise evolution from \"an optic nerve merely coated with pigment, and without", "score": "1.54631", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 12, "isgold": false }, { "id": "1379498", "title": "Eye", "text": "540 million years ago, and the PAX6 gene is considered a key factor in this. The majority of the advancements in early eyes are believed to have taken only a few million years to develop, since the first predator to gain true imaging would have touched off an \"arms race\" among all species that did not flee the photopic environment. Prey animals and competing predators alike would be at a distinct disadvantage without such capabilities and would be less likely to survive and reproduce. Hence multiple eye types and subtypes developed in parallel (except those of groups, such as the", "score": "1.5367476", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 13, "isgold": false }, { "id": "8089755", "title": "Evolution of the eye", "text": "behaviors have been identified, in two primary groups: Below 450 nm, associated with direct light, and above 450 nm, associated with reflected light. As opsin molecules were tuned to detect different wavelengths of light, at some point color vision developed when the photoreceptor cells used differently tuned opsins. This may have happened at any of the early stages of the eye's evolution, and may have disappeared and reevolved as organisms became predator or prey. Similarly, night and day vision emerged when photoreceptor cells differentiated into rods and cones, respectively. As discussed earlier, the properties of light under water differ from", "score": "1.526806", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 15, "isgold": false }, { "id": null, "title": "Evolution of the eye", "text": "The earliest predecessors of the eye were photoreceptor proteins that sense light, found even in unicellular organisms, called \"eyespots\". Eyespots can only sense ambient brightness: they can distinguish light from dark, sufficient for photoperiodism and daily synchronization of circadian rhythms. They are insufficient for vision, as they cannot distinguish shapes or determine the direction light is coming from. Eyespots are found in nearly all major animal groups, and are common among unicellular organisms, including euglena. The euglena's eyespot, called a stigma, is located at its anterior end. It is a small splotch of red pigment which shades a collection of", "score": null, "hasanswer": true, "original_retrieval_index": null, "isgold": true }, { "id": "8089753", "title": "Evolution of the eye", "text": "and the resolution and aperture needs of the organism, driven by hunting or survival requirements. This type is now functionally identical to the eye of most vertebrates, including humans. Indeed, \"the basic pattern of all vertebrate eyes is similar.\" Five classes of visual opsins are found in vertebrates. All but one of these developed prior to the divergence of Cyclostomata and fish. The five opsin classes are variously adapted depending on the light spectrum encountered. As light travels through water, longer wavelengths, such as reds and yellows, are absorbed more quickly than the shorter wavelengths of the greens and blues.", "score": "1.5217671", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 16, "isgold": false }, { "id": "678236", "title": "Evolutionary developmental biology", "text": "pass through a layer of nerve fibres before reaching the detector cells in the retina, so the structure is effectively \"upside-down\"; in contrast, the cephalopod eye has the retina, then a layer of nerve fibres, then the wall of the eye \"the right way around\". The evidence of \"pax-6\", however, was that the same genes controlled the development of the eyes of all these animals, suggesting that they all evolved from a common ancestor. Ancient genes had been conserved through millions of years of evolution to create dissimilar structures for similar functions, demonstrating deep homology between structures once thought to", "score": "1.5198221", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 17, "isgold": false }, { "id": "711482", "title": "Tetrapod", "text": "at the surface of the eye differs between an air and water environment due to the difference in refractive index, so the focal length of the lens altered to function in air. The eye was now exposed to a relatively dry environment rather than being bathed by water, so eyelids developed and tear ducts evolved to produce a liquid to moisten the eyeball. Early tetrapods inherited a set of five rod and cone opsins known as the vertebrate opsins. Four cone opsins were present in the first vertebrate, inherited from invertebrate ancestors: A single rod opsin, rhodopsin, was present in", "score": "1.5164584", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 18, "isgold": false }, { "id": "1379499", "title": "Eye", "text": "vertebrates, that were only forced into the photopic environment at a late stage). Eyes in various animals show adaptation to their requirements. For example, the eye of a bird of prey has much greater visual acuity than a human eye, and in some cases can detect ultraviolet radiation. The different forms of eye in, for example, vertebrates and molluscs are examples of parallel evolution, despite their distant common ancestry. Phenotypic convergence of the geometry of cephalopod and most vertebrate eyes creates the impression that the vertebrate eye evolved from an imaging cephalopod eye, but this is not the case, as", "score": "1.5153706", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 19, "isgold": false }, { "id": "8089736", "title": "Evolution of the eye", "text": "cycles. By detecting the subtle changes in night-time illumination, organisms could synchronise the release of sperm and eggs to maximise the probability of fertilisation. Vision itself relies on a basic biochemistry which is common to all eyes. However, how this biochemical toolkit is used to interpret an organism's environment varies widely: eyes have a wide range of structures and forms, all of which have evolved quite late relative to the underlying proteins and molecules. At a cellular level, there appear to be two main \"designs\" of eyes, one possessed by the protostomes (molluscs, annelid worms and arthropods), the other by", "score": "1.5147188", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 20, "isgold": false } ]

[ "Oak Island" ]

[ { "id": "16324623", "title": "Ragged Isle", "text": "in a mystery involving several deaths by drowning, though the victims' bodies are discovered nowhere near the water, their clothes completely dry. The solution to the puzzle may uncover secrets that have been kept on the island for generations. Season one of \"Ragged Isle\" (10 episodes out of a planned 22) was written by Greg Tulonen, Barry Dodd, Karen L. Dodd, Rick Dalton, and Jacob Lear, and was shot at various Maine locations during the summer of 2010. The first episode premiered online on March 9, 2011, with new episodes released each week until the season finale aired on May", "score": "1.5094602", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 7, "isgold": false }, { "id": "3640513", "title": "Marineland of the Pacific", "text": "in the Charles Bronson film, \"The Mechanic\", the Elvis Presley film, \"Live a Little, Love a Little\", and the John Carradine film \"Blood of Dracula's Castle\". The \"Poor Little Kangaroo Rat\" episode of \"Route 66\" starring Martin Milner and George Maharis was filmed there with guest stars Ronny Howard, Leslie Nielsen, Maggie Pierce, and Joanne Linville which was in season 3 and episode 10 and originally aired on 11-23-62. Since its closing, scenes for several feature films have been shot at the location, including \"Mermaids of Tiburon\", the first three \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" films, \"Charlie's Angels\", \"Inspector Gadget\", \"Fun", "score": "1.5092232", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 8, "isgold": false }, { "id": "13350258", "title": "Survive This", "text": "cameras and filmmakers. Eight teenagers, all between the ages of 14 and 17, were taken into a forest in Ontario, Canada, and initially asked to \"survive\" a school bus crash and spend two nights in the woods with limited food and other supplies. The series was filmed on location in the forest north of Huntsville, Ontario, Canada. Filming occurred in the summer of 2008. Three days were spent on a small island northwest of Sandy Island on Georgian Bay in Lake Huron. Jeff Beitz, owner of the Georgian Bay Marina, acted as a location scout for the show, transported the", "score": "1.5084677", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 9, "isgold": false }, { "id": "416761", "title": "The Shawshank Redemption", "text": "were also filmed in Mansfield, as well as neighboring Ashland, Ohio. The oak tree under which Andy buries his letter to Red was located near Malabar Farm State Park, in Lucas, Ohio; it was destroyed by winds in 2016. Just as a prison in Ohio stood in for a fictional one in Maine, the beach scene showing Andy and Red's reunion in Zihuatanejo, Mexico, was actually shot in the Caribbean on the island of Saint Croix, one of the U.S. Virgin Islands. The beach at 'Zihuatanejo' is the Sandy Point National Wildlife Refuge, a protected area for leatherback sea turtles.", "score": "1.4677529", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 12, "isgold": false }, { "id": "17089458", "title": "Pilot (Arrow)", "text": "two distinct timelines, which requires more specific planning in the filming schedule. Filming for the island flashbacks takes place in Vancouver's Whytecliff Park area, near beachfront homes. The production team is tasked with keeping the buildings out of camera frame. Additionally, producer Marc Guggenheim finds the process arduous: \"Stephen [Amell] has to wear a wig, and his look has to be changed... there's a lot. It's actually incredibly ambitious to do these flashbacks every week, every single episode. Because like Andrew [Kreisberg] said, it's almost like it's its own show.\" Hatley Castle, located in Royal Roads University was used for", "score": "1.4612448", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 13, "isgold": false }, { "id": "17538669", "title": "Gilligan's Island (season 1)", "text": "and series creator Sherwood Schwartz. Filming of the season took place at the CBS Radford Studios complex in Studio City, Los Angeles California. This complex contained 17 sound stages, as well as special effects and prop departments. On one stage, a lagoon had been constructed by the production company \"at great expense\". According to Bob Denver, the crew would spend half of their days filming scenes in the lagoon. Shots and sequences involving the characters' were filmed in a different soundstage. After the series' cancellation, the show's lagoon was not dismantled, and it remained in place until 1995, when it", "score": "1.4443216", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 15, "isgold": false }, { "id": "11954719", "title": "Blue Island (film)", "text": "island, but soon learn that they are not entirely alone. Blue Island (film) Blue Island (Italian title \"Due gocce d'acqua salata\") is a 1982 film directed by Luigi Russo (under the pseudonym John Wilder) and Enzo Doria, who also co-wrote the screenplay with Dardano Sacchetti. Filmed in the Seychelles, it stars Fabio Meyer, Mario Pedone and Sabrina Siani. Like the film \"Paradise\" of the same year, it was inspired by the success of the 1980 release \"The Blue Lagoon\". After an airliner crashes over the ocean, two young passengers, Bonnie (Siani) and Billy (Meyer), meet in an inflatable life raft.", "score": "1.4442778", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 16, "isgold": false }, { "id": "14223832", "title": "Fog Island", "text": "and the studio would only give less than $200 to writers for the final script. Allmovie noted \"An early low-budget spin on \"Ten Little Indians\",\" calling it \"cheap but entertaining.\" Fog Island Fog Island is a 1945 American mystery-suspense film directed by Terry O. Morse. The film stars B movie horror film regulars George Zucco and Lionel Atwill. It was based on the 1937 play \"Angel Island\" by Bernadine \"Bernie\" Angus. A recent ex convict named Leo Grainer (so-called in the credits, but in fact referred to as Grainger throughout) lives secluded on Fog Island with the daughter of his", "score": "1.4422544", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 17, "isgold": false }, { "id": "15513399", "title": "Moonrise Kingdom", "text": "if they were made for U.S. schools, consulting photographs from Anderson's former school. Principal photography took place in Rhode Island from April to June 2011. The film was shot at various locations around Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, including: Conanicut Island, Prudence Island, Fort Wetherill, Yawgoog Scout Reservation, Trinity Church, and Newport's Ballard Park. A house in the Thousand Islands region in New York was used as the model for the interior of Suzy’s house on the film's set. The set for the Bishop home was constructed and filmed inside a former Linens 'n Things store in Middletown, Rhode Island. Conanicut", "score": "1.4420719", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 18, "isgold": false }, { "id": "20015985", "title": "Oak Island mystery", "text": "in the January 1965 issue of \"Reader's Digest\". The island was the subject of an episode of \"In Search of...\" which was first broadcast on January 18, 1979. In 1983, Triton Alliance sued Frederick Nolan over the ownership of seven lots on the island and its causeway access. Two years later, Nolan's ownership of the lots was confirmed but he was ordered to pay damages for interfering with Triton's tourist business. On appeal, Triton lost again in 1989 and Nolan's damages were reduced. During the 1990s, further exploration stalled because of legal battles between the Triton partners and a lack", "score": "1.436454", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 19, "isgold": false }, { "id": "16324625", "title": "Ragged Isle", "text": "the Raindance Film Festival Web Fest in London in September 2013 and debuted online on October 31, 2013. The twenty-second episode (and series finale) debuted at the Alamo Theatre in Bucksport, Maine on October 18, 2014 as part of the 2014 Ghostport Festival. The finale made its online debut on October 31, 2014. Ragged Isle is small island lobstering community that lies 21 miles off the coast of Maine. It is a highly fictionalized version of the real-life Maine island of Criehaven. The Ragged Isle soundtrack features exclusively Maine-based musicians and bands. In the second season, musician Richard de Costa,", "score": "1.4320043", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 21, "isgold": false }, { "id": "7676586", "title": "Evil Under the Sun (1982 film)", "text": "several years. The actual island used for aerial shots is Sa Dragonera, an uninhabited islet with \"natural park\" status, located just off the west coast of Majorca near Sant Elm. Other locations used were Cala Blanca as Ladder Bay, and offshore at Sant Elm for the south of France (Sir Horace's boat scenes). Cala d'en Monjo was used for the exteriors of Daphne's Cove and Hotel; the hotel itself was a private estate later bought by the Island Council of Majorca (along with Ajuntament de Calvià - Municipal) to create a natural park, which was demolished to its foundations. Gull", "score": "1.4315578", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 22, "isgold": false }, { "id": "17025765", "title": "Blizzard Island", "text": "with Studio East Limited in Halifax and two pilots were produced. Having liked the two pilots the CBC ordered up twelve more episodes which were shot in 1988 in conjunction with Studio East and Telefilm Canada. The show fell victim to budget cuts at the CBC and failed to return despite better than average ratings in Canada. In 1990 several episodes from the series were pieced together to form the movie \"The Argon Quest\". Right now Terry Angus is trying to find out if any one still owns the rights to Blizzard Island. Blizzard Island Blizzard Island was a television", "score": "1.4244139", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 23, "isgold": false }, { "id": "19309590", "title": "Journey to Spirit Island", "text": "Spirit Island. Two brothers Michael (Brandon Douglas) and Willie (Gabriel Damon) are on vacation from Chicago to Spirit Island with a teenaged Native American girl named Maria (Bettina Bush) and her brother. They plan to save Spirit Island to preserve their heritage, when a conflict arises regarding the development of tribal burial grounds. When her Grandma organizes a protest against defiling their ancestors' sacred burial ground, Maria takes up the cudgel. The villains are land developers who seek to transform Spirit Island into a vacation resort. \"Journey to Spirit Island\" went unreleased until 1992 when it premiered in the U.S.", "score": "1.4201503", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 24, "isgold": false }, { "id": null, "title": "The Curse of Oak Island", "text": "The Curse of Oak Island follows brothers Marty and Rick Lagina, originally from Kingsford, Michigan, through their efforts to find the speculated treasure or historical artifacts believed to be on Oak Island. The series discusses the history of the island, recent discoveries, theories, and prior attempts to investigate the site. Areas of interest include the \"Money Pit\", Borehole 10-x, Smith's Cove, \"Nolan's Cross\", the \"Hatch\", the \"Watchtower\" and the \"Swamp\".", "score": null, "hasanswer": true, "original_retrieval_index": null, "isgold": true }, { "id": "17540041", "title": "Gilligan's Island (season 3)", "text": "place at the CBS Radford Studios complex in Studio City, Los Angeles California. This complex contained 17 sound stages, as well as special effects and prop departments. On one stage, a lagoon had been constructed by the production company \"at great expense\". According to Bob Denver, the crew would spend half of their days filming scenes in the lagoon. Shots and sequences involving the characters' were filmed in a different soundstage. After the series' cancellation, the show's lagoon was not dismantled, and it remained in place until 1995, when it was converted into a parking lot. The series employed an", "score": "1.4130319", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 25, "isgold": false }, { "id": "20015984", "title": "Oak Island mystery", "text": "a steel caisson to bedrock, in 1971. According to Blankenship and Tobias, cameras lowered down the shaft into a cave recorded possible chests, human remains, wooden cribbing and tools; however, the images were unclear and none of the claims have been independently confirmed. The shaft later collapsed, and the excavation was again abandoned. The shaft was later re-dug to , reaching bedrock, but work was halted due to lack of funds and the collapse of the partnership. Divers sent to the bottom of Borehole 10-X in 2016 found no artifacts. An account of an excavation of the pit was published", "score": "1.4113309", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 26, "isgold": false }, { "id": "877103", "title": "Full House", "text": "television production division. Although the series was set in San Francisco, the sitcom itself was taped at the Warner Bros. Studios in Los Angeles. Outside of certain excerpts in the opening title sequences, including Alamo Square Park's Painted Ladies, the only episode to have actually been taped in San Francisco was the first episode of season eight, \"Comet's Excellent Adventure\". There were also a few episodes which were filmed on-location elsewhere, most notably Hawaii in the season three premiere \"Tanner's Island\", and at Walt Disney World for the two-part sixth-season finale \"The House Meets the Mouse\". The series experienced heavy", "score": "1.4108269", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 27, "isgold": false }, { "id": "4585626", "title": "Danger Island (TV series)", "text": "pursued by a group of bumbling, but heavily armed, modern-day pirates led by the murderous Captain Mu-Tan, and by three tribes of cannibal natives known as \"the Headhunters\", \"the Skeleton Men\" and \"the Ash Men\". The show spawned a popular catchphrase, \"Uh-oh, Chongo!\", among children of that time. Danger Island (TV series) Danger Island is a live-action adventure serial produced by Hanna-Barbera and originally broadcast in 1968–69 as a segment of \"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\". It was filmed in Mexico, directed by future \"Superman\", \"The Goonies\" and \"Lethal Weapon\" director Richard Donner, and featured Jan-Michael Vincent as Lincoln 'Link'", "score": "1.4095626", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 28, "isgold": false }, { "id": "1417735", "title": "Devil's Island", "text": "to be killed, but he is condemned to spend the rest of his life on Devil's Island. In the 1925 film \"The Phantom of the Opera\", starring Lon Chaney, it is mentioned that the Phantom had escaped Devil's Island, unlike the novel, in which he studied in Persia. \"We're No Angels\" is a 1955 movie directed by Michael Curtiz which starred Humphrey Bogart, Aldo Ray, and Peter Ustinov as escapees from Devil's Island. Devil's Island has one full episode of Dave Salmoni's \" Deadly Islands \" series dedicated to it. Aired on Animal Planet (Discovery Channel Network) in 2015, the", "score": "1.4088285", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 29, "isgold": false } ]

[ "beneath the liver" ]

[ { "id": "1614400", "title": "Gallbladder", "text": "is shaped like a pear, with its tip opening into the cystic duct. The gallbladder is divided into three sections: the \"fundus\", \"body\", and \"neck\". The \"fundus\" is the rounded base, angled so that it faces the abdominal wall. The \"body\" lies in a depression in the surface of the lower liver. The \"neck\" tapers and is continuous with the cystic duct, part of the biliary tree. The gallbladder fossa, against which the fundus and body of the gallbladder lie, is found beneath the junction of hepatic segments IVB and V. The cystic duct unites with the common hepatic duct", "score": "1.4724469", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 2, "isgold": false }, { "id": "17916268", "title": "Human digestive system", "text": "the bile ducts and into the gall bladder for storage. The bile is released in response to cholecystokinin (CCK) a peptide hormone released from the duodenum. The production of CCK (by endocrine cells of the duodenum) is stimulated by the presence of fat in the duodenum. It is divided into three sections, a fundus, body and neck. The neck tapers and connects to the biliary tract via the cystic duct, which then joins the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct. At this junction is a mucosal fold called \"Hartmann's pouch\", where gallstones commonly get stuck. The muscular", "score": "1.4386325", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 3, "isgold": false }, { "id": "1614399", "title": "Gallbladder", "text": "a product of haemoglobin breakdown. These may cause significant pain, particularly in the upper-right corner of the abdomen, and are often treated with removal of the gallbladder called a cholecystectomy. Cholecystitis, inflammation of the gallbladder, has a wide range of causes, including result from the impaction of gallstones, infection, and autoimmune disease. The gallbladder is a hollow organ that sits in a shallow depression below the right lobe of the liver, that is grey-blue in life. In adults, the gallbladder measures approximately in length and in diameter when fully distended. The gallbladder has a capacity of about . The gallbladder", "score": "1.4351697", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 4, "isgold": false }, { "id": "1614409", "title": "Gallbladder", "text": "secreted by the gallbladder. During gallbladder storage of bile, it is concentrated 3-10 fold by removal of some water and electrolytes. This is through the active transport of sodium and chloride ions across the epithelium of the gallbladder, which creates an osmotic pressure that also causes water and other electrolytes to be reabsorbed. Gallstones form when the bile is saturated, usually with either cholesterol or bilirubin. Most gallstones do not cause symptoms, with stones either remaining in the gallbladder or passed along the biliary system. When symptoms occur, severe \"colicky\" pain in the upper right part of the abdomen is", "score": "1.4169583", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 5, "isgold": false }, { "id": "1614404", "title": "Gallbladder", "text": "position between different people. Rarely, two or even three gallbladders may coexist, either as separate bladders draining into the cystic duct, or sharing a common branch that drains into the cystic duct. Additionally, the gallbladder may fail to form at all. Gallbladders with two lobes separated by a septum may also exist. These abnormalities are not likely to affect function and are generally asymptomatic. The location of the gallbladder in relation to the liver may also vary, with documented variants including gallbladders found within, above, on the left side of, behind, and detached or suspended from the liver. Such variants", "score": "1.4113159", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 6, "isgold": false }, { "id": "20852657", "title": "Canine gallbladder mucocele", "text": "that is pear-shaped and identified between two liver lobes. It is divided into three sections a body, neck and fundus. The main function of this excretory organ is storing, acidifying and concentrating bile. This is achieved due to the nature of the muscular sac being a thin wall that can easily distend to accommodate the bile. It is collected from the liver cells via small channels that pass through the hepatic ducts and into the gallbladder. After a fatty meal the bile is then released into the small intestine promoted by a hormone called cholecystokinin that is present in the", "score": "1.407862", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 7, "isgold": false }, { "id": "1614405", "title": "Gallbladder", "text": "are very rare: from 1886 to 1998, only 110 cases of left-lying liver, or less than one per year, were reported in scientific literature. An anatomical variation can occur, known as a Phrygian cap, which is an innocuous fold in the fundus, named after its resemblance to the Phrygian cap. The gallbladder develops from an endodermal outpouching of the embryonic gut tube. Early in development, the human embryo has three germ layers and abuts an embryonic yolk sac. During the second week of embryogenesis, as the embryo grows, it begins to surround and envelop portions of this sac. The enveloped", "score": "1.4070853", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 8, "isgold": false }, { "id": "11950957", "title": "Liver", "text": "the caudate lobe, and immediately above the renal impression. The greater part of the suprarenal impression is devoid of peritoneum and it lodges the right suprarenal gland. Medial to the renal impression is a third and slightly marked impression, lying between it and the neck of the gall bladder. This is caused by the descending portion of the duodenum, and is known as the duodenal impression. The inferior surface of the left lobe of the liver presents behind and to the left the gastric impression. This is moulded over the upper front surface of the stomach, and to the right", "score": "1.4040562", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 9, "isgold": false }, { "id": "1614403", "title": "Gallbladder", "text": "bile from the gallbladder. A distinctive feature of the gallbladder is the presence of \"Rokitansky–Aschoff sinuses\", deep outpouchings of the mucosa that can extend through the muscular layer, and which indicate adenomyomatosis. The muscular layer is surrounded by a layer of connective and fat tissue. The outer layer of the fundus of gallbladder, and the surfaces not in contact with the liver, are covered by a thick serosa, which is exposed to the peritoneum. The serosa contains blood vessels and lymphatics. The surfaces in contact with the liver are covered in connective tissue. The gallbladder varies in size, shape, and", "score": "1.4025587", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 10, "isgold": false }, { "id": "17916269", "title": "Human digestive system", "text": "layer of the body is of smooth muscle tissue that helps the gallbladder contract, so that it can discharge its bile into the bile duct. The gallbladder needs to store bile in a natural, semi-liquid form at all times. Hydrogen ions secreted from the inner lining of the gallbladder keep the bile acidic enough to prevent hardening. To dilute the bile, water and electrolytes from the digestion system are added. Also, salts attach themselves to cholesterol molecules in the bile to keep them from crystallising. If there is too much cholesterol or bilirubin in the bile, or if the gallbladder", "score": "1.3999858", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 11, "isgold": false }, { "id": "1614413", "title": "Gallbladder", "text": "occurs, it is mostly of the glands lining the surface of the gallbladder (adenocarcinoma). Gallstones are thought to be linked to the formation of cancer, and other risk factors include large (>1 cm) gallbladder polyps and having a highly calcified \"porcelain\" gallbladder. Cancer of the gallbladder can cause attacks of biliary pain, yellowing of the skin (jaundice), and weight loss. A large gallbladder may be able to be felt in the abdomen. Liver function tests may be elevated, particularly involving GGT and ALP, with ultrasound and CT scans being considered medical imaging investigations of choice. Cancer of the gallbladder is", "score": "1.3940778", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 12, "isgold": false }, { "id": "8029899", "title": "Ascending cholangitis", "text": "the sphincter of Oddi), and may be released at the time of digestion. The gallbladder also concentrates the bile by absorbing water and dissolved salts from it. All bile reaches the duodenum (first part of the small intestine) through the common bile duct and the ampulla of Vater. The sphincter of Oddi, located at the junction of the ampulla of Vater and the duodenum, is a circular muscle that controls the release of both bile and pancreatic secretions into the digestive tract. The biliary tree is normally relatively free of bacteria because of certain protective mechanisms. The sphincter of Oddi", "score": "1.3876868", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 14, "isgold": false }, { "id": "17916265", "title": "Human digestive system", "text": "is located in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen and below the diaphragm to which it is attached at one part, This is to the right of the stomach and it overlies the gall bladder. The liver produces bile, an important alkaline compound which aids digestion. Bile produced by the liver is made up of water (97%), bile salts, mucus and pigments, 1% fats and inorganic salts. Bilirubin is its major pigment. Bile acts partly as a surfactant which lowers the surface tension between either two liquids or a solid and a liquid and helps to emulsify the fats", "score": "1.3874695", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 15, "isgold": false }, { "id": "1614401", "title": "Gallbladder", "text": "to become the common bile duct. At the junction of the neck of the gallbladder and the cystic duct, there is an out-pouching of the gallbladder wall forming a mucosal fold known as \"Hartmann's pouch\". The gallbladder wall is composed of a number of layers. The gallbladder wall's innermost surface is lined by a single layer of columnar cells with a brush border of microvilli, very similar to intestinal absorptive cells. Underneath the epithelium is an underlying lamina propria, a muscular layer, an outer perimuscular layer and serosa. Unlike elsewhere in the intestinal tract, the gallbladder does not have a", "score": "1.3746779", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 16, "isgold": false }, { "id": null, "title": "Gallbladder", "text": "In vertebrates, the gallbladder is a small hollow organ where bile is stored and concentrated before it is released into the small intestine. In humans, the pear-shaped gallbladder lies beneath the liver, although the structure and position of the gallbladder can vary significantly among animal species. It receives and stores bile, produced by the liver, via the common hepatic duct, and releases it via the common bile duct into the duodenum, where the bile helps in the digestion of fats.", "score": null, "hasanswer": true, "original_retrieval_index": null, "isgold": true }, { "id": "1614406", "title": "Gallbladder", "text": "portions form the basis for the adult gastrointestinal tract. Sections of this foregut begin to differentiate into the organs of the gastrointestinal tract, such as the esophagus, stomach, and intestines. During the fourth week of embryological development, the stomach rotates. The stomach, originally lying in the midline of the embryo, rotates so that its body is on the left. This rotation also affects the part of the gastrointestinal tube immediately below the stomach, which will go on to become the duodenum. By the end of the fourth week, the developing duodenum begins to spout a small outpouching on its right", "score": "1.3718079", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 17, "isgold": false }, { "id": "441493", "title": "Urinary bladder", "text": "Urinary bladder The urinary bladder is a hollow muscular organ in humans and some other animals that collects and stores urine from the kidneys before disposal by urination. In the human the bladder is a hollow muscular, and distensible (or elastic) organ, that sits on the pelvic floor. Urine enters the bladder via the ureters and exits via the urethra. The typical human bladder will hold between 300 and (10.14 and ) before the urge to empty occurs, but can hold considerably more. In humans, the bladder is a hollow muscular organ situated at the base of the pelvis. Urine", "score": "1.3701601", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 18, "isgold": false }, { "id": "3343464", "title": "Cystic duct", "text": "gall bladder, and relaxation of the Sphincter of Oddi. Gallstones can enter and obstruct the cystic duct, preventing the flow of bile. The increased pressure in the gallbladder leads to swelling and pain. This pain, known as biliary colic, is sometimes referred to as a gallbladder \"attack\" because of its sudden onset. During a cholecystectomy, the cystic duct is clipped two or three times and a cut is made between the clips, freeing the gallbladder to be taken out. Cystic duct The cystic duct is the short duct that joins the gallbladder to the common bile duct. It usually lies", "score": "1.3627977", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 19, "isgold": false }, { "id": "1614408", "title": "Gallbladder", "text": "enters the digestive tract, it stimulates the secretion of cholecystokinin (CCK) from I cells of the duodenum and jejunum. In response to cholecystokinin, the gallbladder rhythmically contracts and releases its contents into the common bile duct, eventually draining into the duodenum. The bile emulsifies fats in partly digested food, thereby assisting their absorption. Bile consists primarily of water and bile salts, and also acts as a means of eliminating bilirubin, a product of hemoglobin metabolism, from the body. The bile that is secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder is not the same as the bile that is", "score": "1.3611751", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 20, "isgold": false }, { "id": "1614419", "title": "Gallbladder", "text": "associated with an acute episode of cholecystitis. The existence of the gallbladder has been noted since the 5th century, but it is only relatively recently that the function and the diseases of the gallbladder has been documented, particularly in the last two centuries. The first descriptions of gallstones appear to have been in the Renaissance, perhaps because of the low incidence of gallstones in earlier times owing to a diet with more cereals and vegetables, and less meat. Anthonius Benevinius in 1506 was the first to draw a connection between symptoms and the presence of gallstones. Courvoisier after examining a", "score": "1.3590316", "hasanswer": false, "original_retrieval_index": 21, "isgold": false } ]